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Revision as of 20:58, 5 May 2024 view sourceDigitalIceAge (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users32,622 edits Update Etymology section← Previous edit Latest revision as of 05:30, 20 December 2024 view source DigitalIceAge (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users32,622 edits History: Undue weight and obviously shoehorned. "easily disassembled" is relative, and besides that laptops being easily disassembled was the norm until like a decade ago 
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{{Short description|Personal computer for mobile use}} {{Short description|Personal computer for mobile use}}
{{Other uses}} {{Other uses|Laptop (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-semi-indef}} {{pp-semi-indef}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}} {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
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] by ]; a 2019 ] ] with detachable hinge ''(left)'' and a 2018 ] with 360 degree hinge ''(right)''; a 2014 ] by ] with detachable screen; and a 2014 ] ] 11]] ] by ]; a 2019 ] ] with detachable hinge ''(left)'' and a 2018 ] with 360 degree hinge ''(right)''; a 2014 ] by ] with detachable screen; and a 2014 ] ] 11]]


A '''laptop computer''' or '''notebook computer''', also known as a '''laptop''' or '''notebook''', is a small, portable ] (PC). Laptops typically have a ] ] with a ] ] (usually {{cvt|11|-|17|in|disp=or}} in diagonal size) on the inside of the upper lid and an ] and ] (such as a ] and/or ]) on the inside of the lower lid, although ]s with a detachable ] are often marketed as laptops or as having a "laptop mode".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Introducing Pixel Slate – Pixel Slate Help |url=https://support.google.com/pixelslate/answer/9131383?hl=en |access-date=21 September 2022 |website=support.google.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Microsoft Surface Pro 8 review: the best of both worlds |url=https://www.theverge.com/22709876/microsoft-surface-pro-8-review |access-date=21 September 2022 |website=The Verge |date=5 October 2021 }}</ref> Most of the computer's internal hardware is fitted inside the lower lid enclosure under the keyboard, although many laptops have a built-in ] at the top of the screen and some modern ones even feature a ] display. In most cases, unlike ]s which run on ]s, laptops tend to run on desktop operating systems, which were originally developed for ]s. A '''laptop computer''' or '''notebook computer''', also known as a '''laptop''' or '''notebook''', is a small, portable ] (PC). Laptops typically have a ] ] with a ] ] on the inside of the upper lid and an ] and ] on the inside of the lower lid.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Introducing Pixel Slate – Pixel Slate Help |url=https://support.google.com/pixelslate/answer/9131383?hl=en |access-date=21 September 2022 |website=support.google.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Microsoft Surface Pro 8 review: the best of both worlds |url=https://www.theverge.com/22709876/microsoft-surface-pro-8-review |access-date=21 September 2022 |website=The Verge |date=5 October 2021 }}</ref> Most of the computer's internal hardware is fitted inside the lower lid enclosure under the keyboard, although many modern laptops have a built-in ] at the top of the screen, and some even feature a ] display. In most cases, unlike ]s which run on ]s, laptops tend to run on desktop operating systems, which were originally developed for ]s.


The word ''laptop'', modeled after the term ''desktop'' (as in ''desktop computer''), refers to the fact that the computer can be practically placed on the user's ]; while the word ''notebook'' refers to most laptops sharing a form factor with paper ]s. {{As of|2024}}, in ], the terms ''laptop'' and ''notebook'' are used interchangeably;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Laptop vs desktop: which should you buy? |url=https://www.techradar.com/news/laptop-vs-desktop-which-should-you-buy |access-date=1 August 2021 |website=TechRadar |language=en}}</ref> in other ], one or the other may be preferred.<ref name="Buzzle" /> The term ''notebook'' originally referred to ] that was smaller and lighter than mainstream laptops of the time, but has since come to mean the same thing and no longer refers to any specific size.
Laptops run on both an ] and a ] ] and can be folded shut for convenient storage and transportation, making them suitable for ].<ref name="Misplaced Pages">{{cite web |url=https://www.webopedia.com/TERM/L/laptop_computer.html |title=What is Laptop Computer? Webopedia Definition |first=Vangie |last=Beal |website=Webopedia|date=September 1996|access-date=1 December 2022 }}</ref> Laptops are used in a variety of settings, such as at work (especially on ]s), in ], for ], ], for personal ], and for general ] use.


Laptops are used in a variety of settings, such as at work (especially on ]s), in ], for ], ], for personal ], and for general ] use. They can run on both ] and ] ]s and can be folded shut for convenient storage and transportation, making them suitable for ].<ref name="Misplaced Pages">{{cite web |last=Beal |first=Vangie |date=September 1996 |title=What is Laptop Computer? Webopedia Definition |url=https://www.webopedia.com/TERM/L/laptop_computer.html |access-date=1 December 2022 |website=Webopedia}}</ref> Laptops combine many of the ] components and capabilities of a desktop computer into a single unit, including a display screen (usually {{cvt|11|-|17|in|disp=or}} in diagonal size), small speakers, a keyboard, and a pointing device (namely compact ones such as ]s or ]s). Hardware specifications may vary significantly between different types, models, and ]s.
The names "''laptop''" and "''notebook''" refer to the fact that the computer can be practically placed on (or on top of) the user's ] and can be used similarly to a paper-based ]. As of 2022, in ], the terms "''laptop''" and "''notebook''" are used interchangeably;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Laptop vs desktop: which should you buy? |url=https://www.techradar.com/news/laptop-vs-desktop-which-should-you-buy |access-date=1 August 2021 |website=TechRadar |language=en}}</ref> in other ], one or the other may be preferred.<ref name="Buzzle" /> The term "''notebook''" originally referred to a type of portable computer that was smaller and lighter than mainstream laptops of the time, but has since come to mean the same thing and no longer refers to any specific size.


Design elements, form factors, and construction can also vary significantly between models depending on the intended use. Examples of specialized models of laptops include ]s, with keyboards that either be ] or ] from the display (often marketed having a "laptop mode"); ], for use in construction or ]s; and ] laptops such as those from the ] (OLPC) organization, which incorporate features like ] and semi-flexible components not found on most laptop computers. ]s, which later developed into modern laptops, were originally considered to be a small ], mostly for specialized field applications, such as in the military, for accountants, or travelling sales representatives. As portable computers evolved into modern laptops, they became widely used for a variety of purposes.<ref name=NPD>{{cite web|title=U.S. Commercial Channel Computing Device Sales Set to End 2013 with Double-Digit Growth, According to NPD|url=https://www.npd.com/wps/portal/npd/us/news/press-releases/u-s-commercial-channel-computing-device-sales-set-to-end-2013-with-double-digit-growth-according-to-npd/|website=NPD Group|access-date=23 September 2014|archive-date=9 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809082017/https://www.npd.com/wps/portal/npd/us/news/press-releases/u-s-commercial-channel-computing-device-sales-set-to-end-2013-with-double-digit-growth-according-to-npd/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Laptops combine many of the input/output components and capabilities of a ] into a single unit, including a display screen, small speakers, a keyboard, and a pointing device (such as a touch pad or pointing stick). Most modern laptops include a built-in webcam and microphone, and many also have a touchscreen. Laptops can be powered by an internal ] or an external ] by using an ]. Hardware specifications may vary significantly between different types, models, and ]s.

Design elements, form factors, and construction can also vary significantly between models depending on the intended use. Examples of specialized models of laptops include ] for use in construction or ], as well as ] laptops such as those from the ] (OLPC) organization, which incorporate features like ] and semi-flexible components not found on most laptop computers. ]s, which later developed into modern laptops, were originally considered to be a small ], mostly for specialized field applications, such as in the military, for accountants, or traveling sales representatives. As portable computers evolved into modern laptops, they became widely used for a variety of purposes.<ref name=NPD>{{cite web|title=U.S. Commercial Channel Computing Device Sales Set to End 2013 with Double-Digit Growth, According to NPD|url=https://www.npd.com/wps/portal/npd/us/news/press-releases/u-s-commercial-channel-computing-device-sales-set-to-end-2013-with-double-digit-growth-according-to-npd/|website=NPD Group|access-date=23 September 2014|archive-date=9 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809082017/https://www.npd.com/wps/portal/npd/us/news/press-releases/u-s-commercial-channel-computing-device-sales-set-to-end-2013-with-double-digit-growth-according-to-npd/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{{TOC limit|3}} {{TOC limit|3}}


==History== ==History==
{{Main|History of laptops}} {{Main|History of laptops}}

{{See also|Portable computer#Early history}} {{See also|Portable computer#Early history}}


] holding the mockup of his ] concept in 2008]] ] holding the mockup of his ] concept in 2008]]


The history of the laptop follows closely behind the development of the ] itself. A "personal, portable information manipulator" was imagined by ] at ] in 1968,<ref>{{cite thesis |author=John W. Maxwell |title=Tracing the Dynabook: A Study of Technocultural Transformations |year=2006 |type=PhD |publisher=University of British Columbia |url=http://thinkubator.ccsp.sfu.ca/Dynabook/Maxwell-DynabookFinal.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070124101144/http://thinkubator.ccsp.sfu.ca/Dynabook/Maxwell-DynabookFinal.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 January 2007 |access-date=17 October 2008}}</ref> and described in his 1972 paper as the "]".<ref>{{cite conference |author=Alan C. Kay |title=A Personal Computer for Children of All Ages |conference=Proceedings of the ACM National Conference |location=Boston |date=August 1972 |publisher=Xerox Palo Alto Research Center |url=http://www.mprove.de/diplom/gui/Kay72a.pdf |access-date=17 October 2008}}</ref> The IBM Special Computer APL Machine Portable (SCAMP) was demonstrated in 1973.<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 January 2003|title=IBM Archives: IBM Personal Computer|url=https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/pc/pc_1.html|access-date=16 May 2021|website=ibm.com|language=en-US}}</ref> This prototype was based on the ].<ref>{{cite web|title=IBM Personal Computer|date=23 January 2003|url=http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/pc/pc_1.html|publisher=IBM Inc}}</ref> The ], the first commercially available ], appeared in September 1975, and was based on the SCAMP prototype.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oldcomputers.net/ibm5100.html|title=IBM 5100 computer|website=oldcomputers.net|access-date=6 July 2009}}</ref> The history of the laptop follows closely behind the development of the ] itself. A "personal, portable information manipulator" was imagined by ] at ] in 1968,<ref>{{cite thesis |author=John W. Maxwell |title=Tracing the Dynabook: A Study of Technocultural Transformations |year=2006 |type=PhD |publisher=University of British Columbia |url=http://thinkubator.ccsp.sfu.ca/Dynabook/Maxwell-DynabookFinal.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070124101144/http://thinkubator.ccsp.sfu.ca/Dynabook/Maxwell-DynabookFinal.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 January 2007 |access-date=17 October 2008}}</ref> and described in his 1972 paper as the "]".<ref>{{cite conference |author=Alan C. Kay |title=A Personal Computer for Children of All Ages |conference=Proceedings of the ACM National Conference |location=Boston |date=August 1972 |publisher=Xerox Palo Alto Research Center |url=http://www.mprove.de/diplom/gui/Kay72a.pdf |access-date=17 October 2008}}</ref> The IBM Special Computer APL Machine Portable (SCAMP) was demonstrated in 1973.<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 January 2003|title=IBM Archives: IBM Personal Computer|url=https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/pc/pc_1.html|access-date=16 May 2021|website=ibm.com|language=en-US}}</ref> This prototype was based on the ].<ref>{{cite web|title=IBM Personal Computer|date=23 January 2003|url=http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/pc/pc_1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041209190558/http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/pc/pc_1.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 December 2004|publisher=IBM Inc}}</ref> The ], the first commercially available ], appeared in September 1975, and was based on the SCAMP prototype.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oldcomputers.net/ibm5100.html|title=IBM 5100 computer|website=oldcomputers.net|access-date=6 July 2009}}</ref>


] (1975)]] ] (1975)]]


As 8-bit CPU machines became widely accepted, the number of portables increased rapidly. The first "laptop-sized notebook computer" was the ],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://files.support.epson.com/pdf/hx20__/hx20__sl.pdf |title=Epson SX-20 Promotional Brochure |access-date=2 November 2008 |publisher=Epson America, Inc. |year=1987 }}</ref><ref name="ipsj">{{cite web|url=http://museum.ipsj.or.jp/en/computer/personal/0081.html|title=HC-20-Computer Museum|website=museum.ipsj.or.jp}}</ref> invented (patented) by ]'s Yukio Yokozawa in July 1980,<ref name="patent">{{cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/FR2487094A1/en|title=portable computer system small|website=google.com}}</ref> introduced at the ] computer show in ] by Japanese company ] in 1981,<ref name="hx20">, Old Computers</ref><ref name="ipsj"/> and released in July 1982.<ref name="ipsj"/><ref name="peres">Michael R. Peres, , ]</ref> It had an ] screen, a rechargeable battery, and a calculator-size printer, in a {{convert|1.6|kg|lb|abbr=on}} chassis, the size of an ] ].<ref name="ipsj"/> It was described as a "laptop" and "notebook" computer in its patent.<ref name="patent"/> As 8-bit CPU machines became widely accepted, the number of portables increased rapidly. The first "laptop-sized notebook computer" was the ],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://files.support.epson.com/pdf/hx20__/hx20__sl.pdf |title=Epson SX-20 Promotional Brochure |access-date=2 November 2008 |publisher=Epson America, Inc. |year=1987 }}</ref><ref name="ipsj">{{cite web|url=http://museum.ipsj.or.jp/en/computer/personal/0081.html|title=HC-20-Computer Museum|website=museum.ipsj.or.jp}}</ref> invented (patented) by ]'s Yukio Yokozawa in July 1980,<ref name="patent">{{cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/FR2487094A1/en|title=portable computer system small|website=google.com}}</ref> introduced at the ] computer show in ] by Japanese company ] in 1981,<ref name="hx20">, Old Computers</ref><ref name="ipsj"/> and released in July 1982.<ref name="ipsj"/><ref name="peres">Michael R. Peres, , ]</ref> It had an ] screen, a rechargeable battery, and a calculator-size printer, in a {{convert|1.6|kg|lb|abbr=on}} chassis, the size of an ] ].<ref name="ipsj"/> It was described as a "laptop" and "notebook" computer in its patent.<ref name="patent"/>


], the first "laptop computer", was invented in 1980 and introduced in 1981.]] ], the first "]", was invented in 1980 and introduced in 1982.]]


] (1982)]] ] (1982)]]
Both ] and ] (HP) also produced portable computers of varying designs during this period.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oldcomputers.net/trs100.html|title=Tandy/Radio Shack model 100 portable computer|website=oldcomputers.net|access-date=6 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://oldcomputers.net/hp85.html|title=Hewlett-Packard model 85|website=oldcomputers.net|access-date=6 July 2009}}</ref> The first laptops using the ] appeared in the early 1980s. The ] was released in Australia in 1981–82, but was not marketed internationally until 1984–85. The {{US$|8150|1982|round=-1}} ], released in 1982, was used at ] and by the ], among others. The ],<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404211845/http://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?c=476 |date=4 April 2019 }}, Old Computers</ref> the ],<ref name="ampere">Bob Armstrong, http://cosy.com/language/cosyhard/cosyhard.htm</ref> and ] were released between 1983 and 1985.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oldcomputers.net/gavilan.html|title=Gavilian SC computer|website=oldcomputers.net|access-date=7 July 2009}}</ref><ref name="ampere"/><ref> (13:13), '']''</ref> The ] won acceptance by PC experts and the mass market as a way to have PC portability.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ethw.org/Milestones:Toshiba_T1100,_a_Pioneering_Contribution_to_the_Development_of_Laptop_PC,_1985|title=Milestones:Toshiba T1100, a Pioneering Contribution to the Development of Laptop PC, 1985 – Engineering and Technology History Wiki|website=ethw.org|date=3 November 2021}}</ref> Both ] and ] (HP) also produced portable computers of varying designs during this period.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oldcomputers.net/trs100.html|title=Tandy/Radio Shack model 100 portable computer|website=oldcomputers.net|access-date=6 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://oldcomputers.net/hp85.html|title=Hewlett-Packard model 85|website=oldcomputers.net|access-date=6 July 2009}}</ref> The first laptops using the ] appeared in the early 1980s. The ] was released in Australia in 1981–82, but was not marketed internationally until 1984–85. The {{US$|8150|1982|round=-1}} ], released in 1982, was used at ] and by the ], among others. The ],<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404211845/http://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?c=476 |date=4 April 2019 }}, Old Computers</ref> the ],<ref name="ampere">{{Cite web |title=Bob Armstrong |url=http://cosy.com/language/cosyhard/cosyhard.htm |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=cosy.com}}</ref> and ] were released between 1983 and 1985.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oldcomputers.net/gavilan.html|title=Gavilian SC computer|website=oldcomputers.net|access-date=7 July 2009}}</ref><ref name="ampere"/><ref> (13:13), '']''</ref> The ] won acceptance by PC experts and the mass market as a way to have PC portability.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ethw.org/Milestones:Toshiba_T1100,_a_Pioneering_Contribution_to_the_Development_of_Laptop_PC,_1985|title=Milestones:Toshiba T1100, a Pioneering Contribution to the Development of Laptop PC, 1985 – Engineering and Technology History Wiki|website=ethw.org|date=3 November 2021}}</ref>
From 1983 onward, several new input techniques were developed and included in laptops, including the ] (], 1983), the ] (IBM ], 1992), and ] (Linus Write-Top,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://oldcomputers.net/linus.html |title=Linus Write-Top |access-date=18 October 2008}}</ref> 1987). Some CPUs, such as the 1990 Intel ], were designed to use minimum power to increase battery life of portable computers and were supported by dynamic ] features such as Intel ] and AMD ] in some designs. From 1983 onward, several new input techniques were developed and included in laptops, including the ] (], 1983), the ] (IBM ], 1992), and ] (],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://oldcomputers.net/linus.html |title=Linus Write-Top |access-date=18 October 2008}}</ref> 1987). Some CPUs, such as the 1990 Intel ], were designed to use minimum power to increase the battery life of portable computers and were supported by dynamic ] features such as Intel ] and AMD ] in some designs.


Some laptops in the 1980s using red ]s could only be used when connected to AC power, and had a built in power supply.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rDwEAAAAMBAJ&dq=toshiba+t3100+plasma&pg=PA96 | title=InfoWorld | date=10 November 1986 }}</ref> Some laptops in the 1980s using red ]s could only be used when connected to AC power, and had a built in power supply.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rDwEAAAAMBAJ&dq=toshiba+t3100+plasma&pg=PA96 | title=InfoWorld | date=10 November 1986 }}</ref>
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] laptop, released in 1988]] ] laptop, released in 1988]]


Displays reached 640x480 (]) resolution by 1988 (Compaq SLT/286), and color screens started becoming a common upgrade in 1991,<ref>{{Cite web|title=IBM PS/2 CL57SX {{!}} Laptop Pics|url=http://laptop.pics/IBM-ps2-cl57sx/|access-date=5 December 2020|language=en-US}}</ref><!-- see discussion --> with increases in resolution and screen size occurring frequently until the introduction of 17" screen laptops in 2003. Hard drives started to be used in portables, encouraged by the introduction of 3.5" drives in the late 1980s, and became common in laptops starting with the introduction of 2.5" and smaller drives around 1990; capacities have typically lagged behind those of physically larger desktop drives. Displays reached 640x480 (]) resolution by 1988 (]), and color screens started becoming a common upgrade in 1991,<ref>{{Cite web|title=IBM PS/2 CL57SX {{!}} Laptop Pics|url=http://laptop.pics/IBM-ps2-cl57sx/|access-date=5 December 2020|language=en-US}}</ref><!-- see discussion --> with increases in resolution and screen size occurring frequently until the introduction of 17" screen laptops in 2003. Hard drives started to be used in portables, encouraged by the introduction of 3.5" drives in the late 1980s, and became common in laptops starting with the introduction of 2.5" and smaller drives around 1990; capacities have typically lagged behind those of physically larger desktop drives.


Resolutions of laptop ]s are 720p (HD), or 480p in lower-end laptops.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/computing/laptops-need-better-webcams/|title=In The Age Of Zoom, Bad Laptop Webcams Are A Big Problem|date=8 April 2020|website=Digital Trends}}</ref> The earliest-known laptops with ] (Full HD) webcams like the Samsung 700G7C were released in the early 2010s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/reviews/samsung-700g7c-review/|title=Samsung 700G7C review: Samsung 700G7C|first=Scott|last=Stein|website=CNET}}</ref> Resolutions of laptop ]s are 720p (HD), or 480p in lower-end laptops.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/computing/laptops-need-better-webcams/|title=In The Age Of Zoom, Bad Laptop Webcams Are A Big Problem|date=8 April 2020|website=Digital Trends}}</ref> The earliest-known laptops with ] (Full HD) webcams, like the Samsung 700G7C, were released in the early 2010s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/reviews/samsung-700g7c-review/|title=Samsung 700G7C review: Samsung 700G7C|first=Scott|last=Stein|website=CNET}}</ref>


]s became common in full-size laptops around 1997: initially CD-ROM drives, supplanted by CD-R, then DVD, then ] drives with writing capability. Starting around 2011, the trend shifted against internal optical drives, and as of 2022, they have largely disappeared, though are still readily available as external ]s. ]s became common in full-size laptops around 1997: initially, CD-ROM drives, supplanted by CD-R, then DVD, then ] drives with writing capability. Starting around 2011, the trend shifted against internal optical drives, and as of 2022, they have largely disappeared, though are still readily available as external ]s.


==Etymology== ==Etymology==
The terms ''laptop'' and ''notebook'' both trace their origins to the early 1980s, coined to describe ]s in a size class smaller than the contemporary mainstream units (so-called ]) but larger than ]s.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Reid | first=T.&nbsp;R. | date=October 10, 1988 | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1988/10/10/the-latest-wave-in-personal-computers-is-small-but-fast/1f947411-c060-43e2-aa57-9ee496eaca9b/ | title=The Latest Wave in Personal Computers Is Small but Fast | work=The Washington Post | page=F28 | archiveurl=http://archive.today/2024.05.05-050802/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1988/10/10/the-latest-wave-in-personal-computers-is-small-but-fast/1f947411-c060-43e2-aa57-9ee496eaca9b/ | archivedate=May 5, 2024}}</ref><ref name=byte>{{cite journal | last=Williams | first=Gregg | date=April 1982 | url=https://archive.org/details/byte-magazine-1982-04/page/n105/ | title=The First ''Byte''-Sized Computer | work=Byte | publisher=McGraw-Hill | volume=7 | issue=4 | pages=104–105 | via=the Internet Archive}}</ref> The etymologist ] traced the origin of ''laptop'' to some time before 1984;<ref name=safire>{{cite book | last=Safire | first=William | date=2011 | orig-date=1993 | url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Quoth_the_Maven/WYV0aLwMd6UC | title=Quoth the Maven: More on Language from William Safire | publisher=Random House Publishing Group | page=352 | isbn=9780307799746 | via=Google Books}}</ref> the earliest attestation of ''laptop'' found by the '']'' dates to 1983.<ref>{{cite web | date=n.d. | url=https://www.oed.com/dictionary/laptop_n | title=laptop, n. & adj. | work=Oxford English Dictionary | publisher=Oxford University Press | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505044414/https://www.oed.com/dictionary/laptop_n?tl=true | archivedate=May 5, 2024}}</ref> The word is modeled after the phrase ''desktop'', as in '']''.<ref name=safire /> ''Notebook'', meanwhile, emerged earlier in 1982<ref>{{cite web | date=n.d. | url=https://www.oed.com/dictionary/notebook-computer_n | title=notebook computer, n. | work=Oxford English Dictionary | publisher=Oxford University Press | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505183728/https://www.oed.com/dictionary/notebook-computer_n?tl=true | archivedate=May 5, 2024}}</ref> to describe ]'s ] portable, whose dimensions roughly correspond to a ]-sized ].<ref name=byte /><ref>{{cite journal | last=Needle | first=David | date=December 13, 1982 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GzAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA9 | title=Crowds converge on NE Computer Show | work=InfoWorld | publisher=IDG Publications | volume=4 | issue=49 | pages=1, 9–11 | via=Google Books}}</ref>{{rp|9}}<ref>{{cite journal | last=Needle | first=David | date=May 14, 1984 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sy4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA9 | title=Epson's PX-8 lap computer | work=InfoWorld | publisher=IDG Publications | volume=6 | issue=20 | page=9 | via=Google Books}}</ref> ] from laptops with the release of the ] in 1988.<ref name=fd>{{cite book | last=Gookin | first=Dan | author-link=Dan Gookin | date=2005 | url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Laptops_For_Dummies/o8jSwAEACAAJ | title=Laptops for Dummies | publisher=Wiley | pages=7–17 | isbn=9780764575556 | via=Google Books}}</ref>{{rp|16}} Notebooks and laptops continued to occupied distinct market segments into the mid-1990s,<ref>{{cite journal | last=Vowels | first=Andrew | date=March 1995 | url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/197745301/ | title=Have computer, will travel | work=CMA | publisher=Society of Management Accountants of Canada | volume=69 | issue=2 | pages=16–19 | via=ProQuest}}</ref> but ergonomic considerations and customer preference for larger screens soon led to notebooks ] with laptops in the late 1990s.<ref name=mueller>{{cite book | last=Mueller | first=Scott | date=2004 | url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Upgrading_and_Repairing_Laptops/xCXVGneKwScC | title=Upgrading and Repairing Laptops | publisher=Que | page=2 | isbn=9780789728005 | via=Google Books}}</ref> Today, the terms ''laptop'' and ''notebook'' are synonymous, with ''laptop'' being the more common term in most English-speaking territories.<ref name=mueller>{{cite book | last=Mueller | first=Scott | date=2004 | url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Upgrading_and_Repairing_Laptops/xCXVGneKwScC | title=Upgrading and Repairing Laptops | publisher=Que | page=2 | isbn=9780789728005 | via=Google Books}}</ref><ref name="Buzzle">{{cite web |last1=Naik |first1=Abhijit |title=Notebook Vs. Laptop |url=http://www.buzzle.com/articles/notebook-vs-laptop.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214093716/http://www.buzzle.com/articles/notebook-vs-laptop.html|archive-date=14 February 2015 |access-date=23 September 2014 |website=Buzzle.com}}</ref> The terms ''laptop'' and ''notebook'' both trace their origins to the early 1980s, coined to describe ]s in a size class smaller than the contemporary mainstream units (so-called ]) but larger than ]s.<ref>{{cite news | last=Reid | first=T.&nbsp;R. | date=October 10, 1988 | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1988/10/10/the-latest-wave-in-personal-computers-is-small-but-fast/1f947411-c060-43e2-aa57-9ee496eaca9b/ | title=The Latest Wave in Personal Computers Is Small but Fast | newspaper=The Washington Post | page=F28 | archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240505050802/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1988/10/10/the-latest-wave-in-personal-computers-is-small-but-fast/1f947411-c060-43e2-aa57-9ee496eaca9b/ | archivedate=May 5, 2024}}</ref><ref name=byte>{{cite journal | last=Williams | first=Gregg | date=April 1982 | url=https://archive.org/details/byte-magazine-1982-04/page/n105/ | title=The First ''Byte''-Sized Computer | journal=Byte | publisher=McGraw-Hill | volume=7 | issue=4 | pages=104–105 | via=the Internet Archive}}</ref> The etymologist ] traced the origin of ''laptop'' to some time before 1984;<ref name=safire>{{cite book | last=Safire | first=William | date=2011 | orig-date=1993 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WYV0aLwMd6UC | title=Quoth the Maven: More on Language from William Safire | publisher=Random House Publishing Group | page=352 | isbn=9780307799746 | via=Google Books}}</ref> the earliest attestation of ''laptop'' found by the '']'' dates to 1983.<ref>{{cite web | date=n.d. | url=https://www.oed.com/dictionary/laptop_n | title=laptop, n. & adj. | work=Oxford English Dictionary | publisher=Oxford University Press | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505044414/https://www.oed.com/dictionary/laptop_n?tl=true | archivedate=May 5, 2024}}</ref> The word is modeled after the term ''desktop'', as in '']''.<ref name=safire /> ''Notebook'', meanwhile, emerged earlier in 1982<ref>{{cite web | date=n.d. | url=https://www.oed.com/dictionary/notebook-computer_n | title=notebook computer, n. | work=Oxford English Dictionary | publisher=Oxford University Press | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505183728/https://www.oed.com/dictionary/notebook-computer_n?tl=true | archivedate=May 5, 2024}}</ref> to describe ]'s ] portable, whose dimensions roughly correspond to a ]-sized ].<ref name=byte /><ref>{{cite journal | last=Needle | first=David | date=December 13, 1982 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GzAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA9 | title=Crowds converge on NE Computer Show | journal=InfoWorld | publisher=IDG Publications | volume=4 | issue=49 | pages=1, 9–11 | via=Google Books}}</ref>{{rp|9}}<ref>{{cite journal | last=Needle | first=David | date=May 14, 1984 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sy4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA9 | title=Epson's PX-8 lap computer | journal=InfoWorld | publisher=IDG Publications | volume=6 | issue=20 | page=9 | via=Google Books}}</ref> Notebooks emerged as their own separate market from laptops with the release of the ] in 1988.<ref name=fd>{{cite book | last=Gookin | first=Dan | author-link=Dan Gookin | date=2005 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o8jSwAEACAAJ | title=Laptops for Dummies | publisher=Wiley | pages=7–17 | isbn=9780764575556 | via=Google Books}}</ref>{{rp|16}} Notebooks and laptops continued to occupy distinct market segments into the mid-1990s,<ref>{{cite journal | last=Vowels | first=Andrew | date=March 1995 | url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/197745301/ | title=Have computer, will travel | journal=CMA | publisher=Society of Management Accountants of Canada | volume=69 | issue=2 | pages=16–19 | via=ProQuest}}</ref> but ergonomic considerations and customer preference for larger screens soon led to notebooks ] with laptops in the late 1990s.<ref name=mueller>{{cite book | last=Mueller | first=Scott | date=2004 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xCXVGneKwScC | title=Upgrading and Repairing Laptops | publisher=Que | page=2 | isbn=9780789728005 | via=Google Books}}</ref> Today, the terms ''laptop'' and ''notebook'' are synonymous, with ''laptop'' being the more common term in most English-speaking territories.<ref name=mueller/><ref name="Buzzle">{{cite web |last1=Naik |first1=Abhijit |title=Notebook Vs. Laptop |url=http://www.buzzle.com/articles/notebook-vs-laptop.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214093716/http://www.buzzle.com/articles/notebook-vs-laptop.html |archive-date=14 February 2015 |access-date=23 September 2014 |website=Buzzle.com}}</ref>


== Types of laptops == == Types of laptops ==
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], a hybrid tablet, powered by ] ]]] ], a hybrid tablet, powered by ] ]]]
], 2-in-1 detachable]] ], 2-in-1 detachable]]
] gaming laptop with ] keyboard and touch pad]] ] gaming laptop with ] keyboard and touch pad]]
] laptop]] ] laptop]]
] CF-M34, a rugged laptop/subnotebook]] ] CF-M34, a rugged laptop/subnotebook]]
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===Smaller and larger laptops=== ===Smaller and larger laptops===
{{Main|Notebook form factor|Subnotebook|Desktop replacement computer}} {{Main|Notebook (laptop)|Subnotebook|Desktop replacement computer}}


There were in the past a number of marketing categories for smaller and larger laptop computers; these included "]" and "]" models, low cost "]s", and "]s" where the size class overlapped with devices like ] and handheld ], and "]" laptops for machines notably larger and heavier than typical to operate more powerful ] or ].<ref name="types_cnet">{{cite web|title=Laptop Buying Guide|url=http://reviews.cnet.com/4520-7602_7-1016082-2.html|access-date=7 November 2008|website=Cnet}}</ref> All of these terms have fallen out of favor as the size of mainstream laptops has gone down and their capabilities have gone up; except for niche models, laptop sizes tend to be distinguished by the size of the screen, and for more powerful models, by any specialized purpose the machine is intended for, such as a "]" or a "]" for professional use.{{See also|Gaming computer#Gaming laptop computers|Mobile workstation}} There were in the past a number of marketing categories for smaller and larger laptop computers; these included "notebook" and "]" models, low cost "]s", and "]s" where the size class overlapped with devices like ] and handheld ], and "]" laptops for machines notably larger and heavier than typical to operate more powerful ] or ].<ref name="types_cnet">{{cite web|title=Laptop Buying Guide|url=http://reviews.cnet.com/4520-7602_7-1016082-2.html|access-date=7 November 2008|website=Cnet}}</ref> All of these terms have fallen out of favor as the size of mainstream laptops has gone down and their capabilities have gone up; except for niche models, laptop sizes tend to be distinguished by the size of the screen, and for more powerful models, by any specialized purpose the machine is intended for, such as a "]" or a "]" for professional use.{{See also|Gaming computer#Gaming laptop computers|Mobile workstation}}


===Convertible, hybrid, 2-in-1=== ===Convertible, hybrid, 2-in-1===
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] are devices with the ability to conceal a hardware keyboard. Keyboards on such devices can be flipped, rotated, or slid behind the back of the chassis, thus transforming from a laptop into a tablet. ''Hybrids'' have a keyboard detachment mechanism, and due to this feature, all critical components are situated in the part with the display. ''2-in-1s'' can have a hybrid or a convertible form, often dubbed ''2-in-1 detachable'' and ''2-in-1 convertibles'' respectively, but are distinguished by the ability to run a desktop ], such as ]. 2-in-1s are often marketed as ''laptop replacement tablets''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/best-2-in-1-pcs-in-2020-when-you-need-a-laptop-and-tablet-in-one/|title=Best 2-in-1 PCs in 2020 for when you need a laptop and tablet in one|website=CNet|language=en-US|access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> ] are devices with the ability to conceal a hardware keyboard. Keyboards on such devices can be flipped, rotated, or slid behind the back of the chassis, thus transforming from a laptop into a tablet. ''Hybrids'' have a keyboard detachment mechanism, and due to this feature, all critical components are situated in the part with the display. ''2-in-1s'' can have a hybrid or a convertible form, often dubbed ''2-in-1 detachable'' and ''2-in-1 convertibles'' respectively, but are distinguished by the ability to run a desktop ], such as ]. 2-in-1s are often marketed as ''laptop replacement tablets''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/best-2-in-1-pcs-in-2020-when-you-need-a-laptop-and-tablet-in-one/|title=Best 2-in-1 PCs in 2020 for when you need a laptop and tablet in one|website=CNet|language=en-US|access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref>


2-in-1s are often very thin, around {{convert|10|mm}}, and light devices with a long battery life. 2-in-1s are distinguished from mainstream tablets as they feature an ]-architecture ] (typically a low- or ] model), such as the Intel ], run a full-featured desktop ] like ], and have a number of typical laptop ] ports, such as ] and ]. 2-in-1s are often very thin, around {{convert|10|mm}}, and light devices with a long battery life. 2-in-1s are distinguished from mainstream tablets as they feature an ]-architecture ] (typically a low- or ] model), such as the Intel ], run a full-featured desktop ] like ], and have a number of typical laptop ] ports, such as ] and ].


2-in-1s are designed to be used not only as a ] device but also as valid desktop or laptop replacements, due to their ability to run ''desktop'' applications, such as ]. It is possible to connect multiple ] devices, such as a mouse, keyboard, and several external displays to a modern 2-in-1. 2-in-1s are designed to be used not only as a ] device but also as valid desktop or laptop replacements, due to their ability to run ''desktop'' applications, such as ]. It is possible to connect multiple ] devices, such as a mouse, keyboard, and several external displays to a modern 2-in-1.


] Pro-series devices and ] are examples of modern 2-in-1 detachable, whereas ]-series computers are a variant of 2-in-1 convertibles. While the older ] and ] have the same chassis design as the Surface Pro, their use of ] and ] do not classify them as 2-in-1s, but as hybrid tablets.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lenovo.com/us/en/faqs/laptop-faqs/what-is-hybrid/|title=What Is a Hybrid Laptop? {{!}} Advantages & Buying Guide {{!}} Lenovo US|website=lenovo.com|language=en|access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> Similarly, a number of hybrid laptops run a ], such as ]. These include ] devices, examples of ] with a detachable keyboard design, which do not fall in the category of 2-in-1s. ] Pro-series devices and ] are examples of modern 2-in-1 detachable, whereas ]-series computers are a variant of 2-in-1 convertibles. While the older ] and ] have the same chassis design as the Surface Pro, their use of ] and ] do not classify them as 2-in-1s, but as hybrid tablets.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lenovo.com/us/en/faqs/laptop-faqs/what-is-hybrid/|title=What Is a Hybrid Laptop? {{!}} Advantages & Buying Guide {{!}} Lenovo US|website=lenovo.com|language=en|access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> Similarly, a number of hybrid laptops run a ], such as ]. These include ] devices, examples of ] with a detachable keyboard design, which do not fall in the category of 2-in-1s.


===Rugged laptop=== ===Rugged laptop===
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] memory module]] ] memory module]]


The basic components of laptops function identically to their desktop counterparts. Traditionally they were ] and adapted to mobile use, The design restrictions on power, size, and ] of laptops limit the maximum performance of laptop parts compared to that of desktop components, although that difference has increasingly narrowed.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Dé specialist voor smartphone, tablet en laptop reparaties|title=Laptop reparatie|url=https://www.smart-repair.nl/laptop/|access-date=30 March 2017|work=Smartrepair Den Bosch, Nijmegen, Tilburg, Almere en Utrecht|agency=smart-repair.nl|date=4 January 2013|language=nl-NL}}</ref> The basic components of laptops function identically to their desktop counterparts. Traditionally they were ] and adapted to mobile use, The design restrictions on power, size, and ] of laptops limit the maximum performance of laptop parts compared to that of desktop components, although that difference has increasingly narrowed.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Dé specialist voor smartphone, tablet en laptop reparaties|title=Laptop reparatie|url=https://www.smart-repair.nl/laptop/|access-date=30 March 2017|work=Smartrepair Den Bosch, Nijmegen, Tilburg, Almere en Utrecht|agency=smart-repair.nl|date=4 January 2013|language=nl-NL}}</ref>


In general, laptop components are not intended to be replaceable or upgradable by the end-user, except for components that can be detached; in the past, batteries and optical drives were commonly exchangeable. Some laptops feature socketed processors with sockets such as the ], but many laptops use processors that are soldered to the motherboard. Many laptops come with RAM and storage that is soldered to the motherboard and cannot be easily replaced. This restriction is one of the major differences between laptops and desktop computers, because the large "]" cases used in desktop computers are designed so that new ]s, ]s, ]s, ], and other components can be added. Memory and storage can often be upgraded with some disassembly, but with the most compact laptops, there may be no upgradeable components at all.<ref>{{cite web|title=Microsoft Surface Pro 3 Teardown|url=https://www.ifixit.com/Teardown/Microsoft+Surface+Pro+3+Teardown/26595|website=iFixit.com|date=23 June 2014|access-date=1 October 2014}}</ref> In general, laptop components are not intended to be replaceable or upgradable by the end-user, except for components that can be detached; in the past, batteries and optical drives were commonly exchangeable. Some laptops feature socketed processors with sockets such as the ], but many laptops use processors that are soldered to the motherboard. Many laptops come with RAM and storage that is soldered to the motherboard and cannot be easily replaced. This restriction is one of the major differences between laptops and desktop computers, because the large "]" cases used in desktop computers are designed so that new ]s, ]s, ]s, ], and other components can be added. Memory and storage can often be upgraded with some disassembly, but with the most compact laptops, there may be no upgradeable components at all.<ref>{{cite web|title=Microsoft Surface Pro 3 Teardown|url=https://www.ifixit.com/Teardown/Microsoft+Surface+Pro+3+Teardown/26595|website=iFixit.com|date=23 June 2014|access-date=1 October 2014}}</ref>


The following sections summarizes the differences and distinguishing features of laptop components in comparison to desktop personal computer parts.<ref name="parts-kate">{{cite web |title=What Makes Laptops Work&nbsp;– The Laptop Motherboard |url=http://mobileoffice.about.com/od/laptopstabletpcs/tp/laptopmotherboards.htm |author=Catherine Roseberry |website=About.com |access-date=15 November 2008}}</ref> The following sections summarize the differences and distinguishing features of laptop components in comparison to desktop personal computer parts.<ref name="parts-kate">{{cite web |title=What Makes Laptops Work&nbsp;– The Laptop Motherboard |url=http://mobileoffice.about.com/od/laptopstabletpcs/tp/laptopmotherboards.htm |author=Catherine Roseberry |website=About.com |access-date=15 November 2008 |archive-date=10 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210021556/http://mobileoffice.about.com/od/laptopstabletpcs/tp/laptopmotherboards.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>


===Display=== ===Display===
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==== Screen technology ==== ==== Screen technology ====
Laptop screens most commonly employ ] technology, although use of ] panels has risen substantially since 2020.{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}} The display interfaces with the motherboard using the ] or ] protocol. Laptop screens most commonly employ ] technology, although use of ] panels has risen substantially since 2020.{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}} The display interfaces with the motherboard using the ] protocol via the ] 30 or 40 pin connector. The panels are mainly manufactured by ], ], ] or ].


==== Surface finish ==== ==== Surface finish ====
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==== Resolution ==== ==== Resolution ====
Having a higher resolution display allows more items to fit onscreen at a time, improving the user's ability to multitask, although at the higher resolutions on smaller screens, the resolution may only serve to display sharper graphics and text rather than increasing the usable area. Since the introduction of the ] in 2012, there has been an increase in the availability of "HiDPI" (or high ]) displays; {{as of|2022|post=,|lc=y}} this is generally considered to be anything higher than 1920 pixels wide. This has increasingly converged around 4K (3840-pixel-wide) resolutions. Having a higher resolution display allows more items to fit onscreen at a time, improving the user's ability to multitask, although, at the higher resolutions on smaller screens, the resolution may only serve to display sharper graphics and text rather than increasing the usable area. Since the introduction of the ] in 2012, there has been an increase in the availability of "HiDPI" (or high ]) displays; {{as of|2022|post=,|lc=y}} this is generally considered to be anything higher than 1920 pixels wide. This has increasingly converged around 4K (3840-pixel-wide) resolutions.


External displays can be connected to most laptops, with most models supporting at least one.<ref name="3-Displays FAQ" /> The use of technology such as ] (section ]). DisplayPort Alt Mode has been utilized to charge a laptop and provide display output over one USB-C Cable.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apple MacBook Pro 14 and 16 review: return to form |url=https://www.theverge.com/22751921/apple-macbook-pro-14-16-inch-2021-m1-pro-max-review |access-date=21 September 2022 |website=The Verge |date=29 October 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref> External displays can be connected to most laptops, with most models supporting at least one.<ref name="3-Displays FAQ" /> The use of technology such as ] (section ]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-12-19|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=USB4#Alternate Mode partner specifications|reason= The anchor (Alternate Mode partner specifications) ].}}). DisplayPort Alt Mode has been utilized to charge a laptop and provide display output over one USB-C Cable.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apple MacBook Pro 14 and 16 review: return to form |url=https://www.theverge.com/22751921/apple-macbook-pro-14-16-inch-2021-m1-pro-max-review |access-date=21 September 2022 |website=The Verge |date=29 October 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref>


==== Refresh rates ==== ==== Refresh rates ====
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===Memory=== ===Memory===
Since around the year 2000, most laptops have used ] slots in which ] is mounted,<ref name="parts-kate"/> although, as of 2021, an increasing number of models use memory soldered to the motherboard, either alongside SO-DIMM slots or without any slots and soldering all memory to the motherboard. Before 2000, most laptops used proprietary memory modules if their memory was upgradable. Since around the year 2000, most laptops have used ] slots in which ] is mounted,<ref name="parts-kate"/> although, as of 2021, an increasing number of models use memory soldered to the motherboard, either alongside SO-DIMM slots or without any slots and soldering all memory to the motherboard, but a new form factor, the ], is slated to fix the size and timing limitation. Before 2000, most laptops used proprietary memory modules if their memory was upgradable.


In the early 2010s, high end laptops such as the 2011 Samsung ''700G7A'' have passed the 10&nbsp;GB RAM barrier, featuring 16&nbsp;GB of RAM.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.notebookcheck.net/Review-Samsung-Series-7-Gamer-700G7A-Notebook.66523.0.html|title=Review Samsung Series 7 Gamer 700G7A Notebook|first=Florian|last=Glaser|website=Notebookcheck|date=24 November 2011 }}</ref> In the early 2010s, high end laptops such as the 2011 Samsung ''700G7A'' have passed the 10&nbsp;GB RAM barrier, featuring 16&nbsp;GB of RAM.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.notebookcheck.net/Review-Samsung-Series-7-Gamer-700G7A-Notebook.66523.0.html|title=Review Samsung Series 7 Gamer 700G7A Notebook|first=Florian|last=Glaser|website=Notebookcheck|date=24 November 2011 }}</ref>
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===Removable media drive=== ===Removable media drive===
]s capable of playing ]s, compact discs (CD), ], and in some cases, ] (BD), were nearly universal on full-sized models between the mid-1990s and the early 2010s. {{As of|2021|post=,}} drives are uncommon in compact or premium laptops; they remain available in some bulkier models, but the trend towards thinner and lighter machines is gradually eliminating these drives and players – when needed they can be connected via USB instead. ]s capable of playing ]s, compact discs (CD), ], and in some cases, ] (BD), were nearly universal on full-sized models between the mid-1990s and the early 2010s. {{As of|2021|post=,}} drives are uncommon in compact or premium laptops; they remain available in some bulkier models, but the trend towards thinner and lighter machines is gradually eliminating these drives and players – when needed they can be connected via USB instead.
===Speaker===
Laptops usually have built-in speakers and built-in microphones. However, integrated speakers may be small and of restricted sound quality to conserve space.


===Inputs=== ===Inputs===
] on an ] laptop, where buttons and the touch-sensitive surface are shared]] ] on an ] laptop, where buttons and the touch-sensitive surface are shared]]
] cursor and UltraNav buttons on a ] laptop]] ] cursor and UltraNav buttons on a ] laptop]]
] network port (center), ] (left), ] (top right) and ] 2.0 (bottom right). Due to the trend towards very flat laptops and the widespread use of ], the relatively high Ethernet socket is no longer mandatory in today's devices, as is the technically outdated VGA.]] ] network port (center), ] (left), ] (top right) and ] 2.0 (bottom right). Due to the trend towards very flat laptops and the widespread use of ], the relatively high Ethernet socket is no longer mandatory in today's devices, as is the technically outdated VGA.]]
An alphanumeric keyboard is used to enter text, data, and other commands (e.g., ]s). A ] (also called a trackpad), a ], or both, are used to control the position of the cursor on the screen, and an integrated keyboard<ref>Most keyboards are not illuminated. Some models of laptops feature an illuminated keyboard.</ref> is used for typing. Some touchpads have buttons separate from the touch surface, while others share the surface. A quick double-tap is typically registered as a click, and operating systems may recognize multi-finger touch gestures. An alphanumeric keyboard is used to enter text, data, and other commands (e.g., ]s). A ] (also called a trackpad), a ], or both, are used to control the position of the cursor on the screen, and an integrated keyboard<ref>Most keyboards are not illuminated. Some models of laptops feature an illuminated keyboard.</ref> is used for typing. Some touchpads have buttons separate from the touch surface, while others share the surface. A quick double-tap is typically registered as a click, and operating systems may recognize multi-finger touch gestures.


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===Input/output (I/O) ports=== ===Input/output (I/O) ports===
On a typical laptop there are several ] ]; if they use only the older USB connectors instead of ], they will typically have an external monitor port (], ], ] or ] or occasionally more than one), an audio in/out port (often in form of a single socket) is common. It is possible to connect up to three external displays to a 2014-era laptop via a single Mini DisplayPort, using ] technology.<ref name="3-Displays FAQ">{{cite web|title=Configuration 3-Displays FAQ|url=http://www.intel.com/support/graphics/sb/CS-033714.htm|website=Intel.com|access-date=16 September 2014}}</ref> On a typical laptop, there are several ] ]; if they use only the older USB connectors instead of ], they will typically have an external monitor port (], ], ] or ] or occasionally more than one), an audio in/out port (often in form of a single socket) is common. It is possible to connect up to three external displays to a 2014-era laptop via a single Mini DisplayPort, using ] technology.<ref name="3-Displays FAQ">{{cite web|title=Configuration 3-Displays FAQ|url=http://www.intel.com/support/graphics/sb/CS-033714.htm|website=Intel.com|access-date=16 September 2014}}</ref>


], in a 2015 version of its ], transitioned from a number of different ] ports to a single USB-C port.<ref name="MacBook_2015">{{cite web|title=Apple — MacBook — Tech Specs|url=https://www.apple.com/macbook/specs/|website=apple.com|access-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> This port can be used both for charging and connecting a variety of devices through the use of ] adapters. Apple has since transitioned back to using a number of different ports. Google, with its updated version of ], shows a similar transition trend towards USB-C, although keeping older USB Type-A ports for a better compatibility with older devices.<ref name="ChromebookPixel_2015">{{cite web|title=Chromebook Pixel|url=https://www.google.com/chromebook/pixel/|website=google.com|access-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> Although being common until the end of the 2000s decade, ] network port are rarely found on modern laptops, due to widespread use of ]ing, such as ]. ]s such as a ] keyboard/mouse port, ], ], or ] are provided on some models, but they are increasingly rare. On ]'s systems, and on a handful of other laptops, there are also ] ports, but ] uses USB-C. Laptops typically have a headphone jack, so that the user can connect headphones or amplified speaker systems for listening to music or other audio. ], in a 2015 version of its ], transitioned from a number of different ] ports to a single USB-C port.<ref name="MacBook_2015">{{cite web|title=Apple — MacBook — Tech Specs|url=https://www.apple.com/macbook/specs/|website=apple.com|access-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> This port can be used both for charging and connecting a variety of devices through the use of ] adapters. Apple has since transitioned back to using a number of different ports. Google, with its updated version of ], shows a similar transition trend towards USB-C, although keeping older USB Type-A ports for a better compatibility with older devices.<ref name="ChromebookPixel_2015">{{cite web|title=Chromebook Pixel|url=https://www.google.com/chromebook/pixel/|website=google.com|access-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> Although being common until the end of the 2000s decade, ] network port are rarely found on modern laptops, due to widespread use of ]ing, such as ]. ]s such as a ] keyboard/mouse port, ], ], or ] are provided on some models, but they are increasingly rare. On ]'s systems, and on a handful of other laptops, there are also ] ports, but ] uses USB-C. Laptops typically have a headphone jack, so that the user can connect headphones or amplified speaker systems for listening to music or other audio.
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{{Main|Smart battery}} {{Main|Smart battery}}
] ]
Since the late 1990s, laptops have typically used ] or ] ], These replaced the older ] typically used in the 1990s, and ] used in most of the earliest laptops. A few of the oldest laptops used ], or ] Since the late 1990s, laptops have typically used ] or ] ], These replaced the older ] typically used in the 1990s, and ] used in most of the earliest laptops. A few of the oldest laptops used ], or ]


Battery life is highly variable by model and workload and can range from one hour to nearly a day. A battery's performance ]; a noticeable reduction in capacity is typically evident after two to three years of regular use, depending on the charging and discharging pattern and the design of the battery. Innovations in laptops and batteries have seen situations in which the battery can provide up to 24 hours of continued operation, assuming average power consumption levels. An example is the HP EliteBook 6930p when used with its ultra-capacity battery.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://h10010.www1.hp.com/wwpc/ca/en/sm/WF06a/321957-321957-64295-89315-89315-3688868.html?dnr=1 |title=HP EliteBook 6930p Notebook PC specifications – HP Products and Services Products |publisher=HP |date=25 May 2009 |access-date=17 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601103622/http://h10010.www1.hp.com/wwpc/ca/en/sm/WF06a/321957-321957-64295-89315-89315-3688868.html?dnr=1 |archive-date=1 June 2012}}</ref> Battery life is highly variable by model and workload and can range from one hour to nearly a day. A battery's performance ]; a noticeable reduction in capacity is typically evident after two to three years of regular use, depending on the charging and discharging pattern and the design of the battery. Innovations in laptops and batteries have seen situations in which the battery can provide up to 24 hours of continued operation, assuming average power consumption levels. An example is the HP EliteBook 6930p when used with its ultra-capacity battery.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://h10010.www1.hp.com/wwpc/ca/en/sm/WF06a/321957-321957-64295-89315-89315-3688868.html?dnr=1 |title=HP EliteBook 6930p Notebook PC specifications – HP Products and Services Products |publisher=HP |date=25 May 2009 |access-date=17 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601103622/http://h10010.www1.hp.com/wwpc/ca/en/sm/WF06a/321957-321957-64295-89315-89315-3688868.html?dnr=1 |archive-date=1 June 2012}}</ref>
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Historically, ], typically cylindrical/barrel-shaped ]s have been used in laptops. Some vendors such as ] made intermittent use of a rectangular connector. Historically, ], typically cylindrical/barrel-shaped ]s have been used in laptops. Some vendors such as ] made intermittent use of a rectangular connector.


Some connector heads feature a center pin to allow the end device to determine the power supply type by measuring the resistance between it and the connector's negative pole (outer surface). Vendors may block charging if a power supply is not recognized as original part, which could deny the legitimate use of universal third-party chargers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hackaday.com/2020/05/27/hacking-dell-laptops-to-use-off-brand-chargers/|title=Hacking Dell Laptops To Use Off-Brand Chargers|date=27 May 2020}}</ref> Some connector heads feature a center pin to allow the end device to determine the power supply type by measuring the resistance between it and the connector's negative pole (outer surface). Vendors may block charging if a power supply is not recognized as the original part, which could deny the legitimate use of universal third-party chargers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hackaday.com/2020/05/27/hacking-dell-laptops-to-use-off-brand-chargers/|title=Hacking Dell Laptops To Use Off-Brand Chargers|date=27 May 2020}}</ref>


With the advent of ], ] made increasing use of it for both ] and data transfer. Its support for 20 V (common laptop power supply voltage) and 5 A typically suffices for low to mid-end laptops, but some with higher power demands such as ]s depend on dedicated DC connectors to handle currents beyond 5 A without risking overheating, some even above 10 A. Additionally, dedicated DC connectors are more durable and less prone to wear and tear from frequent reconnection, as their design is less delicate.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pcmag.com/how-to/what-is-usb-c-an-explainer|title=What Is USB-C? An Explainer|website=PCMAG}}</ref> With the advent of ], ] made increasing use of it for both ] and data transfer. Its support for 20 V (common laptop power supply voltage) and 5 A typically suffices for low to mid-end laptops, but some with higher power demands such as ]s depend on dedicated DC connectors to handle currents beyond 5 A without risking overheating, some even above 10 A. Additionally, dedicated DC connectors are more durable and less prone to wear and tear from frequent reconnection, as their design is less delicate.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pcmag.com/how-to/what-is-usb-c-an-explainer|title=What Is USB-C? An Explainer|website=PCMAG}}</ref>
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] ]


A ] (sometimes referred to simply as a ''dock'') is a laptop accessory that contains multiple ports and in some cases expansion slots or bays for fixed or removable drives. A laptop connects and disconnects to a docking station, typically through a single large proprietary connector. A docking station is an especially popular laptop accessory in a corporate computing environment, due to a possibility of a docking station transforming a laptop into a full-featured desktop replacement, yet allowing for its easy release. This ability can be advantageous to "]" employees who have to travel frequently for work, and yet who also come into the office. If more ports are needed, or their position on a laptop is inconvenient, one can use a cheaper passive device known as a ]. These devices mate to the connectors on the laptop, such as through ] or ]. A ] (sometimes referred to simply as a ''dock'') is a laptop accessory that contains multiple ports and in some cases expansion slots or bays for fixed or removable drives. A laptop connects and disconnects to a docking station, typically through a single large proprietary connector. A docking station is an especially popular laptop accessory in a corporate computing environment, due to the possibility of a docking station transforming a laptop into a full-featured desktop replacement, yet allowing for its easy release. This ability can be advantageous to "]" employees who have to travel frequently for work, and yet who also come into the office. If more ports are needed, or their position on a laptop is inconvenient, one can use a cheaper passive device known as a ]. These devices mate to the connectors on the laptop, such as through ] or ].


===Charging trolleys=== ===Charging trolleys===
]s, also known as laptop trolleys or laptop carts, are mobile storage containers to charge multiple ], ], and ]s at the same time. The trolleys are used in schools that have replaced their traditional static computer labs<ref name="doug">{{cite web|last=Woods|first=Dough|title=Getting rid of the ICT suite|url=http://dougwoods.co.uk/blog/getting-rid-of-the-ict-suite/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006051528/http://dougwoods.co.uk/blog/getting-rid-of-the-ict-suite/|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 October 2010|work=Blog}}</ref> suites of desktop equipped with "tower" computers, but do not have enough plug sockets in an individual classroom to charge all of the devices. The trolleys can be wheeled between rooms and ] so that all students and teachers in a particular building can access fully ] ] equipment.<ref>{{cite news|last=Wilce|first=Hilary|title=Welcome to Lapland|url=http://www.tes.co.uk/article.aspx?storycode=341261|newspaper=TES Magazine|date=1 December 2000|access-date=5 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526050514/https://www.tes.co.uk/article.aspx?storycode=341261|archive-date=26 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> ]s, also known as laptop trolleys or laptop carts, are mobile storage containers to charge multiple ], ], and ]s at the same time. The trolleys are used in schools that have replaced their traditional static computer labs<ref name="doug">{{cite web|last=Woods|first=Dough|title=Getting rid of the ICT suite|url=http://dougwoods.co.uk/blog/getting-rid-of-the-ict-suite/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006051528/http://dougwoods.co.uk/blog/getting-rid-of-the-ict-suite/|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 October 2010|work=Blog}}</ref> suites of desktop equipped with "tower" computers, but do not have enough plug sockets in an individual classroom to charge all of the devices. The trolleys can be wheeled between rooms and ] so that all students and teachers in a particular building can access fully ] ] equipment.<ref>{{cite news|last=Wilce|first=Hilary|title=Welcome to Lapland|url=http://www.tes.co.uk/article.aspx?storycode=341261|newspaper=TES Magazine|date=1 December 2000|access-date=5 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526050514/https://www.tes.co.uk/article.aspx?storycode=341261|archive-date=26 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>


Laptop charging trolleys are also used to deter and protect against opportunistic and organized theft. Schools, especially those with ] designs, are often prime targets for ] who steal high-value items. Laptops, netbooks, and tablets are among the highest–value portable items in a school. Moreover, laptops can easily be concealed under clothing and stolen from buildings. Many types of laptop–charging trolleys are designed and constructed to protect against theft. They are generally made out of steel, and the laptops remain locked up while not in use. Although the trolleys can be moved between areas from one classroom to another, they can often be mounted or locked to the floor, support pillars, or walls to prevent thieves from stealing the laptops, especially overnight.<ref name="doug" /> Laptop charging trolleys are also used to deter and protect against opportunistic and organized theft. Schools, especially those with ] designs, are often prime targets for ] who steal high-value items. Laptops, netbooks, and tablets are among the highest–value portable items in a school. Moreover, laptops can easily be concealed under clothing and stolen from buildings. Many types of laptop–charging trolleys are designed and constructed to protect against theft. They are generally made out of steel, and the laptops remain locked up while not in use. Although the trolleys can be moved between areas from one classroom to another, they can often be mounted or locked to the floor, support pillars, or walls to prevent thieves from stealing the laptops, especially overnight.<ref name="doug" />
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===Modularity=== ===Modularity===
] ]
Some of the components of earlier models of laptops can easily be replaced without opening completely its bottom part, such as keyboard, battery, hard disk, memory modules, CPU cooling fan, etc. Some of the components of earlier models of laptops can easily be replaced without opening completely its bottom part, such as the keyboard, battery, hard disk, memory modules, CPU cooling fan, etc.


Some of the components of recent models of laptops reside inside. Replacing most of its components, such as keyboard, battery, hard disk, memory modules, CPU cooling fan, etc., requires removal of its either top or bottom part, removal of the motherboard, and returning them. Some of the components of recent models of laptops reside inside. Replacing most of its components, such as the keyboard, battery, hard disk, memory modules, CPU cooling fan, etc., requires the removal of either the top or bottom part, the removal of the motherboard, and returning them.


In some types, solder and glue are used to mount components such as RAM, storage, and batteries, making repairs additionally difficult.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.laptopmag.com/au/articles/ram-upgrade-tutorial|title=How to upgrade the RAM (memory) on a laptop|author1=Melanie Pinola Contributions from Sean Riley|date=8 June 2022|website=LaptopMag}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/computing/apple-macbook-pro-battery-replacement/|title=Need a New MacBook Pro Battery? Here's Your Guide!|date=15 March 2021|website=Digital Trends}}</ref> In some types, solder and glue are used to mount components such as RAM, storage, and batteries, making repairs additionally difficult.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.laptopmag.com/au/articles/ram-upgrade-tutorial|title=How to upgrade the RAM (memory) on a laptop|author1=Melanie Pinola Contributions from Sean Riley|date=8 June 2022|website=LaptopMag}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/computing/apple-macbook-pro-battery-replacement/|title=Need a New MacBook Pro Battery? Here's Your Guide!|date=15 March 2021|website=Digital Trends}}</ref>
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] ]


*'''Portability''' is usually the first feature mentioned in any comparison of laptops versus desktop PCs.<ref>{{cite web |title=Should I buy a laptop or desktop? |publisher=IT Division&nbsp;– the University of Wisconsin |date=19 March 2008 |url=http://kb.wisc.edu/showroom/page.php?id=3044 |access-date=27 November 2008 }}</ref> Physical portability allows a laptop to be used in many places—not only at home and the office but also during commuting and flights, in coffee shops, in lecture halls and libraries, at clients' locations or a meeting room, etc. Within a home, portability enables laptop users to move their devices from room to room. Portability offers several distinct advantages: *'''Portability''' is usually the first feature mentioned in any comparison of laptops versus desktop PCs.<ref>{{cite web |title=Should I buy a laptop or desktop? |publisher=IT Division&nbsp;– the University of Wisconsin |date=19 March 2008 |url=http://kb.wisc.edu/showroom/page.php?id=3044 |access-date=27 November 2008 |archive-date=22 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122120928/http://kb.wisc.edu/showroom/page.php?id=3044 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Physical portability allows a laptop to be used in many places—not only at home and the office but also during commuting and flights, in coffee shops, in lecture halls and libraries, at clients' locations or a meeting room, etc. Within a home, portability enables laptop users to move their devices from room to room. Portability offers several distinct advantages:
* '''Productivity''': Using a laptop in places where a desktop PC cannot be used can help employees and students to increase their productivity on work or school tasks, such as an office worker reading their work e-mails during an hour-long commute by train, or a student doing their homework at the university coffee shop during a break between lectures, for example. * '''Productivity''': Using a laptop in places where a desktop PC cannot be used can help employees and students to increase their productivity on work or school tasks, such as an office worker reading their work e-mails during an hour-long commute by train, or a student doing their homework at the university coffee shop during a break between lectures, for example.
* '''Up-to-date information''': Using a single laptop prevents fragmentation of files across multiple PC's as the files exist in a single location and are always up-to-date. * '''Up-to-date information''': Using a single laptop prevents fragmentation of files across multiple PC's as the files exist in a single location and are always up-to-date.
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Compared to desktop PCs, laptops have disadvantages in the following areas: Compared to desktop PCs, laptops have disadvantages in the following areas:


;Performance: The majority of laptops released in 2022 are capable of common tasks such as web browsing, video playback, and office applications, even at the low end. That said, performance of desktops often surpass comparably priced laptops. The upper limits of performance of laptops remain lower than desktops, due to mostly practical reasons, such as decreased battery life, increased size and heat, etc. ;Performance: The majority of laptops released in 2022 are capable of common tasks such as web browsing, video playback, and office applications, even at the low end. That said, the performance of desktops often surpasses comparably priced laptops. The upper limits of performance of laptops remain lower than desktops, due to mostly practical reasons, such as decreased battery life, increased size and heat, etc.
;Upgradeability: The upgradeability of laptops is very limited compared to thoroughly standardized desktops, due to technical and economic reasons. In general, hard drives and memory can be upgraded easily. Due to the integrated nature of laptops, however, the motherboard, CPU, and graphics, are seldom officially upgradeable. Some efforts towards industry standard parts and layouts have been attempted, such as ], but the industry remains largely ] and fragmented. There is no industry-wide standard ] for laptops; Moreover, starting with 2013 models, laptops have become increasingly integrated (soldered) with the motherboard for most of its components (CPU, SSD, RAM, etc.) to reduce size and upgradeability prospects.<ref name=btarunr /> ;Upgradeability: The upgradeability of laptops is very limited compared to thoroughly standardized desktops, due to technical and economic reasons. In general, hard drives and memory can be upgraded easily. Due to the integrated nature of laptops, however, the motherboard, CPU, and graphics, are seldom officially upgradeable. Some efforts towards industry standard parts and layouts have been attempted, such as ], but the industry remains largely ] and fragmented. There is no industry-wide standard ] for laptops; Moreover, starting with 2013 models, laptops have become increasingly integrated (soldered) with the motherboard for most of its components (CPU, SSD, RAM, etc.) to reduce size and upgradeability prospects.<ref name=btarunr />
;Durability: ] on a laptop after 2.5 years of use]] Laptops are less durable than desktops/PCs. However, the durability of the laptop depends on the user if proper maintenance is done then the laptop can work longer.]<br>Because of their portability, laptops are subject to more wear and physical damage than desktops, additionally hindered by their integrated nature. A liquid spill onto the keyboard, while a minor issue with a desktop system, can damage the internals of a laptop and destroy the computer, result in a costly repair or entire replacement of laptops. One study found that a laptop is three times more likely to break during the first year of use than a desktop.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gartner: Notebook PCs still prone to hardware failure |date=27 June 2006 |publisher=IDG News Service / ITWorld |url=http://www.itworld.com/060627notebookpc |access-date=27 November 2008}}</ref> To maintain a laptop, it is recommended to clean it every three months for dirt, debris, dust, and food particles. Most cleaning kits consist of a lint-free or ] cloth for the screen and keyboard, compressed air for getting dust out of the cooling fan, and a cleaning solution. Harsh chemicals such as bleach should not be used to clean a laptop, as they can damage it.<ref>{{cite web|last=Geier|first=Eric|title=Zen and the Art of Laptop Maintenance|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/260438/zen_and_the_art_of_laptop_maintenance.html|work=PC World|date=6 August 2012|access-date=25 January 2014}}</ref> ;Durability: ] on a laptop after 2.5 years of use]] Laptops are less durable than desktops/PCs. However, the durability of the laptop depends on the user if proper maintenance is done then the laptop can work longer.]<br>Because of their portability, laptops are subject to more wear and physical damage than desktops, additionally hindered by their integrated nature. A liquid spill onto the keyboard, while a minor issue with a desktop system, can damage the internals of a laptop and destroy the computer, resulting in a costly repair or entire replacement of laptops. One study found that a laptop is three times more likely to break during the first year of use than a desktop.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gartner: Notebook PCs still prone to hardware failure |date=27 June 2006 |publisher=IDG News Service / ITWorld |url=http://www.itworld.com/060627notebookpc |access-date=27 November 2008 |archive-date=10 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111210143144/http://www.itworld.com/060627notebookpc |url-status=dead }}</ref> To maintain a laptop, it is recommended to clean it every three months for dirt, debris, dust, and food particles. Most cleaning kits consist of a lint-free or ] cloth for the screen and keyboard, compressed air for getting dust out of the cooling fan, and a cleaning solution. Harsh chemicals such as bleach should not be used to clean a laptop, as they can damage it.<ref>{{cite web|last=Geier|first=Eric|title=Zen and the Art of Laptop Maintenance|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/260438/zen_and_the_art_of_laptop_maintenance.html|work=PC World|date=6 August 2012|access-date=25 January 2014}}</ref>
;Heating and cooling: Laptops rely on extremely compact cooling systems involving a ] and ] that can fail from blockage caused by accumulated airborne dust and debris. Most laptops do not have any type of removable dust collection filter over the air intake for these cooling systems, resulting in a system that gradually conducts more heat and noise as the years pass. In some cases, the laptop starts to overheat even at idle load levels. This dust is usually stuck inside where the fan and heat sink meet, where it can not be removed by a casual cleaning and vacuuming. Most of the time, compressed air can dislodge the dust and debris but may not entirely remove it. After the device is turned on, the loose debris is reaccumulated into the cooling system by the fans. Complete disassembly is usually required to clean the laptop entirely. However, preventative maintenance such as regular cleaning of the heat sink via compressed air can prevent dust build-up on the heat sink. Many laptops are difficult to disassemble by the average user and contain components that are sensitive to ] (ESD). ;Heating and cooling: Laptops rely on extremely compact cooling systems involving a ] and ] that can fail from blockage caused by accumulated airborne dust and debris. Most laptops do not have any type of removable dust collection filter over the air intake for these cooling systems, resulting in a system that gradually conducts more heat and noise as the years pass. In some cases, the laptop starts to overheat even at idle load levels. This dust is usually stuck inside where the fan and heat sink meet, where it can not be removed by a casual cleaning and vacuuming. Most of the time, compressed air can dislodge the dust and debris but may not entirely remove it. After the device is turned on, the loose debris is reaccumulated into the cooling system by the fans. Complete disassembly is usually required to clean the laptop entirely. However, preventative maintenance such as regular cleaning of the heat sink via compressed air can prevent dust build-up on the heat sink. Many laptops are difficult to disassemble by the average user and contain components that are sensitive to ] (ESD).
;Battery life: Battery life is limited because the ], eventually warranting replacement after as little as 2–3 years. A new battery typically stores enough energy to run the laptop for five to six hours or more, depending on usage and the battery size. The battery is often easily replaceable and a higher capacity model may be obtained for longer charging and discharging time. Some laptops do not have the usual removable battery and have to be brought to the service center of their manufacturer or a third-party laptop service center to have their battery replaced. Replacement batteries can also be expensive, depending on the availability of the parts. Desktop PC's do not face similar problems since they are reliant on long lasting ]. ;Battery life: Battery life is limited because the ], eventually warranting replacement after as little as 2–3 years. A new battery typically stores enough energy to run the laptop for five to six hours or more, depending on usage and the battery size. The battery is often easily replaceable and a higher capacity model may be obtained for longer charging and discharging time. Some laptops do not have the usual removable battery and have to be brought to the service center of their manufacturer or a third-party laptop service center to have their battery replaced. Replacement batteries can also be expensive, depending on the availability of the parts. Desktop PC's do not face similar problems since they are reliant on long lasting ].
;Security and privacy:{{Main|Laptop theft}}Because they are valuable, commonly used, portable, and easy to hide in a backpack or other type of bag, laptops are often ]. Every day, over 1,600 laptops go missing from U.S. airports.<ref>, Ponemon Institute, Airport Insecurity: The Case of Lost Laptops, June 2008</ref> The cost of stolen business or personal data, and of the resulting problems (], ], breach of privacy), can be many times the value of the stolen laptop itself. Consequently, the physical protection of laptops and the safeguarding of data contained on them are both of great importance. Some laptops, primarily professional and educational devices, have a ], which can be used to tether them with a security cable and lock. In addition, modern operating systems have features such as ] or similar that prevents the use of the device without credentials. {{As of|2015|post=,}} some laptops also have additional security elements added, including ] security components such as ] or ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.laptop-security-pro.com/biometric-devices.html|title=Secure File Sharing |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website=Biometric Devices and Laptop Security |publisher=Laptop Security Pro |access-date=7 February 2015}}</ref><br>Software such as ] and ] have been engineered to help people locate and recover their stolen laptops in the event of theft. Setting one's laptop with a password on its firmware (protection against going to firmware setup or booting), internal HDD/SSD (protection against accessing it and loading an operating system on it afterward), and every user account of the operating system are additional security measures that a user should do.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.howtogeek.com/186235/how-to-secure-your-computer-with-a-bios-or-uefi-password/|title=How to Secure Your Computer With a BIOS or UEFI Password|first=Chris|last=Hoffman|website=How-To Geek|date=3 April 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.howtogeek.com/186881/hard-disk-passwords-explained-should-you-set-one-to-secure-your-files/|title=Hard Disk Passwords Explained: Should You Set One to Secure Your Files?|first=Chris|last=Hoffman|website=How-To Geek|date=14 April 2014 }}</ref> Fewer than 5% of lost or stolen laptops are recovered by the companies that own them,<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606040557/http://intelligenceinsoftware.com/feature/it_software_strategy/lost_laptop/index.html|date=6 June 2013}}, Ponemon Institute, The Billion Dollar Lost Laptop Problem, September 2010</ref> however, that number may decrease due to a variety of companies and software solutions specializing in laptop recovery. In the 2010s, the common availability of ]s on laptops raised privacy concerns. In '']'' (Eastern District of Pennsylvania 2010), school-issued laptops loaded with special software enabled staff from two high schools to take secret webcam shots of students at home, via their students' laptops.<ref>{{cite web|last=Holmes |first=Kristin E. |url=http://www.philly.com/inquirer/local/pa/20100831_Lower_Merion_School_District_ordered_to_pay_plaintiff_s_lawyer__260_000.html |title=Lower Merion School District ordered to pay plaintiff's lawyer $260,000 |website=The Philadelphia Inquirer |date=31 August 2010 |access-date=20 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://mainlinemedianews.com/articles/2010/08/31/main_line_times/news/doc4c7cfdad3e059461146296.txt |title=Judge: Lower Merion must pay attorney in laptop case |publisher=Main Line Media News |date=18 September 2010 |access-date=20 September 2010 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305121116/http://mainlinemedianews.com/articles/2010/08/31/main_line_times/news/doc4c7cfdad3e059461146296.txt |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>, Philly.com {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901011357/http://www.philly.com/philly/education/20100727_A_lawyer_in_the_Lower_Merion_webcam_case_wants_to_be_paid_now.html |date=1 September 2010 }}</ref> ;Security and privacy:{{Main|Laptop theft}}Because they are valuable, commonly used, portable, and easy to hide in a backpack or other type of bag, laptops are often ]. Every day, over 1,600 laptops go missing from U.S. airports.<ref>, Ponemon Institute, Airport Insecurity: The Case of Lost Laptops, June 2008</ref> The cost of stolen business or personal data, and of the resulting problems (], ], breach of privacy), can be many times the value of the stolen laptop itself. Consequently, the physical protection of laptops and the safeguarding of data contained in them are both of great importance. Some laptops, primarily professional and educational devices, have a ], which can be used to tether them with a security cable and lock. In addition, modern operating systems have features such as ] or similar that prevents the use of the device without credentials. {{As of|2015|post=,}} some laptops also have additional security elements added, including ] security components such as ] or ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.laptop-security-pro.com/biometric-devices.html|title=Secure File Sharing |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website=Biometric Devices and Laptop Security |publisher=Laptop Security Pro |access-date=7 February 2015}}</ref><br>Software such as ] and ] have been engineered to help people locate and recover their stolen laptops in the event of theft. Setting one's laptop with a password on its firmware (protection against going to firmware setup or booting), internal HDD/SSD (protection against accessing it and loading an operating system on it afterward), and every user account of the operating system are additional security measures that a user should do.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.howtogeek.com/186235/how-to-secure-your-computer-with-a-bios-or-uefi-password/|title=How to Secure Your Computer With a BIOS or UEFI Password|first=Chris|last=Hoffman|website=How-To Geek|date=3 April 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.howtogeek.com/186881/hard-disk-passwords-explained-should-you-set-one-to-secure-your-files/|title=Hard Disk Passwords Explained: Should You Set One to Secure Your Files?|first=Chris|last=Hoffman|website=How-To Geek|date=14 April 2014 }}</ref> Fewer than 5% of lost or stolen laptops are recovered by the companies that own them,<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606040557/http://intelligenceinsoftware.com/feature/it_software_strategy/lost_laptop/index.html|date=6 June 2013}}, Ponemon Institute, The Billion Dollar Lost Laptop Problem, September 2010</ref> however, that number may decrease due to a variety of companies and software solutions specializing in laptop recovery. In the 2010s, the common availability of ]s on laptops raised privacy concerns. In '']'' (Eastern District of Pennsylvania 2010), school-issued laptops loaded with special software enabled staff from two high schools to take secret webcam shots of students at home, via their students' laptops.<ref>{{cite web|last=Holmes |first=Kristin E. |url=http://www.philly.com/inquirer/local/pa/20100831_Lower_Merion_School_District_ordered_to_pay_plaintiff_s_lawyer__260_000.html |title=Lower Merion School District ordered to pay plaintiff's lawyer $260,000 |website=The Philadelphia Inquirer |date=31 August 2010 |access-date=20 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://mainlinemedianews.com/articles/2010/08/31/main_line_times/news/doc4c7cfdad3e059461146296.txt |title=Judge: Lower Merion must pay attorney in laptop case |publisher=Main Line Media News |date=18 September 2010 |access-date=20 September 2010 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305121116/http://mainlinemedianews.com/articles/2010/08/31/main_line_times/news/doc4c7cfdad3e059461146296.txt |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>, Philly.com {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901011357/http://www.philly.com/philly/education/20100727_A_lawyer_in_the_Lower_Merion_webcam_case_wants_to_be_paid_now.html |date=1 September 2010 }}</ref>


====Ergonomics and health effects==== ====Ergonomics and health effects====
Line 288: Line 289:
;Wrists: Prolonged use of laptops can cause ] because of their small, flat keyboard and trackpad pointing devices.<ref>{{cite web |last=Toub |first=Allegra |title=Take It Easy on Those Keyboards |publisher=Backlight Resumes |date=23 May 2017 |url=http://blog.backlightresumes.com/take-it-easy-on-those-keyboards |access-date=23 May 2017}}</ref> Usage of separate, external ]s and pointing devices is recommended to prevent injury when working for long periods of time; they can be connected to a laptop easily by USB, ] or via a docking station. Some health standards require ergonomic keyboards at workplaces. ;Wrists: Prolonged use of laptops can cause ] because of their small, flat keyboard and trackpad pointing devices.<ref>{{cite web |last=Toub |first=Allegra |title=Take It Easy on Those Keyboards |publisher=Backlight Resumes |date=23 May 2017 |url=http://blog.backlightresumes.com/take-it-easy-on-those-keyboards |access-date=23 May 2017}}</ref> Usage of separate, external ]s and pointing devices is recommended to prevent injury when working for long periods of time; they can be connected to a laptop easily by USB, ] or via a docking station. Some health standards require ergonomic keyboards at workplaces.
;Neck and spine: A laptop's integrated screen often requires users to lean over for a better view, which can cause neck or spinal injuries. A larger and higher-quality external screen can be connected to almost any laptop to alleviate this and to provide additional screen space for more productive work. Another solution is to use a ]. ;Neck and spine: A laptop's integrated screen often requires users to lean over for a better view, which can cause neck or spinal injuries. A larger and higher-quality external screen can be connected to almost any laptop to alleviate this and to provide additional screen space for more productive work. Another solution is to use a ].
;Possible effect on fertility: A study by ] researchers found that heat generated from laptops can increase the temperature of the lap of male users when balancing the computer on their lap, potentially putting ] at risk. The study, which included roughly two dozen men between the ages of 21 and 35, found that the sitting position required to balance a laptop can increase scrotum temperature by as much as {{convert|2.1|C-change|0}}. However, further research is needed to determine whether this directly affects male ].<ref>{{Cite magazine|title=You Asked: Can Using a Laptop Make You Infertile?|url=https://time.com/4938530/can-laptops-cause-infertility/|access-date=9 November 2021|magazine=Time|language=en}}</ref> A later 2010 study of 29 males published in ''Fertility and Sterility'' found that men who kept their laptops on their laps experienced scrotal hyperthermia (overheating) in which their scrotal temperatures increased by up to {{convert|2.0|C-change|0}}. The resulting heat increase, which could not be offset by a laptop cushion, may increase male infertility.<ref name="study1">{{cite journal |author1=Yefim Sheynkin |author2=Robert Welliver |author3=Andrew Winer |author4=Farshid Hajimirzaee |author5=Hongshik Ahn |author6=Kyewon Lee |journal=Fertility and Sterility |date=8 November 2010 |title=Protection from scrotal hyperthermia in laptop computer users |doi=10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.10.013 |url=http://www.fertstert.org/article/S0015-0282(10)02689-0/abstract |volume=95 |issue=2 |pages=647–651 |pmid=21055743|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Yin">{{cite web|url=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2372317,00.asp|title=Study: Laptop Pads Don't Prevent Male Infertility|last=Yin|first=Sara|date=8 November 2010|work=]|access-date=8 November 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-laptop-testicles-idUSTRE6A457320101108|title=Is your laptop cooking your testicles?|date=8 November 2010|work=Reuters|access-date=8 November 2010}}</ref><ref name="Caulfield">{{cite web|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/lifestyle/health/2010/11/07/2010-11-07_study_finds_men_who_place_laptop_computer_on_lap_put_testicles_at_risk_of_overhe.html|title=Study finds men who place laptop computer on lap put testicles at risk of overheating, infertility|last=Caulfield|first=Philip|date=7 November 2010|work=]|access-date=8 November 2010|archive-date=10 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110061017/http://www.nydailynews.com/lifestyle/health/2010/11/07/2010-11-07_study_finds_men_who_place_laptop_computer_on_lap_put_testicles_at_risk_of_overhe.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Joelving">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6A457320101108|title=Is your laptop cooking your testicles?|last=Joelving|first=Frederik|date=8 November 2010|access-date=8 November 2010|work=Reuters}}</ref> ] (silver) under laptop (white), preventing heating of lap and improving laptop airflow]]<br>A common practical solution to this problem is to place the laptop on a table or desk or to use a book or pillow between the body and the laptop.{{Citation needed|date=February 2012}} Another solution is to obtain a cooling unit for the laptop. These are usually USB powered and consist of a hard thin plastic case housing one, two, or three cooling fans&nbsp;– with the entire assembly designed to sit under the laptop in question&nbsp;– which results in the laptop remaining cool to the touch, and greatly reduces laptop heat buildup. ;Possible effect on fertility: A study by ] researchers found that heat generated from laptops can increase the temperature of the lap of male users when balancing the computer on their lap, potentially putting ] at risk. The study, which included roughly two dozen men between the ages of 21 and 35, found that the sitting position required to balance a laptop can increase scrotum temperature by as much as {{convert|2.1|C-change|0}}. However, further research is needed to determine whether this directly affects male ].<ref>{{Cite magazine|title=You Asked: Can Using a Laptop Make You Infertile?|url=https://time.com/4938530/can-laptops-cause-infertility/|access-date=9 November 2021|magazine=Time|language=en}}</ref> A later 2010 study of 29 males published in ''Fertility and Sterility'' found that men who kept their laptops on their laps experienced scrotal hyperthermia (overheating) in which their scrotal temperatures increased by up to {{convert|2.0|C-change|0}}. The resulting heat increase, which could not be offset by a laptop cushion, may increase male infertility.<ref name="study1">{{cite journal |author1=Yefim Sheynkin |author2=Robert Welliver |author3=Andrew Winer |author4=Farshid Hajimirzaee |author5=Hongshik Ahn |author6=Kyewon Lee |journal=Fertility and Sterility |date=8 November 2010 |title=Protection from scrotal hyperthermia in laptop computer users |doi=10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.10.013 |url=http://www.fertstert.org/article/S0015-0282(10)02689-0/abstract |volume=95 |issue=2 |pages=647–651 |pmid=21055743|doi-access=free |issn=0015-0282 }}</ref><ref name="Yin">{{cite web|url=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2372317,00.asp|title=Study: Laptop Pads Don't Prevent Male Infertility|last=Yin|first=Sara|date=8 November 2010|work=]|access-date=8 November 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-laptop-testicles-idUSTRE6A457320101108|title=Is your laptop cooking your testicles?|date=8 November 2010|work=Reuters|access-date=8 November 2010}}</ref><ref name="Caulfield">{{cite web|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/lifestyle/health/2010/11/07/2010-11-07_study_finds_men_who_place_laptop_computer_on_lap_put_testicles_at_risk_of_overhe.html|title=Study finds men who place laptop computer on lap put testicles at risk of overheating, infertility|last=Caulfield|first=Philip|date=7 November 2010|work=]|access-date=8 November 2010|archive-date=10 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110061017/http://www.nydailynews.com/lifestyle/health/2010/11/07/2010-11-07_study_finds_men_who_place_laptop_computer_on_lap_put_testicles_at_risk_of_overhe.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Joelving">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6A457320101108|title=Is your laptop cooking your testicles?|last=Joelving|first=Frederik|date=8 November 2010|access-date=8 November 2010|work=Reuters}}</ref> ] (silver) under laptop (white), preventing heating of lap and improving laptop airflow]]<br>A common practical solution to this problem is to place the laptop on a table or desk or to use a book or pillow between the body and the laptop.{{Citation needed|date=February 2012}} Another solution is to obtain a cooling unit for the laptop. These are usually USB powered and consist of a hard thin plastic case housing one, two, or three cooling fans&nbsp;– with the entire assembly designed to sit under the laptop in question&nbsp;– which results in the laptop remaining cool to the touch, and greatly reduces laptop heat buildup.


;Thighs:Heat generated from using a laptop on the lap can also cause skin discoloration on the thighs known as "]".<ref>{{cite journal |last=Levinbook |first=WS. |author2=Mallet J |author3=Grant-Kels JM |title=Laptop computer—associated erythema ab igne |journal=Cutis |volume=80 |issue=4 |pages=319–20|date=October 2007 |publisher=Quadrant HealthCom |pmid=18038695}}</ref><ref name="Diaz">{{cite web|url=https://gizmodo.com/5657721/what-is-toasted-skin-syndrome|title=What Is Toasted Skin Syndrome?|last=Diaz|first=Jesus|date=7 October 2010 |website=Gizmodo|access-date=8 November 2010}}</ref><ref name="Hendrick">{{cite web|url=http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/news/20101004/laptop-risk-toasted-skin-syndrome|title=Laptop Risk: 'Toasted Skin Syndrome'|last=Hendrick|first=Bill|date=4 October 2010|website=WebMD|access-date=8 November 2010}}</ref><ref name="TANNER">{{cite news|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/39490660|title=Laptops lead to 'toasted skin syndrome'|last=Tanner|first=Lindsey|date=10 April 2010 |agency=Associated Press|access-date=8 November 2010}}</ref> ;Thighs:Heat generated from using a laptop on the lap can also cause skin discoloration on the thighs known as "]".<ref>{{cite journal |last=Levinbook |first=WS. |author2=Mallet J |author3=Grant-Kels JM |title=Laptop computer—associated erythema ab igne |journal=Cutis |volume=80 |issue=4 |pages=319–20|date=October 2007 |publisher=Quadrant HealthCom |pmid=18038695}}</ref><ref name="Diaz">{{cite web|url=https://gizmodo.com/5657721/what-is-toasted-skin-syndrome|title=What Is Toasted Skin Syndrome?|last=Diaz|first=Jesus|date=7 October 2010 |website=Gizmodo|access-date=8 November 2010}}</ref><ref name="Hendrick">{{cite web|url=http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/news/20101004/laptop-risk-toasted-skin-syndrome|title=Laptop Risk: 'Toasted Skin Syndrome'|last=Hendrick|first=Bill|date=4 October 2010|website=WebMD|access-date=8 November 2010}}</ref><ref name="TANNER">{{cite news|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/39490660|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130301044434/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/39490660|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 March 2013|title=Laptops lead to 'toasted skin syndrome'|last=Tanner|first=Lindsey|date=10 April 2010 |agency=Associated Press|access-date=8 November 2010}}</ref>


==Sales== ==Sales==
===Manufacturers=== ===Manufacturers===
{{major laptop brands}} {{major laptop brands}}
{{Main|List of laptop brands and manufacturers}}There are many laptop brands and manufacturers. Several major brands that offer notebooks in various classes are listed in the adjacent box. The major brands usually offer good service and support, including well-executed documentation and driver downloads that remain available for many years after a particular laptop model is no longer produced. Capitalizing on service, support, and brand image, laptops from major brands are more expensive than laptops from smaller brands and ]. Some brands specialize in a particular class of laptops, such as gaming laptops (]), high-performance laptops (]), netbooks (]) and laptops for children (]).
{{Main|List of laptop brands and manufacturers}}

Many brands, including the major ones, do not design and do not manufacture their laptops. Instead, a small number of Original Design Manufacturers (ODMs) design new models of laptops, and the brands choose the models to be included in their lineup. In 2006, 7 major ODMs manufactured 7 of every 10 laptops in the world, with the largest one (]) having 30% of the world market share.<ref>{{cite web |title=Identical Laptops, Different Prices: Don't Be Fooled by Branding |url-access=registration |publisher=Info-Tech Research Group |date=10 October 2006 |url=http://www.infotech.com/research/identical-laptops-different-prices-dont-be-fooled-by-branding |access-date=11 November 2011}}</ref> Therefore, identical models are available both from a major label and from a low-profile ODM in-house brand.

==== Historic market share ====
{{Further|Market share of personal computer vendors}} {{Further|Market share of personal computer vendors}}
As of 1992–1993, ] ranked as the global leading vendor in the notebook computer market. In the United States meanwhile, ] led the market followed by ].<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/1993/06/23/business/notebooks-may-hold-key-to-ibm-s-revival.html</ref> In the year 1993, global revenue for the laptop market was led by Compaq, followed by Toshiba, Apple, ] and ], altogether accounting for over 53% of global revenue.<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/12/business/compaq-tops-in-laptops.html</ref>


In the United States, the top three vendors for notebooks in market share as of 1996 were: Toshiba, followed by Compaq, and followed by IBM.<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/17/business/at-96-pc-expo-laptops-reserve-center-stage.html</ref>
There are many laptop brands and manufacturers. Several major brands that offer notebooks in various classes are listed in the adjacent box. The major brands usually offer good service and support, including well-executed documentation and driver downloads that remain available for many years after a particular laptop model is no longer produced. Capitalizing on service, support, and brand image, laptops from major brands are more expensive than laptops by smaller brands and ]. Some brands specialize in a particular class of laptops, such as gaming laptops (]), high-performance laptops (]), netbooks (]) and laptops for children (]).


As of 1999, Toshiba ranked first in worldwide laptop sales followed by IBM, Compaq, and ].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/1999/08/16/story5.html |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=www.bizjournals.com}}</ref> Toshiba led the market with a share of 18.6%.<ref>https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB929572639137623392</ref>
Many brands, including the major ones, do not design and do not manufacture their laptops. Instead, a small number of Original Design Manufacturers (ODMs) design new models of laptops, and the brands choose the models to be included in their lineup. In 2006, 7 major ODMs manufactured 7 of every 10 laptops in the world, with the largest one (]) having 30% of the world market share.<ref>{{cite web |title=Identical Laptops, Different Prices: Don't Be Fooled by Branding |url-access=registration |publisher=Info-Tech Research Group |date=10 October 2006 |url=http://www.infotech.com/research/identical-laptops-different-prices-dont-be-fooled-by-branding |access-date=11 November 2011}}</ref> Therefore, identical models are available both from a major label and from a low-profile ODM in-house brand.

In the first quarter of 2002 in the United States market, Dell controlled 25.2% in the notebook space, well ahead of Toshiba (13.6%) and Compaq (11.7%), the latter of which had been acquired by ] (HP). At fourth and fifth place were ] and IBM.<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin-ectnews |date=2002-06-03 |title=Toshiba Topples Dell in Global Notebook Battle |url=https://www.ecommercetimes.com/story/toshiba-topples-dell-in-global-notebook-battle-18046.html |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=E-Commerce Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

In ] (EMEA) territories, ] was the largest vendor of laptops, in 2004–2005, having overtaken HP and IBM there.<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/23/business/worldbusiness/new-laptops-made-to-be-manhandled.html</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Acer reshuffles execs amid growth |url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/computing/acer-reshuffles-execs-amid-growth/ |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=CNET |language=en}}</ref>

In the year 2005 according to ], Dell was the top global vendor of notebooks with a market share of 17.29%, followed by: HP (15.7%), Toshiba (10.96%), Acer (10.15%) and ] (8.23%); Lenovo had acquired IBM that same year. The remaining of the top ten was made up of ], Sony, ], Apple and ].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-02-07 |title=IDC 2005 top 10 global notebook computer vendors; Apple #9 with 2.171 million units shipped |url=https://macdailynews.com/2006/02/07/idc_2005_top_10_global_notebook_computer_vendors_apple_9_with_2171_million/ |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=MacDailyNews |language=en-US}}</ref>

In the first quarter of 2010, the largest vendor of portable computers, including ], was either HP or Acer, depending on data source. Both had shipped approximately 9 million units each. Dell, Toshiba, Asus and Lenovo followed, each with approximate sales of 5 to 6 million each. Apple, ] and Sony sold under 2 million each.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Schofield |first=Jack |date=2010-04-27 |title=The top notebook suppliers and the future of netbooks |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/blog/2010/apr/27/notebooks-netbooks-suppliers-intel-atom |access-date=2024-11-19 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

As of the third quarter of 2020, ] was cited as the leading vendor for notebook computers closely followed by Lenovo, both with a share of 23.6% each. They were followed by Dell (13.7%), Apple (9.7%) and Acer (7.9%).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apple fourth largest seller of laptops |url=https://www.macworld.com/article/675655/apple-fourth-largest-seller-of-laptops.html |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=Macworld |language=en}}</ref>


=== Adoption by users === === Adoption by users ===
Battery-powered portable computers had just 2% worldwide market share in 1986.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lap-top computers gain stature as power grows |work=Daily News of Los Angeles (CA) |date=12 April 1987 |url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=LA&p_theme=la&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EF513A9C40DA46F&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM |access-date=1 November 2008 }}</ref> However, laptops have become increasingly popular, both for business and personal use.<ref name="Computer Economics, Inc">{{cite web |title=The Falling Costs of Mobile Computing |work=Falling Costs of Mobile Computing Drive Corporate Adoption |publisher=Computer Economics, Inc.|date=December 2005 |url=http://www.computereconomics.com/article.cfm?id=1084 |access-date=1 November 2008 }}</ref> Around 109 million notebook PCs shipped worldwide in 2007, a growth of 33% compared to 2006.<ref name="ssev2011-09-12">, 31 January 2008, Yen Ting Chen, DigiTimes, retrieved at 12 September 2011</ref> In 2008 it was estimated that 145.9&nbsp;million notebooks were sold, and that the number would grow in 2009 to 177.7&nbsp;million.<ref name="ee2009-01-10">, Accessed at 10 January 2009</ref> The third quarter of 2008 was the first time when worldwide notebook PC shipments exceeded ], with 38.6&nbsp;million units versus 38.5&nbsp;million units.<ref name="Computer Economics, Inc"/><ref name="is2009-01-13">, isuppli.com, accessed at 13 January 2009</ref><ref name="NYT09">{{cite news |title=The PC Doesn't Have to Be an Anchor |work=The New York Times |author=Randall Stross |date=18 April 2008 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/19/business/19digi.html?_r=1&ref=technology |access-date=20 April 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.reghardware.co.uk/2008/04/17/intel_laptop_desktop_crossover/ |title=Intel: laptop/desktop crossover coming sooner than expected |work=The Register, UK |access-date=10 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007091449/http://www.reghardware.co.uk/2008/04/17/intel_laptop_desktop_crossover/ |archive-date=7 October 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Due to the advent of tablets and affordable laptops, many computer users now have laptops due to the convenience offered by the device. Battery-powered portable computers had just 2% worldwide market share in 1986.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lap-top computers gain stature as power grows |work=Daily News of Los Angeles (CA) |date=12 April 1987 |url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=LA&p_theme=la&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EF513A9C40DA46F&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM |access-date=1 November 2008 }}</ref> However, laptops have become increasingly popular, both for business and personal use.<ref name="Computer Economics, Inc">{{cite web |title=The Falling Costs of Mobile Computing |work=Falling Costs of Mobile Computing Drive Corporate Adoption |publisher=Computer Economics, Inc. |date=December 2005 |url=http://www.computereconomics.com/article.cfm?id=1084 |access-date=1 November 2008 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224213138/https://www.computereconomics.com/article.cfm?id=1084 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The third quarter of 2008 was the first time when worldwide notebook PC shipments exceeded ], with 38.6&nbsp;million units versus 38.5&nbsp;million units.<ref name="Computer Economics, Inc"/><ref name="is2009-01-13">, isuppli.com, accessed at 13 January 2009</ref><ref name="NYT09">{{cite news |title=The PC Doesn't Have to Be an Anchor |work=The New York Times |author=Randall Stross |date=18 April 2008 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/19/business/19digi.html?_r=1&ref=technology |access-date=20 April 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.reghardware.co.uk/2008/04/17/intel_laptop_desktop_crossover/ |title=Intel: laptop/desktop crossover coming sooner than expected |work=The Register, UK |access-date=10 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007091449/http://www.reghardware.co.uk/2008/04/17/intel_laptop_desktop_crossover/ |archive-date=7 October 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2023, it was estimated that 166 million laptops were sold,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Huang |first1=Sanesha |title=Global Notebook Market Demand to Grow by 3.6% in 2024, with AI Innovation Applications Key to Future Growth, Says TrendForce |url=https://www.trendforce.com/presscenter/news/20240229-11997.html |website=TrendForce |access-date=23 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref> and in the first quarter of 2024, around 64% of personal computers sold were laptops or detachable tablets.<ref>{{cite web |title=IDC - Personal Computing Devices Market Insights |url=https://www.idc.com/promo/pcdforecast |website=IDC |access-date=23 November 2024 |date=26 September 2024}}</ref> Due to the advent of tablets and affordable laptops, many computer users now have laptops due to the convenience offered by the device.


=== Price === === Price ===
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The list of materials that go into a laptop computer is long, and many of the substances used, such as ], ], ], and ] compounds, are ] or ] to humans. Although these toxins are relatively harmless when the laptop is in use, concerns that discarded laptops cause a serious health and environmental risks when improperly discarded have arisen. The Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive (WEEE Directive) in Europe specified that all laptop computers must be recycled by law. Similarly, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (]) has outlawed ] dumping or the incinerating of discarded laptop computers. The list of materials that go into a laptop computer is long, and many of the substances used, such as ], ], ], and ] compounds, are ] or ] to humans. Although these toxins are relatively harmless when the laptop is in use, concerns that discarded laptops cause a serious health and environmental risks when improperly discarded have arisen. The Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive (WEEE Directive) in Europe specified that all laptop computers must be recycled by law. Similarly, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (]) has outlawed ] dumping or the incinerating of discarded laptop computers.


Most laptop computers begin the recycling process with a method known as ], this involves the physical separation of the components of the laptop.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newtechrecycling.com/where_to_recycle/business_laptops/what_to_do_with_used_office_laptops.html|title=Laptop Disposal Ewaste Recycling and IT asset disposition (ITAD)|last=Recycling|first=Newtech|website=www.newtechrecycling.com|language=en|access-date=11 June 2018}}</ref> These components are then either grouped into materials (e.g. plastic, metal and glass) for recycling or more complex items that require more advanced materials separation (e.g.) circuit boards, hard drives and batteries. Most laptop computers begin the recycling process with a method known as ], which involves the physical separation of the components of the laptop.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newtechrecycling.com/where_to_recycle/business_laptops/what_to_do_with_used_office_laptops.html|title=Laptop Disposal Ewaste Recycling and IT asset disposition (ITAD)|last=Recycling|first=Newtech|website=www.newtechrecycling.com|language=en|access-date=11 June 2018}}</ref> These components are then either grouped into materials (e.g. plastic, metal and glass) for recycling or more complex items that require more advanced materials separation (e.g.) circuit boards, hard drives and batteries.


Corporate laptop recycling can require an additional process known as data destruction. The data destruction process ensures that all information or data that has been stored on a laptop hard drive can never be retrieved again. Below is an overview of some of the data protection and environmental laws and regulations applicable for laptop recycling data destruction: Corporate laptop recycling can require an additional process known as data destruction. The data destruction process ensures that all information or data that has been stored on a laptop hard drive can never be retrieved again. Below is an overview of some of the data protection and environmental laws and regulations applicable for laptop recycling data destruction:
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* ] (Due 2016) * ] (Due 2016)
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* PCI-DSS Data Security Standard * PCI-DSS Data Security Standard
* Waste, Electronic & Electrical Equipment Directive (]) * Waste, Electronic & Electrical Equipment Directive (])
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* FDA Security Regulations (21 C.F.R. part 11) * FDA Security Regulations (21 C.F.R. part 11)
* Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLBA) * Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLBA)
* ] (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act) * ] (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act)
* NIST SP 800–53 * NIST SP 800–53
* Add NIST SP 800–171 * Add NIST SP 800–171
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* PCI Data Security Standard * PCI Data Security Standard
* US Safe Harbor Provisions * US Safe Harbor Provisions
* Various state laws<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2006 |title=Act 1410 |url=http://www.arkleg.state.ar.us/ftproot/acts/2001/htm/act1410.pdf |access-date=26 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060214204212/http://www.arkleg.state.ar.us/ftproot/acts/2001/htm/act1410.pdf |archive-date=14 February 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/southflorida/austin/stories/2006/06/12/focus3.html |access-date=26 September 2022 |website=www.bizjournals.com}}</ref> * Various state laws<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2006 |title=Act 1410 |url=http://www.arkleg.state.ar.us/ftproot/acts/2001/htm/act1410.pdf |access-date=26 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060214204212/http://www.arkleg.state.ar.us/ftproot/acts/2001/htm/act1410.pdf |archive-date=14 February 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2006/06/12/focus3.html|title=Law holds businesses responsible for disposal of computers|author=Kuhlenbeck, Phil|date=2006-06-09|work=]|access-date=2024-08-23|archive-date=2024-08-24|archive-url=https://archive.today/20240824010533/https://www.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2006/06/12/focus3.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 6/3 JAN * 6/3 JAN
* Gramm-leach-Bliley Act * Gramm-leach-Bliley Act
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] ]


The ruggedized ] computer was used since the early days of the Space Shuttle program. The first ] laptop used in space was a ] in 1990 on Space Shuttle mission ] and again in 1991 aboard ].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lewis |first=Peter H. |date=12 August 1991 |title=SHUTTLE MISSION PUTS COMPUTERS TO THE TEST NASA makes Grid, Macintosh space-friendly |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1991-08-12-1991224096-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022010624/https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1991-08-12-1991224096-story.html |archive-date=22 October 2020 |access-date=27 May 2022 |website=Baltimore Sun}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://support.apple.com/kb/TA30635?viewlocale=en_US |title=Macintosh Portable: Used in Space Shuttle |publisher=Support.apple.com |access-date=23 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Linzmayer|first=Owen W.|title=Apple confidential 2.0 : the definitive history of the world's most colorful company|year=2004|publisher=No Starch Press|location=San Francisco, Calif.|isbn=1-59327-010-0|edition=.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.macobserver.com/columns/thisweek/2004/20040831.shtml |title=This Week in Apple History&nbsp;– August 22–31: "Welcome, IBM. Seriously", Too Late to License |publisher=The Mac Observer |date=31 October 2004 |access-date=23 October 2012}}</ref> Apple and other laptop computers continue to be flown aboard crewed spaceflights, though the only long-duration flight certified computer for the International Space Station is the ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/space/space_thinkpad.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720220124/http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/space/space_thinkpad.html|url-status=dead|title=IBM Archives: IBM ThinkPads in space|date=23 January 2003|archivedate=20 July 2011|website=www.ibm.com}}</ref> As of 2011, over 100 ThinkPads were aboard the ISS. Laptops used aboard the International Space Station and other spaceflights are generally the same ones that ] by the general public but needed modifications are made to allow them to be used safely and effectively in a weightless environment such as updating the cooling systems to function without relying on hot air rising and accommodation for the lower cabin air pressure.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewnews.html?id=213|title=2001: A Space Laptop – SpaceRef – Your Space Reference|website=www.spaceref.com|date=18 September 2000 }}</ref> Laptops operating in harsh usage environments and conditions, such as strong vibrations, extreme temperatures, and wet or dusty conditions differ from those used in space in that they are ] for the task and do not use ] hardware. The ruggedized ] computer was used since the early days of the Space Shuttle program. The first ] laptop used in space was a ] in 1990 on Space Shuttle mission ] and again in 1991 aboard ].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lewis |first=Peter H. |date=12 August 1991 |title=SHUTTLE MISSION PUTS COMPUTERS TO THE TEST NASA makes Grid, Macintosh space-friendly |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1991-08-12-1991224096-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022010624/https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1991-08-12-1991224096-story.html |archive-date=22 October 2020 |access-date=27 May 2022 |website=Baltimore Sun}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://support.apple.com/kb/TA30635?viewlocale=en_US |title=Macintosh Portable: Used in Space Shuttle |publisher=Support.apple.com |access-date=23 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Linzmayer|first=Owen W.|title=Apple confidential 2.0 : the definitive history of the world's most colorful company|year=2004|publisher=No Starch Press|location=San Francisco, Calif.|isbn=1-59327-010-0|edition=.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.macobserver.com/columns/thisweek/2004/20040831.shtml |title=This Week in Apple History&nbsp;– August 22–31: "Welcome, IBM. Seriously", Too Late to License |publisher=The Mac Observer |date=31 October 2004 |access-date=23 October 2012}}</ref> Apple and other laptop computers continue to be flown aboard crewed spaceflights, though the only long-duration flight certified computer for the International Space Station is the ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/space/space_thinkpad.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720220124/http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/space/space_thinkpad.html|url-status=dead|title=IBM Archives: IBM ThinkPads in space|date=23 January 2003|archivedate=20 July 2011|website=www.ibm.com}}</ref> As of 2011, over 100 ThinkPads were aboard the ISS. Laptops used aboard the International Space Station and other spaceflights are generally the same ones that ] by the general public but needed modifications are made to allow them to be used safely and effectively in a weightless environment such as updating the cooling systems to function without relying on hot air rising and accommodation for the lower cabin air pressure.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewnews.html?id=213|title=2001: A Space Laptop – SpaceRef – Your Space Reference|website=www.spaceref.com|date=18 September 2000|access-date=10 June 2011|archive-date=19 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319233051/https://spaceref.com/uncategorized/2001-a-space-laptop/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Laptops operating in harsh usage environments and conditions, such as strong vibrations, extreme temperatures, and wet or dusty conditions differ from those used in space in that they are ] for the task and do not use ] hardware.


== See also == == See also ==
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* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ] glasses * ] glasses
* ] * ]
* ]
{{div col end}} {{div col end}}



Latest revision as of 05:30, 20 December 2024

Personal computer for mobile use For other uses, see Laptop (disambiguation).

Clockwise from top left: A 2021 MacBook Pro by Apple Inc.; a 2019 Microsoft Surface Pro 7 with detachable hinge (left) and a 2018 Dell XPS 15 9570 with 360 degree hinge (right); a 2014 ThinkPad Helix by Lenovo with detachable screen; and a 2014 Acer Chromebook 11

A laptop computer or notebook computer, also known as a laptop or notebook, is a small, portable personal computer (PC). Laptops typically have a clamshell form factor with a flat-panel screen on the inside of the upper lid and an alphanumeric keyboard and pointing device on the inside of the lower lid. Most of the computer's internal hardware is fitted inside the lower lid enclosure under the keyboard, although many modern laptops have a built-in webcam at the top of the screen, and some even feature a touchscreen display. In most cases, unlike tablet computers which run on mobile operating systems, laptops tend to run on desktop operating systems, which were originally developed for desktop computers.

The word laptop, modeled after the term desktop (as in desktop computer), refers to the fact that the computer can be practically placed on the user's lap; while the word notebook refers to most laptops sharing a form factor with paper notebooks. As of 2024, in American English, the terms laptop and notebook are used interchangeably; in other dialects of English, one or the other may be preferred. The term notebook originally referred to a type of portable computer that was smaller and lighter than mainstream laptops of the time, but has since come to mean the same thing and no longer refers to any specific size.

Laptops are used in a variety of settings, such as at work (especially on business trips), in education, for playing games, web browsing, for personal multimedia, and for general home computer use. They can run on both AC power and rechargable battery packs and can be folded shut for convenient storage and transportation, making them suitable for mobile use. Laptops combine many of the input/output components and capabilities of a desktop computer into a single unit, including a display screen (usually 11–17 in or 280–430 mm in diagonal size), small speakers, a keyboard, and a pointing device (namely compact ones such as touchpads or pointing sticks). Hardware specifications may vary significantly between different types, models, and price points.

Design elements, form factors, and construction can also vary significantly between models depending on the intended use. Examples of specialized models of laptops include 2-in-1 laptops, with keyboards that either be detached or pivoted out of view from the display (often marketed having a "laptop mode"); rugged laptops, for use in construction or military applications; and low-production-cost laptops such as those from the One Laptop per Child (OLPC) organization, which incorporate features like solar charging and semi-flexible components not found on most laptop computers. Portable computers, which later developed into modern laptops, were originally considered to be a small niche market, mostly for specialized field applications, such as in the military, for accountants, or travelling sales representatives. As portable computers evolved into modern laptops, they became widely used for a variety of purposes.

History

Main article: History of laptops See also: Portable computer § Early history
Alan Kay holding the mockup of his Dynabook concept in 2008

The history of the laptop follows closely behind the development of the personal computer itself. A "personal, portable information manipulator" was imagined by Alan Kay at Xerox PARC in 1968, and described in his 1972 paper as the "Dynabook". The IBM Special Computer APL Machine Portable (SCAMP) was demonstrated in 1973. This prototype was based on the IBM PALM processor. The IBM 5100, the first commercially available portable computer, appeared in September 1975, and was based on the SCAMP prototype.

IBM 5100 (1975)

As 8-bit CPU machines became widely accepted, the number of portables increased rapidly. The first "laptop-sized notebook computer" was the Epson HX-20, invented (patented) by Suwa Seikosha's Yukio Yokozawa in July 1980, introduced at the COMDEX computer show in Las Vegas by Japanese company Seiko Epson in 1981, and released in July 1982. It had an LCD screen, a rechargeable battery, and a calculator-size printer, in a 1.6 kg (3.5 lb) chassis, the size of an A4 notebook. It was described as a "laptop" and "notebook" computer in its patent.

The Epson HX-20, the first "notebook computer", was invented in 1980 and introduced in 1982.
GRiD Compass 1101 (1982)

Both Tandy/RadioShack and Hewlett-Packard (HP) also produced portable computers of varying designs during this period. The first laptops using the flip form factor appeared in the early 1980s. The Dulmont Magnum was released in Australia in 1981–82, but was not marketed internationally until 1984–85. The US$8,150 (equivalent to $25,730 in 2023) GRiD Compass 1101, released in 1982, was used at NASA and by the military, among others. The Sharp PC-5000, the Ampere WS-1, and Gavilan SC were released between 1983 and 1985. The Toshiba T1100 won acceptance by PC experts and the mass market as a way to have PC portability.

From 1983 onward, several new input techniques were developed and included in laptops, including the touch pad (Gavilan SC, 1983), the pointing stick (IBM ThinkPad 700, 1992), and handwriting recognition (Linus Write-Top, 1987). Some CPUs, such as the 1990 Intel i386SL, were designed to use minimum power to increase the battery life of portable computers and were supported by dynamic power management features such as Intel SpeedStep and AMD PowerNow! in some designs.

Some laptops in the 1980s using red plasma displays could only be used when connected to AC power, and had a built in power supply.

The development of memory cards was driven in the 1980s by the need for a floppy-disk-drive alternative, having lower power consumption, less weight, and reduced volume in laptops. The Personal Computer Memory Card International Association (PCMCIA) was an industry association created in 1989 to promote a standard for memory cards in PCs. The specification for PCMCIA type I cards, later renamed PC Cards, was first released in 1990.

A Zenith SupersPort laptop, released in 1988

Displays reached 640x480 (VGA) resolution by 1988 (Compaq SLT/286), and color screens started becoming a common upgrade in 1991, with increases in resolution and screen size occurring frequently until the introduction of 17" screen laptops in 2003. Hard drives started to be used in portables, encouraged by the introduction of 3.5" drives in the late 1980s, and became common in laptops starting with the introduction of 2.5" and smaller drives around 1990; capacities have typically lagged behind those of physically larger desktop drives.

Resolutions of laptop webcams are 720p (HD), or 480p in lower-end laptops. The earliest-known laptops with 1080p (Full HD) webcams, like the Samsung 700G7C, were released in the early 2010s.

Optical disc drives became common in full-size laptops around 1997: initially, CD-ROM drives, supplanted by CD-R, then DVD, then Blu-ray drives with writing capability. Starting around 2011, the trend shifted against internal optical drives, and as of 2022, they have largely disappeared, though are still readily available as external peripherals.

Etymology

The terms laptop and notebook both trace their origins to the early 1980s, coined to describe portable computers in a size class smaller than the contemporary mainstream units (so-called "luggables") but larger than pocket computers. The etymologist William Safire traced the origin of laptop to some time before 1984; the earliest attestation of laptop found by the Oxford English Dictionary dates to 1983. The word is modeled after the term desktop, as in desktop computer. Notebook, meanwhile, emerged earlier in 1982 to describe Epson's HX-20 portable, whose dimensions roughly correspond to a letter-sized pad of paper. Notebooks emerged as their own separate market from laptops with the release of the NEC UltraLite in 1988. Notebooks and laptops continued to occupy distinct market segments into the mid-1990s, but ergonomic considerations and customer preference for larger screens soon led to notebooks converging with laptops in the late 1990s. Today, the terms laptop and notebook are synonymous, with laptop being the more common term in most English-speaking territories.

Types of laptops

Compaq Armada laptop from the late 1990s
Apple MacBook Air, an "ultraportable" laptop weighing under 3.0 lb (1.36 kg)
Lenovo's IdeaPad laptop
Lenovo's ThinkPad business laptop, originally an IBM product
Asus Transformer Pad, a hybrid tablet, powered by Android OS
Microsoft Surface Pro 3, 2-in-1 detachable
Alienware gaming laptop with backlit keyboard and touch pad
Samsung Sens laptop
Panasonic Toughbook CF-M34, a rugged laptop/subnotebook

Since the 1970s introduction of portable computers, their forms have changed significantly, spawning a variety of visually and technologically differing subclasses. Excepting distinct legal trademark around terms (notably Ultrabook), hard distinctions between these classes were rare, and their usage has varied over time and between sources. Since the late 2010s, more specific terms have become less commonly used, with sizes distinguished largely by the size of the screen.

Smaller and larger laptops

Main articles: Notebook (laptop), Subnotebook, and Desktop replacement computer

There were in the past a number of marketing categories for smaller and larger laptop computers; these included "notebook" and "subnotebook" models, low cost "netbooks", and "ultra-mobile PCs" where the size class overlapped with devices like smartphone and handheld tablets, and "Desktop replacement" laptops for machines notably larger and heavier than typical to operate more powerful processors or graphics hardware. All of these terms have fallen out of favor as the size of mainstream laptops has gone down and their capabilities have gone up; except for niche models, laptop sizes tend to be distinguished by the size of the screen, and for more powerful models, by any specialized purpose the machine is intended for, such as a "gaming laptop" or a "mobile workstation" for professional use.

See also: Gaming computer § Gaming laptop computers, and Mobile workstation

Convertible, hybrid, 2-in-1

Main article: 2-in-1 PC

The latest trend of technological convergence in the portable computer industry spawned a broad range of devices, which combined features of several previously separate device types. The hybrids, convertibles, and 2-in-1s emerged as crossover devices, which share traits of both tablets and laptops. All such devices have a touchscreen display designed to allow users to work in a tablet mode, using either multi-touch gestures or a stylus/digital pen.

Convertibles are devices with the ability to conceal a hardware keyboard. Keyboards on such devices can be flipped, rotated, or slid behind the back of the chassis, thus transforming from a laptop into a tablet. Hybrids have a keyboard detachment mechanism, and due to this feature, all critical components are situated in the part with the display. 2-in-1s can have a hybrid or a convertible form, often dubbed 2-in-1 detachable and 2-in-1 convertibles respectively, but are distinguished by the ability to run a desktop OS, such as Windows 10. 2-in-1s are often marketed as laptop replacement tablets.

2-in-1s are often very thin, around 10 millimetres (0.39 in), and light devices with a long battery life. 2-in-1s are distinguished from mainstream tablets as they feature an x86-architecture CPU (typically a low- or ultra-low-voltage model), such as the Intel Core i5, run a full-featured desktop OS like Windows 10, and have a number of typical laptop I/O ports, such as USB 3 and Mini DisplayPort.

2-in-1s are designed to be used not only as a media consumption device but also as valid desktop or laptop replacements, due to their ability to run desktop applications, such as Adobe Photoshop. It is possible to connect multiple peripheral devices, such as a mouse, keyboard, and several external displays to a modern 2-in-1.

Microsoft Surface Pro-series devices and Surface Book are examples of modern 2-in-1 detachable, whereas Lenovo Yoga-series computers are a variant of 2-in-1 convertibles. While the older Surface RT and Surface 2 have the same chassis design as the Surface Pro, their use of ARM processors and Windows RT do not classify them as 2-in-1s, but as hybrid tablets. Similarly, a number of hybrid laptops run a mobile operating system, such as Android. These include Asus's Transformer Pad devices, examples of hybrids with a detachable keyboard design, which do not fall in the category of 2-in-1s.

Rugged laptop

Main article: Rugged computer

A rugged laptop is designed to reliably operate in harsh usage conditions such as strong vibrations, extreme temperatures, and wet or dusty environments. Rugged laptops are bulkier, heavier, and much more expensive than regular laptops, and thus are seldom seen in regular consumer use.

Hardware

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Further information: Personal computer and Computer hardware
Inner view of a MacBook (Retina) laptop
A SODIMM memory module

The basic components of laptops function identically to their desktop counterparts. Traditionally they were miniaturized and adapted to mobile use, The design restrictions on power, size, and cooling of laptops limit the maximum performance of laptop parts compared to that of desktop components, although that difference has increasingly narrowed.

In general, laptop components are not intended to be replaceable or upgradable by the end-user, except for components that can be detached; in the past, batteries and optical drives were commonly exchangeable. Some laptops feature socketed processors with sockets such as the Socket G2, but many laptops use processors that are soldered to the motherboard. Many laptops come with RAM and storage that is soldered to the motherboard and cannot be easily replaced. This restriction is one of the major differences between laptops and desktop computers, because the large "tower" cases used in desktop computers are designed so that new motherboards, hard disks, sound cards, RAM, and other components can be added. Memory and storage can often be upgraded with some disassembly, but with the most compact laptops, there may be no upgradeable components at all.

The following sections summarize the differences and distinguishing features of laptop components in comparison to desktop personal computer parts.

Display

The typical laptop has a screen that, when unfolded, is upright to the user.

Screen technology

Laptop screens most commonly employ liquid-crystal display (LCD) technology, although use of OLED panels has risen substantially since 2020. The display interfaces with the motherboard using the embedded DisplayPort protocol via the Low-voltage differential signaling (LVDS) 30 or 40 pin connector. The panels are mainly manufactured by AU Optronics, BOE Technology, LG Display or Samsung Display.

Surface finish

Externally, it can be a glossy or a matte (anti-glare) screen.

Sizes

In the past, there was a broader range of marketing terms (both formal and informal) to distinguish between different sizes of laptops. These included Netbooks, subnotebooks, Ultra-mobile PC, and Desktop replacement computers; these are sometimes still used informally, although they are essentially dead in terms of manufacturer marketing.

As of 2021, mainstream consumer laptops tend to come with 11", 13" or 15"-16" screens; 14" models are more popular among business machines. Larger and smaller models are available, but less common – there is no clear dividing line in minimum or maximum size. Machines small enough to be handheld (screens in the 6–8" range) can be marketed either as very small laptops or "handheld PCs", while the distinction between the largest laptops and "All-in-One" desktops is whether they fold for travel.

Resolution

Having a higher resolution display allows more items to fit onscreen at a time, improving the user's ability to multitask, although, at the higher resolutions on smaller screens, the resolution may only serve to display sharper graphics and text rather than increasing the usable area. Since the introduction of the MacBook Pro with Retina display in 2012, there has been an increase in the availability of "HiDPI" (or high Pixel density) displays; as of 2022, this is generally considered to be anything higher than 1920 pixels wide. This has increasingly converged around 4K (3840-pixel-wide) resolutions.

External displays can be connected to most laptops, with most models supporting at least one. The use of technology such as USB4 (section Alternate Mode partner specifications). DisplayPort Alt Mode has been utilized to charge a laptop and provide display output over one USB-C Cable.

Refresh rates

Most laptop displays have a maximum refresh rate of 60 Hz. The Dell M17x and Samsung 700G7A, both released in 2011, were among the first laptops to feature a 120 Hz refresh rate, and more such laptops have appeared in the years since.

Central processing unit (CPU)

A laptop's CPU has advanced power-saving features and produces less heat than one intended purely for desktop use. Mainstream laptop CPUs made after 2018 have at least two processor cores, often four cores, and sometimes more, with 6 and 8 cores becoming more common.

For the low price and mainstream performance, there is no longer a significant performance difference between laptop and desktop CPUs, but at the high end, the fastest desktop CPUs still substantially outperform the fastest laptop processors, at the expense of massively higher power consumption and heat generation; the fastest laptop processors top out at 56 watts of heat, while the fastest desktop processors top out at 150 watts (and often need water cooling).

There has been a wide range of CPUs designed for laptops available from both Intel, AMD, and other manufacturers. On non-x86 architectures, Motorola and IBM produced the chips for the former PowerPC-based Apple laptops (iBook and PowerBook). Between around 2000 to 2014, most full-size laptops had socketed, replaceable CPUs; on thinner models, the CPU was soldered on the motherboard and was not replaceable or upgradable without replacing the motherboard. Since 2015, Intel has not offered new laptop CPU models with pins to be interchangeable, preferring ball grid array chip packages which have to be soldered; and as of 2021, only a few rare models using desktop parts.

In the past, some laptops have used a desktop processor instead of the laptop version and have had high-performance gains at the cost of greater weight, heat, and limited battery life; this is not unknown as of 2022, but since around 2010, the practice has been restricted to small-volume gaming models. Laptop CPUs are rarely able to be overclocked; most use locked processors. Even on gaming models where unlocked processors are available, the cooling system in most laptops is often very close to its limits and there is rarely headroom for an overclocking–related operating temperature increase.

Graphics processing unit (GPU)

On most laptops, the GPU is integrated into the CPU to conserve power and space. This was introduced by Intel with the Core i-series of mobile processors in 2010, followed by similar AMD APU processors in January 2011.

Before that, lower-end machines tended to use graphics processors integrated into the system chipset, while higher-end machines had a separate graphics processor. In the past, laptops lacking a separate graphics processor were limited in their utility for gaming and professional applications involving 3D graphics, but the capabilities of CPU-integrated graphics have converged with the low-end of dedicated graphics processors since the mid-2010s. For laptops possessing limited onboard graphics capability but sufficient I/O throughput, an external GPU (eGPU) can provide additional graphics power at the cost of physical space and portability.

Higher-end laptops intended for gaming or professional 3D work still come with dedicated (and in some cases even dual) graphics processors on the motherboard or as an internal expansion card. Since 2011, these almost always involve switchable graphics so that when there is no demand for the higher performance dedicated graphics processor, the more power-efficient integrated graphics processor will be used. Nvidia Optimus and AMD Hybrid Graphics are examples of this sort of system of switchable graphics.

Traditionally, the system RAM on laptops (as well as on desktop computers) was physically separate from the graphics memory used by the GPU. Apple's M series SoCs feature a unified pool of memory for both the system and the GPU; this approach can produce substantial efficiency gains for some applications but comes at the cost of eGPU support.

Memory

Since around the year 2000, most laptops have used SO-DIMM slots in which RAM is mounted, although, as of 2021, an increasing number of models use memory soldered to the motherboard, either alongside SO-DIMM slots or without any slots and soldering all memory to the motherboard, but a new form factor, the CAMM module, is slated to fix the size and timing limitation. Before 2000, most laptops used proprietary memory modules if their memory was upgradable.

In the early 2010s, high end laptops such as the 2011 Samsung 700G7A have passed the 10 GB RAM barrier, featuring 16 GB of RAM.

When upgradeable, memory slots are sometimes accessible from the bottom of the laptop for ease of upgrading; in other cases, accessing them requires significant disassembly. Most laptops have two memory slots, although some will have only one, either for cost savings or because some amount of memory is soldered. Some high-end models have four slots; these are usually mobile engineering workstations, although a few high-end models intended for gaming do as well.

As of 2021, 8 GB RAM is most common, with lower-end models occasionally having 4 GB. Higher-end laptops may come with 16 GB of RAM or more.

Internal storage

The earliest laptops most often used floppy disk for storage, although a few used either RAM disk or tape, by the late 1980s hard disk drives had become the standard form of storage.

Between 1990 and 2009, almost all laptops typically had a hard disk drive (HDD) for storage; since then, solid-state drives (SSD) have gradually come to supplant hard drives in all but some inexpensive consumer models. Solid-state drives are faster and more power-efficient, as well as eliminating the hazard of drive and data corruption caused by a laptop's physical impacts, as they use no mechanical parts such as a rotational platter. In many cases, they are more compact as well. Initially, in the late 2000s, SSDs were substantially more expensive than HDDs, but as of 2021 prices on smaller capacity (under 1 terabyte) drives have converged; larger capacity drives remain more expensive than comparable-sized HDDs.

Since around 1990, where a hard drive is present it will typically be a 2.5-inch drive; some very compact laptops support even smaller 1.8-inch HDDs, and a very small number used 1" Microdrives. Some SSDs are built to match the size/shape of a laptop hard drive, but increasingly they have been replaced with smaller mSATA or M.2 cards. SSDs using the newer and much faster NVM Express standard for connecting are only available as cards.

As of 2022, many laptops no longer contain space for a 2.5" drive, accepting only M.2 cards; a few of the smallest have storage soldered to the motherboard. For those that can, they can typically contain a single 2.5-inch drive, but a small number of laptops with a screen wider than 15 inches can house two drives.

A variety of external HDDs or NAS data storage servers with support of RAID technology can be attached to virtually any laptop over such interfaces as USB, FireWire, eSATA, or Thunderbolt, or over a wired or wireless network to further increase space for the storage of data. Many laptops also incorporate a SD or microSD card slot. This enables users to download digital pictures from an SD card onto a laptop, thus enabling them to delete the SD card's contents to free up space for taking new pictures.

Removable media drive

Optical disc drives capable of playing CD-ROMs, compact discs (CD), DVDs, and in some cases, Blu-ray discs (BD), were nearly universal on full-sized models between the mid-1990s and the early 2010s. As of 2021, drives are uncommon in compact or premium laptops; they remain available in some bulkier models, but the trend towards thinner and lighter machines is gradually eliminating these drives and players – when needed they can be connected via USB instead.

Speaker

Laptops usually have built-in speakers and built-in microphones. However, integrated speakers may be small and of restricted sound quality to conserve space.

Inputs

Closeup of a touchpad on an Acer laptop, where buttons and the touch-sensitive surface are shared
Closeup of a TrackPoint cursor and UltraNav buttons on a ThinkPad laptop
Interfaces on a ThinkPad laptop (2011): Ethernet network port (center), VGA (left), DisplayPort (top right) and USB 2.0 (bottom right). Due to the trend towards very flat laptops and the widespread use of WLAN, the relatively high Ethernet socket is no longer mandatory in today's devices, as is the technically outdated VGA.

An alphanumeric keyboard is used to enter text, data, and other commands (e.g., function keys). A touchpad (also called a trackpad), a pointing stick, or both, are used to control the position of the cursor on the screen, and an integrated keyboard is used for typing. Some touchpads have buttons separate from the touch surface, while others share the surface. A quick double-tap is typically registered as a click, and operating systems may recognize multi-finger touch gestures.

An external keyboard and mouse may be connected using a USB port or wirelessly, via Bluetooth or similar technology. Some laptops have multitouch touchscreen displays, either available as an option or standard. Most laptops have webcams and microphones, which can be used to communicate with other people with both moving images and sound, via web conferencing or video-calling software.

Laptops typically have USB ports and a combined headphone/microphone jack, for use with headphones, a combined headset, or an external mic. Many laptops have a card reader for reading digital camera SD cards.

Input/output (I/O) ports

On a typical laptop, there are several USB ports; if they use only the older USB connectors instead of USB-C, they will typically have an external monitor port (VGA, DVI, HDMI or Mini DisplayPort or occasionally more than one), an audio in/out port (often in form of a single socket) is common. It is possible to connect up to three external displays to a 2014-era laptop via a single Mini DisplayPort, using multi-stream transport technology.

Apple, in a 2015 version of its MacBook, transitioned from a number of different I/O ports to a single USB-C port. This port can be used both for charging and connecting a variety of devices through the use of aftermarket adapters. Apple has since transitioned back to using a number of different ports. Google, with its updated version of Chromebook Pixel, shows a similar transition trend towards USB-C, although keeping older USB Type-A ports for a better compatibility with older devices. Although being common until the end of the 2000s decade, Ethernet network port are rarely found on modern laptops, due to widespread use of wireless networking, such as Wi-Fi. Legacy ports such as a PS/2 keyboard/mouse port, serial port, parallel port, or FireWire are provided on some models, but they are increasingly rare. On Apple's systems, and on a handful of other laptops, there are also Thunderbolt ports, but Thunderbolt 3 uses USB-C. Laptops typically have a headphone jack, so that the user can connect headphones or amplified speaker systems for listening to music or other audio.

Expansion cards

In the past, a PC Card (formerly PCMCIA) or ExpressCard slot for expansion was often present on laptops to allow adding and removing functionality, even when the laptop is powered on; these are becoming increasingly rare since the introduction of USB 3.0. Some internal subsystems such as Ethernet, Wi-Fi, or a wireless cellular modem can be implemented as replaceable internal expansion cards, usually accessible under an access cover on the bottom of the laptop. The standard for such cards is PCI Express, which comes in both mini and even smaller M.2 sizes. In newer laptops, it is not uncommon to also see Micro SATA (mSATA) functionality on PCI Express Mini or M.2 card slots allowing the use of those slots for SATA-based solid-state drives.

Mobile PCI Express Module (MXM) is a type of expansion card that is used for graphics cards.

Battery and power supply

Main article: Smart battery
Almost all laptops use smart batteries.

Since the late 1990s, laptops have typically used lithium ion or lithium polymer batteries, These replaced the older nickel metal-hydride typically used in the 1990s, and nickel–cadmium batteries used in most of the earliest laptops. A few of the oldest laptops used non-rechargeable batteries, or lead–acid batteries.

Battery life is highly variable by model and workload and can range from one hour to nearly a day. A battery's performance gradually decreases over time; a noticeable reduction in capacity is typically evident after two to three years of regular use, depending on the charging and discharging pattern and the design of the battery. Innovations in laptops and batteries have seen situations in which the battery can provide up to 24 hours of continued operation, assuming average power consumption levels. An example is the HP EliteBook 6930p when used with its ultra-capacity battery.

Laptops with removable batteries may support larger replacement batteries with extended capacity.

A laptop's battery is charged using an external power supply, which is plugged into a wall outlet. The power supply outputs a DC voltage typically in the range of 7.2—24 volts. The power supply is usually external and connected to the laptop through a DC connector cable. In most cases, it can charge the battery and power the laptop simultaneously. When the battery is fully charged, the laptop continues to run on power supplied by the external power supply, avoiding battery use. If the used power supply is not strong enough to power computing components and charge the battery simultaneously, the battery may charge in a shorter period of time if the laptop is turned off or sleeping. The charger typically adds about 400 grams (0.88 lb) to the overall transporting weight of a laptop, although some models are substantially heavier or lighter. Most 2016-era laptops use a smart battery, a rechargeable battery pack with a built-in battery management system (BMS). The smart battery can internally measure voltage and current, and deduce charge level and State of Health (SoH) parameters, indicating the state of the cells.

Power connectors

Laptop power supply with cylindrical coaxial DC power connector

Historically, DC connectors, typically cylindrical/barrel-shaped coaxial power connectors have been used in laptops. Some vendors such as Lenovo made intermittent use of a rectangular connector.

Some connector heads feature a center pin to allow the end device to determine the power supply type by measuring the resistance between it and the connector's negative pole (outer surface). Vendors may block charging if a power supply is not recognized as the original part, which could deny the legitimate use of universal third-party chargers.

With the advent of USB-C, portable electronics made increasing use of it for both power delivery and data transfer. Its support for 20 V (common laptop power supply voltage) and 5 A typically suffices for low to mid-end laptops, but some with higher power demands such as gaming laptops depend on dedicated DC connectors to handle currents beyond 5 A without risking overheating, some even above 10 A. Additionally, dedicated DC connectors are more durable and less prone to wear and tear from frequent reconnection, as their design is less delicate.

Cooling

Waste heat from the operation is difficult to remove in the compact internal space of a laptop. The earliest laptops used passive cooling; this gave way to heat sinks placed directly on the components to be cooled, but when these hot components are deep inside the device, a large space-wasting air duct is needed to exhaust the heat. Modern laptops instead rely on heat pipes to rapidly move waste heat towards the edges of the device, to allow for a much smaller and compact fan and heat sink cooling system. Waste heat is usually exhausted away from the device operator towards the rear or sides of the device. Multiple air intake paths are used since some intakes can be blocked, such as when the device is placed on a soft conforming surface like a chair cushion. Secondary device temperature monitoring may reduce performance or trigger an emergency shutdown if it is unable to dissipate heat, such as if the laptop were to be left running and placed inside a carrying case. Aftermarket cooling pads with external fans can be used with laptops to reduce operating temperatures.

Docking station

Docking station and laptop

A docking station (sometimes referred to simply as a dock) is a laptop accessory that contains multiple ports and in some cases expansion slots or bays for fixed or removable drives. A laptop connects and disconnects to a docking station, typically through a single large proprietary connector. A docking station is an especially popular laptop accessory in a corporate computing environment, due to the possibility of a docking station transforming a laptop into a full-featured desktop replacement, yet allowing for its easy release. This ability can be advantageous to "road warrior" employees who have to travel frequently for work, and yet who also come into the office. If more ports are needed, or their position on a laptop is inconvenient, one can use a cheaper passive device known as a port replicator. These devices mate to the connectors on the laptop, such as through USB or FireWire.

Charging trolleys

Laptop charging trolleys, also known as laptop trolleys or laptop carts, are mobile storage containers to charge multiple laptops, netbooks, and tablet computers at the same time. The trolleys are used in schools that have replaced their traditional static computer labs suites of desktop equipped with "tower" computers, but do not have enough plug sockets in an individual classroom to charge all of the devices. The trolleys can be wheeled between rooms and classrooms so that all students and teachers in a particular building can access fully charged IT equipment.

Laptop charging trolleys are also used to deter and protect against opportunistic and organized theft. Schools, especially those with open plan designs, are often prime targets for thieves who steal high-value items. Laptops, netbooks, and tablets are among the highest–value portable items in a school. Moreover, laptops can easily be concealed under clothing and stolen from buildings. Many types of laptop–charging trolleys are designed and constructed to protect against theft. They are generally made out of steel, and the laptops remain locked up while not in use. Although the trolleys can be moved between areas from one classroom to another, they can often be mounted or locked to the floor, support pillars, or walls to prevent thieves from stealing the laptops, especially overnight.

Solar panels

Main article: Solar notebook

In some laptops, solar panels are able to generate enough solar power for the laptop to operate. The One Laptop Per Child Initiative released the OLPC XO-1 laptop which was tested and successfully operated by use of solar panels. Presently, they are designing an OLPC XO-3 laptop with these features. The OLPC XO-3 can operate with 2 watts of electricity because its renewable energy resources generate a total of 4 watts. Samsung has also designed the NC215S solar–powered notebook that will be sold commercially in the U.S. market.

Accessories

A common accessory for laptops is a laptop sleeve, laptop skin, or laptop case, which provides a degree of protection from scratches. Sleeves, which are distinguished by being relatively thin and flexible, are most commonly made of neoprene, with sturdier ones made of low-resilience polyurethane. Some laptop sleeves are wrapped in ballistic nylon to provide some measure of waterproofing. Bulkier and sturdier cases can be made of metal with polyurethane padding inside and may have locks for added security. Metal, padded cases also offer protection against impacts and drops. Another common accessory is a laptop cooler, a device that helps lower the internal temperature of the laptop either actively or passively. A common active method involves using electric fans to draw heat away from the laptop, while a passive method might involve propping the laptop up on some type of pad so it can receive more airflow. Some stores sell laptop pads that enable a reclining person on a bed to use a laptop.

Modularity

Opened bottom covers allow replacement of RAM and storage modules (Lenovo G555)

Some of the components of earlier models of laptops can easily be replaced without opening completely its bottom part, such as the keyboard, battery, hard disk, memory modules, CPU cooling fan, etc.

Some of the components of recent models of laptops reside inside. Replacing most of its components, such as the keyboard, battery, hard disk, memory modules, CPU cooling fan, etc., requires the removal of either the top or bottom part, the removal of the motherboard, and returning them.

In some types, solder and glue are used to mount components such as RAM, storage, and batteries, making repairs additionally difficult.

Obsolete features

A modem PCMCIA card on a 1990s ThinkPad. The card would normally fully insert into the socket.

Features that certain early models of laptops used to have that are not available in most current laptops include:

Characteristics

Advantages

A teacher using the laptop as part of a workshop for school children
A man using a laptop on a park bench
  • Portability is usually the first feature mentioned in any comparison of laptops versus desktop PCs. Physical portability allows a laptop to be used in many places—not only at home and the office but also during commuting and flights, in coffee shops, in lecture halls and libraries, at clients' locations or a meeting room, etc. Within a home, portability enables laptop users to move their devices from room to room. Portability offers several distinct advantages:
  • Productivity: Using a laptop in places where a desktop PC cannot be used can help employees and students to increase their productivity on work or school tasks, such as an office worker reading their work e-mails during an hour-long commute by train, or a student doing their homework at the university coffee shop during a break between lectures, for example.
  • Up-to-date information: Using a single laptop prevents fragmentation of files across multiple PC's as the files exist in a single location and are always up-to-date.
  • Connectivity: A key advantage of laptops is that they almost always have integrated connectivity features such as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth, and sometimes connection to cellular networks either through native integration or use of a hotspot. Wi-Fi networks and laptop programs are especially widespread at university campuses.

Other advantages of laptops:

  • Size: Laptops are smaller than desktop PCs. This is beneficial when space is at a premium, for example in small apartments and student dorms. When not in use, a laptop can be closed and put away in a desk drawer.
  • Low power consumption: Laptops are several times more power-efficient than desktops. A typical laptop uses 10–100 W, compared to 200–800W for desktops. This could be particularly beneficial for large businesses, which run hundreds of personal computers thus economies of scale, and homes where there is a computer running 24/7 (such as a home media server, print server, etc.).
  • Quiet: Laptops are typically much quieter than desktops, due both to the components (often silent solid-state drives replacing hard drives) and to less heat production leading to the use of fewer, sometimes no cooling fans. The latter has given rise to laptops that have no moving parts, resulting in complete silence during use.
  • Battery: a charged laptop can continue to be used in case of a power outage and is not affected by short power interruptions and blackouts, an issue that is present with desktop PC's.
  • All-in-One: designed to be portable, most modern laptops have all components integrated into the chassis. For desktops (excluding all-in-ones) this is usually divided into the desktop "tower" (the unit with the CPU, hard drive, power supply, etc.), keyboard, mouse, display screen, and optional peripherals such as speakers.

Disadvantages

Compared to desktop PCs, laptops have disadvantages in the following areas:

Performance
The majority of laptops released in 2022 are capable of common tasks such as web browsing, video playback, and office applications, even at the low end. That said, the performance of desktops often surpasses comparably priced laptops. The upper limits of performance of laptops remain lower than desktops, due to mostly practical reasons, such as decreased battery life, increased size and heat, etc.
Upgradeability
The upgradeability of laptops is very limited compared to thoroughly standardized desktops, due to technical and economic reasons. In general, hard drives and memory can be upgraded easily. Due to the integrated nature of laptops, however, the motherboard, CPU, and graphics, are seldom officially upgradeable. Some efforts towards industry standard parts and layouts have been attempted, such as Common Building Block, but the industry remains largely proprietary and fragmented. There is no industry-wide standard form factor for laptops; Moreover, starting with 2013 models, laptops have become increasingly integrated (soldered) with the motherboard for most of its components (CPU, SSD, RAM, etc.) to reduce size and upgradeability prospects.
Durability
A clogged heat sink on a laptop after 2.5 years of use
Laptops are less durable than desktops/PCs. However, the durability of the laptop depends on the user if proper maintenance is done then the laptop can work longer.
Laptop keyboard with its keys (except the space bar) removed, revealing crumbs, pet hair, and other detritus to be cleaned away

Because of their portability, laptops are subject to more wear and physical damage than desktops, additionally hindered by their integrated nature. A liquid spill onto the keyboard, while a minor issue with a desktop system, can damage the internals of a laptop and destroy the computer, resulting in a costly repair or entire replacement of laptops. One study found that a laptop is three times more likely to break during the first year of use than a desktop. To maintain a laptop, it is recommended to clean it every three months for dirt, debris, dust, and food particles. Most cleaning kits consist of a lint-free or microfiber cloth for the screen and keyboard, compressed air for getting dust out of the cooling fan, and a cleaning solution. Harsh chemicals such as bleach should not be used to clean a laptop, as they can damage it.
Heating and cooling
Laptops rely on extremely compact cooling systems involving a fan and heat sink that can fail from blockage caused by accumulated airborne dust and debris. Most laptops do not have any type of removable dust collection filter over the air intake for these cooling systems, resulting in a system that gradually conducts more heat and noise as the years pass. In some cases, the laptop starts to overheat even at idle load levels. This dust is usually stuck inside where the fan and heat sink meet, where it can not be removed by a casual cleaning and vacuuming. Most of the time, compressed air can dislodge the dust and debris but may not entirely remove it. After the device is turned on, the loose debris is reaccumulated into the cooling system by the fans. Complete disassembly is usually required to clean the laptop entirely. However, preventative maintenance such as regular cleaning of the heat sink via compressed air can prevent dust build-up on the heat sink. Many laptops are difficult to disassemble by the average user and contain components that are sensitive to electrostatic discharge (ESD).
Battery life
Battery life is limited because the capacity drops with time, eventually warranting replacement after as little as 2–3 years. A new battery typically stores enough energy to run the laptop for five to six hours or more, depending on usage and the battery size. The battery is often easily replaceable and a higher capacity model may be obtained for longer charging and discharging time. Some laptops do not have the usual removable battery and have to be brought to the service center of their manufacturer or a third-party laptop service center to have their battery replaced. Replacement batteries can also be expensive, depending on the availability of the parts. Desktop PC's do not face similar problems since they are reliant on long lasting power supplies.
Security and privacy
Main article: Laptop theftBecause they are valuable, commonly used, portable, and easy to hide in a backpack or other type of bag, laptops are often stolen. Every day, over 1,600 laptops go missing from U.S. airports. The cost of stolen business or personal data, and of the resulting problems (identity theft, credit card fraud, breach of privacy), can be many times the value of the stolen laptop itself. Consequently, the physical protection of laptops and the safeguarding of data contained in them are both of great importance. Some laptops, primarily professional and educational devices, have a Kensington security slot, which can be used to tether them with a security cable and lock. In addition, modern operating systems have features such as Activation Lock or similar that prevents the use of the device without credentials. As of 2015, some laptops also have additional security elements added, including biometric security components such as Windows Hello or Touch ID.
Software such as GadgetTrak and Find My Mac have been engineered to help people locate and recover their stolen laptops in the event of theft. Setting one's laptop with a password on its firmware (protection against going to firmware setup or booting), internal HDD/SSD (protection against accessing it and loading an operating system on it afterward), and every user account of the operating system are additional security measures that a user should do. Fewer than 5% of lost or stolen laptops are recovered by the companies that own them, however, that number may decrease due to a variety of companies and software solutions specializing in laptop recovery. In the 2010s, the common availability of webcams on laptops raised privacy concerns. In Robbins v. Lower Merion School District (Eastern District of Pennsylvania 2010), school-issued laptops loaded with special software enabled staff from two high schools to take secret webcam shots of students at home, via their students' laptops.

Ergonomics and health effects

Wrists
Prolonged use of laptops can cause repetitive strain injury because of their small, flat keyboard and trackpad pointing devices. Usage of separate, external ergonomic keyboards and pointing devices is recommended to prevent injury when working for long periods of time; they can be connected to a laptop easily by USB, Bluetooth or via a docking station. Some health standards require ergonomic keyboards at workplaces.
Neck and spine
A laptop's integrated screen often requires users to lean over for a better view, which can cause neck or spinal injuries. A larger and higher-quality external screen can be connected to almost any laptop to alleviate this and to provide additional screen space for more productive work. Another solution is to use a computer stand.
Possible effect on fertility
A study by State University of New York researchers found that heat generated from laptops can increase the temperature of the lap of male users when balancing the computer on their lap, potentially putting sperm count at risk. The study, which included roughly two dozen men between the ages of 21 and 35, found that the sitting position required to balance a laptop can increase scrotum temperature by as much as 2.1 °C (4 °F). However, further research is needed to determine whether this directly affects male sterility. A later 2010 study of 29 males published in Fertility and Sterility found that men who kept their laptops on their laps experienced scrotal hyperthermia (overheating) in which their scrotal temperatures increased by up to 2.0 °C (4 °F). The resulting heat increase, which could not be offset by a laptop cushion, may increase male infertility.
Laptop cooler (silver) under laptop (white), preventing heating of lap and improving laptop airflow

A common practical solution to this problem is to place the laptop on a table or desk or to use a book or pillow between the body and the laptop. Another solution is to obtain a cooling unit for the laptop. These are usually USB powered and consist of a hard thin plastic case housing one, two, or three cooling fans – with the entire assembly designed to sit under the laptop in question – which results in the laptop remaining cool to the touch, and greatly reduces laptop heat buildup.
Thighs
Heat generated from using a laptop on the lap can also cause skin discoloration on the thighs known as "toasted skin syndrome".

Sales

Manufacturers

Major laptop brands
Acer / Gateway / eMachines / Packard Bell: TravelMate, Extensa, Ferrari and Aspire; Easynote; Chromebook
Apple: MacBook Air and MacBook Pro
Asus: TUF, ROG, Pro and ProArt, ZenBook, VivoBook, ExpertBook
Clevo
Dell: Alienware, Inspiron, Latitude, Precision, Vostro and XPS
Dynabook (former Toshiba): Portege, Tecra, Satellite, Qosmio, Libretto
Falcon Northwest: DRX, TLX, I / O
Fujitsu: Lifebook, Celsius
Gigabyte: AORUS
HCL (India): ME Laptop, ME Netbook, Leaptop and MiLeap
Hewlett-Packard: Pavilion, Envy, ProBook, EliteBook, ZBook
Huawei: Matebook
Lenovo: ThinkPad, ThinkBook, IdeaPad, Yoga, Legion and the Essential B and G Series
LG: Xnote, Gram
Medion: Akoya (OEM version of MSI Wind)
MSI: E, C, P, G, V, A, X, U series, Modern, Prestige and Wind Netbook
Panasonic: Toughbook, Satellite, Let's Note (Japan only)
Samsung: Sens: N, P, Q, R and X series; Chromebook, ATIV Book
TG Sambo (Korea): Averatec, Averatec Buddy
Vaio (former Sony)
Xiaomi: Mi, Mi Gaming and Mi RedmiBook laptops
Main article: List of laptop brands and manufacturers

There are many laptop brands and manufacturers. Several major brands that offer notebooks in various classes are listed in the adjacent box. The major brands usually offer good service and support, including well-executed documentation and driver downloads that remain available for many years after a particular laptop model is no longer produced. Capitalizing on service, support, and brand image, laptops from major brands are more expensive than laptops from smaller brands and ODMs. Some brands specialize in a particular class of laptops, such as gaming laptops (Alienware), high-performance laptops (HP Envy), netbooks (EeePC) and laptops for children (OLPC).

Many brands, including the major ones, do not design and do not manufacture their laptops. Instead, a small number of Original Design Manufacturers (ODMs) design new models of laptops, and the brands choose the models to be included in their lineup. In 2006, 7 major ODMs manufactured 7 of every 10 laptops in the world, with the largest one (Quanta Computer) having 30% of the world market share. Therefore, identical models are available both from a major label and from a low-profile ODM in-house brand.

Historic market share

Further information: Market share of personal computer vendors

As of 1992–1993, Toshiba ranked as the global leading vendor in the notebook computer market. In the United States meanwhile, Apple led the market followed by Compaq. In the year 1993, global revenue for the laptop market was led by Compaq, followed by Toshiba, Apple, NEC and IBM, altogether accounting for over 53% of global revenue.

In the United States, the top three vendors for notebooks in market share as of 1996 were: Toshiba, followed by Compaq, and followed by IBM.

As of 1999, Toshiba ranked first in worldwide laptop sales followed by IBM, Compaq, and Dell. Toshiba led the market with a share of 18.6%.

In the first quarter of 2002 in the United States market, Dell controlled 25.2% in the notebook space, well ahead of Toshiba (13.6%) and Compaq (11.7%), the latter of which had been acquired by Hewlett-Packard (HP). At fourth and fifth place were Sony and IBM.

In Europe, the Middle East and Africa (EMEA) territories, Acer was the largest vendor of laptops, in 2004–2005, having overtaken HP and IBM there.

In the year 2005 according to IDC, Dell was the top global vendor of notebooks with a market share of 17.29%, followed by: HP (15.7%), Toshiba (10.96%), Acer (10.15%) and Lenovo (8.23%); Lenovo had acquired IBM that same year. The remaining of the top ten was made up of Fujitsu Siemens, Sony, NEC, Apple and Asus.

In the first quarter of 2010, the largest vendor of portable computers, including netbooks, was either HP or Acer, depending on data source. Both had shipped approximately 9 million units each. Dell, Toshiba, Asus and Lenovo followed, each with approximate sales of 5 to 6 million each. Apple, Samsung and Sony sold under 2 million each.

As of the third quarter of 2020, HP was cited as the leading vendor for notebook computers closely followed by Lenovo, both with a share of 23.6% each. They were followed by Dell (13.7%), Apple (9.7%) and Acer (7.9%).

Adoption by users

Battery-powered portable computers had just 2% worldwide market share in 1986. However, laptops have become increasingly popular, both for business and personal use. The third quarter of 2008 was the first time when worldwide notebook PC shipments exceeded desktops, with 38.6 million units versus 38.5 million units. In 2023, it was estimated that 166 million laptops were sold, and in the first quarter of 2024, around 64% of personal computers sold were laptops or detachable tablets. Due to the advent of tablets and affordable laptops, many computer users now have laptops due to the convenience offered by the device.

Price

Before 2008, laptops were very expensive. In May 2005, the average notebook sold for $1,131 while desktops sold for an average of $696. Around 2008, however, prices of laptops decreased substantially due to low-cost netbooks, drawing an average US$689 at U.S. retail stores in August 2008. Starting with the 2010s, laptops have decreased substantially in price at the low end due to inexpensive and low power Arm processors, less demanding operating systems such as ChromeOS, and SoC's. As of 2023, a new laptop can be obtained for $299.

Disposal

See also: E-Waste

The list of materials that go into a laptop computer is long, and many of the substances used, such as beryllium, lead, chromium, and mercury compounds, are toxic or carcinogenic to humans. Although these toxins are relatively harmless when the laptop is in use, concerns that discarded laptops cause a serious health and environmental risks when improperly discarded have arisen. The Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive (WEEE Directive) in Europe specified that all laptop computers must be recycled by law. Similarly, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has outlawed landfill dumping or the incinerating of discarded laptop computers.

Most laptop computers begin the recycling process with a method known as Demanufacturing, which involves the physical separation of the components of the laptop. These components are then either grouped into materials (e.g. plastic, metal and glass) for recycling or more complex items that require more advanced materials separation (e.g.) circuit boards, hard drives and batteries.

Corporate laptop recycling can require an additional process known as data destruction. The data destruction process ensures that all information or data that has been stored on a laptop hard drive can never be retrieved again. Below is an overview of some of the data protection and environmental laws and regulations applicable for laptop recycling data destruction:

  • Data Protection Act 1998 (DPA)
  • EU Privacy Directive (Due 2016)
  • Financial Conduct Authority
  • Sarbanes-Oxley Act
  • PCI-DSS Data Security Standard
  • Waste, Electronic & Electrical Equipment Directive (WEEE)
  • Basel Convention
  • Bank Secrecy Act (BSA)
  • FACTA Sarbanes-Oxley Act
  • FDA Security Regulations (21 C.F.R. part 11)
  • Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLBA)
  • HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act)
  • NIST SP 800–53
  • Add NIST SP 800–171
  • Identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act
  • Patriot Act of 2002
  • PCI Data Security Standard
  • US Safe Harbor Provisions
  • Various state laws
  • 6/3 JAN
  • Gramm-leach-Bliley Act
  • DCID

Extreme use

See also: International Space Station § Communications and computers
ISS laptops in the US lab

The ruggedized Grid Compass computer was used since the early days of the Space Shuttle program. The first commercial laptop used in space was a Macintosh portable in 1990 on Space Shuttle mission STS-41 and again in 1991 aboard STS-43. Apple and other laptop computers continue to be flown aboard crewed spaceflights, though the only long-duration flight certified computer for the International Space Station is the ThinkPad. As of 2011, over 100 ThinkPads were aboard the ISS. Laptops used aboard the International Space Station and other spaceflights are generally the same ones that can be purchased by the general public but needed modifications are made to allow them to be used safely and effectively in a weightless environment such as updating the cooling systems to function without relying on hot air rising and accommodation for the lower cabin air pressure. Laptops operating in harsh usage environments and conditions, such as strong vibrations, extreme temperatures, and wet or dusty conditions differ from those used in space in that they are custom designed for the task and do not use commercial off-the-shelf hardware.

See also

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