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{{Short description|Dialect of Punjabi}} {{Short description|Indo-Aryan language variety spoken in Pakistan}}
{{pp-protected|small=yes}}
{{Infobox language {{Infobox language
| name = Pahari-Pothwari | name = Pahari-Pothwari
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| nativename = {{nq|پوٹھواری}}, {{nq|پہاڑی}} <br/> Poṭhwārī, Pahāṛī | nativename = {{nq|پوٹھواری}}, {{nq|پہاڑی}} <br/> Poṭhwārī, Pahāṛī
| states = ] | states = ]
| region = ] region of ], ] and western parts of ], other parts of India including ] and ] (by partition refugees and descendants) | region = northern parts of ] region of ], ] and western parts of ], other parts of India including ] and ] (by partition refugees and descendants)
| speakers = several million | speakers = several million
| date = | date =
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| fam3 = ] | fam3 = ]
| fam4 = ] | fam4 = ]
| fam5 = ] | fam5 = ]
| fam6 = ] | fam6 = ]
| iso3 = phr | iso3 = phr
| iso3comment = | iso3comment =
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}} }}


The ] {{efn|There is no consensus among linguists or Pahari-Pothwari speakers in terms of its status as a dialect of Punjabi or a separate language entirely. For the difficulties in assigning the labels "language" and "dialect", see {{harvtxt|Shackle|1979}} for Punjabi and {{harvtxt|Masica|1991|pp=23–27}} for ] generally.}} spoken on the ] in the far north of ], as well as in most of Pakistan-administered ] and in western areas of Indian-administered ], is known by a variety of names, the most common of which are '''Pahari''' ({{IPAc-en|lang|p|ə|ˈ|h|ɑː|r|i}};<ref>{{Cite OED|Pahari}}</ref> ] also applied to unrelated languages of India), and '''Pothwari''' (or '''Pothohari'''). '''Pahari-Pothwari''' is an ] ] of ] group,{{efn|There is no consensus among linguists or Pahari-Pothwari speakers in terms of its status as a dialect of Punjabi or a separate language entirely. For the difficulties in assigning the labels "language" and "dialect", see {{harvtxt|Shackle|1979}} for Punjabi and {{harvtxt|Masica|1991|pp=23–27}} for ] generally.}} spoken in parts of the ] in the far north of ], as well as in most of Pakistan-administered ] and in western areas of Indian-administered ]. It is known by a variety of names, the most common of which are '''Pahari''' ({{IPAc-en|lang|p|ə|ˈ|h|ɑː|r|i}};<ref>{{Cite OED|Pahari}}</ref> ] also applied to other unrelated languages of India), and '''Pothwari''' (or '''Pothohari''').


The Punjabi dialect is transitional between ] and ]{{sfn|Shackle|1979|pp=200–201}} and is mutually intelligible with both.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hussain |first=Qandeel |date=2020-12-31 |title=Punjabi (India and Pakistan) – Language Snapshot |journal=Language documentation and description |url=https://lddjournal.org/articles/10.25894/ldd71 |language=en-US |volume=19 |pages=144 |doi=10.25894/ldd71}}</ref> There have been efforts at cultivation as a literary dialect,{{sfn|Masica|1991|p=440}} although a local standard has not been established yet.{{sfn|Shackle|1983|p=183}} The ] script is used to write the language, such as in the works of ] poet ]. The language is transitional between ] and ] and is mutually intelligible with both.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hussain |first=Qandeel |date=2020-12-31 |title=Punjabi (India and Pakistan) – Language Snapshot |journal=Language Documentation and Description |url=https://lddjournal.org/articles/10.25894/ldd71 |language=en-US |volume=19 |pages=144 |doi=10.25894/ldd71}}</ref> There have been efforts at cultivation as a literary language,{{sfn|Masica|1991|p=440}} although a local standard has not been established yet.{{sfn|Shackle|1983|p=183}} The ] script is used to write the language, such as in the works of ] poet ].


] in his early 20th-century ] assigned it to a so-called "Northern cluster" of ] (Western Punjabi), but this classification, as well as the validity of the Lahnda grouping in this case, have been called into question.{{sfn|Shackle|1979|p=201|ps=: Pothohari "is often so close to Panjabi that any attempt to maintain the Lahndi scheme ought probably to reckon it as 'Lahndi merging into Panjabi'."}} In a sense both Pothwari, as well as other Lahnda varieties, and Standard Punjabi are "dialects" of a "] macrolanguage.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rahman |first=Tariq |date=1995-01-01 |title=The Siraiki Movement in Pakistan |url=https://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/lplp.19.1.01rah |journal=Language Problems and Language Planning |language=en |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=16 |doi=10.1075/lplp.19.1.01rah |issn=0272-2690}}</ref> ] in his early 20th-century ] assigned it to a so-called "Northern cluster" of ] (Western Punjabi), but this classification, as well as the validity of the Lahnda grouping in this case, have been called into question.{{sfn|Shackle|1979|p=201|ps=: Pothohari "is often so close to Panjabi that any attempt to maintain the Lahndi scheme ought probably to reckon it as 'Lahndi merging into Panjabi'."}} In a sense both Pothwari, as well as other Lahnda varieties, and Standard Punjabi are "dialects" of a "] macrolanguage.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rahman |first=Tariq |date=1995-01-01 |title=The Siraiki Movement in Pakistan |url=https://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/lplp.19.1.01rah |journal=Language Problems and Language Planning |language=en |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=16 |doi=10.1075/lplp.19.1.01rah |issn=0272-2690}}</ref>

Due to effects of dominant languages in Pakistani media like Urdu, Standard Punjabi and English and religious impact of Arabic and Persian, Pahari-Pothwari like other regional varieties of Pakistan are continuously expanding its vocabulary base with loan words.<ref>https://pssr.org.pk/issues/v4/3/the-impact-of-dominant-languages-on-regional-languages-a-case-study-of-english-urdu-and-shina.pdf</ref>


== Geographic distribution and dialects == == Geographic distribution and dialects ==
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|caption = Azad Kashmir and surrounding areas with some of the locations mentioned in this section. Places where Pahari–Pothwari is spoken are in {{color|darkred|dark red}}. |caption = Azad Kashmir and surrounding areas with some of the locations mentioned in this section. Places where Pahari–Pothwari is spoken are in {{color|darkred|dark red}}.
}} }}
There are at least three major dialects: Pothwari, Mirpuri and Pahari.{{efn|According to {{harvtxt|Lothers|Lothers|2010|p=2}}. {{harvtxt|Abbasi|2010|p=104}} adds as a fourth dialect the ''Poonchi'' spoken from Poonch to the Neelam Valley. Yet another classification is reportedly presented in {{harvtxt|Karnai|2007}}.}} The Pothwari spoken in ] is regarded as the most prestigious dialect of Pothwari spoken in Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Qayyum |first=Salma |last2=Qayyum |first2=Samina |last3=Qayyum |first3=Najma |date=2020-06-30 |title=Urdu, Punjabi & Pothwari: Striking Similarities & Uniqueness of the Three Indo-Aryan Languages |url=https://gssrjournal.com/article/urdu-punjabi-pothwari-striking-similarities-uniqueness-of-the-three-indoaryan-languages |journal=Global Social Sciences Review |language=en |volume=V |issue=II |pages=427–438 |doi=10.31703/gssr.2020(V-II).41|doi-access=free }}</ref> There are at least three major dialects: Pothwari, Mirpuri and Pahari.{{efn|According to {{harvtxt|Lothers|Lothers|2010|p=2}}. {{harvtxt|Abbasi|2010|p=104}} adds as a fourth dialect the ''Poonchi'' spoken from Poonch to the Neelam Valley. Yet another classification is reportedly presented in {{harvtxt|Karnai|2007}}.}}


The dialects are mutually intelligible,{{sfn|Lothers|Lothers|2010|p=2}} but the difference between the northernmost and the southernmost dialects (from ] and ] respectively) is enough to cause difficulties in understanding.{{sfn|Lothers|Lothers|2010|p=86|ps =. Speakers from Muzaffarabad "consider the Mirpur dialect different enough that it is difficult to understand."}} The dialects are mutually intelligible,{{sfn|Lothers|Lothers|2010|p=2}} but the difference between the northernmost and the southernmost dialects (from ] and ] respectively) is enough to cause difficulties in understanding.{{sfn|Lothers|Lothers|2010|p=86|ps =. Speakers from Muzaffarabad "consider the Mirpur dialect different enough that it is difficult to understand."}}


===Pothohar Plateau=== ===Pothohar Plateau===
Pothwari ({{Nastaliq|{{lang|phr|پوٹھواری}}}}), also spelt ''Potwari'', ''Potohari'' and ''Pothohari'' ({{Nastaliq|{{lang|phr|پوٹھوہاری}}}}),<ref>The alternative English spellings are from {{harvtxt|Ethnologue|2017}}.</ref> is spoken in the ] of northern ],{{sfn|Abbasi|Asif|2010|p=201}} an area administratively within ].{{sfn|Grierson|1919|p=432}} Pothwari is its most common name, and some call it ''] ]'' to differentiate it from the Punjabi spoken elsewhere in Punjab.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=John |first=Asher |date=2009 |title=Two dialects one region : a sociolinguistic approach to dialects as identity markers |url=http://cardinalscholar.bsu.edu/handle/123456789/193541 |journal=CardinalScholar 1.0}}</ref> Pothwari ({{Nastaliq|{{lang|phr|پوٹھواری}}}}), also spelt ''Potwari'', ''Potohari'' and ''Pothohari'' ({{Nastaliq|{{lang|phr|پوٹھوہاری}}}}),<ref>The alternative English spellings are from {{harvtxt|Ethnologue|2017}}.</ref> is spoken in the north-eastern portion of ] of northern Punjab,{{sfn|Abbasi|Asif|2010|p=201}} an area administratively within ].{{sfn|Grierson|1919|p=432}} Pothwari is its most common name, and some call it ''] Punjabi'' to differentiate it from the Punjabi spoken elsewhere in Punjab.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=John |first=Asher |date=2009 |title=Two dialects one region : a sociolinguistic approach to dialects as identity markers |url=http://cardinalscholar.bsu.edu/handle/123456789/193541 |journal=CardinalScholar 1.0}}</ref>
]


Pothwari extends southwards up to the ], with the city of ] marking the border with Majha Punjabi. To the north, Pothwari transitions into the Pahari-speaking area, with ], near Islamabad, generally regarded as the point where Pothwari ends and Pahari begins.{{sfn|Lothers|Lothers|2010|pp=2–3, 19, 112}} Pothwari has been represented by their own people and their own community as they re-presented with their own ethnic group.{{sfn|Shackle|1983|p=183}}{{efn| For example, according to ]}}, 85.1% of households had Pothwari as mother tongue. Pothwari extends southwards up to the ], with the city of ] marking the border with Majha Punjabi. To the north, Pothwari transitions into the Pahari-speaking area, with ], near Islamabad, generally regarded as the point where Pothwari ends and Pahari begins.{{sfn|Lothers|Lothers|2010|pp=2–3, 19, 112}} In ] and ] districts of Pothohar, Pothohari comes in contact with other Lahnda varieties, namely ], ] and ]. In ], yet another dialect is spoken, ].{{sfn|Shackle|1980}}


Pothwari has been represented as a dialect of Punjabi by the Punjabi language movement,{{sfn|Shackle|1983|p=183}} and in census reports the Pothwari areas of Punjab have been shown as Punjabi-majority.{{efn|For example, according to the 1981 census report for Rawalpindi District, 85.1% of households had Punjabi as mother tongue. In any census, only a small number of major languages have been counted separately, and there has not been a separate option available for either Pahari or Pothwari.}}
Among the dialects of the Pahari-Pothwari dialect cluster, the variety spoken on the Pothohar is the only native language in the Rawalpindi division and it is ethno-linguistic group.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}} This Pothwari is also regarded as the most prestigious dialect spoken in the region.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}


===Mirpur=== ===Mirpur===
East of the Pothwari areas, across the ] into ] in ], the language is more similar to Pothwari than to the Pahari spoken in the rest of Azad Kashmir.{{sfn|Lothers|Lothers|2012|pp=12, 26. At least in terms of lexical similarity.}} East of the Pothwari areas, across the ] into ] in ], the language is more similar to Pothwari than to the Pahari spoken in the rest of Azad Kashmir.{{sfn|Lothers|Lothers|2012|pp=12, 26. At least in terms of lexical similarity.}}
Locally it is known by a variety of names:{{efn|One language activist from the diaspora in Britain " said that he does not give the language a single name because those who speak the language call it many different things." {{harv|Lothers|Lothers|2012|p=3}}. }} ''Pahari'', ''Mirpur Pahari'', ''Mirpuri'',{{efn|Some, at least in the British diaspora, consider this term to be a misnomer if applied to the language. {{harv|Lothers|Lothers|2012|p=3}}. }} and ''Pothwari'',{{sfn|Lothers|Lothers|2010|pp=2–3, 5, 19, 100}} while some of its speakers call it ''Punjabi''.{{sfn|Lothers|Lothers|2010|p=44}} Locally it is known by a variety of names:{{efn|One language activist from the diaspora in Britain " said that he does not give the language a single name because those who speak the language call it many different things." {{harv|Lothers|Lothers|2012|p=3}}. }} ''Pahari'', ''Mirpur Pahari'', ''Mirpuri'',{{efn|Some, at least in the British diaspora, consider this term to be a misnomer if applied to the language. {{harv|Lothers|Lothers|2012|p=3}}. }} and ''Pothwari'',{{sfn|Lothers|Lothers|2010|pp=2–3, 5, 19, 100}} while some of its speakers call it ''Punjabi''.{{sfn|Lothers|Lothers|2010|p=44}}
Mirpuris possess a strong sense of Kashmiri identity that overrides linguistic identification with closely related groups outside Azad Kashmir, such as the ] ].{{sfn|Shackle|2007|p=114}} Mirpuris possess a strong sense of Kashmiri identity that overrides linguistic identification with closely related groups outside Azad Kashmir, such as the Pothwari Punjabis.{{sfn|Shackle|2007|p=114}}
The Mirpur region has been the source of the greater part of Pakistani immigration to the UK, a process that started when thousands were displaced by the construction of the ] in the 1960s and emigrated to fill labour shortages in England.{{sfn|Lothers|Lothers|2012|p=1}} The Mirpur region has been the source of the greater part of Pakistani immigration to the UK, a process that started when thousands were displaced by the construction of the ] in the 1960s and emigrated to fill labour shortages in England.{{sfn|Lothers|Lothers|2012|p=1}}
The ] diaspora now numbers several hundred thousand, and Pahari has been argued to be the second most common mother tongue in the UK, yet the language is little known in the wider society there and its status has remained surrounded by confusion.{{sfn|Hussain|2015|pp=483–84}} The ] diaspora now numbers several hundred thousand, and Pahari has been argued to be the second most common mother tongue in the UK, yet the language is little known in the wider society there and its status has remained surrounded by confusion.{{sfn|Hussain|2015|pp=483–84}}


===Kashmir, Murree and the Galyat=== ===Kashmir, Murree and the Galyat===
Pahari ({{lang|phr|{{nq|پہاڑی}} }}) is spoken to the north of Pothwari. The central cluster of Pahari dialects is found around ].{{sfn|Lothers|Lothers|2010|p=23}} This area is in the ]: the hill country of ] in the northeast of ] (just north of the capital Islamabad) and the adjoining areas in southeastern ].{{sfn|Lothers|Lothers|2010|pp=2, 5}} One name occasionally found in the literature for this language is '''''Dhundi-Kairali''''' (''Ḍhūṇḍī-Kaiṛālī''), a term first used by ]{{sfn|Abbasi|2010|p=104}} who based it on the names of the two major tribes of the area – the ] and the ].{{sfn|Abbasi|Asif|2010|p=201}} Its speakers call it ''Pahari'' in Murree tehsil, while in Abbottabad district it is known as either ''Hindko'' or ''Ḍhūṇḍī''.<ref>''Hindko'' according to {{harvtxt|Lothers|Lothers|2010|pp=5, 39}} and ''Dhundi'' according to {{harvtxt|Grierson|1919|p=495}}. ''Pahari'' is reported in both sources.</ref> Pahari ({{lang|phr|{{nq|پہاڑی}} }}) is spoken to the north of Pothwari. The central cluster of Pahari dialects is found around ].{{sfn|Lothers|Lothers|2010|p=23}} This area is in the ]: the hill country of ] in the northeast of Rawalpindi District (just north of the capital Islamabad) and the adjoining areas in southeastern ].{{sfn|Lothers|Lothers|2010|pp=2, 5}} One name occasionally found in the literature for this language is '''''Dhundi-Kairali''''' (''Ḍhūṇḍī-Kaiṛālī''), a term first used by ]{{sfn|Abbasi|2010|p=104}} who based it on the names of the two major tribes of the area – the ] and the ].{{sfn|Abbasi|Asif|2010|p=201}} Its speakers call it ''Pahari'' in Murree tehsil, while in Abbottabad district it is known as either ''Hindko'' or ''Ḍhūṇḍī''.<ref>''Hindko'' according to {{harvtxt|Lothers|Lothers|2010|pp=5, 39}} and ''Dhundi'' according to {{harvtxt|Grierson|1919|p=495}}. ''Pahari'' is reported in both sources.</ref>
Nevertheless, ] – properly the language of the rest of Abbottabad District and the neighbouring areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa – is generally regarded as a different language.{{sfn|Lothers|Lothers|2010|pp=40, 126–27| ps =. The speakers of Pahari in Abbottabad District regard the Hindko of the city of Abbottabad as a different language.}} It forms a ] with Pahari, {{sfn|Abbasi|Asif|2010|p=201}} and the transition between the two is in northern Azad Kashmir and in the Galyat region. For example, on the road from Murree northwest towards the city of Abbottabad, Pahari gradually changes into Hindko between ] and ].{{sfn|Lothers|Lothers|2010|pp=2, 40}} Nevertheless, ] – properly the language of the rest of Abbottabad District and the neighbouring areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa – is generally regarded as a different language.{{sfn|Lothers|Lothers|2010|pp=40, 126–27| ps =. The speakers of Pahari in Abbottabad District regard the Hindko of the city of Abbottabad as a different language.}} It forms a ] with Pahari, {{sfn|Abbasi|Asif|2010|p=201}} and the transition between the two is in northern Azad Kashmir and in the Galyat region. For example, on the road from Murree northwest towards the city of Abbottabad, Pahari gradually changes into Hindko between ] and ].{{sfn|Lothers|Lothers|2010|pp=2, 40}}


A closely related dialect is spoken across the Jhelum River in Azad Kashmir, north of the Mirpuri areas. Names associated in the literature with this dialect are ''Pahari'' (itself the term most commonly used by the speakers themselves), '''''Chibhālī''''',{{sfn|Lothers|Lothers|2010|pp=2, 5, 8}} named after the ] region{{sfn|Grierson|1919|p=505}} or the Chibh ethnic group,{{sfn|Grierson|1919|p=432}} and '''''Poonchi''''' ({{Nastaliq|{{lang|phr|پونچھی}}}}, also spelt ''Punchhi''). The latter name has been variously applied to either the Chibhali variety specific to the ],{{sfn|Grierson|1919|loc =p. 505 and corresponding map}} or to the dialect of the whole northern half of Azad Kashmir.<ref>{{harvnb|Abbasi|2010|p=104}}; {{harvnb|Abbasi|Asif|2010|pp=201–202}}</ref> A closely related dialect is spoken across the Jhelum River in Azad Kashmir, north of the Mirpuri areas. Names associated in the literature with this dialect are ''Pahari'' (itself the term most commonly used by the speakers themselves), '''''Chibhālī''''',{{sfn|Lothers|Lothers|2010|pp=2, 5, 8}} named after the ] region{{sfn|Grierson|1919|p=505}} or the Chibh ethnic group,{{sfn|Grierson|1919|p=432}} and ''''']''''' ({{Nastaliq|{{lang|phr|پونچھی}}}}, also spelt ''Punchhi''). The latter name has been variously applied to either the Chibhali variety specific to the ],{{sfn|Grierson|1919|loc =p. 505 and corresponding map}} or to the dialect of the whole northern half of Azad Kashmir.<ref>{{harvnb|Abbasi|2010|p=104}}; {{harvnb|Abbasi|Asif|2010|pp=201–202}}</ref>
This dialect (or dialects) has been seen either as a separate dialect from the one in Murree,{{sfn|Abbasi|2010|p=104}} or as belonging to the same central group of Pahari dialects.{{sfn|Lothers|Lothers|2010|loc = sec. 3.1|ps =. The varieties surveyed here are from Bagh and Muzaffarabad.}} The dialect of the ], for example, has more shared vocabulary with the core dialects from Murree (86–88%) than with the varieties of either Muzaffarabad (84%) or Mirpur (78%).<ref>{{harvnb|Lothers|Lothers|2010|p=24}}. The wordlists that form the basis of this comparison are from the variety of ].</ref> This dialect (or dialects) has been seen either as a separate dialect from the one in Murree,{{sfn|Abbasi|2010|p=104}} or as belonging to the same central group of Pahari dialects.{{sfn|Lothers|Lothers|2010|loc = sec. 3.1|ps =. The varieties surveyed here are from Bagh and Muzaffarabad.}} The dialect of the ], for example, has more shared vocabulary with the core dialects from Murree (86–88%) than with the varieties of either Muzaffarabad (84%) or Mirpur (78%).<ref>{{harvnb|Lothers|Lothers|2010|p=24}}. The wordlists that form the basis of this comparison are from the variety of ].</ref>


In ] the dialect shows lexical similarity{{efn|The similarity between wordlists containing 217 items of basic vocabulary from each location. {{harv|Lothers|Lothers|2010|pp=15–16}} }} of 83–88% with the central group of Pahari dialects, which is high enough for the authors of the sociolinguistic survey to classify it is a central dialect itself, but low enough to warrant noting its borderline status.{{sfn|Lothers|Lothers|2010|pp=24–25}} The speakers however tend to call their language ''Hindko''{{sfn|Lothers|Lothers|2010|pp=26, 80}} and to identify more with the Hindko spoken to the west,{{sfn|Lothers|Lothers|2010|pp=108, 110}} despite the lower lexical similarity (73–79%) with the core Hindko dialects of ] and ].{{sfn|Lothers|Lothers|2010|p=24}} Further north into the ] the dialect, now known locally as ''Parmi'', becomes closer to Hindko.<ref>{{harvnb|Lothers|Lothers|2010|p=26}}; {{harvnb|Akhtar|Rehman|2007|p=68|ps = . The conclusion is similarly based on lexical similarity and the comparison is with the Hindko of the ] on one hand and with the Pahari of the Murre Hills on the other.}}</ref> In ] the dialect shows lexical similarity{{efn|The similarity between wordlists containing 217 items of basic vocabulary from each location. {{harv|Lothers|Lothers|2010|pp=15–16}} }} of 83–88% with the central group of Pahari dialects, which is high enough for the authors of the sociolinguistic survey to classify it is a central dialect itself, but low enough to warrant noting its borderline status.{{sfn|Lothers|Lothers|2010|pp=24–25}} The speakers however tend to call their language ''Hindko''{{sfn|Lothers|Lothers|2010|pp=26, 80}} and to identify more with the Hindko spoken to the west,{{sfn|Lothers|Lothers|2010|pp=108, 110}} despite the lower lexical similarity (73–79%) with the core Hindko dialects of ] and ].{{sfn|Lothers|Lothers|2010|p=24}} Further north into the ] the dialect, now known locally as ''Parmi'', becomes closer to Hindko.<ref>{{harvnb|Lothers|Lothers|2010|p=26}}; {{harvnb|Akhtar|Rehman|2007|p=68|ps = . The conclusion is similarly based on lexical similarity and the comparison is with the Hindko of the ] on one hand and with the Pahari of the Murre Hills on the other.}}</ref>


Pahari is also spoken further east across the ] into the ] mountains in Indian ]. The population, estimated at 1 million,<ref>A 2000 estimate reported in {{harvtxt|Ethnologue|2017}}</ref> is found in the region between the ] and ] rivers: most significantly in the districts of ] and ], to a lesser extent in neighbouring ] and ],<ref>{{harvnb|Singh|2014|p=18}}; {{harvnb|Bhat|2014|loc=ch. 1, pp. 38, 40}}</ref> and also – as a result of the influx of refugees during the ] of 1947 – scattered throughout the rest of Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>Lists of regions and settlements are found in {{harvtxt|Bhat|2014|loc=ch. 1, pp. 40, 43–44}} and {{harvtxt|Kour|2014}}.</ref> Pahari is among the regional languages listed in the sixth schedule of the ].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://jklegislativeassembly.nic.in/Costitution_of_J%26K.pdf |title=The Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir |access-date=2020-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903234618/http://jklegislativeassembly.nic.in/Costitution_of_J%26K.pdf |archive-date=2014-09-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This Pahari is sometimes conflated with the ] languages spoken in the mountainous region in the south-east of Indian Jammu and Kashmir. These languages, which include ] and its neighbours, are often called "Pahari", although not same they are closely related to Pahari–Pothwari.{{sfn|Kaul|2006|pp=42, 256–8}} Pahari is also spoken further east across the ] into the ] mountains in Indian ]. The population, estimated at 1 million,<ref>A 2000 estimate reported in {{harvtxt|Ethnologue|2017}}</ref> is found in the region between the ] and ] rivers: most significantly in the districts of ] and ], to a lesser extent in neighbouring ] and ],<ref>{{harvnb|Singh|2014|p=18}}; {{harvnb|Bhat|2014|loc=ch. 1, pp. 38, 40}}</ref> and also – as a result of the influx of refugees during the ] of 1947 – scattered throughout the rest of Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>Lists of regions and settlements are found in {{harvtxt|Bhat|2014|loc=ch. 1, pp. 40, 43–44}} and {{harvtxt|Kour|2014}}.</ref> Pahari is among the regional languages listed in the sixth schedule of the ].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://jklegislativeassembly.nic.in/Costitution_of_J%26K.pdf |title=The Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir |access-date=April 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903234618/http://jklegislativeassembly.nic.in/Costitution_of_J%26K.pdf |archive-date=September 3, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This Pahari is sometimes conflated with the ] languages spoken in the mountainous region in the south-east of Indian Jammu and Kashmir. These languages, which include ] and its neighbours, are often called "Pahari", although not same they are closely related to Pahari–Pothwari.{{sfn|Kaul|2006|pp=42, 256–8}}

===Diaspora===
Pahari-Pothwari is also very widely spoken in the ]. Labour shortages after ], and the displacement of peoples caused by the construction of the ], facilitated extensive migration of Pahari-Pothwari speakers to the UK during the 1950s and 1960s, especially from the Mirpur District. Academics estimate that between two thirds and 80% of people officially classified as ] originate as part of this diaspora, with some suggesting that it is the second most spoken ], ahead of even Welsh, with hundreds of thousands of speakers.{{sfn|Hussain|2015}} However, since there is little awareness of the identity of the language among speakers,<ref name="nazir">{{cite web|url=https://www.creativeml.ox.ac.uk/blog/exploring-multilingualism/what-name-my-language/index.html|title=What is the name of my language?|last=Nazir|first=Farah|website=University of Oxford: Creative Multilingualism|access-date=4 August 2024}}</ref> census results do not reflect this.<ref name="ons">{{cite web|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/language/bulletins/languageenglandandwales/census2021|title=Language, England and Wales: Census 2021|website=Office for National Statistics|access-date=4 August 2024}}</ref> The highest proportions of Pahari-Pothwari speakers are found in urban centres, especially the ] and the ].<ref name="ons"/>


== Phonology == == Phonology ==
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|- align="center" |- align="center"
!] !]
|{{IPAlink|iː}} |{{IPA link|iː}}
|{{IPAlink|ĩː}} |{{IPA link|ĩː}}
| colspan="2" | | colspan="2" |
|{{IPAlink|uː}} |{{IPA link|uː}}
|{{IPAlink|ũː}} |{{IPA link|ũː}}
|- |-
!] !]
| colspan="2" |{{IPAlink|ɪ}} | colspan="2" |{{IPA link|ɪ}}
| colspan="2" | | colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |{{IPAlink|ʊ}} | colspan="2" |{{IPA link|ʊ}}
|- align="center" |- align="center"
!] !]
|{{IPAlink|e}} {{IPAlink|eː}} |{{IPA link|e}} {{IPA link|eː}}
|{{IPAlink|ẽː}} |{{IPA link|ẽː}}
| colspan="2" |{{IPAlink|ə}} | colspan="2" |{{IPA link|ə}}
| colspan="2" |{{IPAlink|o}} {{IPAlink|oː}} | colspan="2" |{{IPA link|o}} {{IPA link|oː}}
|- align="center" |- align="center"
!] !]
| colspan="2" |{{IPAlink|æ}} {{IPAlink|æː}} | colspan="2" |{{IPA link|æ}} {{IPA link|æː}}
|{{IPAlink|aː}} |{{IPA link|aː}}
|{{IPAlink|ãː}} |{{IPA link|ãː}}
| colspan="2" | | colspan="2" |
|} |}
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|- align="center" |- align="center"
!] !]
|{{IPAlink|i}} {{IPAlink|iː}} |{{IPA link|i}} {{IPA link|iː}}
|{{IPAlink|ĩ}} {{IPAlink|ĩː}} |{{IPA link|ĩ}} {{IPA link|ĩː}}
| colspan="2" | | colspan="2" |
|{{IPAlink|u}} {{IPAlink|uː}} |{{IPA link|u}} {{IPA link|uː}}
|{{IPAlink|ũ}} {{IPAlink|ũː}} |{{IPA link|ũ}} {{IPA link|ũː}}
|- align="center" |- align="center"
!] !]
|{{IPAlink|e}} |{{IPA link|e}}
|{{IPAlink|ẽ}} |{{IPA link|ẽ}}
|{{IPAlink|ɐ}} |{{IPA link|ɐ}}
|{{IPAlink|ɐ̃}} |{{IPA link|ɐ̃}}
|{{IPAlink|o}} |{{IPA link|o}}
|{{IPAlink|õ}} |{{IPA link|õ}}
|- align="center" |- align="center"
!] !]
| colspan="2" | | colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" | | colspan="2" |
|{{IPAlink|ɑ}} |{{IPA link|ɑ}}
|{{IPAlink|ɑ̃}} |{{IPA link|ɑ̃}}
|} |}
A long diphthong /ɑi/ can be realized as {{IPA|}}.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Kogan |first=Anton I. |title=Potxoxari Jazyk |publisher=Moskva: Academia. |year=2011 |location=Tatiana I. Oranskaya and Yulia V. Mazurova and Andrej A. Kibrik and Leonid I. Kulikov and Aleksandr Y. Rusakov (eds.), Jazyki Mira: Novye Indoarijskie Jazyki |pages=516–527}}</ref> A long diphthong /ɑi/ can be realized as {{IPA|}}.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Kogan |first=Anton I. |title=Potxoxari Jazyk |publisher=Moskva: Academia. |year=2011 |location=Tatiana I. Oranskaya and Yulia V. Mazurova and Andrej A. Kibrik and Leonid I. Kulikov and Aleksandr Y. Rusakov (eds.), Jazyki Mira: Novye Indoarijskie Jazyki |pages=516–527}}</ref>
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! rowspan="3" |]/<br>] ! rowspan="3" |]/<br>]
!<small>]</small> !<small>]</small>
|{{IPAlink|p}} |{{IPA link|p}}
|{{IPAlink|t̪}} |{{IPA link|t̪}}
|{{IPAlink|t}} |{{IPA link|t}}
|{{IPAlink|t͡ʃ}} |{{IPA link|t͡ʃ}}
|{{IPAlink|k}} |{{IPA link|k}}
| |
|- |-
!<small>]</small> !<small>]</small>
|{{IPAlink|pʰ}} |{{IPA link|pʰ}}
|{{IPAlink|t̪ʰ}} |{{IPA link|t̪ʰ}}
|{{IPAlink|tʰ}} |{{IPA link|tʰ}}
|{{IPAlink|t͡ʃʰ}} |{{IPA link|t͡ʃʰ}}
|{{IPAlink|kʰ}} |{{IPA link|kʰ}}
| |
|- |-
!<small>]</small> !<small>]</small>
|{{IPAlink|b}} |{{IPA link|b}}
|{{IPAlink|d̪}} |{{IPA link|d̪}}
|{{IPAlink|d}} |{{IPA link|d}}
|{{IPAlink|d͡ʒ}} |{{IPA link|d͡ʒ}}
|{{IPAlink|ɡ}} |{{IPA link|ɡ}}
| |
|- |-
! rowspan="2" |] ! rowspan="2" |]
!<small>]</small> !<small>]</small>
|{{IPAlink|f}} |{{IPA link|f}}
| |
|{{IPAlink|s}} |{{IPA link|s}}
|{{IPAlink|ʃ}} |{{IPA link|ʃ}}
|{{IPAlink|x}} |{{IPA link|x}}
| |
|- |-
!<small>]</small> !<small>]</small>
|{{IPAlink|v}} |{{IPA link|v}}
| |
|{{IPAlink|z}} |{{IPA link|z}}
| |
|{{IPAlink|ɣ}} |{{IPA link|ɣ}}
|{{IPAlink|ɦ}} |{{IPA link|ɦ}}
|- |-
! colspan="2" |] ! colspan="2" |]
|{{IPAlink|m}} |{{IPA link|m}}
| |
|{{IPAlink|n}} |{{IPA link|n}}
| |
|{{IPAlink|ŋ}} |{{IPA link|ŋ}}
| |
|- |-
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| |
| |
|{{IPAlink|l}} |{{IPA link|l}}
|{{IPAlink|j}} |{{IPA link|j}}
| |
| |
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| |
| |
|{{IPAlink|r}} |{{IPA link|r}}
|{{IPAlink|ɽ}} |{{IPA link|ɽ}}
| |
| |
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! rowspan="4" |] ! rowspan="4" |]
!<small>]</small> !<small>]</small>
|{{IPAlink|p}} |{{IPA link|p}}
|{{IPAlink|t}} |{{IPA link|t}}
|{{IPAlink|ʈ}} |{{IPA link|ʈ}}
| |
|{{IPAlink|k}} |{{IPA link|k}}
| |
|- |-
!<small>]</small> !<small>]</small>
|{{IPAlink|pʰ}} |{{IPA link|pʰ}}
|{{IPAlink|tʰ}} |{{IPA link|tʰ}}
|{{IPAlink|ʈʰ}} |{{IPA link|ʈʰ}}
| |
|{{IPAlink|kʰ}} |{{IPA link|kʰ}}
| |
|- |-
!<small>]</small> !<small>]</small>
|{{IPAlink|b}} |{{IPA link|b}}
|{{IPAlink|d}} |{{IPA link|d}}
|{{IPAlink|ɖ}} |{{IPA link|ɖ}}
| |
|{{IPAlink|ɡ}} |{{IPA link|ɡ}}
| |
|- |-
!<small>]</small> !<small>]</small>
|{{IPAlink|bʱ}} |{{IPA link|bʱ}}
|{{IPAlink|dʱ}} |{{IPA link|dʱ}}
|{{IPAlink|ɖʱ}} |{{IPA link|ɖʱ}}
| |
|{{IPAlink|ɡʱ}} |{{IPA link|ɡʱ}}
| |
|- |-
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!<small>]</small> !<small>]</small>
| |
|{{IPAlink|t͡s}} |{{IPA link|t͡s}}
| |
| |
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!<small>]</small> !<small>]</small>
| |
|{{IPAlink|t͡sʰ}} |{{IPA link|t͡sʰ}}
| |
| |
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!<small>]</small> !<small>]</small>
| |
|{{IPAlink|d͡z}} |{{IPA link|d͡z}}
| |
| |
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! rowspan="2" |] ! rowspan="2" |]
!<small>]</small> !<small>]</small>
|({{IPAlink|f}}) |({{IPA link|f}})
|{{IPAlink|s}} |{{IPA link|s}}
| |
|{{IPAlink|ʃ}} |{{IPA link|ʃ}}
|({{IPAlink|χ}}) |({{IPA link|χ}})
| rowspan="2" |{{IPAlink|h}} | rowspan="2" |{{IPA link|h}}
|- |-
!<small>]</small> !<small>]</small>
|{{IPAlink|v}} |{{IPA link|v}}
|{{IPAlink|z}} |{{IPA link|z}}
| |
|({{IPAlink|ʒ}}) |({{IPA link|ʒ}})
|({{IPAlink|ʁ}}) |({{IPA link|ʁ}})
|- |-
! colspan="2" |] ! colspan="2" |]
|{{IPAlink|m}} |{{IPA link|m}}
|{{IPAlink|n}} |{{IPA link|n}}
|{{IPAlink|ɳ}} |{{IPA link|ɳ}}
| |
| |
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! colspan="2" |] ! colspan="2" |]
| |
|{{IPAlink|l}} |{{IPA link|l}}
|{{IPAlink|ɭ}} |{{IPA link|ɭ}}
|{{IPAlink|j}} |{{IPA link|j}}
| |
| |
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! colspan="2" |]/] ! colspan="2" |]/]
| |
|{{IPAlink|r}} |{{IPA link|r}}
|{{IPAlink|ɽ}} |{{IPA link|ɽ}}
| |
| |
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* {{IPA|/n/}} before a velar consonant can be heard as {{IPA|}}.<ref name=":0" /> * {{IPA|/n/}} before a velar consonant can be heard as {{IPA|}}.<ref name=":0" />


== Notable Features == == Grammar and notable features ==
=== Future Tense === === Future Tense ===
The future tense in Pothwari is formed by adding -s as opposed to the Eastern Punjabi ''gā.''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lahnda Structure |url=http://lisindia.ciil.org/Lahnda/lah_struct.html |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=lisindia.ciil.org}}</ref> The future tense in Pothwari is formed by adding -s as opposed to the Eastern Punjabi ''gā.''<ref>"Lahnda Structure". Central Institute of Indian Languages. Retrieved from . Retrieved June 03, 2023.</ref>


This tense is also used in other ] such as the Jatki dialects, ], ] and ], as well as in and ] and ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Grammar and Dictionary of Western Punjabi |url=https://archive.org/details/WesternPunjabiShahpurDistrict/page/n63/mode/2up |website=archive.org |page=50 |quote="The future tense is formed by adding to the root the letter -s with the general personal endings"}}</ref> This tense is also used in other ] such as the Jatki dialects, ], ] and ], as well as in and ] and ].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Grammar and Dictionary of Western Punjabi |url=https://archive.org/details/WesternPunjabiShahpurDistrict/page/n63/mode/2up |publisher=Punjab Government Press |author=Wilson, J.| year= 1898 |page=50 |quote="The future tense is formed by adding to the root the letter -s with the general personal endings"}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" {| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |'''English''' ! rowspan="2" |'''English'''
! colspan="3" |'''Pothwari''' ! colspan="2" |'''Pahari-Pothwari'''
! colspan="3" |'''Eastern Punjabi''' ! colspan="2" |'''Eastern Punjabi'''
|- |-
!'''Transliteration''' !'''Transliteration'''
!] !]
!''']'''
!'''Transliteration''' !'''Transliteration'''
!] !]
!''']'''
|- |-
|I will do |I will do
|Mãi karsā̃ |Mãi karsā̃
|{{resize|{{Nq|مَیں کرساں}}}} |{{resize|{{Nq|مَیں کرساں}}}}
|ਮੈਂ ਕਰਸਾਂ
|Mãi karāngā |Mãi karāngā
| {{resize |{{Nq|مَیں کرانگا}} | {{resize |{{Nq|مَیں کرانگا}}
|ਮੈਂ ਕਰਾਂਗਾ
|- |-
|We will do |We will do
|Asā̃ karsā̃ |Asā̃ karsā̃
| {{resize |{{Nq|اَساں کرساں}} | {{resize |{{Nq|اَساں کرساں}}
|ਅਸਾਂ ਕਰਸਾਂ
|Asī̃ karānge |Asī̃ karānge
| {{resize |{{Nq|اَسِیں کرانگے}} | {{resize |{{Nq|اَسِیں کرانگے}}
|ਅਸੀਂ ਕਰਾਂਗੇ
|- |-
|You will do (s) |You will do (s)
|Tū̃ karsãi |Tū̃ karsãi
| {{resize |{{Nq|تُوں کرسَیں}} | {{resize |{{Nq|تُوں کرسَیں}}
|ਤੂੰ ਕਰਸੈਂ
|Tū̃ karãigā |Tū̃ karãigā
|{{Nq|تُوں کریں گا}} |{{Nq|تُوں کریں گا}}
|ਤੂੰ ਕਰੇਂਗਾ
|- |-
|You will do (p) |You will do (p)
|Tusā̃ karso |Tusā̃ karso
|{{resize|{{Nq|تُساں کرسو}}}} |{{resize|{{Nq|تُساں کرسو}}}}
|ਤੁਸਾਂ ਕਰਸੋ
|Tusī̃ karoge |Tusī̃ karoge
|{{resize|{{Nq|تُسِیں کروگے}}}} |{{resize|{{Nq|تُسِیں کروگے}}}}
|ਤੁਸੀਂ ਕਰੋਗੇ
|- |-
|He/She will do |He/She will do
|Ó karsi |Ó karsi
|{{resize|{{Nq|اوه کَرسی}}}} |{{resize|{{Nq|اوه کَرسی}}}}
|ਓਹ ਕਰਸੀ
|Ó karega |Ó karega
|{{resize|{{Nq|اوه کرے گا}}}} |{{resize|{{Nq|اوه کرے گا}}}}
|ਓਹ ਕਰੇਗਾ
|- |-
|They will do |They will do
|Ó karsan |Ó karsan
|{{resize|{{Nq|اوہ کرسن}}}} |{{resize|{{Nq|اوہ کرسن}}}}
|ਓਹ ਕਰਸਨ
|Ó karaṇge |Ó karaṇge
|{{resize|{{Nq|اوه کرݨ گے}}}} |{{resize|{{Nq|اوه کرݨ گے}}}}
|ਓਹ ਕਰਣਗੇ
|} |}
This type of future tense was also used by classical Punjabi poets. Punjabi poet ] sometimes uses a similar form of future tense in his poetry<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uth jaag ghurarry mar nhen – Bulleh Shah |url=https://folkpunjab.org/poetry/bulleh-shah/uth-jaag-ghurarry-mar-nhen/ |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=Folk Punjab |language=en}}</ref> This type of future tense was also used by classical Punjabi poets. Punjabi poet ] sometimes uses a similar form of future tense in his poetry<ref>{{Cite web |author= Shah, Bulleh |title=Uth jaag ghurarry mar nhen |url=https://folkpunjab.org/poetry/bulleh-shah/uth-jaag-ghurarry-mar-nhen/ |access-date=June 3, 2023 |website=Folk Punjab |language=Punjabi}}</ref>


''Shahmukhi: جو کُجھ کَرسین, سو کُجھ پاسیں'' ''Shahmukhi: جو کُجھ کرسَیں, سو کُجھ پاسَیں''


''Transliteration: Jo kujh karsãi, so kujh paasãi'' ''Transliteration: Jo kujh karsãĩ, so kujh pāsãĩ''


''Translation: Whatsoever you do, is what you shall gain'' ''Translation: Whatsoever you do, is what you shall gain''


- From one of Bulleh Shah's poems<ref>{{Cite web |title=اُٹھ جاگ گُھراڑے مار نہیں – بلھے شاہ |url=https://folkpunjab.org/poetry/bulleh-shah/uth-jaag-ghurarry-mar-nhen/?shahmukhi |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=Folk Punjab |language=pa-PK}}</ref> - From one of Bulleh Shah's poems<ref>{{Cite web |author=Shah, Bulleh |title=اُٹھ جاگ گُھراڑے مار نہیں |url=https://folkpunjab.org/poetry/bulleh-shah/uth-jaag-ghurarry-mar-nhen/?shahmukhi |access-date=June 3, 2023 |website=Folk Punjab |language=pa-PK}}</ref>


=== Continuous Tense === === Continuous Tense ===
Similar to ], ], and other ], Pothwari also uses ''pyā'' to signify the continuous tense.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=J. Wilson |url=http://archive.org/details/WesternPunjabiShahpurDistrict |title=Western Punjabi ( Shahpur District) |year=1898 |page=54 |language=English |quote=me venda pyā̃, me kamm pya karendā̃.}}</ref> Similar to other ], Pothwari uses ''peyā'' (past tense form of ''pēṇā'') to signify the continuous tense.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Grammar and Dictionary of Western Punjabi |url=https://archive.org/details/WesternPunjabiShahpurDistrict/page/n67/mode/2up |publisher=Punjab Government Press |author=Wilson, J.| year= 1898 |page=54 |language=English |quote=me venda pyā̃, me kamm pya karendā̃.}}</ref>


==== Present Continuous ====
Some ] sub-dialects also utilize this tense.
{| class="wikitable" {| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |'''English''' ! rowspan="2" |'''English'''
! colspan="3" |'''Pothwari''' ! colspan="2" |'''Pahari-Pothwari'''
|- |-
!'''Transliteration''' !'''Transliteration'''
!] !]
!''']'''
|- |-
|I am doing |I am doing (m.)
|Mē̃ karnā peyā ā̃̀
|Mãi karna pya aan
|میں کرنا پیا آں |{{Nq|میں کرنا پیا ہاں}}
|ਮੈਂ ਕਰਨਾ ਪਿਆ ਆਂ
|- |-
|We are doing |We are doing (m./mixed)
|Asā̃ karnay paye aan |Asā̃ karne pa'e ā̃̀
|اساں کرنے پئے آں |{{Nq|اساں کرنے پئے ہاں}}
|ਅਸਾਂ ਕਰਨੇ ਪਏ ਆਂ
|- |-
|You are doing (sing, m.) |You are doing (sing., m.)
|Tū̃ karna pya ain |Tū̃ karna peya aĩ̀
|تُوں کرنا پیا ایں |{{Nq|تُوں کرنا پیا ہیں}}
|ਤੂੰ ਕਰਨਾ ਪਿਆ ਐਂ
|- |-
|You are doing (sing, f.) |You are doing (sing., f.)
|Tū̃ karni pyi ain |Tū̃ karnī paī aĩ̀
|تُوں کرنی پئی ایں |{{Nq|تُوں کرنی پئی ہیں}}
|ਤੂੰ ਕਰਨੀ ਪਈ ਐਂ
|- |-
|You are doing (plural) |You are doing (plural, m./mixed)
|Tusā̃ karnay paye o |Tusā̃ karne pa'e ò
|تُساں کرنے پئے او |{{Nq|تُساں کرنے پئے ہو}}
|ਤੁਸਾਂ ਕਰਨੇ ਪਏ ਓ
|- |-
|He is doing |He is doing
|Ó karna pya ae |Ó karna peya aì
|اوہ کرنا پیا اے |{{Nq|اوہ کرنا پیا ہے}}
|ਉਹ ਕਰਨਾ ਪਿਆ ਐ
|- |-
|She is doing |She is doing
|Ó karni pyi ae |Ó karnī paī aì
|اوہ کرنی پئے اے |{{Nq|اوہ کرنی پئی ہے}}
|ਉਹ ਕਰਨੀ ਪਈ ਐ
|- |-
|They are doing (m.) |They are doing (m.)
|Ó karnay paye in |Ó karne pa'e ìn
|اوہ کرنے پئے اِن |{{Nq|اوہ کرنے پئے ہِن}}
|ਉਹ ਕਰਨੇ ਪਏ ਇਨ
|- |-
|They are doing (f.) |They are doing (f.)
|Ó karniyan pyian in |Ó karniyā̃ paiyā̃ ìn
|اوہ کرنیاں پئِیاں اِن |{{Nq|اوہ کرنیاں پئیاں ہِن}}
|ਉਹ ਕਰਨੀਆਂ ਪਈਆਂ ਇਨ
|} |}
The place of "''pyā"'' may sometimes be switched with respect to the verb.


==== Past Continuous ====
''"Tusā̃ bahoon changā kamm paye karnay o"'', meaning "You (plural) are doing a very good thing"

''"Mãi vi tān ehe gall karnā sān pyā"'', meaning "I was also saying the same thing"

''"Mãi vi tān ehe gall pyā karna aan"'', meaning "I am also saying the same thing"

=== Past Tense ===
The past tense in Pothwari resembles that of Eastern Punjabi, however depending on the dialect, there may be slight variations. The past tense in Pothwari resembles that of Eastern Punjabi, however depending on the dialect, there may be slight variations.
{| class="wikitable" {| class="wikitable"
!English !English
!Pahari-Pothwari
!Pothohari
!Standard Punjabi
!]
|- |-
|I was doing |I was doing (m.)
|میں کرنا پیا ساں |{{Nq|میں کرنا پیا ساں}}
ਮੈਂ ਕਰਨਾ ਪਿਆ ਸਾਂ
|میں کردا پیا ساں
ਮੈਂ ਕਰਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਸਾਂ
|-
|We were doing
|اساں کرنے پئے سیاں
اساں کرنے پئے ساں



ਅਸਾਂ ਕਰਨੇ ਪਏ ਸਿਆਂ/ਸਾਂ
maĩ karna pya sã
|اسِیں کردے پئے ساں
|{{Nq|میں کردا پیا ساں}}
ਅਸੀਂ ਕਰਦੇ ਪਏ ਸਾਂ


maĩ karda pya sã
|- |-
|You were doing (sing.) |We were doing (m./mixed)
|{{Nq|اساں کرنے پئے سیاں/ساں}}
|تُوں کرنا پیا سَیں
ਤੂੰ ਕਰਨਾ ਪਿਆ ਸੈਂ
|{{Nq|اسِیں کردے پئے ساں}}
|تُوں کردا پیا سیں
ਤੂੰ ਕਰਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਸੈਂ
|- |-
|You were doing (pl.) |You were doing (sing., m.)
|{{Nq|تُوں کرنا پیا سیں}}
|تُساں کرنے پئے سیو
تُساں کرنے پِئے سو
|{{Nq|تُوں کردا پیا سیں}}

ਤੁਸਾਂ ਕਰਨੇ ਪਏ ਸਿਓ/ਸੋ
|-
|تُسِیں کردے پئے سو
|You were doing (pl., m./mixed or sing. formal)
ਤੁਸੀਂ ਕਰਦੇ ਪਏ ਸੋ
|{{Nq|تُساں کرنے پئے سیو/سو}}
|{{Nq|تُسِیں کردے پئے سو}}
|- |-
|He was doing |He was doing
|اوہ کرنا پیا سا |{{Nq|اوہ کرنا پیا سا/سی}}
اوہ کرنا پیا سی
|{{Nq|اوہ کردا پیا سی}}

ਉਹ ਕਰਨਾ ਪਿਆ ਸਾ/ਸੀ
|اوہ کردا پیا سی
ਉਹ ਕਰਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਸੀ
|- |-
|She was doing |She was doing
|اوہ کرنی پئی سی |{{Nq|اوہ کرنی پئی سی}}
ਉਹ ਕਰਨੀ ਪਈ ਸੀ
|اوہ کردی پئی سی |{{Nq|اوہ کردی پئی سی}}
ਉਹ ਕਰਦੀ ਪਈ ਸੀ
|- |-
|They were doing (m.) |They were doing (m./mixed)
|اوہ کرنے پئے سے |{{Nq|اوہ کرنے پئے سے/سن}}
اوہ کرنے پئے سن
|{{Nq|اوہ کردے پئے سن}}

ਉਹ ਕਰਨੇ ਪਏ ਸੇ/ਸਨ
|اوہ کردے پئے سن
ਉਹ ਕਰਦੇ ਪਏ ਸਨ
|- |-
|They were doing (f.) |They were doing (f.)
|اوہ کرنِیاں پئیاں سِیاں |{{Nq|اوہ کرنِیاں پئیاں سِیاں/سن}}
اوہ کرنِیاں پئیاں سن
|{{Nq|اوہ کردِیاں پئیاں سن}}
|}


The place of "''pyā"'' may sometimes be switched with respect to the verb. This is common in Majhi (e.g: ] ''"Chann Māhi Teri Rāh Pyi Takkni Aā̃'') and as well as in Jhangochi, Shahpuri, etc
ਉਹ ਕਰਨੀਆਂ ਪਈਆਂ ਸੀਆਂ/ਸਨ

|اوہ کردِیاں پئیاں سن
''"Tusā̃ báhū̃ changā kamm karne ò pa'e"'', meaning "You (plural/sing. formal) are doing a very good thing"
ਉਹ ਕਰਦੀਆਂ ਪਈਆਂ ਸਨ

''"Mē̃ vī tā̃ éhe gall ākhnā sā̃ peyā"'', meaning "I was also saying the same thing"

''"Mē̃ vī tā̃ ehe gall peyā ākhnā ā̃̀"'', meaning "I am also saying the same thing"

=== Common prepositions, adjectives and adverbs ===
These are typically the same in Pothohari and Standard Punjabi, but some differences can be noted.

==== Prepositions and adverbs ====
{| class="wikitable"
!English
!Pothohari
!Standard Punjabi
|-
|Which (relative)
|جہڑا
|جہڑا
|-
|Which (interogative)
|کہڑا
|کہڑا
|-
|If
|جے
|جے
|-
|And
|تے
|تے
|-
|Near
|نیڑے
|نیڑے
|-
|Distant
|پرھاں
|پرھاں
|-
|Before / Previously
|اگّے
|اگّے
|-
|Hence / Thus
|تاں مارے
|تاں کرکے
|-
|Exactly why
|تاں ای
|تاں ای
|-
|First
|پہلوں
|پہلوں / پہلاں
|-
|Once
|اِکّ واری
|اِکّ واری
|-
|Now
|ہُن
|ہُن
|-
|Just now
|ہُنے / میسں
|ہُنے
|-
|Right at that time
|اوسے ویلے
|اوسے ویلے
|-
|Sometimes
|کدے
|کدے / کدی
|-
|Somewhere
|کِرے / کُرے
|کِتّے / کِدھرے
|-
|When
|کدوں
|کدوں
|-
|Like this (adv.)
|ایوں / اِنج / اِسراں
|ایوں / اِنج / اِس طرحاں
|-
|Like this (adj.)
|ایہے جیہا
|ایہو جیہا
|-
|Exactly this / Only this
|ایہے
|ایہو
|-
|Above
|اَپّر
|اُتّے / اُپّر
|-
|Below
|تھلّے / بُن
|تھلّے
|-
|From below
|تھلّوں
|تھلّوں
|-
|Right
|سجّے
|سجّے
|-
|Left
|کھبّے
|کھبّے
|-
|Within
|وِچّ
|وِچّ
|-
|From within
|وِچّّوں
|وِچّوں
|-
|Between
|وِشکار
|وِچکار
|-
|From
|توں / سوں / کولں
|توں / کولوں
|-
|From the front
|اگّوں
|اگّوں
|-
|From behind
|پِچھوں، مگروں
|پِچھوں، مگروں
|-
|In comparision
|کولوں / نالوں
|کولوں / نالوں
|-
|With (utility)
|نال
|نال
|-
|Furthermore
|نالے
|نالے
|-
|Yet / Still
|حالے / اجے
|حالے / اجے
|-
|With (possession)
|کول
|کول
|-
|Along / Including
|سݨے
|سݨے
|-
|ٰEverywhere
|چوہاں پاسے
|چوہاں پاسے
|-
|Properly
|چنگی طرحاں
|چنگی طرحاں
|-
|Harshly
|ڈاہڈا
|ڈاہڈا
|-
|With ease
|سوکھا
|سوکھا
|-
|With difficulty
|اوکھا
|اوکھا
|-
|Lest
|متے
|متاں / کِتے ایہہ نہ ہووے
|-
|Who knows
|خورے
|خورے
|-
|Very
|بہُوں
|
<small>(بہوں is used in most Western Punjabi dialects)</small>
|-
|Enough
|بتیرا
|بتھیرا / بتیرا
|-
|Less
|گھٹّ
|گھٹّ
|-
|Alone
|کلھیوں
|کلھیاں  
|-
|Together
|کٹھّیوں
|کٹھّیاں
|-
|Again
|مُڑی تے
|مُڑکے
|-
|Repeatedly
|مُڑی مُڑی
|مُڑ مُڑ
|-
|Eventually
|ہَولے ہَولے
|ہَولی ہَولی
|-
|Quickly
|بہلی
|چھیتی
|-
|This much (quality.)
|ایڈا
|ایڈا
|-
|This much (quantity.)
|ہیتݨاں
|اِنّا
|-
|Alright / Okay / Oh
| ہلا
| اچّھا
|}
Note:

* Some Majhi subdielcts do use کٹھّیوں for کٹھّیاں
* Standard Punjabi makes use of اُپّر
* In Pothohari مسیں means now, while in other dialects مسیں / مساں means "barely/hardly"
* The pronunciation وِشکار is not unique to Pothohari alone
* The word and expression ہلا / ''Hala'' is common throughout Western Punjab, also used in Majhi

==== Adjectives ====
{| class="wikitable"
!English
!Pothohari
!Majhi
|-
|Difficult
|اوکھا
|اوکھا
|-
|Easy
|سَوکھا
|سَوکھا
|-
|Small
|نِکّا
|نِکّا
|-
|Large
|بڑا / بڈّا
|وڈّا
|-
|Unfamiliar
|اوپرا
|اوپرا
|-
|New
|نوَاں
|نوَاں
|-
|Old
|پراݨاں
|پراݨاں
|-
|Straight
|سِدھّا
|سِدھّا
|-
|Inverted
|پُٹھّا
|پُٹھّا
|-
|Crooked
|ڈِنگّا
|ڈِنگّا
|-
|High
|اُچّا
|اُچّا
|-
|Low
|نِیواں
|نِیواں
|-
|Good
|چنگا
|چنگا
|-
|Bad
|ماڑا / مندا
|ماڑا / مندا
|-
|Very bad
|بھَیڑا
|بھَیڑا
|-
|Heavy
|بھارا
|بھارا
|-
|Light
|ہَولا
|ہَولا
|-
|Narrow
|سَوڑا
|سَوڑا
|-
|Open
|کھُلھّا
|کھُلھّا
|-
|Firm
|پِیڈا
|پِیڈا
|-
|Loose
|ڈھِلّا
|ڈھِلّا
|-
|Late
|چِرکا
|چِرکا
|-
|On time
|ویلے نال
|ویلے نال
|-
|Red
|رتّا لال
|رتّا لال
|-
|Crimson
|سُوہا کھٹّ
|سُوہا کھٹّ
|-
|White
|چِٹّا دُدھّ
|چِٹّا دُدھّ
|-
|Black
|کالا شاہ
|کالا شاہ
|-
|Yellow
|پِلّا زرد
|پِلّا زرد
|-
|Sweet
|مِٹھّا
|مِٹھّا
|-
|Bitter
|کَوڑا
|کَوڑا
|-
|Slow
|مٹھّا
|مٹھّا
|-
|Well
|بلّ
|ولّ
|-
|Empty
|سکھّݨاں
|سکھّݨاں
|-
|Filled
|بھریا
|بھریا
|-
|Dry
|سُکّا / آٹھریا
|سُکّا / آٹھریا
|-
|Wet
|گِلّا / بھِجّا
|گِلّا / بھِجّا
|-
|Hot
|تتّا
|تتّا
|-
|Cold
|ٹھڈّا
|ٹھنڈا
|-
|Hungry
|بھُکھّا
|بھُکھّا
|-
|Fed
|رجّیا پُجّیا
|رجّیا پُجّیا
|-
|Smart
|سیاݨا
|سیاݨا
|-
|Fool
|جھلّا
|جھلّا
|-
|Deep
|ڈُونگھا
|ڈُونگھا
|-
|Beautiful
|سوہݨاں
|سوہݨاں
|-
|Ugly
|کوجھا
|کوجھا
|-
|Evil
|لُچّا
|لُچّا
|-
|Faux naïf
|مِیسݨا
|مِیسݨا
|} |}


=== Tribal groupings === === Tribal groupings ===
Pahari-Pothwari speakers belong to the same tribes found in Punjab. While the names of the tribes remain the same, the Punjabi word for tribe ''Birādrī/Barādarī'' ({{resize|{{nq|برادری}}}}) becomes ''Bilādrī/Balādarī'' ({{resize|{{nq|بل ادری}}}}) in Pahari-Pothwari. Pahari-Pothwari speakers belong to the same tribes found in Punjab. While the names of the tribes remain the same, the Punjabi word for tribe ''Birādrī/Barādarī'' ({{resize|{{nq|برادری}}}}) becomes ''Bilādrī/Balādarī'' ({{resize|{{nq|بل ادری}}}}) in Pahari-Pothwari and several other Punjabi dialects such as Jatki/Shahpuri.


=== Numbering system === === Numbering system ===
Pahari-Pothwari follows the numbering traditions of Standard Punjabi. A point of departure from Eastern Punjabi dialects occurs in the use of '''''Trai''''' ({{resize|{{nq|ترَے}}}}) instead of ''Tinn'' ({{resize|{{nq|تِنّ}}}}) for the number 3. ] and ] also tend to use ''trai'' over ''tinn''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bailey |first=Thomas Grahame |title=Languages of the Northern Himalayas: Being Studies In The Grammar Of Twenty-Six Himalayan Dialects |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2013}}</ref> Pahari-Pothwari follows the numbering traditions of Standard Punjabi. A point of departure from Eastern Punjabi dialects occurs in the use of '''''Trai''''' ({{resize|{{nq|ترَے}}}}) instead of ''Tinn'' ({{resize|{{nq|تِنّ}}}}) for the number 3. Other Western Punjabi dialects also tend to use ''trai'' over ''tinn''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bailey |first=Thomas Grahame |title=Languages of the Northern Himalayas: Being Studies In The Grammar Of Twenty-Six Himalayan Dialects |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2013}}</ref>


Similarly, Pothwari and other Western Punjabi dialects use '''''"Yārā̃"'' (یاراں)''' for ''"Gyarā̃"'' (گیاراں), '''''"Trei''" (ترئی)''' for ''"Tei"'' (تئی) '''"''Panji"'' (پنجِی)''' for ''"Pachchi"'' (پچّی) and ''"'''Trih"''''' '''(ترِیہہ)''' for ''"Tih"'' (تِیہہ), for the numbers 11, 23, 25, and 30. Similarly, Pothwari, Majhi and other Western Punjabi dialects use '''''"Yārā̃"'' (یاراں)''' for ''"Gyarā̃"'' (گیاراں), '''''"Trei''" (ترئی)''' for ''"Tei"'' (تئی) '''"''Panji"'' (پنجِی)''' for ''"Pachchi"'' (پچّی) and ''"'''Trih"''''' '''(ترِیہہ)''' for ''"Tih"'' (تِیہہ), for the numbers 11, 23, 25, and 30.

Unlike Jhangochi, Shahpuri and Dhanni Punjabi dialects, Pothohari does not use "'''''Dāh'''''" for 10, and instead uses '''''"Das"''''' as in Eastern Punjabi and Urdu/Hindi.
{| class="wikitable" {| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |English ! colspan="2" |English
! colspan="3" |Pothwari and Punjabi ! colspan="3" |Pahari-Pothwari
|- |-
!Numbers !Numbers
Line 608: Line 1,036:
|6 |6
|''che'' |''che''
|{{resize|{{nq|چھے}} |{{resize|چھے
|{{resize|{{nq|۶}}}} |{{resize|{{nq|۶}}}}
|- |-
Line 635: Line 1,063:
|{{resize|{{nq|۱۰}}}} |{{resize|{{nq|۱۰}}}}
|} |}
'''Ordinals'''


==== Oblique form ====
The ordinal numbers are largely the same. The only difference occurs in the words for ''Second'' and ''Third''. Second is ''Doowa'' (دووا) in Pothwari, whilst it is ''Dooja'' (دوجا) in Punjabi. Likewise Third is ''Treeya'' (تریا) in Pothwari whilst it is ''Teeja'' (تیجا) in Punjabi. ] in general tends to follow this trend.
The numbers in their oblique form function the same throughout Punjabi dialects.
{| class="wikitable"
!English
!Pothohari
!Jhangochi
!Majhi
|-
|I got it for forty-four
|میں ایہہ چُرتالیاں نا آندا آ
|میں ایہہ چُرتالیاں دا آندا اے
|میں ایہہ چوتالیاں دا آندا آ
|-
|Above twenty-five or thirty
|پنجِیاں ترِیہاں توں اپّر
|پنجِیاں ترِیہاں توں اُتّے
|پنجِیاں ترِیہاں توں اُتّے
|-
|After two or four days
|دوَنہہ چَونہہ دیہاڑیاں بعد
|دَونہہ چَونہہ دیہاڑیاں پِچھّوں
|دَونہہ چَونہہ دیہاڑیاں پِچھّوں
|-
|At 8:46
|اٹھّ چھتالیاں اپّر
|اٹھّ چھتالیاں تے
|اٹھّ چھتالیاں تے
|-
|For almost five lac
|پنجاں اِک لکھّاں نا
|پنجاں اِک لکھّاں دا
|پنجاں اِک لکھّاں دا
|-
|Nearing twenty
|وِیہاں نے نیڑے
|وِیہاں دے نیڑے
|وِیہاں دے نیڑے
|}

==== Ordinals ====
The ordinal numbers are largely the same. The only difference occurs in the words for ''Second'' and ''Third''. Second is ''Doowa'' (دووا) in Pothwari, whilst it is ''Dooja'' (دوجا) in Punjabi. Likewise Third is ''Treeya'' (تریا) in Pothwari whilst it is ''Teeja'' (تیجا) in Punjabi. Western Punjabi in general tends to follow this trend.
{| class="wikitable" {| class="wikitable"
!English !English
! colspan="2" |Pothwari ! colspan="2" |Pahari-Pothwari
! colspan="2" |Standard Punjabi ! colspan="2" |Standard Punjabi
! colspan="2" |Jatki ! colspan="2" |Jatki
Line 669: Line 1,136:
|- |-
|Third |Third
|تریا |{{nq|تریا}}
|Trīyā
|Triyā
|تیجا |{{nq|تیجا}}
|Tījjā |Tījjā
|ترِجیا |{{nq|ترِجیا}}
|Trījjā |Trījjā
|- |-
|Fourth |Fourth
|چوتھا |چوتھا
|Chauttha
|Chottha
|چَوتھا
|چوتھا
|Chauttha
|Chottha
|چَوتھا
|چوتھا
|Chauttha
|Chottha
|} |}


=== Possessive pronouns === === Pronouns ===
====Direct case====
The possessive pronouns in Pothwari differ from that of Standard Punjabi and other ] dialects.
{| class="wikitable" {| class="wikitable"
|+
! rowspan="3" |English
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Pothwari ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Person
! colspan="4" |Jatki ! colspan="2" |Romanisation
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |] ! colspan="2" |Shahmukhi
|- |-
!Singular
! colspan="2" |]/]
!Plural
! colspan="2" |]
!Singular
!Plural
|- |-
| colspan="2" |1st Person
!Shahmukhi
|Mē̃
!Gurmukhi
|As
!Shahmukhi
|میں
!Gurmukhi
|اس
!Shahmukhi
!Gurmukhi
!Shahmukhi
!Gurmukhi
|- |-
| colspan="2" |2nd Person
|Mine
|Tū̃
|مہاڑا
|Tus
|ਮਹਾੜਾ
|توں
|میرا
|تُس
|ਮੇਰਾ
|مَینڈھا
|ਮੈਂਢਾ
|مڑھا
|ਮੜ੍ਹਾ
|- |-
| rowspan="2" |3rd Person
|Yours (sing.)
|Near
|تَہاڑا
| colspan="2" |É
|ਤਹਾੜਾ
| colspan="2" |ایہ
|تیرا
|ਤੇਰਾ
|تَینڈھا
|ਤੈਂਢਾ
|تُڑھا
|ਤੁੜ੍ਹਾ
|- |-
|Remote
|Yours (plural.)
| colspan="2" |Ó
|تُساں نا
| colspan="2" |اوہ
|ਤੁਸਾਂ ਨਾ
|}
|تُہاڈا

|ਤੁਹਾਡਾ
====Oblique Case====
|تُساڈا / تُساں دا
{| class="wikitable"
|ਤੁਸਾਡਾ / ਤੁਸਾਂ ਦਾ
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Person
|تُساں دا
! colspan="2" |Romanisation
|ਤੁਸਾਂ ਦਾ
! colspan="2" |Shahmukhi
|- |-
!Singular
|Ours
!Plural
|اساں نا / ساہڑا
!Singular
|ਅਸਾਂ ਨਾ / ਸਾਹੜਾ
!Plural
|ساڈا
|-
|ਸਾਡਾ
| colspan="2" |1st Person
|اساڈا / اساں دا
|Mē̃
|ਅਸਾਡਾ / ਅਸਾਂ ਦਾ
|Asā̃
|اساں دا
|میں
|ਅਸਾਂ ਦਾ
|اساں
|-
| colspan="2" |2nd Person
|Tū̃
|Tusā̃
|توں
|تُساں
|-
| rowspan="2" |3rd Person
|Near
|Is
|Innā̃
|اِس
|اِنّاں
|-
|Remote
|Us
|Unnā̃
|اُس
|اُنّاں
|} |}


'''Pronominal suffixes'''
=== Object marker ===
The object marker in Pothwari is ''kī'' (ਕੀ /کی) as opposed to ''nū̃'' (ਨੂੰ / نوں) in Standard Punjabi.


Pothohari makes use of the general Punjabi suffixes.
For example:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
! colspan="2" |romanisation
|-
!
!singular
!plural
|-
|2nd person
| -ī
| -ne
|-
|3rd person
| -s
| -ne
|}


{| class="wikitable"
The phrase: ''lokkā̃ '''nū̃''''' (ਲੋਕਾਂ '''ਨੂੰ''' / لوکاں '''نوں'''), meaning "to the people" in Standard Punjabi, would become ''lokkā̃ '''kī''''' (ਲੋਕਾਂ '''ਕੀ''' / لوکاں '''کی''') in Pothwari.
!English
!Pothohari
!Jhangochi / Shahpuri
!Majhi
|-
|Alright what did he say next? (3rd person sing.)
|
ہلا فیر کے آخیاس؟
|


ہلا مُڑکی آکھیُس؟
Hence, the personal pronouns would be as follows:

ہلا مُڑ کی آکھیا سُو؟
|
اچھا فیر کی اکھیا سُو؟
|-
|Are you hands and feet broken? (2nd person plural.)
|
ہتھّ پَیر بھجّے / ترُٹّے نی؟
|
ہتھّ پَیر بھجّے نی؟
|
ہتھّ پَیر بھجّے نی؟ (یا ٹُٹّے)
|-
|I'm bringing it for you (2nd person sing.)
|
ایہہ میں تہاڑے واسطے آݨنا ای
|
ایہہ میں تیرے واسطے لیاندا ای
|
ایہہ میں تیرے واسطے آݨدا ای
|-
|Did you eat? (2nd person respect.)
|
روٹی کھادی نے؟
|
روٹی کھادی ہِنے؟
|
روٹی کھادی جے؟
|-
|He didn't even bother this much (3rd person sing.)
|
اتنا وی نہیس آخیا
|
ایتݨاں وی نِسُو آکھیا
|
اِنّا وی نہیں آکھیا سُو
|}

=== Vocative case ===
These cases remain the same between Pothohari and other dialects.

As example of the vocative case:
{| class="wikitable"
!English
!Pothohari
!Majhi
|-
|Oh my son!
|او مہاڑیا پُتّرا

|او میریا پُتّرا

|-
|You born to a blind a woman!
(Derogatory)
|اَنّھی نیا

|اَنّھی دیا

|-
|Oh you people of God!
|او ﷲ نیو بندیو

|او ﷲ دیو بندیو

|-
|Listen to me girl
|کُڑِیے گلّ سُݨ

|کُڑِی گلّ سُݨ

|-
|Brother!
|بھراوا
|بھراوا

|-
|Oh elderly! (can be singular)
|بُزرگو
|بزرگو

|}

=== Dative and definite object marker ===
The dative and definite object marker in Pothwari is ''kī'' (ਕੀ /کی) as opposed to ''nū̃'' (ਨੂੰ / نوں) in Standard Punjabi.

* The phrase: ''lokkā̃ '''nū̃''''' (ਲੋਕਾਂ '''ਨੂੰ''' / لوکاں '''نوں'''), meaning "to the people" in Standard Punjabi, would become ''lokkā̃ '''kī''''' (ਲੋਕਾਂ '''ਕੀ''' / لوکاں '''کی''') in Pothwari.

Hence, the objective personal pronouns would be as follows:
{| class="wikitable" {| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |English ! rowspan="2" |English
!Pahari-Pothwari
! colspan="2" |Pothohari
! colspan="2" |Standard Punjabi !Standard Punjabi
|- |-
!Shahmukhi !Shahmukhi
!Gurmukhi
!Shahmukhi !Shahmukhi
!Gurmukhi
|- |-
|To me |To me
|میکی |{{Nq|میکی}}
|{{Nq|مَینُوں}}
|ਮਿਕੀ
|مَینُوں
|ਮੈਨੂੰ
|- |-
|To you (sing.) |To you (sing.)
|تُکی |{{Nq|تُکی}}
|{{Nq|تَینُوں}}
|ਤੁਕੀ
|تَینُوں
|ਤੈਨੂੰ
|- |-
|To you (plural.) |To you (plural.)
|تُساں کی |تُساں کی
|ਤੁਸਾਂ ਕੀ
|تُہانُوں |تُہانُوں
|ਤੁਹਾਨੂੰ
|- |-
|To us |To us
|اساں کی |اساں کی
|ਅਸਾਂ ਕੀ
|سانُوں |سانُوں
|ਸਾਨੂੰ
|- |-
|To him/her |To him/her
|اُس کی |اُس کی
|ਉਸ ਕੀ
|اوہنُوں |اوہنُوں
|ਓਹਨੂੰ
|} |}


=== Genitive marker === === Genitive marker ===
The genitive marker in Pothwari is represented through the use of ''nā'' (ਨਾ / {{resize|{{Nastaliq|نا}}}}) as opposed to ''dā'' (ਦਾ / {{resize|{{Nastaliq|دا}}}}).<ref>{{Cite book |last=J. Wilson |url=http://archive.org/details/WesternPunjabiShahpurDistrict |title=Western Punjabi ( Shahpur District) |page=1 |pages= |language=English |postscript="the genitive postposition (of) is nā instead of dā...These characteristics are also found in the dialects spoken In the western tehsils of the Rawalpindi District as far north as Attack, and probably in the intervening tahsils of the Jehlam District"}}</ref> The genitive marker in Pahari-Pothwari is represented through the use of ''nā'' (ਨਾ / {{resize|{{Nastaliq|نا}}}}) as opposed to ''dā'' (ਦਾ / {{resize|{{Nastaliq|دا}}}}) in common Punjabi.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Grammar and Dictionary of Western Punjabi |url=https://archive.org/details/WesternPunjabiShahpurDistrict/page/n67/mode/2up |publisher=Punjab Printing Press |author=Wilson, J.| year= 1898 |quote="the genitive postposition (of) is nā instead of dā...These characteristics are also found in the dialects spoken In the western tehsils of the Rawalpindi District as far north as Attack, and probably in the intervening tahsils of the Jehlam District"}}</ref>


* The phrase: ''lokkā̃ '''dā''''' (ਲੋਕਾਂ '''ਦਾ''' / {{resize|{{Nastaliq|لوکاں {{strong|دا}}}}}}), meaning "people's" or "of the people" in Pahari-Pothwari, would become ''lokkā̃ '''nā''''' (ਲੋਕਾਂ '''ਨਾ''' / {{resize|{{Nastaliq|لوکاں {{strong|نا}}}}}})
For example:


It should also be noted that in Pahari-Pothwari, the present form of verb does not end with the standard ''dā'' sound either, and is replaced with ''nā.'' This means that ''ākhdā'' would be ''ākhnā'' in Pahari-Pothwari meaning "to say" and similarly the word ''takkdā'' would be ''takknā'' in Pahari-Pothwari meaning "to look/to watch".
The phrase: ''lokkā̃ '''dā''''' (ਲੋਕਾਂ '''ਦਾ''' / {{resize|{{Nastaliq|لوکاں {{strong|دا}}}}}}), meaning "people's" or "of the people" in Pothwari, would become ''lokkā̃ '''nā''''' (ਲੋਕਾਂ '''ਨਾ''' / {{resize|{{Nastaliq|لوکاں {{strong|نا}}}}}}).

This also affects some of the possessive pronouns as described above.

It should also be noted that in Pothwari, the present form of verb does not end with the standard ''dā'' sound either, and is replaced with ''nā.''


For example: For example:


''Miki eh nahi si '''chāhinā''''' (میکی ایہہ نہیں سی چاہی نا), meaning "This is not what I wanted" * ''Miki eh nih si '''cāhinā''''' ({{Nq|میکی ایہہ نِیہ سی چاہینا}}), meaning "This is not what I wanted"
* ''Oh kai pyā '''ākhnā''' ae?'' ({{Nq|اوہ کے پیا آخنا ہے؟}}), meaning "What is he saying?"
* This also affects the common Punjabi passive tense: ''Is tarhā̃ nih '''ākhī nā''''' ({{Nq|اِس طرحاں نہیں آخی نا}}), instead of "'''''ākhee dā'''''", meaning "That's not how it should be said"
{| class="wikitable"
!English
!Pothohari
!Majhi
!Jhangochi
|-
|We come
|اساں اچھنے آں
 
|اسِیں آؤنے آں
|اسِیں آنے آں
|-
|What do you say?
|تُوں کے آخنا ایں؟


|تُوں کی آکھدا ایں؟
''Oh kay pyā '''ākhnā''' ae?'' (اوہ کے پیا آخنا اے؟), meaning "What is he saying?"


|تُوں کی آہیندا ایں؟
This also affects the common Punjabi passive tense:


|-
''Isrā̃ nahi '''ākhee nā''''' (اِسراں نہیں آکھی نا), instead of "'''''ākhee dā'''''", meaning "This is now how it should be said"
|The things I do
|جہڑے کمّ میں کرنا آں
|جہڑے کمّ میں کرنا آں
|جہڑے کمّ میں کرنا/کریٔنا آں
|}

==== This also affects some of the genitive pronouns. ====
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="3" |English
! rowspan="2" |Pahari-Pothwari
! colspan="2" |Jatki
! rowspan="2" |]
|-
!]/]
!]
|-
!Shahmukhi
!Shahmukhi
!Shahmukhi
!Shahmukhi
|-
|Mine
|مہارا
|{{Nq|میرا}}
|{{Nq|مَینڈھا}}
|مڑھا
|-
|Yours (sing.)
|تَہاڑا
|{{Nq|تیرا}}
|{{Nq|تَینڈھا}}
|تُڑھا
|-
|Yours (plural.)
|تُساں نا
|تُہاڈا
|تُساڈا / تُساں دا
|تُساں دا
|-
|Ours
|اساں نا / ساہڑا
|ساڈا
|اساڈا / اساں دا
|اساں دا
|}


=== Oblique case of nouns === === Oblique case of nouns ===
Pothwari has unique forms for nouns in oblique cases. This is not observed in Standard Punjabi, but is seen in ].<ref>{{Cite book |last=J. Wilson |url=http://archive.org/details/WesternPunjabiShahpurDistrict |title=Western Punjabi ( Shahpur District) |page=9 |language=English |quote=In the dialect of the Salt Range many nouns, and especialy monosyllables ending in a consonant, to form the absolute singular, add to the absolute form an e if masculine, and an i or u if feminine.}}</ref> Pahari-Pothwari has unique forms for nouns in oblique cases. This is not observed in Standard Punjabi, but is seen in ].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Grammar and Dictionary of Western Punjabi |url=https://archive.org/details/WesternPunjabiShahpurDistrict/page/n67/mode/2up |publisher=Punjab Government Press |author=Wilson, J.| year= 1898| page=9 |language=English |quote=In the dialect of the Salt Range many nouns, and especialy monosyllables ending in a consonant, to form the absolute singular, add to the absolute form an e if masculine, and an i or u if feminine.}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" {| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |English ! rowspan="2" |English
! colspan="2" |Pothwari !Pahari-Pothwari
! colspan="2" |Standard Punjabi !Standard Punjabi
|- |-
!Shahmukhi !Shahmukhi
!Gurmukhi
!Shahmukhi !Shahmukhi
!Gurmukhi
|- |-
|Housework |Housework
|گھرے نا کمّ |گھرے نا کمّ
|گھر دا کمّ
|ਘਰੇ ਨਾ ਕੰਮ
|کھر دا کمّ
|ਘਰ ਦਾ ਕੰਮ
|- |-
|Dinner |Dinner
|راتی نی روٹی |راتی نی روٹی
|ਰਾਤੀ ਨੀ ਰੋਟੀ
|رات دی روٹی |رات دی روٹی
|ਰਾਤ ਦੀ ਰੋਟੀ
|- |-
|In a young age |In a young age
|نِکّی عُمرے وِچّ |نِکّی عُمرے وِچ
|ਨਿੱਕੀ ਉਮਰੀ ਵਿੱਚ
|نِکّی عُمر وِچّ |نِکّی عُمر وِچّ
|ਨਿੱਕੀ ਉਮਰ ਵਿੱਚ
|- |-
|On my heart |On my heart
|مہاڑے دِلّے اپّر |مھاڑے دِلّے اپّر
|ਮਹਾੜੇ ਦਿਲੇ ਅੱਪਰ
|میرے دِل تے |میرے دِل تے
|ਮੇਰੇ ਦਿਲ ਤੇ
|- |-
|With care |With care
|دھیانے نال |دھیاݨے نال
|ਧਿਆਨੇ ਨਾਲ
|دھیان نال |دھیان نال
|ਧਿਆਨ ਨਾਲ
|- |-
|Patiently |Patiently
|ارماے نال |ارامے نال
|ਅਰਾਮੇ ਨਾਲ
|ارام نال |ارام نال
|ਅਰਾਮ ਨਾਲ
|- |-
|To my sister |To my sister
|بھینُو کی |بھیݨُوں کی
|ਭੈਣੂ ਕੀ
|بھین نُوں |بھین نُوں
|ਭੈਣ ਨੂੰ
|- |-
|For my brother |For my brother
|بھراُو واسطے
|بھراووُ آسطے
|بھرا واسطے
|ਭਰਾਊ ਆਸਤੇ
|بھرا آسطے
|ਭਰਾ ਆਸਤੇ
|- |-
|Important detail |Important detail
|کمّے نی گلّ |کمّے نی گلّ
|ਕੰਮੇ ਨੀ ਗੱਲ
|کمّ دی گلّ |کمّ دی گلّ
|ਕੰਮ ਦੀ ਗੱਲ
|- |-
|There's no accounting for taste |There's no accounting for taste
|شَونقے نا کوئی مُل نہیں ہونا |شَونقے نا کوئی مُل نہیں ہوݨا
|ਸ਼ੌਂਕੇ ਨਾ ਕੋਈ ਮੁੱਲ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੋਣਾ
|شَونق دا کوئی مُل نہیں ہوندا |شَونق دا کوئی مُل نہیں ہوندا
|ਸ਼ੌਂਕ ਦਾ ਕੋਈ ਮੁੱਲ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੁੰਦਾ
|- |-
|Understand the point |Understand the point
|گلّے کی سمجھ |گلّے کی سمجھ
|ਗੱਲੇ ਕੀ ਸਮਝ
|گلّ نُوں سمجھ |گلّ نُوں سمجھ
|ਗੱਲ ਨੂੰ ਸਮਝ
|} |}


=== Adding "i" to root form of verb === === Adding "i" to root form of verb ===
A peculiar feature of Pothwari is to end the basic root form of verbs with an "i" sound.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=شیراز طاہر |url=http://archive.org/details/shiraz-ul-lughaat |title=شیراز اُللغات |date=2016}}</ref> A peculiar feature of Pahari-Pothwari is to end the basic root form of verbs with an "i" sound.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |year= 2016 |last=Tahir |first=Shiraz |title=Shiraz ul Lughat |publisher =Gandhara Hindko Board |ISBN=978-969-687-010-4 |url= http://archive.org/details/shiraz-ul-lughaat |location =Peshawar |access-date= |language=en-US}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" {| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |English ! rowspan="2" |English
! colspan="2" |Pothwari !Pahari-Pothwari
! colspan="2" |Standard Punjabi !Standard Punjabi
|- |-
!Shahmukhi !Shahmukhi
!Gurmukhi
!Shahmukhi !Shahmukhi
!Gurmukhi
|- |-
|It happened |It happened
|ہوئی گیا |{{Nq|ہوئی گیا}}
|{{Nq|ہو گیا}}
|ਹੋਈ ਗਿਆ
|ہو گیا
|ਹੋ ਗਿਆ
|- |-
|It may be possible |It may be possible
|ہوئی سکنا اے |ہوئی سکنا اے
|ਹੋਈ ਸਕਣਾ ਐ
|ہو سکدا اے |ہو سکدا اے
|ਹੋ ਸਕਦਾ ਐ
|- |-
|Together |Together
|رلی مِلی تے |رلی مِلی تے
|ਰਲੀ ਮਿਲੀ ਤੇ
|رل مِل کے |رل مِل کے
|ਰਲ ਮਿਲ ਕੇ
|- |-
|Finish it |Finish it
|مُکائی چھوڑ |مُکائی چھوڑ
|ਮੁਕਾਈ ਛੋੜ
|مُکا چھڈّ/چھوڑ |مُکا چھڈّ/چھوڑ
|ਮੁਕਾ ਛੋੜ/ਛੱਡ
|- |-
|Look |Look
|تکّی گھِنو |تکّی گھِنو
|ویکھ لو
|ਤੱਕੀ ਘਿਨੋ
|تکّ لوو
|ਤੱਕ ਲਵੋ
|- |-
|Come back after having lunch |Come back after having lunch
|روٹی کھائی تے مُڑی اچھِیں |{{Nq|روٹی کھائی تے مُڑی اچھِیں}}
|{{Nq|روٹی کھا کے مُڑ آوِیں}}
|ਰੋਟੀ ਖਾਈ ਤੇ ਮੁੜੀ ਅਛੀਂ
|روٹی کھا کے مُڑ آوِیں
|ਰੋਟੀ ਖਾ ਕੇ ਮੁੜ ਆਵੀਂ
|- |-
|Eat it |Eat it
|کھائی گھِن |کھائی گھِن
|ਖਾਈ ਘਿਨ
|کھا لَے |کھا لَے
|ਖਾ ਲੈ
|- |-
|Sit quietly for once |Sit quietly for once
|کدے ٹِکی تے بہی وی جایا کر |{{Nq|کدے ٹِکی تے بہی وی جُلیا کر}}
|{{Nq|کدے ٹِک کے بہہ وی جایا کر}}
|ਕਦੇ ਟਿੱਕੀ ਤੇ ਬਹੀ ਵੀ ਜਾਇਆ ਕਰ
|کدے ٹِک کے بہہ وی جایا کر
|ਕਦੇ ਟਿੱਕ ਕੇ ਬਹਿ ਵੀ ਜਾਇਆ ਕਰ
|} |}


== Vocabulary == == Vocabulary ==
=== General verbs ===
A majority of the general verbs between Pothohari and most other dialects of Punjabi appears to be the same.<ref>{{Cite book |year= 2016 |last=Tahir |first=Shiraz |title=Shiraz ul Lughat |publisher =Gandhara Hindko Board |ISBN=978-969-687-010-4 |url= |location =Peshawar |access-date= |language=en-US}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!English
!Pothohari
!Majhi
|-
|Taking out
| کڈھّݨا
| کڈھّݨا
|-
|Taking off
| لاہݨا
| لاہُݨا
|-
|Applying
| لاݨا
| لاؤݨا
|-
|Decreasing
| گھٹّݨا
| گھٹّݨا
|-
|Jumping
| چھال مارنی
| چھال مارنی
|-
|Agreeing
| منّݨا
| منّݨا
|-
|Hesitating
| جھکّݨا
| جھکّݨا
|-
|Forgetting
| بھُلّݨا
| بھُلّݨا
|-
|Wearing / Pouring
| باݨا
| پاؤݨا
|-
|Lying / To be poured
| پَیݨا
| پَیݨا
|-
|Sitting
| بہݨا
| بہݨا
|-
|Breaking
| بھنّݨا یا تروڑنا
| بھنّݨا
|-
|Returning
| موڑنا
| موڑنا
|-
|Flipping
| پرتاݨا
| پرتاؤݨا
|-
|Seeing
| تکھّݨا
|
تکّݨا یا ویکھݨا
|-
|To be seen
| دِسّݨا
| دِسّݨا
|-
|Telling
| دسّݨا
| دسّݨا
|-
|Saying
| آخݨا
| آکھݨا
|-
|Running
| نسّݨا
| نسّݨا
|-
|Falling
| ڈھیہݨا
|
ڈھہݨا یا ڈِگّݨا
|-
|Slipping
| تِلکݨا
| تِلکݨا
|-
|Chewing
| چِتھّݨا
| چِتھّݨا
|-
|Coughing
| کھنگھݨا
| کھنگھݨا
|-
|Raise
| چاڑھنا
| چاڑھنا
|-
|Coming
| اچھݨا
| آؤݨا
|-
|Walking
| ٹُرنا
| ٹُرنا
|-
|Pulling
| چھِکّݨا
|
چھِکّݨا / کھِچّݨا
|-
|Passing
| لنگھّݨا
| لنگھّݨا
|-
|Capturing
| مَلّݨا
| مَلّݨا
|-
|Cooling
| ٹھارنا
| ٹھارنا
|-
|Obtaining
| لبھّݨا
| لبھّݨا
|-
|Lighting up
| بالݨا
| بالݨا
|-
|Cooking
| رِنھّݨا
| رِنھّݨا
|-
|Tying
| بنھّݨا
| بنھّݨا
|-
|Roasting
| بھُنّݨا
| بھُنّݨا
|-
|Slaughtering
| کوہݨا
| کوہݨا
|-
|To identify
| سیاݨنا
| سیاݨنا
|-
|Throwing
| سٹّݨا
|
سُٹّݨا / سٹّݨا
|-
|Losing
| ہرنا
| ہرنا
|-
|Entering
| بڑنا
| وڑنا
|-
|Crumbling
| بھورنا
| بھورنا
|-
|Covering
| کجّݨا
| کجّݨا
|-
|Dividing
| ونڈݨا
| ونڈݨا
|-
|Stuffing / Thrusting
| تُنّݨا
| تُنّݨا
|-
|To press
| منڈݨا
| منڈݨا
|-
|To vex
| کھپاݨا
| کھپاؤݨا
|-
|To spread
| کھِلارنا
| کھِلارنا
|-
|To be stolen
| کھُسّݨا
| کھُسّݨا
|-
|To blow
| پھُوکݨا
| پھُوکݨا
|-
|To dust off
| چھنڈݨا
| چھنڈݨا
|-
|To mix
| رلݨا
| رلݨا
|-
|To dry
| سُکّݨا
| سُکّݨا
|-
|Hanging
| لمکݨا
| لمکݨا
|-
|Boiling
| کاڑھنا
| کاڑھنا
|-
|Spilling
| ڈولھݨا
| ڈولھݨا
|-
|Shining
| لِشکݨا
| لِشکݨا
|-
|Plastering / Coating
| لِنبݨا
| لِنبݨا
|-
|Maintain
| سانبھݨا
| سانبھݨا
|-
|To take along
| کھڑنا
| کھڑنا یا لَےجاݨا
|}
Note:

* Eastern Majhi and Malvai use '''''Khichchna''''' for pulling, while Western Majhi, Jhangochi, Shahpuri, Pothohari use '''''Chhikkna'''''.
* Eastern dialects will use '''''Bhann-Toṛ''''' and '''''Ṭuṭṭ-Bhajj''''', while Western dialects like Pothohari use '''''Bhann-Troṛ''''' and '''''Truṭṭ-Bhajj'''''.
* '''''Saṭṭna''''' for throwing is used in Western dialects, and '''''Chaana''''' for picking. (As opposed to ''Suṭṭna / Chukkna''), though Pothohari may use ''Chukkna'' as well.
* Pothohari verbs do not seem to involve the -aavna or -aauna sound. This is similar to certain Majhi sub-dialects.
* '''''Labbhna''''' is used for obtaining and receiving as in most dialects of Punjabi, however it is often not used in the active sense. For this Pothohari prefers '''''Loṛna'''''. (The passive form of this word ''"Loṛeenda"'' is commonly used in Standard Punjabi)
* The Pothohari word for grabbing and holding is '''''Nappṅa''''' (common in Punjabi) and '''''Lapaṛna''''' (unique verb)

==== The passives remain the same throughout Punjabi dialects ====
* Bhannṅa (to break) and Bhajjṅa (to be broken)
* Bhunnṅa (to roast) and Bhujjṅa (to be roasted)
* Rinnhṅa (to cook) and Rijjhṅa (to be cooked)
* Ḍolhṅa (to spill) and Dullhṅa (to be spilt)
* Laahṅa (to take off) and Lehṅa (to descend/come off)
* Laveṛna (to besmear) and Livaṛna (to be besmeared)

==== The irregular past tense remains the same throughout Punjabi dialects ====
Differences in brackets.

* Khaadhā
* Peetā
* Dittā
* Keetā
* Suttā
* Moeā
* Seāṅtā (Jhangochi/Shahpuri/Dhanni: ''Seātā'', Majhi: ''Seāṅeā'')
* Latthā
* Ḍhaṭṭhā
* Baddhā
* Nahātā
* Dhotā
* Khaltā (In other dialects: ''Khalotā'') e.g.: ''Miki saɽke apar '''khalteon''' addhā ghantā hoi gya sā''
* Baṅtā (In other dialects: ''Baṅeā'') e.g.: ''Chāʼ kadū̃ ni '''banti''' hoi ae''
* Guddhā

==== ''Nā'' and ''Khā̃'' ====
Used throughout Punjabi dialects (e.g.: Majhi, Jhangochi, etc.)

* ''Gall suṅeṉ na'' (Please listen)
* ''Gall suṅ khā̃'' (Listen up!)

'''Word for sleep'''
{| class="wikitable"
!English
!Pothohari
!Jhangochi / Shahpuri
!Majhi
|-
|To sleep
|سَیݨا
| سَوݨا
سن٘وݨا
| سَوݨا
|-
|Has slept
|  
سئی ریہا
| سَیں پیا
سَیں ریہا
| سَوں گیا
|-
|He is sleeping
|
اوہ سَیݨا اے پیا
|
اوہ سَوندا اے پیا
|
اوہ سَوندا اے پیا
|-
|Asleep
| سُتّا پیا
| سُتّا پیا
| سُتّا پیا
|-
|Having slept or
While asleep
| سُتّیوں
| سُتّیاں
| سُتّیاں
|-
|After sleeping
| سئی تے
| سَیں کے
<small>(or تے)</small>
| سَوں کے
|-
|Go to sleep
|سئی گو
سئی جا
سئی روہ
| سَیں پو
سَیں جا

سَیں روہ
|
سَوں جا
|-
|He is to sleep
| اوہ سئے
| اوہ سَون٘وے
| اوہ سَون٘وے
|-
|Putting to sleep
|
سن٘واولݨا
|
سن٘واوݨا
|
سن٘واؤݨا
|}

=== Family relations ===
The names of family relations are mostly the same throughout the Punjabi dialects.
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |English
!Punjabi / Pothohari
|-
!Shahmukhi
|-
|Mother / Father
|ماں پیو
|-
|Son / Daughter
|دھِیاں پُتّر
|-
|Brother / Sister
|بھَیݨاں بھرا
|-
|Husband
|گھر الا / جݨا / خسم
|-
|Wife
|گھر آلی / زنانی
|-
|Grandchildren (from son)
|پوترے پوترِیاں
|-
|Grandchildren (from daughter)
|دوترے دوترِیاں
|-
|Son-in-law
|جوائی
|-
|Daughter-in-law
|نوںھہ
|-
|Mother-in-law
|سسّ
|-
|Father-in-law
|سوہرا
|-
|Husband's sister
|نناݨ
|-
|Sister's husband
|بھݨوئیا
|-
|Brother's wife
|بھرجائی
|-
|Father's brother / Father's sister
|چاچا / پُپھّی
|-
|Father's brother's wife
|چاچی
|-
|Father's sister's husband
|پُھپھّڑ
|-
|Mother's brother / Mother's sister
|ماما / ماسی
|-
|Mother's brother's wife
|مامی
|-
|Mother's sister's husband
|ماسڑ
|-
|Cousin from father's brother
|چچیر / دد پوترا
|-
|Cousin from father's sister
|پھُپھیر
|-
|Cousin from mother's brother
|ملویر
|-
|Cousin from mother's sister
|مسیر
|}
Some words unique to Pothohari include:

* '''''Daad-Potraa''''' to refer to a cousin (Son of father's brother, Potraa is a common Punjabi word)
* '''''Be''''' for mother (Eastern Punjabi does use ''Be-Be'' for mother)
* '''''Bhaapaa''''' for brother (Sometimes used in Eastern-Majhi)

=== Body part names ===
Names of body parts are the same throughout Punjabi dialects with minimal differences if any.
{| class="wikitable"
!English
!Pothohari
!Jhangochi / Shahpuri
!Majhi
|-
|Eyes
| اکھِّیاں
| اکھِّیاں / اکھِیں
| اکھّاں
|-
|Head
| سِر
| سِر
| سِر
|-
|Forehead
| متھّا
| متھّا
| متھّا
|-
|Eyelashes
| پِمݨِیاں
| پِپّݨیاں
| پلکاں
|-
|Eyebrows
| بھروٹّے
| بھربِٹّے
| بھروٹّے
|-
|Eyelids
| چھپّر
| چھپّر
| چھپّر
|-
|Eyeballs
| آنّے
| آنّے
| آنّے
|-
|Ears
| کنّ
| کنّ
| کنّ
|-
|Arms
| باہاں
| باہِیں
| باہواں
|-
|Throat
| سنگھ
| سگّھ
| سنگھ
|-
|Neck
| دھَوݨ
| دھَوݨ
| دھَوݨ
|-
|Shoulders
| موڈھے
| موڈھے
| موڈھے
|-
|Elbow
| ارک
| ارک
| ارک
|-
|Nails
| نَونہہ
| نَونہہ
| نَونہہ
|-
|Hands
| ہتھّ
| ہتھّ
| ہتھّ
|-
|Fingers
| انگلاں
| انگلاں
| اُنگلاں
|-
|Belly
| ڈھِڈّ
| ڈھِڈّ
| ڈھِڈّ
|-
|Waist
| لکّ
| لکّ
| لکّ
|-
|Legs
| لتّاں
| لتّاں
| لتّاں
|-
|Knees
| گوڈے
| گوڈے
| گوڈے
|-
|Ankles
| گِٹّے
| گِٹّے
| گِٹّے
|-
|Feet
| پَیر
| پَیر
| پَیر
|-
|Palm
| تلّی
| تلّی
| تلّی
|-
|Teeth
| دند
| دند
| دند
|-
|Molars
| ہݨیوں
| ہݨیوں
| جاڑھاں
|-
|Tongue
| جِیبھ
| جِبھّ
| جِیبھ
|-
|Nose
| نکّ
| نکّ
| نکّ
|-
|Nostrils
| ناساں
| ناساں
| ناساں
|-
|Face
| مونہہ
| مونہہ
| مونہہ
|-
|Back
| کنڈ
| کنڈ
| کنڈ
|-
|Hips
| ڈھاکاں
| ڈھاکاں
| ڈھاکاں
|-
|Hip bone
| چُوکݨا
| چُوکݨا
| چُوکݨا
|}


=== Words for "Coming" and "Going" === === Words for "Coming" and "Going" ===
The Pothwari word for "coming" is '''''acchṇā''''', whereas for "going" '''''gacchṇā''', '''julṇā''''' and '''''jāṇā''''' are used.<ref name=":1" /> The Pahari-Pothwari word for "coming" is '''''acchṇā''''', whereas for "going" '''''gacchṇā''', '''julṇā''''' and '''''jāṇā''''' are used.<ref name=":1" />
{| class="wikitable" {| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |English ! rowspan="2" |English
! colspan="2" |Pothwari !Pahari-Pothwari
! colspan="2" |] !]
! colspan="2" |] !]
|- |-
!Shahmukhi !Shahmukhi
!Gurmukhi
!Shahmukhi !Shahmukhi
!Gurmukhi
!Shahmukhi !Shahmukhi
!Gurmukhi
|- |-
|I am coming |I am coming
|میں اچھنا پیا آں |{{Nq|میں اچھنا پیا ہاں}}
|{{Nq|میں آوندا پیا ہاں}}
|ਮੈਂ ਅਛਣਾ ਪਿਆ ਆਂ
|میں آندا پیا آں |{{Nq|میں آوندا پیا ہاں}}
|ਮੈਂ ਆਂਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਆਂ
|میں آؤندا پیا آں
|ਮੈਂ ਆਉਂਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਆਂ
|- |-
|I am going |I am going
|میں گچھنا پیا آں |{{Nq|میں گچھنا پیا ہاں }}
میں جانا پیا آں {{Nq|میں جُلنا پیا ہاں}}
|{{Nq|میں ویندا پیا ہاں}}
|ਮੈਂ ਗਛਣਾ/ਜਾਣਾ ਪਿਆ ਆਂ  
|میں ویندا/جاندا پیا آں {{Nq|میں جاوندا پیا ہاں}}
|{{Nq|میں جاندا پیا ہاں}}
|ਮੈਂ ਵੇਂਦਾ/ਜਾਂਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਆਂ
|میں جاندا پیا آں
|ਮੈਂ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਆਂ
|- |-
|I am not understanding |I am not understanding
|میکی سمجھ نہیں اچھنی پئی |{{Nq|میکی سمجھ نِیہ اچھنی پئی}}
|{{Nq|مینُوں سمجھ نہیں آوندی پئی}}
|ਮਿਕੀ ਸਮਝ ਨਹੀਂ ਅਛਣੀ ਪਈ
|مینُوں سمجھ نہیں آندی پئی |{{Nq|مینُوں سمجھ نہیں آوندی پئی}}
|ਮੈਨੂੰ ਸਮਝ ਨਹੀਂ ਆਂਦੀ ਪਈ
|مینُوں سمجھ نہیں آندی پئی
|ਮੈਨੂੰ ਸਮਝ ਨਹੀਂ ਆਂਦੀ ਪਈ
|- |-
|I will leave tomorrow |I will leave tomorrow
|میں کلّ گیساں |{{Nq|میں کلّ گیساں}}
میں کلّ جاساں {{Nq|میں کلّ جُلساں}}
|{{Nq|میں کلّھ ویساں}}
|ਮੈਂ ਕੱਲ੍ਹ ਗੇਸਾਂ/ਜਾਸਾਂ
|میں کلّ ویساں {{Nq|میں کلّھ جاساں}}
میں کلّ جاساں |{{Nq|میں کلّھ جاواں گا}}
|ਮੈਂ ਕੱਲ੍ਹ ਵੇਸਾਂ
ਮੈਂ ਕੱਲ੍ਹ ਵੇਸਾਂ ਜਾਸਾਂ
|میں کلّ جاواں گا
|ਮੈਂ ਕੱਲ੍ਹ ਜਾਵਾਂਗਾ
|- |-
|We are going for work |We are going for work
|اساں کمّے اپّر جُلے آں |{{Nq|اساں کمّے اپّر جُلے ہاں}}
|{{Nq|اسِیں کمّ تے چلے ہاں}}
|ਅਸਾਂ ਕੰਮੇ ਅੱਪਰ ਜੁਲੇ ਆਂ
|اسِیں کمّ تے چلے آں |{{Nq|اسِیں کمّ تے چلے ہاں}}
|ਅਸੀਂ ਕੱਮ ਤੇ ਚਲੇ ਆਂ
|اسِیں کمّ تے چلّے آں
|ਅਸੀਂ ਕੱਮ ਤੇ ਚਲੇ ਆਂ
|- |-
|It happens |It happens
|ہوئی گچھنا اے |{{Nq|ہوئی گچھنا اے}}
ہوئی جُلنا اے {{Nq|ہوئی جُلنا اے}}


ہوئی جانا اے {{Nq|ہوئی جانا اے}}
|{{Nq|ہو ویندا ہے}}
|ਹੋਈ ਗਛਣਾ ਐ
{{Nq|ہو جاوندا ہے}}
ਹੋਈ ਜੁਲਣਾ ਐ
|{{Nq|ہو جاندا ہے}}

ਹੋਈ ਜਾਣਾ ਐ
|ہو ویندا اے
ہو جاندا اے
|ਹੋ ਵੇਂਦਾ ਐ
ਹੋ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਐ
|ہو جاندا اے
|ਹੋ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਐ
|- |-
|Sit down |Sit down
|بہی جُل |{{Nq|بہی جُل}}
بہی گچھ {{Nq|بہی گچھ}}

بہی جا
|ਬਹੀ ਜੁਲ
ਬਹੀ ਗਛ

ਬਹੀ ਜਾ


{{Nq|بہی جا}}
|بہہ ونج
بہہ جا |{{Nq|بہہ ونج}}
{{Nq|بہہ جا }}
|ਬਹਿ ਵੰਜ
|{{Nq|بہہ جا}}
ਬਹਿ ਜਾ
|بہہ جا
|ਬਹਿ ਜਾ
|- |-
|I will take him along |I will take him along
|اُسکی وی نال گھِنی جاساں |{{Nq|اُسکی وی نال گھِنی گیساں}}
اُسکی وی نال گھِنی جُلساں {{Nq|اُسکی وی نال گھِنی جُلساں}}
|{{Nq|اوہنُوں وی نال لے ویساں/جاساں}}
|ਉਸਕੀ ਵੀ ਨਾਲ ਘਿਨੀ ਜਾਸਾਂ
{{Nq|اوہنُوں وی نال گھِن ویساں}}
ਉਸਕੀ ਵੀ ਨਾਲ ਘਿਨੀ ਜੁਲਸਾਂ
|اوہنُوں وی نال لے ویساں/جاساں |{{Nq|اوہنُوں وی نال لَے جاواں گا}}
اوہنُوں وی نال گھِن ویساں
|ਓਹਨੂੰ ਵੀ ਨਾਲ ਲੈ ਵੇਸਾਂ/ਜਾਸਾਂ
ਓਹਨੂੰ ਵੀ ਨਾਲ ਘਿਨ ਵੇਸਾਂ
|اوہنُوں وی نال لَے جاواں گا
|ਓਹਨੂੰ ਵੀ ਨਾਲ ਲੈ ਜਾਵਾਂਗਾ
|} |}
The imperative for '''''gacchṇā''''' is both ''gacch'' and ''gau''. The imperative for '''''gacchṇā''''' is both ''gacch'' and ''gau''.


=== Causative verbs === === Causative verbs ===
Pothwari causative verbs end with -'''''ālnā'''''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Salah-ud-Din Panjabi dictionary |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/salah-ud-din_query.py?qs=%DA%A9%DA%BE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86&searchhws=yes&matchtype=default |access-date=2023-10-26 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |quote=کھوالن مصدر کھواون.}}</ref> Pahari-Pothwari causative verbs end with -'''''ālnā'''''.<ref>{{Cite dictionary |year= 2002 |author= Salah-ud-Din, Iqbal|title=Vaḍḍī Panjābī lughat: Panjābī tūn Panjābī |publisher=Aziz Publishers|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/salah-ud-din_query.py?qs=%DA%A9%DA%BE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86&searchhws=yes&matchtype=default |access-date=October 26, 2023 |via=dsal.uchicago.edu |quote=کھوالن مصدر کھواون.}}</ref> This feature also exists in the Eastern Majhi dialect. (e.g.: ''Vikhālṇā'')
{| class="wikitable" {| class="wikitable"
!English !English
!Pothwari !Pahari-Pothwari
!Standard Punjabi !Standard Punjabi
!Jatki !Jatki
|- |-
|To cause to eat |To cause to eat
|{{resize|{{nq|کھوالݨا}}}}
|کھوالنا
|{{resize|{{nq|کھواوݨا}}}}
|کھواؤنا / کھوانا
|{{resize|{{nq|کھواوݨا}}}}
|کھواونا
|- |-
|To cause to drink |To cause to drink
|{{resize|{{nq|پیالݨا}}}}
|پیالنا
|{{resize|{{nq|پیاوݨا}}}}
|پیانا / پیاؤنا
|{{resize|{{nq|پِواوݨا}}}}
|پِواوَنا
|- |-
|To cause to bathe |To cause to bathe
|{{resize|{{nq|نہوالݨا}}}}
|نہوالنا
|{{resize|{{nq|نہواوݨا}}}}
|نہوانا / نہواؤنا
|{{resize|{{nq|نہواوݨا}}}}
|نہواوَنا
|- |-
|To cause to wash |To cause to wash
|{{resize|{{nq|دھوالݨا}}}}
|دھووانا
|{{resize|{{nq|دھواوݨا}}}}
|دھووانا / دھوواؤنا
|{{resize|{{nq|دھواوݨا}}}}
|دھوواوَنا
|- |-
|To cause to cry |To cause to cry
|رووالنا |{{resize|{{nq|رووالنا}}}}
|{{resize|{{nq|رواوݨا}}}}
|رووانا / روواؤنا
|{{resize|{{nq|رواوݨا}}}}
|روواوَنا
|- |-
|To cause to sleep |To cause to sleep
|{{resize|{{nq|سوالݨا}}}}
|سوالنا
|{{resize|{{nq|سواوݨا}}}}
|سواؤنا / سوانا
|{{resize|{{nq|سواوݨا}}}}
|سواوَنا
|- |-
|To cause to sit |To cause to sit
|{{resize|{{nq|بہالݨا}}}}
|بہالنا
|{{resize|{{nq|بہاوݨا}}}}
|بہاؤنا / بہانا
|{{resize|{{nq|بہاوݨا}}}}
|بہاوَنا
|- |-
|To cause to stand |To cause to stand
|{{resize|{{nq|اُٹھالݨا}}}}
|اُٹھالنا
|{{resize|{{nq|اُٹھاوݨا}}}}
|اُٹھاوَنا / اُٹھانا
|{{resize|{{nq|اُٹھاوݨا}}}}
|اُٹھاوَنا
|} |}
<nowiki>*</nowiki>Notes

Not all causative verbs are formed like this, e.g. to play -''kheṛṇā'' to ''khaṛāṇa,''


=== Words used for "Taking" and "Bringing" === === Words used for "Taking" and "Bringing" ===
Commonly observed in the ] is the use of ''Ghinṇā'' (گھِننا)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Maya |date=1895 |title=The Panjabi dictionary. |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/singh_query.py?qs=ghinna&searchhws=yes&matchtype=default |access-date=2023-10-21 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |quote=GHINNAṈÁ ਘਿੱਨਣਾ v. a. To take}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.csl.6910 |title=Grammar and dictionary of Western Panjabi, as spoken in the Shahpur district with proverbs, sayings and verses |date=1899 |publisher=Punjab Government Press, Lahore |page=1 |quote=Ghinn for Le (Take).}}</ref> and ''Aaṇnā'' (آننا)<ref>{{Cite book |last=A. Jukes |url=http://archive.org/details/204912920SaraikiDictionary |title=Dictionary of the Jatki or Western Panjábi Language |date=1900 |page=22 |quote=آننْڑ / Anan, v. t. To bring.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Salah-ud-Din Panjabi dictionary |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/salah-ud-din_query.py?qs=%D8%A2%D9%86%D9%86&searchhws=yes&matchtype=default |access-date=2023-10-21 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu}}</ref> instead of the Eastern Punjabi words ''Laiṇā'' (لَینا) and ''Lyāṇā'' (لیانا). Commonly observed in the ] is the use of ''Ghinṇā'' ({{Nq|گھِننا}})<ref>{{Cite dictionary |last=Singh |first=Maya |date=1895 |title=The Panjabi dictionary. |publisher= Munshi Gulab Singh & Sons|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/singh_query.py?qs=ghinna&searchhws=yes&matchtype=default |access-date=2023-10-21 |via=dsal.uchicago.edu |quote=GHINNAṈÁ ਘਿੱਨਣਾ v. a. To take}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Grammar and Dictionary of Western Punjabi |url=https://archive.org/details/WesternPunjabiShahpurDistrict/page/n63/mode/2up |publisher=Punjab Government Press |author=Wilson, J.| year= 1898 |page=1 |quote=Ghinn for Le (Take).}}</ref> and ''Aaṇnā'' ({{Nq|آننا}})<ref>{{Cite book |last=A. Jukes |url=http://archive.org/details/204912920SaraikiDictionary |title=Dictionary of the Jatki or Western Panjábi Language |date=1900 |page=22 |publisher = Lahore: Religious Book and Tract Society|quote=آننْڑ / Anan, v. t. To bring.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite dictionary |year= 2002|author= Salah-ud-Din, Iqbal|title=Vaḍḍī Panjābī lughat: Panjābī tūn Panjābī |publisher=Aziz Publishers|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/salah-ud-din_query.py?qs=%D8%A2%D9%86%D9%86&searchhws=yes&matchtype=default |access-date=October 21, 2023 |via=dsal.uchicago.edu}}</ref> instead of the Eastern Punjabi words ''Laiṇā'' ({{Nq|لَینا}}) and ''Lyāṇā'' ({{Nq|لیانا}}).


Notice how ''Ghin āo'' becomes '''''Ghini achho''''', and ''Ghin ghidā'' becomes '''''Ghini ghidā''''' in accordance with Pothwari grammar and vocabulary. Notice how ''Ghin āo'' becomes '''''Ghini achho''''', and ''Ghin ghidā'' becomes '''''Ghini ghidā''''' in accordance with Pothwari grammar and vocabulary.
{| class="wikitable" {| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |English ! rowspan="2" |English
! rowspan="2" |Pahari-Pothwari
! colspan="2" |] ! colspan="2" |]
! rowspan="2" |]
! rowspan="2" |] ! rowspan="2" |]
! rowspan="2" |] ! rowspan="2" |]
Line 1,128: Line 2,309:
|- |-
|From tomorrow onwards, I'll also bring it for you, just cope for today. |From tomorrow onwards, I'll also bring it for you, just cope for today.
|کلّ توں میں تُہانُوں وی لیا دِتّا کرساں، اجّ گُزارہ کر لوو |کلّ سوں میں تُساں کی وی آݨی دِتّا کرساں، اجّ گُزارہ کری گھِنو

ਕੱਲ੍ਹ ਤੋਂ ਮੈਂ ਤੁਹਾਨੂੰ ਵੀ ਲਿਆ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਕਰਸਾਂ, ਅੱਜ ਗੁਜ਼ਾਰਾ ਕਰ ਲਵੋ
|{{Nq|کلّ توں میں تُہانُوں وی لیا دِتّا کرساں، اجّ گُزارہ کر لوو}}

|کلّ توں میں تُسانُوں وی آݨ دِتّا کریساں، اجّ گُزارہ کر گھِنو |کلّ توں میں تُسانُوں وی آݨ دِتّا کریساں، اجّ گُزارہ کر گھِنو

ਕੱਲ੍ਹ ਤੋਂ ਮੈਂ ਤੁਸਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਵੀ ਆਣ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਕਰੇਸਾਂ, ਅੱਜ ਗੁਜ਼ਾਰਾ ਕਰ ਘਿਨੋ
|کلّ توں میں تُساں کی وی آݨی دیا کرساں، اجّ گُزارہ کری گھِنو |{{Nq|کلّ توں میں تُساں آں وی آݨ دیا کرساں، اجّ گُزارہ کر گھِنو}}

ਕੱਲ੍ਹ ਤੋਂ ਮੈਂ ਤੁਸਾਂ ਕੀ ਵੀ ਆਣੀ ਦਿਆ ਕਰਸਾਂ, ਅੱਜ ਗੁਜ਼ਾਰਾ ਕਰੀ ਘਿਨੋ
|کلّ توں میں تُساں آں وی آݨ دیا کرساں، اجّ گُزارہ کر گھِنو |{{Nq|کلّ توں میں تُہاکُوں وی آݨ ڈِتّا کریساں، اجّ گُزارہ کر گھِنو}}

ਕੱਲ੍ਹ ਤੋਂ ਮੈਂ ਤੁਸਾਂ ਆਂ ਵੀ ਆਣ ਦਿਆ ਕਰਸਾਂ, ਅੱਜ ਗੁਜ਼ਾਰਾ ਕਰ ਘਿਨੋ
|کلّ توں میں تُہاکُوں وی آݨ ڈِتّا کریساں، اجّ گُزارہ کر گھِنو
ਕੱਲ੍ਹ ਤੋਂ ਮੈਂ ਤੁਹਾਕੂੰ ਵੀ ਆਣ ਡਿੱਤਾ ਕਰੇਸਾਂ, ਅੱਜ ਗੁਜ਼ਾਰਾ ਕਰ ਘਿਨੋ
|- |-
|Bring him along as well. |Take him along as well.
|اُسکی وی نال گھِنی اچھو

|اوہنُوں وی نال لَے آوو |اوہنُوں وی نال لَے آوو

ਓਹਨੂੰ ਵੀ ਨਾਲ ਲੈ ਆਵੋ
|اوہنُوں وی نال گھِن آوو |اوہنُوں وی نال گھِن آوو

ਓਹਨੂੰ ਵੀ ਨਾਲ ਘਿਨ ਆਵੋ
|اُسکی وی نال گھِنی اچھو
ਉਸਕੀ ਵੀ ਨਾਲ ਘਿਨੀ ਅਛੋ
|اُساں وی نال گھِن آؤ |اُساں وی نال گھِن آؤ

ਉਸਾਂ ਵੀ ਨਾਲ ਘਿਨ ਆਓ
|اُوکُوں وی نال گھِن آوو |اُوکُوں وی نال گھِن آوو

ਊਕੂੰ ਵੀ ਨਾਲ ਘਿਨ ਆਵੋ
|- |-
|They took it from me as well |They took it from me as well
|اُنھاں مھاڑے کولُوں وی گھِنی گھِدا

|اُنھاں میرے کولُوں وی لَے لیا |اُنھاں میرے کولُوں وی لَے لیا

ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਮੇਰੇ ਕੋਲੂੰ ਵੀ ਲੈ ਲਿਆ
|اُنھاں مینڈھے کولُوں وی گھِن گھِدا |اُنھاں مینڈھے کولُوں وی گھِن گھِدا

ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਮੈਂਢੇ ਕੋਲੂੰ ਵੀ ਘਿਨ ਘਿਦਾ
|اُنھاں مہاڑے کولُوں وی گھِنی گھِدا
ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਮਹਾੜੇ ਕੋਲੂੰ ਵੀ ਘਿਨੀ ਘਿਦਾ
|اُنھان مڑھے کولُوں وی گھِن گھِدا |اُنھان مڑھے کولُوں وی گھِن گھِدا

ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਮੜ੍ਹੇ ਕੋਲੂੰ ਵੀ ਘਿਨ ਘਿਦਾ
|اُنھاں میڈے کولُوں وی گھِن گھِدا |اُنھاں میڈے کولُوں وی گھِن گھِدا

ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਮੈਂਡੇ ਕੋਲੂੰ ਵੀ ਘਿਨ ਘਿਦਾ
|- |-
|He is bringing |He is bringing
|اوہ لیاندا پیا اے |اوہ آݨنا پیا ہے

ਓਹ ਲਿਆਂਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਐ
|اوہ اݨیدا پیا اے |{{Nq|اوہ لیاندا پیا ہے}}

ਓਹ ਅਣੇਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਐ
|اوہ آݨنا پیا اے |{{Nq|اوہ اݨیندا پیا ہے}}

ਓਹ ਆਣਨਾ ਪਿਆ ਐ
|اوہ آݨدا پیا اے |{{Nq|اوہ آݨدا پیا ہے}}

ਓਹ ਆਣਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਐ
|اوہ اݨیدا پیا اے |{{Nq|اوہ اݨیندا پیا ہے}}

ਓਹ ਅਣੇਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਐ
|- |-
|We will also have to bring them back |We will also have to bring them back
|اُنھاں کی واپس وی آݨنا ہوسی

|اُنھاں نُوں واپس وی لیاوَݨا ہوسی |اُنھاں نُوں واپس وی لیاوَݨا ہوسی

ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਵਾਪਿਸ ਵੀ ਲਿਆਵਣਾ ਹੋਸੀ
|اُنھاں نُوں واپس وی آݨنا ہوسی |اُنھاں نُوں واپس وی آݨنا ہوسی

ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਵਾਪਿਸ ਵੀ ਆਣਨਾ ਹੋਸੀ
|اُنھاں کی واپس وی آݨنا ہوسی
ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਕੀ ਵਾਪਿਸ ਵੀ ਆਣਨਾ ਹੋਸੀ
|اُنھاں آں واپس وی آݨنا ہوسی |اُنھاں آں واپس وی آݨنا ہوسی

ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਆਂ ਵਾਪਿਸ ਵੀ ਆਣਨਾ ਹੋਸੀ
|اُنھاں کُوں واپس وی آݨنا ہوسی |اُنھاں کُوں واپس وی آݨنا ہوسی

ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਕੂੰ ਵਾਪਿਸ ਵੀ ਆਣਨਾ ਹੋਸੀ
|- |-
|Eat it |Eat it
|کھائی گھِن
|کھا لَے |کھا لَے
ਖਾ ਲੈ
|کھا گھِن |کھا گھِن
ਖਾ ਘਿਨ
|کھائی گھِن
ਖਾਈ ਘਿਨ
|کھا گھِن |کھا گھِن
ਖਾ ਘਿਨ
|کھا گھِن |کھا گھِن
ਖਾ ਘਿਨ
|- |-
|Bring it |Bring it
Brought it Brought it
|چائی آݨو
چائی آݨنا

|چا لیاؤ |چا لیاؤ
چا لیاندا چا لیاندا


ਚਾ ਲਿਆਓ


ਚਾ ਲਿਆਂਦਾ  
|چا آݨو |چا آݨو
چا آندا چا اݨیندا


ਚਾ ਆਣੋ

ਚਾ ਆਂਦਾ
|چائی آݨو
چائی آندا

ਚਾਈ ਆਣੋ

ਚਾਈ ਆਂਦਾ
|چا آݨو |چا آݨو
چا آندا چا اݨدا

ਚਾ ਆਣੋ


ਚਾ ਆਂਦਾ
|چا آݨو |چا آݨو
چا آندا چا اݨیندا


ਚਾ ਆਣੋ


ਚਾ ਆਂਦਾ
|- |-
|Take it |Take it
Took it Took it
|چائی گھِنو
چائی گھِدا


|چا لوو |چا لوو
چا لیا چا لیا


ਚਾ ਲਵੋ


ਚਾ ਲਿਆ
|چا گھِنو |چا گھِنو
چا گھِدا چا گھِدا


ਚਾ ਘਿਨੋ

ਚਾ ਘਿਦਾ
|چائی گھِنو
چائی گھِدا

ਚਾਈ ਘਿਨੋ


ਚਾਈ ਘਿਦਾ
|چا گھِنو |چا گھِنو
چا گھِدا چا گھِدا


ਚਾ ਘਿਨੋ


ਚਾ ਘਿਦਾ
|چا گھِنو |چا گھِنو
چا گھِدا چا گھِدا


ਚਾ ਘਿਨੋ


ਚਾ ਘਿਦਾ
|- |-
|He will take him along |He will take him along
|اوہ اِسکی نال گھِنی گیسی/ جُلسی/ جاسی

|اوہ ایہنُوں نال لَے ویسی |اوہ ایہنُوں نال لَے ویسی
اوہ ایہنُوں لے جاسی اوہ ایہنُوں لے جاسی


ਉਹ ਇਹਨੂੰ ਨਾਲ ਲੈ ਵੇਸੀ/ਜਾਸੀ


ਉਹ ਇਹਨੂੰ ਨਾਲ ਲੈ ਜਾਸੀ
|اوہ ایہنُوں نال گھِن ویسی
ਉਹ ਇਹਨੂੰ ਨਾਲ ਘਿਨ ਵੈਸੀ
|اوہ اِسکی نال گھِنی گیسی
اوہ اِسکی نال گھِنی جُلسی


اوہ اِسکی نال گھِنی جاسی


|اوہ ایہنُوں نال گھِن ویسی
ਉਹ ਇਸਕੀ ਨਾਲ ਘਿਨੀ ਗੇਸੀ


ਉਹ ਇਸਕੀ ਨਾਲ ਘਿਨੀ ਜੁਲਸੀ

ਉਹ ਇਸਕੀ ਨਾਲ ਘਿਨੀ ਜਾਸੀ
|اوہ اِساں نال گھِن جُلسی |اوہ اِساں نال گھِن جُلسی
ਉਹ ਇਸਾਂ ਨਾਲ ਘਿਨ ਜੁਲਸੀ
|اوہ اِیکُوں نال گھِن ویسی |اوہ اِیکُوں نال گھِن ویسی

ਉਹ ਈਕੂੰ ਨਾਲ ਘਿਨ ਵੇਸੀ
|} |}

=== Irregular past tense of verbs ===
Pothwari generally follows the common Punjabi irregular verbs (e.g. ''khādhā, peetā, nahātā, dhotā, moyā, latthā, khalotā, ḍaṭṭhā, suttā, keetā, dittā, ghidā, seetā, baddhā'').

Some additional forms are observed in '''''bantā''''' (بنتا) for ''banyā'' and '''''khaltā''''' (کھلتا) for ''khalā.''

For example:

''Miki sarkay apar '''khaltyon''' addhā ghantā hoi gya sā''

''Menu sark tey khalyā̃/khlotyā̃ addhā ghantā ho gya si''

(It had been an hour since I was waiting on the road)

''Chā kadon ni '''banti''' hoi ae''

''Chā kadon di bani hoi ae''

(The tea has been ready for quite some time)


=== Interrogative words === === Interrogative words ===
{| class="wikitable" {| class="wikitable"
!English !English
!Pothwari !Pahari-Pothwari
!Jatki !Jatki
!Standard !Standard
|- |-
|Why |Why
|کِیاں |{{Nq|کِیاں}}

ਕੀਆਂ
|کیوں |{{Nq|کیوں}}

ਕਿਓਂ
|کیوں |{{Nq|کیوں}}

ਕਿਓਂ
|- |-
|Where |Where
|{{Nq|کتھے}}
|کُتھّے / کُدھّر

ਕੁੱਥੇ / ਕੁੱਧਰ
|کِتھّے / کِدّے |{{Nq|کِتھّے}}

ਕਿੱਥੇ / ਕਿੱਦੇ
|کِتھّے |{{Nq|کِتھّے}}

ਕਿੱਥੇ
|-
|Whither
|{{Nq|کُدھّر}}

|{{Nq|کِدّے}}

|{{Nq|کِدّھر}}

|- |-
|Who |Who
|{{Nq|کُݨ}}
|کُن

ਕੁਣ
|{{Nq|کَوݨ}}
|کَون

ਕੌਣ
|{{Nq|کَوݨ}}
|کَون

ਕੌਣ
|- |-
|What |What?
|{{Nq|کے؟}}
|کے

ਕੇ
|کے / کی |{{Nq|کیہہ / کی}}

ਕੇ / ਕੀ
|{{Nq|کی / کِیہہ}}
|کی

ਕੀ
|} |}


=== Pothwari vocabulary similarities with other Western Punjabi dialects === === Pahari-Pothwari vocabulary similarities with other Western Punjabi dialects ===
{| class="wikitable" {| class="wikitable"
!English !English
!Pothwari !Pahari-Pothwari
!Jatki !Jatki
!Hindko !Hindko
Line 1,358: Line 2,500:
|- |-
|Very / Much |Very / Much
|بُہو
|بہُوں
|بہُوں |بہُوں
|بہُوں |بہُوں
Line 1,365: Line 2,507:
|Go to sleep |Go to sleep
| سئی گو | سئی گو
|سَیں ونج |{{Nq|سَیں ونج}}
|سَیں جُل |{{Nq|سَیں جُل}}
|سم ونج |{{Nq|سم ونج}}
|- |-
|Alright / Okay |Alright / Okay
Line 1,376: Line 2,518:
|- |-
|Boy |Boy
|جاتک |جاکت / جاتک
|جاتک / چھوہر |جاتک / چھوہر
|جندک |جندک
Line 1,382: Line 2,524:
|- |-
|What is his name? |What is his name?
|کے ناں اُس؟ |کے ناں اُسنا؟
|کی/کے ناں اُس؟ |کیہ/کے ناں اُس؟
|کے ناں اُس؟ |کے ناں اُس؟
|کیا ناں اُس؟ |کیا ناں اُس؟
Line 1,395: Line 2,537:
|- |-
|Bring |Bring
|آݨو
|آنو
|لیاوو (جھنگوچی/شاہپُوری) |{{Nq|لیاوو (جھنگوچی/شاہپُوری)}}
آنو (دھنی) آنو (دھنی)
|آنو |آنو
Line 1,403: Line 2,545:
|He speaks like us |He speaks like us
|اوہ اساں آر بولنا اے |اوہ اساں آر بولنا اے
|اوہ ساڈے آر بولیندا اے |{{Nq|اوہ ساڈے آر بولیندا اے}}
|اوہ اساں آر بولدا اے |اوہ اساں آر بولدا اے
|اوہ ساڈے آر الیندا اے |{{Nq|اوہ ساڈے آر الیندا اے}}
|- |-
|Let's go |Let's go
|{{Nq|آ جُلِیَے}}
|آ جُلِیئے
|آ چلِیئے/جُلِیے |{{Nq|آ چلِیئے/جُلِیے}}
|آ جُلاں |آ جُلاں
|آ جُلُوں |آ جُلُوں
Line 1,420: Line 2,562:
|- |-
|Life |Life
|حیاتی |{{Nq|حیاتی}}
|حیاتی |{{Nq|حیاتی}}
|حیاتی |{{Nq|حیاتی}}
|حیاتی |{{Nq|حیاتی}}
|} |}


Line 1,433: Line 2,575:


== Bibliography == == Bibliography ==
*{{Cite book| title = 1981 District Census Report of Rawalpindi| location = Islamabad| publisher = Population Census Organization, Statistics Division, Government of Pakistan| series = District census Report | volume = 44| date = 1984| page = 95| ref = {{harvid|1981 Census report Rawalpindi}} }} *{{Cite book| title = 1981 District Census Report of Rawalpindi| location = Islamabad| publisher = Population Census Organization, Statistics Division, Government of Pakistan| volume = 44| date = 1984| page = 95| ref = {{harvid|1981 Census report Rawalpindi}} }}
*{{Cite journal| last = Abbasi| first = Muhammad Gulfraz| date = 2010| title = Is It a Language Worth Researching?| journal = Language in India| volume = 10| issue = 7| url = http://www.languageinindia.com/july2010/gulfrazpahari.html}} *{{Cite journal| last = Abbasi| first = Muhammad Gulfraz| date = 2010| title = Is It a Language Worth Researching?| journal = Language in India| volume = 10| issue = 7| url = http://www.languageinindia.com/july2010/gulfrazpahari.html}}
*{{Cite journal| last1 = Abbasi| first1 = Muhammad Gulfraz| last2 = Asif| first2 = Saiqa Imtiaz| date = 2010| title = Dilemma of Usage and Transmission-A Sociolinguistic Investigation of Dhundi-Pahari in Pakistan| journal = Language in India| volume = 10| issue = 5| pages = 197–214| issn = 1930-2940| url = http://www.languageinindia.com/may2010/pakistanpaharifinal1.html}} *{{Cite journal| last1 = Abbasi| first1 = Muhammad Gulfraz| last2 = Asif| first2 = Saiqa Imtiaz| date = 2010| title = Dilemma of Usage and Transmission-A Sociolinguistic Investigation of Dhundi-Pahari in Pakistan| journal = Language in India| volume = 10| issue = 5| pages = 197–214| issn = 1930-2940| url = http://www.languageinindia.com/may2010/pakistanpaharifinal1.html}}
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*{{Cite book| last = Shackle| first = Christopher| author-link = Christopher Shackle| title = Pakistan in Its Fourth Decade: Current Political, Social and Economic Situation and Prospects for the 1980s| chapter = Language, Dialect and Local Identity in Northern Pakistan| location = Hamburg| series = Mitteilungen des Deutschen Orient-Instituts| volume = 23| date = 1983| publisher = Deutsches Orient-Institut| pages = 175–87|editor1= Wolfgang-Peter Zingel |editor2=Stephanie Zingel-Avé Lallemant}} *{{Cite book| last = Shackle| first = Christopher| author-link = Christopher Shackle| title = Pakistan in Its Fourth Decade: Current Political, Social and Economic Situation and Prospects for the 1980s| chapter = Language, Dialect and Local Identity in Northern Pakistan| location = Hamburg| series = Mitteilungen des Deutschen Orient-Instituts| volume = 23| date = 1983| publisher = Deutsches Orient-Institut| pages = 175–87|editor1= Wolfgang-Peter Zingel |editor2=Stephanie Zingel-Avé Lallemant}}
*{{Cite book| last = Shackle| first = Christopher| author-link = Christopher Shackle| title = Language and National Identity in Asia| chapter = Pakistan| editor-last= Simpson| editor-first=Andrew| series = Oxford linguistics Y| publisher = Oxford University Press| isbn = 978-0-19-922648-1| date = 2007}} *{{Cite book| last = Shackle| first = Christopher| author-link = Christopher Shackle| title = Language and National Identity in Asia| chapter = Pakistan| editor-last= Simpson| editor-first=Andrew| series = Oxford linguistics Y| publisher = Oxford University Press| isbn = 978-0-19-922648-1| date = 2007}}
*{{Cite journal| last = Shackle| first = Christopher| author-link = Christopher Shackle| date = 1980| doi = 10.1017/S0041977X00137401| issn = 0041-977X| volume = 43| issue = 3| pages = 482–510| title = Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar| journal = Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies| s2cid = 129436200| url = http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0041977X00137401}}
*{{Cite web| website = ]| year = 2017| title = Pahari-Potwari| url = http://www.ethnologue.com/language/phr| editor-last1 = Simons| editor-first1 = Gary F.| editor-last2 = Fennig| editor-first2 = Charles D.| edition = 20| ref = {{harvid|Ethnologue|2017}} }} (access limited).<!--Simons--> *{{Cite web| website = ]| year = 2017| title = Pahari-Potwari| url = http://www.ethnologue.com/language/phr| editor-last1 = Simons| editor-first1 = Gary F.| editor-last2 = Fennig| editor-first2 = Charles D.| edition = 20| ref = {{harvid|Ethnologue|2017}} }} (access limited).<!--Simons-->
*{{Cite thesis| last = Singh| first = Kuljit| date = 2014| title = Identity Formation and Assertion: A Study of Pahari Speaking Community of Jammu and Kashmir| type = PhD| institution = University of Jammu|hdl=10603/78359| url =https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/78359}} *{{Cite thesis| last = Singh| first = Kuljit| date = 2014| title = Identity Formation and Assertion: A Study of Pahari Speaking Community of Jammu and Kashmir| type = PhD| institution = University of Jammu|hdl=10603/78359| url =https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/78359}}
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Latest revision as of 08:48, 19 December 2024

Indo-Aryan language variety spoken in Pakistan

Pahari-Pothwari
پوٹھواری, پہاڑی
Poṭhwārī, Pahāṛī
Native toPakistan
Regionnorthern parts of Pothohar region of Punjab, Azad Kashmir and western parts of Jammu and Kashmir, other parts of India including Punjab and Haryana (by partition refugees and descendants)
Native speakersseveral million
Language familyIndo-European
Writing systemShahmukhi
Language codes
ISO 639-3phr
Glottologpaha1251  Pahari Potwari

Pahari-Pothwari is an Indo-Aryan language variety of Lahnda group, spoken in parts of the Pothohar Plateau in the far north of Punjab, Pakistan, as well as in most of Pakistan-administered Azad Kashmir and in western areas of Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir. It is known by a variety of names, the most common of which are Pahari (English: /pəˈhɑːri/; an ambiguous name also applied to other unrelated languages of India), and Pothwari (or Pothohari).

The language is transitional between Hindko and Standard Punjabi and is mutually intelligible with both. There have been efforts at cultivation as a literary language, although a local standard has not been established yet. The Shahmukhi script is used to write the language, such as in the works of Punjabi poet Mian Muhammad Bakhsh.

Grierson in his early 20th-century Linguistic Survey of India assigned it to a so-called "Northern cluster" of Lahnda (Western Punjabi), but this classification, as well as the validity of the Lahnda grouping in this case, have been called into question. In a sense both Pothwari, as well as other Lahnda varieties, and Standard Punjabi are "dialects" of a "Greater Punjabi" macrolanguage.

Geographic distribution and dialects

About OpenStreetMapsMaps: terms of use 75km
50miles Baramulla Srinagar Bagh Rajouri Poonch Jhelum Murree Mirpur Gujarkhan Bharakao Abbottabad Muzaffarabad  Azad Kashmir and surrounding areas with some of the locations mentioned in this section. Places where Pahari–Pothwari is spoken are in dark red.

There are at least three major dialects: Pothwari, Mirpuri and Pahari.

The dialects are mutually intelligible, but the difference between the northernmost and the southernmost dialects (from Muzaffarabad and Mirpur respectively) is enough to cause difficulties in understanding.

Pothohar Plateau

Pothwari (پوٹھواری), also spelt Potwari, Potohari and Pothohari (پوٹھوہاری), is spoken in the north-eastern portion of Pothohar Plateau of northern Punjab, an area administratively within Rawalpindi division. Pothwari is its most common name, and some call it Pindiwal Punjabi to differentiate it from the Punjabi spoken elsewhere in Punjab.

Pothwari extends southwards up to the Salt Range, with the city of Jhelum marking the border with Majha Punjabi. To the north, Pothwari transitions into the Pahari-speaking area, with Bharakao, near Islamabad, generally regarded as the point where Pothwari ends and Pahari begins. In Attock and Chakwal districts of Pothohar, Pothohari comes in contact with other Lahnda varieties, namely Chacchi, Awankari and Dhanni. In Pindi Gheb, yet another dialect is spoken, Ghebi.

Pothwari has been represented as a dialect of Punjabi by the Punjabi language movement, and in census reports the Pothwari areas of Punjab have been shown as Punjabi-majority.

Mirpur

East of the Pothwari areas, across the Jhelum River into Mirpur District in Azad Kashmir, the language is more similar to Pothwari than to the Pahari spoken in the rest of Azad Kashmir. Locally it is known by a variety of names: Pahari, Mirpur Pahari, Mirpuri, and Pothwari, while some of its speakers call it Punjabi. Mirpuris possess a strong sense of Kashmiri identity that overrides linguistic identification with closely related groups outside Azad Kashmir, such as the Pothwari Punjabis. The Mirpur region has been the source of the greater part of Pakistani immigration to the UK, a process that started when thousands were displaced by the construction of the Mangla Dam in the 1960s and emigrated to fill labour shortages in England. The British Mirpuri diaspora now numbers several hundred thousand, and Pahari has been argued to be the second most common mother tongue in the UK, yet the language is little known in the wider society there and its status has remained surrounded by confusion.

Kashmir, Murree and the Galyat

Pahari (پہاڑی) is spoken to the north of Pothwari. The central cluster of Pahari dialects is found around Murree. This area is in the Galyat: the hill country of Murree Tehsil in the northeast of Rawalpindi District (just north of the capital Islamabad) and the adjoining areas in southeastern Abbottabad District. One name occasionally found in the literature for this language is Dhundi-Kairali (Ḍhūṇḍī-Kaiṛālī), a term first used by Grierson who based it on the names of the two major tribes of the area – the Kairal and the Dhund. Its speakers call it Pahari in Murree tehsil, while in Abbottabad district it is known as either Hindko or Ḍhūṇḍī. Nevertheless, Hindko – properly the language of the rest of Abbottabad District and the neighbouring areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa – is generally regarded as a different language. It forms a dialect continuum with Pahari, and the transition between the two is in northern Azad Kashmir and in the Galyat region. For example, on the road from Murree northwest towards the city of Abbottabad, Pahari gradually changes into Hindko between Ayubia and Nathiagali.

A closely related dialect is spoken across the Jhelum River in Azad Kashmir, north of the Mirpuri areas. Names associated in the literature with this dialect are Pahari (itself the term most commonly used by the speakers themselves), Chibhālī, named after the Chibhal region or the Chibh ethnic group, and Pahari (Poonchi) (پونچھی, also spelt Punchhi). The latter name has been variously applied to either the Chibhali variety specific to the district of Poonch, or to the dialect of the whole northern half of Azad Kashmir. This dialect (or dialects) has been seen either as a separate dialect from the one in Murree, or as belonging to the same central group of Pahari dialects. The dialect of the district of Bagh, for example, has more shared vocabulary with the core dialects from Murree (86–88%) than with the varieties of either Muzaffarabad (84%) or Mirpur (78%).

In Muzaffarabad the dialect shows lexical similarity of 83–88% with the central group of Pahari dialects, which is high enough for the authors of the sociolinguistic survey to classify it is a central dialect itself, but low enough to warrant noting its borderline status. The speakers however tend to call their language Hindko and to identify more with the Hindko spoken to the west, despite the lower lexical similarity (73–79%) with the core Hindko dialects of Abbottabad and Mansehra. Further north into the Neelam Valley the dialect, now known locally as Parmi, becomes closer to Hindko.

Pahari is also spoken further east across the Line of Control into the Pir Panjal mountains in Indian Jammu and Kashmir. The population, estimated at 1 million, is found in the region between the Jhelum and Chenab rivers: most significantly in the districts of Poonch and Rajouri, to a lesser extent in neighbouring Baramulla and Kupwara, and also – as a result of the influx of refugees during the Partition of 1947 – scattered throughout the rest of Jammu and Kashmir. Pahari is among the regional languages listed in the sixth schedule of the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir. This Pahari is sometimes conflated with the Western Pahari languages spoken in the mountainous region in the south-east of Indian Jammu and Kashmir. These languages, which include Bhadarwahi and its neighbours, are often called "Pahari", although not same they are closely related to Pahari–Pothwari.

Diaspora

Pahari-Pothwari is also very widely spoken in the United Kingdom. Labour shortages after World War II, and the displacement of peoples caused by the construction of the Mangla Dam, facilitated extensive migration of Pahari-Pothwari speakers to the UK during the 1950s and 1960s, especially from the Mirpur District. Academics estimate that between two thirds and 80% of people officially classified as British Pakistanis originate as part of this diaspora, with some suggesting that it is the second most spoken language of the United Kingdom, ahead of even Welsh, with hundreds of thousands of speakers. However, since there is little awareness of the identity of the language among speakers, census results do not reflect this. The highest proportions of Pahari-Pothwari speakers are found in urban centres, especially the West Midlands conurbation and the West Yorkshire Built-up Area.

Phonology

Vowels

Vowels of Pahari
Front Central Back
oral nasal oral nasal oral nasal
Close iː ĩː uː ũː
Near-close ɪ ʊ
Mid e eː ẽː ə o oː
Open æ æː aː ãː
Vowels of Pothwari
Front Central Back
oral nasal oral nasal oral nasal
Close i iː ĩ ĩː u uː ũ ũː
Mid e ẽ ɐ ɐ̃ o õ
Open ɑ ɑ̃

A long diphthong /ɑi/ can be realized as .

Consonants

Consonants of Pahari
Labial Dental Alveolar Post-alv./
Palatal 		Velar Glottal
Stop/
Affricate 		voiceless p t̪ t t͡ʃ k
aspirated pʰ t̪ʰ tʰ t͡ʃʰ kʰ
voiced b d̪ d d͡ʒ ɡ
Fricative voiceless f s ʃ x
voiced v z ɣ ɦ
Nasal m n ŋ
Approximant l j
Tap/Trill r ɽ
Consonants of Pothwari
Labial Alveolar Retroflex Post-alv./
Palatal 		Velar/
Uvular 		Glottal
Stop voiceless p t ʈ k
aspirated pʰ tʰ ʈʰ kʰ
voiced b d ɖ ɡ
breathy bʱ dʱ ɖʱ ɡʱ
Affricate voiceless t͡s
aspirated t͡sʰ
voiced d͡z
Fricative voiceless (f) s ʃ (χ) h
voiced v z (ʒ) (ʁ)
Nasal m n ɳ
Approximant l ɭ j
Tap/Trill r ɽ
  • Sounds are heard from Persian and Arabic loanwords.
  • /h/ is realized as voiced in word-initial position.
  • /n/ before a velar consonant can be heard as .

Grammar and notable features

Future Tense

The future tense in Pothwari is formed by adding -s as opposed to the Eastern Punjabi gā.

This tense is also used in other Western Punjabi dialects such as the Jatki dialects, Shahpuri, Jhangochi and Dhanni, as well as in and Hindko and Saraiki.

English Pahari-Pothwari Eastern Punjabi
Transliteration Shahmukhi Transliteration Shahmukhi
I will do Mãi karsā̃ مَیں کرساں Mãi karāngā مَیں کرانگا
We will do Asā̃ karsā̃ اَساں کرساں Asī̃ karānge اَسِیں کرانگے
You will do (s) Tū̃ karsãi تُوں کرسَیں Tū̃ karãigā تُوں کریں گا
You will do (p) Tusā̃ karso تُساں کرسو Tusī̃ karoge تُسِیں کروگے
He/She will do Ó karsi اوه کَرسی Ó karega اوه کرے گا
They will do Ó karsan اوہ کرسن Ó karaṇge اوه کرݨ گے

This type of future tense was also used by classical Punjabi poets. Punjabi poet Bulleh Shah sometimes uses a similar form of future tense in his poetry

Shahmukhi: جو کُجھ کرسَیں, سو کُجھ پاسَیں

Transliteration: Jo kujh karsãĩ, so kujh pāsãĩ

Translation: Whatsoever you do, is what you shall gain

- From one of Bulleh Shah's poems

Continuous Tense

Similar to other Punjabi varieties, Pothwari uses peyā (past tense form of pēṇā) to signify the continuous tense.

Present Continuous

English Pahari-Pothwari
Transliteration Shahmukhi
I am doing (m.) Mē̃ karnā peyā ā̃̀ میں کرنا پیا ہاں
We are doing (m./mixed) Asā̃ karne pa'e ā̃̀ اساں کرنے پئے ہاں
You are doing (sing., m.) Tū̃ karna peya aĩ̀ تُوں کرنا پیا ہیں
You are doing (sing., f.) Tū̃ karnī paī aĩ̀ تُوں کرنی پئی ہیں
You are doing (plural, m./mixed) Tusā̃ karne pa'e ò تُساں کرنے پئے ہو
He is doing Ó karna peya aì اوہ کرنا پیا ہے
She is doing Ó karnī paī aì اوہ کرنی پئی ہے
They are doing (m.) Ó karne pa'e ìn اوہ کرنے پئے ہِن
They are doing (f.) Ó karniyā̃ paiyā̃ ìn اوہ کرنیاں پئیاں ہِن

Past Continuous

The past tense in Pothwari resembles that of Eastern Punjabi, however depending on the dialect, there may be slight variations.

English Pahari-Pothwari Standard Punjabi
I was doing (m.) میں کرنا پیا ساں


maĩ karna pya sã

میں کردا پیا ساں


maĩ karda pya sã

We were doing (m./mixed) اساں کرنے پئے سیاں/ساں اسِیں کردے پئے ساں
You were doing (sing., m.) تُوں کرنا پیا سیں تُوں کردا پیا سیں
You were doing (pl., m./mixed or sing. formal) تُساں کرنے پئے سیو/سو تُسِیں کردے پئے سو
He was doing اوہ کرنا پیا سا/سی اوہ کردا پیا سی
She was doing اوہ کرنی پئی سی اوہ کردی پئی سی
They were doing (m./mixed) اوہ کرنے پئے سے/سن اوہ کردے پئے سن
They were doing (f.) اوہ کرنِیاں پئیاں سِیاں/سن اوہ کردِیاں پئیاں سن

The place of "pyā" may sometimes be switched with respect to the verb. This is common in Majhi (e.g: Noor Jehan's "Chann Māhi Teri Rāh Pyi Takkni Aā̃) and as well as in Jhangochi, Shahpuri, etc

"Tusā̃ báhū̃ changā kamm karne ò pa'e", meaning "You (plural/sing. formal) are doing a very good thing"

"Mē̃ vī tā̃ éhe gall ākhnā sā̃ peyā", meaning "I was also saying the same thing"

"Mē̃ vī tā̃ ehe gall peyā ākhnā ā̃̀", meaning "I am also saying the same thing"

Common prepositions, adjectives and adverbs

These are typically the same in Pothohari and Standard Punjabi, but some differences can be noted.

Prepositions and adverbs

English Pothohari Standard Punjabi
Which (relative) جہڑا جہڑا
Which (interogative) کہڑا کہڑا
If جے جے
And تے تے
Near نیڑے نیڑے
Distant پرھاں پرھاں
Before / Previously اگّے اگّے
Hence / Thus تاں مارے تاں کرکے
Exactly why تاں ای تاں ای
First پہلوں پہلوں / پہلاں
Once اِکّ واری اِکّ واری
Now ہُن ہُن
Just now ہُنے / میسں ہُنے
Right at that time اوسے ویلے اوسے ویلے
Sometimes کدے کدے / کدی
Somewhere کِرے / کُرے کِتّے / کِدھرے
When کدوں کدوں
Like this (adv.) ایوں / اِنج / اِسراں ایوں / اِنج / اِس طرحاں
Like this (adj.) ایہے جیہا ایہو جیہا
Exactly this / Only this ایہے ایہو
Above اَپّر اُتّے / اُپّر
Below تھلّے / بُن تھلّے
From below تھلّوں تھلّوں
Right سجّے سجّے
Left کھبّے کھبّے
Within وِچّ وِچّ
From within وِچّّوں وِچّوں
Between وِشکار وِچکار
From توں / سوں / کولں توں / کولوں
From the front اگّوں اگّوں
From behind پِچھوں، مگروں پِچھوں، مگروں
In comparision کولوں / نالوں کولوں / نالوں
With (utility) نال نال
Furthermore نالے نالے
Yet / Still حالے / اجے حالے / اجے
With (possession) کول کول
Along / Including سݨے سݨے
ٰEverywhere چوہاں پاسے چوہاں پاسے
Properly چنگی طرحاں چنگی طرحاں
Harshly ڈاہڈا ڈاہڈا
With ease سوکھا سوکھا
With difficulty اوکھا اوکھا
Lest متے متاں / کِتے ایہہ نہ ہووے
Who knows خورے خورے
Very بہُوں

(بہوں is used in most Western Punjabi dialects)

Enough بتیرا بتھیرا / بتیرا
Less گھٹّ گھٹّ
Alone کلھیوں کلھیاں  
Together کٹھّیوں کٹھّیاں
Again مُڑی تے مُڑکے
Repeatedly مُڑی مُڑی مُڑ مُڑ
Eventually ہَولے ہَولے ہَولی ہَولی
Quickly بہلی چھیتی
This much (quality.) ایڈا ایڈا
This much (quantity.) ہیتݨاں اِنّا
Alright / Okay / Oh ہلا اچّھا

Note:

  • Some Majhi subdielcts do use کٹھّیوں for کٹھّیاں
  • Standard Punjabi makes use of اُپّر
  • In Pothohari مسیں means now, while in other dialects مسیں / مساں means "barely/hardly"
  • The pronunciation وِشکار is not unique to Pothohari alone
  • The word and expression ہلا / Hala is common throughout Western Punjab, also used in Majhi

Adjectives

English Pothohari Majhi
Difficult اوکھا اوکھا
Easy سَوکھا سَوکھا
Small نِکّا نِکّا
Large بڑا / بڈّا وڈّا
Unfamiliar اوپرا اوپرا
New نوَاں نوَاں
Old پراݨاں پراݨاں
Straight سِدھّا سِدھّا
Inverted پُٹھّا پُٹھّا
Crooked ڈِنگّا ڈِنگّا
High اُچّا اُچّا
Low نِیواں نِیواں
Good چنگا چنگا
Bad ماڑا / مندا ماڑا / مندا
Very bad بھَیڑا بھَیڑا
Heavy بھارا بھارا
Light ہَولا ہَولا
Narrow سَوڑا سَوڑا
Open کھُلھّا کھُلھّا
Firm پِیڈا پِیڈا
Loose ڈھِلّا ڈھِلّا
Late چِرکا چِرکا
On time ویلے نال ویلے نال
Red رتّا لال رتّا لال
Crimson سُوہا کھٹّ سُوہا کھٹّ
White چِٹّا دُدھّ چِٹّا دُدھّ
Black کالا شاہ کالا شاہ
Yellow پِلّا زرد پِلّا زرد
Sweet مِٹھّا مِٹھّا
Bitter کَوڑا کَوڑا
Slow مٹھّا مٹھّا
Well بلّ ولّ
Empty سکھّݨاں سکھّݨاں
Filled بھریا بھریا
Dry سُکّا / آٹھریا سُکّا / آٹھریا
Wet گِلّا / بھِجّا گِلّا / بھِجّا
Hot تتّا تتّا
Cold ٹھڈّا ٹھنڈا
Hungry بھُکھّا بھُکھّا
Fed رجّیا پُجّیا رجّیا پُجّیا
Smart سیاݨا سیاݨا
Fool جھلّا جھلّا
Deep ڈُونگھا ڈُونگھا
Beautiful سوہݨاں سوہݨاں
Ugly کوجھا کوجھا
Evil لُچّا لُچّا
Faux naïf مِیسݨا مِیسݨا

Tribal groupings

Pahari-Pothwari speakers belong to the same tribes found in Punjab. While the names of the tribes remain the same, the Punjabi word for tribe Birādrī/Barādarī (برادری) becomes Bilādrī/Balādarī (بل ادری) in Pahari-Pothwari and several other Punjabi dialects such as Jatki/Shahpuri.

Numbering system

Pahari-Pothwari follows the numbering traditions of Standard Punjabi. A point of departure from Eastern Punjabi dialects occurs in the use of Trai (ترَے) instead of Tinn (تِنّ) for the number 3. Other Western Punjabi dialects also tend to use trai over tinn.

Similarly, Pothwari, Majhi and other Western Punjabi dialects use "Yārā̃" (یاراں) for "Gyarā̃" (گیاراں), "Trei" (ترئی) for "Tei" (تئی) "Panji" (پنجِی) for "Pachchi" (پچّی) and "Trih" (ترِیہہ) for "Tih" (تِیہہ), for the numbers 11, 23, 25, and 30.

Unlike Jhangochi, Shahpuri and Dhanni Punjabi dialects, Pothohari does not use "Dāh" for 10, and instead uses "Das" as in Eastern Punjabi and Urdu/Hindi.

English Pahari-Pothwari
Numbers Numerals Transliteration Shahmukhi Numerals
One 1 ikk اِکّ ۱
Two 2 do دو ۲
Three 3 trai ترَے ۳
Four 4 chār چار ۴
Five 5 panj پَنج ۵
Six 6 che چھے ۶
Seven 7 satt سَتّ ۷
Eight 8 aṭṭh اَٹّھ ۸
Nine 9 nau نَو ۹
Ten 10 das دَس ۱۰

Oblique form

The numbers in their oblique form function the same throughout Punjabi dialects.

English Pothohari Jhangochi Majhi
I got it for forty-four میں ایہہ چُرتالیاں نا آندا آ میں ایہہ چُرتالیاں دا آندا اے میں ایہہ چوتالیاں دا آندا آ
Above twenty-five or thirty پنجِیاں ترِیہاں توں اپّر پنجِیاں ترِیہاں توں اُتّے پنجِیاں ترِیہاں توں اُتّے
After two or four days دوَنہہ چَونہہ دیہاڑیاں بعد دَونہہ چَونہہ دیہاڑیاں پِچھّوں دَونہہ چَونہہ دیہاڑیاں پِچھّوں
At 8:46 اٹھّ چھتالیاں اپّر اٹھّ چھتالیاں تے اٹھّ چھتالیاں تے
For almost five lac پنجاں اِک لکھّاں نا پنجاں اِک لکھّاں دا پنجاں اِک لکھّاں دا
Nearing twenty وِیہاں نے نیڑے وِیہاں دے نیڑے وِیہاں دے نیڑے

Ordinals

The ordinal numbers are largely the same. The only difference occurs in the words for Second and Third. Second is Doowa (دووا) in Pothwari, whilst it is Dooja (دوجا) in Punjabi. Likewise Third is Treeya (تریا) in Pothwari whilst it is Teeja (تیجا) in Punjabi. Western Punjabi in general tends to follow this trend.

English Pahari-Pothwari Standard Punjabi Jatki
Ordinals Shahmukhi Transliteration Shahmukhi Transliteration Shahmukhi Transliteration
First پہلا Pehla پہلا Pehla پہلا Pehla
Second دووا Dūwā دوجا Dūjjā دووا / دُوجا Dūwā / Dūjjā
Third تریا Trīyā تیجا Tījjā ترِجیا Trījjā
Fourth چوتھا Chauttha چَوتھا Chauttha چَوتھا Chauttha

Pronouns

Direct case

Person Romanisation Shahmukhi
Singular Plural Singular Plural
1st Person Mē̃ As میں اس
2nd Person Tū̃ Tus توں تُس
3rd Person Near É ایہ
Remote Ó اوہ

Oblique Case

Person Romanisation Shahmukhi
Singular Plural Singular Plural
1st Person Mē̃ Asā̃ میں اساں
2nd Person Tū̃ Tusā̃ توں تُساں
3rd Person Near Is Innā̃ اِس اِنّاں
Remote Us Unnā̃ اُس اُنّاں

Pronominal suffixes

Pothohari makes use of the general Punjabi suffixes.

romanisation
singular plural
2nd person -ī -ne
3rd person -s -ne
English Pothohari Jhangochi / Shahpuri Majhi
Alright what did he say next? (3rd person sing.)

ہلا فیر کے آخیاس؟

ہلا مُڑکی آکھیُس؟

ہلا مُڑ کی آکھیا سُو؟

اچھا فیر کی اکھیا سُو؟

Are you hands and feet broken? (2nd person plural.)

ہتھّ پَیر بھجّے / ترُٹّے نی؟

ہتھّ پَیر بھجّے نی؟

ہتھّ پَیر بھجّے نی؟ (یا ٹُٹّے)

I'm bringing it for you (2nd person sing.)

ایہہ میں تہاڑے واسطے آݨنا ای

ایہہ میں تیرے واسطے لیاندا ای

ایہہ میں تیرے واسطے آݨدا ای

Did you eat? (2nd person respect.)

روٹی کھادی نے؟

روٹی کھادی ہِنے؟

روٹی کھادی جے؟

He didn't even bother this much (3rd person sing.)

اتنا وی نہیس آخیا

ایتݨاں وی نِسُو آکھیا

اِنّا وی نہیں آکھیا سُو

Vocative case

These cases remain the same between Pothohari and other dialects.

As example of the vocative case:

English Pothohari Majhi
Oh my son! او مہاڑیا پُتّرا او میریا پُتّرا
You born to a blind a woman!

(Derogatory)

اَنّھی نیا اَنّھی دیا
Oh you people of God! او ﷲ نیو بندیو او ﷲ دیو بندیو
Listen to me girl کُڑِیے گلّ سُݨ کُڑِی گلّ سُݨ
Brother! بھراوا بھراوا
Oh elderly! (can be singular) بُزرگو بزرگو

Dative and definite object marker

The dative and definite object marker in Pothwari is kī (ਕੀ /کی) as opposed to nū̃ (ਨੂੰ / نوں) in Standard Punjabi.

  • The phrase: lokkā̃ nū̃ (ਲੋਕਾਂ ਨੂੰ / لوکاں نوں), meaning "to the people" in Standard Punjabi, would become lokkā̃ kī (ਲੋਕਾਂ ਕੀ / لوکاں کی) in Pothwari.

Hence, the objective personal pronouns would be as follows:

English Pahari-Pothwari Standard Punjabi
Shahmukhi Shahmukhi
To me میکی مَینُوں
To you (sing.) تُکی تَینُوں
To you (plural.) تُساں کی تُہانُوں
To us اساں کی سانُوں
To him/her اُس کی اوہنُوں

Genitive marker

The genitive marker in Pahari-Pothwari is represented through the use of nā (ਨਾ / نا) as opposed to dā (ਦਾ / دا) in common Punjabi.

  • The phrase: lokkā̃ dā (ਲੋਕਾਂ ਦਾ / لوکاں دا), meaning "people's" or "of the people" in Pahari-Pothwari, would become lokkā̃ nā (ਲੋਕਾਂ ਨਾ / لوکاں نا)

It should also be noted that in Pahari-Pothwari, the present form of verb does not end with the standard dā sound either, and is replaced with nā. This means that ākhdā would be ākhnā in Pahari-Pothwari meaning "to say" and similarly the word takkdā would be takknā in Pahari-Pothwari meaning "to look/to watch".

For example:

  • Miki eh nih si cāhinā (میکی ایہہ نِیہ سی چاہینا), meaning "This is not what I wanted"
  • Oh kai pyā ākhnā ae? (اوہ کے پیا آخنا ہے؟), meaning "What is he saying?"
  • This also affects the common Punjabi passive tense: Is tarhā̃ nih ākhī nā (اِس طرحاں نہیں آخی نا), instead of "ākhee dā", meaning "That's not how it should be said"
English Pothohari Majhi Jhangochi
We come اساں اچھنے آں

 

اسِیں آؤنے آں اسِیں آنے آں
What do you say? تُوں کے آخنا ایں؟ تُوں کی آکھدا ایں؟ تُوں کی آہیندا ایں؟
The things I do جہڑے کمّ میں کرنا آں جہڑے کمّ میں کرنا آں جہڑے کمّ میں کرنا/کریٔنا آں

This also affects some of the genitive pronouns.

English Pahari-Pothwari Jatki Hindko
Jhangvi/Shahpuri Dhanni
Shahmukhi Shahmukhi Shahmukhi Shahmukhi
Mine مہارا میرا مَینڈھا مڑھا
Yours (sing.) تَہاڑا تیرا تَینڈھا تُڑھا
Yours (plural.) تُساں نا تُہاڈا تُساڈا / تُساں دا تُساں دا
Ours اساں نا / ساہڑا ساڈا اساڈا / اساں دا اساں دا

Oblique case of nouns

Pahari-Pothwari has unique forms for nouns in oblique cases. This is not observed in Standard Punjabi, but is seen in Hindko.

English Pahari-Pothwari Standard Punjabi
Shahmukhi Shahmukhi
Housework گھرے نا کمّ گھر دا کمّ
Dinner راتی نی روٹی رات دی روٹی
In a young age نِکّی عُمرے وِچ نِکّی عُمر وِچّ
On my heart مھاڑے دِلّے اپّر میرے دِل تے
With care دھیاݨے نال دھیان نال
Patiently ارامے نال ارام نال
To my sister بھیݨُوں کی بھین نُوں
For my brother بھراُو واسطے بھرا واسطے
Important detail کمّے نی گلّ کمّ دی گلّ
There's no accounting for taste شَونقے نا کوئی مُل نہیں ہوݨا شَونق دا کوئی مُل نہیں ہوندا
Understand the point گلّے کی سمجھ گلّ نُوں سمجھ

Adding "i" to root form of verb

A peculiar feature of Pahari-Pothwari is to end the basic root form of verbs with an "i" sound.

English Pahari-Pothwari Standard Punjabi
Shahmukhi Shahmukhi
It happened ہوئی گیا ہو گیا
It may be possible ہوئی سکنا اے ہو سکدا اے
Together رلی مِلی تے رل مِل کے
Finish it مُکائی چھوڑ مُکا چھڈّ/چھوڑ
Look تکّی گھِنو ویکھ لو
Come back after having lunch روٹی کھائی تے مُڑی اچھِیں روٹی کھا کے مُڑ آوِیں
Eat it کھائی گھِن کھا لَے
Sit quietly for once کدے ٹِکی تے بہی وی جُلیا کر کدے ٹِک کے بہہ وی جایا کر

Vocabulary

General verbs

A majority of the general verbs between Pothohari and most other dialects of Punjabi appears to be the same.

English Pothohari Majhi
Taking out کڈھّݨا کڈھّݨا
Taking off لاہݨا لاہُݨا
Applying لاݨا لاؤݨا
Decreasing گھٹّݨا گھٹّݨا
Jumping چھال مارنی چھال مارنی
Agreeing منّݨا منّݨا
Hesitating جھکّݨا جھکّݨا
Forgetting بھُلّݨا بھُلّݨا
Wearing / Pouring باݨا پاؤݨا
Lying / To be poured پَیݨا پَیݨا
Sitting بہݨا بہݨا
Breaking بھنّݨا یا تروڑنا بھنّݨا
Returning موڑنا موڑنا
Flipping پرتاݨا پرتاؤݨا
Seeing تکھّݨا

تکّݨا یا ویکھݨا

To be seen دِسّݨا دِسّݨا
Telling دسّݨا دسّݨا
Saying آخݨا آکھݨا
Running نسّݨا نسّݨا
Falling ڈھیہݨا

ڈھہݨا یا ڈِگّݨا

Slipping تِلکݨا تِلکݨا
Chewing چِتھّݨا چِتھّݨا
Coughing کھنگھݨا کھنگھݨا
Raise چاڑھنا چاڑھنا
Coming اچھݨا آؤݨا
Walking ٹُرنا ٹُرنا
Pulling چھِکّݨا

چھِکّݨا / کھِچّݨا

Passing لنگھّݨا لنگھّݨا
Capturing مَلّݨا مَلّݨا
Cooling ٹھارنا ٹھارنا
Obtaining لبھّݨا لبھّݨا
Lighting up بالݨا بالݨا
Cooking رِنھّݨا رِنھّݨا
Tying بنھّݨا بنھّݨا
Roasting بھُنّݨا بھُنّݨا
Slaughtering کوہݨا کوہݨا
To identify سیاݨنا سیاݨنا
Throwing سٹّݨا

سُٹّݨا / سٹّݨا

Losing ہرنا ہرنا
Entering بڑنا وڑنا
Crumbling بھورنا بھورنا
Covering کجّݨا کجّݨا
Dividing ونڈݨا ونڈݨا
Stuffing / Thrusting تُنّݨا تُنّݨا
To press منڈݨا منڈݨا
To vex کھپاݨا کھپاؤݨا
To spread کھِلارنا کھِلارنا
To be stolen کھُسّݨا کھُسّݨا
To blow پھُوکݨا پھُوکݨا
To dust off چھنڈݨا چھنڈݨا
To mix رلݨا رلݨا
To dry سُکّݨا سُکّݨا
Hanging لمکݨا لمکݨا
Boiling کاڑھنا کاڑھنا
Spilling ڈولھݨا ڈولھݨا
Shining لِشکݨا لِشکݨا
Plastering / Coating لِنبݨا لِنبݨا
Maintain سانبھݨا سانبھݨا
To take along کھڑنا کھڑنا یا لَےجاݨا

Note:

  • Eastern Majhi and Malvai use Khichchna for pulling, while Western Majhi, Jhangochi, Shahpuri, Pothohari use Chhikkna.
  • Eastern dialects will use Bhann-Toṛ and Ṭuṭṭ-Bhajj, while Western dialects like Pothohari use Bhann-Troṛ and Truṭṭ-Bhajj.
  • Saṭṭna for throwing is used in Western dialects, and Chaana for picking. (As opposed to Suṭṭna / Chukkna), though Pothohari may use Chukkna as well.
  • Pothohari verbs do not seem to involve the -aavna or -aauna sound. This is similar to certain Majhi sub-dialects.
  • Labbhna is used for obtaining and receiving as in most dialects of Punjabi, however it is often not used in the active sense. For this Pothohari prefers Loṛna. (The passive form of this word "Loṛeenda" is commonly used in Standard Punjabi)
  • The Pothohari word for grabbing and holding is Nappṅa (common in Punjabi) and Lapaṛna (unique verb)

The passives remain the same throughout Punjabi dialects

  • Bhannṅa (to break) and Bhajjṅa (to be broken)
  • Bhunnṅa (to roast) and Bhujjṅa (to be roasted)
  • Rinnhṅa (to cook) and Rijjhṅa (to be cooked)
  • Ḍolhṅa (to spill) and Dullhṅa (to be spilt)
  • Laahṅa (to take off) and Lehṅa (to descend/come off)
  • Laveṛna (to besmear) and Livaṛna (to be besmeared)

The irregular past tense remains the same throughout Punjabi dialects

Differences in brackets.

  • Khaadhā
  • Peetā
  • Dittā
  • Keetā
  • Suttā
  • Moeā
  • Seāṅtā (Jhangochi/Shahpuri/Dhanni: Seātā, Majhi: Seāṅeā)
  • Latthā
  • Ḍhaṭṭhā
  • Baddhā
  • Nahātā
  • Dhotā
  • Khaltā (In other dialects: Khalotā) e.g.: Miki saɽke apar khalteon addhā ghantā hoi gya sā
  • Baṅtā (In other dialects: Baṅeā) e.g.: Chāʼ kadū̃ ni banti hoi ae
  • Guddhā

Nā and Khā̃

Used throughout Punjabi dialects (e.g.: Majhi, Jhangochi, etc.)

  • Gall suṅeṉ na (Please listen)
  • Gall suṅ khā̃ (Listen up!)

Word for sleep

English Pothohari Jhangochi / Shahpuri Majhi
To sleep سَیݨا سَوݨا

سن٘وݨا

سَوݨا
Has slept  

سئی ریہا

سَیں پیا

سَیں ریہا

سَوں گیا
He is sleeping

اوہ سَیݨا اے پیا

اوہ سَوندا اے پیا

اوہ سَوندا اے پیا

Asleep سُتّا پیا سُتّا پیا سُتّا پیا
Having slept or

While asleep

سُتّیوں سُتّیاں سُتّیاں
After sleeping سئی تے سَیں کے

(or تے)

سَوں کے
Go to sleep سئی گو

سئی جا سئی روہ

سَیں پو

سَیں جا

سَیں روہ

سَوں جا

He is to sleep اوہ سئے اوہ سَون٘وے اوہ سَون٘وے
Putting to sleep

سن٘واولݨا

سن٘واوݨا

سن٘واؤݨا

Family relations

The names of family relations are mostly the same throughout the Punjabi dialects.

English Punjabi / Pothohari
Shahmukhi
Mother / Father ماں پیو
Son / Daughter دھِیاں پُتّر
Brother / Sister بھَیݨاں بھرا
Husband گھر الا / جݨا / خسم
Wife گھر آلی / زنانی
Grandchildren (from son) پوترے پوترِیاں
Grandchildren (from daughter) دوترے دوترِیاں
Son-in-law جوائی
Daughter-in-law نوںھہ
Mother-in-law سسّ
Father-in-law سوہرا
Husband's sister نناݨ
Sister's husband بھݨوئیا
Brother's wife بھرجائی
Father's brother / Father's sister چاچا / پُپھّی
Father's brother's wife چاچی
Father's sister's husband پُھپھّڑ
Mother's brother / Mother's sister ماما / ماسی
Mother's brother's wife مامی
Mother's sister's husband ماسڑ
Cousin from father's brother چچیر / دد پوترا
Cousin from father's sister پھُپھیر
Cousin from mother's brother ملویر
Cousin from mother's sister مسیر

Some words unique to Pothohari include:

  • Daad-Potraa to refer to a cousin (Son of father's brother, Potraa is a common Punjabi word)
  • Be for mother (Eastern Punjabi does use Be-Be for mother)
  • Bhaapaa for brother (Sometimes used in Eastern-Majhi)

Body part names

Names of body parts are the same throughout Punjabi dialects with minimal differences if any.

English Pothohari Jhangochi / Shahpuri Majhi
Eyes اکھِّیاں اکھِّیاں / اکھِیں اکھّاں
Head سِر سِر سِر
Forehead متھّا متھّا متھّا
Eyelashes پِمݨِیاں پِپّݨیاں پلکاں
Eyebrows بھروٹّے بھربِٹّے بھروٹّے
Eyelids چھپّر چھپّر چھپّر
Eyeballs آنّے آنّے آنّے
Ears کنّ کنّ کنّ
Arms باہاں باہِیں باہواں
Throat سنگھ سگّھ سنگھ
Neck دھَوݨ دھَوݨ دھَوݨ
Shoulders موڈھے موڈھے موڈھے
Elbow ارک ارک ارک
Nails نَونہہ نَونہہ نَونہہ
Hands ہتھّ ہتھّ ہتھّ
Fingers انگلاں انگلاں اُنگلاں
Belly ڈھِڈّ ڈھِڈّ ڈھِڈّ
Waist لکّ لکّ لکّ
Legs لتّاں لتّاں لتّاں
Knees گوڈے گوڈے گوڈے
Ankles گِٹّے گِٹّے گِٹّے
Feet پَیر پَیر پَیر
Palm تلّی تلّی تلّی
Teeth دند دند دند
Molars ہݨیوں ہݨیوں جاڑھاں
Tongue جِیبھ جِبھّ جِیبھ
Nose نکّ نکّ نکّ
Nostrils ناساں ناساں ناساں
Face مونہہ مونہہ مونہہ
Back کنڈ کنڈ کنڈ
Hips ڈھاکاں ڈھاکاں ڈھاکاں
Hip bone چُوکݨا چُوکݨا چُوکݨا

Words for "Coming" and "Going"

The Pahari-Pothwari word for "coming" is acchṇā, whereas for "going" gacchṇā, julṇā and jāṇā are used.

English Pahari-Pothwari Jatki Standard Punjabi
Shahmukhi Shahmukhi Shahmukhi
I am coming میں اچھنا پیا ہاں میں آوندا پیا ہاں میں آوندا پیا ہاں
I am going میں گچھنا پیا ہاں

میں جُلنا پیا ہاں

میں ویندا پیا ہاں

میں جاوندا پیا ہاں

میں جاندا پیا ہاں
I am not understanding میکی سمجھ نِیہ اچھنی پئی مینُوں سمجھ نہیں آوندی پئی مینُوں سمجھ نہیں آوندی پئی
I will leave tomorrow میں کلّ گیساں

میں کلّ جُلساں

میں کلّھ ویساں

میں کلّھ جاساں

میں کلّھ جاواں گا
We are going for work اساں کمّے اپّر جُلے ہاں اسِیں کمّ تے چلے ہاں اسِیں کمّ تے چلے ہاں
It happens ہوئی گچھنا اے

ہوئی جُلنا اے

ہوئی جانا اے

ہو ویندا ہے

ہو جاوندا ہے

ہو جاندا ہے
Sit down بہی جُل

بہی گچھ

بہی جا

بہہ ونج

بہہ جا

بہہ جا
I will take him along اُسکی وی نال گھِنی گیساں

اُسکی وی نال گھِنی جُلساں

اوہنُوں وی نال لے ویساں/جاساں

اوہنُوں وی نال گھِن ویساں

اوہنُوں وی نال لَے جاواں گا

The imperative for gacchṇā is both gacch and gau.

Causative verbs

Pahari-Pothwari causative verbs end with -ālnā. This feature also exists in the Eastern Majhi dialect. (e.g.: Vikhālṇā)

English Pahari-Pothwari Standard Punjabi Jatki
To cause to eat کھوالݨا کھواوݨا کھواوݨا
To cause to drink پیالݨا پیاوݨا پِواوݨا
To cause to bathe نہوالݨا نہواوݨا نہواوݨا
To cause to wash دھوالݨا دھواوݨا دھواوݨا
To cause to cry رووالنا رواوݨا رواوݨا
To cause to sleep سوالݨا سواوݨا سواوݨا
To cause to sit بہالݨا بہاوݨا بہاوݨا
To cause to stand اُٹھالݨا اُٹھاوݨا اُٹھاوݨا

*Notes

Not all causative verbs are formed like this, e.g. to play -kheṛṇā to khaṛāṇa,

Words used for "Taking" and "Bringing"

Commonly observed in the Lahnda dialects is the use of Ghinṇā (گھِننا) and Aaṇnā (آننا) instead of the Eastern Punjabi words Laiṇā (لَینا) and Lyāṇā (لیانا).

Notice how Ghin āo becomes Ghini achho, and Ghin ghidā becomes Ghini ghidā in accordance with Pothwari grammar and vocabulary.

English Pahari-Pothwari Jatki Hindko Saraiki
Shahpuri/Jhangochi Dhanni
From tomorrow onwards, I'll also bring it for you, just cope for today. کلّ سوں میں تُساں کی وی آݨی دِتّا کرساں، اجّ گُزارہ کری گھِنو کلّ توں میں تُہانُوں وی لیا دِتّا کرساں، اجّ گُزارہ کر لوو کلّ توں میں تُسانُوں وی آݨ دِتّا کریساں، اجّ گُزارہ کر گھِنو کلّ توں میں تُساں آں وی آݨ دیا کرساں، اجّ گُزارہ کر گھِنو کلّ توں میں تُہاکُوں وی آݨ ڈِتّا کریساں، اجّ گُزارہ کر گھِنو
Take him along as well. اُسکی وی نال گھِنی اچھو اوہنُوں وی نال لَے آوو اوہنُوں وی نال گھِن آوو اُساں وی نال گھِن آؤ اُوکُوں وی نال گھِن آوو
They took it from me as well اُنھاں مھاڑے کولُوں وی گھِنی گھِدا اُنھاں میرے کولُوں وی لَے لیا اُنھاں مینڈھے کولُوں وی گھِن گھِدا اُنھان مڑھے کولُوں وی گھِن گھِدا اُنھاں میڈے کولُوں وی گھِن گھِدا
He is bringing اوہ آݨنا پیا ہے اوہ لیاندا پیا ہے اوہ اݨیندا پیا ہے اوہ آݨدا پیا ہے اوہ اݨیندا پیا ہے
We will also have to bring them back اُنھاں کی واپس وی آݨنا ہوسی اُنھاں نُوں واپس وی لیاوَݨا ہوسی اُنھاں نُوں واپس وی آݨنا ہوسی اُنھاں آں واپس وی آݨنا ہوسی اُنھاں کُوں واپس وی آݨنا ہوسی
Eat it کھائی گھِن کھا لَے کھا گھِن کھا گھِن کھا گھِن
Bring it

Brought it

چائی آݨو

چائی آݨنا


چا لیاؤ

چا لیاندا


چا آݨو

چا اݨیندا


چا آݨو

چا اݨدا


چا آݨو

چا اݨیندا


Take it

Took it

چائی گھِنو

چائی گھِدا


چا لوو

چا لیا


چا گھِنو

چا گھِدا


چا گھِنو

چا گھِدا


چا گھِنو

چا گھِدا


He will take him along اوہ اِسکی نال گھِنی گیسی/ جُلسی/ جاسی اوہ ایہنُوں نال لَے ویسی

اوہ ایہنُوں لے جاسی



اوہ ایہنُوں نال گھِن ویسی اوہ اِساں نال گھِن جُلسی اوہ اِیکُوں نال گھِن ویسی

Interrogative words

English Pahari-Pothwari Jatki Standard
Why کِیاں کیوں کیوں
Where کتھے کِتھّے کِتھّے
Whither کُدھّر کِدّے کِدّھر
Who کُݨ کَوݨ کَوݨ
What? کے؟ کیہہ / کی کی / کِیہہ

Pahari-Pothwari vocabulary similarities with other Western Punjabi dialects

English Pahari-Pothwari Jatki Hindko Saraiki
Very / Much بُہو بہُوں بہُوں بہُوں
Go to sleep سئی گو سَیں ونج سَیں جُل سم ونج
Alright / Okay ہلا ہلا ہلا ہلا
Boy جاکت / جاتک جاتک / چھوہر جندک چھُوہر
What is his name? کے ناں اُسنا؟ کیہ/کے ناں اُس؟ کے ناں اُس؟ کیا ناں اُس؟
Take گھِنو لَوو (جھنگوچی/شاہپُوری)

گھِنو (دھنی)

گھِنو گھِنو
Bring آݨو لیاوو (جھنگوچی/شاہپُوری)

آنو (دھنی)

آنو آنو
He speaks like us اوہ اساں آر بولنا اے اوہ ساڈے آر بولیندا اے اوہ اساں آر بولدا اے اوہ ساڈے آر الیندا اے
Let's go آ جُلِیَے آ چلِیئے/جُلِیے آ جُلاں آ جُلُوں
Lift/Raise چاؤ چاوو چاؤ چاوو
Life حیاتی حیاتی حیاتی حیاتی

Notes

  1. Baart (2003, p. 10) provides an estimate of 3.8 million, presumably for the population in Pakistan alone. Lothers & Lothers (2010, p. 9) estimate the Pakistani population at well over 2.5 million and the UK diaspora at over 0.5 million. The population in India is reported in Ethnologue (2017) to be about 1 million as of 2000.
  2. There is no consensus among linguists or Pahari-Pothwari speakers in terms of its status as a dialect of Punjabi or a separate language entirely. For the difficulties in assigning the labels "language" and "dialect", see Shackle (1979) for Punjabi and Masica (1991, pp. 23–27) for Indo-Aryan generally.
  3. According to Lothers & Lothers (2010, p. 2). Abbasi (2010, p. 104) adds as a fourth dialect the Poonchi spoken from Poonch to the Neelam Valley. Yet another classification is reportedly presented in Karnai (2007).
  4. For example, according to the 1981 census report for Rawalpindi District, 85.1% of households had Punjabi as mother tongue. In any census, only a small number of major languages have been counted separately, and there has not been a separate option available for either Pahari or Pothwari.
  5. One language activist from the diaspora in Britain " said that he does not give the language a single name because those who speak the language call it many different things." (Lothers & Lothers 2012, p. 3).
  6. Some, at least in the British diaspora, consider this term to be a misnomer if applied to the language. (Lothers & Lothers 2012, p. 3).
  7. The similarity between wordlists containing 217 items of basic vocabulary from each location. (Lothers & Lothers 2010, pp. 15–16)

References

  1. "Pahari". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  2. Hussain, Qandeel (2020-12-31). "Punjabi (India and Pakistan) – Language Snapshot". Language Documentation and Description. 19: 144. doi:10.25894/ldd71.
  3. Masica 1991, p. 440.
  4. ^ Shackle 1983, p. 183.
  5. Shackle 1979, p. 201: Pothohari "is often so close to Panjabi that any attempt to maintain the Lahndi scheme ought probably to reckon it as 'Lahndi merging into Panjabi'."
  6. Rahman, Tariq (1995-01-01). "The Siraiki Movement in Pakistan". Language Problems and Language Planning. 19 (1): 16. doi:10.1075/lplp.19.1.01rah. ISSN 0272-2690.
  7. Lothers & Lothers 2010, p. 2.
  8. Lothers & Lothers 2010, p. 86. Speakers from Muzaffarabad "consider the Mirpur dialect different enough that it is difficult to understand."
  9. The alternative English spellings are from Ethnologue (2017).
  10. ^ Abbasi & Asif 2010, p. 201.
  11. ^ Grierson 1919, p. 432.
  12. John, Asher (2009). "Two dialects one region : a sociolinguistic approach to dialects as identity markers". CardinalScholar 1.0.
  13. Lothers & Lothers 2010, pp. 2–3, 19, 112.
  14. Shackle 1980.
  15. Lothers & Lothers 2012, pp. 12, 26. At least in terms of lexical similarity..
  16. Lothers & Lothers 2010, pp. 2–3, 5, 19, 100.
  17. Lothers & Lothers 2010, p. 44.
  18. Shackle 2007, p. 114.
  19. Lothers & Lothers 2012, p. 1.
  20. Hussain 2015, pp. 483–84.
  21. Lothers & Lothers 2010, p. 23.
  22. Lothers & Lothers 2010, pp. 2, 5.
  23. ^ Abbasi 2010, p. 104.
  24. Hindko according to Lothers & Lothers (2010, pp. 5, 39) and Dhundi according to Grierson (1919, p. 495). Pahari is reported in both sources.
  25. Lothers & Lothers 2010, pp. 40, 126–27. The speakers of Pahari in Abbottabad District regard the Hindko of the city of Abbottabad as a different language.
  26. Lothers & Lothers 2010, pp. 2, 40.
  27. Lothers & Lothers 2010, pp. 2, 5, 8.
  28. Grierson 1919, p. 505.
  29. Grierson 1919, p. 505 and corresponding map.
  30. Abbasi 2010, p. 104; Abbasi & Asif 2010, pp. 201–202
  31. Lothers & Lothers 2010, sec. 3.1. The varieties surveyed here are from Bagh and Muzaffarabad.
  32. Lothers & Lothers 2010, p. 24. The wordlists that form the basis of this comparison are from the variety of Neela Butt.
  33. Lothers & Lothers 2010, pp. 24–25.
  34. Lothers & Lothers 2010, pp. 26, 80.
  35. Lothers & Lothers 2010, pp. 108, 110.
  36. Lothers & Lothers 2010, p. 24.
  37. Lothers & Lothers 2010, p. 26; Akhtar & Rehman 2007, p. 68. The conclusion is similarly based on lexical similarity and the comparison is with the Hindko of the Kaghan Valley on one hand and with the Pahari of the Murre Hills on the other.
  38. A 2000 estimate reported in Ethnologue (2017)
  39. Singh 2014, p. 18; Bhat 2014, ch. 1, pp. 38, 40
  40. Lists of regions and settlements are found in Bhat (2014, ch. 1, pp. 40, 43–44) and Kour (2014).
  41. "The Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 3, 2014. Retrieved April 29, 2020.
  42. Kaul 2006, pp. 42, 256–8.
  43. Hussain 2015.
  44. Nazir, Farah. "What is the name of my language?". University of Oxford: Creative Multilingualism. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
  45. ^ "Language, England and Wales: Census 2021". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
  46. ^ Kogan, Anton I. (2011). Potxoxari Jazyk. Tatiana I. Oranskaya and Yulia V. Mazurova and Andrej A. Kibrik and Leonid I. Kulikov and Aleksandr Y. Rusakov (eds.), Jazyki Mira: Novye Indoarijskie Jazyki: Moskva: Academia. pp. 516–527.
  47. Khan, Abdul Qadir (2013). A Preliminary Study of Pahari Language and its Sound System. pp. 1–20.
  48. "Lahnda Structure". Central Institute of Indian Languages. Retrieved from http://lisindia.ciil.org/Lahnda/lah_struct.html. Retrieved June 03, 2023.
  49. Wilson, J. (1898). Grammar and Dictionary of Western Punjabi. Punjab Government Press. p. 50. The future tense is formed by adding to the root the letter -s with the general personal endings
  50. Shah, Bulleh. "Uth jaag ghurarry mar nhen". Folk Punjab (in Punjabi). Retrieved June 3, 2023.
  51. Shah, Bulleh. "اُٹھ جاگ گُھراڑے مار نہیں". Folk Punjab (in Punjabi). Retrieved June 3, 2023.
  52. Wilson, J. (1898). Grammar and Dictionary of Western Punjabi. Punjab Government Press. p. 54. me venda pyā̃, me kamm pya karendā̃.
  53. Bailey, Thomas Grahame (2013). Languages of the Northern Himalayas: Being Studies In The Grammar Of Twenty-Six Himalayan Dialects. Cambridge University Press.
  54. Wilson, J. (1898). Grammar and Dictionary of Western Punjabi. Punjab Printing Press. the genitive postposition (of) is nā instead of dā...These characteristics are also found in the dialects spoken In the western tehsils of the Rawalpindi District as far north as Attack, and probably in the intervening tahsils of the Jehlam District
  55. Wilson, J. (1898). Grammar and Dictionary of Western Punjabi. Punjab Government Press. p. 9. In the dialect of the Salt Range many nouns, and especialy monosyllables ending in a consonant, to form the absolute singular, add to the absolute form an e if masculine, and an i or u if feminine.
  56. ^ Tahir, Shiraz (2016). Shiraz ul Lughat. Peshawar: Gandhara Hindko Board. ISBN 978-969-687-010-4.
  57. Tahir, Shiraz (2016). Shiraz ul Lughat. Peshawar: Gandhara Hindko Board. ISBN 978-969-687-010-4.
  58. Salah-ud-Din, Iqbal (2002). Vaḍḍī Panjābī lughat: Panjābī tūn Panjābī. Aziz Publishers. Retrieved October 26, 2023 – via dsal.uchicago.edu. کھوالن مصدر کھواون.
  59. Singh, Maya (1895). The Panjabi dictionary. Munshi Gulab Singh & Sons. Retrieved 2023-10-21 – via dsal.uchicago.edu. GHINNAṈÁ ਘਿੱਨਣਾ v. a. To take
  60. Wilson, J. (1898). Grammar and Dictionary of Western Punjabi. Punjab Government Press. p. 1. Ghinn for Le (Take).
  61. A. Jukes (1900). Dictionary of the Jatki or Western Panjábi Language. Lahore: Religious Book and Tract Society. p. 22. آننْڑ / Anan, v. t. To bring.
  62. Salah-ud-Din, Iqbal (2002). Vaḍḍī Panjābī lughat: Panjābī tūn Panjābī. Aziz Publishers. Retrieved October 21, 2023 – via dsal.uchicago.edu.

Bibliography

Further reading

  • Karnai, Mian Karim Ullah (2007). Pahari aor Urdu: ik taqabali jaiza (in Urdu). Islamabad: National Language Authority.
  • Nazir, Farah (2014). Light Verb Constructions in Potwari (PhD). University of Manchester.

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