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{{Short description|Mediterranean island country in the Middle East}}
{{About|the internationally recognized island state}}
{{About|the country}}
{{Infobox Country
{{Distinguish|Cypress}}
|native_name = Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία <small>(])</small><br />''Kypriakí Dimokratía''<br />''Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti'' <small>(])</small>
{{pp-sock|small=yes}}
|conventional_long_name = Republic of Cyprus
{{pp-move}}
|common_name = Cyprus
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
|image_flag = Flag of Cyprus.svg
{{Use British English|date=December 2022}}
|image_coat = Cyprus Coat of Arms.svg
{{Infobox country
|image_map = EU-Cyprus.svg
| coordinates = {{Coord|35|10|N|33|22|E|type:city}}
|map_caption = {{map_caption |location_color=green |region=] |region_color=grey |subregion=the ] |subregion_color=light green |legend=EU-Cyprus.svg}}
| languages_type = Minority languages
|national_motto =
| languages2_type = ]
|national_anthem = {{polytonic|Ὕμνος εἰς τὴν Ἐλευθερίαν}}<br />''Ýmnos eis tīn Eleutherían''<br />]<sup>1</sup>
| conventional_long_name = Republic of Cyprus
|official_languages = ] and ]<ref>: "The official languages of the Republic are Greek and Turkish" (Appendix D, Part 01, Article 3)</ref>
| native_name = {{unbulleted list|{{native name|el|Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία|italics=off}}|{{native name|tr|Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti}}}}
|demonym = ]
| image_flag = Flag of Cyprus.svg
|ethnic_groups = 77% ], 18% ], 5% other (2001 est.)<ref name="CIA">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cy.html|title=Cyprus|work=]|publisher=]|accessdate=9 February 2010}}</ref>
| image_coat = File:Coat of Arms of the Republic of Cyprus (2006).svg
|capital = ] (Λευκωσία, Lefkoşa)
| coa_size = 90
|latd=35 |latm=08 |latNS=N |longd=33 |longm=28 |longEW=E
|largest_city = capital | common_name = Cyprus
| national_motto =
|government_type = ]
| national_anthem = {{lang|el|Ὕμνος εἰς τὴν Ἐλευθερίαν}}{{efn|The Greek national anthem was adopted in 1966 by a decision of the ].<ref>{{cite web |title=National Anthem |url=http://www.presidency.gov.cy/presidency/presidency.nsf/prc34_en/prc34_en?OpenDocument |website=presidency.gov.cy |access-date=3 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813155316/http://www.presidency.gov.cy/presidency/presidency.nsf/prc34_en/prc34_en?OpenDocument |archive-date=13 August 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}<br />(English: "]")<br />{{parabr}}{{center|]}}
|leader_title1 = ]
| image_map = Republic of Cyprus (orthographic projection).svg
|leader_name1 = ]
| map_caption = Location of the Republic of Cyprus in dark green, territory ] in light green
|accessionEUdate = 1 May 2004
|area_rank = 167<sup>th</sup> | capital = ]
|area_magnitude = 1_E9 | largest_city = capital
| official_languages = {{hlist|]|]}}
|area_km2 = 9,251
| languages = {{hlist|]|]}}
|area_sq_mi = 3,572 <!--Do not remove per ]-->
| languages2 = {{hlist|]|]}}
|percent_water = negligible
| ethnic_groups = {{indented plainlist|
|population_estimate = 801,851<ref>{{cite web|url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&language=en&pcode=tps00001&tableSelection=1&footnotes=yes&labeling=labels&plugin=1|title=Total population as of 1 January|publisher=Eurostat|accessdate=2010-01-14}}</ref>
* ]
|population_estimate_year = 1.1.2010
* ]
|population_estimate_rank =
* ]
|population_census =
* ]
|population_census_year =
}}
|population_density_km2 = 117
| ethnic_groups_year =
|population_density_sq_mi = 221 <!--Do not remove per ]-->
| demonym = Cypriot
|population_density_rank = 85<sup>th</sup>
| religion = {{indented plainlist|
|GDP_PPP = $22.721 billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2006&ey=2009&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=423&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=68&pr.y=9 |title=Cyprus|publisher=International Monetary Fund|accessdate=2009-10-01}}</ref>
* 72.3% ]|25.0% ]
|GDP_PPP_rank = 107<sup>th</sup>
* 1.9% ]
|GDP_PPP_year = 2008
* 0.8% other<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/cyprus/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020 |title=Cyprus |work=Global Religious Future |publisher=Pew Research Center |access-date=13 July 2021 |archive-date=17 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717053131/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/cyprus/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $29,853<ref name=imf2/>
| religion_year = 2020; includes Northern Cyprus
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 29<sup>th</sup>
| government_type = Unitary ]
|GDP_nominal = $24.922 billion<ref name=imf2/>
| leader_title1 = ]
|GDP_nominal_rank = 86<sup>th</sup>
| leader_name1 = ]
|GDP_nominal_year = 2008
| leader_title2 = ]
|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $32,745<ref name=imf2/>
| leader_name2 = Vacant{{efn|The vice presidency is reserved for a Turkish Cypriot. However the post has been vacant since the ] in 1974.<ref name="CIA"/>}}
|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 26<sup>th</sup>
| leader_title3 = ]
|Gini = 29
|Gini_year = 2005 | leader_name3 = ]
| legislature = ]
|Gini_rank = 19<sup>th</sup>
| sovereignty_type = Independence {{nobold|from the United Kingdom}}
|Gini_category = <span style="color:#090;">low</span>
| established_event1 = ]
|HDI_year = 2007
| established_date1 = 19 February 1959
|HDI = {{increase}} 0.914<ref>. The United Nations. Retrieved 12 October 2009.</ref>
| established_event2 = Independence proclaimed
|HDI_rank = 32<sup>nd</sup>
| established_date2 = 16 August 1960
|HDI_category = <span style="color:#090;">very&nbsp;high</span>
|sovereignty_type = ] | established_event3 = ]
| established_date3 = 1 October 1960
|sovereignty_note = from the ]
| area_km2 = 9,251
|established_event1 = ]
| area_label = Total{{efn|name=island|Including Northern Cyprus, the ] and ].}}
|established_date1 = 19 February 1959
| area_rank = 162nd <!-- Area rank should match ] -->
|established_event2 = Proclaimed
| area_sq_mi = 3,572 <!--Do not remove per ]-->
|established_date2 = 16 August 1960
|currency = ]<sup>2</sup> | percent_water = 0.11<ref name="CIA" />
| population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 923,272{{efn|Government-controlled areas of the Republic of Cyprus.}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Census of Population and Housing 2021, Preliminary Results by District, Municipality/Community |url=https://www.cystat.gov.cy/en/PressRelease?id=66208 |publisher=Statistical Service of Cyprus |access-date=4 August 2023 |location=Nicosia |date=4 August 2023 |archive-date=24 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524094953/https://www.cystat.gov.cy/en/PressRelease?id=66208 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|currency_code = EUR
| population_census_year = 2021
|time_zone = ]
| population_density_km2 = 123.4{{efn|name=island}}<ref>{{cite web |work=United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, ] |year=2013 |title=World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision, DB02: Stock Indicators |location=New York |url=http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/ASCII-Data/DISK_NAVIGATION_ASCII.htm |access-date=18 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507213545/http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/ASCII-Data/DISK_NAVIGATION_ASCII.htm |archive-date=7 May 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|utc_offset = +2
| population_density_rank = 82nd
|time_zone_DST = ]
| population_density_sq_mi = 319.5 <!-- Do not remove per ] -->
|utc_offset_DST = +3
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $55.140 billion<ref name="IMF 2024">{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2024 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/October/weo-report?c=423,&s=NGDP_RPCH,NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2023&ey=2025&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |publisher=] |access-date=23 October 2024 |location=Washington, D.C. |date=22 October 2024}}</ref>
|drives_on = Left
|cctld = ]<sup>3</sup> | GDP_PPP_year = 2024
|country_code = CY (ISO 3166) | GDP_PPP_rank = 124th
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $59,858<ref name="IMF 2024" />
|calling_code = ]
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 31st
|footnote1 = Also the national anthem of ].
| GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $34.790 billion<ref name="IMF 2024" />
|footnote2 = Before 2008, the ].
| GDP_nominal_year = 2024
|footnote3 = The ] domain is also used, shared with other ] member states.
| GDP_nominal_rank = 105th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $37,767<ref name="IMF 2024" />
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 28th
| Gini = 29.4 <!--number only-->
| Gini_year = 2022
| Gini_change = steady <!--increase/decrease/steady-->
| Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table?lang=en |publisher=] |access-date=10 August 2023 |location=Luxembourg |date=28 June 2023 |archive-date=9 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009091832/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table?lang=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
| Gini_rank =
| HDI = 0.907 <!--number only-->
| HDI_year = 2022<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year-->
| HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady-->
| HDI_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2024 |title=Human Development Report 2023/2024 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf |archive-date=13 March 2024 |access-date=13 March 2024 |publisher=] |language=en}}</ref>
| HDI_rank = 29th
| currency = ] (])
| currency_code = EUR
| time_zone = ]
| utc_offset = +02:00
| utc_offset_DST = +03:00
| time_zone_DST = ]
| drives_on = left
| calling_code = ]
| cctld = ]{{efn|The ] domain is also used, shared with other ] member states.}}
| footnotes =
| today =
}} }}


'''Cyprus'''{{efn|{{langx|el|Κύπρος|translit=Kýpros}} {{IPA-el|ˈcipros|}}; {{langx|tr|Kıbrıs}} {{IPA|tr|ˈkɯbɾɯs|}}}} ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Cyprus.ogg|ˈ|s|aɪ|p|r|ə|s|}}), officially the '''Republic of Cyprus''',{{efn|{{Langx|el|Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία |translit=Kypriakí Dimokratía |links=no}}, {{IPA-el|cipriaˈci ðimokraˈti.a|}}, <small>lit:</small> Cypriot Republic; {{langx|tr|Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti |links=no}}, {{IPA|tr|ˈkɯbɾɯs ˈdʒumhuɾijeti|}}, <small>lit:</small> Republic of Cyprus}} is an ] in the eastern ]. Although it is geographically located in ], its cultural identity and ] make-up are overwhelmingly ]an. It is the third largest and third most populous island in the Mediterranean.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pariona |first=Amber |date=4 August 2017 |title=Biggest Islands In The Mediterranean Sea By Area |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/biggest-islands-in-the-mediterranean-sea.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180512043924/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/biggest-islands-in-the-mediterranean-sea.html |archive-date=12 May 2018 |access-date=11 May 2018 |work=WorldAtlas |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Nag |first=Oishimaya Sen |date=15 August 2017 |title=The Most Populated Islands In The Mediterranean Sea |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-most-populated-islands-in-the-mediterranean-sea.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180512043814/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-most-populated-islands-in-the-mediterranean-sea.html |archive-date=12 May 2018 |access-date=11 May 2018 |work=WorldAtlas |language=en}}</ref> It is located southeast of ], south of ], west of ] and ], northwest of ] and ], and north of ]. Its capital and largest city is ]. Cyprus hosts the ] military bases ], whilst the northeast portion of the island is ''de facto'' governed by the self-declared ], which is separated from the Republic of Cyprus by the ].
'''Cyprus''' ({{lang-el|Κύπρος}}, ], {{IPA-el|ˈcipros|IPA}}; {{lang-tr|Kıbrıs}}), officially the '''Republic of Cyprus''' ({{lang-el|Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία}}, ''Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía'', {{IPA-el|cipriaˈci ðimokraˈtia|IPA}}; {{lang-tr|Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti}}) is a ]n ] in the ],<ref>Fouskas, V. 2002. . ''Turkish Yearbook of International Relations'' (ISSN: 0544-1943): Vol. 33, pp. 183–207; on p. 186: "he requirement is to decipher the parameters and the linkages of the balance of power in the ]n region, and in its ]ern subregion, to which Cyprus belongs."</ref><ref>Cyprus is approximate to ] (which comprises the bulk of ]) but it may be considered to be in ] and/or ], which together constitute ]. The ] places Cyprus in ]; also places Cyprus in Asia. Conversely, numerous sources place Cyprus in Europe such as the ] and ; it is also a member of the ]. Additionally, sources may place Cyprus in the ], e.g., the ] ].</ref> south of ] and west of ] and ]. It is the ] in the ] and one of its most popular tourist destinations.<ref>Invest in Cyprus website – figures do not include tourism to the occupied North </ref> An ],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/02/weodata/groups.htm#ae|title=World Economic Outlook Database October 2009—WEO Groups and Aggregates Information|publisher=]|accessdate=20 January 2010}}</ref> ] with a very high ],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/0,,contentMDK:20421402~pagePK:64133150~piPK:64133175~theSitePK:239419,00.html#High_income|title=Data – Country Groups – High-income economies|publisher=]|accessdate=20 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/|title=Human Development Report 2009 – HDI rankings|publisher=]|accessdate=20 January 2010}}</ref> the Republic of Cyprus was a founding member of the ] until it joined the ] on 1 May 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nam.gov.za/background/background.htm#4|title=The Non-Aligned Movement: Background Information|date=21 September 2001|publisher=]|accessdate=19 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://europa.eu/abc/history/2000_today/index_en.htm|title=2000 – today: A decade of further expansion|work=]|publisher=]|accessdate=19 January 2010}}</ref>


Cyprus was first settled by hunter-gatherers around 13,000 years ago, with farming settlements emerging a few thousand years later. During the late ], Cyprus (then called ]) developed an urbanised society closely connected to the wider Mediterranean world. Cyprus experienced waves of settlement by ] at the end of the ]. It was subsequently occupied by several empires, including the ], ], and ], from whom the island was seized in 333 BC by ]. Subsequent rule by ], the ] and ], ]s, the ], and the ] was followed by over ] between 1571 and 1878 (''de jure'' until 1914).<ref name="Lausanne">{{cite web |url=http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Treaty_of_Lausanne |title=Treaty of Lausanne |access-date=7 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112221242/http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Treaty_of_Lausanne |archive-date=12 January 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Cyprus was placed under the ]'s administration based on the ] in 1878, and was formally annexed by the UK in 1914.
The ] on the island dates back to around the ]. Archaeological remains from this period include the well-preserved ] village of ], which has been declared a ] by ], along with the ]. Cyprus is home to some of the oldest water wells in the world,<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/8118318.stm |title=Stone Age wells found in Cyprus |publisher=BBC News |date=2009-06-25 |accessdate=2009-07-31}}</ref> and is the site of the earliest known example of ] ].<ref name="nytimes2007">Wade, Nicholas, "", '']'', June 29, 2007</ref><ref name="walton2004">{{cite news |first=Marsha|last=Walton |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Ancient burial looks like human and pet cat |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TECH/science/04/08/cats.cyprus/index.html |work= |publisher=CNN|date= April 9, 2004|accessdate=2007-11-23 }}</ref> At a strategic location in the ],<ref>, '']'' ; ''CIA Atlas of the Middle East'' (1993) ()</ref><ref name=NG>, ''Xpeditions Altas'', '']''</ref><ref>, '']''</ref><ref>, '']''</ref> Cyprus has been occupied by several ], including the empires of the ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ]. It was placed under ] in 1878 until it was granted independence in 1960,<ref name=independence> (click on Historical review)</ref> becoming a member of the ] the following year.


The future of the island became a matter of disagreement between the two prominent ethnic communities, ] and ]. From the 19th century onwards, the Greek Cypriot population pursued '']'' (union with Greece), which became a Greek national policy in the 1950s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Faustmann |first1=Hubert |last2=Ker-Lindsay |first2=James |title=The Government and Politics of Cyprus |year=2008 |publisher=Peter Lang |isbn=978-3-03911-096-4 |page=48 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AzIXtVdDDwgC&pg=PA48 |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517121228/https://books.google.com/books?id=AzIXtVdDDwgC&pg=PA48#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mirbagheri |first1=Farid |title=Historical Dictionary of Cyprus |date=2009 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |page=25 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f82Jn_H4VukC&pg=PA25 |isbn=9780810862982 |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517123640/https://books.google.com/books?id=f82Jn_H4VukC&pg=PA25#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> The Turkish Cypriot population initially advocated for the continuation of British rule, then demanded the annexation of the island to Turkey; in the 1950s, together with Turkey, they established a policy of '']'' (the partition of Cyprus and the creation of a Turkish polity in the north of the island).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Trimikliniotis |first1=Nicos |title=Beyond a Divided Cyprus: A State and Society in Transformation |date=2012 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-137-10080-1 |page=104 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zS_HAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA104 |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517121219/https://books.google.com/books?id=zS_HAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA104#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Following ], Cyprus was ].<ref name=independence/> The ] brought further ], displaced more than 25,000 Turkish Cypriots into ],<ref name="Hoffmeister 2006" />{{rp|56–59}}<ref name="Intercommunal Violence"/> and brought the end of Turkish Cypriot representation in the republic. On 15 July 1974, ] was staged by ]<ref>{{cite book |last=Mallinson |first=William |title=Cyprus: A Modern History |publisher=I.&nbsp;B. Tauris |year=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HEjkuhF2GsMC&pg=PA81 |isbn=978-1-85043-580-8 |page=81 |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517121124/https://books.google.com/books?id=HEjkuhF2GsMC&pg=PA81 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/2297653.stm |title=website |work=BBC News |date=4 October 2002 |access-date=25 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040726144124/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/2297653.stm |archive-date=26 July 2004 |url-status=live}}</ref> and elements of the ].<ref name=hoff>{{cite book |author= Hoffmeister, Frank |title= Legal aspects of the Cyprus problem: Annan Plan and EU accession |publisher= EMartinus Nijhoff Publishers|year= 2006 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=LZXbg3ZwvGoC | pages = 34–5 |isbn= 978-90-04-15223-6}}</ref> This action precipitated the ] on 20 July,<ref>{{cite book |author=Eyal Benvenisti |title=The International Law of Occupation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JKgeX_sdQG0C&pg=PA191 |date=23 February 2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-958889-3 |page=191 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910212611/https://books.google.com/books?id=JKgeX_sdQG0C&pg=PA191 |archive-date=10 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> which led to the capture of the present-day territory of Northern Cyprus and the ] of over 150,000 Greek Cypriots<ref>Barbara Rose Johnston, Susan Slyomovics. ''Waging War, Making Peace: Reparations and Human Rights'' (2009), American Anthropological Association Reparations Task Force, {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412133508/https://books.google.com/books?id=jOU9_BQU9SYC&pg=PA211 |date=12 April 2016}}</ref><ref>Morelli, Vincent. ''Cyprus: Reunification Proving Elusive'' (2011), DIANE Publishing, {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413033218/https://books.google.com/books?id=dyWwReoc81oC&pg=PA10& |date=13 April 2016}}</ref> and 50,000 Turkish Cypriots.<ref>Borowiec, Andrew. ''Cyprus: A Troubled Island'' (2000), Greenwood Publishing Group, {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412142842/https://books.google.com/books?id=hzEDg6-d80MC&pg=PA125 |date=12 April 2016}}</ref> A separate Turkish Cypriot state in the north was ], which was widely condemned by the ] and led to Turkey being the only country to ] the new state. These events and the resulting political situation are matters of ].
In 1974, following ]<ref name=IntercommunalViolence>{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/cyprus/13.htm |title=U.S. Library of Congress – Country Studies – Cyprus – Intercommunal Violence |publisher=Countrystudies.us |date=1963-12-21 |accessdate=2009-10-25}}</ref> and an attempted '']'' by ],<ref name=Mallinson>{{cite book | last = Mallinson | first = William | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Cyprus: A Modern History | publisher = I. B. Tauris | date = June 30, 2005 | location = | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=HEjkuhF2GsMC&pg=PA81&dq= | doi = | id = | isbn = 978-1850435808| page = 81 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/2297653.stm |title=website |publisher=BBC News |date=2002-10-04 |accessdate=2009-10-25}}</ref> Turkey ] the northern portion of the island. The intercommunal violence and subsequent Turkish invasion led to the ] of hundreds of thousands of Cypriots and the establishment of a separate ] political entity in the north. These events and the resulting political situation are matters of ].<!-- As per NPov - see chat page -->


Cyprus is a major ] with an advanced ].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Lesley Pender |author2=Richard Sharpley |title=The Management of Tourism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R9r90RAJM5cC&pg=PA273 |year=2005 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-0-7619-4022-7 |page=273 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910231130/https://books.google.com/books?id=R9r90RAJM5cC&pg=PA273 |archive-date=10 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Richard Sharpley|title=Tourism Development and the Environment: Beyond Sustainability?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=id8Me6CogPYC&pg=PT296 |date=16 May 2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-57330-9 |page=296 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918182700/https://books.google.com/books?id=id8Me6CogPYC&pg=PT296 |archive-date=18 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Sharpley, Richard |author2=Telfer, David John |title=Tourism and Development: Concepts and Issues |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wvo1sIjZH3UC&pg=PA334 |year=2002 |publisher=Channel View Publications |isbn=978-1-873150-34-4 |page=334 |access-date=22 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918222742/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wvo1sIjZH3UC&pg=PA334 |archive-date=18 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> It has been a member of the ] since 1961 and was a ] of the ] until it ] on 1 May 2004.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nam.gov.za/background/background.htm#4|title=The Non-Aligned Movement: Background Information |date=21 September 2001 |publisher=] |access-date=19 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160209210107/http://www.nam.gov.za/background/background.htm#4 |archive-date=9 February 2016}}</ref> On 1 January 2008, it joined the ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Human Development Index (HDI)–2011 Rankings |url=https://web.stanford.edu/class/e297c/war_peace/confrontation/hcypruseu.html |publisher=] |access-date=17 November 2019 |archive-date=3 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403004203/http://web.stanford.edu/class/e297c/war_peace/confrontation/hcypruseu.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> Cyprus has long maintained ] with ] while refusing to join it, but confirmed in 2024 that it now intends to officially join.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cyprus Wants U.S. Help to Join NATO, But Turkey Stands in the Way |url=https://www.thenationalherald.com/cyprus-wants-u-s-help-to-join-nato-but-turkey-stands-in-the-way/ |website=] |access-date=13 December 2024 |date=7 December 2024}}</ref>
The Republic of Cyprus has '']'' ] over the entire island of Cyprus and its surrounding waters except small portions that are allocated by treaty to the ] as sovereign ]s. The Republic of Cyprus is '']'' partitioned into two main parts, the area under the effective control of the Republic of Cyprus, comprising about 59% of the island's area and the Turkish-occupied area in the north,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.un.org/documents/sc/res/1984/scres84.htm |title=According to the United Nations Security Council Resolutions 550 and 541 |publisher=Un.org |date= |accessdate=2009-03-27}}</ref> ] the ], covering about 37% of the island's area and ] only by Turkey.


==Toponymy== ==Etymology==
]
The name ''Cyprus'' has a somewhat uncertain ]. One suggestion is that it comes from the Greek word for the ] ('']''), ''κυπάρισσος'' (''kypárissos''), or even from the Greek name of the ] ('']''), ''κύπρος'' (''kýpros''). Another school suggests that it stems from the ] word for ]. Georges Dossin, for example, suggests that it has roots in the ] word for ] (''zubar'') or for ] (''kubar''), from the large deposits of copper ore found on the island.


The earliest attested reference to ''Cyprus'' is the 15th&nbsp;century&nbsp;BC ] {{lang|gmy|{{script|Linb|𐀓𐀠𐀪𐀍}}}}, ''ku-pi-ri-jo'',<ref>{{cite book |last=Strange |first=John|title=Caphtor : Keftiu : a new investigation |year=1980 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=978-90-04-06256-6|page=167 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c9QUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA154 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911013629/https://books.google.com/books?id=c9QUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA154 |archive-date=11 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> meaning "Cypriot" (Greek: {{lang|grc|Κύπριος}}), written in ] syllabic script.<ref> {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203111627/http://palaeolexicon.com/ |date=3 February 2011}}, Word study tool of ancient languages</ref>
Through overseas trade the island has given its name to the ] word for copper through the phrase ''aes Cyprium'', "metal of Cyprus", later shortened to ''Cuprum''.<ref>Fisher, Fred H. ''Cyprus: Our New Colony And What We Know About It''. London: George Routledge and Sons 1878, pp. 13–14.</ref> Cyprus is also known as the ''Island of ]'', or ''Love''<ref>Les îles des Princes, banlieue maritime d'Istanboul: guide touristique – Page 136 by Ernest Mamboury</ref> since according to ], ], goddess of love and beauty, who was later identified with the ] Aphrodite, was born on the shores of ].
The classical Greek form of the name is {{lang|grc|Κύπρος}} (''Kýpros'').


The etymology of the name is unknown.
The standard ] relating to Cyprus or its people or culture is '']''. The terms ''Cypriote'' and '']'' are also, less frequently, used.
Suggestions include:
* the Greek word for the ] ('']''), κυπάρισσος (''kypárissos'')
* the Greek name of the ] (''Lawsonia alba''), κύπρος (''kýpros'')
* an ] word for copper. It has been suggested, for example, that it has roots in the ] word for copper (''zubar'') or for ] (''kubar''), from the large deposits of copper ore found on the island.<ref name="Beekes 2009"/>

Through overseas trade, the island has given its name to the ] word for copper through the phrase ''aes Cyprium'', "metal of Cyprus", later shortened to ''Cuprum''.<ref name="Beekes 2009">], ''Etymological Dictionary of Greek'', Brill, 2009, p.&nbsp;805 (''s.v.'' "Κύπρος").</ref><ref>Fisher, Fred H. ''Cyprus: Our New Colony And What We Know About It''. London: George Routledge and Sons, 1878, pp.&nbsp;13–14.</ref>

The standard ] relating to Cyprus or its people or culture is '']''. The terms ''Cypriote'' and ''Cyprian'' (later ]) are also used, though less frequently.

The state's official name in ] literally translates to "Cypriot Republic" in English, but this translation is not used officially; "Republic of Cyprus" is used instead.<!-- this can be added to the note in the first sentence of the lead -->


==History== ==History==
{{Main|History of Cyprus}} {{Main|History of Cyprus|Timeline of Cypriot history}}
] with early remains of human habitation during the Aceramic Neolithic period (reconstruction)]]

===Prehistoric and ancient period===
{{Main|Prehistoric Cyprus|Ancient history of Cyprus}}

Hunter-gatherers first arrived on Cyprus around 13–12,000 years ago (11,000 to 10,000 BC), based on dating of sites like ] on the south coast and the inland site of Vretsia Roudias.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tsakalos |first1=Evangelos |last2=Efstratiou |first2=Nikos |last3=Bassiakos |first3=Yannis |last4=Kazantzaki |first4=Maria |last5=Filippaki |first5=Eleni |date=2021-08-01 |title=Early Cypriot Prehistory: On the Traces of the Last Hunters and Gatherers on the Island—Preliminary Results of Luminescence Dating |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/716100 |journal=Current Anthropology |language=en |volume=62 |issue=4 |pages=412–425 |doi=10.1086/716100 |issn=0011-3204 |access-date=26 April 2024 |archive-date=21 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240421225321/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/716100 |url-status=live }}</ref> The arrival of the first humans coincides with the extinction of the {{Convert|75|cm|ft|abbr=on}} high ] and {{Convert|1|m}} tall ], the only large mammals native to the island.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.asor.org/pubs/books-monographs/swiny.pdf |title=The Earliest Prehistory of Cyprus: From Colonization to Exploitation |publisher=] |year=2001 |editor=Stuart Swiny |location=Boston, MA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606210529/http://www.asor.org/pubs/books-monographs/swiny.pdf |archive-date=6 June 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ] farming communities emerged on the island by around 10,500 years ago (8500 BC).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bar-Yosef Mayer |first1=Daniella E. |last2=Kahanov |first2=Yaacov |last3=Roskin |first3=Joel |last4=Gildor |first4=Hezi |date=2015-09-02 |title=Neolithic Voyages to Cyprus: Wind Patterns, Routes, and Mechanisms |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15564894.2015.1060277 |journal=The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology |language=en |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=412–435 |doi=10.1080/15564894.2015.1060277 |issn=1556-4894 |access-date=26 April 2024 |archive-date=28 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528133150/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15564894.2015.1060277 |url-status=live }}</ref>


Remains of an eight-month-old cat were discovered buried with a human body at a separate ] site in Cyprus.<ref>{{cite news |last=Wade |first=Nicholas |title=Study Traces Cat's Ancestry to Middle East |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/29/health/29iht-29cat.6404420.html |access-date=4 October 2012 |newspaper=] |date=29 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509004708/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/29/health/29iht-29cat.6404420.html |archive-date=9 May 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> The grave is estimated to be 9,500 years old (7500&nbsp;BC), predating ]ian civilisation and pushing back the ] significantly.<ref>{{cite news |first=Marsha |last=Walton |title=Ancient burial looks like human and pet cat |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TECH/science/04/08/cats.cyprus/index.html |publisher=CNN |date=9 April 2004 |access-date=23 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222092756/http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TECH/science/04/08/cats.cyprus/index.html |archive-date=22 December 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> The remarkably well-preserved Neolithic village of ] is a UNESCO ], dating to approximately 6800&nbsp;BC.<ref>Simmons, A.&nbsp;H. ''Faunal extinction in an island society: pygmy hippopotamus hunters of Cyprus''. New York: Springer 1999, p.&nbsp;15. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412181518/https://books.google.com/books?id=hCwYwyEBXEAC&pg=PA15|date=12 April 2016}}</ref>
===Ancient times===
{{Main|Ancient history of Cyprus}}
]n Ilatis'' outside the city of ]]]
] Theatre outside the city of ]]]


During the Late ], from around 1650 BC Cyprus (identified in whole or part as ] in contemporary texts) became more connected to the wider Mediterranean world driven by the trade in ] extracted from the Troodos Mountains, which stimulated the development of urbanised settlements across the island, with records suggesting that Cyprus at this time was ruled by "kings" who corresponded with the leaders of other Mediterranean states (like the ]s of the ], as documented in the ]).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Knapp |first1=A. Bernard |last2=Meyer |first2=Nathan |date=2023-07-01 |title=Merchants and Mercantile Society on Late Bronze Age Cyprus |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/724597 |journal=American Journal of Archaeology |language=en |volume=127 |issue=3 |pages=309–338 |doi=10.1086/724597 |issn=0002-9114 |access-date=26 April 2024 |archive-date=18 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118180509/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/724597 |url-status=live }}</ref> The first recorded name of a Cypriot king is ''Kushmeshusha'', as appears on letters sent to ] in the 13th&nbsp;century&nbsp;BC.<ref>{{cite book |author=Eric H. Cline |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_M1bCgAAQBAJ |title=1177 B.C.: The Year Civilization Collapsed |date=22 September 2015 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-7449-1 |access-date=6 January 2020 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517121631/https://books.google.com/books?id=_M1bCgAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>
The earliest confirmed site of human activity on Cyprus is ], situated on the south coast, indicating that ]s were active on the island from around ],<ref>Mithen, S. ''After the Ice: A Global Human History, 20000 BC – 5000 BC.'' Boston: Harvard University Press 2005, p.97. </ref> with settled ] dating from 8200 BC. The arrival of the first humans correlates with the extinction of the ] and ]s.<ref name="ASOR on Cyprus">The earliest prehistory of Cyprus from colonization to exploitation,
ed. Swiny, Stuart, ], 2001, </ref> Water wells discovered by archaeologists in western Cyprus are believed to be among the oldest in the world, dated at 9,000 to 10,500 years old.<ref name="autogenerated2"/>


At the end of the Bronze Age, the island experienced two waves of Greek settlement.<ref>Thomas, Carol G. and Conant, Craig: ''The Trojan War'', pp.&nbsp;121–122. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005. {{ISBN|0-313-32526-X}}, 9780313325267.</ref> The first wave consisted of ] traders, who started visiting Cyprus around 1400&nbsp;BC.<ref>], "Late Bronze Age Socio-Economic and Political Organization, and the Hellenization of Cyprus", Athens Journal of History, volume&nbsp;3, number&nbsp;1, 2017, pp.&nbsp;7–20</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YOwOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA168 |title=Greek Pottery in the Bronze Age |author=A.D. Lacy |page=168 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915234014/https://books.google.com/books?id=YOwOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA168 |archive-date=15 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov">{{cite web |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field%28DOCID+cy0013%29 |title=Library of Congress Country Studies. ''Cyprus'' |publisher=Lcweb2.loc.gov |access-date=1 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090110091429/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+cy0013%29 |archive-date=10 January 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> A major wave of Greek settlement is believed to have taken place following the ] of Mycenaean Greece from 1100 to 1050&nbsp;BC, with the island's predominantly Greek character dating from this period.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov" /><ref>Thomas, Carol G. ''The Trojan War''. Santa Barbara, CA, US: Greenwood Publishing Group 2005. p.&nbsp;64. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151203171026/https://books.google.com/books?id=UzASgBf2W10C&pg=PA98|date=3 December 2015}}</ref> Cyprus occupies an important role in ], being the birthplace of ] and ], and home to ], ] and ].<ref>Stass Paraskos, The Mythology of Cyprus (London: Orage Press, 2016) p.1f</ref> Literary evidence suggests an early Phoenician presence at ], which was under ] rule at the beginning of the 10th century BC.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hadjisavvas |first=Sophocles |title=The Phoenician Period Necropolis of Kition, Volume&nbsp;I |year=2013 |publisher=Shelby White and Leon Levy Program for Archaeological Publications |url=http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~semitic/wl/publications/2012/hadjisavvas.html |page=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111945/http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~semitic/wl/publications/2012/hadjisavvas.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=9 September 2019 }}</ref> Some ]n merchants who were believed to come from ] ] the area and expanded the political influence of Kition. After c.&nbsp;850&nbsp;BC, the sanctuaries were rebuilt and reused by the Phoenicians.]
Remains of an 8-month-old ] were discovered buried with its human owner at a separate ] site in Cyprus.<ref name="nytimes2007"/> The grave is estimated to be 9,500 years old, predating ] civilization and pushing back the ] significantly.<ref name="walton2004"/> The remarkably well-preserved Neolithic village of ] is a ] dating to approximately 6800 BC.<ref>Simmons, A.H. ''Faunal extinction in an island society: pygmy hippopotamus hunters of Cyprus''. New York: Springer 1999, p.15. </ref>


Cyprus is at a strategic location in the Eastern Mediterranean.<ref>{{cite book |author=Getzel M Cohen |title=The Hellenistic Settlements in Europe, the Islands and Asia Minor |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BnsPcZW4G7YC&pg=PA35 |year=1995 |publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-91408-7 |page=35 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911021830/https://books.google.com/books?id=BnsPcZW4G7YC&pg=PA35 |archive-date=11 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Charles Anthony Stewart |title=Domes of Heaven: The Domed Basilicas of Cyprus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R6ux8tRBHq4C&pg=PA69 |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-549-75556-2 |page=69 |publisher=ProQuest LLC |access-date=20 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915232126/https://books.google.com/books?id=R6ux8tRBHq4C&pg=PA69 |archive-date=15 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Michael Spilling |author2=Jo-ann Spilling |title=Cyprus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ldSQLD985i4C&pg=PA23 |year=2010 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |isbn=978-0-7614-4855-6 |page=23 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412132426/https://books.google.com/books?id=ldSQLD985i4C&pg=PA23 |archive-date=12 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> It was ruled by the ] for a century starting in 708&nbsp;BC, before a brief spell under Egyptian rule and eventually ] rule in 545&nbsp;BC.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov" /> The Cypriots, led by ], king of Salamis, joined their fellow Greeks in the ]n cities during the unsuccessful ] in 499&nbsp;BC against the Achaemenids. The revolt was suppressed, but Cyprus managed to maintain a high degree of autonomy and remained inclined towards the Greek world.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov" />
The island was part of the Hittite empire during the late Bronze Age until the arrival of two waves of Greek settlement.<ref name="TTW1">Thomas, Carol G. & Conant, C.: ''The Trojan War'', pages 121–122. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005. ISBN 031332526X, 9780313325267.</ref> The first wave consisted of ] traders, which started visiting Cyprus around ]. A major wave of Greek settlement is believed to have taken place following the ] of ] in the period 1100–1050 BC, with the island's predominantly Greek character dating from this period.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov">{{cite web|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field%28DOCID+cy0013%29 |title=Library of Congress Country Studies. '&#39;Cyprus'&#39; |publisher=Lcweb2.loc.gov |date= |accessdate=2009-11-01}}</ref><ref>Thomas, C.G., Conant, D. ''The Trojan War.'' Santa Barbara, CA, USA: Greenwood Publishing Group 2005. p.64. </ref> Cyprus occupies an important role in ] being the birthplace of ] and ], and home to ], ] and ].<ref>Encyclopedia of Freemasonry Part 1 and Its Kindred Sciences Comprising the Whole Range of Arts … – Page 25</ref> Beginning in the ] ] were founded on the south coast of Cyprus, near present day Larnaca and Salamis.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov"/>
During the whole period of the Persian rule, there is a continuity in the reign of the Cypriot kings and during their rebellions they were crushed by Persian rulers from Asia Minor, which is an indication that the Cypriots were ruling the island with directly regulated relations with the Great King and there was not a Persian ].<ref name="Parpas">{{Cite web |url=https://www.academia.edu/8861166 |title=Alexander the Great and the Kingdoms of Cyprus – a Reconsideration |access-date=7 August 2022 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807195911/https://www.academia.edu/8861166 |url-status=live |last1=Parpas |first1=Andreas P. }}</ref> The Kingdoms of Cyprus enjoyed special privileges and a semi-autonomous status, but they were still considered vassal subjects of the Great King.<ref name="Parpas"/>


The island was conquered by ] in 333&nbsp;BC and Cypriot navy helped Alexander during the ]. The Cypriot fleet was also sent to help ].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0530%3Abook%3D3%3Achapter%3D6%3Asection%3D3 |title=Arrian, Anabasis, 3.6.3 |access-date=7 August 2022 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807201301/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2008.01.0530:book%3D3:chapter%3D6:section%3D3 |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition, Alexander had two Cypriot generals ] and ] both from the ] and later both became satraps in Alexander's empire.
Cyprus was ruled by ] for a century starting in ], before a brief spell under Egyptian rule and eventually Persian rule in ].<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov"/> The Cypriots, led by ], king of ], joined their fellow Greeks in the ]n cities during the unsuccessful ] in ] against the ]. The revolt was suppressed without bloodshed, although Cyprus managed to maintain a high degree of autonomy and remained oriented towards the Greek world.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov"/> The island was brought under permanent Greek rule by ] and the ] of Egypt following his death. Full ] took place during the ] period, which ended when Cyprus was annexed by the ] in ].
Following Alexander's death, the ], and the subsequent ], Cyprus became part of the ] of ]. It was during this period that the island was fully ]. In 58&nbsp;BC Cyprus was acquired by the ] and became ] in 22 BC.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov"/>


===Middle Ages=== ===Middle Ages===
{{Main|Cyprus in the Middle Ages}} {{Main|Cyprus in the Middle Ages|Kingdom of Cyprus}}
], Queen of Cyprus.]] ] were built by the Venetians to defend the city in case of an Ottoman attack.]]
] was originally built by the Byzantines and enlarged by the Venetians.]]
When the ] was divided into Eastern and Western parts in 286, Cyprus became part of the East Roman Empire (also called the ]), and would remain so for some 900 years. Under Byzantine rule, the Greek orientation that had been prominent since antiquity developed the strong Hellenistic-Christian character that continues to be a hallmark of the Greek Cypriot community.<ref name="Keefe 1993">{{Country study |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress |country=Cyprus |abbr=cy |title=Cyprus: A Country Study |url= https://www.loc.gov/item/92036090/ |edition=Fourth |editor-last=Solsten |editor-first=Eric |year=1993 |isbn=0-8444-0752-6 |last1=Keefe |first1=Eugene K. |last2=Solsten |first2=Eric |chapter=Historical Setting |pages=10–12}}</ref>


Beginning in 649, Cyprus endured repeated attacks and raids launched by ]. Many were quick raids, but others were large-scale attacks in which many Cypriots were killed and great wealth carried off or destroyed.<ref name="Keefe 1993"/> The city of ] was destroyed and never rebuilt.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov"/> Byzantine control remained stronger in the northern coast, the Arabs exerted more influence in the south. In 688, Emperor ] and Caliph ] signed a treaty whereby Cyprus would be paying an equal amount of tribute to the Caliphate and tax to the Empire, but would remain politically neutral to both while being retained as a province administered by the Empire. There are no Byzantine churches which survive from this period, and the island entered a period of impoverishment.<ref>{{cite book |first=David Michael |author-link=Michael Metcalf |last=Metcalf |title=Byzantine Cyprus, 491–1191 |publisher=Cyprus Research Centre |year=2009|pages=32–33; 427–421}}</ref> Full Byzantine rule was restored in 965, when Emperor ] scored decisive victories on land and sea.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov" />
When the ] was divided into Eastern and Western parts in 395, Cyprus became part of the East Roman, or ], and would remain part of it until the crusades some 800 years later. Under Byzantine rule, the Greek orientation that had been prominent since antiquity developed the strong Hellenistic-Christian character that continues to be a hallmark of the Greek Cypriot community.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov"/> Beginning in 649, Cyprus suffered from devastating raids launched from the ], which continued from the next 300 years.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov"/> Many were quick piratical raids, but others were large-scale attacks in which many Cypriots were slaughtered and great wealth carried off or destroyed.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov"/>


In 1156 ] and ] brutally sacked Cyprus over a period of three weeks, stealing so much plunder and capturing so many of the leading citizens and their families for ransom, that the island took generations to recover. Several Greek priests were mutilated and sent away to Constantinople.<ref>Norwich, J. J. (1995) ''Byzantium: The Decline and Fall''. London: Viking, p. 121</ref>
No Byzantine churches survive from this period, thousands were killed, and many cities, such as Salamis, were destroyed and never rebuilt.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov"/> Byzantine rule was restored in 965, when General ] (later Emperor) scored decisive victories on land and sea.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov"/> In 1191, during the ], ] captured the island from ]<ref>Riddle, J.M. ''A History of the Middle Ages.'' Lanham, MD, USA: Rowman & Littlefield 2008. p. 326. </ref> He used it as a major supply base that was relatively safe from the ]. A year later Richard sold the island to the ], who, following a bloody revolt, in turn sold it to ]. His brother and successor ] was recognized as ] by ].<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov"/>


In 1185 ], a member of the Byzantine imperial family, took over Cyprus and declared it independent of the Empire. In 1191, during the ], ] captured the island from Isaac.<ref>Riddle, J.M. ''A History of the Middle Ages''. Lanham, MD, US: Rowman & Littlefield 2008. p.&nbsp;326. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915220219/https://books.google.com/books?id=rhWpPr93KjMC&pg=PA326|date=15 September 2015}}</ref> He used it as a major supply base that was relatively safe from the ]s. A year later Richard sold the island to the ], who, following a bloody revolt, in turn sold it to ]. His brother and successor ] was recognised as ] by ].<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov" />
Following the death in 1473 of James II, the last Lusignan king, the ] assumed control of the island, while his Venetian widow, Queen ] reigned as figurehead. Venice formally annexed Cyprus in 1489, following the abdication of Caterina.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov"/> Using it as an important commercial hub, the Venetians fortified ], the current capital city in Cyprus, with its famous Venetian Walls. Throughout Venetian rule, the ] frequently raided Cyprus. In 1539 the ] destroyed ] and so fearing the worst, the Venetians also fortified ] and ].<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov"/>


Following the death in 1473 of ], the last Lusignan king, the ] assumed control of the island, while the late king's Venetian widow, Queen ], reigned as figurehead. Venice formally annexed the ] in 1489, following the abdication of Catherine.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov" /> The Venetians fortified ] by building the ], and used it as an important commercial hub. Throughout Venetian rule, the ] frequently raided Cyprus. In 1539 the Ottomans destroyed ] and so fearing the worst, the Venetians also fortified ] and ].<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov" />
During the almost four centuries of Latin rule, there existed two societies on Cyprus. The first consisted of Frankish nobles and their retinue, as well as Italian merchants and their families. The second, the majority of the population, consisted of Greek Cypriots serfs and laborers. Although a determined effort was made to supplant native traditions and culture, the effort failed.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov"/>


Although the Lusignan French aristocracy remained the dominant social class in Cyprus throughout the medieval period, the former assumption that Greeks were treated only as serfs on the island<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov" /> is no longer considered by academics to be accurate. It is now accepted that the medieval period saw increasing numbers of Greek Cypriots elevated to the upper classes, a growing Greek ],<ref>See James G. Schryver, 'Colonialism or Conviviencia in Frankish Cyprus?' in I.W. Zartman (ed.), ''Understanding Life in the Borderlands: Boundaries in Depth and in Motio'' (Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 2010) pp.&nbsp;133–159; see also Evangelia Skoufari "Cyprus during the 16th&nbsp;century: a Frankish kingdom, a Venetian colony, a multicultural society", in ''Joves pensant la Mediterrània – Mar de diàleg'', no.&nbsp;5 dir. Enric Olivé Serret, Tarragona, Publicacions de la Universitat Rovira y Virgili, Tarragona 2008, pp.&nbsp;283–295.</ref> and the Lusignan royal household even marrying Greeks. This included King ] who married ].<ref>Benjamin Arbel, David Jacoby, ''Intercultural Contacts in the Medieval Mediterranean'', (London: Taylor and Francis, 1996) p.&nbsp;45</ref>
===Ottoman Empire===
{{Main|Cyprus under the Ottoman Empire}}
]]]


===Ottoman Cyprus===
In 1570, a full scale Ottoman assault with 60,000 troops brought the island under ], despite stiff resistance by the inhabitants of ] and ]. 20,000 Nicosians were ], and every church, public building, and palace was looted.<ref name="Cyprus - OTTOMAN RULE">, ''U.S. Library of Congress''</ref> The previous Latin elite was destroyed and the first significant demographic change since antiquity took place when Ottoman ] were settled on the island.<ref name=Mallinson>{{cite book | last = Mallinson | first = William | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Cyprus: A Modern History | publisher = I. B. Tauris | date = June 30, 2005 | location = | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=HEjkuhF2GsMC&pg=PA81&dq= | doi = | id = | isbn = 978-1850435808| page = 1 }}</ref>
. Map of Cyprus newly drawn by Johannes van Deutecom, 1573.]]
{{Main|Ottoman Cyprus}}
In 1570, a full-scale Ottoman assault with 60,000 troops brought the island under Ottoman control, despite stiff resistance by the inhabitants of Nicosia and Famagusta. Ottoman forces capturing Cyprus ] many Greek and Armenian Christian inhabitants.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://countrystudies.us/cyprus/7.htm |editor=Eric Solsten |title=Cyprus: A Country Study |location=Washington |publisher=GPO for the Library of Congress |date=1991 |website=Countrystudies.us |access-date=16 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117041546/http://countrystudies.us/cyprus/7.htm |archive-date=17 January 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> The previous Latin elite were destroyed and the first significant demographic change since antiquity took place with the formation of a Muslim community.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mallinson |first=William |title=Cyprus: A Modern History |publisher=I.&nbsp;B. Tauris |date=30 June 2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HEjkuhF2GsMC&pg=PA81 |isbn=978-1-85043-580-8 |page=1 |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517121124/https://books.google.com/books?id=HEjkuhF2GsMC&pg=PA81 |url-status=live }}</ref> Soldiers who fought in the conquest settled on the island and Turkish peasants and craftsmen were brought to the island from ].<ref>{{citation |last=Orhonlu |first=Cengiz |year=2010 |chapter=The Ottoman Turks Settle in Cyprus |title=The First International Congress of Cypriot Studies: Presentations of the Turkish Delegation |editor1-last=Inalcık |editor1-first=Halil |page=99 |publisher=Institute for the Study of Turkish Culture}}</ref> This new community also included banished Anatolian tribes, "undesirable" persons and members of various "troublesome" Muslim sects, as well as a number of new converts on the island.<ref>{{citation |last=Jennings |first=Ronald |year=1993 |title=Christians and Muslims in Ottoman Cyprus and the Mediterranean World, 1571–1640 |page=232 |publisher=New York University Press |isbn=978-0-8147-4181-8}}</ref>
], a ] in Nicosia, is an example of the surviving Ottoman architecture in Cyprus.]]
The Ottomans abolished the ] system previously in place and applied the ] to Cyprus, under which non-Muslim peoples were governed by their own religious authorities. In a reversal from the days of Latin rule, the head of the ] was invested as leader of the Greek Cypriot population and acted as mediator between Christian Greek Cypriots and the Ottoman authorities. This status ensured that the Church of Cyprus was in a position to end the constant encroachments of the Roman Catholic Church.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.cy/mfa/Embassies/Embassy_Madrid.nsf/all/6A33D29D666143A6C1257A36002ECA14/$file/ChipreUnaVisionHistorica.pdf?openelement |title=Cyprus a Historical Overview (Chipre Una Visión Historica) |work=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Cyprus website |first=William |last=Mallinson |format=PDF |language=es |access-date=22 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017133438/http://www.mfa.gov.cy/mfa/Embassies/Embassy_Madrid.nsf/all/6A33D29D666143A6C1257A36002ECA14/$file/ChipreUnaVisionHistorica.pdf?openelement |archive-date=17 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ottoman rule of Cyprus was at times indifferent, at times oppressive, depending on the temperaments of the sultans and local officials.<ref name="Ottoman"> {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117041546/http://countrystudies.us/cyprus/7.htm |date=17 January 2013}}, ''U.S. Library of Congress''</ref>


The ratio of Muslims to Christians fluctuated throughout the period of Ottoman domination. In 1777–78, 47,000 Muslims constituted a majority over the island's 37,000 Christians.<ref>{{citation |last=Hatay |first=Mete |year=2007 |title=Is the Turkish Cypriot population shrinking?|url=http://www.prio.org/Global/upload/Cyprus/Publications/Is%20the%20Turkish%20Cypriot%20Population%20Shrinking.pdf |page=19 |publisher=International Peace Research Institute |isbn=978-82-7288-244-9 |access-date=7 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702022552/https://www.prio.org/Global/upload/Cyprus/Publications/Is%20the%20Turkish%20Cypriot%20Population%20Shrinking.pdf |archive-date=2 July 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> By 1872, the population of the island had risen to 144,000, comprising 44,000 Muslims and 100,000 Christians.<ref>''Osmanli Nufusu 1830–1914'' by ], {{ISBN|975-333-169-X}} and ''Die Völker des Osmanischen'' by Ritter zur Helle von Samo.</ref> The Muslim population included numerous ],<ref name="Jennings 1992">{{cite book |author=Ronald Jennings |title=Christians and Muslims in Ottoman Cyprus and the Mediterranean World, 1571–1640 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dslYF9LopnMC&pg=PT596 |date=1 August 1992 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-0-8147-4318-8 |pages=596– |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412181717/https://books.google.com/books?id=dslYF9LopnMC&pg=PT596 |archive-date=12 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> including the ], a crypto-Catholic community that arose due to religious persecution of the Catholic community by the Ottoman authorities;<ref name="Jennings 1992"/><ref>{{cite book |author=Captain A.&nbsp;R. Savile|title=Cyprus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nxj9a-Stax4C&pg=PA130|year=1878 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |page=130 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911024127/https://books.google.com/books?id=nxj9a-Stax4C&pg=PA130 |archive-date=11 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> this community would assimilate into the Turkish Cypriot community during British rule.<ref>{{cite book |author=Chrysostomos Pericleous |title=Cyprus Referendum: A Divided Island and the Challenge of the Annan Plan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PHQAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA131 |year=2009 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=978-0-85771-193-9 |page=131 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911014545/https://books.google.com/books?id=PHQAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA131 |archive-date=11 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>
The Ottomans abolished the ] system previously in place and applied the ] to Cyprus, under which non-] peoples were governed by their own religious authorities. In a reversal from the days of Latin rule, the head of the ] was invested as leader of the Greek Cypriot population and acted a mediator between Christian Greek Cypriots and the Ottoman authorities.<ref name="Cyprus - OTTOMAN RULE"/> Ottoman rule of Cyprus was at times indifferent, at times oppressive, depending on the temperaments of the sultans and local officials, and during this period the island fell into economic decline.<ref name="Cyprus - OTTOMAN RULE"/>


Reaction to Ottoman misrule led to uprisings by both Greek and Turkish Cypriots, although none were successful. By 1872, the population of the island had risen to 144,000 comprising 44,000 Muslims and 100,000 Christians.<ref>''Osmanli Nufusu 1830–1914'' by ], ISBN 975-333-169-X and ''Die Völker des Osmanischen'' by Ritter zur Helle von Samo.</ref> Centuries of neglect by the Turks, the unrelenting poverty of most of the people, and the ever-present tax collectors fueled Greek nationalism, and by 19th century the idea of '']'', or union, with newly independent ] was firmly rooted among Greek Cypriots.<ref name="Cyprus - OTTOMAN RULE"/> As soon as the ] broke out in 1821, several Greek Cypriots left for Greece to join the Greek forces. In response, the Ottoman governor of Cyprus arrested and executed 486 prominent Greek Cypriots, including the Archbishop of Cyprus, ], and four other bishops.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mirbagheri |first1=Farid |title=Historical dictionary of Cyprus |date=2010 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |location=Lanham, Md. |isbn=978-0-8108-6298-2 |pages=xxvii, 124 |edition=. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f82Jn_H4VukC}}</ref> In 1828, modern Greece's first president ] called for union of Cyprus with Greece, and numerous minor uprisings took place.<ref>{{cite book |author1=William Mallinson |author2=Bill Mallinson |title=Cyprus: a modern history |url=https://archive.org/details/cyprusmodernhist00mall |url-access=limited |publisher=I.B.Tauris |year= 2005 |page=|isbn=978-1-85043-580-8}}</ref> Reaction to Ottoman misrule led to uprisings by both Greek and Turkish Cypriots, although none were successful. After centuries of neglect by the Ottoman Empire, the poverty of most of the people and the ever-present tax collectors fueled Greek nationalism, and by the 20th century the idea of '']'' with newly independent Greece was firmly rooted among Greek Cypriots.<ref name="Ottoman" />


Under Ottoman rule, numeracy, school enrolment and literacy rates were all low. They persisted some time after Ottoman rule ended, and then increased rapidly during the twentieth century.<ref>{{cite book |author=Baten, Jörg |title=A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. |date=2016 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=51 |isbn=978-1-107-50718-0}}</ref>
===Modern History===
{{Main|Modern history of Cyprus}}


===British Cyprus===
In the aftermath of the ], administration, but not sovereignty, of the island ] to the ] in 1878 in exchange for guarantees that Britain would use the island as a base to protect the Ottoman Empire against possible Russian aggression.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov"/> The island would serve Britain as a key military base in its colonial routes. By 1906, when the Famagusta harbour was completed, Cyprus was a strategic naval outpost overlooking the ], the crucial main route to India which was then Britain's most important colony. Following the outbreak of ] and the entry of the Ottoman Empire on the side of the ], the ] annexed the island in 1914.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov"/>
{{Main|British Cyprus|Modern history of Cyprus|Cyprus Emergency}}
]


In the aftermath of the ] and the ], Cyprus was ] to the ] which de facto took over its administration in 1878 (though, in terms of sovereignty, Cyprus remained a '']'' Ottoman territory until 5 November 1914, together with ])<ref name="Lausanne"/> in exchange for guarantees that Britain would use the island as a base to protect the Ottoman Empire against possible Russian aggression.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov" />
In 1915, Britain offered Cyprus to ] on condition that Greece join the war on the side of the British, which he declined. In 1923, under the ], the nascent ] relinquished any claim to Cyprus and in 1925 it was declared a British ].<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov"/> Many Greek Cypriots fought in the ] during both World Wars, in the hope that Cyprus would eventually be united with ].<ref>{{cite book |author= Ertl, Alan W. |title= Toward an Understanding of Europe: A Political Economic Précis of Continental Integration |publisher= Universal-Publishers|year= 2008 |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=X9PGRaZt-zcC&dq= | page = 418 |isbn= 9781599429830}}</ref> During ] many enlisted in the ].


] demonstrations for ] (union with Greece) in 1930]]
In January 1959, the Church of Cyprus organized a referendum, which was boycotted by the Turkish Cypriot community, where over 90% voted in favor of "]", meaning union with Greece.<ref>{{cite book |author= Kourvetaris, George A. |title= Studies on modern Greek society and politics |publisher= East European Monographs|year= 1999 |url= http://books.google.com/books?lr=&hl=el&id=bE5oAAAAMAAJ&dq=cypriots%2B1950%2Benosis%2B90&q=90%25#search_anchor | page = 347 |isbn= 9780880334327}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author= Hoffmeister, Frank |title= Legal aspects of the Cyprus problem: Annan Plan and EU accession |publisher= EMartinus Nijhoff Publishers|year= 2006 |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=LZXbg3ZwvGoC&dq= | page = 9 |isbn= 9789004152236}}</ref> Restricted autonomy under a constitution was proposed by the British administration but eventually rejected. In 1955 the ] organisation was founded, seeking independence and union with Greece through armed struggle. At the same time the ], calling for Taksim, or partition, was established by the Turkish Cypriots as a counterweight.<ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.cyprus-conflict.net/www.cyprus-conflict.net/mavratsas.html |title=Politics, Social Memory, and Identity in Greek Cyprus since 1974 |author=Caesar V. Mavratsas |publisher=cyprus-conflict.net |accessdate=2007-10-13}}</ref> Turmoil on the island was met with force by the British.
The island would serve Britain as a key military base for its colonial routes. By 1906, when the Famagusta harbour was completed, Cyprus was a strategic naval outpost overlooking the ], the crucial main route to India which was then Britain's most important overseas possession. Following the outbreak of the ] and the decision of the Ottoman Empire to join the war on the side of the ], on 5 November 1914 the British Empire formally annexed Cyprus and declared the Ottoman '']'' of ] a ].<ref name="Lausanne"/><ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov"/>


In October 1915, Britain offered Cyprus to Greece, ruled by King ], on the condition that Greece join the war on the side of the British and went to ]’s assistance, in order to fulfill her Treaty obligations under the ] of May 1913.<ref name=Stavridis>Stavridis, Stavros Terry (31 July 1993),
====Independence====
''Greek-Cypriot Enosis of October 1915: “A Lost Opportunity?”''. ]. p. 289. Retrieved 5 August 2024.</ref> It gave Greece a golden
On August 16, 1960, Cyprus attained independence after an agreement in ] between the United Kingdom, Greece and Turkey. The UK retained two ] in ] while government posts and public offices were allocated by ethnic quotas giving the minority Turks a permanent veto, 30% in parliament and administration, and granting the 3 mother-states guarantor rights.
“opportunity” in achieving '']'' with Cyprus.<ref name=Stavridis/> Alternatively it was a
“lost opportunity” when the ] administration declined the British proposal.<ref name=Stavridis/>


In 1923, under the ], the nascent Turkish republic relinquished any claim to Cyprus,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Xypolia |first=Ilia |title='Cypriot Muslims among Ottomans, Turks and British |journal=Bogazici Journal |year=2011 |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=109–120 |doi=10.21773/boun.25.2.6 |doi-access=free| issn = 1300-9583}}</ref> and in 1925 it was declared a British ].<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov" /> During the ], many Greek and Turkish Cypriots enlisted in the ].
In 1963 inter-communal violence broke out, partially sponsored by both "motherlands" with Turkish Cypriots being forced into ] and Cypriot President Archbishop ] calling for unilateral ] as a means to ease tensions over the whole island. The ] was involved and the United Nations forces in Cyprus (UNICYP) deployed at flash points.<ref>{{cite book |author= Hoffmeister, Frank |title= Legal aspects of the Cyprus problem: Annan Plan and EU accession |publisher= EMartinus Nijhoff Publishers|year= 2006 |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=LZXbg3ZwvGoC&dq= | pages = 17–20 |isbn= 9789004152236}}</ref>


The Greek Cypriot population, meanwhile, had become hopeful that the British administration would lead to ''enosis''. The idea of ''enosis'' was historically part of the '']'', a greater political ambition of a Greek state encompassing the territories with large Greek populations in the former Ottoman Empire, including Cyprus and ] with a capital in ], and was actively pursued by the ], which had its members educated in Greece. These religious officials, together with Greek military officers and professionals, some of whom still pursued the ''Megali Idea'', would later found the guerrilla organisation ] ''(Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston'' or National Organisation of Cypriot Fighters).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ker-Lindsay |first1=James |title=The Cyprus Problem: What Everyone Needs to Know |date=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975716-9 |pages=14–5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xTL382g5sWwC |quote=They hoped that the transfer of administration would pave the way for the island to be united with Greece—an aspiration known as 'enosis.' At the time, these calls for enosis were not just limited to Cyprus. Instead, Cyprus was part of a wider political movement&nbsp;... This overarching political ambition was known as the Megali Idea (Great Idea).}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lange |first1=Matthew |title=Educations in Ethnic Violence: Identity, Educational Bubbles, and Resource Mobilization |date=2011 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-50544-4 |page=88 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ac2NRpHoY3EC}}</ref> The Greek Cypriots viewed the island as historically Greek and believed that union with Greece was a natural right.<ref name="Diez 2002" /> In the 1950s, the pursuit of ''enosis'' became a part of the Greek national policy.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Huth |first1=Paul |title=Standing Your Ground: Territorial Disputes and International Conflict |date=2009 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=978-0-472-02204-5 |page=206 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NIAc-R5fgQoC |quote=From early 1950s onward Greece has favored union with Cyprus through a policy of enosis}}</ref>
In 1964, ] attempted to invade Cyprus <!-- and Greece : the ref does not say anything about Turkey invading greece--><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/10/newsid_3037000/3037898.stm |title=BBC news |publisher=BBC News |date=2004-04-24 |accessdate=2009-10-25}}</ref> in response to the ongoing ], but was stopped by a strongly worded telegram from the U.S. President ] on June 5, 1964; who warned that the ] would not stand beside Turkey in case of a consequential ] invasion of Turkish territory.<ref>{{cite book|title=Johnson's 1964 letter to Inonu and Greek lobbying of the White House|author=Jacob M. Landau|publisher=Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Leonard Davis Institute for International Relations|year=1979}}</ref>


]
====Current dispute====
{{Main|Greek military junta of 1967–1974|Turkish invasion of Cyprus}}


Initially, the Turkish Cypriots favoured the continuation of the British rule.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Papadakis |first1=Yiannis |last2=Peristianis |first2=Nicos |last3=Welz |first3=Gisela |title=Divided Cyprus: Modernity, History, and an Island in Conflict |date=18 July 2006 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-11191-3 |page=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wzPG7b_m4swC&pg=PA2}}</ref> However, they were alarmed by the Greek Cypriot calls for ''enosis'', as they saw the union of ] with Greece, which led to the exodus of ], as a precedent to be avoided,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Isachenko |first1=Daria |title=The Making of Informal States: Statebuilding in Northern Cyprus and Transdniestria |date=2012 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-230-39207-6 |page=37 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FQeVnXmjBzYC&pg=PA37}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Pericleous |first1=Chrysostomos |title=Cyprus Referendum: A Divided Island and the Challenge of the Annan Plan |date=2009 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |isbn=978-0-85771-193-9 |pages=135–6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PHQAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA135}}</ref> and they took a pro-partition stance in response to the militant activity of EOKA.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mirbagheri |first1=Farid |title=Historical Dictionary of Cyprus |date=2009 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-6298-2 |page=xiv|quote=Greek Cypriots engaged in a military campaign for enosis, union with Greece. Turkish Cypriots, in response, expressed their desire for taksim, partition of the island.}}</ref> The Turkish Cypriots also viewed themselves as a distinct ethnic group of the island and believed in their having a separate right to ] from Greek Cypriots.<ref name="Diez 2002">{{cite book |last1=Diez |first1=Thomas |title=The European Union and the Cyprus Conflict: Modern Conflict, Postmodern Union |date=2002 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-0-7190-6079-3 |page=83 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A4QTUWBEC2kC&pg=PA83}}</ref> Meanwhile, in the 1950s, Turkish leader ] considered Cyprus an "extension of Anatolia", rejected the partition of Cyprus along ethnic lines and favoured the annexation of the whole island to Turkey. Nationalistic slogans centred on the idea that "Cyprus is Turkish" and the ruling party declared Cyprus to be a part of the Turkish homeland that was vital to its security. Upon realising that the fact that the Turkish Cypriot population was only 20% of the islanders made annexation unfeasible, the national policy was changed to favour partition. The slogan "Partition or Death" was frequently used in Turkish Cypriot and Turkish protests starting in the late 1950s and continuing throughout the 1960s. Although after the Zürich and London conferences Turkey seemed to accept the existence of the Cypriot state and to distance itself from its policy of favouring the partition of the island, the goal of the Turkish and Turkish Cypriot leaders remained that of creating an independent Turkish state in the northern part of the island.<ref>{{cite book |author=Behlul (Behlul) Ozkan (Ozkan) |title=From the Abode of Islam to the Turkish Vatan: The Making of a National Homeland in Turkey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kCArlsRcHUMC&pg=PA199 |date=26 June 2012 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-18351-1 |page=199 |quote=In line with the nationalist rhetoric that "Cyprus is Turkish", Menderes predicated his declaration upon the geographic proximity between Cyprus and Anatolia, thereby defining "Cyprus as an extension of Anatolia". It was striking that Menderes rejected partitioning the island into two ethnic states, a position that would define Turkey's foreign policy regarding Cyprus after 1957|access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915212612/https://books.google.com/books?id=kCArlsRcHUMC&pg=PA199 |archive-date=15 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Bellingeri 2005">{{cite book |author1=G. Bellingeri |author2=T. Kappler |title=Cipro oggi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pUcSji-f1zYC&pg=PA27 |year=2005 |publisher=Casa editrice il Ponte |isbn=978-88-89465-07-3 |pages=27–29 |quote=The educational and political mobilisation between 1948–1958, aiming at raising Turkish national consciousness, resulted in the involving Turkey as motherland in the Cyprus Question. From then on, Turkey, would work hand in hand with the Turkish Cypriot leadership and the British government to oppose the Greek Cypriot demand for Enosis and realise the partition of Cyprus, which meanwhile became the national policy. |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911010743/https://books.google.com/books?id=pUcSji-f1zYC&pg=PA27 |archive-date=11 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>
Following a coup d'état engineered by the ], Turkey launched a full-scale military invasion of the island in 1974. The Turkish air force began bombing Greek positions on Cyprus, hundreds of paratroops were dropped in the area between Nicosia and ], where well-armed Turkish Cypriot enclaves had been long-established, while off the Kyrenia coast 30 Turkish troop ships protected by destroyers disgorged 6,000 men as well as an array of tanks, trucks, and armored vehicles.


In January 1950, the Church of Cyprus organised a ] under the supervision of clerics and with no Turkish Cypriot participation,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grob-Fitzgibbon |first1=Benjamin |title=Imperial Endgame: Britain's Dirty Wars and the End of Empire |date=2011 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-230-30038-5 |page=285}}</ref> where 96% of the participating Greek Cypriots voted in favour of ''enosis''.<ref>{{cite book|author=Dale C. Tatum |title=Who Influenced Whom?: Lessons from the Cold War |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=70NxlYekQIgC&pg=PA43 |access-date=21 August 2013 |date=1 January 2002 |publisher=University Press of America |isbn=978-0-7618-2444-2 |page=43 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012220734/http://books.google.com/books?id=70NxlYekQIgC&pg=PA43 |archive-date=12 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Kourvetaris, George A. |title=Studies on modern Greek society and politics |publisher=East European Monographs |year=1999 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bE5oAAAAMAAJ&q=90%25 |page=347 |isbn=978-0-88033-432-7 |access-date=10 November 2020 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517125913/https://books.google.com/books?id=bE5oAAAAMAAJ&q=90%25 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Hoffmeister 2006" />{{rp|9}} The Greeks were 80.2% of the total island's population at the time (]). Restricted autonomy under a constitution was proposed by the British administration but eventually rejected. In 1955 the EOKA organisation was founded, seeking union with Greece through armed struggle. At the same time the ] (TMT), calling for Taksim, or partition, was established by the Turkish Cypriots as a counterweight.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cyprus-conflict.net/www.cyprus-conflict.net/mavratsas.html |title=Politics, Social Memory, and Identity in Greek Cyprus since 1974 |author=Caesar V. Mavratsas |publisher=cyprus-conflict.net |access-date=13 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605233259/http://www.cyprus-conflict.net/www.cyprus-conflict.net/mavratsas.html |archive-date=5 June 2008}}</ref> British officials also tolerated the creation of the Turkish underground organisation TMT The Secretary of State for the Colonies in a letter dated 15 July 1958 had advised the Governor of Cyprus not to act against TMT despite its illegal actions so as not to harm British relations with the Turkish government.<ref name="Bellingeri 2005" />
Three days later, when a ceasefire had been agreed, Turkey had landed 30,000 troops on the island and captured Kyrenia, the corridor linking Kyrenia to Nicosia, and the Turkish-Cypriot quarter of Nicosia. The junta in Athens, and then the Sampson regime in Cyprus fell from power. In Nicosia Glafkos Clerides assumed the presidency and constitutional order was restored; ostensibly removing the pretext the Turks gave for the invasion. The Turks used a period of negotiations to reinforce their Kyrenia bridgehead and prepare for the second phase of the invasion, which began on 14 August and resulted in the seizure of Morphou, Karpasia, Ammochostos and the Mesaoria. The Greek forces were unable to resist the Turkish advance.


===Independence and inter-communal violence===
International pressure led to a ceasefire at which point 37% of the island had been taken over by the Turks and 180,000 Greek Cypriots were evicted from their homes in the north. At the same time, around 50,000 Turkish Cypriots moved to the areas under the control of the Turkish Forces and settled in the properties of the displaced Greek Cypriots. In 1983 Turkish Cypriots proclaimed the ] which is officially recognised only by Turkey.
{{Main|Cyprus crisis of 1963–64}}
{{multiple image
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| image1 = Makarios III and Robert F. Wagner NYWTS cropped.jpg
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| image2 = Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F014934-0068, Fazil Kutschuk.jpg
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| footer = The first president of Cyprus, ] (left), and the first vice-president of Cyprus, ] (right)
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During British rule, the future of the island became a matter of disagreement between the two prominent ethnic communities, ], who made up 77% of the population in 1960, and ], who made up 18% of the population. From the 19th century onwards, the Greek Cypriot population pursued '']'', union with ], which became a Greek national policy in the 1950s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Faustmann |first1=Hubert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AzIXtVdDDwgC&pg=PA48 |title=The Government and Politics of Cyprus |last2=Ker-Lindsay |first2=James |publisher=Peter Lang |year=2008 |isbn=978-3-03911-096-4 |page=48 |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517121228/https://books.google.com/books?id=AzIXtVdDDwgC&pg=PA48#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mirbagheri |first1=Farid |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f82Jn_H4VukC&pg=PA25 |title=Historical Dictionary of Cyprus |date=2009 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=9780810862982 |page=25 |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517123640/https://books.google.com/books?id=f82Jn_H4VukC&pg=PA25#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> The Turkish Cypriot population initially advocated the continuation of the British rule, then demanded the annexation of the island to Turkey, and in the 1950s, together with Turkey, established a policy of '']'', the partition of Cyprus and the creation of a Turkish polity in the north.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Trimikliniotis |first1=Nicos |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zS_HAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA104 |title=Beyond a Divided Cyprus: A State and Society in Transformation |date=2012 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-137-10080-1 |page=104 |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517121219/https://books.google.com/books?id=zS_HAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA104#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>]
As of today, there are 1,534 Greek Cypriots<ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.cyprus-mail.com/news/main.php?id=34064&cat_id=1 |title=Over 100 missing identified so far |publisher=Cyprus Mail |accessdate=2007-10-13}}</ref> and 502 Turkish Cypriots<ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.cyprus-mail.com/news/main.php?id=30795&cat_id=1 |title=Missing cause to get cash injection |publisher=Cyprus Mail |accessdate=2007-10-13}}</ref> missing as a result of the fighting. The events of the summer of 1974 dominate the ] on the island, as well as ]. Around 150,000 settlers from ] are believed to be living in the north in violation of the ] and various ].<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=_bF8n8DaQtoC&dq= |title=Documents (working papers) 1993 |publisher= |author= Council of Europe | isbn= 9789287122629 | age= 1997 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=beVKwgOtME0C&dq= |title=Who shall govern Cyprus – Brussels or Nicosia? |publisher= Evandia Publishing UK Limited |author=Chrysafi, A. C. | page= 112 | isbn= 9781904578000| age= 2003 }}</ref> Following the invasion and the capture of its northern territory by Turkish troops, the Republic of Cyprus announced that all of its ] in the north are closed, as they are effectively not under its control.
Cyprus was ] in 1960, following an armed campaign spearheaded by EOKA.<ref name="independence"> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060613002758/http://www.parliament.cy/parliamenteng/index.htm|date=13 June 2006}} (click on Historical review)</ref> As per the ], Cyprus officially attained independence on 16 August 1960, and at the time had a total population of 573,566; of whom 442,138 (77.1%) were Greeks, 104,320 (18.2%) Turks, and 27,108 (4.7%) others.<ref name="Solsten2"> {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511100228/http://countrystudies.us/cyprus/21.htm |date=11 May 2011}}, Library of Congress, Washington, DC, 1991.</ref> The UK retained the two ] of ], while government posts and public offices were allocated by ethnic quotas, giving the minority Turkish Cypriots a permanent veto, 30% in parliament and administration, and granting the three mother-states guarantor rights.


However, the division of power as foreseen by the constitution soon resulted in legal impasses and discontent on both sides, and nationalist militants started training again, with the military support of Greece and Turkey respectively. The Greek Cypriot leadership believed that the rights given to Turkish Cypriots under the 1960 constitution were too extensive and designed the ], which was aimed at reforming the constitution in favour of Greek Cypriots, persuading the international community about the correctness of the changes and violently subjugating Turkish Cypriots in a few days should they not accept the plan.<ref name="Solsten1"> {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111012050603/http://countrystudies.us/cyprus/12.htm |date=12 October 2011}}, Library of Congress, Washington, DC, 1991.</ref> Tensions were heightened when Cypriot President Archbishop ] called for ], which were rejected by Turkey<ref name="Hoffmeister 2006">{{cite book |author=Hoffmeister, Frank |title=Legal aspects of the Cyprus problem: Annan Plan and EU accession |publisher=EMartinus Nijhoff Publishers |year=2006 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LZXbg3ZwvGoC |isbn=978-90-04-15223-6 |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517123627/https://books.google.com/books?id=LZXbg3ZwvGoC |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|17–20}} and opposed by Turkish Cypriots.<ref name="Solsten1" />
The last major effort to settle the ] was the ]. It gained the support of the Turkish Cypriots but was ] by the Greek Cypriots.


Intercommunal violence ] on 21 December 1963, when two Turkish Cypriots were killed at an incident involving the Greek Cypriot police. The violence resulted in the death of 364&nbsp;Turkish and 174&nbsp;Greek Cypriots,<ref>Oberling, Pierre. ''The road to Bellapais'' (1982), Social Science Monographs, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428082807/https://books.google.com/books?id=XIK6AAAAIAAJ&q=According+to+official+records,+364+Turkish+Cypriots+and+174+Greek+Cypriots+were+killed+during+the+1963-1964+crisis. |date=28 April 2023 }}: "According to official records, 364&nbsp;Turkish Cypriots and 174&nbsp;Greek Cypriots were killed during the 1963–1964 crisis."</ref> destruction of 109 Turkish Cypriot or mixed villages and displacement of 25,000–30,000 Turkish Cypriots. The crisis resulted in the end of the Turkish Cypriot involvement in the administration and their claiming that it had lost its legitimacy;<ref name="Hoffmeister 2006" />{{rp|56–59}} the nature of this event is still controversial. In some areas, Greek Cypriots prevented Turkish Cypriots from travelling and entering government buildings, while some Turkish Cypriots willingly withdrew due to the calls of the Turkish Cypriot administration.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ker-Lindsay |first1=James |title=The Cyprus Problem: What Everyone Needs to Know |date=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975716-9 |pages=35–6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xTL382g5sWwC |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517123104/https://books.google.com/books?id=xTL382g5sWwC |url-status=live }}</ref> Turkish Cypriots started living in ]. The republic's structure was changed, unilaterally, by Makarios, and Nicosia was divided by the ], with the deployment of ] troops.<ref name="Hoffmeister 2006" />{{rp|56–59}}
In July 2006, the island served as a safe haven for people fleeing Lebanon because of the conflict between ] and ].<ref>{{cite news |first= |last=Xinhua |title= About 11,500&nbsp;people flee Lebanon to Cyprus |url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200607/21/eng20060721_285223.html |work=] |page= |date=2006-07-21 |accessdate=}}</ref>


In 1964, Turkey threatened to invade Cyprus<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/10/newsid_3037000/3037898.stm |work=BBC News |date=24 April 2004 |access-date=25 October 2009 |title=1964: Guns fall silent in Cyprus |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217190225/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/10/newsid_3037000/3037898.stm |archive-date=17 December 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> in response to the continuing ], but this was stopped by a strongly worded telegram from the US President ] on 5 June, warning that the US would not stand beside Turkey in case of a consequential Soviet invasion of Turkish territory.<ref>{{cite book |title=Johnson's 1964 letter to Inonu and Greek lobbying of the White House |author=Jacob M. Landau|publisher=Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Leonard Davis Institute for International Relations |year=1979}}</ref> Meanwhile, by 1964, ''enosis'' was a Greek policy and would not be abandoned; Makarios and the Greek prime minister ] agreed that ''enosis'' should be the ultimate aim and King ] wished Cyprus "a speedy union with the mother country". Greece dispatched 10,000 troops to Cyprus to counter a possible Turkish invasion.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mirbagheri |first1=Farid |title=Cyprus and International Peacemaking 1964–1986 |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-67752-6 |page=28 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Znp9AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28 |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517125857/https://books.google.com/books?id=Znp9AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>
In March 2008, a wall that for decades had stood at the boundary between the Greek Cypriot controlled side and the UN ] was demolished.<ref name = "BBC-Cypriots">{{Citation |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6433045.stm |title=Greek Cypriots dismantle barrier |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=2008-03-07 | date=2007-03-09}}</ref> The wall had cut across Ledra Street in the heart of Nicosia and was seen as a strong symbol of the island's 32-year division. On 3 April 2008, ] was reopened in the presence of Greek and Turkish Cypriot officials.<ref>. ] article published on ] Website, 3 April 2008</ref>

The ] had brought further ] between the two communities, displaced more than 25,000 Turkish Cypriots into ]<ref name="Hoffmeister 2006" />{{rp|56–59}}<ref name="Intercommunal Violence">{{cite web |date=21 December 1963 |title=U.S. Library of Congress – Country Studies – Cyprus – Intercommunal Violence |url=http://countrystudies.us/cyprus/13.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623135118/http://countrystudies.us/cyprus/13.htm |archive-date=23 June 2011 |access-date=25 October 2009 |publisher=Countrystudies.us}}</ref> and brought the end of Turkish Cypriot representation in the republic.

===1974 coup d'état, invasion, and division===
{{Main|1974 Cypriot coup d'état|Turkish invasion of Cyprus}}
], a suburb of Famagusta, was abandoned when its inhabitants fled in 1974 and remains under Turkish military control.]]
On 15 July 1974, the ] under ] carried out a ] in Cyprus, to ].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Papadakis |first1=Yiannis |title=Nation, narrative and commemoration: political ritual in divided Cyprus |journal=History and Anthropology |date=2003 |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=253–270 |doi=10.1080/0275720032000136642 |s2cid=143231403 |quote=culminating in the 1974 coup aimed at the annexation of Cyprus to Greece}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Atkin |first1=Nicholas |last2=Biddiss |first2=Michael |last3=Tallett |first3=Frank |title=The Wiley-Blackwell Dictionary of Modern European History Since 1789 |isbn=978-1-4443-9072-8 |page=184 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1QyXCTW_MCQC |date=23 May 2011 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |access-date=26 August 2017 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517125914/https://books.google.com/books?id=1QyXCTW_MCQC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Journal of international law and practice, Volume&nbsp;5 |date=1996 |publisher=Detroit College of Law at Michigan State University |page=204}}</ref> The coup ousted president ] and replaced him with pro-] nationalist ].<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Cyprus: Big Troubles over a Small Island |date=29 July 1974 |magazine=]|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,911440,00.html |access-date=13 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111221060408/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,911440,00.html |archive-date=21 December 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In response to the coup,{{efn|See:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ronen |first1=Yaël |title=Transition from Illegal Regimes under International Law |date=2011 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-49617-9 |page=62 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4OEHtL5xoroC |quote=Tensions escalated again in July 1974, following a coup d'état by Greek Cypriots favouring a union of Cyprus with Greece. In response to the coup, Turkey invaded Cyprus. |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517125752/https://books.google.com/books?id=4OEHtL5xoroC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bryant |first1=Rebecca |last2=Papadakis |first2=Yiannis |title=Cyprus and the Politics of Memory: History, Community and Conflict |date=2012 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=978-1-78076-107-7 |page=5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y4WUhDjksUUC |quote=In response to the coup, Turkey launched a military offensive in Cyprus that divided the island along the Green Line, which now splits the entire island. |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517125819/https://books.google.com/books?id=y4WUhDjksUUC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Diez |first1=Thomas |title=The European Union and the Cyprus Conflict: Modern Conflict, Postmodern Union |date=2002 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-0-7190-6079-3 |page=105 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A4QTUWBEC2kC |quote=Turkey did, however, act unilaterally in 1974, in response to a military coup in Cyprus instigated by the military junta ruling then in Greece with the apparent objective of annexing the island. |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517125754/https://books.google.com/books?id=A4QTUWBEC2kC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ker-Lindsay |first1=James |last2=Faustmann |first2=Hubert |last3=Mullen |first3=Fiona |title=An Island in Europe: The EU and the Transformation of Cyprus |date=2011 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |page=3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R1QEn3G4L7MC |quote=Divided since 1974, when Turkish forces invaded in response to a Greek led coup, many observers felt that taking in the island would either be far too risky or far too problematic. |isbn=9781848856783 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517124237/https://books.google.com/books?id=R1QEn3G4L7MC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mirbagheri |first1=Faruk |title=Historical Dictionary of Cyprus |date=2009 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-6298-2 |page=43 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f82Jn_H4VukC |quote=On 20 July 1974, in response to the coup and justifying its action under the Treaty of Guarantee, Turkey landed forces in Kyrenia.}}</ref>}} five days later, on 20 July 1974, the ] the island, citing a right to intervene to restore the constitutional order from the 1960 ]. This justification has been rejected by the ] and the international community.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gray |first1=Christine |title=International Law and the Use of Force |date=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-102162-6 |page=94 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qnFCAgAAQBAJ |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517124202/https://books.google.com/books?id=qnFCAgAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Turkish air force began bombing Greek positions in Cyprus, and hundreds of ] were dropped in the area between Nicosia and Kyrenia, where well-armed Turkish Cypriot enclaves had been long-established; while off the Kyrenia coast, Turkish troop ships landed 6,000 men as well as tanks, trucks and armoured vehicles.<ref>{{cite book |author=Taki Theodoracopulos |title=The Greek Upheaval: Kings, Demagogues, and Bayonets |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZPscAAAAYAAJ |date=1 January 1978 |publisher=Caratzas Bros. |isbn=978-0-89241-080-4 |page=66 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911011201/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZPscAAAAYAAJ |archive-date=11 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Eric Solsten |author2=Library of Congress. Federal Research Division |title=Cyprus, a country study |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5UuFAAAAIAAJ |year=1993 |publisher=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress |isbn=978-0-8444-0752-4 |page=219 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905234346/https://books.google.com/books?id=5UuFAAAAIAAJ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Three days later, when a ceasefire had been agreed,<ref name="Craig 2001">{{cite book |author1=Brendan O'Malley |author2=Ian Craig |title=The Cyprus Conspiracy: America, Espionage and the Turkish Invasion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Jz3AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA195 |date=25 June 2001 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |isbn=978-0-85773-016-9 |pages=195–197 |access-date=11 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412182115/https://books.google.com/books?id=4Jz3AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA195 |archive-date=12 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Turkey had landed 30,000 troops on the island and captured Kyrenia, the corridor linking Kyrenia to Nicosia, and the Turkish Cypriot quarter of Nicosia itself.<ref name="Craig 2001" /> The junta in ], and then the Sampson regime in Cyprus fell from power. In Nicosia, ] temporarily assumed the presidency.<ref name="Craig 2001" /> But after the peace negotiations in ], the Turkish government reinforced their Kyrenia bridgehead and started a second invasion on 14 August.<ref>{{cite book |author=Sumantra Bose |title=Contested Lands: Israel-Palestine, Kashmir, Bosnia, Cyprus, and Sri Lanka |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KKZcgOJPjVkC&pg=PA86 |date=30 June 2009 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-02856-2 |page=86 |access-date=11 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412133548/https://books.google.com/books?id=KKZcgOJPjVkC&pg=PA86 |archive-date=12 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> The invasion resulted in ], ], Famagusta and the ] coming under Turkish control.

International pressure led to a ceasefire, and by then 36% of the island had been taken over by the Turks and 180,000 Greek Cypriots had been evicted from their homes in the north.<ref>U.S. Congressional Record, V.&nbsp;147, Pt.&nbsp;3, 8 March 2001 to 26 March 2001 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910224624/https://books.google.com/books?id=fJ9DhiRRtIoC&pg=PA4095|date=10 September 2015}}</ref> At the same time, around 50,000 Turkish Cypriots were displaced to the north and settled in the properties of the displaced Greek Cypriots. Among a variety of sanctions against Turkey, in mid-1975 the US Congress imposed an arms embargo on Turkey for using US-supplied equipment during the ] in 1974.<ref>{{cite book |title=Turkey and the United States: The Arms Embargo Period |publisher=Praeger Publishers (5 August 1986) |isbn=978-0275921415 |year=1986}}</ref> There were 1,534 Greek Cypriots<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cyprus-mail.com/news/main.php?id=34064&cat_id=1 |title=Over 100 missing identified so far |newspaper=Cyprus Mail |access-date=13 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927202937/http://www.cyprus-mail.com/news/main.php?id=34064&cat_id=1 |archive-date=27 September 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and 502 Turkish Cypriots<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cyprus-mail.com/news/main.php?id=30795&cat_id=1 |title=Missing cause to get cash injection |newspaper=Cyprus Mail |access-date=13 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930014514/http://www.cyprus-mail.com/news/main.php?id=30795&cat_id=1 |archive-date=30 September 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> missing as a result of the fighting from 1963 to 1974.

The Republic of Cyprus has '']'' ] over the entire island, including its ] and ], with the exception of the Sovereign Base Areas of ], which remain under the UK's control according to the ]. However, the Republic of Cyprus is de facto partitioned into two main parts: the area under the effective control of the Republic, in the south and west and comprising about 59% of the island's area, and the north,<ref>{{cite web |title=According to the United Nations Security Council Resolutions 550 and 541 |url=https://www.un.org/documents/sc/res/1984/scres84.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090319123420/http://www.un.org/documents/sc/res/1984/scres84.htm |archive-date=19 March 2009 |access-date=27 March 2009 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> administered by the self-declared Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, covering about 36% of the island's area. Another nearly 4% of the island's area is covered by the ]. The international community considers the northern part of the island to be territory of the Republic of Cyprus occupied by Turkish forces.{{efn|See:<ref>{{cite book |author=European Consortium for Church-State Research. Conference |title=Churches and Other Religious Organisations as Legal Persons: Proceedings of the 17th Meeting of the European Consortium for Church and State Research, Höör (Sweden), 17–20 November 2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hogL92shGUIC&pg=PA50 |year=2007 |publisher=Peeters Publishers |isbn=978-90-429-1858-0 |page=50 |quote=There is little data concerning recognition of the 'legal status' of religions in the occupied territories, since any acts of the 'Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus' are not recognized by either the Republic of Cyprus or the international community.|access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412144859/https://books.google.com/books?id=hogL92shGUIC&pg=PA50 |archive-date=12 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Quigley |title=The Statehood of Palestine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iTR3BQ0aJ6UC&pg=PA164 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-49124-2 |page=164 |quote=The international community found this declaration invalid, on the ground that Turkey had occupied territory belonging to Cyprus and that the putative state was therefore an infringement on Cypriot sovereignty. |date=6 September 2010 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906001102/https://books.google.com/books?id=iTR3BQ0aJ6UC&pg=PA164 |archive-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Nathalie Tocci |author-link=Nathalie Tocci |title=EU Accession Dynamics and Conflict Resolution: Catalysing Peace Or Consolidating Partition in Cyprus?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T6Z0Io3kQZ4C&pg=PA56 |date=January 2004 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |isbn=978-0-7546-4310-4 |page=56 |quote=The occupied territory included 70&nbsp;percent of the island's economic potential with over 50&nbsp;percent of the industrial&nbsp;... In addition, since partition Turkey encouraged mainland immigration to northern Cyprus.&nbsp;... The international community, excluding Turkey, condemned the unilateral declaration of independence (UDI) as a. |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915202840/https://books.google.com/books?id=T6Z0Io3kQZ4C&pg=PA56 |archive-date=15 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Dr Anders Wivel |author2=Robert Steinmetz |title=Small States in Europe: Challenges and Opportunities |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iUeWqEjS6-IC&pg=PA165 |date=28 March 2013 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |isbn=978-1-4094-9958-9 |page=165 |quote=To this day, it remains unrecognised by the international community, except by Turkey |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922110421/https://books.google.com/books?id=iUeWqEjS6-IC&pg=PA165 |archive-date=22 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Peter Neville |title=Historical Dictionary of British Foreign Policy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dVosJPY04xAC&pg=PA293 |date=22 March 2013 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-7371-1 |page=293 |quote=Ecevit ordered the army to occupy the Turkish area on 20 July 1974. It became the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, but Britain, like the rest of the international community, except Turkey, refused to extend diplomatic recognition to the enclave. British efforts to secure Turkey's removal from its surrogate territory after 1974 failed. |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918212811/https://books.google.com/books?id=dVosJPY04xAC&pg=PA293 |archive-date=18 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>}} The occupation is viewed as illegal under international law and amounting to illegal occupation of EU territory since Cyprus became a member of the ].<ref>{{cite book |author1=James Ker-Lindsay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R1QEn3G4L7MC&pg=PA15 |title=An Island in Europe: The EU and the Transformation of Cyprus |author2=Hubert Faustmann |author3=Fiona Mullen |date=15 May 2011 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=978-1-84885-678-3 |page=15 |quote=Classified as illegal under international law, and now due to Cyprus' accession into the ] is also an illegal occupation of EU territory. |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918194718/https://books.google.com/books?id=R1QEn3G4L7MC&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Post-division===
]

After the restoration of constitutional order and the return of Archbishop ] to Cyprus in December 1974, Turkish troops remained, occupying the northeastern portion of the island. In 1983, the ], led by the Turkish Cypriot leader ], ] the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), which is recognised only by Turkey.<ref name="CIA"/>

The events of the summer of 1974 dominate the ] on the island, as well as ]. ] have been settled in the north with the encouragement of the Turkish and Turkish Cypriot states. The Republic of Cyprus considers their presence a violation of the ],<ref name="Hoffmeister 2006" />{{rp|56–59}} whilst many Turkish settlers have since severed their ties to Turkey and their second generation considers Cyprus to be their homeland.<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Human Rights, Volume&nbsp;5 |date=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0195334029 |page= |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofhu0005unse_j7e0 |url-access=registration}}</ref>
]
The Turkish invasion, the ensuing occupation and the declaration of independence by the TRNC have been condemned by United Nations resolutions, which are reaffirmed by the Security Council every year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cyprusun.org/?cat=52 |title=Full list UN Resolutions on Cyprus |publisher=Un.int |access-date=29 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930051656/http://www.cyprusun.org/?cat=52 |archive-date=30 September 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===21st century===
]
Attempts to resolve the Cyprus dispute have continued. In 2004, the ], drafted by then UN Secretary General ], was put to a ] in both Cypriot administrations. 65% of Turkish Cypriots voted in support of the plan and 74% Greek Cypriots voted against the plan, claiming that it disproportionately favoured Turkish Cypriots and gave unreasonable influence over the nation to Turkey.<ref>{{cite book |last=Palley |first=Claire |title=An International Relations Debacle: The UN Secretary-general's Mission of Good Offices in Cyprus 1999–2004 |publisher=Hart Publishing |date=18 May 2005 |page=224 |isbn=978-1-84113-578-6}}</ref> In total, 66.7% of the voters ].

On 1 May 2004 Cyprus joined the ], together with nine other countries.<ref>Stephanos Constantinides & Joseph Joseph, 'Cyprus and the European Union: Beyond Accession', ''Études helléniques/Hellenic Studies'' 11&nbsp;(2), Autumn 2003</ref> Cyprus was accepted into the EU as a whole, although the EU legislation is suspended in Northern Cyprus until a final settlement of the Cyprus problem.

Efforts have been made to enhance freedom of movement between the two sides. In April 2003, Northern Cyprus unilaterally eased checkpoint restrictions, permitting Cypriots to cross between the two sides for the first time in 30 years.<ref>{{cite news |url-status=live |title=Emotion as Cyprus border opens |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2969089.stm |access-date=3 May 2016 |work=BBC News |date=23 April 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065858/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2969089.stm |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> In March 2008, a wall that had stood for decades at the boundary between the Republic of Cyprus and the ] was demolished.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6433045.stm |title=Greek Cypriots dismantle barrier |work=BBC News |access-date=7 March 2008 |date=9 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307041606/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6433045.stm |archive-date=7 March 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> The wall had cut across ] in the heart of Nicosia and was seen as a strong symbol of the island's 32-year division. On 3 April 2008, Ledra Street was reopened in the presence of Greek and Turkish Cypriot officials.<ref> {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615132540/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/04/03/europe/EU-GEN-Cyprus-Ledra-Street.php |date=15 June 2008}}. ] article published on ] Website, 3 April 2008</ref> The two sides relaunched reunification talks in 2015,<ref>{{cite news |last=Hadjicostis |first=Menelaos |date=11 May 2015 |title=UN envoy says Cyprus reunification talks to resume May 15 |url=https://apnews.com/b80d6a4b9c50403589f4582f7ebcf0d6 |work=Associated Press News |access-date=24 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524115638/http://www.apnewsarchive.com/2015/UN-envoy-says-divided-Cyprus-rival-leaders-to-restart-stalled-reunification-talks-May-15/id-b80d6a4b9c50403589f4582f7ebcf0d6 |archive-date=24 May 2015 | url-status=live }}</ref> but these collapsed in 2017.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Helena |title=Cyprus reunification talks collapse amid angry scenes |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/07/cyprus-reunification-talks-collapse-amid-angry-scenes |website=The Guardian |access-date=1 March 2021 |date=7 July 2017 |archive-date=7 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707144641/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/07/cyprus-reunification-talks-collapse-amid-angry-scenes |url-status=live }}</ref>

The ] warned in February 2019 that Cyprus was selling ] to ]s, and thus would allow ] syndicates to infiltrate the EU.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/02/cyprus-golden-passports-bring-russians-eu-190202172320680.html |title=Cyprus 'golden passports' bring Russians into the EU |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=4 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204165732/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/02/cyprus-golden-passports-bring-russians-eu-190202172320680.html |archive-date=4 February 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2020, leaked documents revealed a wider range of former and current officials from Afghanistan, China, Dubai, Lebanon, the Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, Ukraine and Vietnam who bought a Cypriot citizenship prior to a change of the law in July 2019.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/08/exclusive-cyprus-sold-passports-politically-exposed-persons-200823204320183.html |title=Exclusive: Cyprus sold passports to 'politically exposed persons' |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=24 August 2020 |archive-date=24 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824100832/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/08/exclusive-cyprus-sold-passports-politically-exposed-persons-200823204320183.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rakopoulos |first1=Theodoros |last2=Fischer |first2=Leandros |title=In Cyprus, the Golden Passports Scheme Shows Us How Capitalism and Corruption Go Hand in Hand |journal=Jacobin |date=10 November 2020 |url=https://jacobinmag.com/2020/11/cyprus-golden-passports-citizenship-corruption |access-date=13 November 2020 |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112225241/https://jacobinmag.com/2020/11/cyprus-golden-passports-citizenship-corruption |url-status=live }}</ref> Since 2020 Cyprus and Turkey have been ] over the extent of their ]s, ostensibly sparked by oil and gas exploration in the area.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cyprus: EU 'appeasement' of Turkey in exploration row will go nowhere |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-greece-turkey-eu-cyprus-idUSKCN25D1FZ |work=Reuters |date=17 August 2020 |access-date=13 September 2020 |archive-date=17 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817150821/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-greece-turkey-eu-cyprus-idUSKCN25D1FZ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In November 2023, the ] data leak published by the ] showed the country's financial network entertaining strong links with Russian oligarchs and high-up figures in the Kremlin, supporting the regime of ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Cyprus Confidential – ICIJ |url=https://www.icij.org/investigations/cyprus-confidential/ |website=icij.org |access-date=14 November 2023 |date=14 November 2023 |archive-date=24 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224150800/https://www.icij.org/investigations/cyprus-confidential/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In July 2024, on the 50th anniversary of the Turkish invasion of Northern Cyprus, Turkish President Erdoğan rejected a United Nations-endorsed plan for a federal government and supported the idea of having two separate states within Cyprus. Greek Cypriots immediately rejected Erdoğan's two-state proposal, calling it a "non-starter".<ref>{{cite web |title= Erdoğan dashes hopes for resumption of Cyprus talks on invasion's 50th anniversary |url= https://www.politico.eu/article/turkish-president-erdogan-dashes-hopes-resumption-cyprus-talks-invasion-50th-anniversary/ |work=Politico |access-date=21 July 2024 |date=20 July 2024 }}</ref>


==Geography== ==Geography==
{{Main|Geography of Cyprus}} {{Main|Geography of Cyprus}}
] ] image of Cyprus taken in 2022]]
]]]

Cyprus is the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after the ] of ] and ], both in terms of area and population.<ref name="CIA"/> It is also the ] and ]. It measures {{convert|240|km|mi|0}} long from end to end and {{convert|100|km|mi|0}} wide at its widest point, with Turkey {{convert|75|km|mi|0}} to the north. It lies between latitudes ] and ], and longitudes ] and ].

Other neighbouring territories include Syria and Lebanon to the east and southeast ({{convert|105|and|108|km|mi|0}}, respectively), Israel {{convert|200|km|mi|0}} to the southeast, The Gaza Strip 427 kilometres (265&nbsp;mi) to the southeast, Egypt {{convert|380|km|mi|0}} to the south, and Greece to the northwest: {{convert|280|km|mi|0}} to the small ] island of ] (Megisti), {{convert|400|km|mi|0}} to ] and {{convert|800|km|mi|0}} to the Greek mainland. Cyprus is at the crossroads of three continents, with some sources placing Cyprus in Europe,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/destination/cyprus |title=Travel – National Geographic |website=travel.nationalgeographic.com |access-date=19 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817175131/http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/countries/cyprus-facts/ |archive-date=17 August 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1016541.stm |title=BBC News – Cyprus country profile |date=23 December 2011 |access-date=1 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728172734/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1016541.stm |archive-date=28 July 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Europe map / Map of Europe – Facts, Geography, History of Europe – Worldatlas.com |url=http://worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/eu.htm |access-date=20 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516064446/http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/eu.htm |archive-date=16 May 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> and some sources placing Cyprus in Western Asia and the Middle East.<ref>{{cite web |title=United Nations Statistics Division- Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications (M49) |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm#asia |website=United |publisher=] |access-date=20 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100417070721/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm#asia |archive-date=17 April 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CIA" />

The physical relief of the island is dominated by two mountain ranges, the ] and the smaller ], and the central plain they encompass, the ]. The Mesaoria plain is drained by the ], the longest on the island. The Troodos Mountains cover most of the southern and western portions of the island and account for roughly half its area. The highest point on Cyprus is ] at {{convert|1952|m|abbr=on}}, in the centre of the Troodos range. The narrow Kyrenia Range, extending along the northern coastline, occupies substantially less area, and elevations are lower, reaching a maximum of {{convert|1024|m|abbr=on}}. The island lies within the ].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Erdik |first1=Mustafa |title=Strong Ground Motion Seismology |year=2013 |page=469|author-link=Mustafa Erdik}}</ref>

Cyprus contains the ] ecoregion.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dinerstein |first1=Eric |last2=Olson |first2=David |last3=Joshi |first3=Anup |last4=Vynne |first4=Carly |last5=Burgess |first5=Neil D. |last6=Wikramanayake |first6=Eric |last7=Hahn |first7=Nathan |last8=Palminteri |first8=Suzanne |last9=Hedao |first9=Prashant |last10=Noss |first10=Reed |last11=Hansen |first11=Matt |last12=Locke |first12=Harvey |last13=Ellis |first13=Erle C |last14=Jones |first14=Benjamin |last15=Barber |first15=Charles Victor |last16=Hayes |first16=Randy |last17=Kormos |first17=Cyril |last18=Martin |first18=Vance |last19=Crist |first19=Eileen |last20=Sechrest |first20=Wes |last21=Price |first21=Lori |last22=Baillie |first22=Jonathan E. M. |last23=Weeden |first23=Don |last24=Suckling |first24=Kierán |last25=Davis |first25=Crystal |last26=Sizer |first26=Nigel |last27=Moore |first27=Rebecca |last28=Thau |first28=David |last29=Birch |first29=Tanya |last30=Potapov |first30=Peter |last31=Turubanova |first31=Svetlana |last32=Tyukavina |first32=Alexandra |last33=de Souza |first33=Nadia |last34=Pintea |first34=Lilian |last35=Brito |first35=José C. |last36=Llewellyn |first36=Othman A. |last37=Miller |first37=Anthony G. |last38=Patzelt |first38=Annette |last39=Ghazanfar |first39=Shahina A. |last40=Timberlake |first40=Jonathan |last41=Klöser |first41=Heinz |last42=Shennan-Farpón |first42=Yara |last43=Kindt |first43=Roeland |last44=Lillesø |first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow |last45=van Breugel |first45=Paulo |last46=Graudal |first46=Lars |last47=Voge |first47=Maianna |last48=Al-Shammari |first48=Khalaf F. |last49=Saleem |first49=Muhammad |title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm |journal=BioScience |volume=67 |issue=6 |year=2017 |pages=534–545 |issn=0006-3568 |doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014 |pmid=28608869 |pmc=5451287}}</ref> It had a 2018 ] mean score of 7.06/10, ranking it 59th globally out of 172 countries.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Grantham |first1=H. S. |last2=Duncan |first2=A. |last3=Evans |first3=T. D. |last4=Jones |first4=K. R. |last5=Beyer |first5=H. L. |last6=Schuster |first6=R. |last7=Walston |first7=J. |last8=Ray |first8=J. C. |last9=Robinson |first9=J. G. |last10=Callow |first10=M. |last11=Clements |first11=T. |last12=Costa |first12=H. M. |last13=DeGemmis |first13=A. |last14=Elsen |first14=P. R. |last15=Ervin |first15=J. |last16=Franco |first16=P. |last17=Goldman |first17=E. |last18=Goetz |first18=S. |last19=Hansen |first19=A. |last20=Hofsvang |first20=E. |last21=Jantz |first21=P. |last22=Jupiter |first22=S. |last23=Kang |first23=A. |last24=Langhammer |first24=P. |last25=Laurance |first25=W. F. |last26=Lieberman |first26=S. |last27=Linkie |first27=M. |last28=Malhi |first28=Y. |last29=Maxwell |first29=S. |last30=Mendez |first30=M. |last31=Mittermeier |first31=R. |last32=Murray |first32=N. J. |last33=Possingham |first33=H. |last34=Radachowsky |first34=J. |last35=Saatchi |first35=S. |last36=Samper |first36=C. |last37=Silverman |first37=J. |last38=Shapiro |first38=A. |last39=Strassburg |first39=B. |last40=Stevens |first40=T. |last41=Stokes |first41=E. |last42=Taylor |first42=R. |last43=Tear |first43=T. |last44=Tizard |first44=R. |last45=Venter |first45=O. |last46=Visconti |first46=P. |last47=Wang |first47=S. |last48=Watson |first48=J. E. M. |title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |year=2020 |page=5978 |issn=2041-1723 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 |pmid=33293507 |pmc=7723057|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G }}</ref>

], the island is subdivided into four main segments. The Republic of Cyprus occupies the southern two-thirds of the island (59.74%). The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus occupies the northern third (34.85%), and the United Nations-controlled ] provides a ] that separates the two and covers 2.67% of the island. Lastly, there are ] on the island: ], covering the remaining 2.74%.
]

===Climate===
{{Main|Climate of Cyprus}}
] experience heavy snowfall in winter.]]
Cyprus has a ] – ] and ] type (in the north-eastern part of the island) – ]s ''Csa'' and ''BSh'',<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Peel, M.&nbsp;C. |author2=Finlayson B.&nbsp;L. |author3=McMahon, T.&nbsp;A. |name-list-style=amp | year=2007 |title=Updated world map of the Köppen – Geiger climate classification |journal=Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=1633–1644 |doi=10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007 |bibcode=2007HESS...11.1633P |issn=1027-5606 |doi-access=free}} ''(direct: {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203170339/http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf |date=3 February 2012}})''</ref><ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210402195116/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/malta/ |date=2 April 2021 }} – Geographic location</ref> with very mild winters (on the coast) and warm to hot summers. Snow is possible only in the Troodos Mountains in the central part of island. Rain occurs mainly in winter, with summer being generally dry.

Cyprus has one of the warmest climates in the Mediterranean part of the European Union.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cyprus holiday weather |url=https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/travel/holiday-weather/europe/cyprus/cyprus-weather |access-date=1 May 2023 |website=Met Office |language=en |archive-date=1 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501205120/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/travel/holiday-weather/europe/cyprus/cyprus-weather |url-status=live }}</ref> The average annual temperature on the coast is around {{convert|24|°C|°F|abbr=on}} during the day and {{convert|14|°C|°F|abbr=on}} at night. Generally, summers last about eight months, beginning in April with average temperatures of {{convert|21|-|23|C|F}} during the day and {{convert|11|-|13|C|F}} at night, and ending in November with average temperatures of {{convert|22|-|23|C|F}} during the day and {{convert|12|–|14|C|F}} at night, although in the remaining four months temperatures sometimes exceed {{convert|20|°C|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.moa.gov.cy/moa/MS/MS.nsf/DMLclimet_reports_en/DMLclimet_reports_en?OpenDocument&Start=1&Count=1000&Expand=1 |title=Meteorological Service – Climatological and Meteorological Reports |access-date=25 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621054634/http://www.moa.gov.cy/moa/ms/ms.nsf/DMLclimet_reports_en/DMLclimet_reports_en?OpenDocument&Start=1&Count=1000&Expand=1 |archive-date=21 June 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Sunshine hours on the coast are around 3,200 per year, from an average of 5–6 hours of sunshine per day in December to an average of 12–13 hours in July.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/cyprus/ |title=Cyprus Climate Guide |access-date=5 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091201044557/http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/cyprus/ |archive-date=1 December 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> This is about double that of cities in the northern half of Europe; for comparison, London receives about 1,540 per year.<ref name="London climate">{{cite web |url = http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate/gcpv7fnqu |title=Met Office: Climate averages 1981–2010 |publisher=] |access-date=28 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405045424/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate/gcpv7fnqu |archive-date=5 April 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> In December, London receives about 50 hours of sunshine<ref name="London climate" /> while coastal locations in Cyprus about 180 hours (almost as much as in May in London).

===Water supply===
] overflow in April 2012]]

Cyprus suffers from a chronic shortage of water. The country relies heavily on rain to provide household water, but in the past 30&nbsp;years average yearly precipitation has decreased.<ref name="Meteo">{{cite web |author1=Department of Meteorology |title=The Climate of Cyprus |url=http://www.moa.gov.cy/moa/MS/MS.nsf/DMLcyclimate_en/DMLcyclimate_en?OpenDocument |access-date=8 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614000827/http://www.moa.gov.cy/moa/ms/ms.nsf/DMLcyclimate_en/DMLcyclimate_en?opendocument |archive-date=14 June 2015 |quote=Statistical analysis of rainfall in Cyprus reveals a decreasing trend of rainfall amounts in the last 30-year.}}</ref> Between 2001 and 2004, exceptionally heavy annual rainfall pushed water reserves up, with supply exceeding demand, allowing total storage in the island's reservoirs to rise to an all-time high by the start of 2005.
However, since then demand has increased annually – a result of local population growth, foreigners moving to Cyprus and the number of visiting tourists – while supply has fallen as a result of more frequent droughts<ref name="Meteo" /> (], ], ], ]).

Dams remain the principal source of water both for domestic and agricultural use; Cyprus has a total of 108 dams and reservoirs, with a total water storage capacity of about {{convert|330000000|m3|-9|abbr=on}}.<ref> {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014105005/http://www.moa.gov.cy/moa/wdd/Wdd.nsf/All/F1C37F7EC2249715C2256CC50039DDD5?OpenDocument&highlight=108%20dams |date=14 October 2017}} Water Development Department, Republic of Cyprus.</ref> Water ] plants are gradually being constructed to deal with recent years of prolonged drought.

The Government has invested heavily in the creation of water desalination plants which have supplied almost 50 per cent of domestic water since 2001. Efforts have also been made to raise public awareness of the situation and to encourage domestic water users to take more responsibility for the conservation of this increasingly scarce commodity.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://moa.gov.cy/sectors/water-resources/water-development-department/?lang=en |title=''Water Development Department'' |date=12 February 2024 |access-date=20 February 2024 |archive-date=20 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220091822/https://moa.gov.cy/sectors/water-resources/water-development-department/?lang=en |url-status=live }}</ref>


Turkey has built a water pipeline under the Mediterranean Sea from ] on its southern coast to the northern coast of Cyprus, to supply Northern Cyprus with potable and irrigation water ''(see ])''.
Cyprus is the third largest ] in the Mediterranean (after the ] islands of ] and ]) and the ]. It measures 240 kilometers long from end to end and 100&nbsp;km wide at its widest point, with Turkey 75&nbsp;km to the north. Other neighbouring territories include ] and ] to the east (105&nbsp;km and 108&nbsp;km, respectively), ] 200&nbsp;km to the southeast, ] 380&nbsp;km to the south, and ] to the west-northwest: 280&nbsp;km to the small ] island of ], 400&nbsp;km to ], and 800&nbsp;km to the Greek mainland.


=== Flora and fauna ===
The physical relief of the island is dominated by two mountain ranges, the ] and the smaller ], and the central plain they encompass, the ]. The Troodos Mountains cover most of the southern and western portions of the island and account for roughly half its area. The highest point on Cyprus is ] at {{convert|1952|m|2|abbr=on|lk=out}}, located in the center of the Troodos range. The narrow Kyrenia Range, extending along the northern coastline, occupies substantially less area, and elevations are lower, reaching a maximum of {{convert|1024|m|2|abbr=on|lk=out}}.
{{main|Cyprus Mediterranean forests}}
Cyprus is home to a number of ] species, including the ], the ] and the ].


{{See also|List of endemic plants of Cyprus}}
], the island is subdivided into four main segments. The Republic of Cyprus, the internationally recognized government, occupies the southern two-thirds of the island (59.74%). The ] occupies the northern third (34.85%) of the island and is recognized only by Turkey, as it consists of the Turkish-occupied areas. The ]-controlled ] is a buffer zone that separates the two and covers 2.67% of the island. Lastly, ] are located on the island: ], covering the remaining 2.74%.


==Government== ==Government and politics==
{{Main|Politics of Cyprus|Foreign relations of Cyprus}} {{Main|Politics of Cyprus}}
], ] since February 2023]]
{{Politics of Cyprus}}
Cyprus is a ]. The head of state and of the government is elected by a process of ] for a five-year term. Executive power is exercised by the government with legislative power vested in the ] whilst the Judiciary is independent of both the executive and the legislature.
].]]
Cyprus is a ]. The head of state and of the government is the President who is elected by a process of ] for a five-year term. Executive power is exercised by the government with legislative power vested in the House of Representatives whilst the Judiciary is independent of both the executive and the legislature.


The 1960 Constitution provided for a presidential system of government with independent executive, legislative and judicial branches as well as a complex system of checks and balances including a weighted power-sharing ratio designed to protect the interests of the Turkish Cypriots. The executive was led by a Greek Cypriot president and a Turkish Cypriot vice president elected by their respective communities for five-year terms and each possessing a right of veto over certain types of legislation and executive decisions. Legislative power rested on the House of Representatives who were also elected on the basis of separate voters' rolls. The 1960 Constitution provided for a presidential system of government with independent executive, legislative and judicial branches as well as a complex system of checks and balances including a weighted power-sharing ratio designed to protect the interests of the Turkish Cypriots. The executive was led by a Greek Cypriot president and a Turkish Cypriot vice-president elected by their respective communities for five-year terms and each possessing a right of veto over certain types of legislation and executive decisions. Legislative power rested on the House of Representatives who were also elected on the basis of separate voters' rolls.


]]]
Following clashes between the two communities the ] seats in the House remain vacant since 1965. Turkish Cypriots refused to establish the state of affairs before the invasion of Cyprus as is evident in the Secretary-General of the United Nations who said ''The Turkish Cypriot leaders have adhered to a rigid stand against any measures which might involve having members of the two communities live and work together, or which might place Turkish Cypriots in situations where they would have to acknowledge the authority of Government agents. Indeed, since the Turkish Cypriot leadership is committed to physical and geographical separation of the communities as a political goal, it is not likely to encourage activities by Turkish Cypriots which may be interpreted as demonstrating the merits of an alternative policy. The result has been a seemingly deliberate policy of self-segregation by the Turkish Cypriots''<ref name="Coe1">Quotation from 1965 in a report submitted by Cyprus in the framework of the Convention for the Protectino of Mational Minorities citing , 10 June 1965</ref> By 1974 the two communities had returned to a more tolerant state of living.<ref name="Coe1" />


In 1974 Cyprus was divided ''de facto'' into the Greek Cypriot controlled southern two-thirds of the island and the ] controlled northern third. The Turkish Cypriots subsequently declared independence in 1983 as the ] but were recognized only by ]. In 1985 the TRNC adopted a constitution and held its first elections. The United Nations recognizes the sovereignty of the Republic of Cyprus over the entire island of Cyprus. Since 1965, following clashes between the two communities, the ] seats in the House have remained vacant. In 1974 Cyprus was divided de facto when the Turkish army occupied the northern third of the island. The Turkish Cypriots subsequently declared independence in 1983 as the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus but were recognised only by Turkey. In 1985 the TRNC adopted a constitution and held its first elections. The United Nations recognises the sovereignty of the Republic of Cyprus over the entire island of Cyprus.


The House of Representatives currently has 59 members elected for a five year term, 56 members by ] and 3 observer members representing the ], ] and ] minorities. 24 seats are allocated to the ] community but remain vacant since 1964. The political environment is dominated by the communist ], the liberal conservative ], the ]<ref>{{cite web|author=DotNetNuke |url=http://www.diko.org.cy/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabid=24 |title=Democratic Party (DH.KO) > Το Κόμμα > Διακήρυξη |publisher=Diko.org.cy |date= |accessdate=2009-01-06}}</ref> ], the ] ] and the centrist ]. As of 2007, the ] had 56 members elected for a five-year term by ], and three observer members representing the ], ] and ] minorities. Twenty-four seats were allocated to the ] community but have remained vacant since 1964. The political environment was dominated by the communist ], the liberal conservative ], the ]<ref>{{cite web |author=DotNetNuke |url=http://www.diko.org.cy/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabid=24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611174508/http://www.diko.org.cy/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabid=24 |archive-date=11 June 2007 |title=Ιδεολογική Διακήρυξη του Δημοκρατικού Κόμματος |publisher=Diko.org.cy |language=el |access-date=6 January 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ], and the ] ].


In 2008, ] became the country's first Communist head of state. Due to his involvement in the ], Christofias did not run for re-election in 2013. The Presidential election in 2013 resulted in ] candidate ] winning 57.48% of the vote. As a result, Anastasiades was sworn in on 28 February 2013. Anastasiades was re-elected with 56% of the vote in the ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tribune.gr/world/news/article/434054/nikitis-ton-eklogon-stin-kypro-56-o-nikos-anastasiadis.html |title=Νικητής των εκλογών στην Κύπρο με 56% ο Νίκος Αναστασιάδης |first=Αίθουσα |last=Σύνταξης |date=4 February 2018 |access-date=5 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205003251/http://www.tribune.gr/world/news/article/434054/nikitis-ton-eklogon-stin-kypro-56-o-nikos-anastasiadis.html |archive-date=5 February 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17217956 |title=Cyprus country profile |publisher=] |date=19 October 2020 |access-date=13 July 2021 |archive-date=8 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208054957/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17217956 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 28 February 2023, ], the winner of the 2023 presidential ] run-off, was sworn in as the eighth president of the Republic of Cyprus.<ref>{{cite news |title=New Cyprus president sworn in |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230228-new-cyprus-president-sworn-in |publisher=] |date=28 February 2023 |language=en |access-date=16 March 2023 |archive-date=28 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228220614/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230228-new-cyprus-president-sworn-in |url-status=live }}</ref>
On 17 February 2008 ] of the ] was elected President of Cyprus, on AKEL's first electoral victory without being part of a wider coalition. Cyprus is currently one of only two countries in the world to have a democratically elected ] government (the other being ]), and the only European Union member state under communist leadership. Christofias took over government from ] of the ] who had been in office since February 2003.


===Administrative divisions===
===Districts===
{{Main|Districts of Cyprus|List of cities, towns and villages in Cyprus}} {{Main|Districts of Cyprus|List of cities, towns and villages in Cyprus}}
The Republic of Cyprus is divided into six districts:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://europa.eu/abc/maps/members/cyprus_en.htm |title=EUROPA – The EU at a glance – Maps – Cyprus |publisher=Europa.eu |date= |accessdate=2009-03-27}}</ref> ], ], ], ], ] and ].


The Republic of Cyprus is divided into six districts: ], ], ], ], ] and ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://europa.eu/abc/maps/members/cyprus_en.htm |title=EUROPA – The EU at a glance – Maps – Cyprus |publisher=Europa (web portal) |access-date=27 March 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090418223806/http://europa.eu/abc/maps/members/cyprus_en.htm |archive-date=18 April 2009}}</ref>

{{centre|
{{image label begin |image=Cyprus districts not named.svg |width=550}}
{{Image label|x=0.34|y=0.34|scale=600 |text=]}}
{{Image label|x=0.26|y=0.48|scale=600 |text=]}}
{{Image label|x=0.47|y=0.44|scale=600 |text=]}}
{{Image label|x=0.08|y=0.42|scale=600 |text=]}}
{{Image label|x=0.585|y=0.27|scale=600 |text=]}}
{{Image label|x=0.37|y=0.215|scale=600 |text=]}}
{{image label end}}
}}
<!--
{| class="wikitable" {| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" | District !! rowspan="2" | Capital !! rowspan="2" | Population<ref>Northern Cyprus excluded.</ref>
|- |-
! Map of Cyprus!! Districts !! ] name !! ] name</tr> ! {{small|English}} !! {{small|Greek}} !! {{small|Turkish}}
|-
| rowspan=6 |
| ] || {{lang|el|Λευκωσία}} || {{lang|tr|Lefkoşa}} || ] || 326,980
<imagemap>
|-
File:Cyprus_districts.jpg|370px|
| ] || {{lang|el|Λεμεσός}} || {{lang|tr|Limasol}} || ] || 235,330
rect 206 189 282 230 ]
|-
rect 284 248 354 275 ]
| ] || {{lang|el|Λάρνακα}} || {{lang|tr|Larnaka}} || ] || 143,192
rect 139 280 221 307 ]
|-
rect 32 238 97 272 ]
| ] || {{lang|el|Πάφος}} || {{lang|tr|Baf}} || ] || 88,276
rect 179 337 275 360 ]
|-
rect 211 118 289 144 ]
| ] || {{lang|el|Αμμόχωστος}} || {{lang|tr|Gazimağusa}} || ] || 46,629
rect 341 158 427 185 ]
|-
rect 373 217 429 274 ]
| ] || {{lang|el|Κερύvεια}} || {{lang|tr|Girne}} || ] || {{NA}}
</imagemap>
| ]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; || Αμμόχωστος (Ammochostos)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; || Gazimağusa&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tr>
| ] || Κερύvεια (Keryneia) || Girne</tr>
| ] || Λάρνακα (Larnaka) || Larnaka/İskele</tr>
| ] || Λεμεσός (Lemesos) || Limasol/Leymosun</tr>
| ] || Λευκωσία (Lefkosia) || Lefkoşa</tr>
| ] || Πάφος (Pafos/Bafos) || Baf/Gazibaf</tr>
|} |}
-->


===Exclaves and enclaves=== ===Exclaves and enclaves===
], a Greek Cypriot exclave on ]]] ]]]

Cyprus has four ]s, all in territory that belongs to the ]. The first two are the villages of ] and ]. The third is the Dhekelia Power Station which is divided by a British road into two parts. The northern part is an exclave, like the two villages, whereas the southern part is located by the sea and therefore not an exclave although it has no ] of its own.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geosite.jankrogh.com/cyprus.htm |title=Cyprus |publisher=Geosite.jankrogh.com |date= |accessdate=2009-01-06}}</ref>
Cyprus has four ]s, all in territory that belongs to the ]. The first two are the villages of ] and ]. The third is the ], which is divided by a British road into two parts. The northern part is the ] refugee settlement. The southern part, even though located by the sea, is also an exclave because it has no ] of its own, those being UK waters.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://geosite.jankrogh.com/dhekelia.htm |title=Dhekelia |website=Geosite.jankrogh.com |date=30 January 2012 |access-date=28 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424181230/http://geosite.jankrogh.com/dhekelia.htm |archive-date=24 April 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The ] runs up against Dhekelia and picks up again from its east side off ] and is connected to the rest of Dhekelia by a thin land corridor. In that sense the buffer zone turns the ] area on the southeast corner of the island into a de facto, though not ], exclave.

===Foreign relations===
{{Main|Foreign relations of Cyprus}}

The Republic of Cyprus is a member of the following international groups: ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], UN, ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ].<ref name="CIA"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/archives/enlargement_process/past_enlargements/eu10/cyprus_en.htm |title=European Commission – Enlargement: Archives Country Profiles |publisher=Europa (web portal) |access-date=6 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204003532/http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/archives/enlargement_process/past_enlargements/eu10/cyprus_en.htm |archive-date=4 February 2009}}</ref>

Cyprus is the 88th most peaceful country in the world, according to the 2024 ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 Global Peace Index |url=https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf}}</ref>


===Military===
The UN buffer zone runs up against Dhekelia and picks up again from its east side off ] and is connected to the rest of Dhekelia by a thin land corridor. In that sense the buffer zone turns the ] area on the southeast corner of the island into a ''de facto'', though not '']'', exclave.
{{Main|Cypriot National Guard}}
] ] by the soldiers of the ]]]


The ] is the main military institution of the Republic of Cyprus. It is a ] force, with land, air and naval elements. Historically all male citizens were required to spend 24 months serving in the National Guard after their 17th birthday, but in 2016 this period of compulsory service was reduced to 14 months.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://greece.greekreporter.com/2016/07/15/cyprus-drastically-reduces-mandatory-army-service-to-14-months/ |title=Cyprus Drastically Reduces Mandatory Army Service to 14 Months |first=Kerry |last=Kolasa-Sikiaridi |date=15 July 2016
] is a de facto exclave of the government-controlled part of the island. It is the only Greek Cypriot town located on the TRNC-controlled ].
|website=GreekReporter.com |access-date=21 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713184252/http://greece.greekreporter.com/2016/07/15/cyprus-drastically-reduces-mandatory-army-service-to-14-months/ |archive-date=13 July 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>


Annually, approximately 10,000 persons are trained in recruit centres. Depending on their awarded speciality the conscript recruits are then transferred to speciality training camps or to operational units.
===Human rights===
The constant focus on the division of the island can sometimes mask other ] issues. Prostitution is rife in both the government-controlled and the Turkish-controlled regions leading to the government being criticised for its lack of controls<ref>{{Citation
|url=http://www.cyprus-mail.com/news/main.php?id=26259&cat_id=1
|title=US report raps Cyprus over battle on flesh trade
|author=Jean Christou
|publisher=cyprus-mail.com
|accessdate=2007-10-13}}</ref> and for the role of Cyprus in the ] as one of the main destinations for ] from ].<ref>{{Citation
|url=http://www.cyprus-mail.com/news/main.php?id=24784&cat_id=9
|title=A shame on our society
|author=Jacqueline Theodoulou
|publisher=cyprus-mail.com
|accessdate=2007-10-13}}</ref> The Turkish-controlled regime has been the focus of occasional ] criticisms<ref>{{Citation
|url=http://www.freemedia.at/cms/ipi/statements_detail.html?ctxid=CH0055&docid=CMS1168350896599
|title=IPI deeply concerned over criminal defamation charges brought against daily newspaper in Northern Cyprus
|date=9 January 2007
|publisher=international Press Institute
|accessdate=2007-10-13}}</ref> regarding heavy-handed treatment of newspaper editors.


While until 2016 the armed forces were mainly conscript based, since then a large professional enlisted institution has been adopted (ΣΥΟΠ), which combined with the reduction of conscript service produces an approximate 3:1 ratio between conscript and professional enlisted.
] legislation remains largely unimplemented<ref>{{Citation
|url=http://www.hri.org/docs/USSD-Rights/95/Cyprus95.html#Section5
|title=Cyprus Human Rights Practices, 1995: Discrimination Based on Race, Sex, Religion, Disability, Language, or Social Status
|publisher=Hellenic Resources network
|accessdate=2007-10-13
|unused_data=|author= U.S. Department of State|date= March 1996}}</ref> and mistreatment of domestic staff, mostly immigrant workers from ], are sometimes reported in the Cypriot press<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asylumlaw.org/docs/cyprus/usdos99_cyprus.htm |title=US Report on Human Rights in Cyprus (sectiond 6c & 6e) |publisher=Asylumlaw.org |date= |accessdate=2009-03-27}}</ref> and are the subject of several campaigns by the anti-racist charity ].


===Law, justice and human rights===
==Military==
{{Main|Military of Cyprus}} {{Main|Cyprus Police|Human rights in Cyprus}}
]


The ] (Greek: {{lang|el|Αστυνομία Κύπρου}}, {{langx|tr|Kıbrıs Polisi}}) is the only National Police Service of the Republic of Cyprus and is under the Ministry of Justice and Public Order since 1993.<ref>{{cite web |title= Defence – Security – Police
The ] is the main military institution of the Republic of Cyprus. It is an <!-- all Greek : If it is Greek then refs must be provided. I suspect that this is meant to say ethnic Greek.-->] force, with land, air and naval elements. The National Guard is a required 25 month service for all men upon completing their 18th birthday.
|url= http://www.cyprus.gov.cy/portal/portal.nsf/0/E58D7CBF76D5A989C225701400505902?OpenDocument |publisher=Cyprus Government Web Portal
|access-date=11 October 2012}}{{Dead link |date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>


In "Freedom in the World 2011", Freedom House rated Cyprus as "free".<ref> ({{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130307040239/http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2011/cyprus |date=7 March 2013}}). Retrieved 28 June 2013. Also, p.&nbsp;29.</ref> In January 2011, the Report of the Office of the ] on the question of Human Rights in Cyprus noted that the ongoing division of Cyprus continues to affect human rights throughout the island "including freedom of movement, human rights pertaining to the question of missing persons, discrimination, the right to life, freedom of religion, and economic, social and cultural rights".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/16session/A-HRC-16-21.pdf |title=Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the question of human rights in Cyprus: 16th Session, Human Rights Council, United Nations |date=7 January 2011 |publisher=Ohchr.org |access-date=14 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731132114/http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/16session/A-HRC-16-21.pdf |archive-date=31 July 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> The constant focus on the division of the island can sometimes mask other human rights issues.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.asylumlaw.org/docs/cyprus/usdos99_cyprus.htm |title=US Department of State Report on Human Rights in Cyprus |newspaper=Xpats.io |date=11 January 2010 |publisher=Asylumlaw.org |access-date=2010-11-17}}</ref> Prostitution is rife, and the island has been criticized for its role in the sex trade as one of the main routes of ] from Eastern Europe.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cyprus-mail.com/news/main.php?id=26259&cat_id=1 |title=US report raps Cyprus over battle on flesh trade |author=Jean Christou |publisher=cyprus-mail.com |access-date=2007-10-13 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070930014803/http://www.cyprus-mail.com/news/main.php?id=26259&cat_id=1 |archive-date = 30 September 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cyprus-mail.com/news/main.php?id=24784&cat_id=9 |title=A shame on our society |author=Jacqueline Theodoulou |publisher=cyprus-mail.com |access-date=2007-10-13 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927202918/http://www.cyprus-mail.com/news/main.php?id=24784&cat_id=9 |archive-date = 27 September 2007}}</ref>
The land forces of the Cypriot National Guard comprise the following units:
*First Infantry Division (Ιη Μεραρχία ΠΖ)
*Second Infantry Division (ΙΙα Μεραρχία ΠΖ)
*Fourth Infantry Brigade (ΙVη Ταξιαρχία ΠΖ)
*Twentieth Armored Brigade (ΧΧη ΤΘ Ταξιαρχία)
*Third Support Brigade (ΙΙΙη Ταξιαρχία ΥΠ)
*Eighth Support Brigade (VIIIη Ταξιαρχία ΥΠ)


In 2014, Turkey was ordered by the ] to pay well over $100m in compensation to Cyprus for the invasion;<ref>{{Cite news |last=Borger |first=Julian |date=12 May 2014 |title = European court orders Turkey to pay damages for Cyprus invasion |url=https://www.theguardian.com/law/2014/may/12/european-court-human-rights-turkey-compensation-cyprus-invasion |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=8 April 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150414060240/http://www.theguardian.com/law/2014/may/12/european-court-human-rights-turkey-compensation-cyprus-invasion |archive-date=14 April 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> ] announced that it would ignore the judgment.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Karadeniz |first1=Tulay |last2=Tokasabay |first2=Ece |date=13 May 2014 |title=Turkey to ignore court order to pay compensation to Cyprus |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-cyprus-davutoglu-idUSBREA4C0AX20140513 | work=Reuters |access-date=7 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924200741/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/05/13/us-turkey-cyprus-davutoglu-idUSBREA4C0AX20140513 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2014, a group of Cypriot refugees and a European parliamentarian, later joined by the Cypriot government, filed a complaint to the International Court of Justice, accusing Turkey of violating the ] by directly or indirectly transferring ] into occupied territory.{{citation needed |date=September 2018}} Other violations of the Geneva and the Hague Conventions—both ratified by Turkey—amount to what archaeologist Sophocles Hadjisavvas called "the organised destruction of Greek and Christian heritage in the north".<ref name="Hadjisavvas 2015" /> These violations include looting of cultural treasures, deliberate destruction of churches, neglect of works of art, and altering the names of important historical sites, which was condemned by the ]. Hadjisavvas has asserted that these actions are motivated by a Turkish policy of erasing the Greek presence in Northern Cyprus within a framework of ethnic cleansing. But some perpetrators are just motivated by greed and are seeking profit.<ref name="Hadjisavvas 2015">{{cite journal |last=Hadjisavvas |first=S. |year=2015 |title=Perishing Heritage: The Case of the Occupied Part of Cyprus |jstor=10.5325/jeasmedarcherstu.3.2.0128 |journal=Journal of Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology & Heritage Studies |volume=3 |number=2 |pages=128–140 |doi=10.5325/jeasmedarcherstu.3.2.0128}} Quote on p.&nbsp;129: "the deliberate destruction of heritage as an instrument toward the obliteration of an identity of a people in the framework of ethnic cleansing."</ref> Art law expert Alessandro Chechi has classified the connection of cultural heritage destruction to ethnic cleansing as the "Greek Cypriot viewpoint", which he reports as having been dismissed by two ] reports. Chechi asserts joint Greek and Turkish Cypriot responsibility for the destruction of cultural heritage in Cyprus, noting the destruction of Turkish Cypriot heritage in the hands of Greek Cypriot extremists.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chechi |first1=Alessandro |editor1-last=Benzo |editor1-first=Andrea |editor2-last=Ferrari |editor2-first=Silvio |title=Between Cultural Diversity and Common Heritage: Legal and Religious Perspectives on the Sacred Places of the Mediterranean |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |pages=314–316 |chapter=Sacred heritage in Cyprus: bolstering protection through the implementation of international law standards and the adoption of an object-oriented approach}}</ref>
The air force includes the 449th Helicopter Gunship Squadron (449 ΜΑΕ) – operating ] and ] and the 450th Helicopter Gunship Squadron (450 ME/P) – operating ], ] and ]. Current Senior officers include Supreme Commander, Cypriot National Guard: Lt. Gen. Konstantinos Bisbikas, Deputy Commander, Cypriot National Guard: Lt. Gen. Savvas Argyrou and Chief of Staff, Cypriot National Guard: Maj. Gen. Gregory Stamoulis.


==Economy== ==Economy==
{{Main|Economy of Cyprus}} {{Main|Economy of Cyprus}}
]]]
The Cypriot economy is prosperous and has diversified in recent years.<ref name=econ/> According to the latest ] estimates, its ] (adjusted for ]) at ]28,381 is just above the average of the European Union.<ref>List of countries by future GDP (PPP) per capita estimates</ref> Cyprus has been sought as a base for several offshore businesses for its highly developed infrastructure. Economic policy of the Cyprus government has focused on meeting the criteria for admission to the European Union. Adoption of the ] as a national currency is required of all new countries joining the ] and the Cypriot government adopted the currency on 1 January 2008.<ref name=econ>{{cite web |url=http://www.cyprus.gov.cy/portal/portal.nsf/All/2E23E22A811DE449C2256EBD004F3BEB?OpenDocument |title=Cyprus Economy |accessdate=2007-05-04 |work=Republic of Cyprus |publisher=www.cyprus.gov.cy }}</ref>


In the early 21st century, Cyprus boasted a prosperous service-based economy that made it the wealthiest of the ten countries that joined the European Union in 2004.<ref name="Econ" /> However, the Cypriot economy was later damaged by the ] and the ]. In June 2012, the Cypriot government announced it would need €{{Nowrap|1.8 billion}} in foreign aid to support the ], and this was followed by ] downgrading Cyprus's credit rating to ].<ref name="BBC News 2012">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-18577983 |title=Cyprus's credit rating cut to junk status by Fitch |date=25 June 2012 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC News Online |access-date=25 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628131610/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-18577983 |archive-date=28 June 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> Fitch stated Cyprus would need an additional €{{Nowrap|4 billion}} to support its banks and the downgrade was mainly due to the exposure of ], ], and ], Cyprus's three largest banks, to the ].<ref name="BBC News 2012" />
] has recently been discovered in the seabed between Cyprus and Egypt and talks are underway between ] and ] to reach an agreement regarding the exploration of these resources.<ref name=oil>{{cite news |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/01/30/europe/EU-GEN-Turkey-Cyprus-Oil.php |title=Turkey warns Lebanon, Egypt against oil exploration deal with Cyprus |accessdate=2007-05-04 |date=2007-01-30 |publisher=www.iht.com |work=AP/International Herald Tribune}}</ref> The seabed separating Lebanon and Cyprus is believed to hold significant quantities of ] and ].<ref name=oil/> However the government of Cyprus states that the Turkish Navy doesn't allow the exploration of oil in the region.<ref name=oil/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=10&categ_id=2&article_id=97960|title=Cyprus accuses Turkish Navy of blocking oil exploration|accessdate=2009-06-13|date=2008-11-25|publisher=The Daily Star}}</ref>


] (dark blue) and of the ].]]
The economy of the Turkish-occupied area (effectively a district of the ]) is dominated by the services sector which includes the public sector, trade, tourism and education with smaller agriculture and light manufacturing sectors. The economy operates on a ] basis although it continues to be handicapped by the political isolation of Turkish Cypriots, the lack of private and governmental investment, high freight costs and shortages of skilled labor. Despite these constraints the economy turned in an impressive performance in 2003 and 2004 with growth rates of 9.6% and 11.4%. The average income in the area was $15,984 in 2008.<ref name=TRNC-Economy>, TRNC State Planning Organization.</ref> Growth has been buoyed by the relative stability of the ] and by a boom in the education and construction sectors.
The ] led to an agreement with the ] in March 2013 to split Cyprus Popular Bank, into a "bad" bank which would be wound down over time and a "good" bank which would be absorbed by the Bank of Cyprus. In return for a €10 billion ] from the ], the ] and the ], often referred to as the "troika", the Cypriot government was required to impose a significant ] on ], a large proportion of which were held by wealthy ] who used Cyprus as a ]. Insured deposits of €100,000 or less were not affected.<ref>{{cite web |title=Eurogroup Statement on Cyprus|url=http://eurozone.europa.eu/newsroom/news/2013/03/eg-statement-cyprus-25-03-13/ |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171011040449/http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/splash/?requested=%2fcouncil-eu%2feurogroup%2f |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 October 2017 |publisher=]|access-date=30 March 2013 |date=25 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Jan Strupczewski |author2=Annika Breidthardt |title=Last-minute Cyprus deal to close bank, force losses |work=Reuters |date=25 March 2013 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cyprus-parliament-idUSBRE92G03I20130325 |access-date=25 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325042059/https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/03/25/us-cyprus-parliament-idUSBRE92G03I20130325 |archive-date=25 March 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Eurogroup signs off on bailout agreement reached by Cyprus and troika |newspaper=Ekathimerini |location=Greece |date=25 March 2013 |url=http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_wsite1_1_25/03/2013_489702 |access-date=25 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130326124216/http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_wsite1_1_25/03/2013_489702 |archive-date=26 March 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>


]
The island has witnessed a massive growth in tourism over the years and as such the property rental market in Cyprus has grown along side. Added to this is the capital growth in property that has been created from the demand of incoming investors and property buyers to the island.<ref name=tourism>{{cite web |url=http://www.apropertyincyprus.com/cyprus/ |title=Growth in tourism has stimulated the property market in Cyprus |accessdate=2008-12-15 |date=2008-11-10 |publisher=www.apropertyincyprus.com |work=Property Abroad}}</ref>
Cyprus made a staggering{{Clarify|date=May 2024}} economic recovery in the 2010s,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cyprus country update October 2019 {{!}} Atradius |url=https://group.atradius.com/publications/economic-research/cyprus-update-october-2019.html |access-date=4 October 2023 |website=group.atradius.com |archive-date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101012641/https://group.atradius.com/publications/economic-research/cyprus-update-october-2019.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and according to the 2023 International Monetary Fund estimates, Cyprus' ] at ]54,611 is the highest in ], though slightly below the European Union average.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GDP per capita, current prices |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PPPPC@WEO/EUQ/CYP/EU |access-date=3 October 2023 |website=imf.org |archive-date=21 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021104923/https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PPPPC@WEO/EUQ/CYP/EU |url-status=live }}</ref> Tourism, financial services and shipping are significant parts of the economy, and Cyprus has been sought as a base for several offshore businesses due its low tax rates and ]. Robust growth was achieved in the 1980s and 1990s, due to the focus placed by Cypriot governments on meeting the criteria for admission to the European Union.<ref>{{Cite web |last=European Commission |date=8 November 2000 |title=2000 regular report from the commission on Cyprus' progress towards accession |url=https://neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2016-12/cy_en_1.pdf |access-date=4 October 2023 |website=Europa.eu |archive-date=24 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024154652/https://neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2016-12/cy_en_1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The Cypriot government adopted the euro as the national currency on 1 January 2008, replacing the ].<ref name="Econ">{{cite web |url=http://www.cyprus.gov.cy/portal/portal.nsf/All/2E23E22A811DE449C2256EBD004F3BEB?OpenDocument |title=Cyprus Economy |access-date=4 May 2007 |work=Republic of Cyprus |publisher=cyprus.gov.cy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623090342/http://www.cyprus.gov.cy/portal/portal.nsf/All/2E23E22A811DE449C2256EBD004F3BEB?OpenDocument |archive-date=23 June 2012}}</ref>


Cyprus is the last EU member fully isolated from energy interconnections and it is expected that it will be connected to European network via the ], a 2000 MW ] ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.euroasia-interconnector.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/EuroAsia_Interconnector_Project_Overall_leaflet_English.pdf |title=The EuroAsia Interconnector |access-date=20 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216204549/http://www.euroasia-interconnector.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/EuroAsia_Interconnector_Project_Overall_leaflet_English.pdf |archive-date=16 February 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> ] will connect Greek, Cypriot, and Israeli power grids. It is a leading Project of Common Interest of the ] and also priority Electricity Highway Interconnector Project.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/inea/en/connecting-europe-facility/cef-energy/projects-by-country/multi-country/3.10.1-0004-cyel-s-m-16 |title=EU Projects by country |access-date=20 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117013332/https://ec.europa.eu/inea/en/connecting-europe-facility/cef-energy/projects-by-country/multi-country/3.10.1-0004-cyel-s-m-16 |archive-date=17 January 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/infrastructure/projects-common-interest/funding-projects-common-interest |title=Funding for Projects of Common Interest – Energy – European Commission |website=Energy |date=5 April 2017 |access-date=20 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127083951/https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/infrastructure/projects-common-interest/funding-projects-common-interest |archive-date=27 January 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
===Numismatics===
].]]<!-- This pic was hidden but without any reason shown -->
{{Main|Cypriot euro coins|Euro gold and silver commemorative coins (Cyprus)}}


In recent years significant quantities of offshore natural gas have been discovered in the area known as ] (at the exploratory drilling block 12) in Cyprus's exclusive economic zone (]),<ref>{{cite news |last=Gilson |first=George |title=Something sizzling in Cyprus: gas shakes regional chessboard |url=http://www.athensnews.gr/issue/13427/36582 |newspaper=] |date=23 January 2011 |access-date=7 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120128165535/http://www.athensnews.gr/issue/13427/36582 |archive-date=28 January 2012}}</ref> about {{convert|175|km|0|abbr=off}} south of Limassol at 33°5'40″N and 32°59'0″E.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ali |first=Jaber |title=Lebanese Cabinet discusses offshore energy policies |url=http://www.middle-east-confidential.com/1470-lebanese-cabinet-discusses-offshore-energy-policies.html |newspaper=Middle East Confidential |date=15 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118191351/http://www.middle-east-confidential.com/1470-lebanese-cabinet-discusses-offshore-energy-policies.html |archive-date=18 January 2012 |access-date=7 September 2011}}</ref> However, Turkey's offshore drilling companies have accessed both natural gas and oil resources since 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkey-may-drill-for-oil-and-gas-in-cyprus-minister.aspx?PageID=238&NID=55114&NewsCatID=348 |title=Turkey may drill for oil and gas in Cyprus: Minister – ENERGY |date=25 September 2013 |access-date=1 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202172134/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkey-may-drill-for-oil-and-gas-in-cyprus-minister.aspx?PageID=238&NID=55114&NewsCatID=348 |archive-date=2 February 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Cyprus demarcated its maritime border with Egypt in 2003, with Lebanon in 2007,<ref>{{cite web |title=Cyprus – Exclusive Economic Zone – Turkey's provocative behaviour |url=http://www.cyprus.gov.cy/moi/pio/pio.nsf/0/FE475A6A54F2F7B2C225757100257AD4?opendocument |publisher=Republic of Cyprus |date=10 August 2011 |access-date=7 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111063117/http://www.cyprus.gov.cy/moi/pio/pio.nsf/0/FE475A6A54F2F7B2C225757100257AD4?opendocument |archive-date=11 January 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> and with Israel in 2010.<ref>{{cite news |title='Don't attempt to test Turkey's past' |url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=8216don8217t-attempt-to-test-turkey8217s-past8217-2011-09-06 |newspaper=] |date=6 September 2011 |location=Istanbul |access-date=7 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110908052540/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=8216don8217t-attempt-to-test-turkey8217s-past8217-2011-09-06 |archive-date=8 September 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> In August 2011, the US-based firm ] entered into a production-sharing agreement with the Cypriot government regarding the block's commercial development.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ament |first=Carol|title=Full speed ahead for Cyprus drilling|url=http://famagusta-gazette.com/full-speed-ahead-for-cyprus-drilling-p12736-69.htm|access-date=7 September 2011|newspaper=Famagusta Gazette|date=19 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326132611/http://famagusta-gazette.com/full-speed-ahead-for-cyprus-drilling-p12736-69.htm|archive-date=26 March 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
In Cyprus, the ] was introduced in 2008. Three different designs were selected for the Cypriot coins. The designs were chosen from entrants in a competition in 2005


Turkey, which does not recognise the border agreements of Cyprus with its neighbours,<ref>{{cite news |title=Noble Energy: Good chance of large gas find off Cyprus |url=http://www.neurope.eu/article/noble-energy-good-chance-large-gas-find-cyprus |newspaper=New Europe |date=20 February 2011 |access-date=7 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330094744/http://www.neurope.eu/article/noble-energy-good-chance-large-gas-find-cyprus |archive-date=30 March 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> threatened to mobilise its naval forces if Cyprus proceeded with plans to begin drilling at Block&nbsp;12.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ankara threatens naval action over Cyprus' Block 12 drill |url=http://www.panarmenian.net/eng/news/77401/Ankara_threatens_naval_action_over_Cyprus_Block_12_drill |newspaper=] |date=6 September 2011 |access-date=7 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406202940/http://www.panarmenian.net/eng/news/77401/Ankara_threatens_naval_action_over_Cyprus_Block_12_drill |archive-date=6 April 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> Cyprus's drilling efforts have the support of the US, EU, and UN, and on 19 September 2011 drilling in Block&nbsp;12 began without any incidents being reported.<ref>{{cite news |title=Turkey's Miscalculation Over Cypriot Drilling |url=https://www.stratfor.com/sample/geopolitical-diary/turkeys-miscalculation-over-cypriot-drilling |work=Stratfor News |date=20 September 2011 |access-date=12 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614012637/https://www.stratfor.com/sample/geopolitical-diary/turkeys-miscalculation-over-cypriot-drilling |archive-date=14 June 2015}}</ref>
The €2 coin is a legacy of an old national practice of minting silver and gold commemorative coins.


===Infrastructure===
To commemorate this event, a €5 collector coin was also issued. Unlike normal issues these coins are not legal tender in all of the eurozone and so cannot be used in any other country but Cyprus.
{{Main|Transport in Cyprus|Communications in Cyprus}}
{{multiple image
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| footer = The ], the busiest in Cyprus
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Cyprus is one of only three EU nations in which vehicles drive on the ], a remnant of British rule. ] runs along the coast from ] to ], with two motorways running inland to Nicosia, one from Limassol and one from ].

Per capita private car ownership is the 29th-highest in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IS.VEH.NVEH.P3 |title=World Bank Data: Motor vehicles (per 1,000 people) |publisher=] |access-date=27 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209114811/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IS.VEH.NVEH.P3 |archive-date=9 February 2014}}</ref> There were approximately 344,000 privately owned vehicles, and a total of 517,000 registered motor vehicles in the Republic of Cyprus in 2006.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mcw.gov.cy/mcw/PWD/PWD.nsf/All/1099BBC9002543B4C225713B00147808?Opendocument |title=''Public Works Department official statistics'' |publisher=Mcw.gov.cy |date=24 March 2006 |access-date=25 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326001533/http://www.mcw.gov.cy/mcw/PWD/PWD.nsf/All/1099BBC9002543B4C225713B00147808?Opendocument |archive-date=26 March 2012}}</ref> In 2006, plans were announced to improve and expand bus services and other public transport throughout Cyprus, with the financial backing of the ] Development Bank. In 2010 the new bus network was implemented.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cyprusbybus.com/ |title=Cyprus By Bus |access-date=16 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218190605/http://www.cyprusbybus.com/ |archive-date=18 February 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Cyprus has two international airports in the government-controlled areas, the busier one being in ] and the other in ].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Stateman's Yearbook |date=2020 |publisher=Routledge |page=386 |chapter=Cyprus}}</ref> The ] is the only active one in the non-government-controlled areas, but all international flights there must have a stopover in Turkey.<ref>{{cite web |title='Direct' flights to the north will go via Turkey |url=https://cyprus-mail.com/2022/09/23/direct-flights-to-the-north-will-go-via-turkey/ |publisher=Cyprus Mail |access-date=23 January 2023 |date=23 September 2022 |archive-date=23 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123001834/https://cyprus-mail.com/2022/09/23/direct-flights-to-the-north-will-go-via-turkey/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The main ]s of the island are ] and ], which service cargo, passenger and ]s.

], the ] telecommunications company, manages most telecommunications and Internet connections on the island. However, following deregulation of the sector, a few private telecommunications companies emerged, including ], ], ], ] and ]. In the non-government-controlled areas of Cyprus, two different companies administer the mobile phone network: ] and ].{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}}


==Demographics== ==Demographics==
{{Main|Demographics of Cyprus}} {{Main|Demographics of Cyprus|List of cities, towns and villages in Cyprus}}
] ]
]
]
]
According to the first population census after the declaration of independence, carried out in December 1960 and covering the entire island, Cyprus had a total population of 573,566, with ethnic ] comprising 77% of the island's population and ethnic ] 18% (other nationals accounted for the remaining 5%).<ref>, Library of Congress, Washington, DC, 1991.</ref> According to the last census covering the entire island (April 1973), the population of Cyprus was 631,778 with the ethnic Turkish community estimated at 19% of the total (about 120,000).<ref name=2007abstract>, Republic of Cyprus, Statistical Service, Report No. 53</ref>


According to the Republic of Cyprus' website, the population in the government controlled areas was 918,100 at the 2021 Census, with the most populous district being Nicosia (38%), followed by Limassol (28%).<ref>{{Cite web |last=CYSTAT |title=2021 Census Results |url=https://www.census2021.cystat.gov.cy/Announements/18%20May%202022%20CENSUS%20OF%20POPULATION%20-%20PRELIMINARY%20RESULTS.pdf |access-date=15 December 2023 |archive-date=19 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119132756/https://www.census2021.cystat.gov.cy/Announements/18%20May%202022%20CENSUS%20OF%20POPULATION%20-%20PRELIMINARY%20RESULTS.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The Nicosia Metropolitan area, consisting of seven municipalities, is the largest urban area on the island with a population of 255,309.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government Website (Aftodoiikisi) |title=2021 population statistics |url=https://www.aftodioikisi.com.cy/%ce%bf-%ce%bc%ce%b9%ce%ba%cf%81%cf%8c%cf%84%ce%b5%cf%81%ce%bf%cf%82-%ce%ba%ce%b1%ce%b9-%ce%bc%ce%b5%ce%b3%ce%b1%ce%bb%cf%8d%cf%84%ce%b5%cf%81%ce%bf%cf%82-%ce%b4%ce%ae%ce%bc%ce%bf%cf%82-%ce%ba%ce%bf/ |access-date=15 December 2023 |archive-date=21 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021110912/https://www.aftodioikisi.com.cy/%CE%BF-%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82-%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9-%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BB%CF%8D%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82-%CE%B4%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82-%CE%BA%CE%BF/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
The subsequent censuses conducted in 1976–2001 after the de facto division of the island covered only the population in the area controlled by the Republic of Cyprus government, and the number of Turkish Cypriots residing in ] was estimated by the Republic of Cyprus Statistical Service on the basis of population growth rates and migration data. In the last census of 2001 carried out by the Republic of Cyprus, the population in the area controlled by the government was 703,529. The number of Turkish Cypriots residing in Northern Cyprus was estimated by the Republic of Cyprus Statistical Service at 87,600, or 11% of the reported total.<ref name=2007abstract/>


As per the first population census after independence, carried out in December 1960 and covering the entire island, Cyprus had a total population of 573,566, of whom 442,138 (77.1%) were Greeks, 104,320 (18.2%) Turks, and 27,108 (4.7%) others.<ref name="Solsten2" /><ref name="Hatay 2007">Hatay, Mete "Is the Turkish Cypriot Population Shrinking?", International Peace Research Institute, 2007. Pages 22–23.</ref> The CIA World Factbook calculated that in 2001, ] comprised 77%, ] 18%, and others 5% of the total Cypriot population.<ref>{{cite web |title=The World Factbook – Ethnic Groups |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2075.html#cy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625160623/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2075.html#cy |archive-date=25 June 2014 |access-date=22 June 2013 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref><ref name="Hadjipavlou 2002">{{cite book |last=Hadjipavlou |first=Maria |title=Peace Education: The Concept, Principles, and Practices Around the World |publisher=Routledge |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-8058-4193-0 |editor1-last=Salomon |editor1-first=Gavriel |page=195 |chapter=Cyprus: A Partnership Between Conflict Resolution and Peace Education |editor2-last=Nevo |editor2-first=Baruch}}</ref>
The latest available estimates by the Republic of Cyprus Statistical Service put the island’s population at the end of 2006 at 867,600, with 89.8% (778,700) in the government controlled area and 10.2% (88,900) Turkish Cypriots in Northern Cyprus.<ref name=2007abstract/> However, the Republic of Cyprus estimate of Turkish Cypriots does not represent the total population of Northern Cyprus. In addition, the Republic of Cyprus Statistical Service also estimated that 150,000–160,000 Turkish immigrants (described as “illegal settlers” in the Republic of Cyprus ''Statistical Abstract 2007'',<ref name=2007abstract/> footnote on p.&nbsp;72) were living in Northern Cyprus, bringing the de facto population of Northern Cyprus to about 250,000. This estimate produced by the Republic of Cyprus matches the results of the 2006 population census carried out by Northern Cyprus, which gives 265,100 as the total population of Northern Cyprus.<ref name=TRNC2006>{{cite web|url=http://nufussayimi.devplan.org/Census%202006.pdf |title=Census.XLS |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2009-10-25}}</ref> The total population of Cyprus is thus slightly over 1 million, comprising 778,700 in the territory controlled by the government of the Republic of Cyprus and 265,100 in ].


Due to the inter-communal ethnic tensions between 1963 and 1974, an island-wide census was regarded as impossible. Nevertheless, the Cypriot government conducted one in 1973, without the Turkish Cypriot populace.<ref>{{cite book |last=St John-Jones |first=L.W. |year=1983 |title=The Population of Cyprus: Demographic Trends and Socio-Economic Influences |place=London |publisher=Maurice Temple Smith Ltd |page=17 |isbn=978-0-85117-232-3}}</ref> According to this census, the Greek Cypriot population was 482,000. One year later, in 1974, the Cypriot government's Department of Statistics and Research estimated the total population of Cyprus at 641,000; of whom 506,000 (78.9%) were Greeks, and 118,000 (18.4%) Turkish.<ref>{{cite web |author=Cyprus Ministry of Interior |year=1992 |title=The Demographic Structure of Cyprus |url=http://www.moi.gov.cy/moi/pio/pio.nsf/All/20C7614D06858E9FC2256DC200380113/$file/cuco%20report.pdf?OpenElement |publisher=Parliamentary Assembly |page=6 |access-date=22 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110107111845/http://www.moi.gov.cy/MOI/pio/pio.nsf/All/20C7614D06858E9FC2256DC200380113/$file/cuco%20report.pdf?OpenElement |archive-date=7 January 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> After the military occupation of part of the island in 1974, the government of Cyprus conducted six more censuses: in 1976, 1982, 1992, 2001, 2011 and 2021; these excluded the Turkish population which was resident in non-government-controlled areas of the island.<ref name="Hatay 2007" />
<!--STILL TO BE UPDATED AS OF 25 FEBRUARY 2009 04:11-->Cyprus has seen major increases in the numbers of permanent citizens. Sizeable communities from Britain, ], ]<!-- (mostly ], immigrating after the fall of the ]) : Pontic greeks are not from there -->, ], ], and other Eastern European states exist. By the end of 2007, about 124,000 immigrants settled in Cyprus, the three largest groups being 37,000 Greeks, 27,000 Britons, and 10,000 Russians. The island is also home to a ] minority of 6,000, an ] minority of around 2,000, and refugees mainly from ], ], and ]. There is also a ] minority present in Cyprus.


In addition to this, the Republic of Cyprus is home to 110,200 foreign permanent residents<ref>{{citation |author=Republic of Cyprus Statistical Service|year=2006 |title= Demographic Report 2005 |location=Nicosia |publisher=Republic of Cyprus Statistical Service|page=12}}</ref> and an estimated 10,000–30,000 undocumented illegal immigrants.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nicos |first1=Trimikliniotis |last2=Demetriou |first2=Corina |year=2007 |title=Active Civic Participation of Immigrants in Cyprus |url=http://www.politis-europe.uni-oldenburg.de/download/Cyprus.pdf |publisher=POLITIS |page=8 |access-date=22 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511082254/http://www.politis-europe.uni-oldenburg.de/download/Cyprus.pdf |archive-date=11 May 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Hadjipavlou 2002" /> As of 2011, there were 10,520 people of ] origin living in Cyprus.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Boyle |first1=Kevin |url=https://archive.org/details/freedomofreligio00kevi |title=Freedom of Religion and Belief: A World Report |last2=Sheen |first2=Juliet |publisher=Routledge |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-415-15978-4 |page= |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Salih |first=Halil Ibrahim |title=Cyprus: Ethnic Political Counterpoints |publisher=University Press of America |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-415-15978-4 |page=121}}</ref>
Outside Cyprus there is a significant and thriving Cypriot diaspora in other countries, with the United States, the United Kingdom, Greece and Australia hosting the majority of migrants who left the island after the de facto division in 1974. The Cypriot population of the United Kingdom is estimated to number 150,000.


{| class="wikitable" style="float:right;"
] village in ] is the only settlement in Cypriot government-controlled territory with a mixed Greek and Turkish Cypriot population.
|+Largest groups of foreign residents
|-
! scope="column | Nationality
! scope="column" | Population (2011)
|-
! scope="row" | {{flagu|Greece}}
| 29,321
|-
! scope="row" |{{flagu|United Kingdom}}
| 24,046
|-
! scope="row" |{{flagu|Romania}}
| 23,706
|-
! scope="row" |{{flagu|Bulgaria}}
| 18,536
|-
! scope="row" |{{flagu|Philippines}}
| 9,413
|-
! scope="row" |{{flagu|Russia}}
| 8,164
|-
! scope="row" |{{flagu|Sri Lanka}}
| 7,269
|-
! scope="row" |{{flagu|Vietnam}}
| 7,028
|-
! scope="row" |{{flagu|Syria}}
| 3,054
|-
! scope="row" |{{flagu|India}}
| 2,933
|}


According to the 2006 census carried out by Northern Cyprus, there were 256,644 (]) people living in Northern Cyprus. 178,031 were citizens of Northern Cyprus, of whom 147,405 were born in Cyprus (112,534 from the north; 32,538 from the south; 371 did not indicate what region of Cyprus they were from); 27,333 born in Turkey; 2,482 born in the UK and 913 born in Bulgaria. Of the 147,405 citizens born in Cyprus, 120,031 say both parents were born in Cyprus; 16,824 say both parents born in Turkey; 10,361 have one parent born in Turkey and one parent born in Cyprus.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nufussayimi.devplan.org/Census%202006.pdf |title=Census.XLS |access-date=25 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116120824/http://nufussayimi.devplan.org/Census%202006.pdf |archive-date=16 January 2013}}</ref>
=== Genetics ===

] are found at the following frequencies in Cyprus : ] (43.07% including 6.20% J1), ] (20.00%), ] (12.30% including 9.2% R1b), ] (9.20%), ] (7.70%), ] (4.60%), ] (3.10%).<ref>(n=65), , Capelli et al. 2005</ref> J, K, F and E1b1b haplogroups consist of lineages with differential distribution within ], ] and ] while R1 and I are typical in West European populations.
In 2010, the ] estimated that the total population of the island was 1.1 million,<ref>{{cite web |author=International Crisis Group |year=2010 |title=Cyprus: Bridging the Property Divide |url=http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/europe/turkey-cyprus/cyprus/210%20Cyprus%20-%20Bridging%20the%20Property%20Divide.ashx |publisher=International Crisis Group |page=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103083632/http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/europe/turkey-cyprus/cyprus/210%20Cyprus%20-%20Bridging%20the%20Property%20Divide.ashx |archive-date=3 November 2011}}</ref> of which there were an estimated 300,000 residents in the north, perhaps half of whom were ] or are children of such settlers.<ref>{{cite web |author=International Crisis Group |year=2010 |title=Cyprus: Bridging the Property Divide |url=http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/europe/turkey-cyprus/cyprus/210%20Cyprus%20-%20Bridging%20the%20Property%20Divide.ashx |publisher=International Crisis Group |page=2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103083632/http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/europe/turkey-cyprus/cyprus/210%20Cyprus%20-%20Bridging%20the%20Property%20Divide.ashx |archive-date=3 November 2011}}</ref>

The villages of ] (in Northern Cyprus), Potamia (in Nicosia district) and ] (in ]) are the only settlements remaining with a mixed Greek and Turkish Cypriot population.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/cyprus-population/ |website=WorldPopulationReview.com |access-date=25 January 2019 |title=Cyprus Population 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223171935/http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/cyprus-population/ |archive-date=23 February 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

] are found at the following frequencies in Cyprus: ] (43.07% including 6.20% J1), ] (20.00%), ] (12.30% including 9.2% R1b), ] (9.20%), ] (7.70%), ] (4.60%), ] (3.10%).<ref>(n=65), {{Cite journal
|last1= Capelli |first1= C.
|last2= Redhead |first2= N.
|last3= Romano |first3= V.
|last4= Cali |first4= F.
|last5= Lefranc |first5= G.
|last6= Delague |first6= V.
|last7= Megarbane |first7= A.
|last8= Felice |first8= A. E.
|last9= Pascali |first9= V. L.
|last10= Neophytou |first10= P. I.
|last11= Poulli |first11= Z.
|last12= Novelletto |first12= A.
|last13= Malaspina |first13= P.
|last14= Terrenato |first14= L.
|last15= Berebbi |first15= A.
|last16= Fellous |first16= M.
|last17= Thomas |first17= M. G.
|last18= Goldstein |first18= D. B.
|title = Population Structure in the Mediterranean Basin: A Y Chromosome Perspective
|doi = 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00224.x
|journal= Annals of Human Genetics
|volume= 70
|issue= 2
|pages= 207–225
|year= 2006
|pmid= 16626331
| hdl = 2108/37090
| s2cid = 25536759
| hdl-access = free
}}</ref> J, K, F and E1b1b haplogroups consist of lineages with differential distribution within Middle East, North Africa and Europe.

Outside Cyprus there are significant and thriving diasporas – both a ] and a ] – in the United Kingdom, ], ], the ], Greece and Turkey.

According to ], approximately 1,250 ] live in Cyprus.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/policies/justice-and-fundamental-rights/combatting-discrimination/roma-eu/roma-equality-inclusion-and-participation-eu-country/cyprus_en#:~:text=Contacts-,Facts%20and%20figures,0.16%25%20of%20the%20population).|title=Cyprus}}</ref>

{{Largest cities of Cyprus}}


===Religion=== ===Religion===
{{Main|Religion in Cyprus}}
{{bar box {{bar box
|title=] (])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/cyprus/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010 |title=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project: Cyprus |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717053131/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/cyprus/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010 |archive-date=17 July 2014 |publisher=] |date=2010}}</ref><ref name="CIA">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Cyprus|access-date=9 February 2010}}</ref>
|title=]<ref name="CIA"/>
|titlebar=#ddd |titlebar=#ddd
|left1=religion |left1=Religion
|right1=percent |right1=Percent
|float=right |float=right
|bars= |bars=
{{bar percent|]|Blue|78}} {{bar percent|]|purple|78}}
{{bar percent|]|Green|18}} {{bar percent|]|green|20}}
{{bar percent|Other |Orange|4}} {{bar percent|Other|grey|1}}
{{bar percent|None|black|1}}
}}
{{multiple image
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| width2 = 180
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| caption2 =
| footer = ] in ] (left) and ] near ] (right)
}} }}


The majority of Greek Cypriots identify as ], specifically ],<ref name="CIA" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cyprus.gov.cy/portal/portal.nsf/All/817E9279C04E4480C2257023002B858C?OpenDocument |title=About Cyprus – Towns and Population |work=Government Web Portal – Areas of Interest |publisher=] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225142919/http://www.cyprus.gov.cy/portal/portal.nsf/All/817E9279C04E4480C2257023002B858C?OpenDocument |archive-date=25 February 2012 |access-date=9 February 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/cytoc.html |title=A Country Study: Cyprus |last=Solsten |first=Eric |date=January 1991 |work=] |publisher=] |access-date=9 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110905040619/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/cytoc.html |archive-date=5 September 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> whereas most Turkish Cypriots are adherents of ]. The first ], ], was an ].
{{Main|Religion in Cyprus}}
], situated near the ]]]
Most Greek Cypriots are members of the autocephalous ] ],<ref name="CIA"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cyprus.gov.cy/portal/portal.nsf/All/817E9279C04E4480C2257023002B858C?OpenDocument|title=About Cyprus – Towns and Population|work=Government Web Portal – Areas of Interest|publisher=]|accessdate=9 February 2010}}</ref><ref name="Congress">{{cite web|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/cytoc.html|title=A Country Study: Cyprus|last=Solsten|first=Eric|date=January 1991|work=]|publisher=]|accessdate=9 February 2010}}</ref> whereas most Turkish Cypriots are adherents of ]. According to Eurobarometer 2005,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_report_en.pdf |title=ReportDGResearchSocialValuesEN2.PDF |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2009-10-25}}</ref> Cyprus is one of the most ], alongside Malta, Romania, Greece, and Poland. The first ], ], was an ].


], situated near the ] is an object of ] for Muslims.
Given the special legal status of the Church of Cyprus, the country is also one of only five EU states to have an established ], alongside Denmark (]), ] (]), ] (]) and the ] (] (only in ])). In addition to the Greek Orthodox and Muslim communities, there are also small ], ], ] (including ]), ] (including ] and ]) and ] communities in Cyprus.


According to the 2001 census carried out in the government-controlled areas,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mof.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/populationcondition_en/populationcondition_en?OpenDocument&sub=2&e= |publisher=Statistical Service of Cyprus: Population and Social Statistics |title=Main Results of the 2001 Census |access-date=28 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821110627/http://www.mof.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/populationcondition_en/populationcondition_en?OpenDocument&sub=2&e= |archive-date=21 August 2010}}</ref> 94.8% of the population was ], 0.9% ] and ], 1.5% Roman Catholic, 1.0% ], and 0.6% Muslim. There is also a ]. The remaining 1.3% adhered to other religious denominations or did not state their religion. The Greek Orthodox, ], and both the Maronite and ] Catholics are constitutionally recognised denominations and exempt from taxes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://acninternational.org/religiousfreedomreport/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Cyprus.pdf |title=Religious Freedom in the World Report 2021: Cyprus |publisher=ACN International |access-date=8 February 2023 |archive-date=22 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222201819/https://acninternational.org/religiousfreedomreport/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Cyprus.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=64c |title=Cyprus |publisher=ARDA |access-date=8 February 2023 |archive-date=2 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102221049/https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=64c |url-status=live }}</ref>
], situated near the ], is considered the third holiest site in Sunni Islam<ref>{{cite web | url = http://notes.utk.edu/bio/unistudy.nsf/0/3ed1a6838771b4f485256fc4005d54a1?OpenDocument
| title = Assessing the Isle of Cyprus | accessdate = 2006-11-12 | last = Bowen
| first = George E. | date = April 3, 2001 | work =
| publisher = Patrick S. O'Brien on the ] server
| quote = ''Three historic churches and monasteries are within the city. Just outside the city is the location of the Hala Sultan Tekke Mosque, the third holiest place for Muslims in the world.''
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Drayton | first = Penny| year = 1993 | month = January | title = Aphrodite's island | journal = Wood & water | volume = 2 | issue = 41}} Cited by: {{cite journal
| last = Trubshaw
| first = Bob
| year = 1993
| month = February
| title = The Black Stone – the Omphalos of the Goddess
| journal = Mercian Mysteries
| volume =
| issue = 14
| pages =
| doi =
| id =
| url = http://www.indigogroup.co.uk/edge/blstone.htm
| accessdate = 2006-11-12
| quote = In Cyprus is another highly venerated Islamic site – the third most important after Mecca and Medina – the Hala Sultan Tekke. This, too, has a black rock, said to have fallen as a meteorite as part of the tritholon over the shrine. The shrine is to a woman – the aunt and foster mother of Prophet Mohammed
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Daniel| first = Geoff | coauthors = John Oldfield, Christine Oldfield| title = Landscapes of Cyprus| year = 2004 | month = | publisher = Sunflower| location = | isbn = 1856912299| page = 36| chapter = | quote = }}</ref><ref>, '']: Center for Middle Eastern Studies'', "The Mosque of Umm Haram is the chief Muslim shrine on the island of Cyprus and an important holy site for the entire Muslim world... The Hala Sultan Tekke is the third most revered site of pilgrimage in the Muslim world." Retrieved: 23-02-2009</ref><ref>Papalexandrou, Nassos. , ''Journal of Modern Greek Studies'', Volume 26, Number 2. John Hopkins University Press, (October 2008) pp. 251–281. "Der Parthog calls it the "third most holy space in Islam" (1995:222–223)"</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.undp-act.org/main/data/Articles/E-NEWSLETTER/IS1_story5.htm
| title = Hala Sultan Tekke: Where East Meets West | accessdate = 2006-11-12 | year = 2006
| month = Spring | work = Issue 1 | publisher = ]|quote=Islam's third sacred holy site after the Ka'ba and the Prophet Mohammad's grave in Mecca, and among the greatest cultural heritage monuments of the world, Hala Sultan Tekke, or Umm Haram, has long been the destination of Muslim pilgrims from Cyprus and the Middle East.
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.mcw.gov.cy/mcw/DA/DA.nsf/All/18513FF955C9F917C225719900332619?OpenDocument
| title = Monuments: Hala Sultan Tekke
| accessdate = 2006-03-06
| last =
| first =
| year = 2005
| work =
| publisher = Republic of Cyprus, Ministry of Communications and Works; Department of Antiquities
| quote = ''The Muslim mosque of Hala Sultan is located in the center of a spectacular garden at the west bank of the Salt Lake, about {{convert|6|km|2|abbr=on|lk=out}} southwest of Larnaca. It is the main Muslim pilgrimage site of Cyprus and the third most important holy place of Islam.''
}}
</ref> and an object of ] for both ] and ].<ref>"", A Virtual Reconstruction of the Hala Sultan Tekke</ref><ref>Papalexandrou, Nassos, "", Journal of Modern Greek Studies, Volume 26, Number 2, October 2008, pp. 251–281</ref>


==Education== ===Languages===
{{Main|Languages of Cyprus}}
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2009}}
]. ] is recognised as a minority language in Cyprus.]]
{{For|a complete list|List of universities and colleges in Cyprus}}
], the oldest functioning high school in Cyprus.]]


Cyprus has two official languages, Greek and ].<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.presidency.gov.cy/presidency/presidency.nsf/all/1003AEDD83EED9C7C225756F0023C6AD/$file/CY_Constitution.pdf |title=The Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus |publisher=President of the Republic of Cyprus |section=Article 3 |page=2 |access-date=18 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203001544/http://www.presidency.gov.cy/presidency/presidency.nsf/all/1003AEDD83EED9C7C225756F0023C6AD/$file/CY_Constitution.pdf |archive-date=3 December 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ] and ] are recognised as minority languages.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://languagecharter.eokik.hu/sites/StatesParties/Cyprus.htm |title=Implementation of the Charter in Cyprus |work=Database for the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages |publisher=Public Foundation for European Comparative Minority Research |access-date=20 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140207055025/http://languagecharter.eokik.hu/sites/StatesParties/Cyprus.htm |archive-date=7 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ec.europa.eu/education/languages/archive/languages/langmin/euromosaic/cy1_en.html |title=EUROPA – Education and Training – Regional and minority languages – Euromosaïc study |work=Europa (web portal) |date=27 October 2006 |access-date=3 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704194723/http://ec.europa.eu/education/languages/archive/languages/langmin/euromosaic/cy1_en.html |archive-date=4 July 2010}}</ref> Although without official status, ] is widely spoken and features widely on road signs and in public notices and advertisements.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Ammon |editor1-first=Ulrich |editor2-last=Dittmar |editor2-first=Norbert |editor3-last=Mattheier |editor3-first=Klaus J. |editor4-last=Trudgill |editor4-first=Peter |chapter=Greece and Cyprus |pages=1881–1889 |title=Sociolinguistics: an international handbook of the science of language and society / Soziolinguistik: ein internationales Handbuch zur Wissenschaft von Sprache und Gesellschaft |year=2006 |edition=2nd |series=Handbooks of linguistics and communication science / Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft |volume=3 |location=Berlin |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=9783110184181 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LMZm0w0k1c4C |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517130217/https://books.google.com/books?id=LMZm0w0k1c4C |url-status=live }}</ref> English was the sole official language during British colonial rule and the ] until 1960, and continued to be used (de facto) in courts of law until 1989 and in legislation until 1996.<ref name=Euromosaic>{{cite book |editor1-last=European Commission, Directorate-General for Education and Culture |title=Euromosaic III: Presence of regional and minority language groups in the new member states |date=2006 |publisher=Office for official publications of the European communities |location=Brussels |isbn=978-92-79-01291-4 |pages=19–23 |url=http://bookshop.europa.eu/en/euromosaic-iii-pbNC7406031/ |access-date=8 August 2015 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517130232/https://op.europa.eu/en/web/general-publications/publications |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2010, 80.4% of Cypriots were proficient in English as a ].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mejer |first1=Lene |last2=Boateng |first2=Sadi q Kwesi |last3=Turchetti |first3=Paolo |title=Population and social conditions |series=Statistics in Focus |issue=49/2010 |year=2010 |publisher=] |url=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/3433488/5565660/KS-SF-10-049-EN.PDF |access-date=13 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160217061503/http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/3433488/5565660/KS-SF-10-049-EN.PDF |archive-date=17 February 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Russian is widely spoken among the country's minorities, residents and citizens of post-Soviet countries, and ]. ], after English and Greek, is the third language used on many signs of shops and restaurants, particularly in Limassol and Paphos. In addition, in 2006, 12% of the population spoke ] and 5% spoke ].<ref> {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414102658/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_en.pdf |date=14 April 2016}}, ], European Commission, 2006.</ref>
Cyprus has a highly developed system of primary and ] offering both public and ]. The high quality of instruction can be attributed to a large extent to the above-average competence of the teachers but also to the fact that nearly 7% of the GDP is spent on education which makes Cyprus one of the top three spenders of education in the EU along with Denmark and Sweden.


The everyday spoken language of Greek Cypriots is ], and that of Turkish Cypriots is ].<ref name=Euromosaic /> These ]s both differ from their ] significantly.<ref name=Euromosaic />
]s are generally seen as equivalent in quality of education to private-sector institutions. However, the value of a state high-school diploma is limited by the fact that the grades obtained account for only around 25% of the final grade for each topic, with the remaining 75% assigned by the teacher during the semester, in a minimally transparent way. Cypriot universities (like universities in Greece) ignore high school grades almost entirely for admissions purposes. While a high-school diploma is mandatory for university attendance, admissions are decided almost exclusively on the basis of scores at centrally administered university entrance examinations that all university candidates are required to take.


===Education===
The majority of Cypriots receive their higher education at Greek, British,Turkish, other European and North American universities. It is noteworthy that Cyprus currently has the highest percentage of citizens of ] who have higher-level education in the EU at 30% which is ahead of Finland's 29.5%. In addition 47% of its population aged 25–34 have tertiary education, which is the highest in the EU. The body of Cypriot students is highly mobile, with 78.7% studying in a university outside Cyprus.
{{Main|Education in Cyprus}}
] is the oldest all-girl primary school in Cyprus.]]

Cyprus has a highly developed system of primary and secondary education offering both public and private education. The high quality of instruction can be attributed in part to the fact that nearly 7% of the GDP is spent on education which makes Cyprus one of the top three spenders of education in the EU along with Denmark and Sweden.<ref> {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510004016/http://www.childinfo.org/files/IND_Cyprus.pdf |date=10 May 2011}} childinfo.org, May 2008.</ref> Cyprus was ranked 27th in the ] in 2024.<ref>{{Cite book |author=] |year=2024 |title=Global Innovation Index 2024: Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/en/ |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=www.wipo.int |page=18 |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.50062 |isbn=978-92-805-3681-2}}</ref>

State schools are generally seen as equivalent in quality of education to private-sector institutions. However, the value of a state high-school diploma is limited by the fact that the grades obtained account for only around 25% of the final grade for each topic, with the remaining 75% assigned by the teacher during the semester, in a minimally transparent way. Cypriot universities (like universities in Greece) ignore high school grades almost entirely for admissions purposes. While a high-school diploma is mandatory for university attendance, admissions are decided almost exclusively on the basis of scores at centrally administered university entrance examinations that all university candidates are required to take.

The majority of Cypriots receive their higher education at Greek, British, Turkish, other European and North American universities. Cyprus currently{{when|date=May 2019}} has the highest percentage of citizens of ] who have higher-level education in the EU at 30% which is ahead of Finland's 29.5%. In addition, 47% of its population aged 25–34 have tertiary education, which is the highest in the EU. The body of Cypriot students is highly mobile, with 78.7% studying in a university outside Cyprus.


==Culture== ==Culture==
]]]
===Art===
The art history of Cyprus can be said to stretch back up to 10,000 years, following the discovery of a series of ] period carved figures in the villages of ] and ]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arcl.ed.ac.uk/arch/lemba/homepage.html |title=Lemba Archaeological Research Centre |publisher=Arcl.ed.ac.uk |date= |accessdate=2009-10-25}}</ref> and the island is also the home to numerous examples of high quality religious ] from the ].


Greek and Turkish Cypriots share many cultural traits, while also possessing some differences. Several traditional food (such as ] and ]) and beverages are similar,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hatay |first=Mete |date=2006 |title=The Levantine Legacy of Cypriot Culinary Culture |url=https://cyprusreview.org/index.php/cr/article/view/296/258 |journal=Cyprus Review |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=129–142 |access-date=16 April 2023 |archive-date=16 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416101814/https://cyprusreview.org/index.php/cr/article/view/296/258 |url-status=live }}</ref> as well as expressions and ways of life. Hospitality and buying or offering food and drinks for guests or others are common among both. In both communities, music, dance and art are integral parts of social life and many artistic, verbal and nonverbal expressions, traditional dances such as ], similarities in dance costumes and importance placed on social activities are shared between the communities.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fong |first1=Mary |last2=Chuang |first2=Rueyling |title=Communicating Ethnic and Cultural Identity |date=2004 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7425-1739-4 |page=286 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ue4CCUhRYa4C&pg=PA286 |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517130338/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ue4CCUhRYa4C&pg=PA286#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the two communities have distinct religions and religious cultures, with the Greek Cypriots traditionally being ] and Turkish Cypriots traditionally being ], which has partly hindered cultural exchange.<ref>{{cite book |title=Cyprus in Europe: Seizing the Momentum of Nice |author=Patrick R. Hugg |publisher=Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law |date=November 2001 |ssrn=2257945}}</ref> Greek Cypriots have influences from Greece and Christianity, while Turkish Cypriots have influences from Turkey and ].
In modern times Cypriot art history begins with the painter Vassilis Vryonides (1883–1958) who studied at the Academy of Fine Arts in Venice.<ref>Chrysanthos Christou, ''A short History of Modern and Contemporary Cypriot Art,'' Nicosia 1983.</ref> Arguably the two founding fathers of modern Cypriot art were Adamantios Diamantis (1900–1994) who studied at London's ] and Christopheros Savva (1924–1968) who also studied in London, at ].<ref>Ministry of Education and Culture, ''State Gallery of Contemporary Cypriot Art'' (Nicosia: MOEC,1998)</ref> In many ways these two artists set the template for subsequent Cypriot art and both their artistic styles and the patterns of their education remain influential to this day. In particular the majority of Cypriot artists still train in ]<ref>Michael Paraskos, 'The Art of Modern Cyprus', in ''Sunjet,'' Spring 2002, 62f</ref> although art schools in ] are also popular and local art institutions such as the ], ] and the ] are becoming more popular.


The ] is an annual ] which is held at ], in Cyprus. The event which is very popular in Cyprus was introduced in the 20th century.{{Sfn|Merin|Burdick1979|p=82}}
One of the features of Cypriot art is a tendency towards figurative painting although ] is being rigorously promoted by a number of art “institutions” and most notably the Nicosia Municipal Art Centre . Municipal art galleries exist in all the main towns and there is a large and lively commercial art scene. Cyprus was due to host the international art festival ] in 2006 but this was cancelled at the last minute following a dispute between the Dutch organizers of Manifesta and the Cyprus Ministry of Education and Culture over the location of some of the Manifesta events in the Turkish sector of the capital ].<ref name="schools out">{{cite web | url=http://www.frieze.com/issue/article/schools_out | title= Schools Out | date=2006-09 | publisher=}}</ref><ref name="Manifestaartnet">{{cite web | url=http://www.artnet.com/magazineus/news/zenakos/zenakos6-5-06.asp | title= Manifesta no more | publisher=}}</ref> <!-- The ensuing furore over this event resulted in questions in Cyprus as to whether Manifesta was a ]-backed plot to undermine the Greek Cypriot side in on-going negotiations over the reunification of Cyprus.<ref>Michael Paraskos, 'Was Manifesta a CIA Plot?' in ''Artcyprus,'' issue 2, Autumn 2006, 2</ref>{{deadlink}} : see chat-->


===Arts===
Other notable Cypriot artists include Rhea Bailey, Mihail Kkasialos, Ioannis Kissonergis, Theodoulos Gregoriou, ], George Skoteinos, ], ], ], ], ], ] and ].
], Cyprus]]
{{See also|List of Cypriot artists}}
The art history of Cyprus can be said to stretch back up to 10,000 years, following the discovery of a series of ] period carved figures in the villages of ] and ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arcl.ed.ac.uk/arch/lemba/homepage.html |title=Lemba Archaeological Research Centre |publisher=Arcl.ed.ac.uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117041553/http://www.arcl.ed.ac.uk/arch/lemba/homepage.html |archive-date=17 January 2013 |access-date=25 October 2009}}</ref> The island is the home to numerous examples of high quality religious ] from the ] as well as ]. Cypriot architecture was heavily influenced by ] and Italian ] introduced in the island during the era of Latin domination (1191–1571).

A well known traditional art that dates at least from the 14th&nbsp;century is the ], which originates from the village of ]. Lefkara lace is recognised as an ] (ICH) by UNESCO, and it is characterised by distinct design patterns, and its intricate, time-consuming production process. Another local form of art that originated from Lefkara is the production of Cypriot Filigree (locally known as ''Trifourenio''), a type of jewellery that is made with twisted threads of silver.

In modern times Cypriot art history begins with the painter Vassilis Vryonides (1883–1958) who studied at the Academy of Fine Arts in Venice.<ref>Chrysanthos Christou, ''A short History of Modern and Contemporary Cypriot Art'', Nicosia 1983.</ref> Arguably the two founding fathers of modern Cypriot art were Adamantios Diamantis (1900–1994) who studied at London's ] and
Christophoros Savva (1924–1968) who also studied in London, at ].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hatjecantz.de/christoforos-savva-7519-1.html#:~:text=Christoforos%20Savva%20(1924%E2%80%931968),newly%20established%20Republic%20of%20Cyprus. |title=Christoforos Savva |publisher=www.hatjecantz.de |access-date=12 September 2021 |archive-date=19 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919011443/https://www.hatjecantz.de/christoforos-savva-7519-1.html#:~:text=Christoforos%20Savva%20(1924%E2%80%931968),newly%20established%20Republic%20of%20Cyprus. |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1960, Savva founded, together with Welsh artist Glyn Hughes, Apophasis , the first independent cultural centre of the newly established Republic of Cyprus. In 1968, Savva was among the artists representing Cyprus in its inaugural Pavilion at the 34th Venice Biennale. English Cypriot Artist {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619052247/http://glynhughesart.com/ |date=19 June 2021 }} 1931–2014.<ref>Ministry of Education and Culture, ''State Gallery of Contemporary Cypriot Art'' (Nicosia: MOEC,1998)</ref> In many ways these two artists set the template for subsequent Cypriot art and both their artistic styles and the patterns of their education remain influential to this day. In particular the majority of Cypriot artists still train in England<ref>Michael Paraskos, "The Art of Modern Cyprus", in ''Sunjet'', Spring 2002, 62f</ref> while others train at art schools in Greece and local art institutions such as the ], ] and the ].

One of the features of Cypriot art is a tendency towards figurative painting although ] is being rigorously promoted by a number of art "institutions" and most notably the Nicosia Municipal Art Centre. Municipal art galleries exist in all the main towns and there is a large and lively commercial art scene.

Other notable Greek Cypriot artists include Helene Black, ], ], ], ], Arestís Stasí, ], Konstantia Sofokleous and ], and Turkish Cypriot artists include ], ] and ].


===Music=== ===Music===
{{Main|Music of Cyprus}} {{Main|Music of Cyprus}}
] ], dominant instrument of the Cypriot traditional music]]
The traditional ] of Cyprus has several common elements with ], ], and ] music including Greco-Turkish dances such as the '']'', '']'', '']'', ''tatsia'', and ''kartsilamas'' as well as the ]-inspired '']'' and ''arapie''. There is also a form of musical poetry known as ''chattista'' which is often performed at traditional feasts and celebrations. The instruments commonly associated with Cyprus folk music are the ] (''pictured''), ] ("outi"), ] ("fkiolin"), ] ("laouto"), ], Cyprus ] ("pithkiavlin") and ] (including the "]"). Composers associated with traditional Cypriot music include ], ], Solon Michaelides and Savvas Salides.


The traditional ] of Cyprus has several common elements with ], ], and ], all of which have descended from Byzantine music, including Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot dances such as the '''tillirkotissa''', as well as the Middle Eastern-inspired '']'' and ''arapies''. There is also a form of musical poetry known as ''chattista'' which is often performed at traditional feasts and celebrations. The instruments commonly associated with Cyprus folk music are the violin ("fkiolin"), ] ("laouto"), Cyprus flute (]), ] ("outi"), ] and percussions (including the "]"). Composers associated with traditional Cypriot music include ], ], Evagoras Karageorgis and Savvas Salides. Among musicians is also the acclaimed pianist ], composer ], and composer and artistic director of the European Capital of Culture initiative ].
] in Cyprus is generally influenced by the Greek '']'' scene with several artists including ], ], and ] earning widespread popularity in Cyprus, Greece and parts of the ]. ], ] and ] are also very popular genres on the island and have been supported by the emergence of Cypriot ] and the ] scene at ]. Cypriot ] and '']'' rock is often associated with artists such as ] and ]. ] also has a small following in Cyprus represented by bands such as ] and Quadraphonic.

] in Cyprus is generally influenced by the Greek '']'' scene; artists who play in this genre include international ] star ],<ref>{{cite book |title=Billboard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eQ0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA8 |date=8 May 1999 |publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc. |page=8 |quote=Sony Music executives congratulate Greek artist Anna Vissi before her recent sold-out performance at the Theater at Madison Square Garden in New York the first stop in her North-American tour to promote her album Antidoto |issn=0006-2510 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911001516/https://books.google.com/books?id=eQ0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA8 |archive-date=11 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Hellander, Paul |author2=Kate Armstrong |author3=Michael Clark |author4=Christopher Deliso|title=Lonely Planet Greek Islands |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4PDWSOx4lUwC&pg=PA49 |year=2008|publisher=Lonely Planet |isbn=978-1-74104-314-3 |page=49 |quote=The country's big pop and laïka stars include Anna Vissi, Notis Sfakiana- kis, Despina Vandi, Yiannis Ploutarhos, Antonis Remos, Mihalis Hatziyian- nis, heartthrob Sakis Rouvas and Greek-Swedish singer Elena Paparizou, who won Greece |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922103814/https://books.google.com/books?id=4PDWSOx4lUwC&pg=PA49 |archive-date=22 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Billboard|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_MhQEAAAAMBAJ |date=14 July 2001 |publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc.|page= |quote=The hits of platinum stars Anna Vissi, Despina Vandi and Keti Garbi are played in clubs together with the Anna Vissi international dance hits of Deep- swing, Planetfunk |issn=0006-2510 |access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Rhythm: Global Sounds and Ideas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JbA4AQAAIAAJ |year=2000 |publisher=World Marketing Incorporated |volume=9 |issue=6–11 |page=70 |quote=We have a Euro Music category with clips by the Gipsy Kings and Anna Vissi, a huge star for Sony Greece 'We also have&nbsp;... |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910221009/https://books.google.com/books?id=JbA4AQAAIAAJ |archive-date=10 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> ], and ]. ] and ] have been supported by the emergence of Cypriot rap and the ] scene at ], while in the last years the ] scene is growing, especially through the participation of many Cypriot artists at the annual ] festival. Is also noted Cypriot rock music and '']'' rock is often associated with artists such as ] and ]. ] also has a small following in Cyprus represented by bands such as Armageddon (rev.16:16), Blynd, ], ] and Quadraphonic.


===Literature=== ===Literature===
{{Main|Cypriot literature}}
Literary production of the antiquity includes the ], an ], probably composed in the late seventh century BC and attributed to ]. The ] is one of the very first specimens of Greek and European poetry.<ref>"An indication that at least the main contents of the ''Cypria'' were known around ] is provided by the representation of the ] on the ]" (Burkert 1992:103). On the ] ] of ca. ] known as the , Paris is identified as ''Alexandros'', as he was apparently called in ''Cypria''.</ref> The Cypriot ] was the founder of the Stoic philosophy. Epic poetry, notably the "acritic songs", flourished during ]. Two chronicles, one written by Leontios Machairas and the other by Voustronios, refer to the period under French domination (]). Poèmes d'amour written in medieval Greek Cypriot date back from ]. Some of them are actual translations of poems written by ], ], ] and G. ].<ref>Th. Siapkaras- Pitsillidés, Le Pétrarchisme en Cypre. Poèmes d' amour en dialecte Chypriote d' après un manuscript du XVIe siècle, Athènes 1975 (2ème édition)</ref>
], founder of the ] school of philosophy]]

Literary production of the antiquity includes the '']'', an ], probably composed in the late 7th&nbsp;century&nbsp;BC and attributed to ]. The ''Cypria'' is one of the first specimens of Greek and European poetry.<ref>"An indication that at least the main contents of the ''Cypria'' were known around 650 BC is provided by the representation of the ] on the ]" (Burkert 1992:103). On the ] ] of c.&nbsp;640&nbsp;BC known as the {{dead link |date=March 2017 |bot=Dr.K. |fix-attempted=yes}}, Paris is identified as ''Alexandros'', as he was apparently called in ''Cypria''. {{dead link |date=August 2016 |bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The Cypriot ] was the founder of the Stoic school of philosophy.

Epic poetry, notably the "acritic songs", flourished during the ]. Two chronicles, one written by ] and the other by ], cover the entire Middle Ages until the end of Frankish rule (4th&nbsp;century–1489). ''Poèmes d'amour'' written in medieval Greek Cypriot date back from the 16th&nbsp;century. Some of them are actual translations of poems written by ], ], ] and G.&nbsp;].<ref>Th. Siapkaras- Pitsillidés, Le Pétrarchisme en Cypre. Poèmes d'&nbsp;amour en dialecte Chypriote d' après un manuscript du XVIe siècle, Athènes 1975 (2ème&nbsp;édition)</ref> Many Cypriot scholars fled Cyprus at troubled times, such as ] (c.&nbsp;1622–1687) who migrated from Cyprus to Italy in the 17th&nbsp;century, several of his works have survived in books of other scholars.<ref>{{cite book |author=Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Institut für Griechisch-Römische Altertumskunde, Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Zentralinstitut für Alte Geschichte und Archäologie |title=Berliner byzantinistische Arbeiten, Volume&nbsp;40 |publisher=Akademie-Verlag |year=1956 |pages=209–210 |quote=John Cigala (born at Nicosia 1622). He studied at the College of Saint Athanasios, Rome (1635–1642), which he graduated as doctor of philosophy and theology and at which he taught Greek successfully for eight years (1642–1650)&nbsp;... What has survived of his work as a number of epigrams published in books of other scholars.}}</ref>

] ({{Circa|1622}}–1687) was a ] born ] Cypriot scholar and professor of philosophy who was largely active in the 17th century.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Serena, Sebastiano |author2=Barbarigo, Gregorio |title=S.&nbsp;Gregorio Barbarigo e la vita spirituale e cultuale nel suo Seminario di Padova; lettre e saggi editi dagli amici in memoria |publisher=Editrice Antenore |year=1963 |page=495 |oclc=6706000 |quote=Giovanni Cicala, greco di Cipro, prof. di Filosofia nella Università&nbsp;... Al qual fine permetteva tutta la confidenza con il Cigala e con il Papadopoli, ambedue greci nativi e Lettori pubblici nell'Universita di Padova, coi quail si tratteneva, in frequenti discorsi sopra questa material, le mezze giornate intiere&nbsp;...}}</ref>]]
Hasan Hilmi Efendi, a Turkish Cypriot poet, was rewarded by the Ottoman sultan ] and said to be the "sultan of the poems".<ref>Gazioğlu, Ahmet C. (1990). The Turks in Cyprus: a province of the Ottoman Empire (1571–1878), 293–295, K.&nbsp;Rüstem.</ref>

Modern Greek Cypriot literary figures include the poet and writer ], poet ], poet ], writer ], Stylianos Atteshlis, ], Loukis Akritas<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.philatelism.com/details.php?issueid=256 |title=Cyprus Stamp Issue: Loukis Akritas |access-date=29 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511195913/http://www.philatelism.com/details.php?issueid=256 |archive-date=11 May 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and Demetris Th. Gotsis. ], ] and Pavlos Liasides are folk poets who wrote poems mainly in the ] dialect.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.philatelism.com/details.php?issueid=91 |title=Cyprus Stamp Issue: Cyprus Poets |access-date=29 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511195859/http://www.philatelism.com/details.php?issueid=91 |archive-date=11 May 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.philatelism.com/details.php?issueid=252 |title=Cyprus Stamp Issue: Centenary Birthday Anniversary of Poet Pavlos Liasides |access-date=29 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511195938/http://www.philatelism.com/details.php?issueid=252 |archive-date=11 May 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Among leading Turkish Cypriot writers are ], twice nominated for the ],<ref> {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017204605/http://hurarsiv.hurriyet.com.tr/goster/printnews.aspx?DocID=-31947 |date=17 October 2015}} (Hürriyet). Retrieved 31 December 2014.</ref> ], ], ], ] and ].

There is an increasingly strong presence of both temporary and permanent emigre Cypriot writers in world literature, as well as writings by second and third-generation Cypriot writers born or raised abroad, often writing in English. This includes writers such as ] and ].<ref>Alexander Davidian, 'A literary resilience' in ''The Cyprus Weekly'' (Cyprus newspaper), 10 January 2016</ref>

Examples of Cyprus in foreign literature include the works of Shakespeare, with most of the play '']'' by ] set on the island of Cyprus. British writer ] lived in Cyprus from 1952 until 1956, during his time working for the British colonial government on the island, and wrote the book '']'' about his time in Cyprus which won the second ] in 1957.

===Mass media===
{{Main|Media of Cyprus|Television in Cyprus|Radio in Cyprus|Cinema of Cyprus}}
In the 2015 Freedom of the Press report of ], the Republic of Cyprus and Northern Cyprus were ranked "free". The Republic of Cyprus scored 25/100 in ], 5/30 in Legal Environment, 11/40 in Political Environment, and 9/30 in Economic Environment (the lower scores the better).<ref> {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216211325/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2015/cyprus |date=16 February 2016}}, 2015 report Cyprus</ref> ] rank the Republic of Cyprus 24th out of 180 countries in the 2015 World Press Freedom Index, with a score of 15.62.<ref> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419161741/http://index.rsf.org/ |date=19 April 2016}}, Cyprus</ref>

The law provides for ] and ], and the government generally respects these rights in practice. An independent press, an effective judiciary, and a functioning democratic political system combine to ensure freedom of speech and of the press. The law prohibits arbitrary interference with privacy, family, home, or correspondence, and the government generally respects these prohibitions in practice.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328020122/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204274 |date=28 March 2020 }}, ''Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2012'', Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State, 22 March 2013. Retrieved 7 January 2014.</ref>

Local television companies in Cyprus include the state owned ] which runs two television channels. In addition on the Greek side of the island there are the private channels ANT1 Cyprus, Plus TV, Mega Channel, Sigma TV, Nimonia TV (NTV) and New Extra. In Northern Cyprus, the local channels are ], the Turkish Cypriot equivalent to the Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation, and a number of private channels. The majority of local arts and cultural programming is produced by the Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation and BRT, with local arts documentaries, review programmes and filmed drama series.

===Cinema===
{{Main|Cinema of Cyprus}}
The most worldwide known Cypriot director, to have worked abroad, is ].


In the late 1960s and early 1970s, George Filis produced and directed ''Gregoris Afxentiou'', ''Etsi Prodothike i Kypros'', and ''The Mega Document''. In 1994, Cypriot film production received a boost with the establishment of the Cinema Advisory Committee. In 2000, the annual amount set aside for filmmaking in the national budget was ]500,000 (about €850,000). In addition to government grants, Cypriot co-productions are eligible for funding from the ]'s ] Fund, which finances European film co-productions. To date, four feature films on which a Cypriot was an executive producer have received funding from Eurimages. The first was ''I Sphagi tou Kokora'' (1996), followed by ''Hellados'' (unreleased), ''To Tama'' (1999), and ''O Dromos gia tin Ithaki'' (2000).<ref>" {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924012748/http://www.filmbirth.com/cyprus.html |date=24 September 2015}}".</ref>
Modern literary figures from Cyprus include the poet and writer Kostas Montis, poet ], poet Michalis Pasiardis, writer ], ], ], Loukis Akritas<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.philatelism.com/details.php?issueid=256|title=Cyprus Stamp Issue: Loukis Akritas}}</ref> and Demetris Th. Gotsis. ], ] and Pavlos Liasides are folk poets who wrote poems mainly in the ] dialect<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.philatelism.com/details.php?issueid=91|title=Cyprus Stamp Issue: Cyprus Poets}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.philatelism.com/details.php?issueid=252|title=Cyprus Stamp Issue: Centenary Birthday Anniversary of Poet Pavlos Liasides}}</ref>. ] lived in Northern Cyprus from 1952 until 26 August 1956 and wrote the book ] concerning his time there which won the second ] in 1957. The majority of the play '']'' by ] is set on the island of Cyprus. Cyprus also figures in religious literature such as the ] according to which the Apostles ] and Paul preached on the island.


===Cuisine=== ===Cuisine===
{{Main|Cypriot cuisine}} {{Main|Cypriot cuisine}}
]'']]
]


During the medieval period, under the French Lusignan monarchs of Cyprus an elaborate form of courtly cuisine developed, fusing French, Byzantine and Middle Eastern forms. The Lusignan kings were known for importing Syrian cooks to Cyprus, and it has been suggested that one of the key routes for the importation of Middle Eastern recipes into France and other Western European countries, such as blancmange, was via the Lusignan Kingdom of Cyprus. These recipes became known in the West as ''vyands de Chypre'', or foods of Cyprus, and the food historian William Woys Weaver has identified over one hundred of them in English, French, Italian and German recipe books of the Middle Ages. One that became particularly popular across Europe in the medieval and early modern periods was a stew made with chicken or fish called ''malmonia'', which in English became mawmeny.<ref>William Woys Weaver, 'Poland in the Middle Ages' in Maria Dembinska (ed.) ''Food and Drink in Medieval Poland: Rediscovering a Cuisine of the Past'' (Philadelphia: University of University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999) pp.&nbsp;41–46</ref>
] or Hellim cheese originated in Cyprus<ref>{{cite book |author= Robinson, R. K. – Tamime, A. Y. |title=Feta and Related Cheeses |publisher=Woodhead Publishing |year=1991 |page=144 |isbn=1855732785 |quote= Halloumi is a semi-hard to hard, unripened cheese that, traditionally, is made from either sheep's milk or goat's milk or a mixture of the two. Although the cheese has its origins in Cyprus, it is widely popular throughout the Middle East, and hence many countries have now become involved with its manufacture.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author= Murdoch Books Pty Limited |title= Essential Mediterranean |publisher= Murdoch Books |year= 2005 |page=21 |isbn= 1740455398 |quote= HALOUMl Originating in Cyprus, this salty, semi-hard sheep's milk cheese is a popular table cheese }}</ref> and was initially made during the ] ] period,<ref>{{cite book |author= Goldstein, Darra – Merkle, Kathrin – Parasecoli, Fabio – Mennell, Stephen – Council of Europe |title= Culinary cultures of Europe: identity, diversity and dialogue |publisher= Council of Europe |year= 2005 |page=121 |isbn= 9287157448 |quote= Most culinary innovations in the Cypriot cuisine occurred during the Byzantine era… Experimentation with dairy products resulted in the now-famous halloumi and feta cheese.}}</ref> subsequently gaining popularity throughout the ]. Halloumi (Hellim) is commonly served sliced, either fresh or grilled, as an appetiser.


Another example of a Cypriot food ingredient entering the Western European canon is the cauliflower, still popular and used in a variety of ways on the island today, which was associated with Cyprus from the early Middle Ages. Writing in the 12th and 13th centuries the Arab botanists ] and ] claimed the vegetable had its origins in Cyprus,<ref>{{cite web |title=Cabbage Flowers for Food|url=http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/archives/parsons/publications/vegetabletravelers/broccoli.html |website=Aggie Horticulture |publisher=Texas AgriLife Extension Service, Texas A&M System |access-date=12 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812232947/http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu//archives/parsons/publications/vegetabletravelers/broccoli.html |archive-date=12 August 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Fenwick |first=G. Roger |author2=Heaney, Robert K. |author3=Mullin, W. John |author4=VanEtten, Cecil H. |title=Glucosinolates and their breakdown products in food and food plants |journal=CRC Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition |date=1982 |volume=18| issue=2 |pages=123–201 |doi=10.1080/10408398209527361 |pmid=6337782}}</ref> and this association with the island was echoed in Western Europe, where cauliflowers were originally known as Cyprus cabbage or ''Cyprus colewart''. There was also a long and extensive trade in cauliflower seeds from Cyprus, until well into the sixteenth century.<ref>Jon Gregerson, ''Good Earth'' (Portland: Graphic Arts Center Publishing Company, 1990) p.41</ref>
Seafood and fish dishes of Cyprus include ], ], ], and ]. Cucumber and tomato are used widely in salads. Common vegetable preparations include potatoes in olive oil and parsley, pickled ] and ], ] and '']''(gölevez). Other traditional delicacies of the island are meat marinated in dried coriander, seeds and wine, and eventually dried and smoked, such as ''lountza'' (smoked ]), charcoal-grilled lamb, ] (pork and chicken cooked over charcoal), and ] (minced meat wrapped in ]). ''Pourgouri'' (], cracked wheat) is the traditional carbohydrate other than bread, and is used to make the Cypriot delicacy ].


]]]
Fresh vegetables and fruits are common ingredients in Cypriot cuisine. Frequently used vegetables include ]s, green peppers, ], green beans, artichokes, carrots, tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and grape leaves, and ] such as beans, ]s, peas, ]s, ]s and ]s. The commonest among fruits and nuts are pears, apples, grapes, oranges, ], ]s, ], blackberries, cherry, strawberries, figs, ], ], avocado, lemon, ], ], ], ], ].
]]]


Although much of the Lusignan food culture was lost after the fall of Cyprus to the Ottomans in 1571, a number of dishes that would have been familiar to the Lusignans survive today, including various forms of tahini and houmous, zalatina, skordalia and pickled wild song birds called ambelopoulia. ], which is today highly controversial, and illegal, was exported in vast quantities from Cyprus during the Lusignan and Venetian periods, particularly to Italy and France. In 1533 the English traveller to Cyprus, John Locke, claimed to have seen the pickled wild birds packed into large jars, of which 1200 jars were exported from Cyprus annually.<ref>David Bannerman and Mary Bannerman ''Birds of Cyprus'' (London: Oliver and Boyd, 1958) p.&nbsp;384</ref>
Cyprus is also well-known for its desserts, including ''lokum'', also known as ].<ref name=giant>"", ''BBC News'', October 18, 2004</ref> This island has ] for its ''lokum'' produced in the village of ].<ref name=PGI>{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title=Turks riled as Cyprus set to win EU trademark on Turkish Delight | date=December 13, 2007 | agency=Associated Press | url =http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/12/13/europe/EU-GEN-Cyprus-Turkish-Delight.php | work =International Herald Tribune | pages = | accessdate = 2007-12-14 | language = }}</ref>


Also familiar to the Lusignans would have been ] cheese, which some food writers today claim originated in Cyprus during the Byzantine period<ref>{{cite book |author1=Goldstein, Darra |author2=Merkle, Kathrin |author3=Parasecoli, Fabio |author4=Mennell, Stephen |author5=Council of Europe |title=Culinary cultures of Europe: identity, diversity and dialogue |publisher=Council of Europe |year=2005 |page=121 |isbn=978-92-871-5744-7 |quote=Most culinary innovations in the Cypriot cuisine occurred during the Byzantine era&nbsp;... Experimentation with dairy products resulted in the now-famous halloumi and feta cheese.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Robinson, R. K. |author2=Tamime, A. Y. |title=Feta and Related Cheeses |publisher=Woodhead Publishing |year=1991 |page=144 |isbn=978-1-85573-278-0 |quote=Halloumi is a semi-hard to hard, unripened cheese that traditionally is made from either sheep's or goat's milk or a mixture. Although the cheese has its origins in Cyprus, it is widely popular throughout the Middle East, and hence many countries have now become involved with its manufacture.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Murdoch Books Pty Limited |title=Essential Mediterranean |publisher=Murdoch Books |year=2005 |page=21 |isbn=978-1-74045-539-8 |quote=HALOUMl Originating in Cyprus, this salty, semi-hard sheep's milk cheese is a popular table cheese}}</ref> although the name of the cheese itself is thought by academics to be of Arabic origin.<ref name="Papademas 117">P. Papademas, "Halloumi Cheese" in A.Y. Tamime (ed.), ''Brined Cheeses'' (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2006) p.117</ref> There is no surviving written documentary evidence of the cheese being associated with Cyprus before the year 1554, when the Italian historian ] wrote of a sheep-milk cheese from Cyprus he called ''calumi''.<ref name="Papademas 117"/> Halloumi (Hellim) is commonly served sliced, grilled, fried and sometimes fresh, as an appetiser or ] dish.
===Sports===
]]]
Governing bodies of sport in Cyprus include the ], Cyprus Badminton Federation,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cyprusbadminton.com |title=Cyprus Badminton Federation |publisher=Cyprusbadminton.com |date= |accessdate=2009-03-27}}</ref> ], ], ], ] and the ]. ] is one of the most successful ] players in international stage. He was a finalist at the Australian Open in 2006, and reached the ] semi-final in the same year. Also ] a Cypriot ]er born in Limassol achieved a jump of 2.35&nbsp;m at the 11th ] held in ], in 2007 winning the bronze medal.


Seafood and fish dishes include squid, octopus, ], and ]. Cucumber and tomato are used widely in salads. Common vegetable preparations include potatoes in olive oil and parsley, pickled cauliflower and beets, asparagus and ]. Other traditional delicacies are meat marinated in dried coriander seeds and wine, and eventually dried and smoked, such as ''lountza'' (smoked ]), charcoal-grilled lamb, ] (pork and chicken cooked over charcoal), and ] (minced meat wrapped in ]). ''Pourgouri'' (], cracked wheat) is the traditional source of carbohydrate other than bread, and is used to make the delicacy ].
Football is by far the most popular ]. Notable teams include ], ], ], ], ], ] and ]. Stadiums or sports venues in Cyprus include the ] (the largest in Cyprus), ], ], ], ] and ]. The ] – which takes place in Lemesos – is also on the ] sporting calendar.


Fresh vegetables and fruits are common ingredients. Frequently used vegetables include courgettes, green peppers, ], green beans, artichokes, carrots, tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and grape leaves, and pulses such as beans, broad beans, peas, black-eyed beans, chick-peas and lentils. The most common fruits and nuts are pears, apples, grapes, oranges, ], nectarines, ], blackberries, cherry, strawberries, figs, watermelon, melon, avocado, lemon, pistachio, almond, chestnut, walnut, and hazelnut.
===Media===
Newspapers include ], ], ], ], ], ], the ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ] (in a special Cypriot edition). TV channels include ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ].


Cyprus is also well known for its desserts, including ''lokum'' (also known as ]) and ].<ref>" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517130802/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3753928.stm |date=17 May 2024 }}", ''BBC News'', 18 October 2004</ref> This island has ] for its ''lokum'' produced in the village of ].<ref>{{cite news |title=Turks riled as Cyprus set to win EU trademark on Turkish Delight | date=13 December 2007 |agency=Associated Press |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/12/13/europe/EU-GEN-Cyprus-Turkish-Delight.php |work=International Herald Tribune |access-date =14 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202125809/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/12/13/europe/EU-GEN-Cyprus-Turkish-Delight.php |archive-date=2 December 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://cyprus-mail.com/2016/07/04/agros-rose-preserve-included-protected-geographical-indication-list/ |title=Agros rose preserve included in protected geographical indication list |last=Andreou |first=Evie |date=4 July 2016 |work=Cyprus Mail |access-date=19 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120070241/http://cyprus-mail.com/2016/07/04/agros-rose-preserve-included-protected-geographical-indication-list/ |archive-date=20 January 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
==Infrastructure==
===Transportation===
{{Main|Transport in Cyprus}}
]
]
]]]
].]]


===Sports===
The ] ceased operation on the 31st December 1951, the remaining ] are by road, sea, and air. Of the {{convert|10663|km|mi|abbr=on}} of roads in the Greek Cypriot area as of 1998, {{convert|6249|km|mi|abbr=on}} were paved, and {{convert|4414|km|mi|abbr=on}} were unpaved. As of 1996 the Turkish Cypriot area had a similar ratio of paved to unpaved, with approximately {{convert|1370|km|mi|abbr=on}} of paved road and {{convert|980|km|mi|abbr=on}} unpaved. Cyprus is one of only four EU nations in which vehicles drive on the ], a remnant of British colonisation, the others being Ireland, Malta and the United Kingdom.
] in ]]]
Sport governing bodies include the ], ], ], ], Cyprus Badminton Federation,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cyprusbadminton.com |title=Cyprus Badminton Federation |publisher=Cyprusbadminton.com |access-date=27 March 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090403054924/http://www.cyprusbadminton.com/ |archive-date=3 April 2009}}</ref> ], ] and the Cyprus Pool Association.


Notable sports teams in the Cyprus leagues include ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ] Stadiums or sports venues include the ] (the largest in the Republic of Cyprus-controlled areas), ] (second largest), ], ], ]. ] and ].
'']''
{{Main|Motorways and roads in Cyprus}}
* ] ] to ]
* ] connects A1 near Pera Chorio with A3 by ]
* ] ] to ]
* ] connects A1 near Kofinou with A3 by ]
* ] ] to ]
* ] ] to ]


In the 2008–09 season, ] was the first Cypriot team to qualify for the ] Group stage. Next season, ] qualified for the UEFA Champions League group stage, and reached the last 8 of the ] after finishing top of its group and beating French ] in the Round of 16.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Number of licensed vehicles<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mcw.gov.cy/mcw/PWD/PWD.nsf/All/1099BBC9002543B4C225713B00147808?Opendocument |title='&#39;Public Works Department official statistics'&#39; |publisher=Mcw.gov.cy |date=2006-03-24 |accessdate=2009-10-25}}</ref>
|-
!]
!2001
!2002
!2003
!2004
!2005
|-
|Private vehicles
|270,348
|277,554
|291,645
|324,212
|344,953
|-
|Taxis
|1,641
|1,559
|1,696
|1,770
|1,845
|-
|Rental cars
|8,080
|8,509
|9,160
|9,652
|8,336
|-
|Buses
|3,003
|2,997
|3,275
|3,199
|3,217
|-
| Light trucks (lighter than 40 tonnes)
|107,060
|106,610
|107,527
|105,017
|105,327
|-
| Heavy trucks (over 40 tonnes)
|10,882
|11,182
|12,119
|12,808
|13,028
|-
|Motorcycles (2 wheels)
|12,956
|14,983
|16,009
|16,802
|16,836
|-
|Motorcycles (3 wheels)
|42
|41
|43
|55
|558
|-
|Scooters
|28,987
|25,252
|25,464
|24,539
|22,987
|-
|'''TOTAL'''
|442,999
|448,687
|466,938
|498,054
|517,087
|}


The ] known as ''The Moufflons'' currently holds the record for most consecutive international wins, which is especially notable as the ] was only formed in 2006.
In 1999, Cyprus had six heliports and two international airports: ] and ]. ] has been closed since 1974 and although Ercan airport was still in use it was only for flights from Turkey. Since 2006 ] has been mentioned in talks between Britain, United States and the EU for direct flights, with the EU sanctioning the opening,<ref name="bbc1">{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6114410.stm | title= Turkish Cypriots spurn EU plan | date=2006-11-06 | publisher= | accessdate=2010-01-02}}</ref> however International flights direct are still unavailable.


Footballer ] won the ] in the 1975–76 season; Cyprus is the smallest country by population to have one of its players win the award. Tennis player ] was ranked 8th in the world, was a finalist at the Australian Open, and reached the ] semi-final, all in 2006. High jumper ] achieved a jump of 2.35m at the 11th ] in ], Japan, in 2007, winning the bronze medal. He has been ranked third in the world. In motorsports, ] is a successful race car driver, currently racing in the ] for Marussia ]. There is also mixed martial artist ], who competed in ]'s middleweight division from 2011 until 2015. Costas holds a 6–4 record in UFC bouts.
] in Cyprus is limited to privately run bus services (except in ]), taxis, and 'shared' taxi services (referred to locally as ''service taxis''). Per capita private car ownership is the 5th highest in the world. In 2006 extensive plans were announced to improve and expand bus services and restructure public transport throughout Cyprus, with the financial backing of the ] Development Bank. The main ]s of the island are ''] harbour'' and ''] harbour'', which service cargo, passenger, and ]s.


Also notable for a Mediterranean island, the siblings ] and ] qualified for the ] in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. They were the only athletes who managed to qualify and thus represented ].
===Telecommunications===
{{Main|Communications in Cyprus}}
], the ] telecommunications company, manages most ] and ] connections on the island. However, following the recent ] of the sector, a few private telecommunications companies have emerged including ], ], ], ], ]and ].


The country's first ever Olympic medal, a silver medal, was won by the sailor ], at the ] in the ].
==International membership==
The ] Cyprus is member of: ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cy.html |title=CIA – The World Factbook – Cyprus |publisher=Cia.gov |date=2008-12-18 |accessdate=2009-01-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/archives/enlargement_process/past_enlargements/eu10/cyprus_en.htm |title=European Commission – Enlargement: Archives Country Profiles |publisher=Ec.europa.eu |date= |accessdate=2009-01-06}}</ref>
<!--
== Notables ==
{{Multicol}}
*], ] religious leader.
*] (born 1985), tennis player.
*] (born 1922), film director known for the movies ] (1955) and '']'' (1964).
*], fashion designer.
*], cartoonist/journalist.
*], Turkish Cypriot leader.
*] (born 1968), singer.
*] (born 1949), physicist
*Sir ] (born 1967), owner of ] and self-styled "serial entrepreneur".
*] (born 1958), ] for the new-wave band ].
*] (born 1978), football player for ] and the ]'s all-time leading goalscorer.
*] (1947–1999), former Greek deputy Minister of State.
*Dr. ] (1906–1984), the first and only Turkish Cypriot Vice President of the 1960 Republic of Cyprus.
*] (born 1978), famous singer and songwriter.
{{ColBreak}}
*] (1913–1977), first President of the Republic of Cyprus.
*], international businessman most active during the 1970s and 1980s.
*] (born 1946), ] synthetic organic and natural products chemist.
*] (born 1977), football player for ] and the ].
*], three-times the ] ] during the mid-]
*], five-times the Ottoman grand-vizier during the late nineteenth and early ]
*], actor.
*] (born 1948), singer.
*] (born 1975), singer.
*], leading Turkish politician.
*] (born 1957), singer.
*], ] and author.
*], ] player.
*] (333&nbsp;BC&nbsp;- 264&nbsp;BC), ] philosopher, founder of ].
{{Multicol-end}}-->

==International rankings==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
|-
! Organization
! Survey
! Ranking
|-
| ]
| ]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stateofworldliberty.org/report/rankings.html |title=The 2006 State of World Liberty Index |publisher=www.stateofworldliberty.org |accessdate=2007-12-07}}</ref>
| 9 out of 159
|-
| ]
| ] 2006<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/hdr2006/report.cfm |title=Human Development Report 2006 |publisher=hdr.undp.org |work=United Nations Development Program |year=2006 |accessdate=2007-04-10}}</ref><br />Human Development Index 2004<ref name=HDI>{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/hdr2006/statistics/countries/data_sheets/cty_ds_CYP.html |title=Cyprus: Human Development Index Trends |accessdate=2007-04-28 |publisher=hdr.undp.org |work=United Nations Development Program}}</ref><br />Human Development Index 2000<ref name=HDI/>
| 29 out of 177 <br /> 29 out of 177 <br /> 29 out of 177
|-
| ]
| Worldwide Quality-of-life Index, 2005<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.economist.com/media/pdf/QUALITY_OF_LIFE.pdf |title=Worldwide Quality of Life – 2005 |publisher=www.economist.com |work=The Economist |year=2005 |accessdate=2007-04-10|format=PDF}}</ref>
| 23 out of 111
|-
| ]
| ]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.le.ac.uk/users/aw57/world/sample.html |title=A Global Projection of Subjective Well-being |publisher=www.le.ac.uk |accessdate=2007-12-07}}</ref>
| 49 out of 178
|-
| ]/'']''
| ]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.heritage.org/research/features/index/countries.cfm |title= Index of Economic Freedom |accessdate=2007-04-10 |publisher=www.heritage.org |work=Heritage Foundation & The WSJ |year=2007 }}</ref>
| 20 out of 157
|-
| ]
| ] 2006<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=19388 |title=North Korea, Turkmenistan, Eritrea the worst violators of press freedom |publisher=www.rsf.org |work=Reporters Without Borders |year=2006 |accessdate=2007-04-10}}</ref><br />Worldwide Press Freedom Index 2005<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=15331 |title=North Korea, Eritrea and Turkmenistan are the world's “black holes” for news |publisher=www.ref.org |work=Reporters without Borders |year=2005 |accessdate=2007-04-28}}</ref>
| 30 out of 168 <br /> 25(tied) out of 168
|-
| ]
| ] 2006<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.transparency.org/news_room/in_focus/cpi_2006/cpi_table |publisher=www.transparency.org |work=Transparency International |year=2006 |accessdate=2007-04-10 |title=CPI Table}}</ref><br />Corruption Perceptions Index 2005<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.transparency.org/content/download/8101/51449/file/TIAR2005.pdf |title=Transparency International's Annual Report 2005 |year=2005 |accessdate=2007-04-28 |work=Transparency International |publisher=www.transparency.org|format=PDF}}</ref><br />Corruption Perceptions Index 2004<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.transparency.org/content/download/2274/14262/file/TI%20Annual%20Report%202004.pdf |title= Transparency International's Annual Report 2004 |year=2004 |accessdate=2006-04-28|format=PDF}}</ref>
| 37 out of 163 <br /> 37 out of 158<br /> 36 out of 145
|-
| ]
| ]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.weforum.org/pdf/Global_Competitiveness_Reports/Reports/gcr_2006/gcr2006_rankings.pdf |year=2006 |accessdate=2007-04-10 |publisher=www.weforum.org |work=World Economic Forum |title=Global Competitiveness Report 2006-2007|format=PDF}}</ref>
| 46 out of 125
|-
| ]
| ]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2007/01/data/weorept.aspx?sy=2006&ey=2006&ssm=1&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=%2C&br=1&pr1.x=56&pr1.y=11&c=512%2C941%2C914%2C446%2C612%2C666%2C614%2C668%2C311%2C672%2C213%2C946%2C911%2C137%2C193%2C962%2C122%2C674%2C912%2C676%2C313%2C548%2C419%2C556%2C513%2C678%2C316%2C181%2C913%2C682%2C124%2C684%2C339%2C273%2C638%2C921%2C514%2C948%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C522%2C692%2C622%2C694%2C156%2C142%2C624%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C283%2C228%2C853%2C924%2C288%2C233%2C293%2C632%2C566%2C636%2C964%2C634%2C182%2C238%2C453%2C662%2C968%2C960%2C922%2C423%2C714%2C935%2C862%2C128%2C716%2C611%2C456%2C321%2C722%2C243%2C965%2C248%2C718%2C469%2C724%2C253%2C576%2C642%2C936%2C643%2C961%2C939%2C813%2C644%2C199%2C819%2C184%2C172%2C524%2C132%2C361%2C646%2C362%2C648%2C364%2C915%2C732%2C134%2C366%2C652%2C734%2C174%2C144%2C328%2C146%2C258%2C463%2C656%2C528%2C654%2C923%2C336%2C738%2C263%2C578%2C268%2C537%2C532%2C742%2C944%2C866%2C176%2C369%2C534%2C744%2C536%2C186%2C429%2C925%2C178%2C746%2C436%2C926%2C136%2C466%2C343%2C112%2C158%2C111%2C439%2C298%2C916%2C927%2C664%2C846%2C826%2C299%2C542%2C582%2C443%2C474%2C917%2C754%2C544%2C698&s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a=#download |title=Gross domestic product per capita, current prices |accessdate=2007-05-04 |date= |work= International Monetary Fund |publisher= }}</ref>
| 31 out of 180
|-
| ]/]
| ] 2005<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yale.edu/esi/ESI2005_Main_Report.pdf |title=Environmental Sustainability Index |accessdate=2007-04-27 |year=2005 |work= Yale and Columbia University |publisher=www.yale.edu |format=PDF}}</ref>
| not ranked
|-
| ]
| Labor strikes<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/lab_str-labor-strikes |title=Labor Statistics: Strikes by Country |accessdate=2007-04-27 |date= |work= Nation Master |publisher=www.nationmaster.com }}</ref>
| not ranked
|-
| ] / ]
| Globalisation Index 2006<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.atkearney.com/shared_res/pdf/Globalization-Index_FP_Nov-Dec-06_S.pdf |accessdate=2007-04-27 |year=2006 |publisher=www.atkearney.com |work=A.T. Kearney/FOREIGN POLICY |title=A.T. Kearney/Foreign Policy Globalisation Index 2006|format=PDF}}</ref><br /> Globalisation Index 2005<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.atkearney.com/shared_res/pdf/2005G-index.pdf |year=2005 |accessdate=2007-04-27 |publisher=www.atkearney.com |work= A.T. Kearney/FOREIGN POLICY |title= A.T. Kearney/Foreign Policy Magazine Globalisation Index 2005|format=PDF}}</ref><br /> Globalisation Index 2004<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.atkearney.com/shared_res/pdf/2004G-index.pdf |title=A.T. Kearney/Foreign Policy Magazine Globalisation Index 2004 |year=2004 |accessdate=2007-04-27 |publisher=www.atkearney.com |work=A.T. Kearney/FOREIGN POLICY|format=PDF}}</ref>
| <br /> not ranked <br />
|}


==See also== ==See also==
*]
{{portal|Cyprus|Flag of Cyprus.svg}}
{{Portal|Geography|Terrestrial_globe.svg}}
*]
*] *]
*] *]
*] *]


==References== ==References==
'''Informational notes'''
;Notes
{{notelist}}
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}


'''Citations'''
==Further reading==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite book |author=Hitchens, Christopher|title=Hostage to History: Cyprus from the Ottomans to Kissinger |publisher=Verso |year=1997 |isbn= 1-85984-189-9}}

* {{cite book |author=Brewin, Christopher|title=European Union and Cyprus |publisher=Eothen Press |year=2000 |isbn= 0-906719-24-0}}
'''Further reading'''
* {{cite book |author=Dods, Clement (ed.)|title=Cyprus: The Need for New Perspectives |publisher=The Eothen Press |year=1999 |isbn= 0-906719-23-2}}
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |author=Durrell, Lawrence|title=Bitter Lemons |publisher=Faber and Faber |year=1957 |isbn= 0-571201-55-5}}
* {{cite book |author=Faustmann, Hubert and Nicos Peristianis|title=Britain and Cyprus: Colonialism and Post-Colonialism, 1878–2006 |publisher=Bibliopolis |year=2006 |isbn= 978-3-93392-536-7}} *{{cite book |author=Brewin, Christopher |title=European Union and Cyprus |publisher=Eothen Press |year=2000 |isbn= 978-0-906719-24-4}}
* {{cite book |author=Gibbons, Harry Scott|title=The Genocide Files |publisher=Charles Bravos Publishers |year=1997 |isbn= 0-9514464-2-8}} * {{cite book |author=Charalambous, Giorgos |title=Party-Society Relations in the Republic of Cyprus |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2015 |isbn= 978-1-317386-56-8}}
* Clark, Tommy. ''A Brief History of Cyprus'' (2020) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326034636/https://www.amazon.co.uk/Brief-History-Cyprus-Tommy-Clark/dp/1527268527/ |date=26 March 2023 }}
* {{cite book |author=Hannay, David|title=Cyprus: The Search for a Solution |publisher=] |year=2005 |isbn= 1-85043-665-7}}
* {{cite book |author=Ker-Lindsay, James|title=EU Accession and UN Peacemaking in Cyprus |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2005 |isbn= 1-4039-9690-3}} * {{cite book |editor=Dods, Clement|title=Cyprus: The Need for New Perspectives |publisher=The Eothen Press |year=1999 |isbn= 978-0-906719-23-7}}
* {{cite book |author=Ker-Lindsay, James and Hubert Faustmann|title=The Government and Politics of Cyprus |publisher=Peter Lang |year=2009 |isbn= 978-3-03911-096-4}} * {{cite book |author=Durrell, Lawrence |title=Bitter Lemons |publisher=Faber and Faber |year=1957 |isbn=978-0-571-20155-6 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/bitterlemonsofcy0000durr }}
* {{cite book |author=Leventis Yiorghos,|title=Cyprus: The Struggle for Self-Determination in the 1940s|publisher=Peter Lang |year=2002 |isbn= 3-631-38411-4 |usisbn= 0-8204-5428-1}} * {{cite book |author1=Faustmann, Hubert |author2=Nicos Peristianis |title=Britain and Cyprus: Colonialism and Post-Colonialism, 1878–2006 |publisher=Bibliopolis |year=2006 |isbn= 978-3-933925-36-7}}
* {{cite book |author=Leventis Yiorghos, Murata Sawayanagi Nanako, Hazama Yasushi|title=Crossing Over Cyprus|publisher=Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA) Tokyo University of Foreign Studies (TUFS)|year=2008 |isbn= 978-4-86337-003-6}} * {{cite book |author=Gibbons, Harry Scott |title=The Genocide Files |publisher=Charles Bravos Publishers |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-9514464-2-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/genocidefiles00gibb }}
* {{cite book |author=Mirbagheri, Farid|title=Cyprus and International Peacemaking |publisher=Hurst |year=1989 |isbn= 1-85065-354-2}} * {{cite book |author=Hannay, David |title=Cyprus: The Search for a Solution |publisher=] |year=2005 |isbn= 978-1-85043-665-2}}
* {{cite book |author=Nicolet, Claude|title=United States Policy Towards Cyprus, 1954–1974 |publisher=Bibliopolis |year=2001 |isbn= 3-933925-20-7}} * {{cite book |author=Hitchens, Christopher |title=Hostage to History: Cyprus from the Ottomans to Kissinger |publisher=Verso |year=1997 |isbn=978-1-85984-189-1}}
* {{cite book |author=Oberling, Pierre|title=The Road to Bellapais |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1982 |isbn= 0-88033-000-7}} * {{cite book |author=Ker-Lindsay, James |title=EU Accession and UN Peacemaking in Cyprus |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-4039-9690-9}}
* {{cite book |author=O'Malley, Brendan and Ian Craig|title=The Cyprus Conspiracy |publisher=] |year=1999 |isbn= 1-86064-737-5}} * {{cite book |author1=Ker-Lindsay, James |author2=Hubert Faustmann |title=The Government and Politics of Cyprus |publisher=Peter Lang |year=2009 |isbn= 978-3-03911-096-4}}
* {{cite book |author=Palley, Claire|title=An International Relations Debacle: The UN Secretary-General's Mission of Good Offices in Cyprus, 1999–2004 |publisher=Hart Publishing |year=2005 |isbn= 1-84113-578-X}} * {{cite book |author=Mallinson, William |title=Cyprus a Modern History |publisher=I.B.Tauris |year=2005 |isbn= 978-1-85043-580-8}}
* {{cite book |last1=Merin |first1=Jennifer |last2=Burdick |first2=Elizabeth B. |title=International directory of theatre, dance, and folklore festivals: a project of the International Theatre Institute of the United States, inc |url=https://archive.org/details/internationaldir00meri |url-access=registration |date=1 November 1979 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=978-0-313-20993-2 }}
* {{cite book |author=Papadakis, Yiannis|title=Echoes from the Dead Zone: Across the Cyprus Divide |publisher=] |year=2005 |isbn= 1-85043-428-X}}
* {{cite book |author=Plumer, Aytug|title=Cyprus, 1963–64: The Fateful Years|publisher=Cyrep (Lefkosa) |year=2003 | isbn= 975-6912-18-9}} * {{cite book |author=Mirbagheri, Farid |title=Cyprus and International Peacemaking |publisher=Hurst |year=1989 |isbn=978-1-85065-354-7 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/cyprusinternatio0000mirb }}
* {{cite book |author=Richmond, Oliver|title=Mediating in Cyprus |publisher=Frank Cass |year=1998 |isbn= 0-7146-4431-5}} * {{cite book |author=Nicolet, Claude|title=United States Policy Towards Cyprus, 1954–1974 |publisher=Bibliopolis |year=2001 |isbn= 978-3-933925-20-6}}
* {{cite book |author=Richmond, Oliver and James Ker-Lindsay (eds.)|title=The Work of the UN in Cyprus: Promoting Peace and Development |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2001 |isbn= 0-333-91271-3}} * {{cite book |author=Oberling, Pierre|title=The Road to Bellapais |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1982 |isbn= 978-0-88033-000-8}}
* {{cite book |author=Tocci, Nathalie|title=EU Accession Dynamics and Conflict Resolution: Catalysing Peace or Consolidating Partition in Cyprus? |publisher=Ashgate |year=2004 |isbn= 0-7546-4310-7}} * {{cite book |author1=O'Malley, Brendan |author2=Ian Craig|title=The Cyprus Conspiracy |publisher=I.B.Tauris |year=1999 |isbn= 978-1-86064-737-6}}
* {{cite book |author=Anastasiou, Harry|title=Broken Olive Branch: Nationalism Ethnic Conflict and the Quest for Peace in Cyprus |publisher=Syracuse University Press |year=2008 |isbn= 0815631960}} * {{cite book |author=Palley, Claire |title=An International Relations Debacle: The UN Secretary-General's Mission of Good Offices in Cyprus, 1999–2004 |publisher=Hart Publishing |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-84113-578-6}}
* {{cite book |author=Papadakis, Yiannis|title=Echoes from the Dead Zone: Across the Cyprus Divide |publisher=I.B.Tauris |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-85043-428-3}}
* {{cite book |author=Richmond, Oliver|title=Mediating in Cyprus |publisher=Frank Cass |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-7146-4431-8}}
* {{cite book |editor=Richmond, Oliver |editor2=James Ker-Lindsay |title=The Work of the UN in Cyprus: Promoting Peace and Development |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-333-91271-3}}
* {{cite book |author=Richter, Heinz |title=A Concise History of Modern Cyprus 1878–2009 |publisher=Rutzen |year=2010 |isbn=978-3-447-06212-1}}
* Sacopoulo, Marina (1966). ''Chypre d'aujourd'hui''. Paris: G.-P. Maisonneuve et Larose. 406&nbsp;p., ill. with b&w photos. and fold. maps.
* {{cite book |author=Tocci, Nathalie |title=EU Accession Dynamics and Conflict Resolution: Catalysing Peace or Consolidating Partition in Cyprus? |publisher=Ashgate |year=2004 |isbn= 978-0-7546-4310-4}}
* {{cite book |author1=Yiorghos, Leventis |author2=Murata Sawayanagi Nanako |author3=Hazama Yasushi |title=Crossing Over Cyprus |publisher=Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA) Tokyo University of Foreign Studies (TUFS) |year=2008 |isbn=978-4-86337-003-6}}
{{Refend}}


==External links== ==External links==
{{sisterlinks|Cyprus}} {{Sister project links|Cyprus|voy=Cyprus}}
'''General Information'''
* . '']''. ].
*
* from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''
* information from the ] includes Background Notes, Country Study and major reports
* from the ]
*


; Government '''Government'''
* *
* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702085503/http://www.cyprus.gov.cy/portal/portal.nsf/citizen_en?OpenForm&access=0&SectionId=citizen&CategoryId=none&SelectionId=home&print=0&lang=en |date=2 July 2022 }}
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
* at annanplan.com
*
*


;Tourism '''Tourism'''
* – the official travel portal for Cyprus * {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100628111323/http://www.visitcyprus.com/ |date=28 June 2010 }} – the official travel portal for Cyprus
* the official portal of the European Travel Commission * www.Cyprus.com
* {{osmrelation-inline|307787}}
'''Cuisine'''


* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423165804/https://publications.gov.cy/assets/user/publications/2022/2022_040/HTML/ |date=23 April 2023 }}
; General information
*{{CIA World Factbook link|cy|Cyprus}}
* from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''
* information from the ] includes Background Notes, Country Study and major reports
*{{dmoz|Regional/Middle_East/Cyprus}}
*


'''Archaeology'''
; Official publications
*.
*
*
*
*The Republic of Cyprus Press and Information Office,
*{{cite news|last=www |first=By |url=http://www.noitikiantistasis.com/wordpress |title=Noitiki Antistasis |publisher=Noitikiantistasis.com |date=2009-01-06 |accessdate=2009-01-06}} Non-affiliated news website focusing mainly on the effect of globalisation and foreign interests on the Cyprus problem
*
<br />
*{{loc}}
*{{CIA World Factbook}}
*
*


*
{{Template group
* , a fully digitised text from The Metropolitan Museum of Art libraries
|title = Geographic locale
*
|list =

'''Official publications'''
* .
* {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080928053046/http://www.moi.gov.cy/moi/pio/pio.nsf/All/BD477C55623013C5C2256D740027CF98?OpenDocument |date=28 September 2008 }}
*
*
*

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Latest revision as of 12:09, 20 December 2024

Mediterranean island country in the Middle East This article is about the country. For other uses, see Cyprus (disambiguation). Not to be confused with Cypress.

Republic of Cyprus
  • Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία (Greek)
  • Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti (Turkish)
Flag of Cyprus Flag Coat of arms of Cyprus Coat of arms
Anthem: Ὕμνος εἰς τὴν Ἐλευθερίαν
(English: "Hymn to Liberty")
Location of the Republic of Cyprus in dark green, territory de jure but not controlled in light greenLocation of the Republic of Cyprus in dark green, territory de jure but not controlled in light green
Capitaland largest cityNicosia
35°10′N 33°22′E / 35.167°N 33.367°E / 35.167; 33.367
Official languages
Minority languages
Vernaculars
Ethnic groups
Religion (2020; includes Northern Cyprus)
Demonym(s)Cypriot
GovernmentUnitary presidential republic
• President Nikos Christodoulides
• Vice-President Vacant
• President of the House of Representatives Annita Demetriou
LegislatureHouse of Representatives
Independence from the United Kingdom
• London-Zürich Agreements 19 February 1959
• Independence proclaimed 16 August 1960
• Independence Day 1 October 1960
Area
• Total9,251 km (3,572 sq mi) (162nd)
• Water (%)0.11
Population
• 2021 censusNeutral increase 923,272
• Density123.4/km (319.6/sq mi) (82nd)
GDP (PPP)2024 estimate
• TotalIncrease $55.140 billion (124th)
• Per capitaIncrease $59,858 (31st)
GDP (nominal)2024 estimate
• TotalIncrease $34.790 billion (105th)
• Per capitaIncrease $37,767 (28th)
Gini (2022)Steady 29.4
low inequality
HDI (2022)Increase 0.907
very high (29th)
CurrencyEuro () (EUR)
Time zoneUTC+02:00 (EET)
• Summer (DST)UTC+03:00 (EEST)
Drives onLeft
Calling code+357
ISO 3166 codeCY
Internet TLD.cy

Cyprus (/ˈsaɪprəs/ ), officially the Republic of Cyprus, is an island country in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Although it is geographically located in West Asia, its cultural identity and geopolitical make-up are overwhelmingly Southeast European. It is the third largest and third most populous island in the Mediterranean. It is located southeast of Greece, south of Turkey, west of Syria and Lebanon, northwest of Israel and Palestine, and north of Egypt. Its capital and largest city is Nicosia. Cyprus hosts the British-controlled military bases Akrotiri and Dhekelia, whilst the northeast portion of the island is de facto governed by the self-declared Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, which is separated from the Republic of Cyprus by the United Nations Buffer Zone.

Cyprus was first settled by hunter-gatherers around 13,000 years ago, with farming settlements emerging a few thousand years later. During the late Bronze Age, Cyprus (then called Alashiya) developed an urbanised society closely connected to the wider Mediterranean world. Cyprus experienced waves of settlement by Mycenaean Greeks at the end of the 2nd millennium BC. It was subsequently occupied by several empires, including the Assyrians, Ancient Egyptians, and Persians, from whom the island was seized in 333 BC by Alexander the Great. Subsequent rule by Ptolemaic Egypt, the Classical and Eastern Roman Empire, Arab caliphates, the French Lusignans, and the Venetians was followed by over three centuries of Ottoman rule between 1571 and 1878 (de jure until 1914). Cyprus was placed under the United Kingdom's administration based on the Cyprus Convention in 1878, and was formally annexed by the UK in 1914.

The future of the island became a matter of disagreement between the two prominent ethnic communities, Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots. From the 19th century onwards, the Greek Cypriot population pursued enosis (union with Greece), which became a Greek national policy in the 1950s. The Turkish Cypriot population initially advocated for the continuation of British rule, then demanded the annexation of the island to Turkey; in the 1950s, together with Turkey, they established a policy of taksim (the partition of Cyprus and the creation of a Turkish polity in the north of the island). Following nationalist violence in the 1950s, Cyprus was granted independence in 1960. The crisis of 1963–64 brought further intercommunal violence between the two communities, displaced more than 25,000 Turkish Cypriots into enclaves, and brought the end of Turkish Cypriot representation in the republic. On 15 July 1974, a coup d'état was staged by Greek Cypriot nationalists and elements of the Greek military junta. This action precipitated the Turkish invasion of Cyprus on 20 July, which led to the capture of the present-day territory of Northern Cyprus and the displacement of over 150,000 Greek Cypriots and 50,000 Turkish Cypriots. A separate Turkish Cypriot state in the north was established by unilateral declaration in 1983, which was widely condemned by the international community and led to Turkey being the only country to recognise the new state. These events and the resulting political situation are matters of an ongoing dispute.

Cyprus is a major tourist destination with an advanced high-income economy. It has been a member of the Commonwealth of Nations since 1961 and was a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement until it joined the European Union on 1 May 2004. On 1 January 2008, it joined the eurozone. Cyprus has long maintained good relations with NATO while refusing to join it, but confirmed in 2024 that it now intends to officially join.

Etymology

A copper mine in Cyprus. In antiquity, Cyprus was a major source of copper.

The earliest attested reference to Cyprus is the 15th century BC Mycenaean Greek 𐀓𐀠𐀪𐀍, ku-pi-ri-jo, meaning "Cypriot" (Greek: Κύπριος), written in Linear B syllabic script. The classical Greek form of the name is Κύπρος (Kýpros).

The etymology of the name is unknown. Suggestions include:

Through overseas trade, the island has given its name to the Classical Latin word for copper through the phrase aes Cyprium, "metal of Cyprus", later shortened to Cuprum.

The standard demonym relating to Cyprus or its people or culture is Cypriot. The terms Cypriote and Cyprian (later a personal name) are also used, though less frequently.

The state's official name in Greek literally translates to "Cypriot Republic" in English, but this translation is not used officially; "Republic of Cyprus" is used instead.

History

Main articles: History of Cyprus and Timeline of Cypriot history
Archaeological site of Khirokitia with early remains of human habitation during the Aceramic Neolithic period (reconstruction)

Prehistoric and ancient period

Main articles: Prehistoric Cyprus and Ancient history of Cyprus

Hunter-gatherers first arrived on Cyprus around 13–12,000 years ago (11,000 to 10,000 BC), based on dating of sites like Aetokremnos on the south coast and the inland site of Vretsia Roudias. The arrival of the first humans coincides with the extinction of the 75 cm (2.46 ft) high Cypriot pygmy hippopotamus and 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) tall Cyprus dwarf elephant, the only large mammals native to the island. Neolithic farming communities emerged on the island by around 10,500 years ago (8500 BC).

Remains of an eight-month-old cat were discovered buried with a human body at a separate Neolithic site in Cyprus. The grave is estimated to be 9,500 years old (7500 BC), predating ancient Egyptian civilisation and pushing back the earliest known feline-human association significantly. The remarkably well-preserved Neolithic village of Khirokitia is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, dating to approximately 6800 BC.

During the Late Bronze Age, from around 1650 BC Cyprus (identified in whole or part as Alashiya in contemporary texts) became more connected to the wider Mediterranean world driven by the trade in copper extracted from the Troodos Mountains, which stimulated the development of urbanised settlements across the island, with records suggesting that Cyprus at this time was ruled by "kings" who corresponded with the leaders of other Mediterranean states (like the pharaohs of the New Kingdom of Egypt, as documented in the Amarna letters). The first recorded name of a Cypriot king is Kushmeshusha, as appears on letters sent to Ugarit in the 13th century BC.

At the end of the Bronze Age, the island experienced two waves of Greek settlement. The first wave consisted of Mycenaean Greek traders, who started visiting Cyprus around 1400 BC. A major wave of Greek settlement is believed to have taken place following the Late Bronze Age collapse of Mycenaean Greece from 1100 to 1050 BC, with the island's predominantly Greek character dating from this period. Cyprus occupies an important role in Greek mythology, being the birthplace of Aphrodite and Adonis, and home to King Cinyras, Teucer and Pygmalion. Literary evidence suggests an early Phoenician presence at Kition, which was under Tyrian rule at the beginning of the 10th century BC. Some Phoenician merchants who were believed to come from Tyre colonised the area and expanded the political influence of Kition. After c. 850 BC, the sanctuaries were rebuilt and reused by the Phoenicians.

Zeus Keraunios, 500–480 BC, Nicosia museum

Cyprus is at a strategic location in the Eastern Mediterranean. It was ruled by the Neo-Assyrian Empire for a century starting in 708 BC, before a brief spell under Egyptian rule and eventually Achaemenid rule in 545 BC. The Cypriots, led by Onesilus, king of Salamis, joined their fellow Greeks in the Ionian cities during the unsuccessful Ionian Revolt in 499 BC against the Achaemenids. The revolt was suppressed, but Cyprus managed to maintain a high degree of autonomy and remained inclined towards the Greek world. During the whole period of the Persian rule, there is a continuity in the reign of the Cypriot kings and during their rebellions they were crushed by Persian rulers from Asia Minor, which is an indication that the Cypriots were ruling the island with directly regulated relations with the Great King and there was not a Persian satrap. The Kingdoms of Cyprus enjoyed special privileges and a semi-autonomous status, but they were still considered vassal subjects of the Great King.

The island was conquered by Alexander the Great in 333 BC and Cypriot navy helped Alexander during the siege of Tyre (332 BC). The Cypriot fleet was also sent to help Amphoterus. In addition, Alexander had two Cypriot generals Stasander and Stasanor both from the Soli and later both became satraps in Alexander's empire. Following Alexander's death, the division of his empire, and the subsequent Wars of the Diadochi, Cyprus became part of the Hellenistic empire of Ptolemaic Egypt. It was during this period that the island was fully Hellenised. In 58 BC Cyprus was acquired by the Roman Republic and became Roman Cyprus in 22 BC.

Middle Ages

Main articles: Cyprus in the Middle Ages and Kingdom of Cyprus
The Walls of Nicosia were built by the Venetians to defend the city in case of an Ottoman attack.
Kyrenia Castle was originally built by the Byzantines and enlarged by the Venetians.

When the Roman Empire was divided into Eastern and Western parts in 286, Cyprus became part of the East Roman Empire (also called the Byzantine Empire), and would remain so for some 900 years. Under Byzantine rule, the Greek orientation that had been prominent since antiquity developed the strong Hellenistic-Christian character that continues to be a hallmark of the Greek Cypriot community.

Beginning in 649, Cyprus endured repeated attacks and raids launched by Umayyad Caliphate. Many were quick raids, but others were large-scale attacks in which many Cypriots were killed and great wealth carried off or destroyed. The city of Salamis was destroyed and never rebuilt. Byzantine control remained stronger in the northern coast, the Arabs exerted more influence in the south. In 688, Emperor Justinian II and Caliph Abd al-Malik signed a treaty whereby Cyprus would be paying an equal amount of tribute to the Caliphate and tax to the Empire, but would remain politically neutral to both while being retained as a province administered by the Empire. There are no Byzantine churches which survive from this period, and the island entered a period of impoverishment. Full Byzantine rule was restored in 965, when Emperor Nikephoros II Phokas scored decisive victories on land and sea.

In 1156 Raynald of Châtillon and Thoros II of Armenia brutally sacked Cyprus over a period of three weeks, stealing so much plunder and capturing so many of the leading citizens and their families for ransom, that the island took generations to recover. Several Greek priests were mutilated and sent away to Constantinople.

In 1185 Isaac Komnenos, a member of the Byzantine imperial family, took over Cyprus and declared it independent of the Empire. In 1191, during the Third Crusade, Richard I of England captured the island from Isaac. He used it as a major supply base that was relatively safe from the Saracens. A year later Richard sold the island to the Knights Templar, who, following a bloody revolt, in turn sold it to Guy of Lusignan. His brother and successor Aimery was recognised as King of Cyprus by Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor.

Following the death in 1473 of James II, the last Lusignan king, the Republic of Venice assumed control of the island, while the late king's Venetian widow, Queen Catherine Cornaro, reigned as figurehead. Venice formally annexed the Kingdom of Cyprus in 1489, following the abdication of Catherine. The Venetians fortified Nicosia by building the Walls of Nicosia, and used it as an important commercial hub. Throughout Venetian rule, the Ottoman Empire frequently raided Cyprus. In 1539 the Ottomans destroyed Limassol and so fearing the worst, the Venetians also fortified Famagusta and Kyrenia.

Although the Lusignan French aristocracy remained the dominant social class in Cyprus throughout the medieval period, the former assumption that Greeks were treated only as serfs on the island is no longer considered by academics to be accurate. It is now accepted that the medieval period saw increasing numbers of Greek Cypriots elevated to the upper classes, a growing Greek middle ranks, and the Lusignan royal household even marrying Greeks. This included King John II of Cyprus who married Helena Palaiologina.

Ottoman Cyprus

Cypri insvla nova descript 1573, Ioannes á Deutecum f. Map of Cyprus newly drawn by Johannes van Deutecom, 1573.
Main article: Ottoman Cyprus

In 1570, a full-scale Ottoman assault with 60,000 troops brought the island under Ottoman control, despite stiff resistance by the inhabitants of Nicosia and Famagusta. Ottoman forces capturing Cyprus massacred many Greek and Armenian Christian inhabitants. The previous Latin elite were destroyed and the first significant demographic change since antiquity took place with the formation of a Muslim community. Soldiers who fought in the conquest settled on the island and Turkish peasants and craftsmen were brought to the island from Anatolia. This new community also included banished Anatolian tribes, "undesirable" persons and members of various "troublesome" Muslim sects, as well as a number of new converts on the island.

Büyük Han, a caravanserai in Nicosia, is an example of the surviving Ottoman architecture in Cyprus.

The Ottomans abolished the feudal system previously in place and applied the millet system to Cyprus, under which non-Muslim peoples were governed by their own religious authorities. In a reversal from the days of Latin rule, the head of the Church of Cyprus was invested as leader of the Greek Cypriot population and acted as mediator between Christian Greek Cypriots and the Ottoman authorities. This status ensured that the Church of Cyprus was in a position to end the constant encroachments of the Roman Catholic Church. Ottoman rule of Cyprus was at times indifferent, at times oppressive, depending on the temperaments of the sultans and local officials.

The ratio of Muslims to Christians fluctuated throughout the period of Ottoman domination. In 1777–78, 47,000 Muslims constituted a majority over the island's 37,000 Christians. By 1872, the population of the island had risen to 144,000, comprising 44,000 Muslims and 100,000 Christians. The Muslim population included numerous crypto-Christians, including the Linobambaki, a crypto-Catholic community that arose due to religious persecution of the Catholic community by the Ottoman authorities; this community would assimilate into the Turkish Cypriot community during British rule.

As soon as the Greek War of Independence broke out in 1821, several Greek Cypriots left for Greece to join the Greek forces. In response, the Ottoman governor of Cyprus arrested and executed 486 prominent Greek Cypriots, including the Archbishop of Cyprus, Kyprianos, and four other bishops. In 1828, modern Greece's first president Ioannis Kapodistrias called for union of Cyprus with Greece, and numerous minor uprisings took place. Reaction to Ottoman misrule led to uprisings by both Greek and Turkish Cypriots, although none were successful. After centuries of neglect by the Ottoman Empire, the poverty of most of the people and the ever-present tax collectors fueled Greek nationalism, and by the 20th century the idea of union with newly independent Greece was firmly rooted among Greek Cypriots.

Under Ottoman rule, numeracy, school enrolment and literacy rates were all low. They persisted some time after Ottoman rule ended, and then increased rapidly during the twentieth century.

British Cyprus

Main articles: British Cyprus, Modern history of Cyprus, and Cyprus Emergency
Hoisting the British flag at Nicosia

In the aftermath of the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) and the Congress of Berlin, Cyprus was leased to the British Empire which de facto took over its administration in 1878 (though, in terms of sovereignty, Cyprus remained a de jure Ottoman territory until 5 November 1914, together with Egypt and Sudan) in exchange for guarantees that Britain would use the island as a base to protect the Ottoman Empire against possible Russian aggression.

Greek Cypriot demonstrations for Enosis (union with Greece) in 1930

The island would serve Britain as a key military base for its colonial routes. By 1906, when the Famagusta harbour was completed, Cyprus was a strategic naval outpost overlooking the Suez Canal, the crucial main route to India which was then Britain's most important overseas possession. Following the outbreak of the First World War and the decision of the Ottoman Empire to join the war on the side of the Central Powers, on 5 November 1914 the British Empire formally annexed Cyprus and declared the Ottoman Khedivate of Egypt and Sudan a Sultanate and British protectorate.

In October 1915, Britain offered Cyprus to Greece, ruled by King Constantine I of Greece, on the condition that Greece join the war on the side of the British and went to Serbia’s assistance, in order to fulfill her Treaty obligations under the Serbo-Greek pact of May 1913. It gave Greece a golden “opportunity” in achieving enosis with Cyprus. Alternatively it was a “lost opportunity” when the Zaimis administration declined the British proposal.

In 1923, under the Treaty of Lausanne, the nascent Turkish republic relinquished any claim to Cyprus, and in 1925 it was declared a British crown colony. During the Second World War, many Greek and Turkish Cypriots enlisted in the Cyprus Regiment.

The Greek Cypriot population, meanwhile, had become hopeful that the British administration would lead to enosis. The idea of enosis was historically part of the Megali Idea, a greater political ambition of a Greek state encompassing the territories with large Greek populations in the former Ottoman Empire, including Cyprus and Asia Minor with a capital in Constantinople, and was actively pursued by the Cypriot Orthodox Church, which had its members educated in Greece. These religious officials, together with Greek military officers and professionals, some of whom still pursued the Megali Idea, would later found the guerrilla organisation EOKA (Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston or National Organisation of Cypriot Fighters). The Greek Cypriots viewed the island as historically Greek and believed that union with Greece was a natural right. In the 1950s, the pursuit of enosis became a part of the Greek national policy.

A British soldier facing a crowd of Greek Cypriot demonstrators in Nicosia (1956)

Initially, the Turkish Cypriots favoured the continuation of the British rule. However, they were alarmed by the Greek Cypriot calls for enosis, as they saw the union of Crete with Greece, which led to the exodus of Cretan Turks, as a precedent to be avoided, and they took a pro-partition stance in response to the militant activity of EOKA. The Turkish Cypriots also viewed themselves as a distinct ethnic group of the island and believed in their having a separate right to self-determination from Greek Cypriots. Meanwhile, in the 1950s, Turkish leader Menderes considered Cyprus an "extension of Anatolia", rejected the partition of Cyprus along ethnic lines and favoured the annexation of the whole island to Turkey. Nationalistic slogans centred on the idea that "Cyprus is Turkish" and the ruling party declared Cyprus to be a part of the Turkish homeland that was vital to its security. Upon realising that the fact that the Turkish Cypriot population was only 20% of the islanders made annexation unfeasible, the national policy was changed to favour partition. The slogan "Partition or Death" was frequently used in Turkish Cypriot and Turkish protests starting in the late 1950s and continuing throughout the 1960s. Although after the Zürich and London conferences Turkey seemed to accept the existence of the Cypriot state and to distance itself from its policy of favouring the partition of the island, the goal of the Turkish and Turkish Cypriot leaders remained that of creating an independent Turkish state in the northern part of the island.

In January 1950, the Church of Cyprus organised a referendum under the supervision of clerics and with no Turkish Cypriot participation, where 96% of the participating Greek Cypriots voted in favour of enosis. The Greeks were 80.2% of the total island's population at the time (census 1946). Restricted autonomy under a constitution was proposed by the British administration but eventually rejected. In 1955 the EOKA organisation was founded, seeking union with Greece through armed struggle. At the same time the Turkish Resistance Organisation (TMT), calling for Taksim, or partition, was established by the Turkish Cypriots as a counterweight. British officials also tolerated the creation of the Turkish underground organisation TMT The Secretary of State for the Colonies in a letter dated 15 July 1958 had advised the Governor of Cyprus not to act against TMT despite its illegal actions so as not to harm British relations with the Turkish government.

Independence and inter-communal violence

Main article: Cyprus crisis of 1963–64 The first president of Cyprus, Makarios III (left), and the first vice-president of Cyprus, Fazıl Küçük (right)

During British rule, the future of the island became a matter of disagreement between the two prominent ethnic communities, Greek Cypriots, who made up 77% of the population in 1960, and Turkish Cypriots, who made up 18% of the population. From the 19th century onwards, the Greek Cypriot population pursued enosis, union with Greece, which became a Greek national policy in the 1950s. The Turkish Cypriot population initially advocated the continuation of the British rule, then demanded the annexation of the island to Turkey, and in the 1950s, together with Turkey, established a policy of taksim, the partition of Cyprus and the creation of a Turkish polity in the north.

Ethnic map of Cyprus according to the 1960 census

Cyprus was granted independence in 1960, following an armed campaign spearheaded by EOKA. As per the Zürich and London Agreement, Cyprus officially attained independence on 16 August 1960, and at the time had a total population of 573,566; of whom 442,138 (77.1%) were Greeks, 104,320 (18.2%) Turks, and 27,108 (4.7%) others. The UK retained the two Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia, while government posts and public offices were allocated by ethnic quotas, giving the minority Turkish Cypriots a permanent veto, 30% in parliament and administration, and granting the three mother-states guarantor rights.

However, the division of power as foreseen by the constitution soon resulted in legal impasses and discontent on both sides, and nationalist militants started training again, with the military support of Greece and Turkey respectively. The Greek Cypriot leadership believed that the rights given to Turkish Cypriots under the 1960 constitution were too extensive and designed the Akritas plan, which was aimed at reforming the constitution in favour of Greek Cypriots, persuading the international community about the correctness of the changes and violently subjugating Turkish Cypriots in a few days should they not accept the plan. Tensions were heightened when Cypriot President Archbishop Makarios III called for constitutional changes, which were rejected by Turkey and opposed by Turkish Cypriots.

Intercommunal violence erupted on 21 December 1963, when two Turkish Cypriots were killed at an incident involving the Greek Cypriot police. The violence resulted in the death of 364 Turkish and 174 Greek Cypriots, destruction of 109 Turkish Cypriot or mixed villages and displacement of 25,000–30,000 Turkish Cypriots. The crisis resulted in the end of the Turkish Cypriot involvement in the administration and their claiming that it had lost its legitimacy; the nature of this event is still controversial. In some areas, Greek Cypriots prevented Turkish Cypriots from travelling and entering government buildings, while some Turkish Cypriots willingly withdrew due to the calls of the Turkish Cypriot administration. Turkish Cypriots started living in enclaves. The republic's structure was changed, unilaterally, by Makarios, and Nicosia was divided by the Green Line, with the deployment of UNFICYP troops.

In 1964, Turkey threatened to invade Cyprus in response to the continuing Cypriot intercommunal violence, but this was stopped by a strongly worded telegram from the US President Lyndon B. Johnson on 5 June, warning that the US would not stand beside Turkey in case of a consequential Soviet invasion of Turkish territory. Meanwhile, by 1964, enosis was a Greek policy and would not be abandoned; Makarios and the Greek prime minister Georgios Papandreou agreed that enosis should be the ultimate aim and King Constantine wished Cyprus "a speedy union with the mother country". Greece dispatched 10,000 troops to Cyprus to counter a possible Turkish invasion.

The crisis of 1963–64 had brought further intercommunal violence between the two communities, displaced more than 25,000 Turkish Cypriots into enclaves and brought the end of Turkish Cypriot representation in the republic.

1974 coup d'état, invasion, and division

Main articles: 1974 Cypriot coup d'état and Turkish invasion of Cyprus
Varosha (Maraş), a suburb of Famagusta, was abandoned when its inhabitants fled in 1974 and remains under Turkish military control.

On 15 July 1974, the Greek military junta under Dimitrios Ioannides carried out a coup d'état in Cyprus, to unite the island with Greece. The coup ousted president Makarios III and replaced him with pro-enosis nationalist Nikos Sampson. In response to the coup, five days later, on 20 July 1974, the Turkish army invaded the island, citing a right to intervene to restore the constitutional order from the 1960 Treaty of Guarantee. This justification has been rejected by the United Nations and the international community.

The Turkish air force began bombing Greek positions in Cyprus, and hundreds of paratroopers were dropped in the area between Nicosia and Kyrenia, where well-armed Turkish Cypriot enclaves had been long-established; while off the Kyrenia coast, Turkish troop ships landed 6,000 men as well as tanks, trucks and armoured vehicles.

Three days later, when a ceasefire had been agreed, Turkey had landed 30,000 troops on the island and captured Kyrenia, the corridor linking Kyrenia to Nicosia, and the Turkish Cypriot quarter of Nicosia itself. The junta in Athens, and then the Sampson regime in Cyprus fell from power. In Nicosia, Glafkos Clerides temporarily assumed the presidency. But after the peace negotiations in Geneva, the Turkish government reinforced their Kyrenia bridgehead and started a second invasion on 14 August. The invasion resulted in Morphou, Karpass, Famagusta and the Mesaoria coming under Turkish control.

International pressure led to a ceasefire, and by then 36% of the island had been taken over by the Turks and 180,000 Greek Cypriots had been evicted from their homes in the north. At the same time, around 50,000 Turkish Cypriots were displaced to the north and settled in the properties of the displaced Greek Cypriots. Among a variety of sanctions against Turkey, in mid-1975 the US Congress imposed an arms embargo on Turkey for using US-supplied equipment during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974. There were 1,534 Greek Cypriots and 502 Turkish Cypriots missing as a result of the fighting from 1963 to 1974.

The Republic of Cyprus has de jure sovereignty over the entire island, including its territorial waters and exclusive economic zone, with the exception of the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia, which remain under the UK's control according to the London and Zürich Agreements. However, the Republic of Cyprus is de facto partitioned into two main parts: the area under the effective control of the Republic, in the south and west and comprising about 59% of the island's area, and the north, administered by the self-declared Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, covering about 36% of the island's area. Another nearly 4% of the island's area is covered by the UN buffer zone. The international community considers the northern part of the island to be territory of the Republic of Cyprus occupied by Turkish forces. The occupation is viewed as illegal under international law and amounting to illegal occupation of EU territory since Cyprus became a member of the European Union.

Post-division

A map showing the division of Cyprus

After the restoration of constitutional order and the return of Archbishop Makarios III to Cyprus in December 1974, Turkish troops remained, occupying the northeastern portion of the island. In 1983, the Turkish Cypriot parliament, led by the Turkish Cypriot leader Rauf Denktaş, proclaimed the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), which is recognised only by Turkey.

The events of the summer of 1974 dominate the politics on the island, as well as Greco-Turkish relations. Turkish settlers have been settled in the north with the encouragement of the Turkish and Turkish Cypriot states. The Republic of Cyprus considers their presence a violation of the Geneva Convention, whilst many Turkish settlers have since severed their ties to Turkey and their second generation considers Cyprus to be their homeland.

Foreign Ministers of the European Union countries in Limassol during Cyprus Presidency of the EU in 2012

The Turkish invasion, the ensuing occupation and the declaration of independence by the TRNC have been condemned by United Nations resolutions, which are reaffirmed by the Security Council every year.

21st century

Street in the divided capital of Nicosia

Attempts to resolve the Cyprus dispute have continued. In 2004, the Annan Plan, drafted by then UN Secretary General Kofi Annan, was put to a referendum in both Cypriot administrations. 65% of Turkish Cypriots voted in support of the plan and 74% Greek Cypriots voted against the plan, claiming that it disproportionately favoured Turkish Cypriots and gave unreasonable influence over the nation to Turkey. In total, 66.7% of the voters rejected the Annan Plan.

On 1 May 2004 Cyprus joined the European Union, together with nine other countries. Cyprus was accepted into the EU as a whole, although the EU legislation is suspended in Northern Cyprus until a final settlement of the Cyprus problem.

Efforts have been made to enhance freedom of movement between the two sides. In April 2003, Northern Cyprus unilaterally eased checkpoint restrictions, permitting Cypriots to cross between the two sides for the first time in 30 years. In March 2008, a wall that had stood for decades at the boundary between the Republic of Cyprus and the UN buffer zone was demolished. The wall had cut across Ledra Street in the heart of Nicosia and was seen as a strong symbol of the island's 32-year division. On 3 April 2008, Ledra Street was reopened in the presence of Greek and Turkish Cypriot officials. The two sides relaunched reunification talks in 2015, but these collapsed in 2017.

The European Union warned in February 2019 that Cyprus was selling EU passports to Russian oligarchs, and thus would allow organised crime syndicates to infiltrate the EU. In 2020, leaked documents revealed a wider range of former and current officials from Afghanistan, China, Dubai, Lebanon, the Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, Ukraine and Vietnam who bought a Cypriot citizenship prior to a change of the law in July 2019. Since 2020 Cyprus and Turkey have been engaged in a dispute over the extent of their exclusive economic zones, ostensibly sparked by oil and gas exploration in the area.

In November 2023, the Cyprus Confidential data leak published by the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists showed the country's financial network entertaining strong links with Russian oligarchs and high-up figures in the Kremlin, supporting the regime of Vladimir Putin.

In July 2024, on the 50th anniversary of the Turkish invasion of Northern Cyprus, Turkish President Erdoğan rejected a United Nations-endorsed plan for a federal government and supported the idea of having two separate states within Cyprus. Greek Cypriots immediately rejected Erdoğan's two-state proposal, calling it a "non-starter".

Geography

Main article: Geography of Cyprus
A Sentinel-2 image of Cyprus taken in 2022
Sea caves at Cape Greco

Cyprus is the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after the Italian islands of Sicily and Sardinia, both in terms of area and population. It is also the world's 80th largest by area and world's 51st largest by population. It measures 240 kilometres (149 mi) long from end to end and 100 kilometres (62 mi) wide at its widest point, with Turkey 75 kilometres (47 mi) to the north. It lies between latitudes 34° and 36° N, and longitudes 32° and 35° E.

Other neighbouring territories include Syria and Lebanon to the east and southeast (105 and 108 kilometres (65 and 67 mi), respectively), Israel 200 kilometres (124 mi) to the southeast, The Gaza Strip 427 kilometres (265 mi) to the southeast, Egypt 380 kilometres (236 mi) to the south, and Greece to the northwest: 280 kilometres (174 mi) to the small Dodecanesian island of Kastellorizo (Megisti), 400 kilometres (249 mi) to Rhodes and 800 kilometres (497 mi) to the Greek mainland. Cyprus is at the crossroads of three continents, with some sources placing Cyprus in Europe, and some sources placing Cyprus in Western Asia and the Middle East.

The physical relief of the island is dominated by two mountain ranges, the Troodos Mountains and the smaller Kyrenia Range, and the central plain they encompass, the Mesaoria. The Mesaoria plain is drained by the Pedieos River, the longest on the island. The Troodos Mountains cover most of the southern and western portions of the island and account for roughly half its area. The highest point on Cyprus is Mount Olympus at 1,952 m (6,404 ft), in the centre of the Troodos range. The narrow Kyrenia Range, extending along the northern coastline, occupies substantially less area, and elevations are lower, reaching a maximum of 1,024 m (3,360 ft). The island lies within the Anatolian Plate.

Cyprus contains the Cyprus Mediterranean forests ecoregion. It had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 7.06/10, ranking it 59th globally out of 172 countries.

Geopolitically, the island is subdivided into four main segments. The Republic of Cyprus occupies the southern two-thirds of the island (59.74%). The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus occupies the northern third (34.85%), and the United Nations-controlled Green Line provides a buffer zone that separates the two and covers 2.67% of the island. Lastly, there are two bases under British sovereignty on the island: Akrotiri and Dhekelia, covering the remaining 2.74%.

UN tower in the buffer zone

Climate

Main article: Climate of Cyprus
The Troodos Mountains experience heavy snowfall in winter.

Cyprus has a subtropical climateMediterranean and semi-arid type (in the north-eastern part of the island) – Köppen climate classifications Csa and BSh, with very mild winters (on the coast) and warm to hot summers. Snow is possible only in the Troodos Mountains in the central part of island. Rain occurs mainly in winter, with summer being generally dry.

Cyprus has one of the warmest climates in the Mediterranean part of the European Union. The average annual temperature on the coast is around 24 °C (75 °F) during the day and 14 °C (57 °F) at night. Generally, summers last about eight months, beginning in April with average temperatures of 21–23 °C (70–73 °F) during the day and 11–13 °C (52–55 °F) at night, and ending in November with average temperatures of 22–23 °C (72–73 °F) during the day and 12–14 °C (54–57 °F) at night, although in the remaining four months temperatures sometimes exceed 20 °C (68 °F).

Sunshine hours on the coast are around 3,200 per year, from an average of 5–6 hours of sunshine per day in December to an average of 12–13 hours in July. This is about double that of cities in the northern half of Europe; for comparison, London receives about 1,540 per year. In December, London receives about 50 hours of sunshine while coastal locations in Cyprus about 180 hours (almost as much as in May in London).

Water supply

Kouris Dam overflow in April 2012

Cyprus suffers from a chronic shortage of water. The country relies heavily on rain to provide household water, but in the past 30 years average yearly precipitation has decreased. Between 2001 and 2004, exceptionally heavy annual rainfall pushed water reserves up, with supply exceeding demand, allowing total storage in the island's reservoirs to rise to an all-time high by the start of 2005. However, since then demand has increased annually – a result of local population growth, foreigners moving to Cyprus and the number of visiting tourists – while supply has fallen as a result of more frequent droughts (2006 European heat wave, 2018 European heat wave, 2019 European heat waves, 2022 European heat waves).

Dams remain the principal source of water both for domestic and agricultural use; Cyprus has a total of 108 dams and reservoirs, with a total water storage capacity of about 330,000,000 m (1.2×10 cu ft). Water desalination plants are gradually being constructed to deal with recent years of prolonged drought.

The Government has invested heavily in the creation of water desalination plants which have supplied almost 50 per cent of domestic water since 2001. Efforts have also been made to raise public awareness of the situation and to encourage domestic water users to take more responsibility for the conservation of this increasingly scarce commodity.

Turkey has built a water pipeline under the Mediterranean Sea from Anamur on its southern coast to the northern coast of Cyprus, to supply Northern Cyprus with potable and irrigation water (see Northern Cyprus Water Supply Project).

Flora and fauna

Main article: Cyprus Mediterranean forests

Cyprus is home to a number of endemic species, including the Cypriot mouse, the golden oak and the Cyprus cedar.

See also: List of endemic plants of Cyprus

Government and politics

Main article: Politics of Cyprus
Nikos Christodoulides, President of Cyprus since February 2023

Cyprus is a presidential republic. The head of state and of the government is elected by a process of universal suffrage for a five-year term. Executive power is exercised by the government with legislative power vested in the House of Representatives whilst the Judiciary is independent of both the executive and the legislature.

The 1960 Constitution provided for a presidential system of government with independent executive, legislative and judicial branches as well as a complex system of checks and balances including a weighted power-sharing ratio designed to protect the interests of the Turkish Cypriots. The executive was led by a Greek Cypriot president and a Turkish Cypriot vice-president elected by their respective communities for five-year terms and each possessing a right of veto over certain types of legislation and executive decisions. Legislative power rested on the House of Representatives who were also elected on the basis of separate voters' rolls.

Presidential Palace, Nicosia

Since 1965, following clashes between the two communities, the Turkish Cypriot seats in the House have remained vacant. In 1974 Cyprus was divided de facto when the Turkish army occupied the northern third of the island. The Turkish Cypriots subsequently declared independence in 1983 as the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus but were recognised only by Turkey. In 1985 the TRNC adopted a constitution and held its first elections. The United Nations recognises the sovereignty of the Republic of Cyprus over the entire island of Cyprus.

As of 2007, the House of Representatives had 56 members elected for a five-year term by proportional representation, and three observer members representing the Armenian, Latin and Maronite minorities. Twenty-four seats were allocated to the Turkish community but have remained vacant since 1964. The political environment was dominated by the communist AKEL, the liberal conservative Democratic Rally, the centrist Democratic Party, and the social-democratic EDEK.

In 2008, Dimitris Christofias became the country's first Communist head of state. Due to his involvement in the 2012–13 Cypriot financial crisis, Christofias did not run for re-election in 2013. The Presidential election in 2013 resulted in Democratic Rally candidate Nicos Anastasiades winning 57.48% of the vote. As a result, Anastasiades was sworn in on 28 February 2013. Anastasiades was re-elected with 56% of the vote in the 2018 presidential election. On 28 February 2023, Nikos Christodoulides, the winner of the 2023 presidential election run-off, was sworn in as the eighth president of the Republic of Cyprus.

Administrative divisions

Main articles: Districts of Cyprus and List of cities, towns and villages in Cyprus

The Republic of Cyprus is divided into six districts: Nicosia, Famagusta, Kyrenia, Larnaca, Limassol and Paphos.

Nicosia Limassol Larnaca Paphos Famagusta Kyrenia

Exclaves and enclaves

Dhekelia Power Station

Cyprus has four exclaves, all in territory that belongs to the British Sovereign Base Area of Dhekelia. The first two are the villages of Ormidhia and Xylotymvou. The third is the Dhekelia Power Station, which is divided by a British road into two parts. The northern part is the EAC refugee settlement. The southern part, even though located by the sea, is also an exclave because it has no territorial waters of its own, those being UK waters.

The UN buffer zone runs up against Dhekelia and picks up again from its east side off Ayios Nikolaos and is connected to the rest of Dhekelia by a thin land corridor. In that sense the buffer zone turns the Paralimni area on the southeast corner of the island into a de facto, though not de jure, exclave.

Foreign relations

Main article: Foreign relations of Cyprus

The Republic of Cyprus is a member of the following international groups: Australia Group, CN, CE, CFSP, EBRD, EIB, EU, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ITUC, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ITU, MIGA, NAM, NSG, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO.

Cyprus is the 88th most peaceful country in the world, according to the 2024 Global Peace Index.

Military

Main article: Cypriot National Guard
Welcoming ceremony of the former Russian president Dmitry Medvedev by the soldiers of the Cypriot National Guard

The Cypriot National Guard is the main military institution of the Republic of Cyprus. It is a combined arms force, with land, air and naval elements. Historically all male citizens were required to spend 24 months serving in the National Guard after their 17th birthday, but in 2016 this period of compulsory service was reduced to 14 months.

Annually, approximately 10,000 persons are trained in recruit centres. Depending on their awarded speciality the conscript recruits are then transferred to speciality training camps or to operational units.

While until 2016 the armed forces were mainly conscript based, since then a large professional enlisted institution has been adopted (ΣΥΟΠ), which combined with the reduction of conscript service produces an approximate 3:1 ratio between conscript and professional enlisted.

Law, justice and human rights

Main articles: Cyprus Police and Human rights in Cyprus
Supreme Court of Justice

The Cyprus Police (Greek: Αστυνομία Κύπρου, Turkish: Kıbrıs Polisi) is the only National Police Service of the Republic of Cyprus and is under the Ministry of Justice and Public Order since 1993.

In "Freedom in the World 2011", Freedom House rated Cyprus as "free". In January 2011, the Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the question of Human Rights in Cyprus noted that the ongoing division of Cyprus continues to affect human rights throughout the island "including freedom of movement, human rights pertaining to the question of missing persons, discrimination, the right to life, freedom of religion, and economic, social and cultural rights". The constant focus on the division of the island can sometimes mask other human rights issues. Prostitution is rife, and the island has been criticized for its role in the sex trade as one of the main routes of human trafficking from Eastern Europe.

In 2014, Turkey was ordered by the European Court of Human Rights to pay well over $100m in compensation to Cyprus for the invasion; Ankara announced that it would ignore the judgment. In 2014, a group of Cypriot refugees and a European parliamentarian, later joined by the Cypriot government, filed a complaint to the International Court of Justice, accusing Turkey of violating the Geneva Conventions by directly or indirectly transferring its civilian population into occupied territory. Other violations of the Geneva and the Hague Conventions—both ratified by Turkey—amount to what archaeologist Sophocles Hadjisavvas called "the organised destruction of Greek and Christian heritage in the north". These violations include looting of cultural treasures, deliberate destruction of churches, neglect of works of art, and altering the names of important historical sites, which was condemned by the International Council on Monuments and Sites. Hadjisavvas has asserted that these actions are motivated by a Turkish policy of erasing the Greek presence in Northern Cyprus within a framework of ethnic cleansing. But some perpetrators are just motivated by greed and are seeking profit. Art law expert Alessandro Chechi has classified the connection of cultural heritage destruction to ethnic cleansing as the "Greek Cypriot viewpoint", which he reports as having been dismissed by two PACE reports. Chechi asserts joint Greek and Turkish Cypriot responsibility for the destruction of cultural heritage in Cyprus, noting the destruction of Turkish Cypriot heritage in the hands of Greek Cypriot extremists.

Economy

Main article: Economy of Cyprus
Central Bank of Cyprus

In the early 21st century, Cyprus boasted a prosperous service-based economy that made it the wealthiest of the ten countries that joined the European Union in 2004. However, the Cypriot economy was later damaged by the global financial crisis and the Eurozone crisis. In June 2012, the Cypriot government announced it would need €1.8 billion in foreign aid to support the Cyprus Popular Bank, and this was followed by Fitch downgrading Cyprus's credit rating to junk status. Fitch stated Cyprus would need an additional €4 billion to support its banks and the downgrade was mainly due to the exposure of Bank of Cyprus, Cyprus Popular Bank, and Hellenic Bank, Cyprus's three largest banks, to the Greek financial crisis.

Cyprus is part of a monetary union, the eurozone (dark blue) and of the EU single market.

The 2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis led to an agreement with the Eurogroup in March 2013 to split Cyprus Popular Bank, into a "bad" bank which would be wound down over time and a "good" bank which would be absorbed by the Bank of Cyprus. In return for a €10 billion bailout from the European Commission, the European Central Bank and the International Monetary Fund, often referred to as the "troika", the Cypriot government was required to impose a significant haircut on uninsured deposits, a large proportion of which were held by wealthy Russians who used Cyprus as a tax haven. Insured deposits of €100,000 or less were not affected.

Limassol General Hospital

Cyprus made a staggering economic recovery in the 2010s, and according to the 2023 International Monetary Fund estimates, Cyprus' per capita GDP at $54,611 is the highest in Southern Europe, though slightly below the European Union average. Tourism, financial services and shipping are significant parts of the economy, and Cyprus has been sought as a base for several offshore businesses due its low tax rates and ease of doing business. Robust growth was achieved in the 1980s and 1990s, due to the focus placed by Cypriot governments on meeting the criteria for admission to the European Union. The Cypriot government adopted the euro as the national currency on 1 January 2008, replacing the Cypriot pound.

Cyprus is the last EU member fully isolated from energy interconnections and it is expected that it will be connected to European network via the EuroAsia Interconnector, a 2000 MW high-voltage direct current undersea power cable. EuroAsia Interconnector will connect Greek, Cypriot, and Israeli power grids. It is a leading Project of Common Interest of the European Union and also priority Electricity Highway Interconnector Project.

In recent years significant quantities of offshore natural gas have been discovered in the area known as Aphrodite (at the exploratory drilling block 12) in Cyprus's exclusive economic zone (EEZ), about 175 kilometres (109 miles) south of Limassol at 33°5'40″N and 32°59'0″E. However, Turkey's offshore drilling companies have accessed both natural gas and oil resources since 2013. Cyprus demarcated its maritime border with Egypt in 2003, with Lebanon in 2007, and with Israel in 2010. In August 2011, the US-based firm Noble Energy entered into a production-sharing agreement with the Cypriot government regarding the block's commercial development.

Turkey, which does not recognise the border agreements of Cyprus with its neighbours, threatened to mobilise its naval forces if Cyprus proceeded with plans to begin drilling at Block 12. Cyprus's drilling efforts have the support of the US, EU, and UN, and on 19 September 2011 drilling in Block 12 began without any incidents being reported.

Infrastructure

Main articles: Transport in Cyprus and Communications in Cyprus The port of Limassol, the busiest in Cyprus

Cyprus is one of only three EU nations in which vehicles drive on the left-hand side of the road, a remnant of British rule. A series of motorways runs along the coast from Paphos to Ayia Napa, with two motorways running inland to Nicosia, one from Limassol and one from Larnaca.

Per capita private car ownership is the 29th-highest in the world. There were approximately 344,000 privately owned vehicles, and a total of 517,000 registered motor vehicles in the Republic of Cyprus in 2006. In 2006, plans were announced to improve and expand bus services and other public transport throughout Cyprus, with the financial backing of the European Union Development Bank. In 2010 the new bus network was implemented.

Cyprus has two international airports in the government-controlled areas, the busier one being in Larnaca and the other in Paphos. The Ercan International Airport is the only active one in the non-government-controlled areas, but all international flights there must have a stopover in Turkey.

The main harbours of the island are Limassol and Larnaca, which service cargo, passenger and cruise ships.

Cyta, the state-owned telecommunications company, manages most telecommunications and Internet connections on the island. However, following deregulation of the sector, a few private telecommunications companies emerged, including epic, Cablenet, OTEnet Telecom, Omega Telecom and PrimeTel. In the non-government-controlled areas of Cyprus, two different companies administer the mobile phone network: Turkcell and KKTC Telsim.

Demographics

Main articles: Demographics of Cyprus and List of cities, towns and villages in Cyprus
Population growth, 1961–2003 (numbers for the entire island, excluding Turkish settlers residing in Northern Cyprus)
2010 population by age and gender

According to the Republic of Cyprus' website, the population in the government controlled areas was 918,100 at the 2021 Census, with the most populous district being Nicosia (38%), followed by Limassol (28%). The Nicosia Metropolitan area, consisting of seven municipalities, is the largest urban area on the island with a population of 255,309.

As per the first population census after independence, carried out in December 1960 and covering the entire island, Cyprus had a total population of 573,566, of whom 442,138 (77.1%) were Greeks, 104,320 (18.2%) Turks, and 27,108 (4.7%) others. The CIA World Factbook calculated that in 2001, Greek Cypriots comprised 77%, Turkish Cypriots 18%, and others 5% of the total Cypriot population.

Due to the inter-communal ethnic tensions between 1963 and 1974, an island-wide census was regarded as impossible. Nevertheless, the Cypriot government conducted one in 1973, without the Turkish Cypriot populace. According to this census, the Greek Cypriot population was 482,000. One year later, in 1974, the Cypriot government's Department of Statistics and Research estimated the total population of Cyprus at 641,000; of whom 506,000 (78.9%) were Greeks, and 118,000 (18.4%) Turkish. After the military occupation of part of the island in 1974, the government of Cyprus conducted six more censuses: in 1976, 1982, 1992, 2001, 2011 and 2021; these excluded the Turkish population which was resident in non-government-controlled areas of the island.

In addition to this, the Republic of Cyprus is home to 110,200 foreign permanent residents and an estimated 10,000–30,000 undocumented illegal immigrants. As of 2011, there were 10,520 people of Russian origin living in Cyprus.

Largest groups of foreign residents
Nationality Population (2011)
 Greece 29,321
 United Kingdom 24,046
 Romania 23,706
 Bulgaria 18,536
 Philippines 9,413
 Russia 8,164
 Sri Lanka 7,269
 Vietnam 7,028
 Syria 3,054
 India 2,933

According to the 2006 census carried out by Northern Cyprus, there were 256,644 (de jure) people living in Northern Cyprus. 178,031 were citizens of Northern Cyprus, of whom 147,405 were born in Cyprus (112,534 from the north; 32,538 from the south; 371 did not indicate what region of Cyprus they were from); 27,333 born in Turkey; 2,482 born in the UK and 913 born in Bulgaria. Of the 147,405 citizens born in Cyprus, 120,031 say both parents were born in Cyprus; 16,824 say both parents born in Turkey; 10,361 have one parent born in Turkey and one parent born in Cyprus.

In 2010, the International Crisis Group estimated that the total population of the island was 1.1 million, of which there were an estimated 300,000 residents in the north, perhaps half of whom were either born in Turkey or are children of such settlers.

The villages of Rizokarpaso (in Northern Cyprus), Potamia (in Nicosia district) and Pyla (in Larnaca District) are the only settlements remaining with a mixed Greek and Turkish Cypriot population.

Y-Dna haplogroups are found at the following frequencies in Cyprus: J (43.07% including 6.20% J1), E1b1b (20.00%), R1 (12.30% including 9.2% R1b), F (9.20%), I (7.70%), K (4.60%), A (3.10%). J, K, F and E1b1b haplogroups consist of lineages with differential distribution within Middle East, North Africa and Europe.

Outside Cyprus there are significant and thriving diasporas – both a Greek Cypriot diaspora and a Turkish Cypriot diaspora – in the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, the United States, Greece and Turkey.

According to Council of Europe, approximately 1,250 Romani people live in Cyprus.

  Largest municipalities in Cyprus
Cyprus 2021 Population and Housing Census
Rank Name District Pop.
Nicosia
Nicosia
Limassol
Limassol
1 Nicosia Nicosia 173,175 Strovolos
Strovolos
Larnaca
Larnaca
2 Limassol Limassol 124,054
3 Strovolos Nicosia 71,123
4 Larnaca Larnaca 68,194
5 Lakatamia Nicosia 53,273
6 Agios Athanasios Limassol 42,936
7 Famagusta Famagusta 42,526
8 Paphos Paphos 37,297
9 Kyrenia Kyrenia 33,207
10 Paralimni Famagusta 31,709

Religion

Main article: Religion in Cyprus
Religion in Cyprus (Pew Research)
Religion Percent
Eastern Orthodoxy 78%
Islam 20%
Other 1%
None 1%
Kykkos Monastery in Pedoulas (left) and Hala Sultan Tekke near Larnaca Salt Lake (right)

The majority of Greek Cypriots identify as Christians, specifically Greek Orthodox, whereas most Turkish Cypriots are adherents of Sunni Islam. The first President of Cyprus, Makarios III, was an archbishop.

Hala Sultan Tekke, situated near the Larnaca Salt Lake is an object of pilgrimage for Muslims.

According to the 2001 census carried out in the government-controlled areas, 94.8% of the population was Eastern Orthodox, 0.9% Armenian and Maronite, 1.5% Roman Catholic, 1.0% Church of England, and 0.6% Muslim. There is also a Jewish community on Cyprus. The remaining 1.3% adhered to other religious denominations or did not state their religion. The Greek Orthodox, Armenian Apostolic Church, and both the Maronite and Latin Catholics are constitutionally recognised denominations and exempt from taxes.

Languages

Main article: Languages of Cyprus
The Armenian Alphabet at the Melkonian Educational Institute. Armenian is recognised as a minority language in Cyprus.

Cyprus has two official languages, Greek and Turkish. Armenian and Cypriot Maronite Arabic are recognised as minority languages. Although without official status, English is widely spoken and features widely on road signs and in public notices and advertisements. English was the sole official language during British colonial rule and the lingua franca until 1960, and continued to be used (de facto) in courts of law until 1989 and in legislation until 1996. In 2010, 80.4% of Cypriots were proficient in English as a second language. Russian is widely spoken among the country's minorities, residents and citizens of post-Soviet countries, and Pontic Greeks. Russian, after English and Greek, is the third language used on many signs of shops and restaurants, particularly in Limassol and Paphos. In addition, in 2006, 12% of the population spoke French and 5% spoke German.

The everyday spoken language of Greek Cypriots is Cypriot Greek, and that of Turkish Cypriots is Cypriot Turkish. These vernaculars both differ from their standard registers significantly.

Education

Main article: Education in Cyprus
Faneromeni School is the oldest all-girl primary school in Cyprus.

Cyprus has a highly developed system of primary and secondary education offering both public and private education. The high quality of instruction can be attributed in part to the fact that nearly 7% of the GDP is spent on education which makes Cyprus one of the top three spenders of education in the EU along with Denmark and Sweden. Cyprus was ranked 27th in the Global Innovation Index in 2024.

State schools are generally seen as equivalent in quality of education to private-sector institutions. However, the value of a state high-school diploma is limited by the fact that the grades obtained account for only around 25% of the final grade for each topic, with the remaining 75% assigned by the teacher during the semester, in a minimally transparent way. Cypriot universities (like universities in Greece) ignore high school grades almost entirely for admissions purposes. While a high-school diploma is mandatory for university attendance, admissions are decided almost exclusively on the basis of scores at centrally administered university entrance examinations that all university candidates are required to take.

The majority of Cypriots receive their higher education at Greek, British, Turkish, other European and North American universities. Cyprus currently has the highest percentage of citizens of working age who have higher-level education in the EU at 30% which is ahead of Finland's 29.5%. In addition, 47% of its population aged 25–34 have tertiary education, which is the highest in the EU. The body of Cypriot students is highly mobile, with 78.7% studying in a university outside Cyprus.

Culture

The entrance of the historic Pancyprian Gymnasium

Greek and Turkish Cypriots share many cultural traits, while also possessing some differences. Several traditional food (such as souvla and halloumi) and beverages are similar, as well as expressions and ways of life. Hospitality and buying or offering food and drinks for guests or others are common among both. In both communities, music, dance and art are integral parts of social life and many artistic, verbal and nonverbal expressions, traditional dances such as tsifteteli, similarities in dance costumes and importance placed on social activities are shared between the communities. However, the two communities have distinct religions and religious cultures, with the Greek Cypriots traditionally being Greek Orthodox and Turkish Cypriots traditionally being Sunni Muslims, which has partly hindered cultural exchange. Greek Cypriots have influences from Greece and Christianity, while Turkish Cypriots have influences from Turkey and Islam.

The Limassol Carnival Festival is an annual carnival which is held at Limassol, in Cyprus. The event which is very popular in Cyprus was introduced in the 20th century.

Arts

Typical Cypriot architecture in old part of Nicosia, Cyprus
See also: List of Cypriot artists

The art history of Cyprus can be said to stretch back up to 10,000 years, following the discovery of a series of Chalcolithic period carved figures in the villages of Khoirokoitia and Lempa. The island is the home to numerous examples of high quality religious icon painting from the Middle Ages as well as many painted churches. Cypriot architecture was heavily influenced by French Gothic and Italian renaissance introduced in the island during the era of Latin domination (1191–1571).

A well known traditional art that dates at least from the 14th century is the Lefkara lace, which originates from the village of Lefkara. Lefkara lace is recognised as an intangible cultural heritage (ICH) by UNESCO, and it is characterised by distinct design patterns, and its intricate, time-consuming production process. Another local form of art that originated from Lefkara is the production of Cypriot Filigree (locally known as Trifourenio), a type of jewellery that is made with twisted threads of silver.

In modern times Cypriot art history begins with the painter Vassilis Vryonides (1883–1958) who studied at the Academy of Fine Arts in Venice. Arguably the two founding fathers of modern Cypriot art were Adamantios Diamantis (1900–1994) who studied at London's Royal College of Art and Christophoros Savva (1924–1968) who also studied in London, at Saint Martin's School of Art. In 1960, Savva founded, together with Welsh artist Glyn Hughes, Apophasis , the first independent cultural centre of the newly established Republic of Cyprus. In 1968, Savva was among the artists representing Cyprus in its inaugural Pavilion at the 34th Venice Biennale. English Cypriot Artist Glyn HUGHES Archived 19 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine 1931–2014. In many ways these two artists set the template for subsequent Cypriot art and both their artistic styles and the patterns of their education remain influential to this day. In particular the majority of Cypriot artists still train in England while others train at art schools in Greece and local art institutions such as the Cyprus College of Art, University of Nicosia and the Frederick Institute of Technology.

One of the features of Cypriot art is a tendency towards figurative painting although conceptual art is being rigorously promoted by a number of art "institutions" and most notably the Nicosia Municipal Art Centre. Municipal art galleries exist in all the main towns and there is a large and lively commercial art scene.

Other notable Greek Cypriot artists include Helene Black, Kalopedis family, Panayiotis Kalorkoti, Nicos Nicolaides, Stass Paraskos, Arestís Stasí, Telemachos Kanthos, Konstantia Sofokleous and Chris Achilleos, and Turkish Cypriot artists include İsmet Güney, Ruzen Atakan and Mutlu Çerkez.

Music

Main article: Music of Cyprus
Laouto, dominant instrument of the Cypriot traditional music

The traditional folk music of Cyprus has several common elements with Greek, Turkish, and Arabic Music, all of which have descended from Byzantine music, including Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot dances such as the tillirkotissa, as well as the Middle Eastern-inspired tsifteteli and arapies. There is also a form of musical poetry known as chattista which is often performed at traditional feasts and celebrations. The instruments commonly associated with Cyprus folk music are the violin ("fkiolin"), lute ("laouto"), Cyprus flute (pithkiavlin), oud ("outi"), kanonaki and percussions (including the "tamboutsia"). Composers associated with traditional Cypriot music include Solon Michaelides, Marios Tokas, Evagoras Karageorgis and Savvas Salides. Among musicians is also the acclaimed pianist Cyprien Katsaris, composer Andreas G. Orphanides, and composer and artistic director of the European Capital of Culture initiative Marios Joannou Elia.

Popular music in Cyprus is generally influenced by the Greek Laïka scene; artists who play in this genre include international platinum star Anna Vissi, Evridiki, and Sarbel. Hip hop and R&B have been supported by the emergence of Cypriot rap and the urban music scene at Ayia Napa, while in the last years the reggae scene is growing, especially through the participation of many Cypriot artists at the annual Reggae Sunjam festival. Is also noted Cypriot rock music and Éntekhno rock is often associated with artists such as Michalis Hatzigiannis and Alkinoos Ioannidis. Metal also has a small following in Cyprus represented by bands such as Armageddon (rev.16:16), Blynd, Winter's Verge, Methysos and Quadraphonic.

Literature

Main article: Cypriot literature
Zeno of Citium, founder of the Stoic school of philosophy

Literary production of the antiquity includes the Cypria, an epic poem, probably composed in the late 7th century BC and attributed to Stasinus. The Cypria is one of the first specimens of Greek and European poetry. The Cypriot Zeno of Citium was the founder of the Stoic school of philosophy.

Epic poetry, notably the "acritic songs", flourished during the Middle Ages. Two chronicles, one written by Leontios Machairas and the other by Georgios Boustronios, cover the entire Middle Ages until the end of Frankish rule (4th century–1489). Poèmes d'amour written in medieval Greek Cypriot date back from the 16th century. Some of them are actual translations of poems written by Petrarch, Bembo, Ariosto and G. Sannazzaro. Many Cypriot scholars fled Cyprus at troubled times, such as Ioannis Kigalas (c. 1622–1687) who migrated from Cyprus to Italy in the 17th century, several of his works have survived in books of other scholars.

Ioannis Kigalas (c. 1622–1687) was a Nicosia born Greek Cypriot scholar and professor of philosophy who was largely active in the 17th century.

Hasan Hilmi Efendi, a Turkish Cypriot poet, was rewarded by the Ottoman sultan Mahmud II and said to be the "sultan of the poems".

Modern Greek Cypriot literary figures include the poet and writer Costas Montis, poet Kyriakos Charalambides, poet Michalis Pasiardis, writer Nicos Nicolaides, Stylianos Atteshlis, Altheides, Loukis Akritas and Demetris Th. Gotsis. Dimitris Lipertis, Vasilis Michaelides and Pavlos Liasides are folk poets who wrote poems mainly in the Cypriot-Greek dialect. Among leading Turkish Cypriot writers are Osman Türkay, twice nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature, Özker Yaşın, Neriman Cahit, Urkiye Mine Balman, Mehmet Yaşın and Neşe Yaşın.

There is an increasingly strong presence of both temporary and permanent emigre Cypriot writers in world literature, as well as writings by second and third-generation Cypriot writers born or raised abroad, often writing in English. This includes writers such as Michael Paraskos and Stephanos Stephanides.

Examples of Cyprus in foreign literature include the works of Shakespeare, with most of the play Othello by William Shakespeare set on the island of Cyprus. British writer Lawrence Durrell lived in Cyprus from 1952 until 1956, during his time working for the British colonial government on the island, and wrote the book Bitter Lemons about his time in Cyprus which won the second Duff Cooper Prize in 1957.

Mass media

Main articles: Media of Cyprus, Television in Cyprus, Radio in Cyprus, and Cinema of Cyprus

In the 2015 Freedom of the Press report of Freedom House, the Republic of Cyprus and Northern Cyprus were ranked "free". The Republic of Cyprus scored 25/100 in press freedom, 5/30 in Legal Environment, 11/40 in Political Environment, and 9/30 in Economic Environment (the lower scores the better). Reporters Without Borders rank the Republic of Cyprus 24th out of 180 countries in the 2015 World Press Freedom Index, with a score of 15.62.

The law provides for freedom of speech and press, and the government generally respects these rights in practice. An independent press, an effective judiciary, and a functioning democratic political system combine to ensure freedom of speech and of the press. The law prohibits arbitrary interference with privacy, family, home, or correspondence, and the government generally respects these prohibitions in practice.

Local television companies in Cyprus include the state owned Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation which runs two television channels. In addition on the Greek side of the island there are the private channels ANT1 Cyprus, Plus TV, Mega Channel, Sigma TV, Nimonia TV (NTV) and New Extra. In Northern Cyprus, the local channels are BRT, the Turkish Cypriot equivalent to the Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation, and a number of private channels. The majority of local arts and cultural programming is produced by the Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation and BRT, with local arts documentaries, review programmes and filmed drama series.

Cinema

Main article: Cinema of Cyprus

The most worldwide known Cypriot director, to have worked abroad, is Michael Cacoyannis.

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, George Filis produced and directed Gregoris Afxentiou, Etsi Prodothike i Kypros, and The Mega Document. In 1994, Cypriot film production received a boost with the establishment of the Cinema Advisory Committee. In 2000, the annual amount set aside for filmmaking in the national budget was CYP£500,000 (about €850,000). In addition to government grants, Cypriot co-productions are eligible for funding from the Council of Europe's Eurimages Fund, which finances European film co-productions. To date, four feature films on which a Cypriot was an executive producer have received funding from Eurimages. The first was I Sphagi tou Kokora (1996), followed by Hellados (unreleased), To Tama (1999), and O Dromos gia tin Ithaki (2000).

Cuisine

Main article: Cypriot cuisine
Cypriot meze

During the medieval period, under the French Lusignan monarchs of Cyprus an elaborate form of courtly cuisine developed, fusing French, Byzantine and Middle Eastern forms. The Lusignan kings were known for importing Syrian cooks to Cyprus, and it has been suggested that one of the key routes for the importation of Middle Eastern recipes into France and other Western European countries, such as blancmange, was via the Lusignan Kingdom of Cyprus. These recipes became known in the West as vyands de Chypre, or foods of Cyprus, and the food historian William Woys Weaver has identified over one hundred of them in English, French, Italian and German recipe books of the Middle Ages. One that became particularly popular across Europe in the medieval and early modern periods was a stew made with chicken or fish called malmonia, which in English became mawmeny.

Another example of a Cypriot food ingredient entering the Western European canon is the cauliflower, still popular and used in a variety of ways on the island today, which was associated with Cyprus from the early Middle Ages. Writing in the 12th and 13th centuries the Arab botanists Ibn al-'Awwam and Ibn al-Baitar claimed the vegetable had its origins in Cyprus, and this association with the island was echoed in Western Europe, where cauliflowers were originally known as Cyprus cabbage or Cyprus colewart. There was also a long and extensive trade in cauliflower seeds from Cyprus, until well into the sixteenth century.

Cypriot Halloumi
Cypriot style café in an arcade in Nicosia

Although much of the Lusignan food culture was lost after the fall of Cyprus to the Ottomans in 1571, a number of dishes that would have been familiar to the Lusignans survive today, including various forms of tahini and houmous, zalatina, skordalia and pickled wild song birds called ambelopoulia. Ambelopoulia, which is today highly controversial, and illegal, was exported in vast quantities from Cyprus during the Lusignan and Venetian periods, particularly to Italy and France. In 1533 the English traveller to Cyprus, John Locke, claimed to have seen the pickled wild birds packed into large jars, of which 1200 jars were exported from Cyprus annually.

Also familiar to the Lusignans would have been Halloumi cheese, which some food writers today claim originated in Cyprus during the Byzantine period although the name of the cheese itself is thought by academics to be of Arabic origin. There is no surviving written documentary evidence of the cheese being associated with Cyprus before the year 1554, when the Italian historian Florio Bustron wrote of a sheep-milk cheese from Cyprus he called calumi. Halloumi (Hellim) is commonly served sliced, grilled, fried and sometimes fresh, as an appetiser or meze dish.

Seafood and fish dishes include squid, octopus, red mullet, and sea bass. Cucumber and tomato are used widely in salads. Common vegetable preparations include potatoes in olive oil and parsley, pickled cauliflower and beets, asparagus and taro. Other traditional delicacies are meat marinated in dried coriander seeds and wine, and eventually dried and smoked, such as lountza (smoked pork loin), charcoal-grilled lamb, souvlaki (pork and chicken cooked over charcoal), and sheftalia (minced meat wrapped in mesentery). Pourgouri (bulgur, cracked wheat) is the traditional source of carbohydrate other than bread, and is used to make the delicacy koubes.

Fresh vegetables and fruits are common ingredients. Frequently used vegetables include courgettes, green peppers, okra, green beans, artichokes, carrots, tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and grape leaves, and pulses such as beans, broad beans, peas, black-eyed beans, chick-peas and lentils. The most common fruits and nuts are pears, apples, grapes, oranges, mandarines, nectarines, medlar, blackberries, cherry, strawberries, figs, watermelon, melon, avocado, lemon, pistachio, almond, chestnut, walnut, and hazelnut.

Cyprus is also well known for its desserts, including lokum (also known as Turkish delight) and Soutzoukos. This island has protected geographical indication (PGI) for its lokum produced in the village of Geroskipou.

Sports

Spyros Kyprianou Athletic Centre in Limassol

Sport governing bodies include the Cyprus Football Association, Cyprus Basketball Federation, Cyprus Volleyball Federation, Cyprus Automobile Association, Cyprus Badminton Federation, Cyprus Cricket Association, Cyprus Rugby Federation and the Cyprus Pool Association.

Notable sports teams in the Cyprus leagues include APOEL FC, Anorthosis Famagusta FC, AC Omonia, AEL Limassol FC, Apollon Limassol FC, Nea Salamis Famagusta FC, Olympiakos Nicosia, AEK Larnaca FC, Aris Limassol FC, AEL Limassol B.C., Keravnos B.C. and Apollon Limassol B.C. Stadiums or sports venues include the GSP Stadium (the largest in the Republic of Cyprus-controlled areas), Tsirion Stadium (second largest), Neo GSZ Stadium, Antonis Papadopoulos Stadium, Ammochostos Stadium. Makario Stadium and Alphamega Stadium.

In the 2008–09 season, Anorthosis Famagusta FC was the first Cypriot team to qualify for the UEFA Champions League Group stage. Next season, APOEL FC qualified for the UEFA Champions League group stage, and reached the last 8 of the 2011–12 UEFA Champions League after finishing top of its group and beating French Olympique Lyonnais in the Round of 16.

The Cyprus national rugby union team known as The Moufflons currently holds the record for most consecutive international wins, which is especially notable as the Cyprus Rugby Federation was only formed in 2006.

Footballer Sotiris Kaiafas won the European Golden Shoe in the 1975–76 season; Cyprus is the smallest country by population to have one of its players win the award. Tennis player Marcos Baghdatis was ranked 8th in the world, was a finalist at the Australian Open, and reached the Wimbledon semi-final, all in 2006. High jumper Kyriakos Ioannou achieved a jump of 2.35m at the 11th IAAF World Championships in Athletics in Osaka, Japan, in 2007, winning the bronze medal. He has been ranked third in the world. In motorsports, Tio Ellinas is a successful race car driver, currently racing in the GP3 Series for Marussia Manor Motorsport. There is also mixed martial artist Costas Philippou, who competed in UFC's middleweight division from 2011 until 2015. Costas holds a 6–4 record in UFC bouts.

Also notable for a Mediterranean island, the siblings Christopher and Sophia Papamichalopoulou qualified for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. They were the only athletes who managed to qualify and thus represented Cyprus at the 2010 Winter Olympics.

The country's first ever Olympic medal, a silver medal, was won by the sailor Pavlos Kontides, at the 2012 Summer Olympics in the Men's Laser class.

See also

References

Informational notes

  1. The Greek national anthem was adopted in 1966 by a decision of the Council of Ministers.
  2. The vice presidency is reserved for a Turkish Cypriot. However the post has been vacant since the Turkish invasion in 1974.
  3. ^ Including Northern Cyprus, the UN buffer zone and Akrotiri and Dhekelia.
  4. Government-controlled areas of the Republic of Cyprus.
  5. The .eu domain is also used, shared with other European Union member states.
  6. Greek: Κύπρος, romanizedKýpros [ˈcipros]; Turkish: Kıbrıs [ˈkɯbɾɯs]
  7. Greek: Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία, romanized: Kypriakí Dimokratía, [cipriaˈci ðimokraˈti.a], lit: Cypriot Republic; Turkish: Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti, [ˈkɯbɾɯs ˈdʒumhuɾijeti], lit: Republic of Cyprus
  8. See:
  9. See:

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