Misplaced Pages

Latest revision as of 05:50, 20 December 2024

The HonourableBob MarleyOM
Marley in 1976
Born	Robert Nesta Marley (1945-02-06)6 February 1945 Nine Mile, Saint Ann Parish, Jamaica
Died	11 May 1981(1981-05-11) (aged 36) Miami, Florida, US
Resting place	Bob Marley Mausoleum, Nine Mile, Saint Ann Parish, Jamaica
Other names	Skip Tuff Gong
Occupations	Singer songwriter guitarist
Years active	1962–1980
Spouse	Rita Marley ​(m. 1966)​
Children	11, including: Sharon Cedella David "Ziggy" Stephen Rohan Julian Ky-Mani Damian
Mother	Cedella Booker
Relatives	Skip Marley (grandson) YG Marley (grandson) Nico Marley (grandson) Jo Mersa Marley (grandson) Bambaata Marley (grandson) Selah Marley (granddaughter) Donisha Prendergast (granddaughter)
Musical career
Genres	Reggae ska rocksteady folk
Instruments	Vocals guitar
Labels	Beverley's Studio One JAD Wail'n Soul'm Upsetter Tuff Gong Island
Formerly of	The Wailers
Website	bobmarley.com
Musical artist

Robert Nesta Marley OM (6 February 1945 – 11 May 1981) was a Jamaican singer, songwriter, and guitarist. Considered one of the pioneers of reggae, he fused elements of reggae, ska and rocksteady and was renowned for his distinctive vocal and songwriting style. Marley increased the visibility of Jamaican music worldwide and made him a global figure in popular culture. He became known as a Rastafarian icon, and he infused his music with a sense of spirituality. Marley is also considered a global symbol of Jamaican music and culture and identity and was controversial in his outspoken support for democratic social reforms. Marley also supported the legalisation of cannabis and advocated for Pan-Africanism.

Born in Nine Mile, Jamaica, Marley began his career in 1963, after forming the group Teenagers with Peter Tosh and Bunny Wailer, which became the Wailers. In 1965, they released their debut studio album, The Wailing Wailers, which included the single "One Love", a reworking of "People Get Ready". It was popular worldwide and established the group as a rising figure in reggae. The Wailers released 11 more studio albums, and after signing to Island Records, changed their name to Bob Marley and the Wailers. While initially employing louder instrumentation and singing, they began engaging in rhythmic-based song construction in the late 1960s and early 1970s, which coincided with Marley's conversion to Rastafari. Around this time, Marley relocated to London, and the group embodied their musical shift with the release of the album The Best of The Wailers (1971).

Bob Marley and the Wailers began to gain international attention after signing to Island and touring in support of the albums Catch a Fire and Burnin' (both 1973). Following their disbandment a year later, Marley carried on under the band's name. The album Natty Dread (1974) received positive reviews. In 1975, following the global popularity of Eric Clapton's version of Marley's "I Shot the Sheriff", Marley had his international breakthrough with his first hit outside Jamaica, a live version of "No Woman, No Cry", from the Live! album. This was followed by his breakthrough album in the United States, Rastaman Vibration (1976), which reached the Top 50 of the Billboard Soul Charts. A few months later, Marley survived an assassination attempt at his home in Jamaica, which was believed to be politically motivated. He permanently relocated to London, where he recorded the album Exodus, which incorporated elements of blues, soul, and British rock and had commercial and critical success. In 1977, Marley was diagnosed with acral lentiginous melanoma; he died in May 1981, shortly after baptism into the Ethiopian Orthodox Church. Fans around the world expressed their grief, and he received a state funeral in Jamaica.

The greatest hits album Legend was released in 1984 and became the best-selling reggae album of all time. Marley also ranks as one of the best-selling music artists of all time, with estimated sales of more than 75 million records worldwide. He was posthumously honoured by Jamaica soon after his death with a designated Order of Merit by his nation. In 1994, Marley was posthumously inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Rolling Stone ranked him No. 11 on its list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time. and No. 98 on its list of the 200 Greatest Singers of All Time. His other achievements include a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award, a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, and induction into the Black Music & Entertainment Walk of Fame.

Early life

Marley was born on 6 February 1945 at the farm of his maternal grandfather in Nine Mile, Saint Ann Parish, Jamaica, to Norval Sinclair Marley and Cedella Malcolm. Norval was a white Jamaican born in Clarendon Parish, and whose cousins claimed that the Marley surname had Syrian-Jewish origins. This is however not conclusive and speculative. Norval went by the moniker "Captain", despite only having been a private in the British Army. At the time of his marriage to Cedella Malcolm, an Afro-Jamaican then 18 years old, Norval was supervising a subdivision of land for war veteran housing, and he was about 64 years old at the time of Bob Marley's birth. Norval, who provided little financial support for his wife and child and rarely saw them, died when Marley was 10 years old.

Some sources state that Marley's birth name was Nesta Robert Marley, with a story that when Marley was still a boy, a Jamaican passport official reversed his first and middle names because Nesta sounded like a girl's name. Marley's biographer has refuted claims by some cousins that the Marley surname had Syrian-Jewish origins.

Marley's maternal grandfather, Omariah, known as a Myal, was an early musical influence on Marley. Marley began to play music with Neville Livingston, later known as Bunny Wailer, while at Stepney Primary and Junior High School in Nine Mile, where they were childhood friends.

At age 12, Marley left Nine Mile with his mother and moved to the Trenchtown section of Kingston. Marley's mother and Thadeus Livingston, Bunny Wailer's father, had a daughter together named Claudette Pearl, who was a younger sister to both Bob and Bunny. With Marley and Livingston living together in the same house in Trenchtown, their musical explorations deepened to include the new ska music and the latest R&B from United States radio stations whose broadcasts reached Jamaica. Marley formed a vocal group with Bunny Wailer and Peter Tosh. The line-up was known variously as the Teenagers, the Wailing Rudeboys, the Wailing Wailers, and finally just the Wailers. Joe Higgs, who was part of the successful vocal act Higgs and Wilson, lived nearby and encouraged Marley. Marley and the others did not play any instruments at this time and were more interested in being a vocal harmony group. Higgs helped them develop their vocal harmonies and began teaching Marley guitar.

Marley's mother later married Edward Booker, a civil servant from the United States, giving Marley two half-brothers: Richard and Anthony.

Career

1962–1972: Early years

In February 1962, Marley recorded four songs, "Judge Not", "One Cup of Coffee", "Do You Still Love Me?" and "Terror", at Federal Studios for local music producer Leslie Kong. Three of the songs were released on Beverley's with "One Cup of Coffee" being released under the pseudonym Bobby Martell.

In 1963, Bob Marley, Bunny Wailer, Peter Tosh, Junior Braithwaite, Beverley Kelso, and Cherry Smith were called the Teenagers. They later changed the name to the Wailing Rudeboys, then to the Wailing Wailers, at which point they were discovered by record producer Coxsone Dodd, and finally to the Wailers. Their single "Simmer Down" for the Coxsone label became a Jamaican No. 1 in February 1964 selling an estimated 70,000 copies. The Wailers, now regularly recording for Studio One, found themselves working with established Jamaican musicians such as Ernest Ranglin (arranger "It Hurts To Be Alone"), the keyboardist Jackie Mittoo and saxophonist Roland Alphonso. By 1966, Braithwaite, Kelso, and Smith had left the Wailers, leaving the core trio of Bob Marley, Bunny Wailer, and Peter Tosh.

In 1966, Marley married Rita Anderson, and moved near his mother's residence in Wilmington, Delaware, in the United States for a short time, during which he worked as a DuPont lab assistant, and on the assembly line and as a fork lift operator at a Chrysler plant in nearby Newark, under the alias Donald Marley.

Though raised Catholic, Marley became interested in Rastafari beliefs in the 1960s, when away from his mother's influence. After returning to Jamaica, Marley formally converted to Rastafari and began to grow dreadlocks.

After a financial disagreement with Dodd, Marley and his band teamed up with Lee "Scratch" Perry and his studio band, the Upsetters. Although the alliance lasted less than a year, they recorded what many consider the Wailers' finest work. Marley and Perry split after a dispute regarding the assignment of recording rights, but they would continue to work together.

1969 brought another change to Jamaican popular music, where the beat slowed down even further. The new beat was a slow, steady, ticking rhythm that was first heard on the Maytals song "Do the Reggay". Marley approached producer Leslie Kong, who was regarded as one of the major developers of the reggae sound. For the recordings, Kong combined the Wailers with his studio musicians called Beverley's All-Stars, which consisted of bassists Lloyd Parks and Jackie Jackson, drummer Paul Douglas, keyboardists Gladstone Anderson and Winston Wright, and guitarists Rad Bryan, Lynn Taitt, and Hux Brown. As David Moskowitz writes, "The tracks recorded in this session illustrated the Wailers' earliest efforts in the new reggae style. Gone are the ska trumpets and saxophones of the earlier songs, with instrumental breaks now being played by the electric guitar." The songs recorded would be released as the album The Best of The Wailers, including tracks "Soul Shakedown Party", "Stop That Train", "Caution", "Go Tell it on the Mountain", "Soon Come", "Can't You See", "Soul Captives", "Cheer Up", "Back Out" and "Do It Twice".

Between 1968 and 1972, Bob and Rita Marley, Peter Tosh and Bunny Wailer re-cut some old tracks with JAD Records in Kingston and London in an attempt to commercialise the Wailers' sound. Bunny later asserted that those songs "should never be released on an album... they were just demos for record companies to listen to". In 1968, Bob and Rita visited songwriter Jimmy Norman at his apartment in the Bronx. Norman had written the extended lyrics for "Time is on My Side" (recorded by Irma Thomas and the Rolling Stones) and had also written for Johnny Nash and Jimi Hendrix. A three-day jam session with Norman and others, including Norman's co-writer Al Pyfrom, resulted in a 24-minute tape of Marley performing several of his own and Norman-Pyfrom's compositions. According to reggae archivist Roger Steffens, this tape is rare in that it was influenced by pop rather than reggae, as part of an effort to break Marley into the US charts. According to an article in The New York Times, Marley experimented on the tape with various sounds, adopting a doo-wop style on "Stay With Me" and "the slow love song style of 1960s artists" on "Splish for My Splash". He lived in Ridgmount Gardens, Bloomsbury, during 1972.

1972–1974: Move to Island Records

In 1972, Bob Marley signed with CBS Records in London and embarked on a UK tour with soul singer Johnny Nash. While in London the Wailers asked their road manager Brent Clarke to introduce them to Chris Blackwell, who had licensed some of their Coxsone releases for his Island Records. The Wailers intended to discuss the royalties associated with these releases; instead, the meeting resulted in the offer of an advance of £4,000 to record an album. Since Jimmy Cliff, Island's top reggae star, had recently left the label, Blackwell was primed for a replacement. In Marley, Blackwell recognised the elements needed to snare the rock audience: "I was dealing with rock music, which was really rebel music. I felt that would really be the way to break Jamaican music. But you needed someone who could be that image. When Bob walked in he really was that image." The Wailers returned to Jamaica to record at Harry J's in Kingston, which resulted in the album Catch a Fire.

Primarily recorded on an eight-track, Catch a Fire marked the first time a reggae band had access to a state-of-the-art studio and were accorded the same care as their rock 'n' roll peers. Blackwell desired to create "more of a drifting, hypnotic-type feel than a reggae rhythm", and restructured Marley's mixes and arrangements. Marley travelled to London to supervise Blackwell's overdubbing of the album at Island Studios, which included tempering the mix from the bass-heavy sound of Jamaican music and omitting two tracks.

The Wailers' first album for Island, Catch a Fire, was released worldwide in April 1973, packaged like a rock record with a unique Zippo lighter lift-top. Initially selling 14,000 units, it received a positive critical reception. It was followed later that year by the album Burnin', which included the song "I Shot the Sheriff". Eric Clapton was given the album by his guitarist George Terry in the hope that he would enjoy it. Clapton was impressed and chose to record a cover version of "I Shot the Sheriff", which became his first US hit since "Layla" two years earlier and reached number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 on 14 September 1974. Many Jamaicans were not keen on the new reggae sound on Catch a Fire, but the Trenchtown style of Burnin found fans across both reggae and rock audiences.

During this period, Blackwell gifted his Kingston residence and company headquarters at 56 Hope Road (then known as Island House) to Marley. Housing Tuff Gong Studios, the property became not only Marley's office but also his home.

The Wailers disbanded in 1974, with each of the three main members pursuing a solo career.

1974–1976: Line-up changes and Assault

Despite the break-up, Marley continued recording as "Bob Marley & The Wailers". His new backing band included brothers Carlton and Aston "Family Man" Barrett on drums and bass respectively, Junior Marvin and Al Anderson on lead guitar, Tyrone Downie and Earl "Wya" Lindo on keyboards, and Alvin "Seeco" Patterson on percussion. The "I Threes", consisting of Judy Mowatt, Marcia Griffiths, and Marley's wife, Rita, provided backing vocals. In 1975, Marley had his international breakthrough with his first hit outside Jamaica with a live version of "No Woman, No Cry", from the Live! album. This was followed by his breakthrough album in the United States, Rastaman Vibration (1976), which reached the Top 50 of the Billboard Soul Charts.

On 3 December 1976, two days before "Smile Jamaica", a free concert organised by Jamaican Prime Minister Michael Manley in an attempt to ease tension between two warring political groups, Bob Marley, Rita, and manager Don Taylor were wounded in an assault by unknown gunmen inside Marley's home. Taylor and Rita sustained serious injuries but later made full recoveries. Marley sustained minor wounds in the chest and arm. The attempt on his life was believed to have been politically motivated, as many felt that Smile Jamaica was actually a support rally for Manley. Nonetheless, the concert proceeded, and an injured Marley performed as scheduled, two days after the attempt. The members of the group Zap Pow played as Bob Marley's backup band before a festival crowd of 80,000 while members of The Wailers were still missing or in hiding.

1976–1979: Relocation to England

Marley left Jamaica at the end of 1976, and after a month-long "recovery and writing" sojourn at the site of Chris Blackwell's Compass Point Studios in Nassau, Bahamas, arrived in England, where he spent two years in self-imposed exile.

Whilst in England, he recorded the albums Exodus and Kaya. Exodus stayed on the British album charts for 56 consecutive weeks. It included four UK hit singles: "Exodus", "Waiting in Vain", "Jamming", and "One Love" (which interpolates Curtis Mayfield's hit, "People Get Ready"). During his time in London, Marley was arrested and convicted of possession of a small quantity of cannabis. In 1978, Marley returned to Jamaica and performed at another political concert, the One Love Peace Concert, again in an effort to calm warring parties. Near the end of the performance, by Marley's request, Michael Manley (leader of then-ruling People's National Party) and his political rival Edward Seaga (leader of the opposing Jamaica Labour Party) joined each other on stage and shook hands.

Under the name Bob Marley and the Wailers, 11 albums were released, four live albums and seven studio albums. The releases included Babylon by Bus, a double live album with 13 tracks, was released in 1978 and received critical acclaim. This album, and specifically the final track "Jamming", with the audience in a frenzy, captured the intensity of Marley's live performances.

"Marley wasn't singing about how peace could come easily to the World but rather how hell on Earth comes too easily to too many. His songs were his memories; he had lived with the wretched, he had seen the downpressers and those whom they pressed down."

1979–1980: Later years

Survival, a defiant and politically charged album, was released in 1979. Tracks such as "Zimbabwe", "Africa Unite", "Wake Up and Live" and "Survival" reflected Marley's support for the struggles of Africans. His appearance at the Amandla Festival in Boston in July 1979 showed his strong opposition to South African apartheid, which he already had shown in his song "War" in 1976.

In early 1980, Marley was invited to perform at a 17 April celebration of Zimbabwe's Independence Day.

Uprising (1980) was Marley's final studio album and the last album that was released during his lifetime. It is one of his most religious productions, as it includes "Redemption Song" and "Forever Loving Jah".

Confrontation, released posthumously in 1983, contained unreleased material recorded during Marley's lifetime, including the hit "Buffalo Soldier" and new mixes of singles previously only available in Jamaica.

Personal life

Religion and beliefs

Marley was a longtime member of the Rastafari movement, whose culture was a key element in the development of reggae. He became an ardent proponent of Rastafari, taking its music out of the socially deprived areas of Jamaica and onto the international music scene. As part of being a Rastafarian, Marley felt that Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia was an incarnation of God or "Jah". However, later in life, he ended up converting to Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity and was baptised by Archbishop Abuna Yesehaq in the presence of his wife Rita Marley and their children, with the name of Berhane Selassie, on 4 November 1980, shortly before his death.

As a Rastafarian, Marley supported the legalisation of cannabis or "ganja", which Rastafarians believe is an aid to meditation. Marley began to use cannabis when he converted to the Rastafari faith from Catholicism in 1966. Marley was arrested in 1968 after being caught with cannabis but continued to use marijuana in accordance with his religious beliefs. Of his marijuana usage, Marley said, "When you smoke herb, herb reveal yourself to you. All the wickedness you do, the herb reveal itself to yourself, your conscience, show up yourself clear, because herb make you meditate. Is only a natural t'ing and it grow like a tree." Marley saw marijuana usage as a vital factor in religious growth and connection with Jah, and as a way to philosophise and become wiser.

Marley was a Pan-Africanist and believed in the unity of African people worldwide. His beliefs were rooted in his Rastafari religious beliefs. Marley was substantially inspired by Marcus Garvey and had anti-imperialist and pan-Africanist themes in many of his songs, such as "Zimbabwe", "Exodus", "Survival", "Blackman Redemption" and "Redemption Song." The lattermost draws influence from a 1937 speech given by Marcus Garvey in Nova Scotia. Marley held that independence of African countries from European domination was a victory for all those in the African diaspora. In the song "Africa Unite", he sings of a desire for all peoples of the African diaspora to come together and fight against "Babylon"; similarly, in the song "Zimbabwe", Marley marks the liberation of the whole continent of Africa, and evokes calls for unity between all Africans, both within and outside Africa.

Family

Marley married Alfarita Constantia "Rita" Anderson in Kingston, Jamaica, on 10 February 1966. He had many children: three were born to his wife Rita, and two additional children were adopted from Rita's previous relationships as his own, and they have the Marley name. The official Bob Marley website acknowledges 11 children.

Those listed on the official site are:

1. Sharon, born 23 November 1964, daughter of Rita from a previous relationship, but then adopted by Marley after his marriage with Rita
2. Cedella, born 23 August 1967, to Rita
3. David "Ziggy", born 17 October 1968, to Rita
4. Stephen, born 20 April 1972, to Rita
5. Robert "Robbie", born 16 May 1972, to Pat Williams
6. Rohan, born 19 May 1972, to Janet Hunt
7. Karen Marley, born 1973, to Janet Bowen
8. Stephanie Marley, born 17 August 1974 to Rita and Owen "Ital Tacky" Stewart, a former Jamaican soccer player. Nonetheless, Bob adopted Stephanie as one of his own which entitled her to his estate.
9. Julian, born 4 June 1975, to Lucy Pounder
10. Ky-Mani, born 26 February 1976, to Anita Belnavis
11. Damian, born 21 July 1978, to Cindy Breakspeare

Other sites have noted additional individuals who claim to be family members, as noted below:

• Makeda was born on 30 May 1981, to Yvette Crichton, after Marley's death. Meredith Dixon's book lists her as Marley's child, but she is not listed as such on the Bob Marley official website.
• Various websites, for example, also list Imani Carole, born 22 May 1963, to Cheryl Murray; but she does not appear on the official Bob Marley website.

Marley also has several notable grandchildren, including musicians Skip Marley and YG Marley, American football player Nico Marley, model Selah Marley, and filmmaker Donisha Prendergast.

Association football

Aside from music, association football played a major role throughout Marley's life. As well as playing the game, in parking lots, fields, and even inside recording studios, Marley followed the Brazilian club Santos and its star player Pelé growing up and was also a supporter of English football club Tottenham Hotspur and Argentine midfielder Ossie Ardiles, who played for the club for a decade beginning in 1978.

Marley surrounded himself with people from the sport, and in the 1970s, made the Jamaican international footballer Allan "Skill" Cole his tour manager. Marley told a journalist, "If you want to get to know me, you will have to play football against me and the Wailers."

Automobiles

Two of the cars that Marley owned were BMWs, a 1602 and then an E3 2500. He purchased these because of the name. Marley said BMW stood for Bob Marley and the Wailers.

Illness

In July 1977, Marley was diagnosed with a type of malignant melanoma under the nail of his right big toe. Contrary to urban legend, this lesion was not primarily caused by an injury during a football match that year but was instead a symptom of already-existing cancer. Marley had to see two doctors before a biopsy was done, which confirmed acral lentiginous melanoma. Unlike other melanomas, which usually appear on skin exposed to the sun, acral lentiginous melanoma occurs in places that are easy to miss, such as the soles of the feet, or under toenails. Although it is the most common melanoma in people with dark skin, it is not widely recognised and was not mentioned in the most popular medical textbook of the time.

Marley rejected his doctors' advice to have his toe amputated, which would have hindered Marley's performing career, citing his religious beliefs. Instead, the nail and nail bed were removed, and a skin graft was taken from his thigh to cover the area. Despite his illness, Marley continued touring and was in the process of scheduling a 1980 world tour.

The album Uprising was released in May 1980. The band completed a major tour of Europe, where it played its biggest concert to 100,000 people at San Siro stadium in Milan, Italy. Marley's last ever outdoor concert was played on 6 July 1980 at Dalymount Park in Dublin. After the tour, Marley went to the United States, where he performed two shows at Madison Square Garden in New York City as part of the Uprising Tour. On 21 September 1980, Marley collapsed while jogging in Central Park and was taken to the hospital, where it was found that his cancer had spread to his brain, lungs, and liver. Marley's last concert took place two days later at the Stanley Theater (now The Benedum Center For The Performing Arts) in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The only known photographs from the show were included in Kevin Macdonald's 2012 documentary film Marley.

Shortly after, Marley's health deteriorated as his cancer had spread throughout his body. The rest of the tour was cancelled, and Marley sought treatment at the Josef Issels' clinic in Rottach-Egern, Bavaria, Germany, where he underwent an alternative cancer treatment called Issels treatment, partly based on avoidance of certain foods, fluids, and other substances.

Death

After eight months of the alternative treatment failing to effectively treat his advancing cancer, Marley boarded a plane for his home in Jamaica. During the flight, his vital functions worsened. After landing in Miami, Florida, Marley was taken to Cedars of Lebanon Hospital, later renamed University of Miami Hospital, for urgent medical attention, where he died on 11 May 1981, at the age of 36, due to the spread of melanoma to his lungs and brain. Marley's final words to his son Ziggy were: "On your way up, take me up. On your way down, don't let me down."

On 21 May 1981, Marley was given a state funeral in Jamaica that combined elements of Ethiopian Orthodoxy and Rastafari tradition. He was buried in a chapel near his birthplace in Nine Mile; Marley's casket contained his red Gibson Les Paul guitar, a Bible opened at Psalm 23, and a stalk of ganja placed there by his widow Rita Marley. Jamaican Prime Minister Edward Seaga delivered the final funeral eulogy to Marley, saying:

His voice was an omnipresent cry in our electronic world. His sharp features, majestic looks, and prancing style a vivid etching on the landscape of our minds. Bob Marley was never seen. He was an experience which left an indelible imprint with each encounter. Such a man cannot be erased from the mind. He is part of the collective consciousness of the nation.

Legacy

Awards and honours

• 1976: Rolling Stone magazine's "Band of the Year"
• June 1978: Awarded the Peace Medal of the Third World from the United Nations
• February 1981: Awarded the Jamaican Order of Merit, then the nation's third-highest honour
• March 1994: Inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
• 1999: "Album of the Century" for Exodus by Time magazine
• February 2001: A star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame
• February 2001: Awarded Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.
• 2004: Rolling Stone ranked him 11th on their list of the "100 Greatest Artists of All Time"
  • Among the first inductees into the UK Music Hall of Fame
  • "One Love" named song of the millennium by BBC
  • Voted one of the greatest lyricists of all time by a BBC poll
• 2006: A blue plaque at his first UK residence in Ridgmount Gardens in London, dedicated to him by the Nubian Jak Community Trust and supported by the Mayor of London
• 2010: Catch a Fire inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame (Reggae Album)
• 2022: Inducted into the Black Music & Entertainment Walk of Fame

Other tributes

A statue was inaugurated, next to the national stadium on Arthur Wint Drive in Kingston to commemorate Marley. In 2006, the New York City Department of Education co-named a portion of Church Avenue from Remsen Avenue to East 98th Street in the East Flatbush section of Brooklyn as "Bob Marley Boulevard." In 2008, a statue of Marley was inaugurated in Banatski Sokolac, Serbia.

Internationally, Marley's message also continues to reverberate among various indigenous communities. For instance, members of the Native American Hopi and Havasupai tribes revere his work. There are also many tributes to Marley throughout India, including restaurants, hotels, and cultural festivals.

Marley evolved into a global symbol, which has been endlessly merchandised through a variety of media. Despite this, author Dave Thompson lamented what he perceived to be the pacification of Marley that came with his commercialisation, stating:

Bob Marley ranks among both the most popular and the most misunderstood figures in modern culture ... That the machine has utterly emasculated Marley is beyond doubt. Gone from the public record is the ghetto kid who dreamed of Che Guevara and the Black Panthers, and pinned their posters up in the Wailers Soul Shack record store; who believed in freedom; and the fighting which it necessitated, and dressed the part on an early album sleeve; whose heroes were James Brown and Muhammad Ali; whose God was Ras Tafari and whose sacrament was marijuana. Instead, the Bob Marley who surveys his kingdom today is smiling benevolence, a shining sun, a waving palm tree, and a string of hits which tumble out of polite radio like candy from a gumball machine. Of course it has assured his immortality. But it has also demeaned him beyond recognition. Bob Marley was worth far more.

Marley is discussed in the 2007 action thriller I Am Legend, where the protagonist named his daughter after him. Marley's music is also used in the film.

Depictions in popular culture

Several film adaptations of Marley's life have been made. For instance, a feature-length documentary about his life, Rebel Music, won various awards at the Grammys. With contributions from Rita, The Wailers, and Marley's lovers and children, it also tells much of the story in his own words. In February 2008, director Martin Scorsese announced his intention to produce a documentary movie on Marley. The film was set to be released on 6 February 2010, on what would have been Marley's 65th birthday. However, Scorsese dropped out due to scheduling problems. He was replaced by Jonathan Demme, who dropped out due to creative differences with producer Steve Bing during the beginning of editing. Kevin Macdonald replaced Demme and the film, Marley, was released on 20 April 2012. In 2011, ex-girlfriend and filmmaker Esther Anderson, along with Gian Godoy, made the documentary Bob Marley: The Making of a Legend, which premiered at the Edinburgh International Film Festival.

In October 2015, Jamaican author Marlon James's novel, A Brief History of Seven Killings, a fictional account of the attempted assassination of Marley, won the 2015 Man Booker Prize at a ceremony in London.

In February 2020, Get Up, Stand Up! The Bob Marley Musical was announced by writer Lee Hall and director Dominic Cooke, starring Arinzé Kene as Bob Marley. It was premiered at London's Lyric Theatre on 20 October 2021, after being postponed from its original February premiere due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Bob Marley: One Love, an American biographical drama musical film directed by Reinaldo Marcus Green and starring Kingsley Ben-Adir as Marley, was released in the United States on 14 February 2024.

Discography

Studio albums

• The Wailing Wailers (1965)
• Soul Rebels (1970)
• Soul Revolution Part II (1971)
• The Best of the Wailers (1971)
• Catch a Fire (1973)
• Burnin' (1973)
• Natty Dread (1974)
• Rastaman Vibration (1976)
• Exodus (1977)
• Kaya (1978)
• Survival (1979)
• Uprising (1980)
• Confrontation (1983)

See also

• Desis bobmarleyi – an underwater spider species named in honour of Marley
• Fabian Marley
• List of peace activists
• Outline of Bob Marley

References

1. Freed, Kenneth (13 February 1995). "Bob Marley Festival Spreads Some 'Rastaman Vibration' : Anniversary: Jamaica concert marks the 50th birthday of the late reggae icon and poet-musician". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 2 August 2019. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
2. Samuels, A.J. (20 April 2012). "Bob Marley: Anatomy of an Icon". Archived from the original on 31 May 2020. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
3. "'Marley' – a new view of a cultural icon". www.youthlinkjamaica.com. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
4. "7 Fascinating Facts About Bob Marley". Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
5. Toynbee, Jason (8 May 2013). Bob Marley: Herald of a Postcolonial World. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 1969–. ISBN 978-0-7456-5737-0. Archived from the original on 12 October 2013. Retrieved 23 August 2013.
6. Masouri, Jon (11 November 2009). Wailing Blues – The Story of Bob Marley's Wailers. Music Sales Group. ISBN 978-0-85712-035-9. Archived from the original on 12 October 2013. Retrieved 7 September 2013.
7. "Bob Marley". Los Gatos Library. Archived from the original on 24 February 2024. Retrieved 24 February 2024.
8. mauzy (31 January 2020). "Bob Marley Day celebration is Feb. 6". OHIO News. Archived from the original on 24 February 2024. Retrieved 24 February 2024.
9. Soni, Varun (2 July 2010). "Bob Marley's Spiritual Legacy". huffingtonpost.com. Archived from the original on 2 October 2017. Retrieved 11 July 2017.
10. Gooden, Lou (2003). Reggae Heritage: Jamaica's Music History, Culture & Politic. AuthorHouse. pp. 293–. ISBN 978-1-4107-8062-1. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
11. Lee, Bunny (23 August 2013). "Interview". Reggae Vibes (Interview). Interviewed by Peter I. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 23 August 2013.
12. Barrett, Aston "Family Man" (19 February 2013). "Interview". Pure Guitar. Archived from the original on 6 December 2013. Retrieved 23 August 2013.
13. Paul Sexton (14 September 2021). "Eric Clapton's 'I Shot The Sheriff': E.C. Takes Bob Marley To The World". udiscovermusic. Archived from the original on 19 January 2022. Retrieved 18 December 2021.,
14. ^ "Billboard Hits of the World". Billboard. Billboard Publications, Inc. 15 November 1975. p. 69. ISSN 0006-2510. Archived from the original on 13 October 2013. Retrieved 8 September 2013.
15. ^ "Soul". Billboard. Billboard Publications, Inc. 25 December 1976. p. 77. ISSN 0006-2510. Archived from the original on 12 October 2013. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
16. Gane-McCalla, Casey (2016). Inside the CIA's Secret War in Jamaica. Los Angeles, Calif: Over the Edge Books. ISBN 978-1-944082-07-9. OCLC 1105632241.
17. Mcateer, Amberly (15 October 2014). "Deadly profitable: The 13 highest-earning dead celebrities". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
18. Meschino, Patricia (6 October 2007). "'Exodus' Returns". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. p. 42. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved 23 August 2013.
19. ^ "The Immortals: The First Fifty". Rolling Stone. No. 946. Archived from the original on 6 January 2007.
20. "The 200 Greatest Singers of All Time". Rolling Stone. 1 January 2023. Archived from the original on 20 June 2023. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
21. Moskowitz, David (2007). Bob Marley: A Biography. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-313-33879-3. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
22. Observer (13 April 2006). "Ziggy Marley to adopt Judaism?". The Jamaica Observer. Of further interest, Ziggy's grandfather Norval, is also of Syrian-Jewish extraction... This was confirmed by Heather Marley, who is the daughter of Noel Marley, Norval's brother.
23. ^ Kenner, Rob (May 2006). "The Real Revolutionary". Vibe. Vol. 14, no. 5. Vibe Media Group. p. 118. ISSN 1070-4701.
24. ^ Roger Steffens (11 July 2017). So Much Things to Say: The Oral History of Bob Marley. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-3936-3479-2. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
25. Jason Toynbee (5 November 2007). Bob Marley: Herald of a Postcolonial World?. Polity. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-7456-3089-2. Archived from the original on 11 October 2020. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
26. ^ Adams, Tim (8 April 2012). "Bob Marley: the regret that haunted his life". The Observer. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 11 December 2016.
27. Moskowitz, David (2007). Bob Marley: A Biography. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-313-33879-3. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
28. Moskowitz, David (2007). Bob Marley: A Biography. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-313-33879-3. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
29. Moskowitz, David (2007). Bob Marley: A Biography. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-313-33879-3. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
30. Davis, Stephen (28 July 1983). Bob Marley: the biography. Littlehampton Book Services Ltd. ISBN 978-0-213-16859-9. Archived from the original on 26 June 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
31. "Stepney Primary and Junior High School". bobmarleyfoundationja.org. Bob Marley Foundation. 16 September 2009. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
32. Marley, Bob (31 January 2012). Listen to Bob Marley: The Man, the Music, the Revolution. Open Road Media. pp. 65–. ISBN 978-1-4532-2494-6. Archived from the original on 9 October 2013. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
33. Wailer, Bunny (January 2011). "The Last Wailer – Bunny Wailer interview". GQ (Interview). Interviewed by John Jeremiah Sullivan. Archived from the original on 23 October 2013. Retrieved 22 October 2013.
34. Cunningham, Jonathan (15 April 2008). "Memorial Services for Cedella Marley Booker Tonight". Miami New Times. Archived from the original on 19 October 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
35. Obrecht, Jas. "Bob Marley's Early Years: From Nine Miles To London". JasObrecht.com. Archived from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 8 November 2013.
36. Braithwaite, Junior (5 May 1985). "Interview". iration.com (Interview). Interviewed by Roger Steffens. Archived from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
37. Foster, Chuck (12 November 2013). "Joe Higgs – No Man Could Stop The Source". Tiscali.co.uk. Archived from the original on 23 July 2018. Retrieved 12 November 2013.
38. Pareles, Jon (22 December 1999). "Joe Higgs, 59, Reggae Performer; Taught a Generation of Singers". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 31 May 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2013.
39. "Bob Marley's Family Settles Lawsuit With Singer's Half-Brother". RollingStone.com. 2 December 2012. Archived from the original on 19 December 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
40. "Cedella Marley Booker: Keeper of the Marley flame". independent.co.uk. 11 April 2008. Archived from the original on 25 October 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
41. "Chapter 1: Bob Marley solo, 1962". The Bob Marley Compendium. Archived from the original on 28 June 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2023.
42. "The Beverley Label and Leslie Kong: Music Business". bobmarley.com. Archived from the original on 21 June 2006.
43. Jeffrey, Don (16 July 1994). "Disputes Over Copyrights 'Scorch' Jamaican Reggae Artists". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. p. 92. ISSN 0006-2510. Archived from the original on 7 May 2016. Retrieved 20 February 2016.
44. Taylor, Angus (11 February 2012). "Interview: Ernest Ranglin (Part 1)". United Reggae. Archived from the original on 9 January 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2023.
45. "The Wailers' Biography". VitalSpot.com. Archived from the original on 10 September 2007. Retrieved 1 October 2009.
46. White, Timothy (25 June 1981). "Bob Marley: 1945–1981". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 21 April 2009.
47. Cormier, Ryan (30 September 2021). "Bob Marley wrote some of his first songs living in Wilmington. This is his Delaware history". The News Journal / delaware online. Wilmington, DE, US: Gannett. Archived from the original on 6 July 2024. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
48. Moskowitz, David (2007). The Words and Music of Bob Marley. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-275-98935-4. Archived from the original on 26 June 2019. Retrieved 5 October 2016.
49. "Reggae's Mad Scientist". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 3 December 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
50. ^ Moskowitz, David (2007). The Words and Music of Bob Marley. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-275-98935-4. Retrieved 5 October 2016.
51. ^ McKinley, Jesse (19 December 2002). "Pre-reggae tape of Bob Marley is found and put on auction". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 7 December 2009. Retrieved 4 January 2009.
52. Muir, Hugh (27 October 2006). "Blue plaque marks flats that put Marley on road to fame". The Guardian. UK. Archived from the original on 31 May 2020. Retrieved 7 September 2010.
53. Bradley, Lloyd (30 August 2001). Bass Culture: When Reggae Was King. Penguin Adult. pp. 522–. ISBN 978-0-14-023763-4. Archived from the original on 7 May 2016. Retrieved 20 February 2016.
54. Campbell, Howard (22 March 2011). "Bunny Wailer sets the record straight". The Gleaner. Archived from the original on 9 January 2014. Retrieved 8 November 2013.
55. ^ Hagerman, Brent (February 2005). "Chris Blackwell: Savvy Svengali". Exclaim.ca. Archived from the original on 27 April 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2010.
56. Williams, Richard. Catch a Fire (Liner notes) (2001 reissue ed.).
57. Terry, George (June 2011). "Interview". Hit Channel (Interview). Archived from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 10 November 2013.
58. "Billboard Hot 100 for week ending September 14, 1974". Billboard. Billboard Publications, Inc. 14 September 1974. p. 64. ISSN 0006-2510. Archived from the original on 7 May 2016. Retrieved 20 February 2016.
59. Moskowitz, David (2007). The Words and Music of Bob Marley. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 71–73. ISBN 978-0-275-98935-4. Archived from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2016.
60. "Rolling Stone #230: Bob Marley | The Uncool – The Official Site for Everything Cameron Crowe". Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
61. Walker, Jeff (1980) on the cover of Zap Pow's LP Reggae Rules. Los Angeles: Rhino Records.
62. "A Timeline of Bob Marley's Career". Thirdfield.com. Archived from the original on 24 September 2009. Retrieved 3 October 2009.
63. "One Love Peace Concert". Everything2.com. 24 May 2002. Archived from the original on 9 February 2009. Retrieved 3 October 2009.
64. White, Timothy (28 December 1978). "Babylon by Bus review". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 16 February 2009. Retrieved 3 October 2009.
65. ^ Henke, James (2006). Marley Legend: An Illustrated Life of Bob Marley. Tuff Gong Books. ISBN 0-8118-5036-6.
66. Hans, Thobile (2 April 2015). "Remembering Bob Marley at the Birth of Zimbabwe". Forbes. Archived from the original on 25 November 2018. Retrieved 25 November 2018.
67. Morris, Chris (16 October 1980). "Uprising review". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 24 October 2007. Retrieved 3 October 2009.
68. Schruers, Fred (1 September 1983). "Confrontation review". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 25 February 2007. Retrieved 3 October 2009.
69. Carroll, Jim (13 August 2015). "In jah we trust: How reggae spread the rasta word". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 19 June 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2022.
70. Denise Sullivan (2011). Keep on Pushing: Black Power Music from Blues to Hip-hop. Chicago Review Press. p. 139. ISBN 978-1-56976-906-5. Archived from the original on 6 July 2024. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
71. Marley, Rita (5 February 2013). No Woman, No Cry: My Life with Bob Marley. Hachette Books. ISBN 978-1-4013-0569-7. Archived from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
72. White, Timothy (7 January 2010). Catch A Fire: The Life of Bob Marley. Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-0-85712-136-3. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2020.
73. Sherry Paprocki; Sean Dolan (2009). Bob Marley: Musician. Infobase Publishing. p. 51. ISBN 978-1-4381-0072-2.
74. Martin Booth (30 September 2011). Cannabis: A History. Random House. pp. 367, 368. ISBN 978-1-4090-8489-1.
75. Moskowitz, David (2007). Bob Marley: A Biography. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-313-33879-3. Archived from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
76. "History". Bob Marley. Archived from the original on 4 July 2014. Retrieved 11 July 2014.
77. Grant, Colin. The Natural Mystics: Marley, Tosh, and Wailer. p. 113.
78. Bell, Thomas L. Sound, Society and the Geography of Popular Music. p. 100.
79. Toynbee, Jason (2013). Bob Marley: Herald of a Postcolonial World. John Wiley & Sons. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-7456-5737-0. Archived from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 14 December 2016. Rita has claimed that she was raped there by Bob in 1973 after he returned from London, and asked her to care for another child he was going to have by a woman there (Roper 2004). The formulation changes to 'almost raped' in her autobiography (Marley 2005: 113). But in any event, it seems clear that Bob behaved in an oppressive way towards her, always providing financial support for herself and the children it is true, yet frequently humiliating and bullying her.
80. "Marley Family Photos: The Legend Continues". Bob Marley. Archived from the original on 23 October 2019. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
81. Duffus, Balteano (17 July 2021). "Bob Marley's Children And Marriage | Jamaican Life & Travel". Jamaican Life & Travel. Archived from the original on 26 February 2023. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
82. Marley, Rita (2004). No Woman, No Cry: My Life with Bob Marley (1st ed.). Hyperion Books. ISBN 978-0-7868-6867-4.
83. ^ Dixon, Meredith. "Lovers and Children of the Natural Mystic: The Story of Bob Marley, Women and their Children". The Dread Library. Archived from the original on 2 April 2010. Retrieved 21 June 2007.
84. "Bob Marley's Children". Chelsea's Entertainment reviews. 8 December 2006. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 28 December 2009.
85. Prendergast, Donisha (15 January 2019). "Donisha Prendergast: "My grandparents are revolutionaries"". Vogue India. Archived from the original on 22 March 2024. Retrieved 24 June 2024.
86. ^ Taherzadeh, Bahhaj (25 September 2014). "Bob Marley and the Beautiful Game". Paste Magazine. Archived from the original on 17 January 2019. Retrieved 20 February 2023.
87. "Black History Month: Bob Marley's love affair with football". BBC Sport. 22 October 2020. Archived from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
88. Baime, A.J. (February 2023). "B is for Bob". Road & Track. 15: 76.
89. "Bob Marley, genomics, and a rare form of melanoma", Cancer Research UK, 20 August 2014, archived from the original on 28 November 2021, retrieved 28 November 2021
90. "The Bob Marley melanoma story". HealthCert. 18 June 2019. Archived from the original on 28 November 2021. Retrieved 28 November 2021.
91. Neil Singh (13 August 2020). "Decolonising dermatology: why black and brown skin need better treatment". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 13 August 2020. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
92. Gooding, Cleland (11 April 2011). "A Death by Skin Cancer? The Bob Marley Story". The Tribune (Nassau). Archived from the original on 17 April 2011. Retrieved 26 July 2011.
93. Silvera, Janet (22 February 2014). "Marley Sings of Love As Cindy Fills His Heart". Jamaica Gleaner. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2014.
94. Slater, Russ (6 August 2010). "The Day Bob Marley Played Football in Brazil". Sounds and Colours. Archived from the original on 29 November 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2010.
95. "Bob Marley's only Irish gig revisited - Documentary On One". RTÉ. 6 September 2024. Retrieved 6 September 2024.
96. "Bob Marley hired Gambino mobsters for protection in New York". New York Daily News. 8 July 2017. Archived from the original on 3 December 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
97. "Bob Marley". BBC Religions. 21 October 2009. Archived from the original on 26 July 2010. Retrieved 31 January 2009.
98. "Bob Marley's last performance". ReggaeInSeattle. 23 September 2022. Archived from the original on 28 November 2021. Retrieved 28 November 2021.
99. Scott, David Meerman (20 April 2012). "Bob Marley and me". Web Ink Now. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 30 July 2015. Marley's last show was a critical aspect of the film and there was no video or photo record... except mine.
100. "How Did Bob Marley Die? The Details Behind His Final Years and 1981 Death". Peoplemag. Retrieved 24 August 2024.
101. "His story: The life and legacy of Bob Marley". BobMarley.com. Archived from the original on 17 April 2009. Retrieved 4 October 2009.
102. "Bob Marley's Final Words To His Son Are Incredibly Poignant". LADbible. 11 May 2021. Archived from the original on 9 January 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
103. "Bob Marley's funeral program". Orthodoxhistory.org. 4 June 2010. Archived from the original on 4 February 2011. Retrieved 4 June 2010.
104. "30 Year Anniversary of Bob Marley's Death". Orthodoxhistory.org. 11 May 2011. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 11 May 2011.
105. Moskowitz, David (2007). The Words and Music of Bob Marley. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-275-98935-4. Archived from the original on 26 June 2019. Retrieved 5 October 2016.
106. Williams, Richard (23 April 2011). "Bob Marley's funeral, 21 May 1981: a day of Jamaican history". The Observer. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2016 – via The Guardian.
107. Moskowitz, David (2007). Bob Marley: A Biography. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 132. ISBN 978-0-275-98935-4. Archived from the original on 9 October 2013. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
108. "The Best of the Century". Time. 31 December 1999. Archived from the original on 26 August 2013. Retrieved 16 April 2009.
109. "Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award for Bob Marley". Caribbean Today. 31 January 2001. Archived from the original on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 4 October 2009.
110. "Who is the greatest lyricist of all time". BBC. 23 May 2001. Archived from the original on 1 July 2009. Retrieved 5 August 2006.
111. "London honours legendary reggae artist Bob Marley with heritage plaque". AfricaUnite.org. Archived from the original on 20 November 2008.
112. "Plaque Honours Memories of Marley". BBC News. 26 October 2006. Archived from the original on 22 November 2008. Retrieved 15 June 2024.
113. Plaque #4180 on Open Plaques
114. "Grammy Hall of Fame Awards Complete Listing". Grammy.com. Archived from the original on 24 December 2010.
115. Conteh, Mankaprr (22 February 2022). "More Excellence: Snoop Dogg, Fela Kuti, Berry Gordy Honored at Atlanta's Black Music and Entertainment Walk of Fame". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 22 February 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
116. "Statue of Bob Marley, Kingston, Jamaica". The Independent. Archived from the original on 20 November 2014. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
117. Mooney, Jake (21 May 2006). "Drum Roll for a Sign With a Reggae Beat". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 18 January 2016. Retrieved 11 October 2007. On 10 May, the City Council approved a plan to hang Bob Marley Boulevard signs beneath the Church Avenue ones along an eight-block section, from Remsen Avenue to East 98th Street.
118. "Brooklyn Street Renamed Bob Marley Boulevard". NY1. 2 July 2006. Archived from the original on 13 February 2018. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
119. "n. Marinković, "Marli u Sokolcu"". Politika.rs. Archived from the original on 11 February 2011. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
120. Singh, Sarina; Brown, Lindsay; Elliot, Mark; Harding, Paul; Hole, Abigail; Horton, Patrick (2009). Lonely Planet India. Oakland, CA: Lonely Planet. p. 1061. ISBN 978-1-74179-151-8. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 7 July 2011.
121. "Bob Marley Cultural Fest 2010". Cochinsquare. Cochin Square. 4 May 2010. Archived from the original on 9 October 2011. Retrieved 7 July 2011.
122. Reggae and Caribbean Music, by Dave Thompson, Hal Leonard Corporation, 2002, ISBN 0-87930-655-6, pp. 159
123. Ransom, Amy J. (21 June 2018). I Am Legend as American Myth: Race and Masculinity in the Novel and Its Film Adaptations. McFarland. p. 166. ISBN 978-1-4766-6833-8. Archived from the original on 20 June 2023. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
124. Shary, Timothy (17 December 2012). Millennial Masculinity: Men in Contemporary American Cinema. Wayne State University Press. p. 260. ISBN 978-0-8143-3844-5. Archived from the original on 20 June 2023. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
125. Rebel Music – The Bob Marley Story (Rita Marley, Bob Marley). 2001. Archived from the original on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
126. Miller, Winter (17 February 2008). "Scorsese to make Marley documentary". Ireland On-Line. Archived from the original on 15 July 2012. Retrieved 6 March 2008.
127. "Martin Scorsese Drops Out of Bob Marley Documentary". WorstPreviews.com. 22 May 2008. Archived from the original on 5 April 2009. Retrieved 26 May 2008.
128. Jagernauth, Kevin (2 February 2011). "Kevin Macdonald Takes Over 'Marley' Doc From Jonathan Demme". indieWire. Archived from the original on 9 January 2012. Retrieved 22 February 2012.
129. "Jamaica premiere for Marley tribute". Irish Independent. 20 April 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
130. Downs, Elaine (23 June 2011). "Edinburgh International Film Festival 2011: Bob Marley – the Making of a Legend | News | Edinburgh | STV". Local.stv.tv. Archived from the original on 25 June 2011. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
131. Charles, Ron (13 October 2015). "Marlon James wins Booker Prize for novel on attempted assassination of Bob Marley". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
132. "Brand-new musical Get Up, Stand Up! The Bob Marley Story announced today starring Arinze Kene". Bestoftheatre.co.uk. 17 February 2020. Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
133. Meyer, Dan (1 December 2020). "New Dates Set for Get Up, Stand Up! The Bob Marley Musical in London's West End". Playbill. Archived from the original on 18 February 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
134. McClintock, Pamela (24 February 2024). "Box Office: Bob Marley's 'One Love' Still Rocking at No. 1, 'Madame Web' and 'Drive-Away Dolls' Spin Out". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 24 February 2024. Retrieved 24 February 2024.
135. Denis, Kyle (17 February 2024). "How 'Bob Marley: One Love' Brought the 1976 Smile Jamaica Concert and 'Exodus' Recording Sessions to the Big Screen". Billboard. Archived from the original on 24 February 2024. Retrieved 24 February 2024.

Sources

• Davis, Stephen (28 July 1983). Bob Marley: the biography. Littlehampton Book Services Ltd. ISBN 978-0-213-16859-9.
• Gooden, Lou (2003). Reggae Heritage: Jamaica's Music History, Culture & Politic. AuthorHouse. ISBN 978-1-4107-8062-1. Archived from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2016.
• Hombach, Jean-Pierre (2012). Bob Marley: The Father of Music. Lulu. ISBN 978-1-4716-2045-4. Archived from the original on 26 June 2019. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
• Marley, Rita; Jones, Hettie (2004). No Woman No Cry: My Life with Bob Marley, Hyperion Books, ISBN 0-7868-8755-9
• Masouri, Jon (11 November 2009). Wailing Blues – The Story of Bob Marley's Wailers. Music Sales Group. ISBN 978-0-85712-035-9. Archived from the original on 9 July 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2016.
• Moskowitz, David (2007). The Words and Music of Bob Marley. Westport, Connecticut, United States: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-275-98935-4. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2020.
• Moskowitz, David (2007). Bob Marley: A Biography. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-33879-3. Archived from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2016.
• Toynbee, Jason (8 May 2013). Bob Marley: Herald of a Postcolonial World. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-7456-5737-0. Archived from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2016.
• White, Timothy (2006). Catch a Fire: The Life of Bob Marley. New York: Macmillan. ISBN 0-8050-8086-4.

Further reading

• Farley, Christopher (2007). Before the Legend: The Rise of Bob Marley, Amistad Press, ISBN 0-06-053992-5
• Goldman, Vivien (2006). The Book of Exodus: The Making and Meaning of Bob Marley and the Wailers' Album of the Century, Aurum Press, ISBN 1-84513-210-6
• Middleton, J. Richard (2000). "Identity and Subversion in Babylon: Strategies for 'Resisting Against the System' in the Music of Bob Marley and the Wailers". Religion, Culture, and Tradition in the Caribbean. St. Martin's Press. pp. 181–198. ISBN 978-0-312-23242-9. Archived from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2017.

External links

• Bob Marley – official site
• Bob Marley at AllMusic
• Bob Marley discography at Discogs
• Johnson, Anitra (30 August 2024). "Reggae legend Bob Marley's home in Wilmington Delaware". Delawareonline.com. Retrieved 2 September 2024.

v t e Rastafari
Main doctrines	Jah Cannabis use Dreadlocks Ital Iyaric Lion of Judah Livity Zion
Central figures	Haile Selassie I Jesus Menen Asfaw Marcus Garvey
Key scriptures	Bible Kebra Nagast My Life and Ethiopia's Progress The Promised Key Holy Piby Royal Parchment Scroll of Black Supremacy
Mansions	Bobo Ashanti Nyabinghi Twelve Tribes of Israel
Festivals	Shashamane Grounation Day Reasoning
Notable individuals	Leonard Howell Joseph Hibbert Archibald Dunkley Mortimer Planno Vernon Carrington Charles Edwards Bob Marley Peter Tosh
Society	Relation to Judaism Persecution In the United States
Related	Chalice Ethiopian Christianity Ites Gold and Green Rastacap Reggae Roots reggae

• Bob Marley
• 1945 births
• 1981 deaths
• 20th-century Eastern Orthodox Christians
• 20th-century Jamaican male singers
• 20th-century Jamaican people
• Anti-apartheid activists
• Beverley's Records artists
• Cannabis music
• Converts to Tewahedo Orthodoxy
• Converts to the Rastafari movement
• Counterculture of the 1970s
• Deaths from cancer in Florida
• Deaths from melanoma
• Ethiopian Orthodox Christians
• Folk guitarists
• Former Roman Catholics
• Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners
• Guitarists from Delaware
• International opposition to apartheid in South Africa
• Island Records artists
• Jamaican Christians
• Jamaican expatriates in the United Kingdom
• Jamaican expatriates in the United States
• Jamaican guitarists
• Jamaican pan-Africanists
• Jamaican people of English descent
• Jamaican people of Ghanaian descent
• Jamaican Rastafarians
• Jamaican reggae singers
• Jamaican male songwriters
• Marley family
• Musicians from the London Borough of Camden
• Musicians from Wilmington, Delaware
• Music in the movement against apartheid
• People from Bloomsbury
• People from Saint Andrew Parish, Jamaica
• People from Saint Ann Parish
• Performers of Rastafarian music
• Recipients of the Order of Merit (Jamaica)
• Reggae guitarists
• Resonator guitarists
• Roots Reggae Library
• Shooting survivors
• Singers from the London Borough of Camden
• The Wailers members