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| {{Short description|Far-right ultra-nationalism}} | {{Short description|Far-right ultra-nationalism}} | ||
| ⚫ | |||
| {{Nationalism sidebar|expanded=Types}} | {{Nationalism sidebar|expanded=Types}} | ||
| '''European nationalism''' (sometimes called '''pan-European nationalism''') is a form of ] based on a ] |
'''European nationalism''' (sometimes called '''pan-European nationalism''') is a form of ] based on a ]. It is considered minor since the ] disintegrated in the 1970s. | ||
| It is distinct from ], which is primarily underpinned by ] values, in being based on a ] understanding of Europe as a continent of ] ] with shared histories and cultural values and usually seeking to transform the current political system of ].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bieber |first=Florian |date=2019-11-30 |title=How Europe's Nationalists Became Internationalists |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/11/30/how-europes-nationalists-became-internationalists/ |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> | |||
| ==History== | ==History== | ||
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| ===Current situation=== | ===Current situation=== | ||
| In 2014, Raphael Schlembach describes the existence of "a form of pan-European nationalism — a 'Europe for the Europeans' — that is based upon anti-Americanism and ethno-pluralism" within "some sections" of European ].<ref>Raphael Schlembach, ''Against Old Europe: Critical Theory and Alter-Globalization Movements'' (2014), </ref> Indeed, European nationalist organisations continued to exist on a minor scale after the disintegration of the National Party of Europe in the 1970s, but no group advocates a "European nation state". | In 2014, Raphael Schlembach describes the existence of "a form of pan-European nationalism — a 'Europe for the Europeans' — that is based upon anti-Americanism and ethno-pluralism" within "some sections" of European ].<ref>Raphael Schlembach, ''Against Old Europe: Critical Theory and Alter-Globalization Movements'' (2014), </ref> Indeed, European nationalist organisations continued to exist on a minor scale after the disintegration of the National Party of Europe in the 1970s, but no group advocates a "European nation state". | ||
| According to scholars, former European nationalist groups now propose a European ] based on an ideology of "European culturalism"<ref>"Though it took nearly ten years for this ''Nouvelle Droite'' to be discovered by the media, its elitist discourse, its claims to be scientific and its emphasis on European culturalism were influential throughout the 1970s in rehabilitating a number of ideas previously held to be indefensible. The New Right's strategy of intellectual rearmament was the polar opposite of commando activism, but continuity of personnel and, in substance (though not in form), of major tenets can be traced back to the OAS and beyond." Vaughan, Michalina, "The Extreme Right in France: 'Lepénisme' or the Politics of Fear" in: Luciano Cheles, Ronnie Ferguson, and Michalina Vaughan (eds.), ''The Far Right in Western and Eastern Europe'' (second ed. 1995), pp. 215–233 (p. 219),</ref> or, according to Dimitri Almeida, underwent a "]", the ideology of European nationalism being largely replaced by ] by the 2010s.<ref>Dimitri Almeida, ''The Impact of European Integration on Political Parties: Beyond the Permissive Consensus'', Routledge (2012), .</ref> | According to scholars, former European nationalist groups now propose a European ] based on an ideology of "European culturalism"<ref>"Though it took nearly ten years for this ''Nouvelle Droite'' to be discovered by the media, its elitist discourse, its claims to be scientific and its emphasis on European culturalism were influential throughout the 1970s in rehabilitating a number of ideas previously held to be indefensible. The New Right's strategy of intellectual rearmament was the polar opposite of commando activism, but continuity of personnel and, in substance (though not in form), of major tenets can be traced back to the OAS and beyond." Vaughan, Michalina, "The Extreme Right in France: 'Lepénisme' or the Politics of Fear" in: Luciano Cheles, Ronnie Ferguson, and Michalina Vaughan (eds.), ''The Far Right in Western and Eastern Europe'' (second ed. 1995), pp. 215–233 (p. 219),</ref> or, according to Dimitri Almeida, they underwent a "]", the ideology of European nationalism being largely replaced by ] by the 2010s.<ref>Dimitri Almeida, ''The Impact of European Integration on Political Parties: Beyond the Permissive Consensus'', Routledge (2012), .</ref> | ||
| ====European Parliament==== | ====European Parliament==== | ||
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| |{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-06-13/far-right-faction-in-eu-parliament-is-recreated-as-bigger-force |last=Stearns |first=Jonathan|title=Far-Right Faction in EU Parliament Is Recreated as Bigger Force |date=13 June 2019 |work=]}} | |{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-06-13/far-right-faction-in-eu-parliament-is-recreated-as-bigger-force |last=Stearns |first=Jonathan|title=Far-Right Faction in EU Parliament Is Recreated as Bigger Force |date=13 June 2019 |work=]}} | ||
| |{{cite news |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20190613-far-right-group-eu-parliament-doubles-strength |title=Far-right group in EU parliament doubles in strength |date=13 June 2019 |work=]}} | |{{cite news |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20190613-far-right-group-eu-parliament-doubles-strength |title=Far-right group in EU parliament doubles in strength |date=13 June 2019 |work=]}} | ||
| |{{cite news |title=Parliament groups vow to stop far-right MEPs chairing committees |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/parliament-groups-vow-to-stop-far-right-meps-chairing-committees/ |access-date=12 August 2019 |work=Politico |date=2 July 2019}}}}</ref><ref name="ap">{{cite news |url=https://www.apnews.com/7539eb11551844cbacb89e8a03c94f69 |last=Cook |first=Lorne|title=Europe's populists rebrand but policies remain the same |date=13 June 2019 | |
|{{cite news |title=Parliament groups vow to stop far-right MEPs chairing committees |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/parliament-groups-vow-to-stop-far-right-meps-chairing-committees/ |access-date=12 August 2019 |work=Politico |date=2 July 2019}}}}</ref><ref name="ap">{{cite news |url=https://www.apnews.com/7539eb11551844cbacb89e8a03c94f69 |last=Cook |first=Lorne|title=Europe's populists rebrand but policies remain the same |date=13 June 2019 |work=]}}</ref><ref name="reuters">{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-eu-jobs-lepen/frances-le-pen-unveils-new-far-right-european-parliament-group-idUSKCN1TE1IG |title=France's Le Pen unveils new far-right European Parliament group |date=13 June 2019 |work=]}}</ref> ] launched on 13 June 2019 for the ]. It is composed of ], ] and ] national parties from nine European nations. It is the successor to the ] group, which was formed during the ]. Its members are the ], ] (Belgium), ] (Czechia), the ], the ], the ], ], {{lang|it|]|italic=no}} (Italy) and the ] (Netherlands). Other nationalist parties include the ] (ECR), which also included nationalist, right-wing populist and ] national parties from 12 countries. | ||
| ===List of European nationalist organisations=== | ===List of European nationalist organisations=== | ||
| Line 28: | Line 30: | ||
| ==Arendt's warning== | ==Arendt's warning== | ||
| ] warned in 1954 that a "pan-European nationalism" might arise from the cultivation of ] sentiment in Europe.<ref>Hannah Arendt, Essays in Understanding 1930-1954 ed J .Kohn (1994), |
] warned in 1954 that a "pan-European nationalism" might arise from the cultivation of ] sentiment in Europe.<ref>Hannah Arendt, Essays in Understanding 1930-1954 ed J .Kohn (1994), especially pp. 412-417.</ref> Her warning has been deemed obsolete by the 1990s: | ||
| *] argued, "Europe could never constitute a coherent identity because there is 'no external opposition' to it" (a role foreseen by Arendt as to be taken by America). | *] argued, "Europe could never constitute a coherent identity because there is 'no external opposition' to it" (a role foreseen by Arendt as to be taken by America). | ||
| *In the opinion of the scholar Anton Speekenbrink in 2014, nationalism was replaced by a "postmodern world order" in the postwar period ("Nationalism was dead, but it was not replaced by pan-European nationalism or by a pan-European identity"). It instead invoked a "European idea", which was said to be transformed into an "idea of diversity of identity" combined with a "commonality of values".<ref>Anton Speekenbrink, "Trans-Atlantic Relations in a Postmodern World" (2014), .</ref> | *In the opinion of the scholar Anton Speekenbrink in 2014, nationalism was replaced by a "postmodern world order" in the postwar period ("Nationalism was dead, but it was not replaced by pan-European nationalism or by a pan-European identity"). It instead invoked a "European idea", which was said to be transformed into an "idea of diversity of identity" combined with a "commonality of values".<ref>Anton Speekenbrink, "Trans-Atlantic Relations in a Postmodern World" (2014), .</ref> | ||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| * ] | |||
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Latest revision as of 14:49, 19 December 2024
Far-right ultra-nationalism
European nationalism (sometimes called pan-European nationalism) is a form of pan-nationalism based on a pan-European identity. It is considered minor since the National Party of Europe disintegrated in the 1970s.
It is distinct from Pro-Europeanism, which is primarily underpinned by liberal values, in being based on a civilizational understanding of Europe as a continent of white Christians with shared histories and cultural values and usually seeking to transform the current political system of European Union.
History
The former British Union of Fascists leader, Oswald Mosley, led the Union Movement and advocated its "Europe a Nation" policy from 1948 to 1973. In 1950, Mosley co-founded the European Social Movement and collaborated with comparable groups on the Continent. The organisation was mostly defunct by 1957 and was succeeded by the National Party of Europe, which was formed in 1962 by Mosley and the leaders of the German nationalist Deutsche Reichspartei, the Italian Social Movement, Jeune Europe and the Mouvement d'Action Civique. The movement remained active during the 1960s but was mostly disbanded in the 1970s.
1962 European Declaration
In their "European Declaration" of 1 March 1962, the National Party of Europe called for the creation of a European nation-state through a common European government, an elected European parliament, the withdrawal of American and Soviet forces from Europe and the dissolution of the United Nations, which would be replaced by an international body led by the United States, the Soviet Union and Europe as three equals. The territory of the European state was to be that of all European nations outside the Soviet Union, including the British Isles, and their overseas possessions.
Current situation
In 2014, Raphael Schlembach describes the existence of "a form of pan-European nationalism — a 'Europe for the Europeans' — that is based upon anti-Americanism and ethno-pluralism" within "some sections" of European neo-fascism. Indeed, European nationalist organisations continued to exist on a minor scale after the disintegration of the National Party of Europe in the 1970s, but no group advocates a "European nation state".
According to scholars, former European nationalist groups now propose a European ethnic federalism based on an ideology of "European culturalism" or, according to Dimitri Almeida, they underwent a "Eurosceptic turn", the ideology of European nationalism being largely replaced by hard Euroscepticism by the 2010s.
European Parliament
Identity and Democracy grouping is a far-right political group of the European Parliament launched on 13 June 2019 for the Ninth European Parliament. It is composed of nationalist, right-wing populist and eurosceptic national parties from nine European nations. It is the successor to the Europe of Nations and Freedom group, which was formed during the Eighth European Parliament. Its members are the Freedom Party of Austria, Flemish Interest (Belgium), Freedom and Direct Democracy (Czechia), the Danish People's Party, the Conservative People's Party of Estonia, the Finns Party, National Rally (France), Lega Nord (Italy) and the Party for Freedom (Netherlands). Other nationalist parties include the European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR), which also included nationalist, right-wing populist and eurosceptic national parties from 12 countries.
List of European nationalist organisations
Identitarian Movement · Jeune Europe (Belgium) · Comité de liaison des européens révolutionnaires (France) · Parti Communautaire National-Européen (Belgium) · Nouvelle Droite (France) · Réseau Radical · Bloc Identitaire · Parti Nationaliste Français et Européen (France) · Imperium Europa (Malta) · le parti des européens (France) · Reconquista Europa (Ukraine)
Arendt's warning
Hannah Arendt warned in 1954 that a "pan-European nationalism" might arise from the cultivation of anti-American sentiment in Europe. Her warning has been deemed obsolete by the 1990s:
- Gerard Delanty argued, "Europe could never constitute a coherent identity because there is 'no external opposition' to it" (a role foreseen by Arendt as to be taken by America).
- In the opinion of the scholar Anton Speekenbrink in 2014, nationalism was replaced by a "postmodern world order" in the postwar period ("Nationalism was dead, but it was not replaced by pan-European nationalism or by a pan-European identity"). It instead invoked a "European idea", which was said to be transformed into an "idea of diversity of identity" combined with a "commonality of values".
See also
- Europe of 100 Flags
- Eurocentrism
- European integration
- Eurosphere
- European Union
- Fourth Reich
- Identitarian movement
- Nativism
- Pan-nationalism
- Pan-European identity
- Paneuropean Union
- Politics of Europe
- Pro-Europeanism
- United States of Europe
- White nationalism
- List of active nationalist parties in Europe
References
- Bieber, Florian (2019-11-30). "How Europe's Nationalists Became Internationalists". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 2023-10-24.
- Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke, Black Sun, New York University Press, 2003, p. 30
- The National Party of Europe and The Conference of Venice, 1962
- Raphael Schlembach, Against Old Europe: Critical Theory and Alter-Globalization Movements (2014), p. 134
- "Though it took nearly ten years for this Nouvelle Droite to be discovered by the media, its elitist discourse, its claims to be scientific and its emphasis on European culturalism were influential throughout the 1970s in rehabilitating a number of ideas previously held to be indefensible. The New Right's strategy of intellectual rearmament was the polar opposite of commando activism, but continuity of personnel and, in substance (though not in form), of major tenets can be traced back to the OAS and beyond." Vaughan, Michalina, "The Extreme Right in France: 'Lepénisme' or the Politics of Fear" in: Luciano Cheles, Ronnie Ferguson, and Michalina Vaughan (eds.), The Far Right in Western and Eastern Europe (second ed. 1995), pp. 215–233 (p. 219),
- Dimitri Almeida, The Impact of European Integration on Political Parties: Beyond the Permissive Consensus, Routledge (2012), p. 137.
-
- Rankin, Jennifer (13 June 2019). "MEPs create biggest far-right group in European parliament". The Guardian.
- "Far-right parties form new group in European Parliament". Deutsche Welle. 14 June 2019.
- "New European far-right coalition named Identity and Democracy". Euronews. 13 June 2019.
- Stearns, Jonathan (13 June 2019). "Far-Right Faction in EU Parliament Is Recreated as Bigger Force". Bloomberg.
- "Far-right group in EU parliament doubles in strength". France 24. 13 June 2019.
- "Parliament groups vow to stop far-right MEPs chairing committees". Politico. 2 July 2019. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
- Cook, Lorne (13 June 2019). "Europe's populists rebrand but policies remain the same". Associated Press.
- "France's Le Pen unveils new far-right European Parliament group". Reuters. 13 June 2019.
- Hannah Arendt, Essays in Understanding 1930-1954 ed J .Kohn (1994), especially pp. 412-417.
- Anton Speekenbrink, "Trans-Atlantic Relations in a Postmodern World" (2014), p. 258.