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| {{short description|City and municipality in Gelderland, Netherlands}} | {{short description|City and municipality in Gelderland, Netherlands}} | ||
| {{about|the Dutch city and municipality}} | {{about|the Dutch city and municipality}} | ||
| {{distinguish|Arnheim}} | |||
| {{Use dmy dates|date= |
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}} | ||
| {{Infobox settlement | {{Infobox settlement | ||
| <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->| name = Arnhem | ||
| ⚫ | | settlement_type = ] and ] | ||
| <!-- Name and transliteration -->| name = Arnhem | |||
| ⚫ | | image_skyline = {{multiple image | ||
| ⚫ | | settlement_type |
||
| ⚫ | | image_skyline |
||
| | total_width = 280 | | total_width = 280 | ||
| | border = infobox | | border = infobox | ||
| Line 27: | Line 27: | ||
| | caption5 = Villa Sonsbeek | | caption5 = Villa Sonsbeek | ||
| }} | }} | ||
| | image_flag |
| image_flag = VlagArnhem.svg | ||
| | flag_size |
| flag_size = 100x67px | ||
| | flag_alt |
| flag_alt = | ||
| | image_shield |
| image_shield = Coat of arms of Arnhem.svg | ||
| | shield_size |
| shield_size = 100x80px | ||
| | shield_alt |
| shield_alt = | ||
| | nickname |
| nickname = Ernem, Arnheim, Arra, Nultweezes, Nulzesentwintig, 026 | ||
| | image_map = Map - NL - Municipality code 0202 (2009).svg | |||
| | map_alt |
| map_alt = Highlighted position of Arnhem in a municipal map of Gelderland | ||
| | map_caption |
| map_caption = Location in Gelderland | ||
| | pushpin_map |
| pushpin_map = Netherlands#Europe | ||
| | pushpin_map_caption |
| pushpin_map_caption = Location within the Netherlands##Location within Europe | ||
| | pushpin_relief |
| pushpin_relief = 1 | ||
| | coordinates |
| coordinates = {{coord|51|59|N|5|55|E|region:NL|display=inline,title}} | ||
| | coordinates_footnotes |
| coordinates_footnotes = | ||
| | subdivision_type |
| subdivision_type = ] | ||
| | subdivision_name |
| subdivision_name = ] | ||
| | subdivision_type1 |
| subdivision_type1 = ] | ||
| | subdivision_name1 |
| subdivision_name1 = ] | ||
| | government_footnotes |
| government_footnotes = <ref name="mayor_now">{{cite web | ||
| |url = https://www.arnhem.nl/Bestuur/college_van_b_w/samenstelling_college | |url = https://www.arnhem.nl/Bestuur/college_van_b_w/samenstelling_college | ||
| |title = Ahmed Marcouch (burgemeester) | |title = Ahmed Marcouch (burgemeester) | ||
| Line 53: | Line 53: | ||
| |publisher = Gemeente Arnhem | |publisher = Gemeente Arnhem | ||
| |access-date = 10 June 2014 | |access-date = 10 June 2014 | ||
| |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160422070353/https://www.arnhem.nl/Bestuur/college_van_b_w/samenstelling_college | |||
| |archive-date = 22 April 2016 | |archive-date = 22 April 2016 | ||
| |url-status = dead | |||
| }}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
| | governing_body |
| governing_body = ] | ||
| | leader_party |
| leader_party = ] | ||
| | leader_title |
| leader_title = ] | ||
| | leader_name |
| leader_name = ] | ||
| | total_type = Municipality | |||
| | unit_pref |
| unit_pref = Metric | ||
| <!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion --> | <!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion --> | ||
| <!-- for references: use <ref> tags -->| area_footnotes |
<!-- for references: use <ref> tags -->| area_footnotes = <ref>{{Dutch municipality total area|dataref}}</ref> | ||
| <!-- square kilometers -->| area_total_km2 |
<!-- square kilometers -->| area_total_km2 = {{Dutch municipality total area|Arnhem}} | ||
| | area_land_km2 |
| area_land_km2 = {{Dutch municipality land area|Arnhem}} | ||
| | area_water_km2 |
| area_water_km2 = {{Dutch municipality water area|Arnhem}} | ||
| | elevation_footnotes |
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name="AHN">{{cite web | ||
| |url = http://www.ahn.nl/postcodetool | |url = http://www.ahn.nl/postcodetool | ||
| |title = Postcodetool for 6811DG | |title = Postcodetool for 6811DG | ||
| Line 76: | Line 76: | ||
| |publisher = Het Waterschapshuis | |publisher = Het Waterschapshuis | ||
| |access-date = 10 June 2014}}</ref> | |access-date = 10 June 2014}}</ref> | ||
| | elevation_m |
| elevation_m = 13 | ||
| | elevation_max_footnotes |
| elevation_max_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | ||
| | elevation_max_m |
| elevation_max_m = | ||
| | elevation_min_footnotes |
| elevation_min_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | ||
| | elevation_min_m |
| elevation_min_m = <!-- Population, demographics --> | ||
| | population_footnotes |
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Dutch municipality population|dataref}}</ref><ref>{{Dutch municipality population urbanmetro|dataref}}</ref> | ||
| | population_total |
| population_total = {{Dutch municipality population|Arnhem}} | ||
| | population_as_of |
| population_as_of = Municipality, {{MONTHNAME|{{Dutch municipality population|popbasemonth}}}} {{YEAR|{{Dutch municipality population|popbaseyear}}}}; Urban and Metro, {{MONTHNAME|{{Dutch municipality population urbanmetro|popbasemonth}}}} {{YEAR|{{Dutch municipality population urbanmetro|popbaseyear}}}} | ||
| | population_density_km2 |
| population_density_km2 = {{Dutch municipality population density|Arnhem}} <!-- For automatic calculation: auto--> | ||
| | population_urban |
| population_urban = {{Dutch municipality population urbanmetro|Arnhem Urban}} | ||
| | population_metro |
| population_metro = {{Dutch municipality population urbanmetro|Arnhem Metro}} | ||
| | population_demonym |
| population_demonym = Ernemmer | ||
| | timezone = ] | |||
| | utc_offset |
| utc_offset = +1 | ||
| | timezone_DST |
| timezone_DST = ] | ||
| | utc_offset_DST |
| utc_offset_DST = +2 | ||
| | postal_code_type |
| postal_code_type = ] | ||
| | postal_code |
| postal_code = 6800–6846 | ||
| | area_code_type |
| area_code_type = ] | ||
| | area_code |
| area_code = 026 | ||
| | website |
| website = {{URL|1=http://www.arnhem.nl}} | ||
| | module |
| module = {{infobox mapframe|zoom=5}} | ||
| ⚫ | | footnotes = Click on the map for a fullscreen view | ||
| {{infobox mapframe|zoom=5}} | |||
| | image_blank_emblem = Arnhem logo.svg | |||
| ⚫ | | footnotes |
||
| | blank_emblem_type = ] | |||
| | blank_emblem_size = 120px | |||
| }} | }} | ||
| '''Arnhem''' ({{IPA |
'''Arnhem''' ({{IPA|nl|ˈɑrnɛm|lang|nl-Arnhem.ogg}} {{IPA|nl|ˈɑr(ə)nɦɛm||Nl-Arnhem.oga|label=or}}; {{langx|de|Arnheim}} {{IPA|de|ˈaʁnhaɪm||De-Arnheim.ogg}}; ]: ''Èrnem'') is a ] and ] situated in the eastern part of the ], near the German border. It is the capital of the ] of ], located on both banks of the rivers ] and ], which was the source of the city's development. | ||
| Arnhem is home to the ], ], ], ], ], ] and ]. The north corner of the municipality is part of the ]. It is approximately {{convert|55|km2|sqmi}} in area, consisting of heathlands, sand dunes, and woodlands.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}} | Arnhem is home to the ], ], ], ], ], ] and ]. The north corner of the municipality is part of the ]. It is approximately {{convert|55|km2|sqmi}} in area, consisting of heathlands, sand dunes, and woodlands.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}} | ||
| == History == | == History == | ||
| {{section unsourced|date=August 2018}} | |||
| === Early history === | === Early history === | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| The oldest archeological findings of human activity around Arnhem are two firestones of about 70,000 years ago. These come from the ], when the ]s lived in this part of ]. In Schuytgraaf, remnants of a hunters camp from around |
The oldest archeological findings of human activity around Arnhem are two firestones of about 70,000 years ago. These come from the ], when the ]s lived in this part of ]. In Schuytgraaf, remnants of a hunters camp from around 5000 BC have been discovered. In ], twelve grave mounds were found from 2400 BC, which brought the so-called ] to the area of Arnhem, which meant the rise of the farmers. | ||
| The earliest settlement in Arnhem dates from |
The earliest settlement in Arnhem dates from 1500 BC, of which traces have been found on the Hoogkamp, where the Van Goyenstraat is currently located. In the inner city, around the ], traces of settlement have been found from around 700 BC, while the first traces south of the ] have been found dating to around 500 BC, in the ''Schuytgraaf''. | ||
| Though the early tracks of settlements did show that the early residents of Arnhem descended from the forests on the hills, Arnhem was not built on the banks of the river Rhine, but a little higher along the Sint-Jansbeek. Arnhem arose on the location where the road between ] and ] and ] split. Seven streams provided the city with water, and only when the flow of the Rhine was changed in 1530, was the city located on the river. | Though the early tracks of settlements did show that the early residents of Arnhem descended from the forests on the hills, Arnhem was not built on the banks of the river Rhine, but a little higher along the Sint-Jansbeek. Arnhem arose on the location where the road between ] and ] and ] split. Seven streams provided the city with water, and only when the flow of the Rhine was changed in 1530, was the city located on the river. | ||
| Line 119: | Line 119: | ||
| === Middle Ages === | === Middle Ages === | ||
| Arnhem was first mentioned as such in 893 as ''Arneym'' or ''Arentheym''. In 1233, Count ] of ] from ], conferred ] on the town, which had belonged to the abbey of Prüm, settled in, and fortified it. Arnhem entered the ] in 1443. In 1473, it was captured by ] of Burgundy. | Arnhem was first mentioned as such in 893 as ''Arneym'' or ''Arentheym''. In 1233, Count ] of ] from ], conferred ] on the town, which had belonged to the abbey of Prüm, settled in, and fortified it. Arnhem entered the ] in 1443.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Arnhem | title=Arnhem | Netherlands | Britannica | date=May 2023 }}</ref> In 1473, it was captured by ] of Burgundy. | ||
| === 16th and 17th century === | === 16th and 17th century === | ||
| In 1514, ], ] of ], took it from the dukes of ]; in 1543, it fell to the ] ]. As capital of the so-called "Kwartier van Veluwe" it joined the ] during the ] in 1579. After ] by Dutch and English troops in 1585 the city became part of the ]. The French occupied the town from 1672 to 1674. | In 1514, ], ] of ], took it from the dukes of ]; in 1543, it fell to the ] ]. As capital of the so-called "Kwartier van Veluwe" it joined the ] during the ] in 1579. After ] by Dutch and English troops in 1585 the city became part of the ].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Arnhem | title=Arnhem | Netherlands | Britannica | date=May 2023 }}</ref> The French occupied the town from 1672 to 1674. | ||
| === 18th and 19th century === | === 18th and 19th century === | ||
| Line 134: | Line 134: | ||
| In the 19th century, Arnhem was a genteel resort town famous for its picturesque beauty. It was known as "het Haagje van het oosten" (The Little Hague of the East), mainly because a number of rich former sugar barons or planters from the Indies settled there, as they did in ]. Even now the city is famous for its parks and greenery. The urbanization in the north on hilly terrain is also quite unusual for the Netherlands. | In the 19th century, Arnhem was a genteel resort town famous for its picturesque beauty. It was known as "het Haagje van het oosten" (The Little Hague of the East), mainly because a number of rich former sugar barons or planters from the Indies settled there, as they did in ]. Even now the city is famous for its parks and greenery. The urbanization in the north on hilly terrain is also quite unusual for the Netherlands. | ||
| === |
=== World War II === | ||
| {{Main|Battle of Arnhem}} | {{Main|Battle of Arnhem}} | ||
| During the German occupation (]), the occupiers operated a subcamp of the ] in the city.<ref>{{cite book|last=Megargee|first=Geoffrey P.|year=2009|title=The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945. Volume I|publisher=Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum|page=820|isbn=978-0-253-35328-3}}</ref> | |||
| ] | ] | ||
| During ] (September 1944), the ], under the command of ] ], and the ] were given the task of securing the ] at Arnhem. | |||
| ] and ] units were landed into the area on 17 September and later. The bulk of the force was dropped rather far from the bridge and never met their objective. A small element of the British 1st Airborne, the ] under ] ], managed to make its way as far as the bridge but was unable to secure both sides. The British troops encountered stiff resistance from the German ] and ]s, which had been stationed in and around the city. | ] and ] units were landed into the area on 17 September and later. The bulk of the force was dropped rather far from the bridge and never met their objective. A small element of the British 1st Airborne, the ] under ] ], managed to make its way as far as the bridge but was unable to secure both sides. The British troops encountered stiff resistance from the German ] and ]s, which had been stationed in and around the city. | ||
| ], seen from the Airborne memorial]] | ], seen from the Airborne memorial]] | ||
| The British force at the bridge eventually ran out of ammunition and was captured on 21 September, and a full withdrawal of the remaining forces was made on 26 September. These events were dramatized in the 1977 movie '']''. (The bridge scenes in the movie were shot in ], where a similar bridge over the ] was available, as the area around Arnhem bridge had changed too much to represent WWII-era Arnhem). As a tribute, the rebuilt bridge was renamed 'John Frost Bridge' after the commander of the paratroopers. The official commemoration is 17 September. | The British force at the bridge eventually ran out of ammunition and was captured on 21 September, and a full withdrawal of the remaining forces was made on 26 September. These events were dramatized in the 1977 movie '']''. (The bridge scenes in the movie were shot in ], where a similar bridge over the ] was available, as the area around Arnhem bridge had changed too much to represent WWII-era Arnhem). As a tribute, the rebuilt bridge was renamed ']' after the commander of the paratroopers. The official commemoration is 17 September. | ||
| The current bridge is the third almost-identical bridge built at the same spot. The ] destroyed the first bridge when the ] ] in 1940. The second bridge was destroyed by the ] shortly after the 1944 battle. | The current bridge is the third almost-identical bridge built at the same spot. The ] destroyed the first bridge when the ] ] in 1940. The second bridge was destroyed by the ] shortly after the 1944 battle. | ||
| Line 153: | Line 155: | ||
| Just outside Arnhem, in the town of Oosterbeek the ] built the ] which contains the graves of most of those killed during the September landings, and many of those killed in later fighting in the area. | Just outside Arnhem, in the town of Oosterbeek the ] built the ] which contains the graves of most of those killed during the September landings, and many of those killed in later fighting in the area. | ||
| The city also hosted the ]. | The city also hosted the ].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.paralympic.org/arnhem-1980 | title=Arnhem 1980 }}</ref> | ||
| == Geography == | == Geography == | ||
| Line 186: | Line 188: | ||
| === Proximity of border with Germany === | === Proximity of border with Germany === | ||
| The city lies |
The city lies approximately 15 kilometers from the border with ], and to some extent the westernmost villages in the municipality of ], ], function as dormitories for people who work in the ] city of Arnhem in part due to the immigration of Dutch people from the region that were attracted by the lower house pricing just across the border. | ||
| === Climate === | === Climate === | ||
| Line 354: | Line 356: | ||
| | title = Weerstatistieken Deelen | | title = Weerstatistieken Deelen | ||
| | publisher = ] | | publisher = ] | ||
| | access-date = |
| access-date = 25 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | ||
| | url = https://www.knmi.nl/klimaat-viewer/grafieken-tabellen/meteorologische-stations/stations-maand/stations-maand_1991-2020 | | url = https://www.knmi.nl/klimaat-viewer/grafieken-tabellen/meteorologische-stations/stations-maand/stations-maand_1991-2020 | ||
| |title=Klimaatviewer 1991-2020 | |title=Klimaatviewer 1991-2020 | ||
| | publisher = ] | | publisher = ] | ||
| | access-date = |
| access-date = 25 June 2022}}</ref>}} | ||
| == Demographics == | == Demographics == | ||
| Line 365: | Line 367: | ||
| {| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
| |+ Arnhem residents by ethnic background (1 January 2023)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mosaic3 |url=https://arnhem.incijfers.nl/dashboard/staat-van-de-stad/bevolking |access-date=25 April 2023 |website=arnhem.incijfers.nl}}</ref> | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| ! Country || 2023 | |||
| ! colspan="4" | Arnhem residents by nationality (1 January 2017) | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| ⚫ | |{{flagicon|NED}} ] || 64.2% | ||
| ! '''Nationality''' || '''2017''' | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |{{flagicon| |
|{{flagicon|EU}} European Union || 8.9% | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| |{{flagicon| |
|{{flagicon|TUR}} ] || 5.2% | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| |{{Flagicon|Indonesia}} ] | |||
| ⚫ | |{{flagicon| |
||
| |3.4% | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |{{flagicon|MAR}} ] |
|{{flagicon|MAR}} ]|| 2.4% | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| |{{flagicon|SUR}} ] |
|{{flagicon|SUR}} ]|| 2.1% | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| |{{flagicon|NED}} ] |
|{{flagicon|NED}} ]|| 2.1% | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| | Other non-western || |
| Other non-western || 11.7% | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| |} | |} | ||
| Line 388: | Line 392: | ||
| == Places of interest == | == Places of interest == | ||
| {{section unsourced|date=August 2018}} | |||
| ] | ] | ||
| The '']'' (St. Eusebius' Church), built 1452–1560, lost most of its tower during World War II, of which a part has been reconstructed to a modern design and opened in 1964. Officially the tower is not part of the church and is owned by the municipality. | The '']'' (St. Eusebius' Church), built 1452–1560, lost most of its tower during World War II, of which a part has been reconstructed to a modern design and opened in 1964. Officially the tower is not part of the church and is owned by the municipality. | ||
| Line 424: | Line 427: | ||
| == Events == | == Events == | ||
| {{section unsourced|date=August 2018}} | |||
| ] | ] | ||
| *Airborne Commemoration ( |
*Airborne Commemoration (17–26 September) | ||
| *World Statues Festival (The World Championship of ]s) | *World Statues Festival (The World Championship of ]s) | ||
| *Sonsbeek Theater Avenue | *Sonsbeek Theater Avenue | ||
| Line 437: | Line 439: | ||
| *] | *] | ||
| *] | *] | ||
| *Hoogte80 | |||
| *hoogte 80 | |||
| *ASM Festival | |||
| == Sport == | == Sport == | ||
| Line 467: | Line 470: | ||
| ==Notable people== | ==Notable people== | ||
| {{div col|colwidth=30em}} | {{div col|colwidth=30em}} | ||
| *] (1949), Business man and club president | |||
| *] (1910–1999), actress | *] (1910–1999), actress | ||
| *] (2016), electronic/urban DJ duo | *] (2016), electronic/urban DJ duo | ||
| Line 479: | Line 483: | ||
| *] (1936), biologist | *] (1936), biologist | ||
| *] (1871–1957), politician and maternal grandfather of ] | *] (1871–1957), politician and maternal grandfather of ] | ||
| *] (1982), bicycle racer |
*] (1982), bicycle racer | ||
| *] ( |
*] (1940–2024), pianist | ||
| *], Dutch-born Australian soprano and entrepreneur; daughter of Eva Duldig | *], Dutch-born Australian soprano and entrepreneur; daughter of Eva Duldig | ||
| * ], (1999), Dutch-born Turkish player | * ], (1999), Dutch-born Turkish player | ||
| Line 486: | Line 490: | ||
| *] (1953), writer and actor | *] (1953), writer and actor | ||
| *] (1853–1928), physicist and ] laureate | *] (1853–1928), physicist and ] laureate | ||
| *] (1989), former Dutch football player | |||
| *] (1982), circus artist | *] (1982), circus artist | ||
| *] (1968–2017), track cyclist | *] (1968–2017), track cyclist | ||
| *] (1992), handballer | *] (1992), handballer | ||
| *] (1998), Track and Field Runner, 4x400m Relay European Indoor Champion (2023), 4x400m Relay European Outdoor Champion (2022, 2024), 4x400m Relay World Outdoor Champion (2023), 4x400m Relay World Indoor Champion (2024), 4x400m Relay Silver Medalist at the ] | |||
| *] (1987), convicted murderer |
*] (1987), convicted murderer | ||
| *] (1947), radio and television host, and writer | *] (1947), radio and television host, and writer | ||
| *] ( |
*] (1861–1951), sculptor | ||
| *] (1954), water polo player, bronze medalist at the ] | *] (1954), water polo player, bronze medalist at the ] | ||
| *] (1975), singer and voice actress | *] (1975), singer and voice actress | ||
| Line 497: | Line 503: | ||
| == Facts and figures == | == Facts and figures == | ||
| {{section unsourced|date=August 2018}} | |||
| * ''Arnhem'' is the name of a march composed by A.E. Kelly. | * ''Arnhem'' is the name of a march composed by A.E. Kelly. | ||
| * ] in Australia is named after the ]-ship ''Arnhem''. | * ] in Australia is named after the ]-ship ''Arnhem''. | ||
| * ] (a.k.a. ''Men of Arnhem''), is a 1946 British war film about the British 1st Airborne Division's involvement in the ] (17 to 25 September 1944) during ] in the Second World War. Another film, ], tells the story of the failure of Operation Market Garden in Arnhem. | * '']'' (a.k.a. ''Men of Arnhem''), is a 1946 British war film about the British 1st Airborne Division's involvement in the ] (17 to 25 September 1944) during ] in the Second World War. Another film, ], tells the story of the failure of Operation Market Garden in Arnhem. | ||
| ==Twin towns – sister cities== | ==Twin towns – sister cities== | ||
| {{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in the Netherlands}} | {{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in the Netherlands}} | ||
| Arnhem is ] with:<ref>{{cite web |title=Arnhem|url=http://www.amazing-holland.nl/assets/arnhem-dutch.pdf|website=amazing-holland.nl|publisher=Amazing Holland|page=11|language=nl|access-date= |
Arnhem is ] with:<ref>{{cite web |title=Arnhem|url=http://www.amazing-holland.nl/assets/arnhem-dutch.pdf|website=amazing-holland.nl|publisher=Amazing Holland|page=11|language=nl|access-date=21 July 2021}}</ref> | ||
| {{div col|colwidth=20em}} | {{div col|colwidth=20em}} | ||
| *{{flagicon|ENG}} ], England, United Kingdom | *{{flagicon|ENG}} ], England, United Kingdom | ||
| Line 519: | Line 524: | ||
| == See also == | == See also == | ||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| * Carruthers, B. 2013. (ed) ''Arnhem 1944 A Bridge Too Far''. Pen & Sword {{ISBN|978-1-78159-237-3}} | |||
| == References == | == References == | ||
Latest revision as of 17:47, 19 December 2024
City and municipality in Gelderland, Netherlands This article is about the Dutch city and municipality. For other uses, see Arnhem (disambiguation). Not to be confused with Arnheim.City and municipality in Gelderland, Netherlands
| Arnhem | |
|---|---|
| City and municipality | |
 Musis Sacrum Arnhem Centraal railway station Building by Willem Diehl John Frost Bridge Villa Sonsbeek | |
 Flag Coat of arms Brandmark | |
| Nickname(s): Ernem, Arnheim, Arra, Nultweezes, Nulzesentwintig, 026 | |
.svg) Location in Gelderland | |
  ArnhemLocation within the NetherlandsShow map of Netherlands ArnhemLocation within EuropeShow map of Europe | |
| Coordinates: 51°59′N 5°55′E / 51.983°N 5.917°E / 51.983; 5.917 | |
| Country | Netherlands |
| Province | Gelderland |
| Government | |
| • Body | Municipal council |
| • Mayor | Ahmed Marcouch (PvdA) |
| Area | |
| • Municipality | 101.54 km (39.20 sq mi) |
| • Land | 97.82 km (37.77 sq mi) |
| • Water | 3.72 km (1.44 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 13 m (43 ft) |
| Population | |
| • Municipality | 162,424 |
| • Density | 1,660/km (4,300/sq mi) |
| • Urban | 152,850 |
| • Metro | 361,048 |
| Demonym | Ernemmer |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postcode | 6800–6846 |
| Area code | 026 |
| Website | www |
| Click on the map for a fullscreen view | |
Arnhem (Dutch: [ˈɑrnɛm] or [ˈɑr(ə)nɦɛm] ; German: Arnheim [ˈaʁnhaɪm] ; Ernems: Èrnem) is a city and municipality situated in the eastern part of the Netherlands, near the German border. It is the capital of the province of Gelderland, located on both banks of the rivers Nederrijn and Sint-Jansbeek, which was the source of the city's development.
Arnhem is home to the Hogeschool van Arnhem en Nijmegen, ArtEZ Institute of the Arts, Netherlands Open Air Museum, Airborne Museum 'Hartenstein', Royal Burgers' Zoo, NOC*NSF and National Sports Centre Papendal. The north corner of the municipality is part of the Hoge Veluwe National Park. It is approximately 55 square kilometres (21 sq mi) in area, consisting of heathlands, sand dunes, and woodlands.
History
Early history
The oldest archeological findings of human activity around Arnhem are two firestones of about 70,000 years ago. These come from the Stone Age, when the Neanderthals lived in this part of Europe. In Schuytgraaf, remnants of a hunters camp from around 5000 BC have been discovered. In Schaarsbergen, twelve grave mounds were found from 2400 BC, which brought the so-called Neolithic Revolution to the area of Arnhem, which meant the rise of the farmers.
The earliest settlement in Arnhem dates from 1500 BC, of which traces have been found on the Hoogkamp, where the Van Goyenstraat is currently located. In the inner city, around the Sint-Jansbeek, traces of settlement have been found from around 700 BC, while the first traces south of the Rhine have been found dating to around 500 BC, in the Schuytgraaf.
Though the early tracks of settlements did show that the early residents of Arnhem descended from the forests on the hills, Arnhem was not built on the banks of the river Rhine, but a little higher along the Sint-Jansbeek. Arnhem arose on the location where the road between Nijmegen and Utrecht and Zutphen split. Seven streams provided the city with water, and only when the flow of the Rhine was changed in 1530, was the city located on the river.
Middle Ages
Arnhem was first mentioned as such in 893 as Arneym or Arentheym. In 1233, Count Otto II of Guelders from Zutphen, conferred city rights on the town, which had belonged to the abbey of Prüm, settled in, and fortified it. Arnhem entered the Hanseatic League in 1443. In 1473, it was captured by Charles the Bold of Burgundy.
16th and 17th century
In 1514, Charles of Egmond, duke of Guelders, took it from the dukes of Burgundy; in 1543, it fell to the emperor Charles V. As capital of the so-called "Kwartier van Veluwe" it joined the Union of Utrecht during the Eighty Years' War in 1579. After its capture from the Spanish forces by Dutch and English troops in 1585 the city became part of the Republic of the Seven United Provinces of the Netherlands. The French occupied the town from 1672 to 1674.
18th and 19th century
From 1795 to 1813, it was reoccupied by the French, by both revolutionary and imperial forces.
In the early 19th century, the former fortifications were almost completely dismantled, to give space for town expansion. The Sabelspoort (Sabresgate) is the only remaining part of the medieval walls.
In the 19th century, Arnhem was a genteel resort town famous for its picturesque beauty. It was known as "het Haagje van het oosten" (The Little Hague of the East), mainly because a number of rich former sugar barons or planters from the Indies settled there, as they did in The Hague. Even now the city is famous for its parks and greenery. The urbanization in the north on hilly terrain is also quite unusual for the Netherlands.
World War II
Main article: Battle of ArnhemDuring the German occupation (World War II), the occupiers operated a subcamp of the Herzogenbusch concentration camp in the city.
During Operation Market Garden (September 1944), the British 1st Airborne Division, under the command of Major-General Roy Urquhart, and the Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade were given the task of securing the bridge at Arnhem.
Glider infantry and paratrooper units were landed into the area on 17 September and later. The bulk of the force was dropped rather far from the bridge and never met their objective. A small element of the British 1st Airborne, the 2nd Parachute Battalion under Lieutenant Colonel John D. Frost, managed to make its way as far as the bridge but was unable to secure both sides. The British troops encountered stiff resistance from the German 9th and 10th SS Panzer Divisions, which had been stationed in and around the city.
The British force at the bridge eventually ran out of ammunition and was captured on 21 September, and a full withdrawal of the remaining forces was made on 26 September. These events were dramatized in the 1977 movie A Bridge Too Far. (The bridge scenes in the movie were shot in Deventer, where a similar bridge over the IJssel was available, as the area around Arnhem bridge had changed too much to represent WWII-era Arnhem). As a tribute, the rebuilt bridge was renamed 'John Frost Bridge' after the commander of the paratroopers. The official commemoration is 17 September.
The current bridge is the third almost-identical bridge built at the same spot. The Dutch Army destroyed the first bridge when the German Army invaded the Netherlands in 1940. The second bridge was destroyed by the United States Army Air Forces shortly after the 1944 battle.
Liberation
Main article: Liberation of ArnhemA second battle of Arnhem took place in April 1945 when the city was liberated by the British 49th (West Riding) Infantry Division fighting as part of the First Canadian Army. The inhabitants of the city, who had been forcibly evacuated by the Germans during and after the battle, returned in the summer of 1945. The reconstruction of Arnhem took until 1969 to finally be completed.
Just outside Arnhem, in the town of Oosterbeek the Commonwealth War Graves Commission built the Arnhem Oosterbeek War Cemetery which contains the graves of most of those killed during the September landings, and many of those killed in later fighting in the area.
The city also hosted the 1980 Summer Paralympics.
Geography
Neighbourhoods
The municipality of Arnhem consists of the city of Arnhem and the following surrounding suburbs and former villages:
- Elden, Netherlands (former village, now totally surrounded by other Arnhem neighbourhoods)
- Schaarsbergen
Arnhem consists of three districts (stadsdelen) and 24 neighbourhoods (wijken). Each neighbourhood has a number which corresponds to its postal code.
- Arnhem Centrum (Binnenstad)
- Arnhem-North (Spijkerkwartier, Arnhemse Broek, Presikhaaf-West, Presikhaaf-East, St. Marten/Sonsbeek-Zuid, Klarendal, Velperweg, Alteveer en Cranevelt, Geitenkamp, Monnikenhuizen, Burgemeesterswijk/Hoogkamp, Heijenoord/Lombok, Klingelbeek)
- Arnhem-South (Malburgen-West, Malburgen-East (North), Malburgen-East (South), De Laar East/West, Vredenburg/Kronenburg, Elderveld, Rijkerswoerd, Schuytgraaf)
Neighbouring villages
The outlying areas of the following villages are bordering the municipality of Arnhem directly, which means among others that in many a case a considerable number of their inhabitants originate from Arnhem.
Proximity of border with Germany
The city lies approximately 15 kilometers from the border with Germany, and to some extent the westernmost villages in the municipality of Elten, Germany, function as dormitories for people who work in the Dutch city of Arnhem in part due to the immigration of Dutch people from the region that were attracted by the lower house pricing just across the border.
Climate
Arnhem features the same climate (Cfb, oceanic climate) as all of the Netherlands; however, its location on the foothills of the Veluwe, the largest forest in the Netherlands, contributes to some higher precipitation values.
| Climate data for Deelen, Arnhem (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1953−present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 14.5 (58.1) |
19.5 (67.1) |
24.6 (76.3) |
29.4 (84.9) |
31.9 (89.4) |
34.2 (93.6) |
39.2 (102.6) |
37.2 (99.0) |
32.7 (90.9) |
26.4 (79.5) |
19.5 (67.1) |
15.2 (59.4) |
39.2 (102.6) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 5.4 (41.7) |
6.5 (43.7) |
10.3 (50.5) |
14.9 (58.8) |
18.6 (65.5) |
21.3 (70.3) |
23.4 (74.1) |
23.0 (73.4) |
19.4 (66.9) |
14.5 (58.1) |
9.3 (48.7) |
6.0 (42.8) |
14.4 (57.9) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 2.9 (37.2) |
3.2 (37.8) |
5.9 (42.6) |
9.6 (49.3) |
13.3 (55.9) |
16.1 (61.0) |
18.1 (64.6) |
17.7 (63.9) |
14.5 (58.1) |
10.5 (50.9) |
6.4 (43.5) |
3.5 (38.3) |
10.1 (50.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 0.0 (32.0) |
-0.0 (32.0) |
1.6 (34.9) |
3.8 (38.8) |
7.5 (45.5) |
10.4 (50.7) |
12.6 (54.7) |
12.3 (54.1) |
9.8 (49.6) |
6.6 (43.9) |
3.3 (37.9) |
0.9 (33.6) |
5.7 (42.3) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −24.2 (−11.6) |
−23.2 (−9.8) |
−17.0 (1.4) |
−9.4 (15.1) |
−4.5 (23.9) |
−0.9 (30.4) |
2.0 (35.6) |
2.4 (36.3) |
−0.9 (30.4) |
−6.5 (20.3) |
−9.9 (14.2) |
−18.4 (−1.1) |
−24.2 (−11.6) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 79.5 (3.13) |
63.7 (2.51) |
60.7 (2.39) |
43.8 (1.72) |
62.9 (2.48) |
69.1 (2.72) |
86.5 (3.41) |
83.9 (3.30) |
73.8 (2.91) |
73.3 (2.89) |
79.5 (3.13) |
91.3 (3.59) |
868.0 (34.17) |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 88.8 | 85.5 | 80.0 | 72.8 | 72.5 | 74.5 | 75.7 | 77.5 | 82.5 | 86.6 | 90.9 | 90.8 | 81.5 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 62.7 | 86.7 | 135.8 | 181.6 | 205.1 | 196.2 | 203.2 | 188.3 | 148.7 | 115.9 | 66.7 | 53.5 | 1,644.4 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 24.2 | 30.8 | 36.8 | 43.6 | 42.2 | 39.3 | 40.4 | 41.4 | 39.0 | 35.0 | 25.0 | 22.0 | 35.0 |
| Source: Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute | |||||||||||||
Demographics
Inhabitants by nationality
| Country | 2023 |
|---|---|
 Netherlands |
64.2% |
 European Union |
8.9% |
 Turkey |
5.2% |
 Indonesia
|
3.4% |
 Morocco |
2.4% |
 Suriname |
2.1% |
| Dutch Caribbean |
2.1% |
| Other non-western | 11.7% |
Places of interest
The Grote Kerk (St. Eusebius' Church), built 1452–1560, lost most of its tower during World War II, of which a part has been reconstructed to a modern design and opened in 1964. Officially the tower is not part of the church and is owned by the municipality.
The house of Maarten van Rossum, a general serving Duke Charles van Gelre, has been the town hall since 1830: The satyrs in its Renaissance ornamentation earned it the name Duivelshuis (devil's house). The Netherlands Open Air Museum is located outside the city. It includes antique houses, farms, factories, and windmills from different parts of the Netherlands. Two other windmills stand in Arnhem itself, De Hoop and De Kroon.
The Royal Burgers' Zoo in Arnhem is one of the biggest and most-visited zoos in the Netherlands, featuring an underwater walkthrough, desert, mangrove, and rainforest. The GelreDome, the home of Vitesse Arnhem, the city's Eredivisie team in football, is a unique facility that features a retractable roof and a slide-out grass pitch. The concept has been fully duplicated since then by the Veltins-Arena in Gelsenkirchen, Germany, and State Farm Stadium in Glendale, Arizona, U.S., and partially by the Sapporo Dome in Japan (which has a sliding pitch but a fixed roof).
The KEMA Toren (formerly known as SEP Control Tower) is the highest structure of the town. It is a 140-m-high TV tower.
Parks
-
Sonsbeek Park (Urban park)
-
Zypendaal Park
-
Veluwezoom National Park
-
Hoge Veluwe National Park
Museums in and around Arnhem
-
Netherlands Open Air Museum
-
Airborne Museum 'Hartenstein'
-
Gemeentemuseum
-
Museum Bronbeek
Buildings and locations
-
Musis Sacrum
-
Arnhem Centrum
-
Central Station
-
Burgers Zoo
Events
- Airborne Commemoration (17–26 September)
- World Statues Festival (The World Championship of Living Statues)
- Sonsbeek Theater Avenue
- Free Your Mind Festival
- Dancetour
- 8Bahn
- De Rabo Bridge to Bridge (Marathon)
- UITboulevard (Cultural Festival)
- Sprookjesfestival (Fairy tale Festival)
- King's Day
- Sinterklaas
- Hoogte80
- ASM Festival
Sport
The National Sports Centre Papendal is the national sports development centre of the Netherlands, located in Arnhem. The first event held at Papendal was the 1980 Summer Paralympics, from 21 June to 5 July. However the site was formally adopted and developed from 1993, after the merger of the Dutch National Olympic Committee (NOC) and the Nederlandse Sport Federatie (NSF).
NOC*NSF have 90 affiliated national sports organizations, representing about 2700 individual sports clubs. Papendal is also the training location of football club Vitesse Arnhem, and the club's youth development system. Supporting facilities include a conference centre and hotel.
In preparation for the 2012 Summer Olympics, in 2011 the facility built a replica of the proposed BMX racing track at the London Velopark venue. The track will host the second event on the 2011 UCI BMX World Championships, on 27 and 28 May 2011.
Since January 2013 Sports Centre Papendal officially split from NOC * NSF and thus as organization demerges. This split offers Sports Centre Papendal many commercial benefits. There are facilities for various sports, including athletics, cycling and more.
Sport in the city is principally focussed on its association football club Vitesse Arnhem and its stadium the GelreDome built for the UEFA Euro 2000. The club has enjoyed some success in the Eredivisie and has featured in the UEFA Cup competition. Their best result in the Eredivisie was third place in 1997–98. The club won the KNVB Cup in 2016–17.
Introdans is a dance company based in the city of Arnhem. In 2009 the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science designated Introdans part of the basic national infrastructure. In 2016 was the Giro d'Italia in Arnhem.
Transport
Arnhem has had a main central railway station since 1845 – Arnhem Centraal railway station, which is serviced by several intercity lines and the Intercity-Express to Düsseldorf and further on to Frankfurt.
Until 2016, there were also NS International trains to other destinations abroad, with some coaches going as far as Moscow.
The intercity lines provide direct connections to Utrecht, Nijmegen and Zutphen. It is also the terminus for several local railway services. Arnhem has three other stations, namely Arnhem Velperpoort (since 1953), Arnhem Presikhaaf (since 1969) and Arnhem Zuid (since 2005).
KLM operates a bus from the train station to Schiphol Airport for its customers. Arnhem is unique in the Netherlands with its trolleybus system.
Notable people
- Karel Aalbers (1949), Business man and club president
- Truus van Aalten (1910–1999), actress
- Afro Brothers (2016), electronic/urban DJ duo
- Blaudzun (1974), singer-songwriter
- Marion Bloem (1952), writer and film maker
- Hetty Blok (1920–2012), cabaret artist, singer, and actress
- Edmond Classen (1938–2014), actor
- Ien Dales (1931–1994), politician of the Labour Party (PvdA)
- Esmée Denters (1988), singer and YouTube celebrity
- Eva Duldig (born 1938), Austrian-born Australian and Dutch tennis player, author
- Henk Guth (1921-2002), artist
- Jan van Hooff (1936), biologist
- Aarnoud van Heemstra (1871–1957), politician and maternal grandfather of Audrey Hepburn
- Kenny van Hummel (1982), bicycle racer
- Rudolf Jansen (1940–2024), pianist
- Tania de Jong, Dutch-born Australian soprano and entrepreneur; daughter of Eva Duldig
- Ferdi Kadıoğlu, (1999), Dutch-born Turkish player
- Antonie Kamerling (1966–2010), actor and musician
- Herman Koch (1953), writer and actor
- Hendrik Lorentz (1853–1928), physicist and Nobel Prize laureate
- Mark van der Maarel (1989), former Dutch football player
- Goos Meeuwsen (1982), circus artist
- Leo Peelen (1968–2017), track cyclist
- Estavana Polman (1992), handballer
- Eveline Saalberg (1998), Track and Field Runner, 4x400m Relay European Indoor Champion (2023), 4x400m Relay European Outdoor Champion (2022, 2024), 4x400m Relay World Outdoor Champion (2023), 4x400m Relay World Indoor Champion (2024), 4x400m Relay Silver Medalist at the 2024 Summer Olympics
- Joran van der Sloot (1987), convicted murderer
- Mart Smeets (1947), radio and television host, and writer
- Saar de Swart (1861–1951), sculptor
- Rik Toonen (1954), water polo player, bronze medalist at the 1976 Summer Olympics
- Linda Wagenmakers (1975), singer and voice actress
Facts and figures
- Arnhem is the name of a march composed by A.E. Kelly.
- Arnhem Land in Australia is named after the VOC-ship Arnhem.
- Theirs is the Glory (a.k.a. Men of Arnhem), is a 1946 British war film about the British 1st Airborne Division's involvement in the Battle of Arnhem (17 to 25 September 1944) during Operation Market Garden in the Second World War. Another film, A Bridge Too Far, tells the story of the failure of Operation Market Garden in Arnhem.
Twin towns – sister cities
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in the NetherlandsArnhem is twinned with:
Coventry, England, United Kingdom- Croydon, England, United Kingdom
Gera, Germany
Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
Kimberley, South Africa
Villa El Salvador, Peru
Airdrie, Scotland, United Kingdom
See also
References
- "Ahmed Marcouch (burgemeester)" [Ahmed Marcouch (mayor)] (in Dutch). Gemeente Arnhem. Archived from the original on 22 April 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
- "Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2020" [Key figures for neighbourhoods 2020]. StatLine (in Dutch). CBS. 24 July 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
- "Postcodetool for 6811DG". Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland (in Dutch). Het Waterschapshuis. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
- "Bevolkingsontwikkeling; regio per maand" [Population growth; regions per month]. CBS Statline (in Dutch). CBS. 1 January 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
- "Bevolkingsontwikkeling; Regionale kerncijfers Nederland" [Regional core figures Netherlands]. CBS Statline (in Dutch). CBS. 1 January 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
- "Arnhem | Netherlands | Britannica". May 2023.
- "Arnhem | Netherlands | Britannica". May 2023.
- Megargee, Geoffrey P. (2009). The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945. Volume I. Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. p. 820. ISBN 978-0-253-35328-3.
- "Arnhem 1980".
- "Weerstatistieken Deelen". Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
- "Klimaatviewer 1991-2020". Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
- "Mosaic3". arnhem.incijfers.nl. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
- "Over ons (About us)" (in Dutch). NOC*NSF. Retrieved 4 December 2010.
- Ollie Williams (25 March 2011). "Building a London 2012 venue - in a Dutch forest". BBC Sport. Retrieved 25 March 2011.
- "Travel by bus or rail with a KLM ticket Archived 29 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine." KLM. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
- "Arnhem" (PDF). amazing-holland.nl (in Dutch). Amazing Holland. p. 11. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
External links
- Municipality Official website (English version)
- VVV Arnhem Archived 12 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine Tourist Office (English version)
- Commonwealth War Graves Commission The CWGC Page for the cemetery.
| Places adjacent to Arnhem | ||||||||||||||||
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Arnhem
| Capital cities of the Kingdom of the Netherlands | |||||||||
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| National capital: Amsterdam Seat of government: The Hague | |||||||||
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| See also: List of cities in the Netherlands by province | |||||||||
.svg){kind=logo} Summer Paralympic Games host cities | |||||
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