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{{Short description|Indian national administrative subdivisions}} {{Short description|Indian national administrative sub-divisions}}
{{Further|Administrative divisions of India}} {{Further|Administrative divisions of India}}
{{Redirect|State of India}} {{Redirect|State of India}}
{{Redirect|Indian state|the historical territory in the United States of America|Indian Territory}} {{Redirect|Indian state|the historical territory in the United States of America|Indian Territory}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}} {{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox subdivision type {{Infobox subdivision type
|name = States and union territories of India |name = States and union territories of India
|map = {{India States and Territories Labelled Map}} |map = {{India States and Territories Labelled Map}}
|category = ]s |category = ]s
|territory = ] |territory = ]
|start_date ={{start date and years ago|1950|01|26|df=y|p=y}} |start_date =
|current_number = 28 States<br />8
|legislation_begin = ]
Union territories <!-- as of January 2020 (see "Post 1956 section"), 29/8 is correct; do not change -->
|current_number = 28 States <br /> 8 Union territories
|number_date = 2024 |number_date =
|population_range = '''States''': ] – 610,577 (lowest)<br />] – 199,812,341 (highest)<br /> |population_range = '''States''': ] – 610,577 (lowest)<br/>] – 199,812,341 (highest)<br />
'''Union Territories''': ] – 64,473 (lowest)<br />] – 16,787,941 (highest) '''Union Territories''': ] – 64,473 (lowest)<br/>] – 16,787,941 (highest)
|area_range = '''States''': ] – {{cvt|3702|km2|abbr=on}} (smallest)<br />] – {{cvt|342269|km2|abbr=on}} (largest)<br /> |area_range = '''States''': ] – {{Convert|3702|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} (smallest)<br/>] – {{Convert|342269|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} (largest)<br />
'''Union territories''': ] – {{cvt|32|km2|abbr=on}} (smallest)<br />] – {{cvt|59146|km2|abbr=on}} (largest) '''Union territories''': ] – {{Convert|32|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} (smallest)<br/>] – {{Convert|59146|km2|sqmi||abbr=on}} (largest)
|government = ] |government = ]<br />] (union territories)
|government1 = ] |subdivision = ]<br />]
|subdivision = ]
|subdivision1 =]
|subdivision2 =]
}} }}
{{Politics of India}}


] is a ] ] comprising 28 ] and 8 ]. The states and union territories are further subdivided into ] and smaller ]. ] is a ] union comprising 28 ] and 8 ], for a total of 36 entities.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://knowindia.gov.in/states-uts/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818054533/http://knowindia.gov.in/states-uts/|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 August 2017|title=States and Union Territories|publisher=]|access-date=21 April 2020}}</ref> The states and union territories are further subdivided into 806 ] and smaller ].<ref>{{cite web|date=21 June 2024 |title=Local Government Directory, Government of India |url=https://lgdirectory.gov.in/|access-date=21 June 2024 |publisher=]}}</ref>


{{India divisions by|Wildlife=Indian States by wildlife}}
The states are self-governing administrative divisions, each having a ]. The governing powers of the states are shared between the state government and the ]. The union territories are directly governed by the union government though some of the union territories have their own territorial government with certain autonomy.


The framework for the states and union territories were established by the ], which came into effect on 26 January 1950. As per the Indian Constitution, the power to demarcate states and union territories in India is solely reserved with the ], which can form new states/union territories, separate/merge territories from/to an existing state or convert states to union territories or vice versa. The states of India are self-governing administrative divisions, each having a ]. The governing powers of the states are shared between the state government and the ]. On the other hand, the union territories are directly governed by the union government.{{efn|A few union territories have their own representative territorial governments.}}


== History == == History ==
=== British Raj: before 1947 === === 1876–1919 ===
]
After the ], the ] took over the administration of India from ] of the ] through the ].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Spear|first1=Percival|author-link=Percival Spear|year=1990|orig-year=First published 1965|title=A History of India|volume=2|location=New Delhi and London|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-0-14-013836-8}}</ref> During the ], India was a complex political entity consisting of various imperial divisions and states and territories of varying autonomy. It was made up of two types of territory: British India and native ]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=India|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/388/|publisher=World Digital Library|access-date=24 January 2013|archive-date=25 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140825030247/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/388/|url-status=live}}</ref> Apart from the ], there were 584 ] with ] over 175 princely states was exercised by the central government of British India under the ] in the name of the ] and the remaining states were dependents of the provincial governments of British India under a governor, lieutenant-governor, or chief commissioner.<ref name="IG">{{cite book|year=1909|title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India|volume=IV|url=https://archive.org/details/imperialgazettee04grea|location=Oxford|publisher=Clarendon Press}}</ref> In 1907, there were seven major and three minor provinces within the boundaries of present-day India, which were ruled by a ], ] or a Chief Commissioner on behalf of the ].{{efn|There were a total of eight major and five minor provinces of which, one major province is part of present-day ] an two minor provinces are part of present-day ]}}<ref name="IG"/>
The ] was a very complex political entity consisting of various imperial divisions and states and territories of varying autonomy. At the time of its establishment in 1876, it was made up of 584 ] and the ]. The entire empire was divided into provinces and agencies.
{{Politics of India}}
{{India divisions by|Wildlife=Indian States by wildlife}}
{|class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:left; font-size: 85%"
|+Provinces of British India (1907)
!Province
!Area (km2)
!Population in million (1901)
!Chief Administrator
!Map
|-
|style="text-align:center;" colspan="4"|'''Major Provinces'''
|rowspan="12"|]
|-
|]
|130000
| 6
|]
|-
|]{{efn|Bengal included parts of present-day ]; During the partition of Bengal (1905-13), East Bengal was created as a Lieutenant-Governorship. In 1911, East Bengal was reunited with Bengal and were divided into the provinces of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa}}
|390000
|75
|]
|-
|]
|320000
|19
|]
|-
|]
|270000
|13
|]
|-
|]
|370000
|38
|]
|-
|]{{efn|Punjab included parts of present-day ]}}
|250000
|20
|]
|-
|]
|280000
|48
|]
|-
|style="text-align:center;" colspan="4"|'''Minor Provinces'''
|-
|]
|7000
|477
|''ex officio'' Chief Commissioner
|-
|]
|78000
|25
|Chief Commissioner
|-
|]
|4100
|181
|''ex officio'' Chief Commissioner
|}
{{notelist}}


A ] consisted of territory under the direct rule of the ] (who was also the ]) and a few minor states, ruled by Indian princes under the suzerainty of the Emperor. A ] or ] acted as the representative of the ] to that province and ] of the directly ruled territories in the province.
In addition, there were two semi-autonomous imperial structures called ], ] and ], which had an Agent to the Governor-General (AGG) functioning as the Emperor's representative to all the states in the agency.<ref name="IG"/> The states of ], ], ] and ] were neither part of a province nor an agency and had direct relations with the Crown through the ].<ref name="IG"/> In 1911, the capital of India was shifted from ] to ], which resulted in the creation of a special province of Delhi from the existing Punjab province, administered by a special commissioner.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/statehood-for-delhi-tracing-the-history-and-legal-journey-since-1911-8630171/|title=Statehood for Delhi: Tracing the history and legal journey since 1911|date=3 August 2023|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=Indian Express|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203052743/https://indianexpress.com/article/research/statehood-for-delhi-tracing-the-history-and-legal-journey-since-1911-8630171/|url-status=live}}</ref> In March 1912, ] was split as a new province from Bengal.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a-QaOP5nK-MC&q=patna%2520capital%2520bihar%2520orissa%2520province&pg=PA44 |title=Bihar And Orissa District Gazetteers Patna |last=O'malley |first=L. S. S. |date=1924 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=9788172681210 |language=en}}</ref>


The governor or lieutenant-governor also served as the Emperor's representative to the ]s of the province. The first three of the lieutenant-governorships were territories annexed to India from other powers and temporarily governed by the erstwhile Bengal Presidency, before being made into their own separate provinces. ] and ] were still considered ''de jure'' parts of the defunct Bengal Presidency for judicial and legal purposes. Agra was separated in 1878 and merged with ].
In 1919, the fourth ] was enacted by the British Parliament.<ref name="Act">{{cite act|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1919/dec/16/government-of-india-bill#S5LV0038P0_19191216_HOL_530|title=Government of India Act 1919|year=1919|legislature=]}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130102346/https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1919/dec/16/government-of-india-bill#S5LV0038P0_19191216_HOL_530 |date=30 January 2024 }}</ref> The act introduced provision for majority of the members to the legislatures of the provinces to be ]. All provinces were elevated to governorship and there were eight governor's provinces apart from the three chief commissioner's provinces of Ajmer-Merwara, Coorg and Delhi.<ref name="Act"/> The ] was established by ] in 1920 as a consequence of the act, thus creating more agencies with representative members who could voice out their opinions to the ] directly.<ref>{{cite book|first=Barbara N.|last=Ramusack|title=The Princes of India in the Twilight of Empire: Dissolution of a Patron-client System, 1914–1939|publisher=Ohio State University Press|year=1978|page=xix}}</ref> Additional imperial agencies were established in the subsequent years: ], ], ], ], ] and ].<ref>{{cite book|title=Biographic Register of the Department of State|publisher=United States Department of State|year=1937|page=73}}</ref>


The ] was re-established in 1912 as a governorship. All these provinces had their own legislatures established by the Indian Councils Acts, and high courts established by Indian High Courts Acts. Laws passed by these legislatures needed the dual assent of the governor or lieutenant-governor of the province and the ], who functioned as the representative of the ].
In 1935, the British Parliament enacted the ] which granted more autonomy to the Indian provinces.<ref name="Act1">{{cite act|url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1935/2/pdfs/ukpga_19350002_en.pdf|title=Government of India Act 1935|year=1935|legislature=]}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128160748/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1935/2/pdfs/ukpga_19350002_en.pdf |date=28 January 2024 }}</ref> The act introduced provisions for the provincial legislatures to propagate its own laws in certain subjects without the ascent of the governor-general.<ref name="Act1"/> The act also created the office of a ] in each province who functioned as the new head of government and was responsible to the provincial legislature.<ref name="Act1"/> Bengal, Madras and Bombay presidencies were officially styled as provinces and new provinces of ] and ] were created from Bihar and Bombay respectively.<ref name="Act1"/>
*There were three governor's provinces in 1912, styled "Presidencies" as a historical memento that they had been once governed by presidents. These were:
**]
**] (officially Presidency of Fort St. George)
**] (from 1912)
*There were six lieutenant-governor's provinces in 1905. These were:
**]
**]
**]
**] (till 1912)
**] (1905–1912)
**]
***] (1878–1902)
***] (1902–1935)


In addition to these, there were certain territories ruled directly by the Government of India through nominated chief commissioners. These were former independent states annexed to India and since ruled directly by the Supreme Government.
=== After Independence: 1947–50 ===
*There were the three chief commissioner's provinces. These did not have a legislature or a high court. These were:
{{further|Political integration of India}}
**]
After the ] in 1947, the Indian Empire was dissolved along with the ] and the ] and the ] was consequently established when the provinces of erstwhile British Raj and princely states were ] into the Indian Union. The old provinces largely remained the same with the princely states who ] mostly absorbed into the existing provinces of the union while a few were organized into separate provinces.<ref>{{cite book|last=Menon|first=V. P.|title=The Story of the Integration of the Indian States|publisher=Macmillan|place=New York|year=1956}}</ref> In 1950, after the adoption of the ], these became part of the ] with the constitution classifying the states into four categories.<ref name="Consti"/>
**]
**] (till 1878)
**] (from 1911, capital of India)


A vast majority of the Indian states in the late nineteenth century were, in terms of imperial divisions, organised within the provinces. However a good number of states were organised into imperial structures called agencies, or residencies. An Agent to the Governor-General (AGG) functioned as the Emperor's representative to all the states in the agency.
]
*At the time of establishment of the empire, there were only two agencies:
{|class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:left; font-size: 85%"
**]
|+Administrative divisions of India in 1950 (former name in brackets)
**]
!Classification
*In addition, these kingdoms were neither part of a province or an agency and had direct relations with the Emperor:
!Description
**]
!Count
**]
!Constituents
**]
|-
|'''Part A'''
|Former governors' provinces ruled by a governor and elected state legislature
|9
|] (]), ] (]), ] (]), ] (]), ] (]), ] (]), ] (]), ] (]), ] (])
|-
|'''Part B'''
|Former princely state(s) governed by a ], appointed by the ] and an elected legislature
|8
|] (]), ] (]), ] (]), ] (]), ], ] (]), ] (]), ] (] and ])
|-
|'''Part C'''
|Former chief commissioners' provinces and some princely states, governed by a chief commissioner appointed by the President of India
|10
|] (], ] (]), ] (]), ] (]), ], ], ] (]), ] (]), ] (]), ] (])
|-
|'''Part D'''
|Administered by a ] appointed by the union government
|1
|]
|}


=== 1919–1935 ===
=== Republic and states re-organization: 1950–59 ===
In 1919, the fourth ] was enacted by the Crown. This saw many major changes. The legislatures of the provinces were made elected ones rather than nominated ones. Some provinces were given ]s. All provinces were elevated to governorships and all lieutenant governors were made governors. Burma was given a special status and made an autonomous province.
{{further|States Reorganisation Commission}}
*There were ten governor's provinces now. These were:
On 1 July 1954, ] was merged with Himachal Pradesh and ], a former ] of ] was incorporated into ] in 1955.<ref name="State"/> In 1953, ] was created from the northern districts of ], following the ] demanding a separate state for the ].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/india-at-75-epochal-moments-1953-andhra-state-created-potti-sreeramulu/article65723242.ece|title=1953: Andhra State created|date=11 August 2022|access-date=1 December 2023|work=Front line|archive-date=28 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128090951/https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/india-at-75-epochal-moments-1953-andhra-state-created-potti-sreeramulu/article65723242.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 1954, ] exclave of ] was taken over by pro-India forces and became the ] state.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/dadra-and-nagar-haveli-when-an-ias-officer-became-the-instrument-of-accession/articleshow/70611496.cms?from=mdr|title=Dadra and Nagar Haveli: When an IAS officer became the instrument of accession|newspaper=]|date=2 March 2020|access-date=1 December 2023|last=Dasgupta|first=Reshmi R.|archive-date=28 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928101827/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/dadra-and-nagar-haveli-when-an-ias-officer-became-the-instrument-of-accession/articleshow/70611496.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 1954, the ] enclaves of ], ], ] and ] were ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1955_7/42/reorganisation_of_statesthe_approach_and_arrangements.pdf|date=15 October 1955|title=Reorganisation of states|publisher=Economic Weekly|access-date=31 December 2015|archive-date=18 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160218051214/http://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1955_7/42/reorganisation_of_statesthe_approach_and_arrangements.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
**]
] in 1956]]
**]
In 1956, the ] was passed, which re-organized the country into 14 states and six ].<ref>{{cite report|url=https://thc.nic.in/Central%20Governmental%20Acts/States%20Re-Organisation%20Act,%201956.pdf|title=States Reorganisation Act, 1956|publisher=High Court of Tripura|access-date=16 September 2023|archive-date=29 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929014519/https://thc.nic.in/Central%20Governmental%20Acts/States%20Re-Organisation%20Act,%201956.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> As a result of the act:
**]
* ] was created with the merger of Andhra state with the ]-speaking districts of ]
**]
* ] was created by merging ] and ] of ] district of Madras state with ]; ] and ] taluk were added to ] from Travancore–Cochin. The ], ] and ], which had been divided between the South Canara and Malabar districts were organized into a union territory
**]
* ] was re-organized with the addition of ] and ] districts (excluding Kasaragod taluk) and ] of ] from the Madras State, ], ], ] and ] districts from ], the ]-majority districts of ], ] and ] from Hyderabad state and the ].
**]
* Bombay State was enlarged by the addition of ] and ], the ]-speaking districts of ] of ] and the ] region of Hyderabad state .
**]
* ] and ] gained territories from ] and ] respectively and certain territories of ] were transferred to ].
**]
* No changes in boundaries of ], ], ] and ].
**]
* Part C and Part D territories that were not merged into other states were organized into the six union territories of ], ], ], ], ] and Laccadive, Minicoy & Amindivi Islands.
**]
*There were four chief commissioner's provinces. Their status mostly remained unchanged. These were:
**]
**]
**]
**]
The ] was established by ] in 1920. One of the major consequences of this was the creation of many more agencies from the states of the provinces, thus granting them direct relations with the Emperor instead of with the Governors.
*There were now 8 imperial agencies and residencies. These were:
**] (formerly part of Punjab Province)
**] (formerly part of Madras Presidency)
**] (formerly part of Bombay Presidency)
**] (formerly part of Bombay Presidency)
**] (formerly part of Bengal Presidency, Bihar and Orissa Province and Central Provinces)
**] (formerly part of ])
**]
**]
This saw the separation of all the states from the provinces and addition to before-mentioned agencies. This left all the provinces with only territories under direct Crown rule.
*Some states were with direct relations with the Emperor. These were:
**]
**]
**]


=== Later years: 1960–present === === 1935–1947 ===
The latter years of the ] saw the enactment of the last ] by the Crown. This act granted full autonomy to Indian provinces. Provincial laws no longer needed the assent of the governor-general. This act created the office of a ] in each province, who functioned as the new head of government and was responsible to the provincial legislature.
]
Following the ], Bombay state was split into ] and ] on 1 May 1960 by the Bombay Reorganisation Act.<ref>{{cite book|author=J.C. Aggarwal, S.P. Agrawal|title=Uttarakhand: Past, Present, and Future|publisher=Concept Publishing|place=New Delhi|year=1995|pages=89–90}}</ref> ] was established as a union territory, following the ] and from Portuguese and accession of Daman and Diu in 1961.<ref name="State"/> ] was formed as a union territory following the de-jure transfer of French enclaves in India in 1962.<ref name="State"/> On 1 December 1963, ] was divided as a new state from Assam.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/st_nagaland.php|title=Nagaland History & Geography-Source|publisher=india.gov.in|access-date=17 June 2013|archive-date=7 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707032303/http://india.gov.in/knowindia/st_nagaland.php|url-status=live}}</ref> The ], which sought a separate Punjabi-speaking state, resulted in the ], which created the state of ] and the union territory of ] with the transfer of the northern districts of Punjab to Himachal Pradesh.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://hpplanning.nic.in/mid%20term%20review%2010th%20five%20year%20plan.pdf|title=Himachal Pradesh Tenth Five Year Plan|access-date=17 June 2013|archive-date=13 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513070857/http://hpplanning.nic.in/mid%20term%20review%2010th%20five%20year%20plan.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://india.gov.in/allimpfrms/allacts/474.pdf|title=The Punjab Reorganisation Act 1966|publisher=india.gov.in|access-date=17 June 2013|archive-date=19 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119110225/http://india.gov.in/allimpfrms/allacts/474.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/advertorial/article30189846.ece|title=Great past|date=11 January 2007|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=]|archive-date=25 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325064147/https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/advertorial/article30189846.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>


Bengal, Madras and Bombay which had been till now styled Presidencies, were now officially styled as provinces. The provinces of ] and ] were created from Bihar and Bombay respectively. The ] which had previously functioned as an autonomous province of India was now separated from the Indian Empire, and established as the ].
Madras state was renamed as ] in 1969.<ref>{{cite news|date=6 July 2023|title=Tracing the demand to rename Madras State as Tamil Nadu|newspaper=]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tracing-the-demand-to-rename-madras-state-as-tamil-nadu/article66347708.ece|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228032145/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tracing-the-demand-to-rename-madras-state-as-tamil-nadu/article66347708.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Himachal Pradesh was elevated to statehood in 1970.<ref name="State"/> The north-eastern states of Manipur, ] and ] were established in January 1972.<ref name="NE">{{cite web|url=https://indianculture.gov.in/north-east-archive/history-north-east|title=History of North Eastern States|publisher=]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=29 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129092416/https://indianculture.gov.in/north-east-archive/history-north-east|url-status=live}}</ref> Mysore State was renamed ] in 1973. On 26 April 1975, ] became the 22nd state after the ] which resulted in the ] acceding to India.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2gTiO-4rP3sC&pg=PA13|title=Land and People of Indian States and Union Territories: In 36 Volumes. Sikkim|first=S. C.|last=Bhatt|date=1 January 2005|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-8-178-35380-7|access-date=3 September 2016}}</ref> In February 1987, ] and ] were established as new states.<ref name="NE"/> In May 1987, ] achieved statehood with the northern ]s of ] becoming a separate union territory.<ref name="State"/>


*The new set of 12 governor's provinces were:
In 2000, three new states were created: ] from eastern Madhya Pradesh, ] from north-western ] and ] from southern Bihar with the enactment of ], ] and ] respectively.<ref name="State"/> In 2006, Pondicherry was renamed as Puducherry and Uttaranchal became Uttarakhand followed by Orissa being renamed as Odisha in 2011.<ref name="State"/> In June 2014, ] was separated from Andhra Pradesh as the 29th state of the union, through the ], following the ].<ref>{{cite news|title=Telangana bill passed by upper house|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/telangana-bill-in-rajya-sabha/liveblog/30712218.cms|access-date=20 February 2014|newspaper=]|date=20 February 2014|archive-date=15 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415053022/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/telangana-bill-in-rajya-sabha/liveblog/30712218.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> On 31 October 2019, the state of ] was split into two new union territories of ] and ] as a result of the ].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/resources/article28823852.ece/Binary/FullTextofJ%26KReorganisationBill.pdf|title=Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Bill (No. XXIX of) 2019|newspaper=]|date=5 August 2019|access-date=22 August 2019|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308133456/https://www.thehindu.com/news/resources/article28823852.ece/Binary/FullTextofJ%26KReorganisationBill.pdf|url-status=live }}</ref> On 26 January 2020, the ] and the ] were merged into a single union territory of ].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://theprint.in/india/there-will-be-one-ut-less-as-modi-govt-plans-to-merge-dadra-nagar-haveli-and-daman-diu/261056/|title=There will be one UT less as Modi govt plans to merge Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu|date=10 July 2019|work=The Print|access-date=22 August 2019|archive-date=23 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123171337/https://theprint.in/india/there-will-be-one-ut-less-as-modi-govt-plans-to-merge-dadra-nagar-haveli-and-daman-diu/261056/|url-status=live}}</ref>
**]
**]
**]
**]
**]
**]
**]
**]
**]
**]
**]
**]
*There were 3 chief commissioner's provinces:
**]
**]
**]
**]
*There were 8 imperial agencies and residencies:
**]
**]
**]
**]
**]
**]
**]
**]
*Three kingdoms were in direct relations with the Emperor.
In 1947, the last Act of the Crown was passed. The act dissolved the Indian Empire, the ] and the ] and the ] was consequently established from 9 former Indian provinces (], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ]) and 562 former Indian states.

=== 1947–1950 ===
]
{{main|Political integration of India|Instrument of Accession|Annexation of Junagadh|Annexation of Hyderabad}}

Between 1947 and 1950, the territories of the princely states were politically integrated into the new ]. Most were merged into existing provinces. Others were organised into new provinces and ], such as ], ], ], ], and ], made up of multiple princely states. A few, including ], ], ], and ], became separate states.<ref name="Consti"/>

The new ], which came into force on 26 January 1950, made India a sovereign democratic republic. The new republic was also declared to be a "Union of States". The constitution of 1950 distinguished between three main types of states:<ref name="Consti">{{cite book|title=Constitution of India|url=https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/COI...pdf|publisher=], ]|access-date=2 April 2023|archive-date=17 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017142432/https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/COI...pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

* Part A states, which were the former governors' provinces of India, were ruled by an elected governor and state legislature. The nine Part A states were:
** ] (formerly ]),
** ] (formerly ]),
** ] (formerly ]),
** ] (formerly ]),
** ] (formerly the ]),
** ] (formerly ]),
** ] (formerly ]),
** ] (formerly the ]), and
** ] (formerly ]).
* The eight Part B states were former princely states or groups of princely states, governed by a ], who was usually the ruler of a constituent state, and an elected legislature. The rajpramukh was appointed by the ]. The Part B states were:
** ] (formerly ]),
** ] (formerly ]),
** ] (formerly ]),
** ] (formerly ]),
** ] (PEPSU),
** ] (formerly ]),
** ] (formerly ]), and
** ] (formerly ] and ]).
* The ten Part C states included both the former chief commissioners' provinces and some princely states, and each was governed by a chief commissioner appointed by the President of India. The Part C states were:
** ] (formerly ]),
** ] (formerly ]),
**] (formerly ]),
** ] (formerly ]),
** ],
** ],
** ] (formerly ]),
** ] (formerly ]),
** ] (formerly ]), and
** ] (formerly ]).
* The only Part D state was the ], which were administered by a lieutenant governor appointed by the union government.

=== States reorganisation (1951–1956) ===
{{main|Goa liberation movement|Andhra movement|Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli|States Reorganisation Commission}}
] was created on 1 October 1953 from the ]-speaking northern ] of ].<ref>{{cite act|url=https://thc.nic.in/Central%20Governmental%20Acts/Andhra%20State%20Act,%201953.pdf|title=Andhra State Act, 1953|year=1953|legislature=]|access-date= 15 October 2023}}</ref>

The ] of ] was transferred to ] in 1954. In the same year ], comprising the former French enclaves of ], ], ] and ], was transferred to India. This became a union territory in 1962.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1955_7/42/reorganisation_of_statesthe_approach_and_arrangements.pdf |date=15 October 1955|title=Reorganisation of states|publisher=Economic Weekly|access-date=31 December 2015|archive-date=18 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160218051214/http://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1955_7/42/reorganisation_of_statesthe_approach_and_arrangements.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

Also in 1954, pro-India forces liberated the ] of ] and ], declaring the short-lived '']'' state of ]. In 1961, India annexed it as the Union Territory of ].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/dadra-and-nagar-haveli-celebrated-its-60th-liberation-day-1375437166-1 |title=Dadra and Nagar Haveli Celebrated Its 60th Liberation Day |publisher=] |date=2 August 2013 |access-date=2 March 2020 |archive-date=29 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229135807/https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/dadra-and-nagar-haveli-celebrated-its-60th-liberation-day-1375437166-1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dasgupta |first1=Reshmi R. |date=10 August 2019 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/dadra-and-nagar-haveli-when-an-ias-officer-became-the-instrument-of-accession/articleshow/70611496.cms |title=Dadra and Nagar Haveli: When an IAS officer became the instrument of accession |newspaper=] |access-date=2 March 2020 |archive-date=17 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217155132/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/dadra-and-nagar-haveli-when-an-ias-officer-became-the-instrument-of-accession/articleshow/70611496.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/135865/ias-badlani-prime-minister-dadra-nagar-haveli-history-india/ |title=When an IAS Officer Was The Prime Minister of Dadra & Nagar Haveli |work=The Better India|date=28 March 2018 |access-date=2 March 2020 |archive-date=21 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321040227/https://www.thebetterindia.com/135865/ias-badlani-prime-minister-dadra-nagar-haveli-history-india/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.archive.india.gov.in/govt/documents/amendment/amend10.htm |title=Constitutional Amendment |publisher=] |access-date=2 March 2020 |archive-date=29 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229133903/https://www.archive.india.gov.in/govt/documents/amendment/amend10.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The ] reorganised the states based on linguistic lines resulting in the creation of the new states.<ref name="Consti"/>

As a result of this act:
* ] retained its name, with ] added to form ].
* ] was created with the merger of ] with the ]-speaking districts of ] in 1956.
* ] was created by merging ] and the ] of ] districts of ] with ].
* ] was re-organised with the addition of the districts of ] and ] (excluding ]) and the ] of ] from the Madras State, the districts of ], ], ] and ] from ], the ]-majority districts of ], ] and ] from ] and the ].
* The ], ] and ], which had been divided between the South Canara and Malabar districts of Madras State, were united and organised into the union territory of ].
* ] was enlarged by the addition of ] and ], the ]-speaking districts of ] of ] and the ] region of ].
* ] and ] gained territories from ] and ] respectively and certain territories of ] were transferred to ].

=== Post-1956 ===
{{main|Mahagujarat movement|Punjabi Suba movement|Annexation of Goa|1967 Goa status referendum|1975 Sikkimese monarchy referendum|Uttarakhand movement|Telangana movement}}
Bombay State was split into the linguistic states of ] and ] on 1 May 1960 by the Bombay Reorganisation Act.<ref>{{cite book|author1=J.C. Aggarwal|author2=S.P. Agrawal|title=Uttarakhand: Past, Present, and Future|publisher=Concept Publishing|place=New Delhi|year=1995|pages=89–90}}</ref> The former Union Territory of ] achieved statehood on 1 December 1963.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/st_nagaland.php|title=Nagaland History & Geography-Source|publisher=]|access-date=17 June 2013|archive-date=7 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707032303/http://india.gov.in/knowindia/st_nagaland.php|url-status=live}}</ref> The ] resulted in the creation of ] on 1 November and the transfer of the northern districts of Punjab to ].<ref>{{cite report |url=http://hpplanning.nic.in/mid%20term%20review%2010th%20five%20year%20plan.pdf |title=Himachal Pradesh Tenth Five Year Plan |access-date=17 June 2013 |archive-date=13 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513070857/http://hpplanning.nic.in/mid%20term%20review%2010th%20five%20year%20plan.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The act designated ] as a union territory and the shared capital of Punjab and Haryana.<ref>{{cite act |url=http://india.gov.in/allimpfrms/allacts/474.pdf|title=The Punjab Reorganisation Act 1966|legislature=]|year=1966|access-date=17 June 2013|archive-date=19 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119110225/http://india.gov.in/allimpfrms/allacts/474.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

Madras State was renamed ] in 1969. The north-eastern states of ], ] and ] were formed on 21 January 1972.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.thaibicindia.org.in/study/north_east/Snapshot.pdf|title=Snapshot of North Eastern States|publisher=IBC India|access-date=17 February 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091222052303/http://www.thaibicindia.org.in/study/north_east/Snapshot.pdf|archive-date=22 December 2009}}</ref> Mysore State was renamed ] in 1973. On 16 May 1975, ] became the 22nd state of the Indian Union and the ] was abolished.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sikkim.gov.in/ASP/Miscc/aboutsikkim.htm|title=About Sikkim|publisher=]|access-date=15 June 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090525171423/http://www.sikkim.gov.in/asp/Miscc/aboutsikkim.htm|archive-date=25 May 2009}}</ref> In 1987, ] and ] became states on 20 February, followed by ] on 30 May, while erstwhile union territory of ]'s northern ]s ] and ] became a separate union territory as ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goaonline.in/Profile/History/milestone.asp|title=Goa Chronology|publisher=Goa online|access-date=17 February 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721155540/http://www.goaonline.in/Profile/History/milestone.asp|archive-date=21 July 2011}}</ref>

In November 2000, three new states were created, namely:
* ], from eastern ],
* Uttaranchal, from northwest ] (renamed ] in 2007), and
* ], from southern districts of Bihar with the enforcement of ], ] and ] respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jharkhand.gov.in/AboutState_fr.html |title=Official Website of Government of Jharkhand |publisher=] |access-date=17 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621084121/http://www.jharkhand.gov.in/AboutState_fr.html |archive-date=21 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://cg.gov.in/profile/corigin.htm |title=Chhattisgarh state – History |publisher=] |access-date=17 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704202817/http://cg.gov.in/profile/corigin.htm |archive-date= 4 July 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Uttaranchal-is-Uttarakhand-BJP-cries-foul/articleshow/1014926.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510141050/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-01-02/india/27880083_1_bjp-cries-uttaranchal-assembly-polls |url-status=live |archive-date=10 May 2013 |title=Uttaranchal is Uttarakhand, BJP cries foul |last=Chopra |first=Jasi Kiran|date=2 January 2007|newspaper=] |access-date=22 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://uk.gov.in/pages/display/115-about-us |title=About Us: Uttarakhand Government Portal, India |publisher=] |date=9 November 2000 |access-date=17 June 2013 |archive-date=13 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513025952/http://uk.gov.in/pages/display/115-about-us |url-status=live }}</ref>

Pondicherry was renamed ] in 2007 and Orissa was renamed ] in 2011. ] was created on 2 June 2014 from ten former districts of north-western ].<ref name="APT"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Telangana bill passed by upper house|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/telangana-bill-in-rajya-sabha/liveblog/30712218.cms|access-date=20 February 2014|newspaper=]|date=20 February 2014 |archive-date=15 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415053022/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/telangana-bill-in-rajya-sabha/liveblog/30712218.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

In August 2019, the Parliament of India passed the ], which contains provisions to reorganise the state of ] into two union territories; ] and ], effective from 31 October 2019.<ref>{{cite act | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/resources/article28823852.ece/Binary/FullTextofJ%26KReorganisationBill.pdf | title=Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Bill (No. XXIX of) 2019 | legislature=] | date=5 August 2019 | access-date=22 August 2019 | archive-date=8 March 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308133456/https://www.thehindu.com/news/resources/article28823852.ece/Binary/FullTextofJ%26KReorganisationBill.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> Later that year in November, the Government of India introduced legislation to merge the union territories of ] and ] into a single union territory to be known as ], effective from 26 January 2020.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://theprint.in/india/there-will-be-one-ut-less-as-modi-govt-plans-to-merge-dadra-nagar-haveli-and-daman-diu/261056/ | title=There will be one UT less as Modi govt plans to merge Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu | date=10 July 2019 | work=The Print | access-date=22 August 2019 | author=Dutta, Amrita Nayak | location=New Delhi | archive-date=23 November 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123171337/https://theprint.in/india/there-will-be-one-ut-less-as-modi-govt-plans-to-merge-dadra-nagar-haveli-and-daman-diu/261056/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/national/754685-govt-plans-to-merge-2-uts----daman-and-diu-dadra-and-nagar-haveli|title=Govt plans to merge 2 UTs – Daman and Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli|website=Devdiscourse|access-date=26 March 2020|archive-date=23 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123171808/https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/national/754685-govt-plans-to-merge-2-uts----daman-and-diu-dadra-and-nagar-haveli|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite act|url=http://164.100.47.4/BillsTexts/LSBillTexts/Asintroduced/366_2019_LS_Eng.pdf|title=The Dadra And Nagar Haveli And Daman And Diu (Merger Of Union Territories) Bill|legislature=]|year=2019|access-date=15 December 2020|archive-date=24 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224021105/http://164.100.47.4/BillsTexts/LSBillTexts/Asintroduced/366_2019_LS_Eng.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>


=== Current proposals === === Current proposals ===
{{main|Proposed states and union territories of India}} {{main|Proposed states and union territories of India}}
{{empty section|date=December 2024}}


== Powers and functions == == States and Union territories ==
{{main|Federalism in India|Union List|State List|Concurrent List}}
The framework for the states and union territories were established by the ], which came into effect on 26 January 1950. As per the Indian Constitution, the power to demarcate states and union territories in India is solely reserved with the ], which can form new states/union territories, separate/merge territories from/to an existing state or convert states to union territories or vice versa.<ref name="Consti"/> The constitution distributes the sovereign executive and legislative powers exercisable with respect to the territory of any state between the union government and that of the ].<ref name="Consti"/> Article 73 states that the executive power of the union government shall extend to the matters with respect to which parliament has power to make laws even if it affects the states while Article 162 defines that the executive power of a state shall extend to the matters with respect to which the state legislature has power to make laws.<ref name="Consti"/> The union territories are directly governed by the union government though some of the union territories have their own territorial government with certain autonomy.<ref name="Consti"/>

== States and union territories ==
{{See also|List of state and union territory capitals in India}} {{See also|List of state and union territory capitals in India}}


=== States === === States ===
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="font-size: 85%; text-align: center;" {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: center;"
|+ |+
! scope="col"|State<ref name="SUT"/> ! scope="col" |State
! scope="col" |]
! scope="col"|]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:IN|title=ISO codes|access-date=1 January 2024|publisher=]|archive-date=21 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921173456/https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:IN|url-status=live}}</ref>
! scope="col" |]
! scope="col"|]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aptransport.org/html/registration-statecodes.html|title=Registration statecodes|access-date=1 January 2024|publisher=]|archive-date=8 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608172531/https://www.aptransport.org/html/registration-statecodes.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
! scope="col" |]
! scope="col"|]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mha.gov.in/en/page/zonal-council|title=Zonal council|access-date=1 January 2024|publisher=]|archive-date=4 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204092004/https://www.mha.gov.in/en/page/zonal-council|url-status=live}}</ref>
! scope="col" |Capital
! scope="col"|Capital<ref name="SUT">{{cite web|url=https://knowindia.india.gov.in/states-uts/|title=State/UTs and capitals|access-date=1 January 2024|publisher=]|archive-date=5 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205154934/https://knowindia.india.gov.in/states-uts/|url-status=live}}</ref>
! scope="col" |Largest city
! scope="col"|Largest city<ref>{{cite report|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/census-tables|title=Towns and urban agglomerations classified by population size class in 2011 with variation between 1901 and 2011 - Class I|access-date=1 January 2024|publisher=]|archive-date=2 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302113812/https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/census-tables|url-status=live}}</ref>
! scope="col" " |Statehood
! scope="col"|{{tooltip|Established|Date of establishment as a state}}<ref name="State">{{cite report|url=https://loksabhadocs.nic.in/Refinput/Research_notes/English/Re_org_English.pdf|title=States Reorganisation|publisher=]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=27 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227025845/https://loksabhadocs.nic.in/Refinput/Research_notes/English/Re_org_English.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
! scope="col"|] <br /> (])<ref>{{cite report|title=State-wise population|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42555/download/46181/2011-IndiaState-0000.xlsx|access-date=1 January 2024|publisher=]|archive-date=29 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129161803/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42555/download/46181/2011-IndiaState-0000.xlsx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TG">{{cite web|title=Telangana State Profile|url=http://www.telangana.gov.in/About/State-Profile|publisher=Telangana government portal|access-date=11 June 2014|page=34|archive-date=5 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151205000643/http://www.telangana.gov.in/about/state-profile|url-status=live}}</ref> ! scope="col" |Population<br />(2011)<ref>{{cite report |title=List of states with Population, Sex Ratio and Literacy Census 2011 |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/states.php |access-date=30 April 2023 |publisher=Census commissioner, ] |archive-date=28 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128124940/https://www.census2011.co.in/states.php |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=14 October 2016 |title=Census 2011: Population in States and Union Territories of India |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/census-2011-population-in-states-and-union-territories-of-india-1476439733-1 |access-date=30 April 2023 |work=] |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430052117/https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/census-2011-population-in-states-and-union-territories-of-india-1476439733-1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
! scope="col" |]<br />(km<sup>2</sup>)
! scope="col"|] <br /> (km<sup>2</sup>)<ref>{{cite report|url=https://mospi.nic.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/SelectedSocio-EconomicStatisticsIndia2017_27oct17.pdf|title=Socio-economic statistics|access-date=1 January 2019|publisher=]|archive-date=20 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920231345/http://mospi.nic.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/SelectedSocio-EconomicStatisticsIndia2017_27oct17.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
! scope="col"|Official <br /> languages<ref name="Lang">{{cite web|url=http://164.100.166.181/annualreport/52ndReport_CLM_English.pdf|title=Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 52nd report|access-date=1 January 2024|publisher=]|archive-date=7 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807223707/http://164.100.166.181/annualreport/52ndReport_CLM_English.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> ! scope="col" |Official<br />languages<ref name="lang">{{cite report|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |title=Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 50th report (July 2012 to June 2013) |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, ], ] |access-date=14 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date= 8 July 2016 }}</ref>
! scope="col"|Additional official <br /> languages<ref name="Lang"/> ! scope="col" |Additional official<br />languages<ref name="lang" />
|- |-
! scope="row"|] ! scope="row" |]
| IN-AP | IN-AP
| AP | AP
| ] | ]
|] |]
| ] | ]
| 1 November 1956 | 1 November 1956
| 49,506,799 | align="right" |49,506,799
| 162,975 | align="right" |162,975
| ] | ]
| ]<ref>{{cite news |date=23 March 2022 |title=Bill recognising Urdu as second official language passed |newspaper=] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/bill-recognising-urdu-as-second-official-languagepassed/article65252966.ece |access-date=8 December 2022 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=30 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221030054145/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/bill-recognising-urdu-as-second-official-languagepassed/article65252966.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
| ]
|- |-
! scope="row"|] ! scope="row" |]
| IN-AR | IN-AR
| AR | AR
| ] | ]
| colspan="2"|] | colspan="2" |]
| 20 February 1987 | 20 February 1987
| 1,383,727 | align="right" |1,383,727
| 83,743 | align="right" |83,743
| ] | ]
| — | —
|- |-
! scope="row"|] ! scope="row" |]
| IN-AS | IN-AS
| AS | AS
Line 216: Line 264:
| ] | ]
| 26 January 1950 | 26 January 1950
| 31,205,576 | align="right" |31,205,576
| 78,438 | align="right" |78,438
| ], ]
| ], ]<ref name="Boro">{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/assam-assembly-accords-associate-official-language-status-to-bodo-2345750|title=Assam Assembly Accords Associate Official Language Status To Bodo|work=]|date=30 December 2020|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=21 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221093623/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/assam-assembly-accords-associate-official-language-status-to-bodo-2345750|url-status=live}}</ref>
| ], ]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Purkayastha |first1=Biswa Kalyan |date=24 February 2024 |title=Assam recognises Manipuri as associate official language in four districts |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/assam-recognises-manipuri-as-associate-official-language-in-four-districts-101708770769105.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=15 September 2024}}</ref>
| ]<ref name="Boro"/>
|- |-
! scope="row"|] ! scope="row" |]
| IN-BR | IN-BR
| BR | BR
| ] | ]
| colspan="2"|] | colspan="2" |]
| 26 January 1950 | 26 January 1950
| 104,099,452 | align="right" |104,099,452
| 94,163 | align="right" |94,163
| ] | ]
| ] | ]
|- |-
! scope="row"|] ! scope="row" |]
| IN-CG<!-- The ISO 3166-2:IN code changed from "IN-CT" in 2023. See https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:IN --> | IN-CG<!-- The ISO 3166-2:IN code changed from "IN-CT" in 2023. See https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:IN -->
| CG | CG
| ] | ]
| colspan=2|]{{efn|] is planned to replace ] as the capital city of ].}}
| colspan=2|]
| 1 November 2000 | 1 November 2000
| 25,545,198 | align="right" |25,545,198
| 135,194 | align="right" |135,194
| ] | ]
| ]
| ]<ref>{{cite act|url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/12800/1/the_chhattisgarh_official_language_act%2c_1957_no._5_of_1958%2c_date_24.01.1958.pdf|title=The Chhattisgarh Official Language (Amendment) Act, 2007|publisher=]|legislature=]|year=2008|access-date=25 December 2022}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225172224/https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/12800/1/the_chhattisgarh_official_language_act,_1957_no._5_of_1958,_date_24.01.1958.pdf |date=25 December 2022 }}</ref>
|- |-
! scope="row"|] ! scope="row" |]
| IN-GA | IN-GA
| GA | GA
Line 250: Line 298:
| ] | ]
| 30 May 1987 | 30 May 1987
| 1,458,545 | align="right" |1,458,545
| 3,702 | align="right" |3,702
| ] | ]
| ]
| ]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dip.goa.gov.in/languages-of-goa/|title=Languages of Goa|publisher=]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=31 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231202646/https://dip.goa.gov.in/languages-of-goa/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- |-
! scope="row"|] ! scope="row" |]
| IN-GJ | IN-GJ
| GJ | GJ
Line 262: Line 310:
| ] | ]
| 1 May 1960 | 1 May 1960
| 60,439,692 | align="right" |60,439,692
| 196,024 | align="right" |196,024
| ], ]
| ], ]<ref>{{cite act|url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/6043/1/gujarat_state_legislature_%28use_of_the_english_language%29_act%2C_1964.pdf|title=Gujarat Act No. 28 Of 1964|legislature=]|year=1964|publisher=]|access-date=1 December 2023}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240306111521/https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/6043/1/gujarat_state_legislature_(use_of_the_english_language)_act%2C_1964.pdf |date=6 March 2024 }}</ref>
| — | —
|- |-
! scope="row"|] ! scope="row" |]
| IN-HR | IN-HR
| HR | HR
Line 274: Line 322:
| ] | ]
| 1 November 1966 | 1 November 1966
| 25,351,462 | align="right" |25,351,462
| 44,212 | align="right" |44,212
| ] | ]
| ], ]<ref>{{cite news|title=Haryana grants second language status to Punjabi|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/haryana-grants-second-language-status-to-punjabi/article1-502720.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903231506/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/haryana-grants-second-language-status-to-punjabi/article1-502720.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 September 2015|newspaper=]|date=28 January 2010}}</ref> | ]<ref>{{cite news|title=Haryana grants second language status to Punjabi|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/haryana-grants-second-language-status-to-punjabi/article1-502720.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903231506/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/haryana-grants-second-language-status-to-punjabi/article1-502720.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 September 2015|newspaper=]|date=28 January 2010}}</ref>
|- |-
! scope="row"|] ! scope="row" |]
| IN-HP | IN-HP
| HP | HP
| ] | ]
| ] <small>(Summer)</small><br />] <small>(Winter)</small><ref>{{cite news|date=2 March 2017|title=Dharamsala: Himachal Pradesh gets its second capital in Dharamsala|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/himachal-pradesh-gets-its-second-capital-in-dharamsala/articleshow/57432184.cms|access-date=26 July 2021|newspaper=]|archive-date=26 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726200910/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/himachal-pradesh-gets-its-second-capital-in-dharamsala/articleshow/57432184.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> | ] <small>(Summer)</small><br />] <small>(Winter)</small><ref>{{cite news |date=2 March 2017 |title=Dharamsala: Himachal Pradesh gets its second capital in Dharamsala |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/himachal-pradesh-gets-its-second-capital-in-dharamsala/articleshow/57432184.cms |access-date=26 July 2021 |newspaper=] |archive-date=26 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726200910/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/himachal-pradesh-gets-its-second-capital-in-dharamsala/articleshow/57432184.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
| Shimla | ]
| 25 January 1971 | 25 January 1971
| 6,864,602 | align="right" |6,864,602
| 55,673 | align="right" |55,673
| ] | ]
| ]<ref>{{cite news|title=Bill to make Sanskrit second official language of HP passed|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/bill-to-make-sanskrit-second-official-language-of-hp-passed/730075.html|date=17 February 2019|access-date=18 February 2019|work=]|first=Pratibha|last=Chauhan|location=Shimla|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218081810/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/bill-to-make-sanskrit-second-official-language-of-hp-passed/730075.html|archive-date=18 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> | ]<ref>{{cite news |title=Bill to make Sanskrit second official language of HP passed |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/bill-to-make-sanskrit-second-official-language-of-hp-passed/730075.html |date=17 February 2019 |access-date=18 February 2019 |work=] |author=Pratibha Chauhan |location=Shimla |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218081810/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/bill-to-make-sanskrit-second-official-language-of-hp-passed/730075.html |archive-date=18 February 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|- |-
! scope="row"|] ! scope="row" |]
| IN-JH | IN-JH
| JH | JH
Line 298: Line 346:
| ] | ]
| 15 November 2000 | 15 November 2000
| 32,988,134 | align="right" |32,988,134
| 79,714 | align="right" |79,714
| ] | ]
| 16 languages{{efn|], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ]}}<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.uniindia.com/jharkhand-gives-2nd-language-status-to-magahi-angika-bhojpuri-and-maithali/states/news/1175423.html|title= Jharkhand gives 2nd language status to Magahi, Angika, Bhojpuri and Maithali|work=UNI India|access-date= 24 January 2021|archive-date= 14 April 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210414042219/http://www.uniindia.com/jharkhand-gives-2nd-language-status-to-magahi-angika-bhojpuri-and-maithali/states/news/1175423.html|url-status= live}}</ref> | ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ]<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.uniindia.com/jharkhand-gives-2nd-language-status-to-magahi-angika-bhojpuri-and-maithali/states/news/1175423.html|title= Jharkhand gives 2nd language status to Magahi, Angika, Bhojpuri and Maithali|work= UNI India|access-date= 24 January 2021|archive-date= 14 April 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210414042219/http://www.uniindia.com/jharkhand-gives-2nd-language-status-to-magahi-angika-bhojpuri-and-maithali/states/news/1175423.html|url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=5 January 2019 |title=Jharkhand notifies Bhumij as second state language |url=https://avenuemail.in/jharkhand-notifies-bhumij-as-second-state-language/ |work=The Avenue Mail |access-date=20 April 2022 |archive-date=23 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423064556/https://avenuemail.in/jharkhand-notifies-bhumij-as-second-state-language/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|- |-
! scope="row"|] ! scope="row" |]
| IN-KA | IN-KA
| KA | KA
| ] | ]
| colspan="2"|] | colspan="2" |]
| 1 November 1956 | 1 November 1956
| 61,095,297 | align="right" |61,095,297
| 191,791 | align="right" |191,791
| ] | ]
| — | —
|- |-
! scope="row"|] ! scope="row" |]
| IN-KL | IN-KL
| KL | KL
| ] | ]
| colspan="2"|] | colspan="2" |]
| 1 November 1956 | 1 November 1956
| 33,406,061 | align="right" |33,406,061
| 38,863 | align="right" |38,863
| ] | ]
| ]<ref>{{cite act|title=Kerala Official Languages Act, 1969|legislature=]|date=1969|url=http://lawmdls.keltron.in/fromserver/lawmodules/Application/lawmodules/sro/11/182/83sro.pdf|access-date=1 April 2023|publisher=]}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129161804/http://lawmdls.keltron.in/fromserver/lawmodules/Application/lawmodules/sro/11/182/83sro.pdf |date=29 January 2024 }}</ref> | ]<ref>{{cite act |title=Kerala Official Languages Act, 1969 |url=http://www.bareactslive.com/KER/ker095.htm |year=1969| legislature=] |access-date=20 April 2021 |archive-date=21 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921082633/http://www.bareactslive.com/KER/ker095.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
|- |-
! scope="row"|] ! scope="row" |]
| IN-MP | IN-MP
| MP | MP
Line 332: Line 380:
| ] | ]
| 1 November 1956 | 1 November 1956
| 72,626,809 | align="right" |72,626,809
| 308,252 | align="right" |308,252
| ] | ]
| — | —
|- |-
! scope="row"|] ! scope="row" |]
| IN-MH | IN-MH
| MH | MH
| ] | ]
| ] <small>(Summer)</small><br />] <small>(Winter)</small><ref>{{cite web|title=History of Nagpur district|url=https://nagpur.gov.in/history/|publisher=]|date=29 November 2023|access-date=1 March 2024|archive-date=26 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726182239/https://nagpur.gov.in/history/|url-status=live}}</ref> | ] <small>(Summer)</small><br />] <small>(Winter)</small><ref>{{cite web|title=History {{!}} District Nagpur,Government of Maharashtra {{!}} India|url=https://nagpur.gov.in/history/|access-date=26 July 2021|language=en-US|archive-date=26 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726182239/https://nagpur.gov.in/history/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Raghunatha |first1=TN |title=Monsoon session to start in Maha's winter Capital Nagpur from July 4 |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/nation/monsoon-session--to-start-in-mahas-winter-capital-nagpur-from-july-4.html |access-date=20 April 2021 |work=Daily Pioneer |date=2 June 2018 |archive-date=2 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802011411/https://www.dailypioneer.com/nation/monsoon-session--to-start-in-mahas-winter-capital-nagpur-from-july-4.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| Mumbai | ]
| 1 May 1960 | 1 May 1960
| 112,374,333 | align="right" |112,374,333
| 307,713 | align="right" |307,713
| ] | ]
| — | —
|- |-
! scope="row"|] ! scope="row" |]
| IN-MN | IN-MN
| MN | MN
| ] | ]
| colspan="2"|] | colspan="2" |]
| 21 January 1972 | 21 January 1972
| 2,855,794 | align="right" |2,855,794
| 22,327 | align="right" |22,327
| ] | ]
| ] | ]
|- |-
! scope="row"|] ! scope="row" |]
| IN-ML | IN-ML
| ML | ML
| ] | ]
| colspan="2"|] | colspan="2" |]
| 21 January 1972 | 21 January 1972
| 2,966,889 | align="right" |2,966,889
| 22,429 | align="right" |22,429
| ] | ]
| — | —
|- |-
! scope="row"|] ! scope="row" |]
| IN-MZ | IN-MZ
| MZ | MZ
| ] | ]
| colspan="2"|] | colspan="2" |]
| 20 February 1987 | 20 February 1987
| 1,097,206 | align="right" |1,097,206
| 21,081 | align="right" |21,081
| ], ], ] | ], ]
| — | —
|- |-
! scope="row"|] ! scope="row" |]
| IN-NL | IN-NL
| NL | NL
Line 389: Line 437:
| ] | ]
| 1 December 1963 | 1 December 1963
| 1,978,502 | align="right" |1,978,502
| 16,579 | align="right" |16,579
| ] | ]
| — | —
|- |-
! scope="row"|] ! scope="row" |]
| IN-OD<!-- The ISO 3166-2:IN code changed from "IN-OR" in 2023. See https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:IN --> | IN-OD<!-- The ISO 3166-2:IN code changed from "IN-OR" in 2023. See https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:IN -->
| OD | OD
| ] | ]
| colspan="2"|] | colspan="2" |]
| 26 January 1950 | 26 January 1950
| 41,974,218 | align="right" |41,974,218
| 155,707 | align="right" |155,707
| ] | ]
| — | —
|- |-
! scope="row"|] ! scope="row" |]
| IN-PB | IN-PB
| PB | PB
Line 412: Line 460:
| ] | ]
| 1 November 1966 | 1 November 1966
| 27,743,338 | align="right" |27,743,338
| 50,362 | align="right" |50,362
| ] | ]
| — | —
|- |-
! scope="row"|] ! scope="row" |]
| IN-RJ | IN-RJ
| RJ | RJ
| ] | ]
| colspan="2"|] | colspan="2" |]
| 26 January 1950 | 26 January 1950
| 68,548,437 | align="right" |68,548,437
| 342,239 | align="right" |342,239
| ] | ]
| ] | ]
|- |-
! scope="row"|] ! scope="row" |]
| IN-SK | IN-SK
| SK | SK
| ] | ]
| colspan="2"|] | colspan="2" |]
| 16 May 1975 | 16 May 1975
| 610,577 | align="right" |610,577
| 7,096 | align="right" |7,096
| ], ], ], ]<ref name="Sikkim">{{cite web|title=Sikkim, History|url=https://sikkimtourism.gov.in/Public/ExperienceSikkim/history|publisher=]|access-date=1 September 2023|archive-date=24 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824195126/https://sikkimtourism.gov.in/Public/ExperienceSikkim/history|url-status=live}}</ref> | ], ], ], ]<ref>{{cite act |title=1977 Sikkim government gazette |url=https://www.sikkim.gov.in/stateportal/UsefulLinks/Gazette1977.pdf |legislature=] |access-date=13 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722164022/https://www.sikkim.gov.in/stateportal/UsefulLinks/Gazette1977.pdf |archive-date=22 July 2018 |page=188 }}</ref>
| 8 languages{{efn|], ], ], ], ], ], ], ]}}<ref name="Sikkim"/> | ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ]
|- |-
! scope="row"|] ! scope="row" |]
| IN-TN | IN-TN
| TN | TN
| ] | ]
| colspan="2"|] | colspan="2" |]
| 1 November 1956 | 1 November 1956
| 72,147,030 | align="right" |72,147,030
| 130,058 | align="right" |130,058
| ] | ]
| ] | ]
|- |-
! scope="row" |]<!-- NOTE: All figures and facts for the newly formed Telangana state should be supported by verifiable and reliable sources per WP:VERIFY and WP:RELIABLE. Failure to do so, the unsourced information being removed to ensure neutrality. Also necessary changes may be made accordingly to Andhra Pradesh also conforming to guidelines-->
! scope="row"|]
| IN-TS<!-- The ISO 3166-2:IN code changed from "IN-TG" in 2023. See https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:IN -->
| IN-TS
| TG<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/centre-gives-nod-new-number-plates-in-telangana-to-have-tg/article67945989.ece|title=Centre gives nod; TG replaces TS as State code in Telangana vehicle registration plates|date=13 March 2024|access-date=1 May 2024|newspaper=]|archive-date=20 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320123749/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/centre-gives-nod-new-number-plates-in-telangana-to-have-tg/article67945989.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
| TG
| ] | ]
| colspan="2" |]{{efn|Andhra Pradesh was divided into two states, ] and a residual ] on 2 June 2014.<ref name="The Times of India">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/T-party-today-Indias-29th-state-Telangana-is-born/articleshow/35912105.cms |newspaper=] |title=Bifurcated into Telangana State and residual Andhra Pradesh State |date=2 June 2014 |access-date=2 June 2014 |archive-date=30 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130174042/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/T-party-today-Indias-29th-state-Telangana-is-born/articleshow/35912105.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="APT">{{cite act|title=The Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014|legislature=]|year=2014|url=http://www.mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/APRegACT2014_0.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108223043/http://www.mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/APRegACT2014_0.pdf|archive-date=8 January 2016|access-date=3 March 2014}}</ref> ], located entirely within the borders of Telangana, is to serve as the capital for both states for a period of time not exceeding ten years.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cheat-sheet/andhra-pradesh-minus-telangana-10-facts-534339|title=Andhra Pradesh Minus Telangana: 10 Facts|author=Sanchari Bhattacharya|date=1 June 2014|work=]|access-date=4 June 2014|archive-date=4 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140604225857/http://www.ndtv.com/article/cheat-sheet/andhra-pradesh-minus-telangana-10-facts-534339|url-status=live}}</ref> The Government of Andhra Pradesh and the Andhra Pradesh Legislature completed the process of relocating to temporary facilities in the envisaged new capital city ] in early 2017.<ref>{{cite news |title=AP Assembly building inaugurated |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/ap-assembly-building-inaugurated/article9567618.ece |access-date=26 September 2023 |work=BusinessLine |date=2 March 2017 |archive-date=26 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926160604/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/ap-assembly-building-inaugurated/article9567618.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
| colspan="2"|]
| 2 June 2014 | 2 June 2014
| align="right" |35,193,978<ref name="telangana">{{cite web|title=Telangana State Profile|url=http://www.telangana.gov.in/About/State-Profile|publisher=Telangana government portal|access-date=11 June 2014|page=34|archive-date=5 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151205000643/http://www.telangana.gov.in/about/state-profile|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 35,193,978
| align="right" |112,077<ref name="telangana" />
| 112,077
| ] | ]
| ]<ref>{{cite news|date=17 November 2017|title=Urdu is second official language now|newspaper=]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/urdu-is-second-official-language-now/article20493655.ece|access-date=6 July 2020|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727115604/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/urdu-is-second-official-language-now/article20493655.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
| ]
|- |-
! scope="row"|] ! scope="row" |]
| IN-TR | IN-TR
| TR | TR
| ] | ]
| colspan="2"|] | colspan="2" |]
| 21 January 1972 | 21 January 1972
| 3,673,917 | align="right" |3,673,917
| 10,491 | align="right" |10,491
| ], ], ] | ], ], ]
| — | —
|- |-
! scope="row"|] ! scope="row" |]
| IN-UP | IN-UP
| UP | UP
| ] | ]
| colspan="2"| ] | colspan="2" | ]
| 26 January 1950 | 26 January 1950
| 199,812,341 | align="right" |199,812,341
| 240,928 | align="right" |240,928
| ] | ]
| ] | ]
|- |-
! scope="row"|] ! scope="row" |]
| IN-UK<!-- The ISO 3166-2:IN code changed from "IN-UT" in 2023. See https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:IN --> | IN-UK<!-- The ISO 3166-2:IN code changed from "IN-UT" in 2023. See https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:IN -->
| UK | UK
| ] | ]
| ] <small>(Winter)</small><br />] <small>(Summer)</small><ref>{{cite news|title=Bhararisain declared as summer capital of Uttarakhand|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/bhararisain-declared-as-summer-capital-of-uttarakhand/603160|access-date=24 November 2021|work=Times Now|date=8 June 2020|archive-date=24 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124003056/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/bhararisain-declared-as-summer-capital-of-uttarakhand/603160|url-status=live}}</ref> | ] <small>(Summer)</small><br/>] <small>(Winter)</small><ref>{{cite news|title=Bhararisain declared as summer capital of Uttarakhand|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/bhararisain-declared-as-summer-capital-of-uttarakhand/603160|access-date=24 November 2021|work=Times Now|date=8 June 2020|archive-date=24 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124003056/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/bhararisain-declared-as-summer-capital-of-uttarakhand/603160|url-status=live}}</ref>
| Dehradun | ]
| 9 November 2000 | 9 November 2000
| 10,086,292 | align="right" |10,086,292
| 53,483 | align="right" |53,483
| ] | ]
| ]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/RF9fH5Q1wNOBdI0R46SlkL/Sanskrit-reviving-the-language-in-today8217s-India.html|title=Sanskrit: reviving the language in today's India|first=Pallavi|last=Singh|date=19 April 2010|work=mint|access-date=16 December 2020|archive-date=29 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029223744/https://www.livemint.com/Politics/RF9fH5Q1wNOBdI0R46SlkL/Sanskrit-reviving-the-language-in-today8217s-India.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | ]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/RF9fH5Q1wNOBdI0R46SlkL/Sanskrit-reviving-the-language-in-today8217s-India.html|title=Sanskrit: reviving the language in today's India|first=Pallavi|last=Singh|date=19 April 2010|website=mint|access-date=16 December 2020|archive-date=29 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029223744/https://www.livemint.com/Politics/RF9fH5Q1wNOBdI0R46SlkL/Sanskrit-reviving-the-language-in-today8217s-India.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- |-
! scope="row"|] ! scope="row" |]
| IN-WB | IN-WB
| WB | WB
| ] | ]
| colspan="2"|] | colspan="2" |]
| 26 January 1950 | 26 January 1950
| 91,276,115 | align="right" |91,276,115
| 88,752 | align="right" |88,752
| ], ] | ], ]
| ]{{efn|Nepali is one of the official languages in the Darjeeling and Kurseong sub-divisions of ]}} and 10 other languages{{efn|], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ]}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/west-bengal-shows-mamata-to-telugus-663381|title=West Bengal shows 'Mamata' to Telugus|date=24 December 2020|access-date=1 December 2023|work=Hans India|archive-date=23 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201223184833/https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/west-bengal-shows-mamata-to-telugus-663381|url-status=live}}</ref> | ],{{efn|Bengali and Nepali are the official languages in the Darjeeling and Kurseong sub-divisions of the Darjeeling district.}} ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ]
|} |}
{{Notelist}} {{Notelist}}
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== Former states and union territories == == Former states and union territories ==
=== Former states === === Former states ===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left; font-size:85%;" {|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"
|+Former states of India<ref name="State"/><ref name="Consti">{{cite act|title=Constitution of India|chapter=]|year=1950|url=https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s380537a945c7aaa788ccfcdf1b99b5d8f/uploads/2023/05/2023050195.pdf|publisher=]|access-date=31 December 2023}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606211619/https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s380537a945c7aaa788ccfcdf1b99b5d8f/uploads/2023/05/2023050195.pdf |date=6 June 2023 }}</ref>
|- |-
!Map
!State !State
!Capital !Capital
!Years
!Span
!Present-day state(s)
!Successor(s)
!Map
|- |-
|]
|] |]
|] |]
|1950–1956
|1950–56
|] |]
|]
|- |-
|]
|] |]
|] |]
|1953–1956
|1953–56
|] |]
|]
|-
|-
|]
|]
|1956-2014
|], ]
|]
|- |-
|]
|] |]
|] |]
|1949–1956
|1949–56
|] |]
|]
|- |-
|]
|] |]
|] |]
|1950–1954
|1950–54
|] |]
|]
|- |-
|]
|] |]
|] |]
|1950–1960
|1950–60
|], ], ] |], ], and partially ]
|]
|- |-
|]
|] |]
|] |]
|1950–1956
|1950–56
|] |]
|]
|- |-
|]
|] |]
|] <small>(1947–53)</small><br />] <small>(1953–66)</small> |] <small>(1947–1953)</small><br />] <small>(1953–1966)</small>
|1947–1966
|1947–66
|], ], ], ] |], ], ] and ] UT
|]
|- |-
|]
|] |]
|] |]
|1948–1956
|1948–56
|], ], ] |], and partially ] and ]
|]
|- |-
|]
|] |]
|] <small>(Summer)</small><br />] <small>(Winter)</small> |] <small>(Summer)</small><br />] <small>(Winter)</small>
|1952–2019 |1952–2019
|], ] |] UT and
] UT
|]
|- |-
|]
|] |]
|] |]
|1947–1956
|1947–56
|] |]
|]
|- |-
|]
|] |]
|] <small>(summer)</small><br />] <small>(winter)</small> | ] <small>(Summer)</small><br />] <small>(Winter)</small>
|1948–1956
|1948–56
|] |]
|]
|- |-
|]
|] |]
|] |]
|1950–1969
|1947–53
|], ], ], ] |], ], and partially ] and ]
|]
|- |-
|]
|] |]
|] |]
|1947–1973
|1947–73
|] |]
|]
|- |-
|]
|] |]
|] |]
|1948–1956
|1948–56
|], ] |] and ]
|]
|- |-
|]
|] |]
|] |]
|1948–1956
|1948–56
|] |]
|]
|- |-
|]
|] |]
|] |]
|1949–1956
|1949–56
|], ] |] and partially ]
|]
|- |-
|]
|] |]
|] |]
|1948–1956
|1948–56
|] |]
|]
|} |}


=== Former union territories === === Former union territories ===
{{excerpt|Union territory|Former union territories}} {{excerpt|Union territory|Former union territories}}

== Responsibilities and authorities ==
{{main|Federalism in India|Union List|State List|Concurrent List}}
The ] distributes the sovereign executive and legislative powers exercisable with respect to the territory of any state between the Union and that state.<ref>{{cite web|quote=Article 73 broadly stated, provides that the executive power of the Union shall extend to the matters with respect to which Parliament has power to make laws. Article 162 similarly provides that the executive power of a State shall extend to the matters with respect to which the Legislature of a State has power to make laws. The Supreme Court has reiterated this position when it ruled in the ''Ramanaiah case'' that the executive power of the Union or of the State broadly speaking, is ] and ] with its respective legislative power| url=http://www.ebc-india.com/lawyer/articles/9801a2.htm|title=Territoriality of executive powers of states in India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091231013230/http://www.ebc-india.com/lawyer/articles/9801a2.htm |archive-date=31 December 2009|author=Balwant Singh Malik|work=Constitutional Law|year=1998}}</ref>


== See also == == See also ==
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* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}


== References == == References ==
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{{DEFAULTSORT:States And Territories of India}} {{DEFAULTSORT:States And Territories of India}}
] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]

Latest revision as of 08:08, 19 December 2024

Indian national administrative sub-divisions Further information: Administrative divisions of India "State of India" redirects here. For other uses, see State of India (disambiguation). "Indian state" redirects here. For the historical territory in the United States of America, see Indian Territory.

States and union territories of India
Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh National
Capital Territory Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu
and
Kashmir Ladakh Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh West
Bengal Andaman
and
Nicobar Islands Chandigarh Dadra and Nagar Haveli and
Daman and Diu Lakshadweep Puducherry
CategoryFederated states
LocationRepublic of India
Number28 States
8 Union territories
PopulationsStates: Sikkim – 610,577 (lowest)
Uttar Pradesh – 199,812,341 (highest)
Union Territories: Lakshadweep – 64,473 (lowest)
Delhi – 16,787,941 (highest)
AreasStates: Goa – 3,702 km (1,429 sq mi) (smallest)
Rajasthan – 342,269 km (132,151 sq mi) (largest)
Union territories: Lakshadweep – 32 km (12 sq mi) (smallest)
Ladakh – 59,146 km (22,836 sq mi) (largest)
Government
Subdivisions
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India is a federal union comprising 28 states and 8 union territories, for a total of 36 entities. The states and union territories are further subdivided into 806 districts and smaller administrative divisions.

States and union
territories of India
ordered by

The states of India are self-governing administrative divisions, each having a state government. The governing powers of the states are shared between the state government and the union government. On the other hand, the union territories are directly governed by the union government.

History

1876–1919

The administrative divisions of the Indian Empire in 1909

The Indian Empire was a very complex political entity consisting of various imperial divisions and states and territories of varying autonomy. At the time of its establishment in 1876, it was made up of 584 constituent states and the directly ruled territories of the Crown. The entire empire was divided into provinces and agencies.

A province consisted of territory under the direct rule of the Emperor of India (who was also the King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions) and a few minor states, ruled by Indian princes under the suzerainty of the Emperor. A Governor or Lieutenant-Governor acted as the representative of the Emperor to that province and head of government of the directly ruled territories in the province.

The governor or lieutenant-governor also served as the Emperor's representative to the constituent states of the province. The first three of the lieutenant-governorships were territories annexed to India from other powers and temporarily governed by the erstwhile Bengal Presidency, before being made into their own separate provinces. Agra and Bengal were still considered de jure parts of the defunct Bengal Presidency for judicial and legal purposes. Agra was separated in 1878 and merged with Oudh.

The Bengal Presidency was re-established in 1912 as a governorship. All these provinces had their own legislatures established by the Indian Councils Acts, and high courts established by Indian High Courts Acts. Laws passed by these legislatures needed the dual assent of the governor or lieutenant-governor of the province and the governor-general of India, who functioned as the representative of the Emperor.

In addition to these, there were certain territories ruled directly by the Government of India through nominated chief commissioners. These were former independent states annexed to India and since ruled directly by the Supreme Government.

  • There were the three chief commissioner's provinces. These did not have a legislature or a high court. These were:

A vast majority of the Indian states in the late nineteenth century were, in terms of imperial divisions, organised within the provinces. However a good number of states were organised into imperial structures called agencies, or residencies. An Agent to the Governor-General (AGG) functioned as the Emperor's representative to all the states in the agency.

1919–1935

In 1919, the fourth Government of India was enacted by the Crown. This saw many major changes. The legislatures of the provinces were made elected ones rather than nominated ones. Some provinces were given bicameral legislatures. All provinces were elevated to governorships and all lieutenant governors were made governors. Burma was given a special status and made an autonomous province.

The Chamber of Princes was established by Emperor George V in 1920. One of the major consequences of this was the creation of many more agencies from the states of the provinces, thus granting them direct relations with the Emperor instead of with the Governors.

This saw the separation of all the states from the provinces and addition to before-mentioned agencies. This left all the provinces with only territories under direct Crown rule.

1935–1947

The latter years of the Indian Empire saw the enactment of the last Government of India Act by the Crown. This act granted full autonomy to Indian provinces. Provincial laws no longer needed the assent of the governor-general. This act created the office of a Premier in each province, who functioned as the new head of government and was responsible to the provincial legislature.

Bengal, Madras and Bombay which had been till now styled Presidencies, were now officially styled as provinces. The provinces of Orissa and Sind were created from Bihar and Bombay respectively. The Province of Burma which had previously functioned as an autonomous province of India was now separated from the Indian Empire, and established as the Crown Colony of Burma.

In 1947, the last Act of the Crown was passed. The act dissolved the Indian Empire, the Imperial Legislative Council and the Chamber of Princes and the Union of India was consequently established from 9 former Indian provinces (East Punjab, United Provinces, Central Provinces, Madras, Bombay, Bihar, Orissa, West Bengal and Assam) and 562 former Indian states.

1947–1950

The administrative divisions of the Union of India in 1949
Main articles: Political integration of India, Instrument of Accession, Annexation of Junagadh, and Annexation of Hyderabad

Between 1947 and 1950, the territories of the princely states were politically integrated into the new Indian Union. Most were merged into existing provinces. Others were organised into new provinces and states, such as Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, Malwa Union, Baghelkhand and Bundelkhand States Union, and Patiala and East Punjab States Union, made up of multiple princely states. A few, including Mysore, Hyderabad, Bhopal, and Bilaspur, became separate states.

The new Constitution of India, which came into force on 26 January 1950, made India a sovereign democratic republic. The new republic was also declared to be a "Union of States". The constitution of 1950 distinguished between three main types of states:

States reorganisation (1951–1956)

Main articles: Goa liberation movement, Andhra movement, Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, and States Reorganisation Commission

Andhra State was created on 1 October 1953 from the Telugu-speaking northern districts of Madras State.

The French enclave of Chandernagore was transferred to West Bengal in 1954. In the same year Pondicherry, comprising the former French enclaves of Pondichéry, Karikal, Yanaon and Mahé, was transferred to India. This became a union territory in 1962.

Also in 1954, pro-India forces liberated the Portuguese-held enclaves of Dadrá and Nagar Aveli, declaring the short-lived de facto state of Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli. In 1961, India annexed it as the Union Territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli.

The States Reorganisation Act, 1956 reorganised the states based on linguistic lines resulting in the creation of the new states.

As a result of this act:

Post-1956

Main articles: Mahagujarat movement, Punjabi Suba movement, Annexation of Goa, 1967 Goa status referendum, 1975 Sikkimese monarchy referendum, Uttarakhand movement, and Telangana movement

Bombay State was split into the linguistic states of Gujarat and Maharashtra on 1 May 1960 by the Bombay Reorganisation Act. The former Union Territory of Nagaland achieved statehood on 1 December 1963. The Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966 resulted in the creation of Haryana on 1 November and the transfer of the northern districts of Punjab to Himachal Pradesh. The act designated Chandigarh as a union territory and the shared capital of Punjab and Haryana.

Madras State was renamed Tamil Nadu in 1969. The north-eastern states of Manipur, Meghalaya and Tripura were formed on 21 January 1972. Mysore State was renamed Karnataka in 1973. On 16 May 1975, Sikkim became the 22nd state of the Indian Union and the state's monarchy was abolished. In 1987, Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram became states on 20 February, followed by Goa on 30 May, while erstwhile union territory of Goa, Daman and Diu's northern exclaves Damão and Diu became a separate union territory as Daman and Diu.

In November 2000, three new states were created, namely:

Pondicherry was renamed Puducherry in 2007 and Orissa was renamed Odisha in 2011. Telangana was created on 2 June 2014 from ten former districts of north-western Andhra Pradesh.

In August 2019, the Parliament of India passed the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019, which contains provisions to reorganise the state of Jammu and Kashmir into two union territories; Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh, effective from 31 October 2019. Later that year in November, the Government of India introduced legislation to merge the union territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli into a single union territory to be known as Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, effective from 26 January 2020.

Current proposals

Main article: Proposed states and union territories of India
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (December 2024)

States and Union territories

See also: List of state and union territory capitals in India

States

State ISO Vehicle
code 		Zone Capital Largest city Statehood Population
(2011) 		Area
(km) 		Official
languages 		Additional official
languages
Andhra Pradesh IN-AP AP Southern Amaravati Visakhapatnam 1 November 1956 49,506,799 162,975 Telugu Urdu
Arunachal Pradesh IN-AR AR North-Eastern Itanagar 20 February 1987 1,383,727 83,743 English —
Assam IN-AS AS North-Eastern Dispur Guwahati 26 January 1950 31,205,576 78,438 Assamese, Boro Bengali, Meitei
Bihar IN-BR BR Eastern Patna 26 January 1950 104,099,452 94,163 Hindi Urdu
Chhattisgarh IN-CG CG Central Raipur 1 November 2000 25,545,198 135,194 Hindi Chhattisgarhi
Goa IN-GA GA Western Panaji Vasco da Gama 30 May 1987 1,458,545 3,702 Konkani Marathi
Gujarat IN-GJ GJ Western Gandhinagar Ahmedabad 1 May 1960 60,439,692 196,024 Gujarati, Hindi —
Haryana IN-HR HR Northern Chandigarh Faridabad 1 November 1966 25,351,462 44,212 Hindi Punjabi
Himachal Pradesh IN-HP HP Northern Shimla (Summer)
Dharamshala (Winter) 		Shimla 25 January 1971 6,864,602 55,673 Hindi Sanskrit
Jharkhand IN-JH JH Eastern Ranchi Jamshedpur 15 November 2000 32,988,134 79,714 Hindi Angika, Bengali, Bhojpuri, Bhumij, Ho, Kharia, Khortha, Kurmali, Kurukh, Magahi, Maithili, Mundari, Nagpuri, Odia, Santali, Urdu
Karnataka IN-KA KA Southern Bengaluru 1 November 1956 61,095,297 191,791 Kannada —
Kerala IN-KL KL Southern Thiruvananthapuram 1 November 1956 33,406,061 38,863 Malayalam English
Madhya Pradesh IN-MP MP Central Bhopal Indore 1 November 1956 72,626,809 308,252 Hindi —
Maharashtra IN-MH MH Western Mumbai (Summer)
Nagpur (Winter) 		Mumbai 1 May 1960 112,374,333 307,713 Marathi —
Manipur IN-MN MN North-Eastern Imphal 21 January 1972 2,855,794 22,327 Meitei English
Meghalaya IN-ML ML North-Eastern Shillong 21 January 1972 2,966,889 22,429 English —
Mizoram IN-MZ MZ North-Eastern Aizawl 20 February 1987 1,097,206 21,081 Mizo, English —
Nagaland IN-NL NL North-Eastern Kohima Dimapur 1 December 1963 1,978,502 16,579 English —
Odisha IN-OD OD Eastern Bhubaneswar 26 January 1950 41,974,218 155,707 Odia —
Punjab IN-PB PB Northern Chandigarh Ludhiana 1 November 1966 27,743,338 50,362 Punjabi —
Rajasthan IN-RJ RJ Northern Jaipur 26 January 1950 68,548,437 342,239 Hindi English
Sikkim IN-SK SK North-Eastern Gangtok 16 May 1975 610,577 7,096 Nepali, Sikkimese, Lepcha, English Gurung, Limbu, Magar, Mukhia, Newari, Rai, Sherpa, Tamang
Tamil Nadu IN-TN TN Southern Chennai 1 November 1956 72,147,030 130,058 Tamil English
Telangana IN-TS TG Southern Hyderabad 2 June 2014 35,193,978 112,077 Telugu Urdu
Tripura IN-TR TR North-Eastern Agartala 21 January 1972 3,673,917 10,491 Bengali, English, Kokborok —
Uttar Pradesh IN-UP UP Central Lucknow 26 January 1950 199,812,341 240,928 Hindi Urdu
Uttarakhand IN-UK UK Central Bhararisain (Summer)
Dehradun (Winter) 		Dehradun 9 November 2000 10,086,292 53,483 Hindi Sanskrit
West Bengal IN-WB WB Eastern Kolkata 26 January 1950 91,276,115 88,752 Bengali, English Nepali, Hindi, Odia, Punjabi, Santali, Telugu, Urdu, Kamatapuri, Rajbanshi, Kurmali, Kurukh
  1. A few union territories have their own representative territorial governments.
  2. Nava Raipur is planned to replace Raipur as the capital city of Chhattisgarh.
  3. Andhra Pradesh was divided into two states, Telangana and a residual Andhra Pradesh on 2 June 2014. Hyderabad, located entirely within the borders of Telangana, is to serve as the capital for both states for a period of time not exceeding ten years. The Government of Andhra Pradesh and the Andhra Pradesh Legislature completed the process of relocating to temporary facilities in the envisaged new capital city Amaravati in early 2017.
  4. Bengali and Nepali are the official languages in the Darjeeling and Kurseong sub-divisions of the Darjeeling district.

Union territories

This section is an excerpt from Union territory § Current union territories.
State ISO Vehicle
code 		Zone Capital Largest city Established Population
(2011) 		Area
(km) 		Official
languages 		Additional official
languages
Andaman and Nicobar Islands IN-AN AN Eastern Sri Vijaya Puram 1 November 1956 380,581 8,249 Hindi, English —
Chandigarh IN-CH CH Northern Chandigarh 1 November 1966 1,055,450 114 English —
Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu IN-DH DD Western Daman Silvassa 26 January 2020 587,106 603 Hindi, English Gujarati
Delhi IN-DL DL Northern New Delhi Delhi 1 November 1956 16,787,941 1,484 Hindi, English Urdu, Punjabi
Jammu and Kashmir IN-JK JK Northern Srinagar (Summer)
Jammu (Winter) 		Srinagar 31 October 2019 12,258,433 42,241 Dogri, English, Hindi, Kashmiri, Urdu —
Ladakh IN-LA LA Northern Leh (Summer)
Kargil (Winter) 		Leh 31 October 2019 290,492 59,146 Hindi, English —
Lakshadweep IN-LD LD Southern Kavaratti 1 November 1956 64,473 32 Hindi, English Malayalam
Puducherry IN-PY PY Southern Pondicherry 16 August 1962 1,247,953 479 Tamil, French, English Telugu, Malayalam

Former states and union territories

Former states

Map State Capital Years Present-day state(s)
Ajmer State Ajmer 1950–1956 Rajasthan
Andhra State Kurnool 1953–1956 Andhra Pradesh
Bhopal State Bhopal 1949–1956 Madhya Pradesh
Bilaspur State Bilaspur 1950–1954 Himachal Pradesh
Bombay State Bombay 1950–1960 Maharashtra, Gujarat, and partially Karnataka
Coorg State Madikeri 1950–1956 Karnataka
East Punjab Shimla (1947–1953)
Chandigarh (1953–1966) 		1947–1966 Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and Chandigarh UT
Hyderabad State Hyderabad 1948–1956 Telangana, and partially Maharashtra and Karnataka
Jammu and Kashmir Srinagar (Summer)
Jammu (Winter) 		1952–2019 Jammu and Kashmir UT and

Ladakh UT

Kutch State Bhuj 1947–1956 Gujarat
Madhya Bharat Indore (Summer)
Gwalior (Winter) 		1948–1956 Madhya Pradesh
Madras State Madras 1950–1969 Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and partially Karnataka and Kerala
Mysore State Bangalore 1947–1973 Karnataka
Patiala and East Punjab States Union Patiala 1948–1956 Punjab and Haryana
Saurashtra Rajkot 1948–1956 Gujarat
Travancore–Cochin Trivandrum 1949–1956 Kerala and partially Tamil Nadu
Vindhya Pradesh Rewa 1948–1956 Madhya Pradesh

Former union territories

This section is an excerpt from Union territory § Former union territories.
Former union territories of India
Name Zone Capital Area Begin End Successor(s) Map
Arunachal Pradesh North-Eastern Itanagar 83,743 km (32,333 sq mi) 21 January 1972 20 February 1987 As an Indian state
Dadra and Nagar Haveli Western Silvassa 491 km (190 sq mi) 11 August 1961 26 January 2020 Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu (UT)
Daman and Diu Western Daman 112 km (43 sq mi) 30 May 1987 26 January 2020 Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu (UT)
Goa, Daman and Diu Western Panaji 3,814 km (1,473 sq mi) 19 December 1961 30 May 1987 Goa (state), Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu (UT)
Himachal Pradesh Northern Shimla 55,673 km (21,495 sq mi) 1 November 1956 25 January 1971 As an Indian state
Manipur North-Eastern Imphal 22,327 km (8,621 sq mi) 1 November 1956 21 January 1972 As an Indian state
Mizoram North-Eastern Aizawl 21,081 km (8,139 sq mi) 21 January 1972 20 February 1987 As an Indian state
Nagaland North-Eastern Kohima 16,579 km (6,401 sq mi) 29 November 1957 1 December 1963 As an Indian state
Tripura North-Eastern Agartala 10,491 km (4,051 sq mi) 1 November 1956 21 January 1972 As an Indian state

Responsibilities and authorities

Main articles: Federalism in India, Union List, State List, and Concurrent List

The Constitution of India distributes the sovereign executive and legislative powers exercisable with respect to the territory of any state between the Union and that state.

See also

Notes

References

  1. "States and Union Territories". Know India Programme. Archived from the original on 18 August 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
  2. "Local Government Directory, Government of India". Government of India. 21 June 2024. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
  3. ^ Constitution of India (PDF). Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 October 2023. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  4. Andhra State Act, 1953 (PDF). Parliament of India. 1953. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
  5. Reorganisation of states (PDF) (Report). Economic Weekly. 15 October 1955. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 February 2016. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
  6. "Dadra and Nagar Haveli Celebrated Its 60th Liberation Day". Jagran Josh. 2 August 2013. Archived from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
  7. Dasgupta, Reshmi R. (10 August 2019). "Dadra and Nagar Haveli: When an IAS officer became the instrument of accession". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
  8. "When an IAS Officer Was The Prime Minister of Dadra & Nagar Haveli". The Better India. 28 March 2018. Archived from the original on 21 March 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
  9. "Constitutional Amendment". Government of India. Archived from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
  10. J.C. Aggarwal; S.P. Agrawal (1995). Uttarakhand: Past, Present, and Future. New Delhi: Concept Publishing. pp. 89–90.
  11. "Nagaland History & Geography-Source". Government of India. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
  12. Himachal Pradesh Tenth Five Year Plan (PDF) (Report). Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 May 2014. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
  13. The Punjab Reorganisation Act 1966 (PDF). Parliament of India. 1966. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 January 2012. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
  14. Snapshot of North Eastern States (PDF) (Report). IBC India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2009. Retrieved 17 February 2016.
  15. "About Sikkim". Government of Sikkim. Archived from the original on 25 May 2009. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
  16. "Goa Chronology". Goa online. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 17 February 2016.
  17. "Official Website of Government of Jharkhand". Government of Jharkhand. Archived from the original on 21 June 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
  18. "Chhattisgarh state – History". Government of Chhattisgarh. Archived from the original on 4 July 2010. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
  19. Chopra, Jasi Kiran (2 January 2007). "Uttaranchal is Uttarakhand, BJP cries foul". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 22 January 2013.
  20. "About Us: Uttarakhand Government Portal, India". Government of Uttarakhand. 9 November 2000. Archived from the original on 13 May 2012. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
  21. ^ The Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 (PDF). Parliament of India. 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 January 2016. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
  22. "Telangana bill passed by upper house". The Times of India. 20 February 2014. Archived from the original on 15 April 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
  23. Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Bill (No. XXIX of) 2019 (PDF). Parliament of India. 5 August 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
  24. Dutta, Amrita Nayak (10 July 2019). "There will be one UT less as Modi govt plans to merge Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu". The Print. New Delhi. Archived from the original on 23 November 2021. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
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