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{{Short description|Mediterranean island country in the Middle East}} | |||
{{About|the country}} | {{About|the country}} | ||
{{Distinguish|Cypress}} | |||
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2013}} | |||
{{pp-sock|small=yes}} | |||
{{EngvarB|date=October 2015}} | |||
{{pp-move}} | |||
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}} | |||
{{Use British English|date=December 2022}} | |||
{{Infobox country | {{Infobox country | ||
| coordinates = {{Coord|35|10|N|33|22|E|type:city}} | |||
|latd=35 | |||
| languages_type = Minority languages | |||
|latm=10 | |||
| languages2_type = ] | |||
|latNS=N | |||
| conventional_long_name = Republic of Cyprus | |||
|longd=33 | |||
| native_name = {{unbulleted list|{{native name|el|Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία|italics=off}}|{{native name|tr|Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti}}}} | |||
|longm=22 | |||
| image_flag = Flag of Cyprus.svg | |||
|longEW=E | |||
| image_coat = File:Coat of Arms of the Republic of Cyprus (2006).svg | |||
|languages_type = Minority languages | |||
| coa_size = 90 | |||
|languages2_type = ]s | |||
| common_name = Cyprus | |||
|conventional_long_name = Republic of Cyprus | |||
| national_motto = | |||
|native_name = {{native name|el|Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία|italics=no}}<br />{{native name|tr|Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti}} | |||
| national_anthem = {{lang|el|Ὕμνος εἰς τὴν Ἐλευθερίαν}}{{efn|The Greek national anthem was adopted in 1966 by a decision of the ].<ref>{{cite web |title=National Anthem |url=http://www.presidency.gov.cy/presidency/presidency.nsf/prc34_en/prc34_en?OpenDocument |website=presidency.gov.cy |access-date=3 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813155316/http://www.presidency.gov.cy/presidency/presidency.nsf/prc34_en/prc34_en?OpenDocument |archive-date=13 August 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}<br />(English: "]")<br />{{parabr}}{{center|]}} | |||
|image_flag = Flag of Cyprus.svg | |||
| |
| image_map = Republic of Cyprus (orthographic projection).svg | ||
| map_caption = Location of the Republic of Cyprus in dark green, territory ] in light green | |||
|common_name = Cyprus | |||
| capital = ] | |||
|national_motto = | |||
| largest_city = capital | |||
|national_anthem = Greek Cypriot{{lang|el|]}}{{efn|The Greek national anthem was adopted in 1966 by a decision of the Council of Ministers.<ref>{{cite web |title=National Anthem|url=http://www.presidency.gov.cy/presidency/presidency.nsf/prc34_en/prc34_en?OpenDocument|accessdate=3 June 2015}}</ref>}}<br>{{small|"Hymn to Liberty"}}<br /><center>]</center> | |||
| official_languages = {{hlist|]|]}} | |||
| languages = {{hlist|]|]}} | |||
Turkish Cypriot{{lang|tr|'']''}}<br />{{small|"Independence March"}}<br /><center><nowiki>[[File:Istiklâl Marsi</nowiki> | |||
| languages2 = {{hlist|]|]}} | |||
|image_map = EU-Cyprus.svg | |||
| ethnic_groups = {{indented plainlist| | |||
|map_caption = Location of Cyprus (darker and lighter green), indicating ] (lighter green) and the rest of the ] (light green) | |||
* ] | |||
|capital = ] | |||
* ] | |||
|largest_city = capital | |||
* ] | |||
|official_languages = {{unbulleted list|item_style=line-height:initial; | |||
* ] | |||
|] | |||
|]<ref>{{cite web|title=Cyprus|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cy.html|website=The World Factbook|publisher=CIA|accessdate=15 January 2016}}</ref> | |||
}} | |||
|languages = {{unbulleted list|item_style=line-height:initial; | |||
|] | |||
|] | |||
}} | }} | ||
| ethnic_groups_year = | |||
|languages2 = {{unbulleted list|item_style=line-height:initial; | |||
| demonym = Cypriot | |||
|] | |||
| religion = {{indented plainlist| | |||
|] | |||
* 72.3% ]|25.0% ] | |||
}} | |||
* 1.9% ] | |||
|ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list|item_style=line-height:initial; | |||
* 0.8% other<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/cyprus/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020 |title=Cyprus |work=Global Religious Future |publisher=Pew Research Center |access-date=13 July 2021 |archive-date=17 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717053131/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/cyprus/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>}} | |||
|] | |||
| religion_year = 2020; includes Northern Cyprus | |||
|] | |||
| government_type = Unitary ] | |||
|] | |||
|
| leader_title1 = ] | ||
| leader_name1 = ] | |||
}} | |||
| leader_title2 = ] | |||
|ethnic_groups_year = | |||
| leader_name2 = Vacant{{efn|The vice presidency is reserved for a Turkish Cypriot. However the post has been vacant since the ] in 1974.<ref name="CIA"/>}} | |||
|demonym = Cypriot | |||
| leader_title3 = ] | |||
|government_type = ] ] ] | |||
| leader_name3 = ] | |||
|leader_title1 = ] | |||
| legislature = ] | |||
|leader_name1 = ] | |||
| sovereignty_type = Independence {{nobold|from the United Kingdom}} | |||
|legislature = {{nowrap|]}} | |||
|established_event1 = ] | | established_event1 = ] | ||
| established_date1 = 19 February 1959 | |||
|sovereignty_type = Independence {{nobold|from the United Kingdom}} | |||
|established_event2 = Independence proclaimed | | established_event2 = Independence proclaimed | ||
| established_date2 = 16 August 1960 | |||
|established_date1 = 19 February 1959 | |||
|established_event3 = |
| established_event3 = ] | ||
| |
| established_date3 = 1 October 1960 | ||
| area_km2 = 9,251 | |||
|established_event4 = {{nowrap|] the ]}} | |||
| area_label = Total{{efn|name=island|Including Northern Cyprus, the ] and ].}} | |||
|established_date3 = 1 October 1960 | |||
| area_rank = 162nd <!-- Area rank should match ] --> | |||
|established_date4 = 1 May 2004 | |||
| area_sq_mi = 3,572 <!--Do not remove per ]--> | |||
|area_km2 = 9,251 | |||
| percent_water = 0.11<ref name="CIA" /> | |||
|area_label= Total{{efn|name=island|Including ], the ] and ].}} | |||
| population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 923,272{{efn|Government-controlled areas of the Republic of Cyprus.}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Census of Population and Housing 2021, Preliminary Results by District, Municipality/Community |url=https://www.cystat.gov.cy/en/PressRelease?id=66208 |publisher=Statistical Service of Cyprus |access-date=4 August 2023 |location=Nicosia |date=4 August 2023 |archive-date=24 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524094953/https://www.cystat.gov.cy/en/PressRelease?id=66208 |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
|area_rank = 168th | |||
| population_census_year = 2021 | |||
|area_sq_mi = 3,572 <!--Do not remove per ]--> | |||
| population_density_km2 = 123.4{{efn|name=island}}<ref>{{cite web |work=United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, ] |year=2013 |title=World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision, DB02: Stock Indicators |location=New York |url=http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/ASCII-Data/DISK_NAVIGATION_ASCII.htm |access-date=18 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507213545/http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/ASCII-Data/DISK_NAVIGATION_ASCII.htm |archive-date=7 May 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | |||
|percent_water = 9 | |||
| population_density_rank = 82nd | |||
|population_estimate = 1,141,166{{efn|name=island}}<ref>{{cite journal |author=United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, ] |year=2013 |title=World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision, Highlights and Advance Tables (ESA/P/WP.220) |page=52 |publication-place=New York |url=http://esa.un.org/wpp/Documentation/pdf/WPP2012_HIGHLIGHTS.pdf}}</ref> | |||
| population_density_sq_mi = 319.5 <!-- Do not remove per ] --> | |||
|population_census = 838,897{{efn|Excluding Northern Cyprus.}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cystat.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/All/732265957BAC953AC225798300406903?OpenDocument&sub=2&sel=1&e= |title=Statistical Service – Population and Social Conditions – Population Census – Announcements – Preliminary Results of the Census of Population, 2011 |language=Greek |publisher=Statistical Service of the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Cyprus |date=29 December 2011 |accessdate=29 January 2012}}</ref> | |||
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $55.140 billion<ref name="IMF 2024">{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2024 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/October/weo-report?c=423,&s=NGDP_RPCH,NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2023&ey=2025&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |publisher=] |access-date=23 October 2024 |location=Washington, D.C. |date=22 October 2024}}</ref> | |||
|population_estimate_year = 2013 | |||
| GDP_PPP_year = 2024 | |||
|population_estimate_rank = 158th | |||
| GDP_PPP_rank = 124th | |||
|population_census_year = 2011 | |||
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $59,858<ref name="IMF 2024" /> | |||
|population_density_km2 = 123.4{{efn|name=island}}<ref>{{cite journal |author=United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, ] |year=2013 |title=World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision, DB02: Stock Indicators |publication-place=New York |url=http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/ASCII-Data/DISK_NAVIGATION_ASCII.htm}}</ref> | |||
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 31st | |||
|population_density_rank = 82nd | |||
| GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $34.790 billion<ref name="IMF 2024" /> | |||
|population_density_sq_mi = 319.5 <!-- Do not remove per ] --> | |||
| GDP_nominal_year = 2024 | |||
|GDP_PPP = $27.516 billion<ref name="IMF GDP">{{cite web|title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=28&pr.y=2&sy=2014&ey=2014&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=423&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|work=] Database, October 2015|publisher=]|accessdate=12 October 2015|location=Washington, D.C.|date=6 October 2015}}</ref> | |||
| GDP_nominal_rank = 105th | |||
|GDP_PPP_year = 2014 | |||
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $37,767<ref name="IMF 2024" /> | |||
|GDP_PPP_rank = 125th | |||
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 28th | |||
|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $30,882<ref name="IMF GDP"/> | |||
| Gini = 29.4 <!--number only--> | |||
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 37th | |||
| Gini_year = 2022 | |||
|GDP_nominal = $23.263 billion<ref name="IMF GDP"/> | |||
| Gini_change = steady <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | |||
|GDP_nominal_year = 2014 | |||
| Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table?lang=en |publisher=] |access-date=10 August 2023 |location=Luxembourg |date=28 June 2023 |archive-date=9 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009091832/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table?lang=en |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
|GDP_nominal_rank = 105th | |||
| Gini_rank = | |||
|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $26,109<ref name="IMF GDP"/> | |||
| HDI = 0.907 <!--number only--> | |||
|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 31st | |||
| HDI_year = 2022<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | |||
|Gini = 29.1 <!--number only--> | |||
| HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | |||
|Gini_year = 2011 | |||
| HDI_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2024 |title=Human Development Report 2023/2024 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf |archive-date=13 March 2024 |access-date=13 March 2024 |publisher=] |language=en}}</ref> | |||
|Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | |||
| HDI_rank = 29th | |||
| Gini_ref = <ref name=eurogini>{{cite web |title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income (source: SILC)|url=http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=ilc_di12|publisher=Eurostat Data Explorer|accessdate=13 August 2013}}</ref> | |||
| currency = ] (]) | |||
|Gini_rank = 19th | |||
| currency_code = EUR | |||
|HDI = 0.850 <!--number only--> | |||
| time_zone = ] | |||
|HDI_year = 2014<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | |||
| utc_offset = +02:00 | |||
|HDI_change = steady<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | |||
| utc_offset_DST = +03:00 | |||
|HDI_ref =<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr_2015_statistical_annex.pdf |title=2015 Human Development Report |publisher=United Nations Publications |date=14 December 2015 |accessdate=14 December 2015}}</ref> | |||
| time_zone_DST = ] | |||
|HDI_rank = 32nd | |||
| drives_on = left | |||
|currency = ] | |||
| calling_code = ] | |||
|currency_code = EUR | |||
| cctld = ]{{efn|The ] domain is also used, shared with other ] member states.}} | |||
|time_zone = ] | |||
| footnotes = | |||
|utc_offset = +2 | |||
| today = | |||
|utc_offset_DST = +3 | |||
|time_zone_DST = ] | |||
|drives_on = ] | |||
|calling_code = ] | |||
|cctld = ]{{efn|The ] domain is also used, shared with other ] member states.}} | |||
|footnotes = | |||
|accession EU date = 1 May 2004 | |||
}} | }} | ||
{{Contains special characters}} | |||
'''Cyprus'''{{efn|{{langx|el|Κύπρος|translit=Kýpros}} {{IPA-el|ˈcipros|}}; {{langx|tr|Kıbrıs}} {{IPA|tr|ˈkɯbɾɯs|}}}} ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Cyprus.ogg|ˈ|s|aɪ|p|r|ə|s|}}), officially the '''Republic of Cyprus''',{{efn|{{Langx|el|Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία |translit=Kypriakí Dimokratía |links=no}}, {{IPA-el|cipriaˈci ðimokraˈti.a|}}, <small>lit:</small> Cypriot Republic; {{langx|tr|Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti |links=no}}, {{IPA|tr|ˈkɯbɾɯs ˈdʒumhuɾijeti|}}, <small>lit:</small> Republic of Cyprus}} is an ] in the eastern ]. Although it is geographically located in ], its cultural identity and ] make-up are overwhelmingly ]an. It is the third largest and third most populous island in the Mediterranean.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pariona |first=Amber |date=4 August 2017 |title=Biggest Islands In The Mediterranean Sea By Area |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/biggest-islands-in-the-mediterranean-sea.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180512043924/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/biggest-islands-in-the-mediterranean-sea.html |archive-date=12 May 2018 |access-date=11 May 2018 |work=WorldAtlas |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Nag |first=Oishimaya Sen |date=15 August 2017 |title=The Most Populated Islands In The Mediterranean Sea |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-most-populated-islands-in-the-mediterranean-sea.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180512043814/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-most-populated-islands-in-the-mediterranean-sea.html |archive-date=12 May 2018 |access-date=11 May 2018 |work=WorldAtlas |language=en}}</ref> It is located southeast of ], south of ], west of ] and ], northwest of ] and ], and north of ]. Its capital and largest city is ]. Cyprus hosts the ] military bases ], whilst the northeast portion of the island is ''de facto'' governed by the self-declared ], which is separated from the Republic of Cyprus by the ]. | |||
'''Cyprus''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Cyprus.ogg|ˈ|s|aɪ|p|r|ə|s|}}; {{lang-el|Κύπρος}} {{IPA-el|ˈcipros|}}; {{lang-tr|Kıbrıs}} {{IPA-tr|ˈkɯbɾɯs|}}), officially the '''Republic of Cyprus''' ({{lang-el|Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία|links=no}}; {{lang-tr|Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti|links=no}}), is an ] in the ] Sea, off the coasts of Syria and Turkey.{{refn|Cyprus is approximate to ], which comprises the bulk of ], but it may be considered to be in Asia and/or Europe, which together constitute ].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fF8OAAAAQAAJ|title=The Americas|publisher=}}</ref> The UN classification of world regions places Cyprus in Western Asia;<ref>{{cite web |title=United Nations Statistics Division- Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications (M49)|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm#asia|website=United|publisher=]|accessdate=20 May 2015}}</ref> ]<ref>{{cite web |title=MapMaker 1-Page Maps - National Geographic Education|url=http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/atlas/index.html?Parent=asia&Rootmap=cyprus&Mode=d|publisher=National Geographic|accessdate=20 May 2015}}</ref> and numerous other sources place Cyprus in Europe, such as the ],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1016541.stm|title=BBC News - Cyprus country profile|publisher=}}</ref> and worldatlas;<ref>{{cite web |title=Europe map / Map of Europe - Facts, Geography, History of Europe - Worldatlas.com|url=http://worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/eu.htm|accessdate=20 May 2015}}</ref> it is also a ]. Contrarily, sources may place Cyprus in the Middle East or in mixed categories: the ] includes Cyprus among countries of Europe, but lists Middle East as its location.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cy.html|title=The World Factbook|publisher=}}</ref>|group=lower-alpha}} Cyprus is the ] in the Mediterranean, and a ]. It is located south of ], west of ] and ], northwest of ], north of ] and east of ]. | |||
Cyprus was first settled by hunter-gatherers around 13,000 years ago, with farming settlements emerging a few thousand years later. During the late ], Cyprus (then called ]) developed an urbanised society closely connected to the wider Mediterranean world. Cyprus experienced waves of settlement by ] at the end of the ]. It was subsequently occupied by several empires, including the ], ], and ], from whom the island was seized in 333 BC by ]. Subsequent rule by ], the ] and ], ]s, the ], and the ] was followed by over ] between 1571 and 1878 (''de jure'' until 1914).<ref name="Lausanne">{{cite web |url=http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Treaty_of_Lausanne |title=Treaty of Lausanne |access-date=7 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112221242/http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Treaty_of_Lausanne |archive-date=12 January 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Cyprus was placed under the ]'s administration based on the ] in 1878, and was formally annexed by the UK in 1914. | |||
The future of the island became a matter of disagreement between the two prominent ethnic communities, ] and ]. From the 19th century onwards, the Greek Cypriot population pursued '']'' (union with Greece), which became a Greek national policy in the 1950s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Faustmann |first1=Hubert |last2=Ker-Lindsay |first2=James |title=The Government and Politics of Cyprus |year=2008 |publisher=Peter Lang |isbn=978-3-03911-096-4 |page=48 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AzIXtVdDDwgC&pg=PA48 |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517121228/https://books.google.com/books?id=AzIXtVdDDwgC&pg=PA48#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mirbagheri |first1=Farid |title=Historical Dictionary of Cyprus |date=2009 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |page=25 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f82Jn_H4VukC&pg=PA25 |isbn=9780810862982 |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517123640/https://books.google.com/books?id=f82Jn_H4VukC&pg=PA25#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> The Turkish Cypriot population initially advocated for the continuation of British rule, then demanded the annexation of the island to Turkey; in the 1950s, together with Turkey, they established a policy of '']'' (the partition of Cyprus and the creation of a Turkish polity in the north of the island).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Trimikliniotis |first1=Nicos |title=Beyond a Divided Cyprus: A State and Society in Transformation |date=2012 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-137-10080-1 |page=104 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zS_HAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA104 |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517121219/https://books.google.com/books?id=zS_HAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA104#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Following ], Cyprus was ].<ref name=independence/> The ] brought further ], displaced more than 25,000 Turkish Cypriots into ],<ref name="Hoffmeister 2006" />{{rp|56–59}}<ref name="Intercommunal Violence"/> and brought the end of Turkish Cypriot representation in the republic. On 15 July 1974, ] was staged by ]<ref>{{cite book |last=Mallinson |first=William |title=Cyprus: A Modern History |publisher=I. B. Tauris |year=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HEjkuhF2GsMC&pg=PA81 |isbn=978-1-85043-580-8 |page=81 |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517121124/https://books.google.com/books?id=HEjkuhF2GsMC&pg=PA81 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/2297653.stm |title=website |work=BBC News |date=4 October 2002 |access-date=25 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040726144124/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/2297653.stm |archive-date=26 July 2004 |url-status=live}}</ref> and elements of the ].<ref name=hoff>{{cite book |author= Hoffmeister, Frank |title= Legal aspects of the Cyprus problem: Annan Plan and EU accession |publisher= EMartinus Nijhoff Publishers|year= 2006 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=LZXbg3ZwvGoC | pages = 34–5 |isbn= 978-90-04-15223-6}}</ref> This action precipitated the ] on 20 July,<ref>{{cite book |author=Eyal Benvenisti |title=The International Law of Occupation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JKgeX_sdQG0C&pg=PA191 |date=23 February 2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-958889-3 |page=191 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910212611/https://books.google.com/books?id=JKgeX_sdQG0C&pg=PA191 |archive-date=10 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> which led to the capture of the present-day territory of Northern Cyprus and the ] of over 150,000 Greek Cypriots<ref>Barbara Rose Johnston, Susan Slyomovics. ''Waging War, Making Peace: Reparations and Human Rights'' (2009), American Anthropological Association Reparations Task Force, {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412133508/https://books.google.com/books?id=jOU9_BQU9SYC&pg=PA211 |date=12 April 2016}}</ref><ref>Morelli, Vincent. ''Cyprus: Reunification Proving Elusive'' (2011), DIANE Publishing, {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413033218/https://books.google.com/books?id=dyWwReoc81oC&pg=PA10& |date=13 April 2016}}</ref> and 50,000 Turkish Cypriots.<ref>Borowiec, Andrew. ''Cyprus: A Troubled Island'' (2000), Greenwood Publishing Group, {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412142842/https://books.google.com/books?id=hzEDg6-d80MC&pg=PA125 |date=12 April 2016}}</ref> A separate Turkish Cypriot state in the north was ], which was widely condemned by the ] and led to Turkey being the only country to ] the new state. These events and the resulting political situation are matters of ]. | |||
Cyprus is a major ] with an advanced ].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Lesley Pender |author2=Richard Sharpley |title=The Management of Tourism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R9r90RAJM5cC&pg=PA273 |year=2005 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-0-7619-4022-7 |page=273 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910231130/https://books.google.com/books?id=R9r90RAJM5cC&pg=PA273 |archive-date=10 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Richard Sharpley|title=Tourism Development and the Environment: Beyond Sustainability?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=id8Me6CogPYC&pg=PT296 |date=16 May 2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-57330-9 |page=296 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918182700/https://books.google.com/books?id=id8Me6CogPYC&pg=PT296 |archive-date=18 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Sharpley, Richard |author2=Telfer, David John |title=Tourism and Development: Concepts and Issues |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wvo1sIjZH3UC&pg=PA334 |year=2002 |publisher=Channel View Publications |isbn=978-1-873150-34-4 |page=334 |access-date=22 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918222742/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wvo1sIjZH3UC&pg=PA334 |archive-date=18 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> It has been a member of the ] since 1961 and was a ] of the ] until it ] on 1 May 2004.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nam.gov.za/background/background.htm#4|title=The Non-Aligned Movement: Background Information |date=21 September 2001 |publisher=] |access-date=19 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160209210107/http://www.nam.gov.za/background/background.htm#4 |archive-date=9 February 2016}}</ref> On 1 January 2008, it joined the ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Human Development Index (HDI)–2011 Rankings |url=https://web.stanford.edu/class/e297c/war_peace/confrontation/hcypruseu.html |publisher=] |access-date=17 November 2019 |archive-date=3 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403004203/http://web.stanford.edu/class/e297c/war_peace/confrontation/hcypruseu.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> Cyprus has long maintained ] with ] while refusing to join it, but confirmed in 2024 that it now intends to officially join.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cyprus Wants U.S. Help to Join NATO, But Turkey Stands in the Way |url=https://www.thenationalherald.com/cyprus-wants-u-s-help-to-join-nato-but-turkey-stands-in-the-way/ |website=] |access-date=13 December 2024 |date=7 December 2024}}</ref> | |||
The Republic of Cyprus has '']'' ] over the island of Cyprus and its surrounding waters, according to international law, except for the ] of ], administered as Sovereign Base Areas. However, the Republic of Cyprus is '']'' partitioned into two main parts; the area under the effective control of the Republic, comprising about 59% of the island's area, and the north,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/documents/sc/res/1984/scres84.htm |title=According to the United Nations Security Council Resolutions 550 and 541 |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=27 March 2009}}</ref> administered by the self-declared Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, which is ], covering about 36% of the island's area. The international community considers the northern part of the island as territory of the Republic of Cyprus occupied by Turkish forces.<ref name="Conference2007">{{cite book |author=European Consortium for Church-State Research. Conference|title=Churches and Other Religious Organisations as Legal Persons: Proceedings of the 17th Meeting of the European Consortium for Church and State Research, Höör (Sweden), 17-20 November 2005|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hogL92shGUIC&pg=PA50|year=2007|publisher=Peeters Publishers|isbn=978-90-429-1858-0|page=50|quote=There is little data concerning recognition of the 'legal status' of religions in the occupied territories, since any acts of the 'Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus' are not recognized by either the Republic of Cyprus or the international community.}}</ref><ref name="Quigley">{{cite book |author=Quigley|title=The Statehood of Palestine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iTR3BQ0aJ6UC&pg=PA164|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-49124-2|page=164|quote=The international community found this declaration invalid, on the ground that Turkey had occupied territory belonging to Cyprus and that the putative state was therefore an infringement on Cypriot sovereignty.}}</ref><ref name="Tocci2004">{{cite book |author=Nathalie Tocci|title=EU Accession Dynamics and Conflict Resolution: Catalysing Peace Or Consolidating Partition in Cyprus?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T6Z0Io3kQZ4C&pg=PA56|date=January 2004|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-0-7546-4310-4|page=56|quote=The occupied territory included 70 percent of the island's economic potential with over 50 percent of the industrial ... In addition, since partition Turkey encouraged mainland immigration to northern Cyprus. ... The international community, excluding Turkey, condemned the unilateral declaration of independence (UDI) as a.}}</ref><ref name="WivelSteinmetz2013">{{cite book |author1=Dr Anders Wivel|author2=Robert Steinmetz|title=Small States in Europe: Challenges and Opportunities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iUeWqEjS6-IC&pg=PA165|date=28 March 2013|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-1-4094-9958-9|page=165|quote=To this day, it remains unrecognised by the international community, except by Turkey}}</ref><ref name="Neville2013">{{cite book |author=Peter Neville|title=Historical Dictionary of British Foreign Policy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dVosJPY04xAC&pg=PA293|date=22 March 2013|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-7371-1|page=293|quote=...Ecevit ordered the army to occupy the Turkish area on 20 July 1974. It became the Republic of Northern Cyprus, but Britain, like the rest of the international community, except Turkey, refused to extend diplomatic recognition to the enclave. British efforts to secure Turkey's removal from its surrogate territory after 1974 failed.}}</ref> The occupation is viewed as illegal under international law, amounting to illegal occupation of EU territory since Cyprus became a member of the European Union.<ref name="Ker-LindsayFaustmann2011">{{cite book |author1=James Ker-Lindsay|author2=Hubert Faustmann|author3=Fiona Mullen|title=An Island in Europe: The EU and the Transformation of Cyprus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R1QEn3G4L7MC&pg=PA15|date=15 May 2011|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-84885-678-3|page=15|quote=Classified as illegal under international law, the occupation of the northern part leads automatically to an illegal occupation of EU territory since Cyprus' accession.}}</ref> | |||
==Etymology== | |||
Cyprus is a major tourist destination in the Mediterranean.<ref name="PenderSharpley2005">{{cite book |author1=Lesley Pender|author2=Richard Sharpley|title=The Management of Tourism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R9r90RAJM5cC&pg=PA273|year=2005|publisher=SAGE|isbn=978-0-7619-4022-7|page=273}}</ref><ref name="Sharpley2012">{{cite book |author=Richard Sharpley|title=Tourism Development and the Environment: Beyond Sustainability?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=id8Me6CogPYC&pg=PT296|date=16 May 2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-57330-9|page=296}}</ref><ref name="RichardJohn2002">{{cite book |author1=Sharpley, Richard|author2=Telfer, David John|title=Tourism and Development: Concepts and Issues|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wvo1sIjZH3UC&pg=PA334|year=2002|publisher=Channel View Publications|isbn=978-1-873150-34-4|page=334}}</ref> With an ],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2001/01/data/index.htm#changes|title=World Economic Outlook Database May 2001|publisher=]|accessdate=28 June 2011}}</ref> ] and a very high ],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-classifications/country-and-lending-groups#High_income|title=Country and Lending Groups|publisher=]|accessdate=11 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Human Development Index (HDI)–2011 Rankings|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/|publisher=]|accessdate=4 November 2011}}</ref> the Republic of Cyprus is a member of the ] since 1961 and was a founding member of the ] until it joined the European Union on 1 May 2004.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nam.gov.za/background/background.htm#4|title=The Non-Aligned Movement: Background Information|date=21 September 2001|publisher=]|accessdate=19 January 2010}}</ref> On 1 January 2008, the Republic of Cyprus joined the ]. | |||
] | |||
The earliest attested reference to ''Cyprus'' is the 15th century BC ] {{lang|gmy|{{script|Linb|𐀓𐀠𐀪𐀍}}}}, ''ku-pi-ri-jo'',<ref>{{cite book |last=Strange |first=John|title=Caphtor : Keftiu : a new investigation |year=1980 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=978-90-04-06256-6|page=167 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c9QUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA154 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911013629/https://books.google.com/books?id=c9QUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA154 |archive-date=11 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> meaning "Cypriot" (Greek: {{lang|grc|Κύπριος}}), written in ] syllabic script.<ref> {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203111627/http://palaeolexicon.com/ |date=3 February 2011}}, Word study tool of ancient languages</ref> | |||
==Etymology== | |||
The classical Greek form of the name is {{lang|grc|Κύπρος}} (''Kýpros''). | |||
] | |||
The earliest attested reference to ''Cyprus'' is the 15th century BC ] {{lang|gmy|𐀓𐀠𐀪𐀍}}, ''ku-pi-ri-jo'',<ref>{{cite book |last=Strange|first=John|title=Caphtor : Keftiu : a new investigation|year=1980|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=978-90-04-06256-6|page=167|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c9QUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA154}}</ref> meaning "Cypriot" (Greek: {{lang|grc|Κύπριος}}), written in ] syllabic script.<ref>, Word study tool of ancient languages</ref> | |||
The classical Greek form of the name is {{lang|grc|Κύπρος (''Kýpros'')}}. | |||
The etymology of the name is unknown. | The etymology of the name is unknown. | ||
Suggestions include: | Suggestions include: | ||
* the Greek word for the ] ('']''), |
* the Greek word for the ] ('']''), κυπάρισσος (''kypárissos'') | ||
* the Greek name of the ] |
* the Greek name of the ] (''Lawsonia alba''), κύπρος (''kýpros'') | ||
* an ] word for |
* an ] word for copper. It has been suggested, for example, that it has roots in the ] word for copper (''zubar'') or for ] (''kubar''), from the large deposits of copper ore found on the island.<ref name="Beekes 2009"/> | ||
Through overseas trade, the island has given its name to the ] word for copper through the phrase ''aes Cyprium'', "metal of Cyprus", later shortened to ''Cuprum''.<ref>Fisher, Fred H. ''Cyprus: Our New Colony And What We Know About It''. London: George Routledge and Sons 1878, pp. |
Through overseas trade, the island has given its name to the ] word for copper through the phrase ''aes Cyprium'', "metal of Cyprus", later shortened to ''Cuprum''.<ref name="Beekes 2009">], ''Etymological Dictionary of Greek'', Brill, 2009, p. 805 (''s.v.'' "Κύπρος").</ref><ref>Fisher, Fred H. ''Cyprus: Our New Colony And What We Know About It''. London: George Routledge and Sons, 1878, pp. 13–14.</ref> | ||
The standard ] relating to Cyprus or its people or culture is '']''. The terms ''Cypriote'' and ''Cyprian'' (later ]) are also used, though less frequently. | |||
Cyprus, more specifically the seashore at ], was also one of the birthplaces given in Greek mythology for ], who was known as ''Kýpria''. This was because ], goddess of love and beauty in ], for whom Cyprus was an important cult centre, was later ] Aphrodite.{{citation needed|date=November 2014}} | |||
The state's official name in ] literally translates to "Cypriot Republic" in English, but this translation is not used officially; "Republic of Cyprus" is used instead.<!-- this can be added to the note in the first sentence of the lead --> | |||
The standard ] relating to Cyprus or its people or culture is '']''. The terms ''Cypriote'' and ''Cyprian'' are also used, though less frequently. | |||
==History== | ==History== | ||
{{Main|History of Cyprus|Timeline of Cypriot history}} | {{Main|History of Cyprus|Timeline of Cypriot history}} | ||
] with early remains of human habitation during the Aceramic Neolithic period (reconstruction)]] | |||
===Prehistoric and |
===Prehistoric and ancient period=== | ||
{{Main|Prehistoric Cyprus|Ancient history of Cyprus}} | {{Main|Prehistoric Cyprus|Ancient history of Cyprus}} | ||
] | |||
Hunter-gatherers first arrived on Cyprus around 13–12,000 years ago (11,000 to 10,000 BC), based on dating of sites like ] on the south coast and the inland site of Vretsia Roudias.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tsakalos |first1=Evangelos |last2=Efstratiou |first2=Nikos |last3=Bassiakos |first3=Yannis |last4=Kazantzaki |first4=Maria |last5=Filippaki |first5=Eleni |date=2021-08-01 |title=Early Cypriot Prehistory: On the Traces of the Last Hunters and Gatherers on the Island—Preliminary Results of Luminescence Dating |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/716100 |journal=Current Anthropology |language=en |volume=62 |issue=4 |pages=412–425 |doi=10.1086/716100 |issn=0011-3204 |access-date=26 April 2024 |archive-date=21 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240421225321/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/716100 |url-status=live }}</ref> The arrival of the first humans coincides with the extinction of the {{Convert|75|cm|ft|abbr=on}} high ] and {{Convert|1|m}} tall ], the only large mammals native to the island.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.asor.org/pubs/books-monographs/swiny.pdf |title=The Earliest Prehistory of Cyprus: From Colonization to Exploitation |publisher=] |year=2001 |editor=Stuart Swiny |location=Boston, MA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606210529/http://www.asor.org/pubs/books-monographs/swiny.pdf |archive-date=6 June 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ] farming communities emerged on the island by around 10,500 years ago (8500 BC).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bar-Yosef Mayer |first1=Daniella E. |last2=Kahanov |first2=Yaacov |last3=Roskin |first3=Joel |last4=Gildor |first4=Hezi |date=2015-09-02 |title=Neolithic Voyages to Cyprus: Wind Patterns, Routes, and Mechanisms |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15564894.2015.1060277 |journal=The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology |language=en |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=412–435 |doi=10.1080/15564894.2015.1060277 |issn=1556-4894 |access-date=26 April 2024 |archive-date=28 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528133150/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15564894.2015.1060277 |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
The earliest confirmed site of human activity on Cyprus is ], situated on the south coast, indicating that ]s were active on the island from around ],<ref>Mithen, S. ''After the Ice: A Global Human History, 20000 BC–5000 BC.'' Boston: Harvard University Press 2005, p.97. </ref> with settled ] dating from 8200 BC. The arrival of the first humans correlates with the extinction of the ] and ].<ref name="ASOR on Cyprus">{{cite book |title=The Earliest Prehistory of Cyprus: From Colonization to Exploitation|year=2001|publisher=]|location=Boston, MA|url=http://www.asor.org/pubs/books-monographs/swiny.pdf|editor=Stuart Swiny}}</ref> ]s discovered by ]s in western Cyprus are believed to be among the oldest in the world, dated at 9,000 to 10,500 years old.<ref name="autogenerated2"/> | |||
Remains of an |
Remains of an eight-month-old cat were discovered buried with a human body at a separate ] site in Cyprus.<ref>{{cite news |last=Wade |first=Nicholas |title=Study Traces Cat's Ancestry to Middle East |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/29/health/29iht-29cat.6404420.html |access-date=4 October 2012 |newspaper=] |date=29 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509004708/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/29/health/29iht-29cat.6404420.html |archive-date=9 May 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> The grave is estimated to be 9,500 years old (7500 BC), predating ]ian civilisation and pushing back the ] significantly.<ref>{{cite news |first=Marsha |last=Walton |title=Ancient burial looks like human and pet cat |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TECH/science/04/08/cats.cyprus/index.html |publisher=CNN |date=9 April 2004 |access-date=23 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222092756/http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TECH/science/04/08/cats.cyprus/index.html |archive-date=22 December 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> The remarkably well-preserved Neolithic village of ] is a UNESCO ], dating to approximately 6800 BC.<ref>Simmons, A. H. ''Faunal extinction in an island society: pygmy hippopotamus hunters of Cyprus''. New York: Springer 1999, p. 15. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412181518/https://books.google.com/books?id=hCwYwyEBXEAC&pg=PA15|date=12 April 2016}}</ref> | ||
During the Late ], from around 1650 BC Cyprus (identified in whole or part as ] in contemporary texts) became more connected to the wider Mediterranean world driven by the trade in ] extracted from the Troodos Mountains, which stimulated the development of urbanised settlements across the island, with records suggesting that Cyprus at this time was ruled by "kings" who corresponded with the leaders of other Mediterranean states (like the ]s of the ], as documented in the ]).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Knapp |first1=A. Bernard |last2=Meyer |first2=Nathan |date=2023-07-01 |title=Merchants and Mercantile Society on Late Bronze Age Cyprus |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/724597 |journal=American Journal of Archaeology |language=en |volume=127 |issue=3 |pages=309–338 |doi=10.1086/724597 |issn=0002-9114 |access-date=26 April 2024 |archive-date=18 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118180509/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/724597 |url-status=live }}</ref> The first recorded name of a Cypriot king is ''Kushmeshusha'', as appears on letters sent to ] in the 13th century BC.<ref>{{cite book |author=Eric H. Cline |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_M1bCgAAQBAJ |title=1177 B.C.: The Year Civilization Collapsed |date=22 September 2015 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-7449-1 |access-date=6 January 2020 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517121631/https://books.google.com/books?id=_M1bCgAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
]]] | |||
At the end of the Bronze Age, the island experienced two waves of Greek settlement.<ref>Thomas, Carol G. and Conant, Craig: ''The Trojan War'', pp. 121–122. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005. {{ISBN|0-313-32526-X}}, 9780313325267.</ref> The first wave consisted of ] traders, who started visiting Cyprus around 1400 BC.<ref>], "Late Bronze Age Socio-Economic and Political Organization, and the Hellenization of Cyprus", Athens Journal of History, volume 3, number 1, 2017, pp. 7–20</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YOwOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA168 |title=Greek Pottery in the Bronze Age |author=A.D. Lacy |page=168 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915234014/https://books.google.com/books?id=YOwOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA168 |archive-date=15 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov">{{cite web |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field%28DOCID+cy0013%29 |title=Library of Congress Country Studies. ''Cyprus'' |publisher=Lcweb2.loc.gov |access-date=1 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090110091429/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+cy0013%29 |archive-date=10 January 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> A major wave of Greek settlement is believed to have taken place following the ] of Mycenaean Greece from 1100 to 1050 BC, with the island's predominantly Greek character dating from this period.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov" /><ref>Thomas, Carol G. ''The Trojan War''. Santa Barbara, CA, US: Greenwood Publishing Group 2005. p. 64. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151203171026/https://books.google.com/books?id=UzASgBf2W10C&pg=PA98|date=3 December 2015}}</ref> Cyprus occupies an important role in ], being the birthplace of ] and ], and home to ], ] and ].<ref>Stass Paraskos, The Mythology of Cyprus (London: Orage Press, 2016) p.1f</ref> Literary evidence suggests an early Phoenician presence at ], which was under ] rule at the beginning of the 10th century BC.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hadjisavvas |first=Sophocles |title=The Phoenician Period Necropolis of Kition, Volume I |year=2013 |publisher=Shelby White and Leon Levy Program for Archaeological Publications |url=http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~semitic/wl/publications/2012/hadjisavvas.html |page=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111945/http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~semitic/wl/publications/2012/hadjisavvas.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=9 September 2019 }}</ref> Some ]n merchants who were believed to come from ] ] the area and expanded the political influence of Kition. After c. 850 BC, the sanctuaries were rebuilt and reused by the Phoenicians.] | |||
Cyprus is at a strategic location in the |
Cyprus is at a strategic location in the Eastern Mediterranean.<ref>{{cite book |author=Getzel M Cohen |title=The Hellenistic Settlements in Europe, the Islands and Asia Minor |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BnsPcZW4G7YC&pg=PA35 |year=1995 |publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-91408-7 |page=35 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911021830/https://books.google.com/books?id=BnsPcZW4G7YC&pg=PA35 |archive-date=11 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Charles Anthony Stewart |title=Domes of Heaven: The Domed Basilicas of Cyprus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R6ux8tRBHq4C&pg=PA69 |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-549-75556-2 |page=69 |publisher=ProQuest LLC |access-date=20 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915232126/https://books.google.com/books?id=R6ux8tRBHq4C&pg=PA69 |archive-date=15 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Michael Spilling |author2=Jo-ann Spilling |title=Cyprus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ldSQLD985i4C&pg=PA23 |year=2010 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |isbn=978-0-7614-4855-6 |page=23 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412132426/https://books.google.com/books?id=ldSQLD985i4C&pg=PA23 |archive-date=12 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> It was ruled by the ] for a century starting in 708 BC, before a brief spell under Egyptian rule and eventually ] rule in 545 BC.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov" /> The Cypriots, led by ], king of Salamis, joined their fellow Greeks in the ]n cities during the unsuccessful ] in 499 BC against the Achaemenids. The revolt was suppressed, but Cyprus managed to maintain a high degree of autonomy and remained inclined towards the Greek world.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov" /> | ||
During the whole period of the Persian rule, there is a continuity in the reign of the Cypriot kings and during their rebellions they were crushed by Persian rulers from Asia Minor, which is an indication that the Cypriots were ruling the island with directly regulated relations with the Great King and there was not a Persian ].<ref name="Parpas">{{Cite web |url=https://www.academia.edu/8861166 |title=Alexander the Great and the Kingdoms of Cyprus – a Reconsideration |access-date=7 August 2022 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807195911/https://www.academia.edu/8861166 |url-status=live |last1=Parpas |first1=Andreas P. }}</ref> The Kingdoms of Cyprus enjoyed special privileges and a semi-autonomous status, but they were still considered vassal subjects of the Great King.<ref name="Parpas"/> | |||
The island was conquered by ] in 333 BC and Cypriot navy helped Alexander during the ]. The Cypriot fleet was also sent to help ].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0530%3Abook%3D3%3Achapter%3D6%3Asection%3D3 |title=Arrian, Anabasis, 3.6.3 |access-date=7 August 2022 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807201301/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2008.01.0530:book%3D3:chapter%3D6:section%3D3 |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition, Alexander had two Cypriot generals ] and ] both from the ] and later both became satraps in Alexander's empire. | |||
The island was conquered by ] in 333 BC. Following his death and the subsequent ] and ], Cyprus became part of the ] of ]. It was during this period that the island was fully ]. In 58 BC Cyprus was acquired by the ].<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov"/> | |||
Following Alexander's death, the ], and the subsequent ], Cyprus became part of the ] of ]. It was during this period that the island was fully ]. In 58 BC Cyprus was acquired by the ] and became ] in 22 BC.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov"/> | |||
===Middle Ages=== | ===Middle Ages=== | ||
{{Main|Cyprus in the Middle Ages|Kingdom of Cyprus}} | {{Main|Cyprus in the Middle Ages|Kingdom of Cyprus}} | ||
] were built by the Venetians to defend the city in case of an Ottoman attack]] | ] were built by the Venetians to defend the city in case of an Ottoman attack.]] | ||
] was originally built by the Byzantines and enlarged by the Venetians]] | ] was originally built by the Byzantines and enlarged by the Venetians.]] | ||
When the ] was divided into Eastern and Western parts in |
When the ] was divided into Eastern and Western parts in 286, Cyprus became part of the East Roman Empire (also called the ]), and would remain so for some 900 years. Under Byzantine rule, the Greek orientation that had been prominent since antiquity developed the strong Hellenistic-Christian character that continues to be a hallmark of the Greek Cypriot community.<ref name="Keefe 1993">{{Country study |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress |country=Cyprus |abbr=cy |title=Cyprus: A Country Study |url= https://www.loc.gov/item/92036090/ |edition=Fourth |editor-last=Solsten |editor-first=Eric |year=1993 |isbn=0-8444-0752-6 |last1=Keefe |first1=Eugene K. |last2=Solsten |first2=Eric |chapter=Historical Setting |pages=10–12}}</ref> | ||
Beginning in 649, Cyprus endured repeated attacks and raids launched by ]. Many were quick raids, but others were large-scale attacks in which many Cypriots were killed and great wealth carried off or destroyed.<ref name="Keefe 1993"/> The city of ] was destroyed and never rebuilt.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov"/> Byzantine control remained stronger in the northern coast, the Arabs exerted more influence in the south. In 688, Emperor ] and Caliph ] signed a treaty whereby Cyprus would be paying an equal amount of tribute to the Caliphate and tax to the Empire, but would remain politically neutral to both while being retained as a province administered by the Empire. There are no Byzantine churches which survive from this period, and the island entered a period of impoverishment.<ref>{{cite book |first=David Michael |author-link=Michael Metcalf |last=Metcalf |title=Byzantine Cyprus, 491–1191 |publisher=Cyprus Research Centre |year=2009|pages=32–33; 427–421}}</ref> Full Byzantine rule was restored in 965, when Emperor ] scored decisive victories on land and sea.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov" /> | |||
Beginning in 649, Cyprus ] from the ], which continued for the next 300 years.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov"/> Many were quick piratical raids, but others were large-scale attacks in which many Cypriots were slaughtered and great wealth carried off or destroyed.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov"/> | |||
In 1156 ] and ] brutally sacked Cyprus over a period of three weeks, stealing so much plunder and capturing so many of the leading citizens and their families for ransom, that the island took generations to recover. Several Greek priests were mutilated and sent away to Constantinople.<ref>Norwich, J. J. (1995) ''Byzantium: The Decline and Fall''. London: Viking, p. 121</ref> | |||
There are no Byzantine churches which survive from this period; thousands of people were killed, and many cities – such as ] – were destroyed and never rebuilt.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov"/> Byzantine rule was restored in 965, when Emperor ] scored decisive victories on land and sea.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov"/> | |||
In 1191, during the ], ] captured the island from |
In 1185 ], a member of the Byzantine imperial family, took over Cyprus and declared it independent of the Empire. In 1191, during the ], ] captured the island from Isaac.<ref>Riddle, J.M. ''A History of the Middle Ages''. Lanham, MD, US: Rowman & Littlefield 2008. p. 326. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915220219/https://books.google.com/books?id=rhWpPr93KjMC&pg=PA326|date=15 September 2015}}</ref> He used it as a major supply base that was relatively safe from the ]s. A year later Richard sold the island to the ], who, following a bloody revolt, in turn sold it to ]. His brother and successor ] was recognised as ] by ].<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov" /> | ||
Following the death in 1473 of ], the last Lusignan king, the ] assumed control of the island, while the late king's Venetian widow, Queen ], reigned as figurehead. Venice formally annexed the ] in 1489, following the abdication of Catherine.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov"/> The Venetians fortified ] by building the ], and used it as an important commercial hub. Throughout Venetian rule, the ] frequently raided Cyprus. In 1539 the Ottomans destroyed ] and so fearing the worst, the Venetians also fortified ] and ].<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov"/> | Following the death in 1473 of ], the last Lusignan king, the ] assumed control of the island, while the late king's Venetian widow, Queen ], reigned as figurehead. Venice formally annexed the ] in 1489, following the abdication of Catherine.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov" /> The Venetians fortified ] by building the ], and used it as an important commercial hub. Throughout Venetian rule, the ] frequently raided Cyprus. In 1539 the Ottomans destroyed ] and so fearing the worst, the Venetians also fortified ] and ].<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov" /> | ||
Although the Lusignan French aristocracy remained the dominant social class in Cyprus throughout the medieval period, the former assumption that Greeks were treated only as serfs on the island<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov" /> is no longer considered by academics to be accurate. It is now accepted that the medieval period saw increasing numbers of Greek Cypriots elevated to the upper classes, a growing Greek ],<ref>See James G. Schryver, 'Colonialism or Conviviencia in Frankish Cyprus?' in I.W. Zartman (ed.), ''Understanding Life in the Borderlands: Boundaries in Depth and in Motio'' (Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 2010) pp. 133–159; see also Evangelia Skoufari "Cyprus during the 16th century: a Frankish kingdom, a Venetian colony, a multicultural society", in ''Joves pensant la Mediterrània – Mar de diàleg'', no. 5 dir. Enric Olivé Serret, Tarragona, Publicacions de la Universitat Rovira y Virgili, Tarragona 2008, pp. 283–295.</ref> and the Lusignan royal household even marrying Greeks. This included King ] who married ].<ref>Benjamin Arbel, David Jacoby, ''Intercultural Contacts in the Medieval Mediterranean'', (London: Taylor and Francis, 1996) p. 45</ref> | |||
During the almost four centuries of Latin rule, there existed two societies on Cyprus. The first consisted of ] nobles and their retinue, as well as ] merchants and their families. The second, the majority of the population, consisted of ], serfs and laborers. Although a determined effort was made to supplant native traditions and culture, the effort failed.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov"/> | |||
=== |
===Ottoman Cyprus=== | ||
. Map of Cyprus newly drawn by Johannes van Deutecom, 1573.]] | |||
{{Main|Ottoman Cyprus}} | {{Main|Ottoman Cyprus}} | ||
In 1570, a full-scale Ottoman assault with 60,000 troops brought the island under Ottoman control, despite stiff resistance by the inhabitants of Nicosia and Famagusta. Ottoman forces capturing Cyprus ] many Greek and Armenian Christian inhabitants.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://countrystudies.us/cyprus/7.htm |editor=Eric Solsten |title=Cyprus: A Country Study |location=Washington |publisher=GPO for the Library of Congress |date=1991 |website=Countrystudies.us |access-date=16 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117041546/http://countrystudies.us/cyprus/7.htm |archive-date=17 January 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> The previous Latin elite were destroyed and the first significant demographic change since antiquity took place with the formation of a Muslim community.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mallinson |first=William |title=Cyprus: A Modern History |publisher=I. B. Tauris |date=30 June 2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HEjkuhF2GsMC&pg=PA81 |isbn=978-1-85043-580-8 |page=1 |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517121124/https://books.google.com/books?id=HEjkuhF2GsMC&pg=PA81 |url-status=live }}</ref> Soldiers who fought in the conquest settled on the island and Turkish peasants and craftsmen were brought to the island from ].<ref>{{citation |last=Orhonlu |first=Cengiz |year=2010 |chapter=The Ottoman Turks Settle in Cyprus |title=The First International Congress of Cypriot Studies: Presentations of the Turkish Delegation |editor1-last=Inalcık |editor1-first=Halil |page=99 |publisher=Institute for the Study of Turkish Culture}}</ref> This new community also included banished Anatolian tribes, "undesirable" persons and members of various "troublesome" Muslim sects, as well as a number of new converts on the island.<ref>{{citation |last=Jennings |first=Ronald |year=1993 |title=Christians and Muslims in Ottoman Cyprus and the Mediterranean World, 1571–1640 |page=232 |publisher=New York University Press |isbn=978-0-8147-4181-8}}</ref> | |||
], a ] in Nicosia, is an example of the surviving Ottoman architecture in Cyprus.]] | |||
The Ottomans abolished the ] system previously in place and applied the ] to Cyprus, under which non-Muslim peoples were governed by their own religious authorities. In a reversal from the days of Latin rule, the head of the ] was invested as leader of the Greek Cypriot population and acted as mediator between Christian Greek Cypriots and the Ottoman authorities. This status ensured that the Church of Cyprus was in a position to end the constant encroachments of the Roman Catholic Church.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.cy/mfa/Embassies/Embassy_Madrid.nsf/all/6A33D29D666143A6C1257A36002ECA14/$file/ChipreUnaVisionHistorica.pdf?openelement |title=Cyprus a Historical Overview (Chipre Una Visión Historica) |work=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Cyprus website |first=William |last=Mallinson |format=PDF |language=es |access-date=22 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017133438/http://www.mfa.gov.cy/mfa/Embassies/Embassy_Madrid.nsf/all/6A33D29D666143A6C1257A36002ECA14/$file/ChipreUnaVisionHistorica.pdf?openelement |archive-date=17 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ottoman rule of Cyprus was at times indifferent, at times oppressive, depending on the temperaments of the sultans and local officials.<ref name="Ottoman"> {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117041546/http://countrystudies.us/cyprus/7.htm |date=17 January 2013}}, ''U.S. Library of Congress''</ref> | |||
The ratio of Muslims to Christians fluctuated throughout the period of Ottoman domination. In 1777–78, 47,000 Muslims constituted a majority over the island's 37,000 Christians.<ref>{{citation |last=Hatay |first=Mete |year=2007 |title=Is the Turkish Cypriot population shrinking?|url=http://www.prio.org/Global/upload/Cyprus/Publications/Is%20the%20Turkish%20Cypriot%20Population%20Shrinking.pdf |page=19 |publisher=International Peace Research Institute |isbn=978-82-7288-244-9 |access-date=7 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702022552/https://www.prio.org/Global/upload/Cyprus/Publications/Is%20the%20Turkish%20Cypriot%20Population%20Shrinking.pdf |archive-date=2 July 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> By 1872, the population of the island had risen to 144,000, comprising 44,000 Muslims and 100,000 Christians.<ref>''Osmanli Nufusu 1830–1914'' by ], {{ISBN|975-333-169-X}} and ''Die Völker des Osmanischen'' by Ritter zur Helle von Samo.</ref> The Muslim population included numerous ],<ref name="Jennings 1992">{{cite book |author=Ronald Jennings |title=Christians and Muslims in Ottoman Cyprus and the Mediterranean World, 1571–1640 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dslYF9LopnMC&pg=PT596 |date=1 August 1992 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-0-8147-4318-8 |pages=596– |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412181717/https://books.google.com/books?id=dslYF9LopnMC&pg=PT596 |archive-date=12 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> including the ], a crypto-Catholic community that arose due to religious persecution of the Catholic community by the Ottoman authorities;<ref name="Jennings 1992"/><ref>{{cite book |author=Captain A. R. Savile|title=Cyprus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nxj9a-Stax4C&pg=PA130|year=1878 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |page=130 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911024127/https://books.google.com/books?id=nxj9a-Stax4C&pg=PA130 |archive-date=11 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> this community would assimilate into the Turkish Cypriot community during British rule.<ref>{{cite book |author=Chrysostomos Pericleous |title=Cyprus Referendum: A Divided Island and the Challenge of the Annan Plan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PHQAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA131 |year=2009 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=978-0-85771-193-9 |page=131 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911014545/https://books.google.com/books?id=PHQAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA131 |archive-date=11 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
In 1570, a full-scale Ottoman assault with 60,000 troops brought the island under Ottoman control, despite stiff resistance by the inhabitants of Nicosia and Famagusta. Ottoman forces capturing Cyprus ] many Greek and Armenian Christian inhabitants.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://countrystudies.us/cyprus/7.htm |title=Eric Solsten, ed. Cyprus: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1991 |publisher=Countrystudies.us |accessdate=16 April 2013}}</ref> The previous Latin elite were destroyed and the first significant demographic change since antiquity took place with the formation of a Muslim community.<ref name=Mallinson>{{cite book | last = Mallinson | first = William | title = Cyprus: A Modern History | publisher = I. B. Tauris | date = 30 June 2005 | url = https://books.google.com/?id=HEjkuhF2GsMC&pg=PA81&dq= | id = | isbn = 978-1-85043-580-8| page = 1 }}</ref> Soldiers who fought in the conquest settled on the island and Turkish peasants and craftsmen were brought to the island from ].<ref>{{citation |last=Orhonlu|first=Cengiz|year=2010|chapter=The Ottoman Turks Settle in Cyprus|title=The First International Congress of Cypriot Studies: Presentations of the Turkish Delegation|editor1-last=Inalcık|editor1-first=Halil|place=|page=99|publisher=Institute for the Study of Turkish Culture|isbn=}}</ref> This new community also included banished Anatolian tribes, "undesirable" persons and members of various "troublesome" Muslim sects, as well as a number of new converts on the island.<ref>{{citation |last=Jennings|first=Ronald|year=1993|title=Christians and Muslims in Ottoman Cyprus and the Mediterranean World, 1571-1640 |page=232| place = |publisher=New York University Press|isbn=0814741819}}</ref> | |||
]]] | |||
The Ottomans abolished the ] system previously in place and applied the ] to Cyprus, under which non-Muslim peoples were governed by their own religious authorities. In a reversal from the days of Latin rule, the head of the ] was invested as leader of the Greek Cypriot population and acted as mediator between Christian Greek Cypriots and the Ottoman authorities. This status ensured that the Church of Cyprus was in a position to end the constant encroachments of the Roman Catholic Church.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.cy/mfa/Embassies/Embassy_Madrid.nsf/all/6A33D29D666143A6C1257A36002ECA14/$file/ChipreUnaVisionHistorica.pdf?openelement|title=Cyprus a Historical Overview (Chipre Una Visión Historica) |work=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Cyprus website |first=William |last=Mallinson |format=PDF |language=Spanish |accessdate=22 September 2012}}</ref> Ottoman rule of Cyprus was at times indifferent, at times oppressive, depending on the temperaments of the sultans and local officials, and the island began over 250 years of economic decline.<ref name="Cyprus - OTTOMAN RULE">, ''U.S. Library of Congress''</ref> | |||
As soon as the ] broke out in 1821, several Greek Cypriots left for Greece to join the Greek forces. In response, the Ottoman governor of Cyprus arrested and executed 486 prominent Greek Cypriots, including the Archbishop of Cyprus, ], and four other bishops.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mirbagheri |first1=Farid |title=Historical dictionary of Cyprus |date=2010 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |location=Lanham, Md. |isbn=978-0-8108-6298-2 |pages=xxvii, 124 |edition=. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f82Jn_H4VukC}}</ref> In 1828, modern Greece's first president ] called for union of Cyprus with Greece, and numerous minor uprisings took place.<ref>{{cite book |author1=William Mallinson |author2=Bill Mallinson |title=Cyprus: a modern history |url=https://archive.org/details/cyprusmodernhist00mall |url-access=limited |publisher=I.B.Tauris |year= 2005 |page=|isbn=978-1-85043-580-8}}</ref> Reaction to Ottoman misrule led to uprisings by both Greek and Turkish Cypriots, although none were successful. After centuries of neglect by the Ottoman Empire, the poverty of most of the people and the ever-present tax collectors fueled Greek nationalism, and by the 20th century the idea of '']'' with newly independent Greece was firmly rooted among Greek Cypriots.<ref name="Ottoman" /> | |||
The ratio of Muslims to Christians fluctuated throughout the period of Ottoman domination. In 1777–78, 47,000 Muslims constituted a majority over the island's 37,000 Christians.<ref>{{citation |last=Hatay|first=Mete|year=2007|title=Is the Turkish Cypriot population shrinking? |url=http://www.prio.org/Global/upload/Cyprus/Publications/Is%20the%20Turkish%20Cypriot%20Population%20Shrinking.pdf|place=|page=19|publisher=International Peace Research Institute|isbn=978-82-7288-244-9}}</ref> By 1872, the population of the island had risen to 144,000, comprising 44,000 Muslims and 100,000 Christians.<ref>''Osmanli Nufusu 1830–1914'' by ], ISBN 975-333-169-X and ''Die Völker des Osmanischen'' by Ritter zur Helle von Samo.</ref> The Muslim population included numerous ],<ref name="Jennings1992">{{cite book |author=Ronald Jennings|title=Christians and Muslims in Ottoman Cyprus and the Mediterranean World, 1571-1640|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dslYF9LopnMC&pg=PT596|date=1 August 1992|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=978-0-8147-4318-8|pages=596–}}</ref> including the ], a crypto-Catholic community that arose due to religious persecution of the Catholic community by the Ottoman authorities;<ref name="Jennings1992">{{cite book |author=Ronald Jennings|title=Christians and Muslims in Ottoman Cyprus and the Mediterranean World, 1571-1640|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dslYF9LopnMC&pg=PT596|date=1 August 1992|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=978-0-8147-4318-8|pages=596–}}</ref><ref name="Savile1878">{{cite book |author=Captain A. R. Savile|title=Cyprus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nxj9a-Stax4C&pg=PA130|year=1878|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|page=130}}</ref> this community would assimilate into the Turkish Cypriot community during British rule.<ref name="Pericleous2009">{{cite book |author=Chrysostomos Pericleous|title=Cyprus Referendum: A Divided Island and the Challenge of the Annan Plan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PHQAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA131|year=2009|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-0-85771-193-9|page=131}}</ref> | |||
Under Ottoman rule, numeracy, school enrolment and literacy rates were all low. They persisted some time after Ottoman rule ended, and then increased rapidly during the twentieth century.<ref>{{cite book |author=Baten, Jörg |title=A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. |date=2016 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=51 |isbn=978-1-107-50718-0}}</ref> | |||
As soon as the ] broke out in 1821, several Greek Cypriots left for Greece to join the Greek forces. In response, the Ottoman governor of Cyprus arrested and executed 486 prominent Greek Cypriots, including the Archbishop of Cyprus, ] and four other bishops.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mirbagheri|first1=Farid|title=Historical dictionary of Cyprus|date=2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|location=Lanham, Md. |isbn=9780810862982|pages=xxvii, 124|edition=.|url=https://books.google.gr/books?id=f82Jn_H4VukC&dq=}}</ref> In 1828, modern Greece's first president ] called for union of Cyprus with Greece, and numerous minor uprisings took place.<ref name=" William Mallinson, Bill Mallinson 2005 pp.10 ">{{cite book |author= William Mallinson, Bill Mallinson |title= Cyprus: a modern history |publisher= I.B.Tauris |year= 2005 |page=10|isbn= 978-1-85043-580-8}}</ref> Reaction to Ottoman misrule led to uprisings by both Greek and Turkish Cypriots, although none were successful. After centuries of neglect by the Turks, the unrelenting poverty of most of the people, and the ever-present tax collectors fuelled Greek nationalism, and by the 20th century idea of '']'', or union, with newly independent Greece was firmly rooted among Greek Cypriots.<ref name="Cyprus - OTTOMAN RULE"/> | |||
=== |
===British Cyprus=== | ||
{{Main|Modern history of Cyprus}} | {{Main|British Cyprus|Modern history of Cyprus|Cyprus Emergency}} | ||
] | ] | ||
In the aftermath of the ] and the ], Cyprus was ] to the ] which de facto took over its administration in 1878 (though, in terms of sovereignty, Cyprus remained a '']'' Ottoman territory until 5 November 1914, together with ])<ref name=Lausanne |
In the aftermath of the ] and the ], Cyprus was ] to the ] which de facto took over its administration in 1878 (though, in terms of sovereignty, Cyprus remained a '']'' Ottoman territory until 5 November 1914, together with ])<ref name="Lausanne"/> in exchange for guarantees that Britain would use the island as a base to protect the Ottoman Empire against possible Russian aggression.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov" /> | ||
] demonstrations for ] (union with |
] demonstrations for ] (union with Greece) in 1930]] | ||
The island would serve Britain as a key military base for its colonial routes. By 1906, when the Famagusta harbour was completed, Cyprus was a strategic naval outpost overlooking the ], the crucial main route to India which was then Britain's most important overseas possession. Following the outbreak of the ] and the decision of the Ottoman Empire to join the war on the side of the ], on 5 November 1914 the British Empire formally annexed Cyprus and declared the Ottoman '']'' of ] a ].<ref name=Lausanne |
The island would serve Britain as a key military base for its colonial routes. By 1906, when the Famagusta harbour was completed, Cyprus was a strategic naval outpost overlooking the ], the crucial main route to India which was then Britain's most important overseas possession. Following the outbreak of the ] and the decision of the Ottoman Empire to join the war on the side of the ], on 5 November 1914 the British Empire formally annexed Cyprus and declared the Ottoman '']'' of ] a ].<ref name="Lausanne"/><ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov"/> | ||
In October 1915, Britain offered Cyprus to Greece, ruled by King ], on the condition that Greece join the war on the side of the British and went to ]’s assistance, in order to fulfill her Treaty obligations under the ] of May 1913.<ref name=Stavridis>Stavridis, Stavros Terry (31 July 1993), | |||
In 1915, Britain offered Cyprus to ] on condition that Greece join the war on the side of the British, which he declined. In 1923, under the ], the nascent Turkish republic relinquished any claim to Cyprus,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Xypolia|first=Ilia|title='Cypriot Muslims among Ottomans, Turks and British|journal=Bogazici Journal|year=2011|volume=25|issue=2|pages=109–120|url=http://www.bujournal.boun.edu.tr/docs/13330942935.pdf|accessdate=15 October 2012}}</ref> and in 1925 it was declared a British ].<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov"/> Many Greek and Turkish Cypriots fought in the ] during both ]s.<ref>{{cite book |author= Ertl, Alan W. |title= Toward an Understanding of Europe: A Political Economic Précis of Continental Integration |publisher= Universal-Publishers|year= 2008 |url= https://books.google.com/?id=X9PGRaZt-zcC&dq= | page = 418 |isbn= 978-1-59942-983-0}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=January 2015}} During the ], many enlisted in the ]. | |||
''Greek-Cypriot Enosis of October 1915: “A Lost Opportunity?”''. ]. p. 289. Retrieved 5 August 2024.</ref> It gave Greece a golden | |||
“opportunity” in achieving '']'' with Cyprus.<ref name=Stavridis/> Alternatively it was a | |||
“lost opportunity” when the ] administration declined the British proposal.<ref name=Stavridis/> | |||
In 1923, under the ], the nascent Turkish republic relinquished any claim to Cyprus,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Xypolia |first=Ilia |title='Cypriot Muslims among Ottomans, Turks and British |journal=Bogazici Journal |year=2011 |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=109–120 |doi=10.21773/boun.25.2.6 |doi-access=free| issn = 1300-9583}}</ref> and in 1925 it was declared a British ].<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov" /> During the ], many Greek and Turkish Cypriots enlisted in the ]. | |||
The Greek Cypriot population, meanwhile, had become hopeful that the British administration would lead to ''enosis''. The idea of ''enosis'' was historically part of the '']'', a greater political ambition of a Greek state encompassing the territories with Greek inhabitants in the former Ottoman Empire, including Cyprus and ] with a capital in ], and was actively pursued by the ], which had its members educated in Greece. These religious officials, together with Greek military officers and professionals, some of whom still pursued the '']'', would later found the guerrilla organisation ''Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston or'' National Organisation of Cypriot Fighters ]).<ref name="lindsay14">{{cite book |last1=Ker-Lindsay|first1=James|title=The Cyprus Problem: What Everyone Needs to Know|date=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199757169|pages=14–5|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xTL382g5sWwC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|quote=They hoped that the transfer of administration would pave the way for the island to be united with Greece—an aspiration known as “enosis.” At the time, these calls for enosis were not just limited to Cyprus. Instead, Cyprus was part of a wider political movement This overarching political ambition was known as the Megali Idea (Great Idea).}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lange|first1=Matthew|title=Educations in Ethnic Violence: Identity, Educational Bubbles, and Resource Mobilization|date=2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781139505444|page=88|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Ac2NRpHoY3EC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> The Greek Cypriots viewed the island as historically Greek and believed that union with Greece was a natural right.<ref name="diez83" /> In the 1950s, the pursuit of ''enosis'' became a part of the Greek national policy,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Huth|first1=Paul|title=Standing Your Ground: Territorial Disputes and International Conflict|date=2009|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=9780472022045|page=206|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NIAc-R5fgQoC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|quote=From early 1950s onward Greece has favored union with Cyprus through a policy of enosis}}</ref> | |||
The Greek Cypriot population, meanwhile, had become hopeful that the British administration would lead to ''enosis''. The idea of ''enosis'' was historically part of the '']'', a greater political ambition of a Greek state encompassing the territories with large Greek populations in the former Ottoman Empire, including Cyprus and ] with a capital in ], and was actively pursued by the ], which had its members educated in Greece. These religious officials, together with Greek military officers and professionals, some of whom still pursued the ''Megali Idea'', would later found the guerrilla organisation ] ''(Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston'' or National Organisation of Cypriot Fighters).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ker-Lindsay |first1=James |title=The Cyprus Problem: What Everyone Needs to Know |date=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975716-9 |pages=14–5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xTL382g5sWwC |quote=They hoped that the transfer of administration would pave the way for the island to be united with Greece—an aspiration known as 'enosis.' At the time, these calls for enosis were not just limited to Cyprus. Instead, Cyprus was part of a wider political movement ... This overarching political ambition was known as the Megali Idea (Great Idea).}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lange |first1=Matthew |title=Educations in Ethnic Violence: Identity, Educational Bubbles, and Resource Mobilization |date=2011 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-50544-4 |page=88 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ac2NRpHoY3EC}}</ref> The Greek Cypriots viewed the island as historically Greek and believed that union with Greece was a natural right.<ref name="Diez 2002" /> In the 1950s, the pursuit of ''enosis'' became a part of the Greek national policy.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Huth |first1=Paul |title=Standing Your Ground: Territorial Disputes and International Conflict |date=2009 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=978-0-472-02204-5 |page=206 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NIAc-R5fgQoC |quote=From early 1950s onward Greece has favored union with Cyprus through a policy of enosis}}</ref> | |||
] in Nicosia, 1956.]] | |||
Initially, the Turkish Cypriots favoured the continuation of the British rule.<ref name=papadakis2>{{cite book |last1=Papadakis|first1=Yiannis|last2=Peristianis|first2=Nicos|last3=Welz|first3=Gisela|title=Divided Cyprus: Modernity, History, and an Island in Conflict|date=July 18, 2006|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=9780253111913|page=2|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wzPG7b_m4swC&pg=PA2&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> However, they were alarmed by the Greek Cypriot calls for ''enosis'' as they saw the union of ] with Greece, which led to the exodus of ], as a precedent to be avoided,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Isachenko|first1=Daria|title=The Making of Informal States: Statebuilding in Northern Cyprus and Transdniestria|date=2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillian|isbn=9780230392076|page=37|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FQeVnXmjBzYC&pg=PA37&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Pericleous|first1=Chrysostomos|title=Cyprus Referendum: A Divided Island and the Challenge of the Annan Plan|date=2009|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=9780857711939|pages=135–6|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PHQAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA135&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> and they took a pro-partition stance in response to the militant activity of EOKA.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mirbagheri|first1=Farid|title=Historical Dictionary of Cyprus|date=2009|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810862982|page=xiv|quote=Greek Cypriots engaged in a military campaign for enosis, union with Greece. Turkish Cypriots, in response, expressed their desire for taksim, partition of the island.}}</ref> The Turkish Cypriots also viewed themselves as a distinct ethnic group of the island and believed in their having a separate right to ] from Greek Cypriots.<ref name=diez83>{{cite book |last1=Diez|first1=Thomas|title=The European Union and the Cyprus Conflict: Modern Conflict, Postmodern Union|date=2002|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=9780719060793|page=83|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=A4QTUWBEC2kC&pg=PA83&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> Meanwhile, in the 1950s, Turkish leader ] considered Cyprus an "extension of Anatolia", rejected the partition of Cyprus along ethnic lines and favoured the annexation of the whole island to Turkey. Nationalistic slogans centred on the idea that "Cyprus is Turkish" and the ruling party declared Cyprus to be a part of the Turkish homeland that was vital to its security. Upon realising the fact that the Turkish Cypriot population was only 20% of the islanders made annexation unfeasible, the national policy was changed to favour partition. The slogan "Partition or Death" was frequently used in Turkish Cypriot and Turkish protests starting in the late 1950s and continuing throughout the 1960s. Although after the Zürich and London conferences Turkey seemed to accept the existence of the Cypriot state and to distance itself from its policy of favouring the partition of the island, the goal of the Turkish and Turkish Cypriot leaders remained that of creating an independent Turkish state in the northern part of the island.<ref name="(Ozkan)2012">{{cite book |author=Behlul (Behlul) Ozkan (Ozkan)|title=From the Abode of Islam to the Turkish Vatan: The Making of a National Homeland in Turkey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kCArlsRcHUMC&pg=PA199|date=26 June 2012|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-18351-1|page=199|quote=In line with the nationalist rhetoric that "Cyprus is Turkish", Menderes predicated his declaration upon the geographic proximity between Cyprus and Anatolia, thereby defining "Cyprus as an extension of Anatolia". It was striking that Menderes rejected partitioning the island into two ethnic states, a position that would define Turkey's foreign policy regarding Cyprus after 1957}}</ref><ref name="BellingeriKappler2005">{{cite book |author1=G. Bellingeri|author2=T. Kappler|title=Cipro oggi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pUcSji-f1zYC&pg=PA27|year=2005|publisher=Casa editrice il Ponte|isbn=978-88-89465-07-3|pages=27–29|quote=The educational and political mobilisation between 1948-1958, aiming at raising Turkish national consciousness, resulted in the involving Turkey as motherland in the Cyprus Question. From then on, Turkey, would work hand in hand with the Turkish Cypriot leadership and the British government to oppose the Greek Cypriot demand for Enosis and realise the partition of Cyprus, which meanwhile became the national policy.}}</ref> | |||
] | |||
In January 1950, the Church of Cyprus organised a ] under the supervision of clerics and with no Turkish Cypriot participation,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grob-Fitzgibbon|first1=Benjamin|title=Imperial Endgame: Britain's Dirty Wars and the End of Empire|date=2011|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=9780230300385|page=285}}</ref> where 96% of the participating Greek Cypriots voted in favour of ''enosis'',<ref name="Tatum2002">{{cite book |author=Dale C. Tatum|title=Who Influenced Whom?: Lessons from the Cold War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=70NxlYekQIgC&pg=PA43|accessdate=21 August 2013|date=1 January 2002|publisher=University Press of America|isbn=978-0-7618-2444-2|page=43}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author= Kourvetaris, George A. |title= Studies on modern Greek society and politics |publisher= East European Monographs|year= 1999 |url= https://books.google.com/?id=bE5oAAAAMAAJ&dq=cypriots%2B1950%2Benosis%2B90&q=90%25#search_anchor | page = 347 |isbn= 978-0-88033-432-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author= Hoffmeister, Frank |title= Legal aspects of the Cyprus problem: Annan Plan and EU accession |publisher= EMartinus Nijhoff Publishers|year= 2006 |url= https://books.google.com/?id=LZXbg3ZwvGoC&dq= | page = 9 |isbn= 978-90-04-15223-6}}</ref> The Greeks were 80.2% of the total island' s population at the time (]). Restricted autonomy under a constitution was proposed by the British administration but eventually rejected. In 1955 the EOKA organisation was founded, seeking union with Greece through armed struggle. At the same time the ] (TMT), calling for Taksim, or partition, was established by the Turkish Cypriots as a counterweight.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://classic-web.archive.org/web/20080605233259/http://www.cyprus-conflict.net/www.cyprus-conflict.net/mavratsas.html |title=Politics, Social Memory, and Identity in Greek Cyprus since 1974 |author=Caesar V. Mavratsas |publisher=cyprus-conflict.net |accessdate=13 October 2007 |postscript=<!--None-->}}</ref> The British had also adopted at the time a policy of "divide and rule". Woodhouse, a British official in Cyprus, revealed that then British Foreign Secretary ] "urged the Britons in Cyprus to stir up the Turks in order to neutralise Greek agitation". British officials also tolerated the creation of the Turkish underground organisation T.M.T. The Secretary of State for the Colonies in a letter dated 15 July 1958 had advised the Governor of Cyprus not to act against T.M.T despite its illegal actions so as not to harm British relations with the Turkish government.<ref name="BellingeriKappler2005"/> | |||
Initially, the Turkish Cypriots favoured the continuation of the British rule.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Papadakis |first1=Yiannis |last2=Peristianis |first2=Nicos |last3=Welz |first3=Gisela |title=Divided Cyprus: Modernity, History, and an Island in Conflict |date=18 July 2006 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-11191-3 |page=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wzPG7b_m4swC&pg=PA2}}</ref> However, they were alarmed by the Greek Cypriot calls for ''enosis'', as they saw the union of ] with Greece, which led to the exodus of ], as a precedent to be avoided,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Isachenko |first1=Daria |title=The Making of Informal States: Statebuilding in Northern Cyprus and Transdniestria |date=2012 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-230-39207-6 |page=37 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FQeVnXmjBzYC&pg=PA37}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Pericleous |first1=Chrysostomos |title=Cyprus Referendum: A Divided Island and the Challenge of the Annan Plan |date=2009 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |isbn=978-0-85771-193-9 |pages=135–6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PHQAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA135}}</ref> and they took a pro-partition stance in response to the militant activity of EOKA.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mirbagheri |first1=Farid |title=Historical Dictionary of Cyprus |date=2009 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-6298-2 |page=xiv|quote=Greek Cypriots engaged in a military campaign for enosis, union with Greece. Turkish Cypriots, in response, expressed their desire for taksim, partition of the island.}}</ref> The Turkish Cypriots also viewed themselves as a distinct ethnic group of the island and believed in their having a separate right to ] from Greek Cypriots.<ref name="Diez 2002">{{cite book |last1=Diez |first1=Thomas |title=The European Union and the Cyprus Conflict: Modern Conflict, Postmodern Union |date=2002 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-0-7190-6079-3 |page=83 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A4QTUWBEC2kC&pg=PA83}}</ref> Meanwhile, in the 1950s, Turkish leader ] considered Cyprus an "extension of Anatolia", rejected the partition of Cyprus along ethnic lines and favoured the annexation of the whole island to Turkey. Nationalistic slogans centred on the idea that "Cyprus is Turkish" and the ruling party declared Cyprus to be a part of the Turkish homeland that was vital to its security. Upon realising that the fact that the Turkish Cypriot population was only 20% of the islanders made annexation unfeasible, the national policy was changed to favour partition. The slogan "Partition or Death" was frequently used in Turkish Cypriot and Turkish protests starting in the late 1950s and continuing throughout the 1960s. Although after the Zürich and London conferences Turkey seemed to accept the existence of the Cypriot state and to distance itself from its policy of favouring the partition of the island, the goal of the Turkish and Turkish Cypriot leaders remained that of creating an independent Turkish state in the northern part of the island.<ref>{{cite book |author=Behlul (Behlul) Ozkan (Ozkan) |title=From the Abode of Islam to the Turkish Vatan: The Making of a National Homeland in Turkey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kCArlsRcHUMC&pg=PA199 |date=26 June 2012 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-18351-1 |page=199 |quote=In line with the nationalist rhetoric that "Cyprus is Turkish", Menderes predicated his declaration upon the geographic proximity between Cyprus and Anatolia, thereby defining "Cyprus as an extension of Anatolia". It was striking that Menderes rejected partitioning the island into two ethnic states, a position that would define Turkey's foreign policy regarding Cyprus after 1957|access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915212612/https://books.google.com/books?id=kCArlsRcHUMC&pg=PA199 |archive-date=15 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Bellingeri 2005">{{cite book |author1=G. Bellingeri |author2=T. Kappler |title=Cipro oggi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pUcSji-f1zYC&pg=PA27 |year=2005 |publisher=Casa editrice il Ponte |isbn=978-88-89465-07-3 |pages=27–29 |quote=The educational and political mobilisation between 1948–1958, aiming at raising Turkish national consciousness, resulted in the involving Turkey as motherland in the Cyprus Question. From then on, Turkey, would work hand in hand with the Turkish Cypriot leadership and the British government to oppose the Greek Cypriot demand for Enosis and realise the partition of Cyprus, which meanwhile became the national policy. |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911010743/https://books.google.com/books?id=pUcSji-f1zYC&pg=PA27 |archive-date=11 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
In January 1950, the Church of Cyprus organised a ] under the supervision of clerics and with no Turkish Cypriot participation,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grob-Fitzgibbon |first1=Benjamin |title=Imperial Endgame: Britain's Dirty Wars and the End of Empire |date=2011 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-230-30038-5 |page=285}}</ref> where 96% of the participating Greek Cypriots voted in favour of ''enosis''.<ref>{{cite book|author=Dale C. Tatum |title=Who Influenced Whom?: Lessons from the Cold War |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=70NxlYekQIgC&pg=PA43 |access-date=21 August 2013 |date=1 January 2002 |publisher=University Press of America |isbn=978-0-7618-2444-2 |page=43 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012220734/http://books.google.com/books?id=70NxlYekQIgC&pg=PA43 |archive-date=12 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Kourvetaris, George A. |title=Studies on modern Greek society and politics |publisher=East European Monographs |year=1999 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bE5oAAAAMAAJ&q=90%25 |page=347 |isbn=978-0-88033-432-7 |access-date=10 November 2020 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517125913/https://books.google.com/books?id=bE5oAAAAMAAJ&q=90%25 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Hoffmeister 2006" />{{rp|9}} The Greeks were 80.2% of the total island's population at the time (]). Restricted autonomy under a constitution was proposed by the British administration but eventually rejected. In 1955 the EOKA organisation was founded, seeking union with Greece through armed struggle. At the same time the ] (TMT), calling for Taksim, or partition, was established by the Turkish Cypriots as a counterweight.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cyprus-conflict.net/www.cyprus-conflict.net/mavratsas.html |title=Politics, Social Memory, and Identity in Greek Cyprus since 1974 |author=Caesar V. Mavratsas |publisher=cyprus-conflict.net |access-date=13 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605233259/http://www.cyprus-conflict.net/www.cyprus-conflict.net/mavratsas.html |archive-date=5 June 2008}}</ref> British officials also tolerated the creation of the Turkish underground organisation TMT The Secretary of State for the Colonies in a letter dated 15 July 1958 had advised the Governor of Cyprus not to act against TMT despite its illegal actions so as not to harm British relations with the Turkish government.<ref name="Bellingeri 2005" /> | |||
===Independence and inter-communal violence=== | ===Independence and inter-communal violence=== | ||
{{Main|Cyprus crisis of 1963–64}} | |||
{{main|Cypriot intercommunal violence}} | |||
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On 16 August 1960, Cyprus attained independence after the ] between the United Kingdom, Greece and Turkey. Cyprus had a total population of 573,566; of whom 442,138 (77.1%) were Greeks, 104,320 (18.2%) Turks, and 27,108 (4.7%) others <ref name="countrystudies.us">, Library of Congress, Washington, DC, 1991.</ref> The UK retained the two ] of ], while government posts and public offices were allocated by ethnic quotas, giving the minority Turkish Cypriots a permanent veto, 30% in parliament and administration, and granting the three mother-states guarantor rights. | |||
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| footer = The first president of Cyprus, ] (left), and the first vice-president of Cyprus, ] (right) | |||
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During British rule, the future of the island became a matter of disagreement between the two prominent ethnic communities, ], who made up 77% of the population in 1960, and ], who made up 18% of the population. From the 19th century onwards, the Greek Cypriot population pursued '']'', union with ], which became a Greek national policy in the 1950s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Faustmann |first1=Hubert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AzIXtVdDDwgC&pg=PA48 |title=The Government and Politics of Cyprus |last2=Ker-Lindsay |first2=James |publisher=Peter Lang |year=2008 |isbn=978-3-03911-096-4 |page=48 |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517121228/https://books.google.com/books?id=AzIXtVdDDwgC&pg=PA48#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mirbagheri |first1=Farid |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f82Jn_H4VukC&pg=PA25 |title=Historical Dictionary of Cyprus |date=2009 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=9780810862982 |page=25 |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517123640/https://books.google.com/books?id=f82Jn_H4VukC&pg=PA25#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> The Turkish Cypriot population initially advocated the continuation of the British rule, then demanded the annexation of the island to Turkey, and in the 1950s, together with Turkey, established a policy of '']'', the partition of Cyprus and the creation of a Turkish polity in the north.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Trimikliniotis |first1=Nicos |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zS_HAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA104 |title=Beyond a Divided Cyprus: A State and Society in Transformation |date=2012 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-137-10080-1 |page=104 |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517121219/https://books.google.com/books?id=zS_HAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA104#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>] | |||
However, the division of power as foreseen by the constitution soon resulted in legal impasses and discontent on both sides, and nationalist militants started training again, with the military support of Greece and Turkey respectively. The Greek Cypriot leadership believed that the rights given to Turkish Cypriots under the 1960 constitution were too extensive and designed the ], which was aimed at reforming the constitution in favour of Greek Cypriots, persuading the international community about the correctness of the changes and violently subjugating Turkish Cypriots in a few days should they not accept the plan.<ref name="country12">, Library of Congress, Washington, DC, 1991.</ref> Tensions were heightened when Cypriot President Archbishop ] called for ], which were rejected by Turkey<ref name=hoff>{{cite book |author= Hoffmeister, Frank |title= Legal aspects of the Cyprus problem: Annan Plan and EU accession |publisher= EMartinus Nijhoff Publishers|year= 2006 |url= https://books.google.com/?id=LZXbg3ZwvGoC&dq= | pages = 17–20 |isbn= 978-90-04-15223-6}}</ref> and opposed by Turkish Cypriots.<ref name="country12"/> | |||
Cyprus was ] in 1960, following an armed campaign spearheaded by EOKA.<ref name="independence"> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060613002758/http://www.parliament.cy/parliamenteng/index.htm|date=13 June 2006}} (click on Historical review)</ref> As per the ], Cyprus officially attained independence on 16 August 1960, and at the time had a total population of 573,566; of whom 442,138 (77.1%) were Greeks, 104,320 (18.2%) Turks, and 27,108 (4.7%) others.<ref name="Solsten2"> {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511100228/http://countrystudies.us/cyprus/21.htm |date=11 May 2011}}, Library of Congress, Washington, DC, 1991.</ref> The UK retained the two ] of ], while government posts and public offices were allocated by ethnic quotas, giving the minority Turkish Cypriots a permanent veto, 30% in parliament and administration, and granting the three mother-states guarantor rights. | |||
However, the division of power as foreseen by the constitution soon resulted in legal impasses and discontent on both sides, and nationalist militants started training again, with the military support of Greece and Turkey respectively. The Greek Cypriot leadership believed that the rights given to Turkish Cypriots under the 1960 constitution were too extensive and designed the ], which was aimed at reforming the constitution in favour of Greek Cypriots, persuading the international community about the correctness of the changes and violently subjugating Turkish Cypriots in a few days should they not accept the plan.<ref name="Solsten1"> {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111012050603/http://countrystudies.us/cyprus/12.htm |date=12 October 2011}}, Library of Congress, Washington, DC, 1991.</ref> Tensions were heightened when Cypriot President Archbishop ] called for ], which were rejected by Turkey<ref name="Hoffmeister 2006">{{cite book |author=Hoffmeister, Frank |title=Legal aspects of the Cyprus problem: Annan Plan and EU accession |publisher=EMartinus Nijhoff Publishers |year=2006 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LZXbg3ZwvGoC |isbn=978-90-04-15223-6 |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517123627/https://books.google.com/books?id=LZXbg3ZwvGoC |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|17–20}} and opposed by Turkish Cypriots.<ref name="Solsten1" /> | |||
Intercommunal violence ] on December 21, 1963, when two Turkish Cypriots were killed at an incident involving the Greek Cypriot police. The violence resulted in the death of 364 Turkish and 174 Greek Cypriots,<ref name=oberling120>Oberling, Pierre. ''The road to Bellapais'' (1982), Social Science Monographs, : "According to official records, 364 Turkish Cypriots and 174 Greek Cypriots were killed during the 1963-1964 crisis."</ref> destruction of 109 Turkish Cypriot or mixed villages and displacement of 25,000-30,000 Turkish Cypriots. The crisis resulted in the end of the Turkish Cypriot involvement in the administration and their claiming that it had lost its legitimacy;<ref name=hoff/> the nature of this event is still controversial. In some areas, Greek Cypriots prevented Turkish Cypriots from travelling and entering government buildings, while some Turkish Cypriots willingly withdrew due to the calls of the Turkish Cypriot administration.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ker-Lindsay|first1=James|title=The Cyprus Problem: What Everyone Needs to Know|date=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199757169|pages=35–6|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xTL382g5sWwC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> Turkish Cypriots started living in ]; the republic's structure was changed unilaterally by Makarios and Nicosia was divided by the ], with the deployment of ] troops.<ref name=hoff/> | |||
Intercommunal violence ] on 21 December 1963, when two Turkish Cypriots were killed at an incident involving the Greek Cypriot police. The violence resulted in the death of 364 Turkish and 174 Greek Cypriots,<ref>Oberling, Pierre. ''The road to Bellapais'' (1982), Social Science Monographs, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428082807/https://books.google.com/books?id=XIK6AAAAIAAJ&q=According+to+official+records,+364+Turkish+Cypriots+and+174+Greek+Cypriots+were+killed+during+the+1963-1964+crisis. |date=28 April 2023 }}: "According to official records, 364 Turkish Cypriots and 174 Greek Cypriots were killed during the 1963–1964 crisis."</ref> destruction of 109 Turkish Cypriot or mixed villages and displacement of 25,000–30,000 Turkish Cypriots. The crisis resulted in the end of the Turkish Cypriot involvement in the administration and their claiming that it had lost its legitimacy;<ref name="Hoffmeister 2006" />{{rp|56–59}} the nature of this event is still controversial. In some areas, Greek Cypriots prevented Turkish Cypriots from travelling and entering government buildings, while some Turkish Cypriots willingly withdrew due to the calls of the Turkish Cypriot administration.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ker-Lindsay |first1=James |title=The Cyprus Problem: What Everyone Needs to Know |date=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975716-9 |pages=35–6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xTL382g5sWwC |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517123104/https://books.google.com/books?id=xTL382g5sWwC |url-status=live }}</ref> Turkish Cypriots started living in ]. The republic's structure was changed, unilaterally, by Makarios, and Nicosia was divided by the ], with the deployment of ] troops.<ref name="Hoffmeister 2006" />{{rp|56–59}} | |||
In 1964, Turkey tried to invade Cyprus<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/10/newsid_3037000/3037898.stm |publisher=BBC News |date=24 April 2004 |accessdate=25 October 2009 | title=1964: Guns fall silent in Cyprus}}</ref> in response to the continuing ]. But Turkey was stopped by a strongly worded telegram from the US President ] on 5 June, warning that the US would not stand beside Turkey in case of a consequential ] invasion of Turkish territory.<ref>{{cite book |title=Johnson's 1964 letter to Inonu and Greek lobbying of the White House|author=Jacob M. Landau|publisher=Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Leonard Davis Institute for International Relations|year=1979}}</ref> Meanwhile, by 1964, ''enosis'' was a Greek policy that could not be abandoned; Makarios and the Greek prime minister ] agreed that ''enosis'' should be the ultimate aim and King ] wished Cyprus "a speedy union with the mother country". Greece dispatched 10,000 troops to Cyprus to counter a possible Turkish invasion.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mirbagheri|first1=Farid|title=Cyprus and International Peacemaking 1964-1986|date=2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136677526|page=28|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Znp9AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> | |||
In 1964, Turkey threatened to invade Cyprus<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/10/newsid_3037000/3037898.stm |work=BBC News |date=24 April 2004 |access-date=25 October 2009 |title=1964: Guns fall silent in Cyprus |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217190225/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/10/newsid_3037000/3037898.stm |archive-date=17 December 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> in response to the continuing ], but this was stopped by a strongly worded telegram from the US President ] on 5 June, warning that the US would not stand beside Turkey in case of a consequential Soviet invasion of Turkish territory.<ref>{{cite book |title=Johnson's 1964 letter to Inonu and Greek lobbying of the White House |author=Jacob M. Landau|publisher=Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Leonard Davis Institute for International Relations |year=1979}}</ref> Meanwhile, by 1964, ''enosis'' was a Greek policy and would not be abandoned; Makarios and the Greek prime minister ] agreed that ''enosis'' should be the ultimate aim and King ] wished Cyprus "a speedy union with the mother country". Greece dispatched 10,000 troops to Cyprus to counter a possible Turkish invasion.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mirbagheri |first1=Farid |title=Cyprus and International Peacemaking 1964–1986 |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-67752-6 |page=28 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Znp9AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28 |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517125857/https://books.google.com/books?id=Znp9AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
===1974 coup, Turkish invasion and division=== | |||
The ] had brought further ] between the two communities, displaced more than 25,000 Turkish Cypriots into ]<ref name="Hoffmeister 2006" />{{rp|56–59}}<ref name="Intercommunal Violence">{{cite web |date=21 December 1963 |title=U.S. Library of Congress – Country Studies – Cyprus – Intercommunal Violence |url=http://countrystudies.us/cyprus/13.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623135118/http://countrystudies.us/cyprus/13.htm |archive-date=23 June 2011 |access-date=25 October 2009 |publisher=Countrystudies.us}}</ref> and brought the end of Turkish Cypriot representation in the republic. | |||
===1974 coup d'état, invasion, and division=== | |||
{{Main|1974 Cypriot coup d'état|Turkish invasion of Cyprus}} | {{Main|1974 Cypriot coup d'état|Turkish invasion of Cyprus}} | ||
], a suburb of Famagusta, was abandoned when its inhabitants fled in 1974 and remains under Turkish military control.]] | |||
On 15 July 1974, the ] under ] carried out a ] in Cyprus, to ].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Papadakis|first1=Yiannis|title=Nation, narrative and commemoration: political ritual in divided Cyprus|journal=History and Anthropology|date=2003|volume=14|issue=3|pages=253–270|doi=10.1080/0275720032000136642|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0275720032000136642#.VQmrtNKUd8E|publisher=Routledge|quote=" culminating in the 1974 coup aimed at the annexation of Cyprus to Greece"}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Atkin|first1=Nicholas|last2=Biddiss|first2=Michael|last3=Tallett|first3=Frank|title=The Wiley-Blackwell Dictionary of Modern European History Since 1789|isbn=9781444390728|page=184|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1QyXCTW_MCQC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Journal of international law and practice, Volume 5|date=1996|publisher=Detroit College of Law at Michigan State University|pages=204}}</ref> The coup ousted president ] and replaced him with pro-] nationalist ].<ref name="TIME">{{Cite journal |title=CYPRUS: Big Troubles over a Small Island |date=29 July 1974|journal=TIME |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,911440,00.html }}</ref> In response to the coup,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ronen|first1=Yaël|title=Transition from Illegal Regimes under International Law|date=2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781139496179|page=62|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=4OEHtL5xoroC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|quote=Tensions escalated again in July 1974, following a ] by Greek Cypriots favouring a union of Cyprus with Greece. In response to the coup, Turkey invaded Cyprus.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bryant|first1=Rebecca|last2=Papadakis|first2=Yiannis|title=Cyprus and the Politics of Memory: History, Community and Conflict|date=2012|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=9781780761077|page=5|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=y4WUhDjksUUC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|quote=In response to the coup, Turkey launched a military offensive in Cyprus that divided the island along the Green Line, which now splits the entire island.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Diez|first1=Thomas|title=The European Union and the Cyprus Conflict: Modern Conflict, Postmodern Union|date=2002|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=9780719060793|page=105|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=A4QTUWBEC2kC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|quote=Turkey did, however, act unilaterally in 1974, in response to a military coup in Cyprus instigated by the military junta ruling then in Greece with the apparent objective of annexing the island.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ker-Lindsay|first1=James|last2=Faustmann|first2=Hubert|last3=Mullen|first3=Fiona|title=An Island in Europe: The EU and the Transformation of Cyprus|date=2011|publisher=I.B.Tauris|page=3|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R1QEn3G4L7MC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|quote=Divided since 1974, when Turkish forces invaded in response to a Greek led coup, many observers felt that taking in the island would either be far too risky or far too problematic.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mirbagheri|first1=Faruk|title=Historical Dictionary of Cyprus|date=2009|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810862982|page=43|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=f82Jn_H4VukC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|quote=On 20 July 1974, in response to the coup and justifying its action under the Treaty of Guarantee, Turkey landed forces in Kyrenia.}}</ref> five days later, on 20 July 1974, the ] the island, citing a right to intervene to restore the constitutional order from the 1960 ]. This justification has been rejected by the United Nations and the international community.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gray|first1=Christine|title=International Law and the Use of Force|date=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780191021626|page=94|url=https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=qnFCAgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=tr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> | |||
On 15 July 1974, the ] under ] carried out a ] in Cyprus, to ].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Papadakis |first1=Yiannis |title=Nation, narrative and commemoration: political ritual in divided Cyprus |journal=History and Anthropology |date=2003 |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=253–270 |doi=10.1080/0275720032000136642 |s2cid=143231403 |quote=culminating in the 1974 coup aimed at the annexation of Cyprus to Greece}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Atkin |first1=Nicholas |last2=Biddiss |first2=Michael |last3=Tallett |first3=Frank |title=The Wiley-Blackwell Dictionary of Modern European History Since 1789 |isbn=978-1-4443-9072-8 |page=184 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1QyXCTW_MCQC |date=23 May 2011 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |access-date=26 August 2017 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517125914/https://books.google.com/books?id=1QyXCTW_MCQC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Journal of international law and practice, Volume 5 |date=1996 |publisher=Detroit College of Law at Michigan State University |page=204}}</ref> The coup ousted president ] and replaced him with pro-] nationalist ].<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Cyprus: Big Troubles over a Small Island |date=29 July 1974 |magazine=]|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,911440,00.html |access-date=13 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111221060408/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,911440,00.html |archive-date=21 December 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In response to the coup,{{efn|See:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ronen |first1=Yaël |title=Transition from Illegal Regimes under International Law |date=2011 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-49617-9 |page=62 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4OEHtL5xoroC |quote=Tensions escalated again in July 1974, following a coup d'état by Greek Cypriots favouring a union of Cyprus with Greece. In response to the coup, Turkey invaded Cyprus. |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517125752/https://books.google.com/books?id=4OEHtL5xoroC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bryant |first1=Rebecca |last2=Papadakis |first2=Yiannis |title=Cyprus and the Politics of Memory: History, Community and Conflict |date=2012 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=978-1-78076-107-7 |page=5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y4WUhDjksUUC |quote=In response to the coup, Turkey launched a military offensive in Cyprus that divided the island along the Green Line, which now splits the entire island. |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517125819/https://books.google.com/books?id=y4WUhDjksUUC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Diez |first1=Thomas |title=The European Union and the Cyprus Conflict: Modern Conflict, Postmodern Union |date=2002 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-0-7190-6079-3 |page=105 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A4QTUWBEC2kC |quote=Turkey did, however, act unilaterally in 1974, in response to a military coup in Cyprus instigated by the military junta ruling then in Greece with the apparent objective of annexing the island. |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517125754/https://books.google.com/books?id=A4QTUWBEC2kC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ker-Lindsay |first1=James |last2=Faustmann |first2=Hubert |last3=Mullen |first3=Fiona |title=An Island in Europe: The EU and the Transformation of Cyprus |date=2011 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |page=3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R1QEn3G4L7MC |quote=Divided since 1974, when Turkish forces invaded in response to a Greek led coup, many observers felt that taking in the island would either be far too risky or far too problematic. |isbn=9781848856783 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517124237/https://books.google.com/books?id=R1QEn3G4L7MC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mirbagheri |first1=Faruk |title=Historical Dictionary of Cyprus |date=2009 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-6298-2 |page=43 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f82Jn_H4VukC |quote=On 20 July 1974, in response to the coup and justifying its action under the Treaty of Guarantee, Turkey landed forces in Kyrenia.}}</ref>}} five days later, on 20 July 1974, the ] the island, citing a right to intervene to restore the constitutional order from the 1960 ]. This justification has been rejected by the ] and the international community.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gray |first1=Christine |title=International Law and the Use of Force |date=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-102162-6 |page=94 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qnFCAgAAQBAJ |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517124202/https://books.google.com/books?id=qnFCAgAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
The Turkish air force began bombing Greek positions in Cyprus, and hundreds of ] were dropped in the area between Nicosia and Kyrenia, where well-armed Turkish Cypriot enclaves had been long-established; while off the Kyrenia coast, Turkish troop ships landed 6,000 men as well as tanks, trucks and armoured vehicles.<ref |
The Turkish air force began bombing Greek positions in Cyprus, and hundreds of ] were dropped in the area between Nicosia and Kyrenia, where well-armed Turkish Cypriot enclaves had been long-established; while off the Kyrenia coast, Turkish troop ships landed 6,000 men as well as tanks, trucks and armoured vehicles.<ref>{{cite book |author=Taki Theodoracopulos |title=The Greek Upheaval: Kings, Demagogues, and Bayonets |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZPscAAAAYAAJ |date=1 January 1978 |publisher=Caratzas Bros. |isbn=978-0-89241-080-4 |page=66 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911011201/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZPscAAAAYAAJ |archive-date=11 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Eric Solsten |author2=Library of Congress. Federal Research Division |title=Cyprus, a country study |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5UuFAAAAIAAJ |year=1993 |publisher=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress |isbn=978-0-8444-0752-4 |page=219 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905234346/https://books.google.com/books?id=5UuFAAAAIAAJ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
Three days later, when a ceasefire had been agreed,<ref name=" |
Three days later, when a ceasefire had been agreed,<ref name="Craig 2001">{{cite book |author1=Brendan O'Malley |author2=Ian Craig |title=The Cyprus Conspiracy: America, Espionage and the Turkish Invasion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Jz3AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA195 |date=25 June 2001 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |isbn=978-0-85773-016-9 |pages=195–197 |access-date=11 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412182115/https://books.google.com/books?id=4Jz3AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA195 |archive-date=12 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Turkey had landed 30,000 troops on the island and captured Kyrenia, the corridor linking Kyrenia to Nicosia, and the Turkish Cypriot quarter of Nicosia itself.<ref name="Craig 2001" /> The junta in ], and then the Sampson regime in Cyprus fell from power. In Nicosia, ] temporarily assumed the presidency.<ref name="Craig 2001" /> But after the peace negotiations in ], the Turkish government reinforced their Kyrenia bridgehead and started a second invasion on 14 August.<ref>{{cite book |author=Sumantra Bose |title=Contested Lands: Israel-Palestine, Kashmir, Bosnia, Cyprus, and Sri Lanka |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KKZcgOJPjVkC&pg=PA86 |date=30 June 2009 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-02856-2 |page=86 |access-date=11 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412133548/https://books.google.com/books?id=KKZcgOJPjVkC&pg=PA86 |archive-date=12 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> The invasion resulted in ], ], Famagusta and the ] coming under Turkish control. | ||
International pressure led to a ceasefire, and by then |
International pressure led to a ceasefire, and by then 36% of the island had been taken over by the Turks and 180,000 Greek Cypriots had been evicted from their homes in the north.<ref>U.S. Congressional Record, V. 147, Pt. 3, 8 March 2001 to 26 March 2001 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910224624/https://books.google.com/books?id=fJ9DhiRRtIoC&pg=PA4095|date=10 September 2015}}</ref> At the same time, around 50,000 Turkish Cypriots were displaced to the north and settled in the properties of the displaced Greek Cypriots. Among a variety of sanctions against Turkey, in mid-1975 the US Congress imposed an arms embargo on Turkey for using US-supplied equipment during the ] in 1974.<ref>{{cite book |title=Turkey and the United States: The Arms Embargo Period |publisher=Praeger Publishers (5 August 1986) |isbn=978-0275921415 |year=1986}}</ref> There were 1,534 Greek Cypriots<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cyprus-mail.com/news/main.php?id=34064&cat_id=1 |title=Over 100 missing identified so far |newspaper=Cyprus Mail |access-date=13 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927202937/http://www.cyprus-mail.com/news/main.php?id=34064&cat_id=1 |archive-date=27 September 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and 502 Turkish Cypriots<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cyprus-mail.com/news/main.php?id=30795&cat_id=1 |title=Missing cause to get cash injection |newspaper=Cyprus Mail |access-date=13 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930014514/http://www.cyprus-mail.com/news/main.php?id=30795&cat_id=1 |archive-date=30 September 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> missing as a result of the fighting from 1963 to 1974. | ||
The Republic of Cyprus has '']'' ] over the entire island, including its ] and ], with the exception of the Sovereign Base Areas of ], which remain under the UK's control according to the ]. However, the Republic of Cyprus is de facto partitioned into two main parts: the area under the effective control of the Republic, in the south and west and comprising about 59% of the island's area, and the north,<ref>{{cite web |title=According to the United Nations Security Council Resolutions 550 and 541 |url=https://www.un.org/documents/sc/res/1984/scres84.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090319123420/http://www.un.org/documents/sc/res/1984/scres84.htm |archive-date=19 March 2009 |access-date=27 March 2009 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> administered by the self-declared Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, covering about 36% of the island's area. Another nearly 4% of the island's area is covered by the ]. The international community considers the northern part of the island to be territory of the Republic of Cyprus occupied by Turkish forces.{{efn|See:<ref>{{cite book |author=European Consortium for Church-State Research. Conference |title=Churches and Other Religious Organisations as Legal Persons: Proceedings of the 17th Meeting of the European Consortium for Church and State Research, Höör (Sweden), 17–20 November 2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hogL92shGUIC&pg=PA50 |year=2007 |publisher=Peeters Publishers |isbn=978-90-429-1858-0 |page=50 |quote=There is little data concerning recognition of the 'legal status' of religions in the occupied territories, since any acts of the 'Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus' are not recognized by either the Republic of Cyprus or the international community.|access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412144859/https://books.google.com/books?id=hogL92shGUIC&pg=PA50 |archive-date=12 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Quigley |title=The Statehood of Palestine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iTR3BQ0aJ6UC&pg=PA164 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-49124-2 |page=164 |quote=The international community found this declaration invalid, on the ground that Turkey had occupied territory belonging to Cyprus and that the putative state was therefore an infringement on Cypriot sovereignty. |date=6 September 2010 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906001102/https://books.google.com/books?id=iTR3BQ0aJ6UC&pg=PA164 |archive-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Nathalie Tocci |author-link=Nathalie Tocci |title=EU Accession Dynamics and Conflict Resolution: Catalysing Peace Or Consolidating Partition in Cyprus?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T6Z0Io3kQZ4C&pg=PA56 |date=January 2004 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |isbn=978-0-7546-4310-4 |page=56 |quote=The occupied territory included 70 percent of the island's economic potential with over 50 percent of the industrial ... In addition, since partition Turkey encouraged mainland immigration to northern Cyprus. ... The international community, excluding Turkey, condemned the unilateral declaration of independence (UDI) as a. |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915202840/https://books.google.com/books?id=T6Z0Io3kQZ4C&pg=PA56 |archive-date=15 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Dr Anders Wivel |author2=Robert Steinmetz |title=Small States in Europe: Challenges and Opportunities |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iUeWqEjS6-IC&pg=PA165 |date=28 March 2013 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |isbn=978-1-4094-9958-9 |page=165 |quote=To this day, it remains unrecognised by the international community, except by Turkey |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922110421/https://books.google.com/books?id=iUeWqEjS6-IC&pg=PA165 |archive-date=22 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Peter Neville |title=Historical Dictionary of British Foreign Policy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dVosJPY04xAC&pg=PA293 |date=22 March 2013 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-7371-1 |page=293 |quote=Ecevit ordered the army to occupy the Turkish area on 20 July 1974. It became the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, but Britain, like the rest of the international community, except Turkey, refused to extend diplomatic recognition to the enclave. British efforts to secure Turkey's removal from its surrogate territory after 1974 failed. |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918212811/https://books.google.com/books?id=dVosJPY04xAC&pg=PA293 |archive-date=18 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>}} The occupation is viewed as illegal under international law and amounting to illegal occupation of EU territory since Cyprus became a member of the ].<ref>{{cite book |author1=James Ker-Lindsay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R1QEn3G4L7MC&pg=PA15 |title=An Island in Europe: The EU and the Transformation of Cyprus |author2=Hubert Faustmann |author3=Fiona Mullen |date=15 May 2011 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=978-1-84885-678-3 |page=15 |quote=Classified as illegal under international law, and now due to Cyprus' accession into the ] is also an illegal occupation of EU territory. |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918194718/https://books.google.com/books?id=R1QEn3G4L7MC&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
===Post-division=== | ===Post-division=== | ||
] | ] | ||
After the restoration of constitutional order and the return of Archbishop ] to Cyprus in December 1974, Turkish troops remained, occupying the northeastern portion of the island. In 1983, the ], led by the Turkish Cypriot leader ], ] the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), which is recognised only by Turkey.<ref name="CIA"/> | |||
The events of the summer of 1974 dominate the ] on the island, as well as ]. ] have been settled in the north with the encouragement of the Turkish and Turkish Cypriot states. The Republic of Cyprus considers their presence a violation of the ],<ref name="Hoffmeister 2006" />{{rp|56–59}} whilst many Turkish settlers have since severed their ties to Turkey and their second generation considers Cyprus to be their homeland.<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Human Rights, Volume 5 |date=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0195334029 |page= |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofhu0005unse_j7e0 |url-access=registration}}</ref> | |||
] | |||
The Turkish invasion, the ensuing occupation and the declaration of independence by the TRNC have been condemned by United Nations resolutions, which are reaffirmed by the Security Council every year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cyprusun.org/?cat=52 |title=Full list UN Resolutions on Cyprus |publisher=Un.int |access-date=29 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930051656/http://www.cyprusun.org/?cat=52 |archive-date=30 September 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
===21st century=== | |||
] | |||
Attempts to resolve the Cyprus dispute have continued. In 2004, the ], drafted by then UN Secretary General ], was put to a ] in both Cypriot administrations. 65% of Turkish Cypriots voted in support of the plan and 74% Greek Cypriots voted against the plan, claiming that it disproportionately favoured Turkish Cypriots and gave unreasonable influence over the nation to Turkey.<ref>{{cite book |last=Palley |first=Claire |title=An International Relations Debacle: The UN Secretary-general's Mission of Good Offices in Cyprus 1999–2004 |publisher=Hart Publishing |date=18 May 2005 |page=224 |isbn=978-1-84113-578-6}}</ref> In total, 66.7% of the voters ]. | |||
On 1 May 2004 Cyprus joined the ], together with nine other countries.<ref>Stephanos Constantinides & Joseph Joseph, 'Cyprus and the European Union: Beyond Accession', ''Études helléniques/Hellenic Studies'' 11 (2), Autumn 2003</ref> Cyprus was accepted into the EU as a whole, although the EU legislation is suspended in Northern Cyprus until a final settlement of the Cyprus problem. | |||
Efforts have been made to enhance freedom of movement between the two sides. In April 2003, Northern Cyprus unilaterally eased checkpoint restrictions, permitting Cypriots to cross between the two sides for the first time in 30 years.<ref>{{cite news |url-status=live |title=Emotion as Cyprus border opens |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2969089.stm |access-date=3 May 2016 |work=BBC News |date=23 April 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065858/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2969089.stm |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> In March 2008, a wall that had stood for decades at the boundary between the Republic of Cyprus and the ] was demolished.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6433045.stm |title=Greek Cypriots dismantle barrier |work=BBC News |access-date=7 March 2008 |date=9 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307041606/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6433045.stm |archive-date=7 March 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> The wall had cut across ] in the heart of Nicosia and was seen as a strong symbol of the island's 32-year division. On 3 April 2008, Ledra Street was reopened in the presence of Greek and Turkish Cypriot officials.<ref> {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615132540/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/04/03/europe/EU-GEN-Cyprus-Ledra-Street.php |date=15 June 2008}}. ] article published on ] Website, 3 April 2008</ref> The two sides relaunched reunification talks in 2015,<ref>{{cite news |last=Hadjicostis |first=Menelaos |date=11 May 2015 |title=UN envoy says Cyprus reunification talks to resume May 15 |url=https://apnews.com/b80d6a4b9c50403589f4582f7ebcf0d6 |work=Associated Press News |access-date=24 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524115638/http://www.apnewsarchive.com/2015/UN-envoy-says-divided-Cyprus-rival-leaders-to-restart-stalled-reunification-talks-May-15/id-b80d6a4b9c50403589f4582f7ebcf0d6 |archive-date=24 May 2015 | url-status=live }}</ref> but these collapsed in 2017.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Helena |title=Cyprus reunification talks collapse amid angry scenes |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/07/cyprus-reunification-talks-collapse-amid-angry-scenes |website=The Guardian |access-date=1 March 2021 |date=7 July 2017 |archive-date=7 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707144641/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/07/cyprus-reunification-talks-collapse-amid-angry-scenes |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
The ] warned in February 2019 that Cyprus was selling ] to ]s, and thus would allow ] syndicates to infiltrate the EU.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/02/cyprus-golden-passports-bring-russians-eu-190202172320680.html |title=Cyprus 'golden passports' bring Russians into the EU |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=4 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204165732/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/02/cyprus-golden-passports-bring-russians-eu-190202172320680.html |archive-date=4 February 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2020, leaked documents revealed a wider range of former and current officials from Afghanistan, China, Dubai, Lebanon, the Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, Ukraine and Vietnam who bought a Cypriot citizenship prior to a change of the law in July 2019.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/08/exclusive-cyprus-sold-passports-politically-exposed-persons-200823204320183.html |title=Exclusive: Cyprus sold passports to 'politically exposed persons' |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=24 August 2020 |archive-date=24 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824100832/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/08/exclusive-cyprus-sold-passports-politically-exposed-persons-200823204320183.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rakopoulos |first1=Theodoros |last2=Fischer |first2=Leandros |title=In Cyprus, the Golden Passports Scheme Shows Us How Capitalism and Corruption Go Hand in Hand |journal=Jacobin |date=10 November 2020 |url=https://jacobinmag.com/2020/11/cyprus-golden-passports-citizenship-corruption |access-date=13 November 2020 |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112225241/https://jacobinmag.com/2020/11/cyprus-golden-passports-citizenship-corruption |url-status=live }}</ref> Since 2020 Cyprus and Turkey have been ] over the extent of their ]s, ostensibly sparked by oil and gas exploration in the area.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cyprus: EU 'appeasement' of Turkey in exploration row will go nowhere |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-greece-turkey-eu-cyprus-idUSKCN25D1FZ |work=Reuters |date=17 August 2020 |access-date=13 September 2020 |archive-date=17 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817150821/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-greece-turkey-eu-cyprus-idUSKCN25D1FZ |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
After the restoration of constitutional order and the return of Archbishop Makarios III to Cyprus in December 1974, Turkish troops remained, occupying the northeastern portion of the island. In 1983, the leader of Turkish Cypriots proclaimed the ] (TRNC), which is only recognised by Turkey. | |||
In November 2023, the ] data leak published by the ] showed the country's financial network entertaining strong links with Russian oligarchs and high-up figures in the Kremlin, supporting the regime of ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Cyprus Confidential – ICIJ |url=https://www.icij.org/investigations/cyprus-confidential/ |website=icij.org |access-date=14 November 2023 |date=14 November 2023 |archive-date=24 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224150800/https://www.icij.org/investigations/cyprus-confidential/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
The events of the summer of 1974 dominate the ] on the island, as well as ]. Around 150,000 settlers from Turkey are believed to be living in the north—many of whom were forced from Turkey by the Turkish government—in violation of the ] and various ].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=_bF8n8DaQtoC&dq= |title=Documents (working papers) 1993 |publisher= Council of Europe|author= Council of Europe | isbn= 978-92-871-2262-9 | page= 1997 |year=1993 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=beVKwgOtME0C&dq= |title=Who shall govern Cyprus – Brussels or Nicosia? |publisher= Evandia Publishing UK Limited |author=Chrysafi, A. C. | page= 112 | isbn= 978-1-904578-00-0| year= 2003 }}</ref> Following the invasion and the capture of its northern territory by Turkish troops, the Republic of Cyprus announced that all of its ] in the north were closed, as they were effectively not under its control.{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}} | |||
] | |||
The Turkish invasion, followed by occupation and the declaration of independence of the TRNC have been condemned by United Nations resolutions, which are reaffirmed by the Security Council every year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cyprusun.org/?cat=52 |title=Full list UN Resolutions on Cyprus |publisher=Un.int |accessdate=29 January 2012}}</ref> The last major effort to settle the ] was the ] in 2004, drafted by the then Secretary General, Kofi Annan. The plan was put to a ] in both Northern Cyprus and the Republic of Cyprus. 65% of Turkish Cypriots voted in support of the plan and 74% Greek Cypriots voted against the plan, claiming that it disproportionately favoured the Turkish side.<ref name="palley">{{cite book | last = Palley | first = Claire | title = An International Relations Debacle: The UN Secretary-general's Mission of Good Offices in Cyprus 1999–2004 | publisher = Hart Publishing | date = 18 May 2005 | page = 224 | isbn = 1-84113-578-X}}</ref> | |||
In total, 66.7% of the voters ]. | |||
On 1 May 2004 Cyprus joined the European Union, together with nine other countries.<ref>Stephanos Constantinides & Joseph Joseph, 'Cyprus and the European Union: Beyond Accession', ''Études helléniques/Hellenic Studies'' 11 (2), Autumn 2003</ref> Cyprus was accepted into the EU as a whole, although the EU legislation is suspended in the territory occupied by Turkey (TRNC), until a final settlement of the Cyprus problem. In July 2006, the island served as a haven for people fleeing Lebanon, due to the conflict between Israel and ] (also called "]").<ref>{{cite news |last=Xinhua |title= About 11,500 people flee Lebanon to Cyprus |url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200607/21/eng20060721_285223.html |work=] |date=21 July 2006 }}</ref> | |||
In July 2024, on the 50th anniversary of the Turkish invasion of Northern Cyprus, Turkish President Erdoğan rejected a United Nations-endorsed plan for a federal government and supported the idea of having two separate states within Cyprus. Greek Cypriots immediately rejected Erdoğan's two-state proposal, calling it a "non-starter".<ref>{{cite web |title= Erdoğan dashes hopes for resumption of Cyprus talks on invasion's 50th anniversary |url= https://www.politico.eu/article/turkish-president-erdogan-dashes-hopes-resumption-cyprus-talks-invasion-50th-anniversary/ |work=Politico |access-date=21 July 2024 |date=20 July 2024 }}</ref> | |||
In March 2008, a wall that had stood for decades at the boundary between the Republic of Cyprus and the ] was demolished.<ref name = "BBC-Cypriots">{{Cite journal |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6433045.stm |title=Greek Cypriots dismantle barrier |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=7 March 2008 | date=9 March 2007 |postscript=<!--None-->}}</ref> The wall had cut across ] in the heart of Nicosia and was seen as a strong symbol of the island's 32-year division. On 3 April 2008, Ledra Street was reopened in the presence of Greek and Turkish Cypriot officials.<ref>. ] article published on ] Website, 3 April 2008</ref> North and South relaunched reunification talks on 15 May 2015.<ref>{{Cite news | last = Hadjicostis | first = Menelaos | date = 11 May 2015 | title = UN envoy says Cyprus reunification talks to resume May 15 | url = http://www.apnewsarchive.com/2015/UN-envoy-says-divided-Cyprus-rival-leaders-to-restart-stalled-reunification-talks-May-15/id-b80d6a4b9c50403589f4582f7ebcf0d6 | agency = Associated Press | accessdate = 24 May 2015 }}</ref> | |||
==Geography== | ==Geography== | ||
{{Main|Geography of Cyprus}} | {{Main|Geography of Cyprus}} | ||
] image of Cyprus taken in 2022]] | |||
] in the southwest, ] plain in the middle, ] in the north]] | |||
] | ]]] | ||
Cyprus is the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after the Italian islands of ] and ] |
Cyprus is the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after the ] of ] and ], both in terms of area and population.<ref name="CIA"/> It is also the ] and ]. It measures {{convert|240|km|mi|0}} long from end to end and {{convert|100|km|mi|0}} wide at its widest point, with Turkey {{convert|75|km|mi|0}} to the north. It lies between latitudes ] and ], and longitudes ] and ]. | ||
Other neighbouring territories include Syria and Lebanon to the east and southeast ({{convert|105|and|108|km|mi|0}}, respectively), Israel {{convert|200|km|mi|0}} to the southeast, The Gaza Strip 427 kilometres (265 mi) to the southeast, Egypt {{convert|380|km|mi|0}} to the south, and Greece to the northwest: {{convert|280|km|mi|0}} to the small ] island of ] (Megisti), {{convert|400|km|mi|0}} to ] and {{convert|800|km|mi|0}} to the Greek mainland. Cyprus is at the crossroads of three continents, with some sources placing Cyprus in Europe,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/destination/cyprus |title=Travel – National Geographic |website=travel.nationalgeographic.com |access-date=19 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817175131/http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/countries/cyprus-facts/ |archive-date=17 August 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1016541.stm |title=BBC News – Cyprus country profile |date=23 December 2011 |access-date=1 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728172734/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1016541.stm |archive-date=28 July 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Europe map / Map of Europe – Facts, Geography, History of Europe – Worldatlas.com |url=http://worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/eu.htm |access-date=20 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516064446/http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/eu.htm |archive-date=16 May 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> and some sources placing Cyprus in Western Asia and the Middle East.<ref>{{cite web |title=United Nations Statistics Division- Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications (M49) |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm#asia |website=United |publisher=] |access-date=20 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100417070721/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm#asia |archive-date=17 April 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CIA" /> | |||
] ("Rock of the Greek").]] | |||
The physical relief of the island is dominated by two mountain ranges, the ] and the smaller ], and the central plain they encompass, the ]. The Mesaoria plain is drained by the ], the longest on the island. The Troodos Mountains cover most of the southern and western portions of the island and account for roughly half its area. The highest point on Cyprus is ] at {{convert|1952|m|abbr=on}}, in the centre of the Troodos range. The narrow Kyrenia Range, extending along the northern coastline, occupies substantially less area, and elevations are lower, reaching a maximum of {{convert|1024|m|abbr=on}}. The island lies within the ].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Erdik |first1=Mustafa |title=Strong Ground Motion Seismology |year=2013 |page=469|author-link=Mustafa Erdik}}</ref> | |||
Other neighbouring territories include Syria and Lebanon to the east ({{convert|105|and|108|km|mi|0}}, respectively), Israel {{convert|200|km|mi|0}} to the southeast, Egypt {{convert|380|km|mi|0}} to the south, and Greece to the northwest: {{convert|280|km|mi|0}} to the small ] island of ] (Megisti), {{convert|400|km|mi|0}} to ] and {{convert|800|km|mi|0}} to the Greek mainland. | |||
Cyprus contains the ] ecoregion.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dinerstein |first1=Eric |last2=Olson |first2=David |last3=Joshi |first3=Anup |last4=Vynne |first4=Carly |last5=Burgess |first5=Neil D. |last6=Wikramanayake |first6=Eric |last7=Hahn |first7=Nathan |last8=Palminteri |first8=Suzanne |last9=Hedao |first9=Prashant |last10=Noss |first10=Reed |last11=Hansen |first11=Matt |last12=Locke |first12=Harvey |last13=Ellis |first13=Erle C |last14=Jones |first14=Benjamin |last15=Barber |first15=Charles Victor |last16=Hayes |first16=Randy |last17=Kormos |first17=Cyril |last18=Martin |first18=Vance |last19=Crist |first19=Eileen |last20=Sechrest |first20=Wes |last21=Price |first21=Lori |last22=Baillie |first22=Jonathan E. M. |last23=Weeden |first23=Don |last24=Suckling |first24=Kierán |last25=Davis |first25=Crystal |last26=Sizer |first26=Nigel |last27=Moore |first27=Rebecca |last28=Thau |first28=David |last29=Birch |first29=Tanya |last30=Potapov |first30=Peter |last31=Turubanova |first31=Svetlana |last32=Tyukavina |first32=Alexandra |last33=de Souza |first33=Nadia |last34=Pintea |first34=Lilian |last35=Brito |first35=José C. |last36=Llewellyn |first36=Othman A. |last37=Miller |first37=Anthony G. |last38=Patzelt |first38=Annette |last39=Ghazanfar |first39=Shahina A. |last40=Timberlake |first40=Jonathan |last41=Klöser |first41=Heinz |last42=Shennan-Farpón |first42=Yara |last43=Kindt |first43=Roeland |last44=Lillesø |first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow |last45=van Breugel |first45=Paulo |last46=Graudal |first46=Lars |last47=Voge |first47=Maianna |last48=Al-Shammari |first48=Khalaf F. |last49=Saleem |first49=Muhammad |title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm |journal=BioScience |volume=67 |issue=6 |year=2017 |pages=534–545 |issn=0006-3568 |doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014 |pmid=28608869 |pmc=5451287}}</ref> It had a 2018 ] mean score of 7.06/10, ranking it 59th globally out of 172 countries.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Grantham |first1=H. S. |last2=Duncan |first2=A. |last3=Evans |first3=T. D. |last4=Jones |first4=K. R. |last5=Beyer |first5=H. L. |last6=Schuster |first6=R. |last7=Walston |first7=J. |last8=Ray |first8=J. C. |last9=Robinson |first9=J. G. |last10=Callow |first10=M. |last11=Clements |first11=T. |last12=Costa |first12=H. M. |last13=DeGemmis |first13=A. |last14=Elsen |first14=P. R. |last15=Ervin |first15=J. |last16=Franco |first16=P. |last17=Goldman |first17=E. |last18=Goetz |first18=S. |last19=Hansen |first19=A. |last20=Hofsvang |first20=E. |last21=Jantz |first21=P. |last22=Jupiter |first22=S. |last23=Kang |first23=A. |last24=Langhammer |first24=P. |last25=Laurance |first25=W. F. |last26=Lieberman |first26=S. |last27=Linkie |first27=M. |last28=Malhi |first28=Y. |last29=Maxwell |first29=S. |last30=Mendez |first30=M. |last31=Mittermeier |first31=R. |last32=Murray |first32=N. J. |last33=Possingham |first33=H. |last34=Radachowsky |first34=J. |last35=Saatchi |first35=S. |last36=Samper |first36=C. |last37=Silverman |first37=J. |last38=Shapiro |first38=A. |last39=Strassburg |first39=B. |last40=Stevens |first40=T. |last41=Stokes |first41=E. |last42=Taylor |first42=R. |last43=Tear |first43=T. |last44=Tizard |first44=R. |last45=Venter |first45=O. |last46=Visconti |first46=P. |last47=Wang |first47=S. |last48=Watson |first48=J. E. M. |title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |year=2020 |page=5978 |issn=2041-1723 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 |pmid=33293507 |pmc=7723057|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G }}</ref> | |||
The physical relief of the island is dominated by two mountain ranges, the ] and the smaller ], and the central plain they encompass, the ]. The Mesaoria plain is drained by the ], the longest on the island. The Troodos Mountains cover most of the southern and western portions of the island and account for roughly half its area. The highest point on Cyprus is ] at {{convert|1952|m|abbr=on}}, located in the centre of the Troodos range. The narrow Kyrenia Range, extending along the northern coastline, occupies substantially less area, and elevations are lower, reaching a maximum of {{convert|1024|m|abbr=on}}. The island lies within the ].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Erdik|first1=Mustafa|title=Strong Ground Motion Seismology|date=2013|page=469}}</ref> | |||
], the island is subdivided into four main segments. The Republic of Cyprus occupies the southern two-thirds of the island (59.74%). The |
], the island is subdivided into four main segments. The Republic of Cyprus occupies the southern two-thirds of the island (59.74%). The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus occupies the northern third (34.85%), and the United Nations-controlled ] provides a ] that separates the two and covers 2.67% of the island. Lastly, there are ] on the island: ], covering the remaining 2.74%. | ||
] | |||
{{Clear}} | |||
===Climate=== | ===Climate=== | ||
{{Main|Climate of Cyprus}} | {{Main|Climate of Cyprus}} | ||
] |
] experience heavy snowfall in winter.]] | ||
Cyprus has a ] – ] and ] type (in the north-eastern part of the island) – ]s ''Csa'' and ''BSh'',<ref>{{cite journal | |
Cyprus has a ] – ] and ] type (in the north-eastern part of the island) – ]s ''Csa'' and ''BSh'',<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Peel, M. C. |author2=Finlayson B. L. |author3=McMahon, T. A. |name-list-style=amp | year=2007 |title=Updated world map of the Köppen – Geiger climate classification |journal=Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=1633–1644 |doi=10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007 |bibcode=2007HESS...11.1633P |issn=1027-5606 |doi-access=free}} ''(direct: {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203170339/http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf |date=3 February 2012}})''</ref><ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210402195116/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/malta/ |date=2 April 2021 }} – Geographic location</ref> with very mild winters (on the coast) and warm to hot summers. Snow is possible only in the Troodos Mountains in the central part of island. Rain occurs mainly in winter, with summer being generally dry. | ||
Cyprus has one of the warmest climates in the Mediterranean part of the European Union.{{ |
Cyprus has one of the warmest climates in the Mediterranean part of the European Union.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cyprus holiday weather |url=https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/travel/holiday-weather/europe/cyprus/cyprus-weather |access-date=1 May 2023 |website=Met Office |language=en |archive-date=1 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501205120/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/travel/holiday-weather/europe/cyprus/cyprus-weather |url-status=live }}</ref> The average annual temperature on the coast is around {{convert|24|°C|°F|abbr=on}} during the day and {{convert|14|°C|°F|abbr=on}} at night. Generally, summers last about eight months, beginning in April with average temperatures of {{convert|21|-|23|C|F}} during the day and {{convert|11|-|13|C|F}} at night, and ending in November with average temperatures of {{convert|22|-|23|C|F}} during the day and {{convert|12|–|14|C|F}} at night, although in the remaining four months temperatures sometimes exceed {{convert|20|°C|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.moa.gov.cy/moa/MS/MS.nsf/DMLclimet_reports_en/DMLclimet_reports_en?OpenDocument&Start=1&Count=1000&Expand=1 |title=Meteorological Service – Climatological and Meteorological Reports |access-date=25 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621054634/http://www.moa.gov.cy/moa/ms/ms.nsf/DMLclimet_reports_en/DMLclimet_reports_en?OpenDocument&Start=1&Count=1000&Expand=1 |archive-date=21 June 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
Sunshine hours on the coast are around 3,200 per year, from an average of 5–6 hours of sunshine per day in December to an average of 12–13 hours in July.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/cyprus/ |title=Cyprus Climate Guide |access-date=5 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091201044557/http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/cyprus/ |archive-date=1 December 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> This is about double that of cities in the northern half of Europe; for comparison, London receives about 1,540 per year.<ref name="London climate">{{cite web |url = http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate/gcpv7fnqu |title=Met Office: Climate averages 1981–2010 |publisher=] |access-date=28 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405045424/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate/gcpv7fnqu |archive-date=5 April 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> In December, London receives about 50 hours of sunshine<ref name="London climate" /> while coastal locations in Cyprus about 180 hours (almost as much as in May in London). | |||
Among all cities in the Mediterranean part of the European Union, Limassol has one of the warmest winters, in the period January – February average temperature is {{convert|17|-|18|C|F}} during the day and {{convert|7|-|8|C|F}} at night, in other coastal locations in Cyprus is generally {{convert|16|-|17|C|F}} during the day and {{convert|6|-|8|C|F}} at night. During March, Limassol has average temperatures of {{convert|19|-|20|C|F}} during the day and {{convert|9|-|11|C|F}} at night, in other coastal locations in Cyprus is generally {{convert|17|-|19|C|F}} during the day and {{convert|8|-|10|C|F}} at night.<ref name="meteorological1"/> | |||
] | |||
===Water supply=== | |||
The middle of summer is hot – in July and August on the coast the average temperature is usually around {{convert|33|°C|°F|abbr=on}} during the day and around {{convert|22|°C|°F|abbr=on}} at night (inland, in the highlands average temperature exceeds {{convert|35|°C|°F|abbr=on}}) while in the June and September on the coast the average temperature is usually around {{convert|30|°C|°F|abbr=on}} during the day and around {{convert|20|°C|°F|abbr=on}} at night in Limassol, while is usually around {{convert|28|°C|°F|abbr=on}} during the day and around {{convert|18|°C|°F|abbr=on}} at night in Paphos. Large fluctuations in temperature are rare. Inland temperatures are more extreme, with colder winters and hotter summers compared with the coast of the island.<ref name="meteorological1"/> | |||
] overflow in April 2012]] | |||
Cyprus suffers from a chronic shortage of water. The country relies heavily on rain to provide household water, but in the past 30 years average yearly precipitation has decreased.<ref name="Meteo">{{cite web |author1=Department of Meteorology |title=The Climate of Cyprus |url=http://www.moa.gov.cy/moa/MS/MS.nsf/DMLcyclimate_en/DMLcyclimate_en?OpenDocument |access-date=8 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614000827/http://www.moa.gov.cy/moa/ms/ms.nsf/DMLcyclimate_en/DMLcyclimate_en?opendocument |archive-date=14 June 2015 |quote=Statistical analysis of rainfall in Cyprus reveals a decreasing trend of rainfall amounts in the last 30-year.}}</ref> Between 2001 and 2004, exceptionally heavy annual rainfall pushed water reserves up, with supply exceeding demand, allowing total storage in the island's reservoirs to rise to an all-time high by the start of 2005. | |||
Average annual temperature of sea is {{convert|21|-|22|C|F}}, from {{convert|17|°C|°F|abbr=on}} in February to {{convert|27|-|28|C|F}} in August (depending on the location). In total 7 months – from May to November – the average sea temperature exceeds {{convert|20|°C|°F|abbr=on}}.<ref name="weather2travel">{{cite web |url=http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/cyprus/|title=Cyprus Climate Guide |accessdate=5 June 2009}}</ref> | |||
However, since then demand has increased annually – a result of local population growth, foreigners moving to Cyprus and the number of visiting tourists – while supply has fallen as a result of more frequent droughts<ref name="Meteo" /> (], ], ], ]). | |||
Dams remain the principal source of water both for domestic and agricultural use; Cyprus has a total of 108 dams and reservoirs, with a total water storage capacity of about {{convert|330000000|m3|-9|abbr=on}}.<ref> {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014105005/http://www.moa.gov.cy/moa/wdd/Wdd.nsf/All/F1C37F7EC2249715C2256CC50039DDD5?OpenDocument&highlight=108%20dams |date=14 October 2017}} Water Development Department, Republic of Cyprus.</ref> Water ] plants are gradually being constructed to deal with recent years of prolonged drought. | |||
Sunshine hours on the coast are around 3,200 per year, from an average of 5–6 hours of sunshine per day in December to an average of 12–13 hours in July.<ref name="weather2travel"/> This is about double that of cities in the northern half of Europe; for comparison, London receives about 1,540 per year.<ref name=London_climate>{{cite web|url = http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate/gcpv7fnqu|title = Met Office: Climate averages 1981–2010|publisher = ] }}</ref> In December, London receives about 50 hours of sunshine<ref name=London_climate/> while coastal locations in Cyprus about 180 hours (almost as much as in May in London). | |||
The Government has invested heavily in the creation of water desalination plants which have supplied almost 50 per cent of domestic water since 2001. Efforts have also been made to raise public awareness of the situation and to encourage domestic water users to take more responsibility for the conservation of this increasingly scarce commodity.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://moa.gov.cy/sectors/water-resources/water-development-department/?lang=en |title=''Water Development Department'' |date=12 February 2024 |access-date=20 February 2024 |archive-date=20 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220091822/https://moa.gov.cy/sectors/water-resources/water-development-department/?lang=en |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
===Water supply=== | |||
]]] | |||
] overflow in April 2012]] | |||
Turkey has built a water pipeline under the Mediterranean Sea from ] on its southern coast to the northern coast of Cyprus, to supply Northern Cyprus with potable and irrigation water ''(see ])''. | |||
Cyprus suffers from a chronic shortage of water. The country relies heavily on rain to provide household water, but in the past 30 years average yearly precipitation has decreased.<ref name=meteo>{{cite web |author1=Department of Meteorology|title=The Climate of Cyprus|url=http://www.moa.gov.cy/moa/MS/MS.nsf/DMLcyclimate_en/DMLcyclimate_en?OpenDocument|accessdate=8 August 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614000827/http://www.moa.gov.cy/moa/ms/ms.nsf/DMLcyclimate_en/DMLcyclimate_en?opendocument|archivedate=14 June 2015|quote="Statistical analysis of rainfall in Cyprus reveals a decreasing trend of rainfall amounts in the last 30 year."}}</ref> Between 2001 and 2004, exceptionally heavy annual rainfall pushed water reserves up, with supply exceeding demand, allowing total storage in the island's reservoirs to rise to an all-time high by the start of 2005. | |||
However, since then demand has increased annually – a result of local population growth, foreigners moving to Cyprus and the number of visiting tourists – while supply has fallen as a result of more frequent droughts.<ref name=meteo /> | |||
=== Flora and fauna === | |||
Dams remain the principal source of water both for domestic and agricultural use; Cyprus has a total of 107 dams (plus one currently under construction) and reservoirs, with a total water storage capacity of about {{convert|330000000|m3|-9|abbr=on}}.<ref> Water Development Department, Republic of Cyprus.</ref> Water ] plants are gradually being constructed to deal with recent years of prolonged drought. | |||
{{main|Cyprus Mediterranean forests}} | |||
The Government has invested heavily in the creation of water desalination plants which have supplied almost 50 per cent of domestic water since 2001. Efforts have also been made to raise public awareness of the situation and to encourage domestic water users to take more responsibility for the conservation of this increasingly scarce commodity. | |||
Cyprus is home to a number of ] species, including the ], the ] and the ]. | |||
{{See also|List of endemic plants of Cyprus}} | |||
Turkey is building a water pipeline under the Mediterranean Sea from ] on its southern coast to the northern coast of Cyprus, to supply Northern Cyprus with potable and irrigation water ''(see ])''. | |||
==Government and politics== | |||
==Politics== | |||
{{Main|Politics of Cyprus}} | {{Main|Politics of Cyprus}} | ||
]]] | ], ] since February 2023]] | ||
Cyprus is a ]. The head of state and of the government is elected by a process of ] for a five-year term. Executive power is exercised by the government with legislative power vested in the ] whilst the Judiciary is independent of both the executive and the legislature. | |||
], President of Cyprus since 2013.]] | |||
Cyprus is a ]. The head of state and of the government is elected by a process of ] for a five-year term. Executive power is exercised by the government with legislative power vested in the House of Representatives whilst the Judiciary is independent of both the executive and the legislature. | |||
The 1960 Constitution provided for a presidential system of government with independent executive, legislative and judicial branches as well as a complex system of checks and balances including a weighted power-sharing ratio designed to protect the interests of the Turkish Cypriots. The executive was led by a Greek Cypriot president and a Turkish Cypriot vice-president elected by their respective communities for five-year terms and each possessing a right of veto over certain types of legislation and executive decisions. Legislative power rested on the House of Representatives who were also elected on the basis of separate voters' rolls. | The 1960 Constitution provided for a presidential system of government with independent executive, legislative and judicial branches as well as a complex system of checks and balances including a weighted power-sharing ratio designed to protect the interests of the Turkish Cypriots. The executive was led by a Greek Cypriot president and a Turkish Cypriot vice-president elected by their respective communities for five-year terms and each possessing a right of veto over certain types of legislation and executive decisions. Legislative power rested on the House of Representatives who were also elected on the basis of separate voters' rolls. | ||
]]] | |||
Since 1965, following clashes between the two communities, the ] seats in the House remain vacant. In 1974 Cyprus was divided ''de facto'' when the Turkish army occupied the northern third of the island. The Turkish Cypriots subsequently declared independence in 1983 as the ] but were recognised only by ]. In 1985 the TRNC adopted a constitution and held its first elections. The United Nations recognises the sovereignty of the Republic of Cyprus over the entire island of Cyprus. | |||
Since 1965, following clashes between the two communities, the ] seats in the House have remained vacant. In 1974 Cyprus was divided de facto when the Turkish army occupied the northern third of the island. The Turkish Cypriots subsequently declared independence in 1983 as the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus but were recognised only by Turkey. In 1985 the TRNC adopted a constitution and held its first elections. The United Nations recognises the sovereignty of the Republic of Cyprus over the entire island of Cyprus. | |||
The House of Representatives currently has 59 members elected for a five-year term, 56 members by ] and 3 observer members representing the ], ] and ] minorities. 24 seats are allocated to the ] community but remain vacant since 1964. The political environment is dominated by the communist ], the liberal conservative ], the ]<ref>{{cite web |author=DotNetNuke |url=http://www.diko.org.cy/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabid=24 |archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20070611174508/http://www.diko.org.cy/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabid=24 |archivedate=11 June 2007 |title=Ιδεολογική Διακήρυξη του Δημοκρατικού Κόμματος |publisher=Diko.org.cy |accessdate=6 January 2009}}</ref> ], the ] ] and the centrist ]. | |||
In 2008, ] became the country's first Communist head of state. Due to his involvement in the ], Christofias did not run for re-election in 2013. The Presidential election in 2013 resulted in ] candidate ] winning 57.48% of the vote. As a result, Anastasiades was sworn in on and has been President since 28 February 2013. | |||
As of 2007, the ] had 56 members elected for a five-year term by ], and three observer members representing the ], ] and ] minorities. Twenty-four seats were allocated to the ] community but have remained vacant since 1964. The political environment was dominated by the communist ], the liberal conservative ], the ]<ref>{{cite web |author=DotNetNuke |url=http://www.diko.org.cy/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabid=24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611174508/http://www.diko.org.cy/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabid=24 |archive-date=11 June 2007 |title=Ιδεολογική Διακήρυξη του Δημοκρατικού Κόμματος |publisher=Diko.org.cy |language=el |access-date=6 January 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ], and the ] ]. | |||
In 2008, ] became the country's first Communist head of state. Due to his involvement in the ], Christofias did not run for re-election in 2013. The Presidential election in 2013 resulted in ] candidate ] winning 57.48% of the vote. As a result, Anastasiades was sworn in on 28 February 2013. Anastasiades was re-elected with 56% of the vote in the ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tribune.gr/world/news/article/434054/nikitis-ton-eklogon-stin-kypro-56-o-nikos-anastasiadis.html |title=Νικητής των εκλογών στην Κύπρο με 56% ο Νίκος Αναστασιάδης |first=Αίθουσα |last=Σύνταξης |date=4 February 2018 |access-date=5 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205003251/http://www.tribune.gr/world/news/article/434054/nikitis-ton-eklogon-stin-kypro-56-o-nikos-anastasiadis.html |archive-date=5 February 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17217956 |title=Cyprus country profile |publisher=] |date=19 October 2020 |access-date=13 July 2021 |archive-date=8 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208054957/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17217956 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 28 February 2023, ], the winner of the 2023 presidential ] run-off, was sworn in as the eighth president of the Republic of Cyprus.<ref>{{cite news |title=New Cyprus president sworn in |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230228-new-cyprus-president-sworn-in |publisher=] |date=28 February 2023 |language=en |access-date=16 March 2023 |archive-date=28 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228220614/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230228-new-cyprus-president-sworn-in |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
===Administrative divisions=== | ===Administrative divisions=== | ||
{{Main|Districts of Cyprus|List of cities, towns and villages in Cyprus}} | {{Main|Districts of Cyprus|List of cities, towns and villages in Cyprus}} | ||
The Republic of Cyprus is divided into six districts: ], ], ], ], ] and ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://europa.eu/abc/maps/members/cyprus_en.htm |title=EUROPA – The EU at a glance – Maps – Cyprus |work=Europa (web portal) |accessdate=27 March 2009}}</ref> | |||
The Republic of Cyprus is divided into six districts: ], ], ], ], ] and ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://europa.eu/abc/maps/members/cyprus_en.htm |title=EUROPA – The EU at a glance – Maps – Cyprus |publisher=Europa (web portal) |access-date=27 March 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090418223806/http://europa.eu/abc/maps/members/cyprus_en.htm |archive-date=18 April 2009}}</ref> | |||
{{centre| | {{centre| | ||
{{image label begin|image=Cyprus districts not named.svg|width= |
{{image label begin |image=Cyprus districts not named.svg |width=550}} | ||
{{Image label|x=0.34|y=0.34|scale=600|text=]}} | {{Image label|x=0.34|y=0.34|scale=600 |text=]}} | ||
{{Image label|x=0.26|y=0.48|scale=600|text=]}} | {{Image label|x=0.26|y=0.48|scale=600 |text=]}} | ||
{{Image label|x=0.47|y=0.44|scale=600|text=]}} | {{Image label|x=0.47|y=0.44|scale=600 |text=]}} | ||
{{Image label|x=0.08|y=0.42|scale=600|text=]}} | {{Image label|x=0.08|y=0.42|scale=600 |text=]}} | ||
{{Image label|x=0.585|y=0.27|scale=600|text=]}} | {{Image label|x=0.585|y=0.27|scale=600 |text=]}} | ||
{{Image label|x=0.37|y=0.215|scale=600|text=]}} | {{Image label|x=0.37|y=0.215|scale=600 |text=]}} | ||
{{image label end}} | {{image label end}} | ||
}} | }} | ||
<!-- | <!-- | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
! colspan="3" | District !! rowspan="2" | Capital !! rowspan="2" | Population<ref> |
! colspan="3" | District !! rowspan="2" | Capital !! rowspan="2" | Population<ref>Northern Cyprus excluded.</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! |
! {{small|English}} !! {{small|Greek}} !! {{small|Turkish}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ] || {{lang|el|Λευκωσία}} || {{lang|tr|Lefkoşa}} || ] || 326,980 | | ] || {{lang|el|Λευκωσία}} || {{lang|tr|Lefkoşa}} || ] || 326,980 | ||
Line 323: | Line 349: | ||
===Exclaves and enclaves=== | ===Exclaves and enclaves=== | ||
]]] | ]]] | ||
Cyprus has four ]s, all in territory that belongs to the ]. The first two are the villages of ] and ]. The third is the ] which is divided by a British road into two parts. The northern part is |
Cyprus has four ]s, all in territory that belongs to the ]. The first two are the villages of ] and ]. The third is the ], which is divided by a British road into two parts. The northern part is the ] refugee settlement. The southern part, even though located by the sea, is also an exclave because it has no ] of its own, those being UK waters.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://geosite.jankrogh.com/dhekelia.htm |title=Dhekelia |website=Geosite.jankrogh.com |date=30 January 2012 |access-date=28 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424181230/http://geosite.jankrogh.com/dhekelia.htm |archive-date=24 April 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
The ] runs up against Dhekelia and picks up again from its east side off ] and is connected to the rest of Dhekelia by a thin land corridor. In that sense the buffer zone turns the ] area on the southeast corner of the island into a |
The ] runs up against Dhekelia and picks up again from its east side off ] and is connected to the rest of Dhekelia by a thin land corridor. In that sense the buffer zone turns the ] area on the southeast corner of the island into a de facto, though not ], exclave. | ||
===Foreign relations=== | ===Foreign relations=== | ||
{{Main|Foreign relations of Cyprus}} | {{Main|Foreign relations of Cyprus}} | ||
The Republic of Cyprus is a member of the following international groups: ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cy.html |title=CIA – The World Factbook – Cyprus |publisher=Cia.gov |date=18 December 2008 |accessdate=6 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/archives/enlargement_process/past_enlargements/eu10/cyprus_en.htm |title=European Commission – Enlargement: Archives Country Profiles |work=Europa (web portal) |accessdate=6 January 2009}}</ref> | |||
The Republic of Cyprus is a member of the following international groups: ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], UN, ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ].<ref name="CIA"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/archives/enlargement_process/past_enlargements/eu10/cyprus_en.htm |title=European Commission – Enlargement: Archives Country Profiles |publisher=Europa (web portal) |access-date=6 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204003532/http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/archives/enlargement_process/past_enlargements/eu10/cyprus_en.htm |archive-date=4 February 2009}}</ref> | |||
===Human rights=== | |||
{{POV-section|date=June 2015}} | |||
{{Main|Human rights in Cyprus}} | |||
] | |||
In "Freedom in the World 2011", Freedom House rated Cyprus as "free".<ref>. Retrieved 28 June 2013. Also, page 29.</ref> In January 2011, the Report of the Office of the ] on the question of Human Rights in Cyprus noted that the ongoing division of Cyprus continues to affect human rights throughout the island "... including freedom of movement, human rights pertaining to the question of missing persons, discrimination, the right to life, freedom of religion, and economic, social and cultural rights."<ref name=ohchr>{{cite web |url=http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/16session/A-HRC-16-21.pdf |title=Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the question of human rights in Cyprus: 16th Session, Human Rights Council, United Nations|date=7 January 2011|publisher=Ohchr.org|accessdate=14 February 2014}}</ref> The constant focus on the division of the island can sometimes mask other human rights issues.{{citation needed|date=June 2015}} | |||
Cyprus is the 88th most peaceful country in the world, according to the 2024 ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 Global Peace Index |url=https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf}}</ref> | |||
In 2014, Turkey was ordered by the ] to pay well over $100m in compensation to Cyprus for the invasion;<ref name = "Guardian ECHR order">{{Cite web | last = Borger | first = Julian | date = 12 May 2014 | title = European court orders Turkey to pay damages for Cyprus invasion | url = http://www.theguardian.com/law/2014/may/12/european-court-human-rights-turkey-compensation-cyprus-invasion | website = theguardian.com | accessdate = 8 April 2015 }}</ref> ] announced that it would ignore the judgment.<ref name = "Reuters ignore">{{Cite news | last1 = Karadeniz | first1 = Tulay | last2 = Tokasabay | first2 = Ece | date = 13 May 2014 | title = Turkey to ignore court order to pay compensation to Cyprus | url = http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/05/13/us-turkey-cyprus-davutoglu-idUSBREA4C0AX20140513 | agency = Reuters | accessdate = 7 April 2015 }}</ref> In 2014, a group of Cypriot refugees and a European parliamentarian, later joined by the Cypriot government, filed a complaint to the International Court of Justice, accusing Turkey of violating the ] by directly or indirectly transferring its civilian population into occupied territory.<ref name = "Kontorovich Geneva">{{Cite web | last = Kontorovich | first = Eugene | date = 7 August 2014 | title = International Criminal Court action filed vs. settlements | url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2014/08/07/international-criminal-court-action-filed-vs-settlements/ | website = washingtonpost.com | accessdate = 8 April 2015 }}</ref> Over the preceding ten years, civilian transfer by Turkey had "reached new heights", in the words of one US ambassador.{{efn|see ]}}<ref name=wikileaks>{{cite web |last1=Yilmaz|first1=Isilay|title=TURKISH CYPRIOT CENSUS DEBATE FOCUSES ON NATIVES VERSUS "SETTLERS"|url=https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/07NICOSIA434_a.html|website=Wikileaks|publisher=US Department of State|accessdate=11 June 2015}}</ref> Other violations of the Geneva and the Hague Conventions—both ratified by Turkey—amount to what archaeologist Sophocles Hadjisavvas called "the organized destruction of Greek and Christian heritage in the north".<ref name=hadji /> These violations include looting of cultural treasures, deliberate destruction of churches, neglect of works of art, and altering the names of important historical sites, which was condemned by the ]. Hadjisavvas has asserted that these actions are motivated by a Turkish policy of erasing the Greek presence in Northern Cyprus within a framework of ethnic cleansing, as well as by greed and profit-seeking on the part of the individuals involved.<ref name=hadji>{{Cite journal | last = Hadjisavvas | first = S. | year = 2015 | title = Perishing Heritage: The Case of the Occupied Part of Cyprus | url = http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/10.5325/jeasmedarcherstu.3.2.0128.pdf | journal = Journal of Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology & Heritage Studies | volume = 3 | number = 2 | pages = 128–140 }} {{open access}} Quote on p. 129: "the deliberate destruction of heritage as an instrument toward the obliteration of an identity of a people in the framework of ethnic cleansing."</ref> | |||
=== |
===Military=== | ||
] | |||
{{Main|Cypriot National Guard}} | {{Main|Cypriot National Guard}} | ||
] ] by the soldiers of the ]]] | |||
The ] is the main military institution of the Republic of Cyprus. It is a <!-- all Greek : If it is Greek then refs must be provided. I suspect that this is meant to say ethnic Greek.-->] force, with land, air and naval elements. The National Guard is a required 24-month service for all men upon completing their 17th birthday. The land forces of the Cypriot National Guard comprise the following units: | |||
* First Infantry Division (Ιη Μεραρχία ΠΖ) | |||
* Second Infantry Division (ΙΙα Μεραρχία ΠΖ) | |||
* Fourth Infantry Brigade (ΙVη Ταξιαρχία ΠΖ) | |||
* Twentieth Armoured Brigade (ΧΧη ΤΘ Ταξιαρχία) | |||
* Third Support Brigade (ΙΙΙη Ταξιαρχία ΥΠ) | |||
* Eighth Support Brigade (VIIIη Ταξιαρχία ΥΠ) | |||
The ] is the main military institution of the Republic of Cyprus. It is a ] force, with land, air and naval elements. Historically all male citizens were required to spend 24 months serving in the National Guard after their 17th birthday, but in 2016 this period of compulsory service was reduced to 14 months.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://greece.greekreporter.com/2016/07/15/cyprus-drastically-reduces-mandatory-army-service-to-14-months/ |title=Cyprus Drastically Reduces Mandatory Army Service to 14 Months |first=Kerry |last=Kolasa-Sikiaridi |date=15 July 2016 | |||
The air force includes the 449th Helicopter Gunship Squadron (449 ΜΑΕ) – operating ] and ] and the 450th Helicopter Gunship Squadron (450 ME/P) – operating ], ] and ]. Current Senior officers include Supreme Commander, Cypriot National Guard, Lt. General Stylianos Nasis,<ref>{{cite web |title=New Cyprus army chief sworn in, ''Famagusta Gazette''|url=http://famagusta-gazette.com/new-cyprus-army-chief-sworn-in-p12570-69.htm}}</ref> and Chief of Staff, Cypriot National Guard: Maj. General Michalis Flerianos.{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}} | |||
|website=GreekReporter.com |access-date=21 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713184252/http://greece.greekreporter.com/2016/07/15/cyprus-drastically-reduces-mandatory-army-service-to-14-months/ |archive-date=13 July 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
The ], which occurred on 11 July 2011, was the most deadly military accident ever recorded in Cyprus. | |||
Annually, approximately 10,000 persons are trained in recruit centres. Depending on their awarded speciality the conscript recruits are then transferred to speciality training camps or to operational units. | |||
While until 2016 the armed forces were mainly conscript based, since then a large professional enlisted institution has been adopted (ΣΥΟΠ), which combined with the reduction of conscript service produces an approximate 3:1 ratio between conscript and professional enlisted. | |||
===Law, justice and human rights=== | |||
{{Main|Cyprus Police|Human rights in Cyprus}} | |||
] | |||
The ] (Greek: {{lang|el|Αστυνομία Κύπρου}}, {{langx|tr|Kıbrıs Polisi}}) is the only National Police Service of the Republic of Cyprus and is under the Ministry of Justice and Public Order since 1993.<ref>{{cite web |title= Defence – Security – Police | |||
|url= http://www.cyprus.gov.cy/portal/portal.nsf/0/E58D7CBF76D5A989C225701400505902?OpenDocument |publisher=Cyprus Government Web Portal | |||
|access-date=11 October 2012}}{{Dead link |date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> | |||
In "Freedom in the World 2011", Freedom House rated Cyprus as "free".<ref> ({{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130307040239/http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2011/cyprus |date=7 March 2013}}). Retrieved 28 June 2013. Also, p. 29.</ref> In January 2011, the Report of the Office of the ] on the question of Human Rights in Cyprus noted that the ongoing division of Cyprus continues to affect human rights throughout the island "including freedom of movement, human rights pertaining to the question of missing persons, discrimination, the right to life, freedom of religion, and economic, social and cultural rights".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/16session/A-HRC-16-21.pdf |title=Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the question of human rights in Cyprus: 16th Session, Human Rights Council, United Nations |date=7 January 2011 |publisher=Ohchr.org |access-date=14 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731132114/http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/16session/A-HRC-16-21.pdf |archive-date=31 July 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> The constant focus on the division of the island can sometimes mask other human rights issues.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.asylumlaw.org/docs/cyprus/usdos99_cyprus.htm |title=US Department of State Report on Human Rights in Cyprus |newspaper=Xpats.io |date=11 January 2010 |publisher=Asylumlaw.org |access-date=2010-11-17}}</ref> Prostitution is rife, and the island has been criticized for its role in the sex trade as one of the main routes of ] from Eastern Europe.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cyprus-mail.com/news/main.php?id=26259&cat_id=1 |title=US report raps Cyprus over battle on flesh trade |author=Jean Christou |publisher=cyprus-mail.com |access-date=2007-10-13 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070930014803/http://www.cyprus-mail.com/news/main.php?id=26259&cat_id=1 |archive-date = 30 September 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cyprus-mail.com/news/main.php?id=24784&cat_id=9 |title=A shame on our society |author=Jacqueline Theodoulou |publisher=cyprus-mail.com |access-date=2007-10-13 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927202918/http://www.cyprus-mail.com/news/main.php?id=24784&cat_id=9 |archive-date = 27 September 2007}}</ref> | |||
In 2014, Turkey was ordered by the ] to pay well over $100m in compensation to Cyprus for the invasion;<ref>{{Cite news |last=Borger |first=Julian |date=12 May 2014 |title = European court orders Turkey to pay damages for Cyprus invasion |url=https://www.theguardian.com/law/2014/may/12/european-court-human-rights-turkey-compensation-cyprus-invasion |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=8 April 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150414060240/http://www.theguardian.com/law/2014/may/12/european-court-human-rights-turkey-compensation-cyprus-invasion |archive-date=14 April 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> ] announced that it would ignore the judgment.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Karadeniz |first1=Tulay |last2=Tokasabay |first2=Ece |date=13 May 2014 |title=Turkey to ignore court order to pay compensation to Cyprus |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-cyprus-davutoglu-idUSBREA4C0AX20140513 | work=Reuters |access-date=7 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924200741/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/05/13/us-turkey-cyprus-davutoglu-idUSBREA4C0AX20140513 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2014, a group of Cypriot refugees and a European parliamentarian, later joined by the Cypriot government, filed a complaint to the International Court of Justice, accusing Turkey of violating the ] by directly or indirectly transferring ] into occupied territory.{{citation needed |date=September 2018}} Other violations of the Geneva and the Hague Conventions—both ratified by Turkey—amount to what archaeologist Sophocles Hadjisavvas called "the organised destruction of Greek and Christian heritage in the north".<ref name="Hadjisavvas 2015" /> These violations include looting of cultural treasures, deliberate destruction of churches, neglect of works of art, and altering the names of important historical sites, which was condemned by the ]. Hadjisavvas has asserted that these actions are motivated by a Turkish policy of erasing the Greek presence in Northern Cyprus within a framework of ethnic cleansing. But some perpetrators are just motivated by greed and are seeking profit.<ref name="Hadjisavvas 2015">{{cite journal |last=Hadjisavvas |first=S. |year=2015 |title=Perishing Heritage: The Case of the Occupied Part of Cyprus |jstor=10.5325/jeasmedarcherstu.3.2.0128 |journal=Journal of Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology & Heritage Studies |volume=3 |number=2 |pages=128–140 |doi=10.5325/jeasmedarcherstu.3.2.0128}} Quote on p. 129: "the deliberate destruction of heritage as an instrument toward the obliteration of an identity of a people in the framework of ethnic cleansing."</ref> Art law expert Alessandro Chechi has classified the connection of cultural heritage destruction to ethnic cleansing as the "Greek Cypriot viewpoint", which he reports as having been dismissed by two ] reports. Chechi asserts joint Greek and Turkish Cypriot responsibility for the destruction of cultural heritage in Cyprus, noting the destruction of Turkish Cypriot heritage in the hands of Greek Cypriot extremists.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chechi |first1=Alessandro |editor1-last=Benzo |editor1-first=Andrea |editor2-last=Ferrari |editor2-first=Silvio |title=Between Cultural Diversity and Common Heritage: Legal and Religious Perspectives on the Sacred Places of the Mediterranean |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |pages=314–316 |chapter=Sacred heritage in Cyprus: bolstering protection through the implementation of international law standards and the adoption of an object-oriented approach}}</ref> | |||
==Economy== | ==Economy== | ||
{{Main|Economy of Cyprus}} | {{Main|Economy of Cyprus}} | ||
]]] | ]]] | ||
In the early 21st century |
In the early 21st century, Cyprus boasted a prosperous service-based economy that made it the wealthiest of the ten countries that joined the European Union in 2004.<ref name="Econ" /> However, the Cypriot economy was later damaged by the ] and the ]. In June 2012, the Cypriot government announced it would need €{{Nowrap|1.8 billion}} in foreign aid to support the ], and this was followed by ] downgrading Cyprus's credit rating to ].<ref name="BBC News 2012">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-18577983 |title=Cyprus's credit rating cut to junk status by Fitch |date=25 June 2012 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC News Online |access-date=25 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628131610/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-18577983 |archive-date=28 June 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> Fitch stated Cyprus would need an additional €{{Nowrap|4 billion}} to support its banks and the downgrade was mainly due to the exposure of ], ], and ], Cyprus's three largest banks, to the ].<ref name="BBC News 2012" /> | ||
] (dark blue) and of the ].]] | ] (dark blue) and of the ].]] | ||
The ] led to an agreement with the ] in March 2013 to split Cyprus Popular Bank, into a "bad" bank which would be wound down over time and a "good" bank which would be absorbed by the Bank of Cyprus. In return for a €10 billion ] from the ], the ] and the ], often referred to as the "troika", the Cypriot government was required to impose a significant ] on ], a large proportion of which were held by wealthy ] who used Cyprus as a ]. Insured deposits of €100,000 or less were not affected.<ref>{{cite web |title=Eurogroup Statement on Cyprus|url=http://eurozone.europa.eu/newsroom/news/2013/03/eg-statement-cyprus-25-03-13/ |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171011040449/http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/splash/?requested=%2fcouncil-eu%2feurogroup%2f |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 October 2017 |publisher=]|access-date=30 March 2013 |date=25 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Jan Strupczewski |author2=Annika Breidthardt |title=Last-minute Cyprus deal to close bank, force losses |work=Reuters |date=25 March 2013 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cyprus-parliament-idUSBRE92G03I20130325 |access-date=25 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325042059/https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/03/25/us-cyprus-parliament-idUSBRE92G03I20130325 |archive-date=25 March 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Eurogroup signs off on bailout agreement reached by Cyprus and troika |newspaper=Ekathimerini |location=Greece |date=25 March 2013 |url=http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_wsite1_1_25/03/2013_489702 |access-date=25 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130326124216/http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_wsite1_1_25/03/2013_489702 |archive-date=26 March 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
] | |||
The ] led to an agreement with the ] in March 2013 to split the country's second largest bank, the Cyprus Popular Bank (also known as Laiki Bank), into a "bad" bank which would be wound down over time and a "good" bank which would be absorbed by the Bank of Cyprus. In return for a €10 billion ] from the ], the ] and the ], often referred to as the "troika", the Cypriot government was required to impose a significant ] on ], a large proportion of which were held by wealthy ] who used Cyprus as a ]. Insured deposits of €100,000 or less were not affected.<ref>{{cite web |title=Eurogroup Statement on Cyprus|url=http://eurozone.europa.eu/newsroom/news/2013/03/eg-statement-cyprus-25-03-13/|publisher=]|accessdate=30 March 2013|date=25 March 2013}}</ref><ref name=ReutersNewdeal>{{cite news |author=Jan Strupczewski |author2=Annika Breidthardt |title=Last-minute Cyprus deal to close bank, force losses |publisher=Reuters |date=25 March 2013 |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/03/25/us-cyprus-parliament-idUSBRE92G03I20130325 |accessdate=25 March 2013}}</ref><ref name=Ekathimerini>{{cite news |title=Eurogroup signs off on bailout agreement reached by Cyprus and troika |newspaper=Ekathimerini |location=Greece |date=25 March 2013 |url=http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_wsite1_1_25/03/2013_489702 |accessdate=25 March 2013}}</ref> | |||
Cyprus made a staggering{{Clarify|date=May 2024}} economic recovery in the 2010s,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cyprus country update October 2019 {{!}} Atradius |url=https://group.atradius.com/publications/economic-research/cyprus-update-october-2019.html |access-date=4 October 2023 |website=group.atradius.com |archive-date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101012641/https://group.atradius.com/publications/economic-research/cyprus-update-october-2019.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and according to the 2023 International Monetary Fund estimates, Cyprus' ] at ]54,611 is the highest in ], though slightly below the European Union average.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GDP per capita, current prices |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PPPPC@WEO/EUQ/CYP/EU |access-date=3 October 2023 |website=imf.org |archive-date=21 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021104923/https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PPPPC@WEO/EUQ/CYP/EU |url-status=live }}</ref> Tourism, financial services and shipping are significant parts of the economy, and Cyprus has been sought as a base for several offshore businesses due its low tax rates and ]. Robust growth was achieved in the 1980s and 1990s, due to the focus placed by Cypriot governments on meeting the criteria for admission to the European Union.<ref>{{Cite web |last=European Commission |date=8 November 2000 |title=2000 regular report from the commission on Cyprus' progress towards accession |url=https://neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2016-12/cy_en_1.pdf |access-date=4 October 2023 |website=Europa.eu |archive-date=24 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024154652/https://neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2016-12/cy_en_1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The Cypriot government adopted the euro as the national currency on 1 January 2008, replacing the ].<ref name="Econ">{{cite web |url=http://www.cyprus.gov.cy/portal/portal.nsf/All/2E23E22A811DE449C2256EBD004F3BEB?OpenDocument |title=Cyprus Economy |access-date=4 May 2007 |work=Republic of Cyprus |publisher=cyprus.gov.cy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623090342/http://www.cyprus.gov.cy/portal/portal.nsf/All/2E23E22A811DE449C2256EBD004F3BEB?OpenDocument |archive-date=23 June 2012}}</ref> | |||
Cyprus is the last EU member fully isolated from energy interconnections and it is expected that it will be connected to European network via the ], a 2000 MW ] ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.euroasia-interconnector.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/EuroAsia_Interconnector_Project_Overall_leaflet_English.pdf |title=The EuroAsia Interconnector |access-date=20 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216204549/http://www.euroasia-interconnector.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/EuroAsia_Interconnector_Project_Overall_leaflet_English.pdf |archive-date=16 February 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> ] will connect Greek, Cypriot, and Israeli power grids. It is a leading Project of Common Interest of the ] and also priority Electricity Highway Interconnector Project.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/inea/en/connecting-europe-facility/cef-energy/projects-by-country/multi-country/3.10.1-0004-cyel-s-m-16 |title=EU Projects by country |access-date=20 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117013332/https://ec.europa.eu/inea/en/connecting-europe-facility/cef-energy/projects-by-country/multi-country/3.10.1-0004-cyel-s-m-16 |archive-date=17 January 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/infrastructure/projects-common-interest/funding-projects-common-interest |title=Funding for Projects of Common Interest – Energy – European Commission |website=Energy |date=5 April 2017 |access-date=20 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127083951/https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/infrastructure/projects-common-interest/funding-projects-common-interest |archive-date=27 January 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
] | |||
In recent years significant quantities of offshore natural gas have been discovered in the area known as ] (at the exploratory drilling block 12) in Cyprus's exclusive economic zone (]),<ref>{{cite news |last=Gilson |first=George |title=Something sizzling in Cyprus: gas shakes regional chessboard |url=http://www.athensnews.gr/issue/13427/36582 |newspaper=] |date=23 January 2011 |access-date=7 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120128165535/http://www.athensnews.gr/issue/13427/36582 |archive-date=28 January 2012}}</ref> about {{convert|175|km|0|abbr=off}} south of Limassol at 33°5'40″N and 32°59'0″E.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ali |first=Jaber |title=Lebanese Cabinet discusses offshore energy policies |url=http://www.middle-east-confidential.com/1470-lebanese-cabinet-discusses-offshore-energy-policies.html |newspaper=Middle East Confidential |date=15 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118191351/http://www.middle-east-confidential.com/1470-lebanese-cabinet-discusses-offshore-energy-policies.html |archive-date=18 January 2012 |access-date=7 September 2011}}</ref> However, Turkey's offshore drilling companies have accessed both natural gas and oil resources since 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkey-may-drill-for-oil-and-gas-in-cyprus-minister.aspx?PageID=238&NID=55114&NewsCatID=348 |title=Turkey may drill for oil and gas in Cyprus: Minister – ENERGY |date=25 September 2013 |access-date=1 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202172134/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkey-may-drill-for-oil-and-gas-in-cyprus-minister.aspx?PageID=238&NID=55114&NewsCatID=348 |archive-date=2 February 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Cyprus demarcated its maritime border with Egypt in 2003, with Lebanon in 2007,<ref>{{cite web |title=Cyprus – Exclusive Economic Zone – Turkey's provocative behaviour |url=http://www.cyprus.gov.cy/moi/pio/pio.nsf/0/FE475A6A54F2F7B2C225757100257AD4?opendocument |publisher=Republic of Cyprus |date=10 August 2011 |access-date=7 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111063117/http://www.cyprus.gov.cy/moi/pio/pio.nsf/0/FE475A6A54F2F7B2C225757100257AD4?opendocument |archive-date=11 January 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> and with Israel in 2010.<ref>{{cite news |title='Don't attempt to test Turkey's past' |url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=8216don8217t-attempt-to-test-turkey8217s-past8217-2011-09-06 |newspaper=] |date=6 September 2011 |location=Istanbul |access-date=7 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110908052540/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=8216don8217t-attempt-to-test-turkey8217s-past8217-2011-09-06 |archive-date=8 September 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> In August 2011, the US-based firm ] entered into a production-sharing agreement with the Cypriot government regarding the block's commercial development.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ament |first=Carol|title=Full speed ahead for Cyprus drilling|url=http://famagusta-gazette.com/full-speed-ahead-for-cyprus-drilling-p12736-69.htm|access-date=7 September 2011|newspaper=Famagusta Gazette|date=19 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326132611/http://famagusta-gazette.com/full-speed-ahead-for-cyprus-drilling-p12736-69.htm|archive-date=26 March 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> | |||
According to the latest International Monetary Fund estimates, its ] (adjusted for ]) at ]30,769 {{citation needed span|date=June 2015|text=is just above the average of the European Union.}}<ref>, International Monetary Fund. Database updated on 14 April 2015. Accessed on 14 April 2015.</ref> Cyprus has been sought as a base for several offshore businesses for its low tax rates. Tourism, financial services and shipping are significant parts of the economy. | |||
Economic policy of the Cyprus government has focused on meeting the criteria for admission to the European Union. The Cypriot government adopted the euro as the national currency on 1 January 2008.<ref name=econ>{{cite web |url=http://www.cyprus.gov.cy/portal/portal.nsf/All/2E23E22A811DE449C2256EBD004F3BEB?OpenDocument |title=Cyprus Economy |accessdate=4 May 2007 |work=Republic of Cyprus |publisher=cyprus.gov.cy |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623090342/http://www.cyprus.gov.cy/portal/portal.nsf/All/2E23E22A811DE449C2256EBD004F3BEB?OpenDocument |archivedate=2012-06-23}}</ref> | |||
Turkey, which does not recognise the border agreements of Cyprus with its neighbours,<ref>{{cite news |title=Noble Energy: Good chance of large gas find off Cyprus |url=http://www.neurope.eu/article/noble-energy-good-chance-large-gas-find-cyprus |newspaper=New Europe |date=20 February 2011 |access-date=7 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330094744/http://www.neurope.eu/article/noble-energy-good-chance-large-gas-find-cyprus |archive-date=30 March 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> threatened to mobilise its naval forces if Cyprus proceeded with plans to begin drilling at Block 12.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ankara threatens naval action over Cyprus' Block 12 drill |url=http://www.panarmenian.net/eng/news/77401/Ankara_threatens_naval_action_over_Cyprus_Block_12_drill |newspaper=] |date=6 September 2011 |access-date=7 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406202940/http://www.panarmenian.net/eng/news/77401/Ankara_threatens_naval_action_over_Cyprus_Block_12_drill |archive-date=6 April 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> Cyprus's drilling efforts have the support of the US, EU, and UN, and on 19 September 2011 drilling in Block 12 began without any incidents being reported.<ref>{{cite news |title=Turkey's Miscalculation Over Cypriot Drilling |url=https://www.stratfor.com/sample/geopolitical-diary/turkeys-miscalculation-over-cypriot-drilling |work=Stratfor News |date=20 September 2011 |access-date=12 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614012637/https://www.stratfor.com/sample/geopolitical-diary/turkeys-miscalculation-over-cypriot-drilling |archive-date=14 June 2015}}</ref> | |||
In recent years significant quantities of offshore ] have been discovered in the area known as ] in Cyprus' exclusive economic zone (]),<ref>{{cite news |last=Gilson|first=George|title=Something sizzling in Cyprus: gas shakes regional chessboard|url=http://www.athensnews.gr/issue/13427/36582|accessdate=7 September 2011|newspaper=]|date=23 January 2011}}</ref> about {{convert|175|km|0|abbr=off}} south of Limassol at 33°5′40″N and 32°59′0″E.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ali|first=Jaber|title=Lebanese Cabinet discusses offshore energy policies|url=http://www.middle-east-confidential.com/1470-lebanese-cabinet-discusses-offshore-energy-policies.html|accessdate=7 September 2011|newspaper=Middle East Confidential|date=15 July 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118191351/http://www.middle-east-confidential.com/1470-lebanese-cabinet-discusses-offshore-energy-policies.html |archivedate=2012-01-18}}</ref> However, Turkey's offshore drilling companies have accessed both natural gas and ] resources since 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkey-may-drill-for-oil-and-gas-in-cyprus-minister.aspx?PageID=238&NID=55114&NewsCatID=348|title=Turkey may drill for oil and gas in Cyprus: Minister - ENERGY|publisher=}}</ref> Cyprus demarcated its maritime border with ] in 2003, and with ] in 2007.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cyprus – Exclusive Economic Zone – Turkey's provocative behaviour|url=http://www.cyprus.gov.cy/moi/pio/pio.nsf/0/FE475A6A54F2F7B2C225757100257AD4?opendocument|publisher=Republic of Cyprus|accessdate=7 September 2011|date=10 August 2011}}</ref> Cyprus and Israel demarcated their maritime border in 2010,<ref>{{cite news |title='Don't attempt to test Turkey's past'|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=8216don8217t-attempt-to-test-turkey8217s-past8217-2011-09-06|accessdate=7 September 2011|newspaper=]|date=6 September 2011|location=Istanbul}}</ref> and in August 2011, the US-based firm ] entered into a production-sharing agreement with the Cypriot government regarding the block's commercial development.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ament|first=Carol|title=Full speed ahead for Cyprus drilling|url=http://famagusta-gazette.com/full-speed-ahead-for-cyprus-drilling-p12736-69.htm|accessdate=7 September 2011|newspaper=Famagusta Gazette|date=19 August 2011}}</ref> | |||
===Infrastructure=== | |||
], which does not recognise the border agreements of Cyprus with its neighbours,<ref>{{cite news |title=Noble Energy: Good chance of large gas find off Cyprus|url=http://www.neurope.eu/article/noble-energy-good-chance-large-gas-find-cyprus|accessdate=7 September 2011|newspaper=]|date=20 February 2011}}</ref> threatened to mobilise its naval forces if Cyprus proceeded with plans to begin drilling at Block 12.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ankara threatens naval action over Cyprus' Block 12 drill|url=http://www.panarmenian.net/eng/news/77401/Ankara_threatens_naval_action_over_Cyprus_Block_12_drill|accessdate=7 September 2011|newspaper=]|date=6 September 2011}}</ref> Cyprus' drilling efforts have the support of the US, EU, and UN, and on 19 September 2011 drilling in Block 12 began without any incidents being reported.<ref>{{cite news |title=Turkey's Miscalculation Over Cypriot Drilling|url=https://www.stratfor.com/sample/geopolitical-diary/turkeys-miscalculation-over-cypriot-drilling|accessdate=12 June 2015|work=Stratfor News|date=20 September 2011}}</ref> | |||
{{Main|Transport in Cyprus|Communications in Cyprus}} | |||
{{multiple image | |||
Because of the heavy influx of tourists and foreign investors, the property rental market in Cyprus has grown in recent years.{{when|date=June 2015}}<ref name=tourism>{{cite web |url=http://www.apropertyincyprus.com/cyprus/ |title=Growth in tourism has stimulated the property market in Cyprus |accessdate=15 December 2008 |date=10 November 2008 |publisher=apropertyincyprus.com |work=Property Abroad}}</ref> In late 2013, the Cyprus Town Planning Department announced a series of incentives to stimulate the property market and increase the number of property developments in the country's town centres.<ref name=property>{{cite web |url=http://www.urban-keys.com/urban_keys_news.asp?ID=19 |title=New Incentives for Town Centres in Cyprus|accessdate=11 October 2013 |date=7 March 2014 |publisher=urban-keys.com |work=Cyprus real Estate}}</ref> This followed earlier measures to quickly give immigration permits to third country nationals investing in Cyprus property.<ref name=Immigration>{{cite web |url=http://www.urban-keys.com/urban_keys_news.asp?ID=6 |title=Immigration Permits for Investors in Cyprus |accessdate=16 April 2013 |date=7 March 2014 |publisher=urban-keys.com |work=Cyprus real Estate}}</ref> | |||
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| image1 = | |||
===Transport=== | |||
| width1 = 227 | |||
{{Main|Transport in Cyprus|Roads and motorways in Cyprus}} | |||
| alt1 = | |||
{{double image|right|Larnaca International Airport night Republic of Cyprus.jpg|227|Cranes Limassol Harbour 20110703.jpg|200|], the busiest airport in Cyprus, and the ], the busiest port in Cyprus}} | |||
| caption1 = | |||
| image2 = Cranes Limassol Harbour 20110703.jpg | |||
| width2 = 200 | |||
| alt2 = | |||
| caption2 = | |||
| footer = The ], the busiest in Cyprus | |||
}} | |||
Cyprus is one of only three EU nations in which vehicles drive on the ], a remnant of British rule. ] runs along the coast from ] to ], with two motorways running inland to Nicosia, one from Limassol and one from ]. | |||
Per capita private car ownership is the 29th-highest in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IS.VEH.NVEH.P3 |title=World Bank Data: Motor vehicles (per 1,000 people) |publisher=] | |
Per capita private car ownership is the 29th-highest in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IS.VEH.NVEH.P3 |title=World Bank Data: Motor vehicles (per 1,000 people) |publisher=] |access-date=27 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209114811/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IS.VEH.NVEH.P3 |archive-date=9 February 2014}}</ref> There were approximately 344,000 privately owned vehicles, and a total of 517,000 registered motor vehicles in the Republic of Cyprus in 2006.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mcw.gov.cy/mcw/PWD/PWD.nsf/All/1099BBC9002543B4C225713B00147808?Opendocument |title=''Public Works Department official statistics'' |publisher=Mcw.gov.cy |date=24 March 2006 |access-date=25 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326001533/http://www.mcw.gov.cy/mcw/PWD/PWD.nsf/All/1099BBC9002543B4C225713B00147808?Opendocument |archive-date=26 March 2012}}</ref> In 2006, plans were announced to improve and expand bus services and other public transport throughout Cyprus, with the financial backing of the ] Development Bank. In 2010 the new bus network was implemented.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cyprusbybus.com/ |title=Cyprus By Bus |access-date=16 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218190605/http://www.cyprusbybus.com/ |archive-date=18 February 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
Cyprus has |
Cyprus has two international airports in the government-controlled areas, the busier one being in ] and the other in ].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Stateman's Yearbook |date=2020 |publisher=Routledge |page=386 |chapter=Cyprus}}</ref> The ] is the only active one in the non-government-controlled areas, but all international flights there must have a stopover in Turkey.<ref>{{cite web |title='Direct' flights to the north will go via Turkey |url=https://cyprus-mail.com/2022/09/23/direct-flights-to-the-north-will-go-via-turkey/ |publisher=Cyprus Mail |access-date=23 January 2023 |date=23 September 2022 |archive-date=23 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123001834/https://cyprus-mail.com/2022/09/23/direct-flights-to-the-north-will-go-via-turkey/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
The main ]s of the island are ] and ], which service cargo, passenger and ]s. | The main ]s of the island are ] and ], which service cargo, passenger and ]s. | ||
], the ] telecommunications company, manages most telecommunications and Internet connections on the island. However, following deregulation of the sector, a few private telecommunications companies emerged, including ], ], ], ] and ]. In the non-government-controlled areas of Cyprus, two different companies administer the mobile phone network: ] and ].{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}} | |||
===Communications=== | |||
{{Main|Communications in Cyprus}} | |||
], the ] telecommunications company, manages most telecommunications and Internet connections on the island. However, following deregulation of the sector, a few private telecommunications companies emerged, including ], ], ], ] and ]. In the Turkish-controlled area of Cyprus, three different companies are present: ], ] and ]. | |||
==Demographics== | ==Demographics== | ||
{{Main|Demographics of Cyprus}} | {{Main|Demographics of Cyprus|List of cities, towns and villages in Cyprus}} | ||
] | ] | ||
] | ] | ||
According to the Republic of Cyprus' website, the population in the government controlled areas was 918,100 at the 2021 Census, with the most populous district being Nicosia (38%), followed by Limassol (28%).<ref>{{Cite web |last=CYSTAT |title=2021 Census Results |url=https://www.census2021.cystat.gov.cy/Announements/18%20May%202022%20CENSUS%20OF%20POPULATION%20-%20PRELIMINARY%20RESULTS.pdf |access-date=15 December 2023 |archive-date=19 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119132756/https://www.census2021.cystat.gov.cy/Announements/18%20May%202022%20CENSUS%20OF%20POPULATION%20-%20PRELIMINARY%20RESULTS.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The Nicosia Metropolitan area, consisting of seven municipalities, is the largest urban area on the island with a population of 255,309.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government Website (Aftodoiikisi) |title=2021 population statistics |url=https://www.aftodioikisi.com.cy/%ce%bf-%ce%bc%ce%b9%ce%ba%cf%81%cf%8c%cf%84%ce%b5%cf%81%ce%bf%cf%82-%ce%ba%ce%b1%ce%b9-%ce%bc%ce%b5%ce%b3%ce%b1%ce%bb%cf%8d%cf%84%ce%b5%cf%81%ce%bf%cf%82-%ce%b4%ce%ae%ce%bc%ce%bf%cf%82-%ce%ba%ce%bf/ |access-date=15 December 2023 |archive-date=21 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021110912/https://www.aftodioikisi.com.cy/%CE%BF-%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82-%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9-%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BB%CF%8D%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82-%CE%B4%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82-%CE%BA%CE%BF/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
According to the CIA World Factbook, in 2001 ] comprised 77%, ] 18%, and others 5% of the Cypriot population.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2075.html#cy|title=The World Factbook – Ethnic Groups|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|accessdate=22 June 2013}}</ref> At the time of the 2011 government census, there were 10,520 people of ] origin living in Cyprus.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Boyle|first1=Kevin|last2=Sheen|first2=Juliet|year=1997|title=Freedom of Religion and Belief: A World Report|place=|publisher=Routledge|page=288|isbn=0-415-15978-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Salih|first=Halil Ibrahim|year=2004|title=Cyprus: Ethnic Political Counterpoints|place=|publisher=University Press of America|page=121|isbn=0-415-15978-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Karoulla-Vrikki|first=Dimitra|year=2009|chapter=Greek in Cyprus: Identity Oscillations and Language Planning |title=Standard languages and language standards: Greek, past and present|editor1-last=Georgakopoulou|editor1-first=Alexandra|editor2-last=Silk|editor2-first=M.S. (eds)|place=|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|page=188|isbn=0-7546-6437-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Hadjipavlou|first=Maria|year=2002|chapter=Cyprus: A Partnership Between Conflict Resolution and Peace Education |title=Peace Education: The Concept, Principles, and Practices Around the World|editor1-last=Salomon|editor1-first=Gavriel|editor2-last=Nevo|editor2-first= Baruch (eds)|place=|publisher=Routledge|page=195|isbn=0-8058-4193-8}}</ref> | |||
As per the first population census after independence, carried out in December 1960 and covering the entire island, Cyprus had a total population of 573,566, of whom 442,138 (77.1%) were Greeks, 104,320 (18.2%) Turks, and 27,108 (4.7%) others.<ref name="Solsten2" /><ref name="Hatay 2007">Hatay, Mete "Is the Turkish Cypriot Population Shrinking?", International Peace Research Institute, 2007. Pages 22–23.</ref> The CIA World Factbook calculated that in 2001, ] comprised 77%, ] 18%, and others 5% of the total Cypriot population.<ref>{{cite web |title=The World Factbook – Ethnic Groups |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2075.html#cy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625160623/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2075.html#cy |archive-date=25 June 2014 |access-date=22 June 2013 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref><ref name="Hadjipavlou 2002">{{cite book |last=Hadjipavlou |first=Maria |title=Peace Education: The Concept, Principles, and Practices Around the World |publisher=Routledge |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-8058-4193-0 |editor1-last=Salomon |editor1-first=Gavriel |page=195 |chapter=Cyprus: A Partnership Between Conflict Resolution and Peace Education |editor2-last=Nevo |editor2-first=Baruch}}</ref> | |||
Due to the inter-communal ethnic tensions between 1963 and 1974, an island-wide census was regarded as impossible. Nevertheless, the |
Due to the inter-communal ethnic tensions between 1963 and 1974, an island-wide census was regarded as impossible. Nevertheless, the Cypriot government conducted one in 1973, without the Turkish Cypriot populace.<ref>{{cite book |last=St John-Jones |first=L.W. |year=1983 |title=The Population of Cyprus: Demographic Trends and Socio-Economic Influences |place=London |publisher=Maurice Temple Smith Ltd |page=17 |isbn=978-0-85117-232-3}}</ref> According to this census, the Greek Cypriot population was 482,000. One year later, in 1974, the Cypriot government's Department of Statistics and Research estimated the total population of Cyprus at 641,000; of whom 506,000 (78.9%) were Greeks, and 118,000 (18.4%) Turkish.<ref>{{cite web |author=Cyprus Ministry of Interior |year=1992 |title=The Demographic Structure of Cyprus |url=http://www.moi.gov.cy/moi/pio/pio.nsf/All/20C7614D06858E9FC2256DC200380113/$file/cuco%20report.pdf?OpenElement |publisher=Parliamentary Assembly |page=6 |access-date=22 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110107111845/http://www.moi.gov.cy/MOI/pio/pio.nsf/All/20C7614D06858E9FC2256DC200380113/$file/cuco%20report.pdf?OpenElement |archive-date=7 January 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> After the military occupation of part of the island in 1974, the government of Cyprus conducted six more censuses: in 1976, 1982, 1992, 2001, 2011 and 2021; these excluded the Turkish population which was resident in non-government-controlled areas of the island.<ref name="Hatay 2007" /> | ||
In addition to this, the Republic of Cyprus is home to 110,200 foreign permanent residents<ref>{{citation |author=Republic of Cyprus Statistical Service|year=2006 |title= Demographic Report 2005 |location=Nicosia |publisher=Republic of Cyprus Statistical Service|page=12}}</ref> and an estimated 10,000–30,000 undocumented illegal immigrants.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nicos |first1=Trimikliniotis |last2=Demetriou |first2=Corina |year=2007 |title=Active Civic Participation of Immigrants in Cyprus |url=http://www.politis-europe.uni-oldenburg.de/download/Cyprus.pdf |publisher=POLITIS |page=8 |access-date=22 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511082254/http://www.politis-europe.uni-oldenburg.de/download/Cyprus.pdf |archive-date=11 May 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Hadjipavlou 2002" /> As of 2011, there were 10,520 people of ] origin living in Cyprus.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Boyle |first1=Kevin |url=https://archive.org/details/freedomofreligio00kevi |title=Freedom of Religion and Belief: A World Report |last2=Sheen |first2=Juliet |publisher=Routledge |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-415-15978-4 |page= |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Salih |first=Halil Ibrahim |title=Cyprus: Ethnic Political Counterpoints |publisher=University Press of America |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-415-15978-4 |page=121}}</ref> | |||
{| class=" |
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right;" | ||
| |
|+Largest groups of foreign residents | ||
|-\ | |||
! Nationality || Population (2011) | |||
|- | |- | ||
! scope="column | Nationality | |||
|{{flag|Greece}} || 29,321 | |||
! scope="column" | Population (2011) | |||
|- | |- | ||
! scope="row" | {{flagu|Greece}} | |||
|{{flag|United Kingdom}} || 24,046 | |||
| 29,321 | |||
|- | |- | ||
! scope="row" |{{flagu|United Kingdom}} | |||
|{{flag|Romania}} || 23,706 | |||
| 24,046 | |||
|- | |- | ||
! scope="row" |{{flagu|Romania}} | |||
|{{flag|Bulgaria}} || 18,536 | |||
| 23,706 | |||
|- | |- | ||
! scope="row" |{{flagu|Bulgaria}} | |||
|{{flag|Philippines}} || 9,413 | |||
| 18,536 | |||
|- | |- | ||
! scope="row" |{{flagu|Philippines}} | |||
|{{flag|Russia}} || 8,164 | |||
| 9,413 | |||
|- | |- | ||
! scope="row" |{{flagu|Russia}} | |||
|{{flag|Sri Lanka}} || 7,269 | |||
| 8,164 | |||
|- | |- | ||
! scope="row" |{{flagu|Sri Lanka}} | |||
|{{flag|Vietnam}} || 7,028 | |||
| 7,269 | |||
|- | |- | ||
! scope="row" |{{flagu|Vietnam}} | |||
|{{flag|Syria}} || 3,054 | |||
| 7,028 | |||
|- | |- | ||
! scope="row" |{{flagu|Syria}} | |||
|{{flag|India}} || 2,933 | |||
| 3,054 | |||
|- | |- | ||
! scope="row" |{{flagu|India}} | |||
| 2,933 | |||
|} | |} | ||
According to the 2006 census carried out by Northern Cyprus, there were 256,644 (]) people living in Northern Cyprus. 178,031 were citizens of Northern Cyprus, of whom 147,405 were born in Cyprus (112,534 from the north; 32,538 from the south; 371 did not indicate what |
According to the 2006 census carried out by Northern Cyprus, there were 256,644 (]) people living in Northern Cyprus. 178,031 were citizens of Northern Cyprus, of whom 147,405 were born in Cyprus (112,534 from the north; 32,538 from the south; 371 did not indicate what region of Cyprus they were from); 27,333 born in Turkey; 2,482 born in the UK and 913 born in Bulgaria. Of the 147,405 citizens born in Cyprus, 120,031 say both parents were born in Cyprus; 16,824 say both parents born in Turkey; 10,361 have one parent born in Turkey and one parent born in Cyprus.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nufussayimi.devplan.org/Census%202006.pdf |title=Census.XLS |access-date=25 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116120824/http://nufussayimi.devplan.org/Census%202006.pdf |archive-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> | ||
In 2010, the ] estimated that the total population of |
In 2010, the ] estimated that the total population of the island was 1.1 million,<ref>{{cite web |author=International Crisis Group |year=2010 |title=Cyprus: Bridging the Property Divide |url=http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/europe/turkey-cyprus/cyprus/210%20Cyprus%20-%20Bridging%20the%20Property%20Divide.ashx |publisher=International Crisis Group |page=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103083632/http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/europe/turkey-cyprus/cyprus/210%20Cyprus%20-%20Bridging%20the%20Property%20Divide.ashx |archive-date=3 November 2011}}</ref> of which there were an estimated 300,000 residents in the north, perhaps half of whom were ] or are children of such settlers.<ref>{{cite web |author=International Crisis Group |year=2010 |title=Cyprus: Bridging the Property Divide |url=http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/europe/turkey-cyprus/cyprus/210%20Cyprus%20-%20Bridging%20the%20Property%20Divide.ashx |publisher=International Crisis Group |page=2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103083632/http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/europe/turkey-cyprus/cyprus/210%20Cyprus%20-%20Bridging%20the%20Property%20Divide.ashx |archive-date=3 November 2011}}</ref> | ||
The villages of Potamia (Nicosia district) and ] in |
The villages of ] (in Northern Cyprus), Potamia (in Nicosia district) and ] (in ]) are the only settlements remaining with a mixed Greek and Turkish Cypriot population.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/cyprus-population/ |website=WorldPopulationReview.com |access-date=25 January 2019 |title=Cyprus Population 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223171935/http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/cyprus-population/ |archive-date=23 February 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
] are found at the following frequencies in Cyprus: ] (43.07% including 6.20% J1), ] (20.00%), ] (12.30% including 9.2% R1b), ] (9.20%), ] (7.70%), ] (4.60%), ] (3.10%).<ref>(n=65), {{Cite journal |
] are found at the following frequencies in Cyprus: ] (43.07% including 6.20% J1), ] (20.00%), ] (12.30% including 9.2% R1b), ] (9.20%), ] (7.70%), ] (4.60%), ] (3.10%).<ref>(n=65), {{Cite journal | ||
| |
|last1= Capelli |first1= C. | ||
| |
|last2= Redhead |first2= N. | ||
| |
|last3= Romano |first3= V. | ||
| |
|last4= Cali |first4= F. | ||
| |
|last5= Lefranc |first5= G. | ||
| |
|last6= Delague |first6= V. | ||
| |
|last7= Megarbane |first7= A. | ||
| |
|last8= Felice |first8= A. E. | ||
| |
|last9= Pascali |first9= V. L. | ||
| |
|last10= Neophytou |first10= P. I. | ||
| |
|last11= Poulli |first11= Z. | ||
| |
|last12= Novelletto |first12= A. | ||
| |
|last13= Malaspina |first13= P. | ||
| |
|last14= Terrenato |first14= L. | ||
| |
|last15= Berebbi |first15= A. | ||
| |
|last16= Fellous |first16= M. | ||
| |
|last17= Thomas |first17= M. G. | ||
| |
|last18= Goldstein |first18= D. B. | ||
| |
|title = Population Structure in the Mediterranean Basin: A Y Chromosome Perspective | ||
| |
|doi = 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00224.x | ||
| |
|journal= Annals of Human Genetics | ||
| |
|volume= 70 | ||
| |
|issue= 2 | ||
| |
|pages= 207–225 | ||
| |
|year= 2006 | ||
| |
|pmid= 16626331 | ||
| |
| hdl = 2108/37090 | ||
| s2cid = 25536759 | |||
}}</ref> J, K, F and E1b1b haplogroups consist of lineages with differential distribution within Middle East, North Africa and Europe while R1 and I are typical in West European populations. | |||
| hdl-access = free | |||
}}</ref> J, K, F and E1b1b haplogroups consist of lineages with differential distribution within Middle East, North Africa and Europe. | |||
Outside Cyprus there |
Outside Cyprus there are significant and thriving diasporas – both a ] and a ] – in the United Kingdom, ], ], the ], Greece and Turkey. | ||
According to ], approximately 1,250 ] live in Cyprus.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/policies/justice-and-fundamental-rights/combatting-discrimination/roma-eu/roma-equality-inclusion-and-participation-eu-country/cyprus_en#:~:text=Contacts-,Facts%20and%20figures,0.16%25%20of%20the%20population).|title=Cyprus}}</ref> | |||
{{Largest cities of Cyprus}} | {{Largest cities of Cyprus}} | ||
Line 474: | Line 524: | ||
===Religion=== | ===Religion=== | ||
{{Main|Religion in Cyprus}} | {{Main|Religion in Cyprus}} | ||
{{double image|left|Kykko Monastery 2.jpg|180|Hala Sultan Tekke.jpg|180|] in ] (left) and ] near ] (right).}} | |||
{{bar box | {{bar box | ||
|title=] (])<ref |
|title=] (])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/cyprus/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010 |title=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project: Cyprus |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717053131/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/cyprus/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010 |archive-date=17 July 2014 |publisher=] |date=2010}}</ref><ref name="CIA">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Cyprus|access-date=9 February 2010}}</ref> | ||
|titlebar=#ddd | |titlebar=#ddd | ||
|left1= |
|left1=Religion | ||
|right1= |
|right1=Percent | ||
|float=right | |float=right | ||
|bars= | |bars= | ||
Line 487: | Line 536: | ||
{{bar percent|None|black|1}} | {{bar percent|None|black|1}} | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{multiple image | |||
The majority of Greek Cypriots identify as ],<ref name="CIA"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cyprus.gov.cy/portal/portal.nsf/All/817E9279C04E4480C2257023002B858C?OpenDocument|title=About Cyprus – Towns and Population|work=Government Web Portal – Areas of Interest|publisher=]|accessdate=9 February 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225142919/http://www.cyprus.gov.cy/portal/portal.nsf/All/817E9279C04E4480C2257023002B858C?OpenDocument |archivedate=2012-02-25}}</ref><ref name="Congress">{{cite web |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/cytoc.html|title=A Country Study: Cyprus|last=Solsten|first=Eric|date=January 1991|work=]|publisher=]|accessdate=9 February 2010}}</ref> whereas most Turkish Cypriots are adherents of ]. According to Eurobarometer 2005,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_report_en.pdf |title=Social values, Science and Technology |format=PDF |accessdate=25 October 2009}}</ref> Cyprus was the second most religious state in the European Union at that time, after Malta (although in 2005 ] wasn't in the European Union, currently Romania is the most religious state in the ]) ''(see ])''. The first ], ], was an ]. The current leader of the Greek Orthodox Church of Cyprus is Archbishop ]. | |||
| align = right | |||
| image1 = Kykko Monastery 2.jpg | |||
| width1 = 180 | |||
| alt1 = | |||
| caption1 = | |||
| image2 = Larnaca 01-2017 img30 Salt Lake.jpg | |||
| width2 = 180 | |||
| alt2 = | |||
| caption2 = | |||
| footer = ] in ] (left) and ] near ] (right) | |||
}} | |||
The majority of Greek Cypriots identify as ], specifically ],<ref name="CIA" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cyprus.gov.cy/portal/portal.nsf/All/817E9279C04E4480C2257023002B858C?OpenDocument |title=About Cyprus – Towns and Population |work=Government Web Portal – Areas of Interest |publisher=] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225142919/http://www.cyprus.gov.cy/portal/portal.nsf/All/817E9279C04E4480C2257023002B858C?OpenDocument |archive-date=25 February 2012 |access-date=9 February 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/cytoc.html |title=A Country Study: Cyprus |last=Solsten |first=Eric |date=January 1991 |work=] |publisher=] |access-date=9 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110905040619/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/cytoc.html |archive-date=5 September 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> whereas most Turkish Cypriots are adherents of ]. The first ], ], was an ]. | |||
], situated near the ] is an object of ] for Muslims. | |||
], situated near the ], is considered by some secular orientalists as the third holiest site in Sunni Islam<ref>{{cite web | url = http://notes.utk.edu/bio/unistudy.nsf/0/3ed1a6838771b4f485256fc4005d54a1?OpenDocument| title = Assessing the Isle of Cyprus | accessdate =12 November 2006 | last = Bowen| first = George E. | date = 3 April 2001 | publisher = Patrick S. O'Brien on the ] server| quote = Three historic churches and monasteries are within the city. Just outside the city is the location of the Hala Sultan Tekke Mosque, the third holiest place for Muslims in the world.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Drayton | first = Penny|date=January 1993 | title = Aphrodite's island | journal = Wood & water | volume = 2 | issue = 41}} Cited by: {{cite journal | last = Trubshaw | first = Bob |date=February 1993 | title = The Black Stone – the Omphalos of the Goddess | journal = Mercian Mysteries | issue = 14 | id = | url = http://www.indigogroup.co.uk/edge/blstone.htm | accessdate =12 November 2006| quote = In Cyprus is another highly venerated Islamic site – the third most important after Mecca and Medina – the Hala Sultan Tekke. }}</ref> and an object of ] for both Muslims<ref>, ]-ACT in Cyprus newsletter, Spring 2006. Retrieved 28 June 2013.</ref> and Christians.<ref>Papalexandrou, Nassos, "", Journal of Modern Greek Studies, Volume 26, Number 2, October 2008, pp. 251–281</ref> | |||
According to the 2001 census carried out in the |
According to the 2001 census carried out in the government-controlled areas,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mof.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/populationcondition_en/populationcondition_en?OpenDocument&sub=2&e= |publisher=Statistical Service of Cyprus: Population and Social Statistics |title=Main Results of the 2001 Census |access-date=28 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821110627/http://www.mof.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/populationcondition_en/populationcondition_en?OpenDocument&sub=2&e= |archive-date=21 August 2010}}</ref> 94.8% of the population was ], 0.9% ] and ], 1.5% Roman Catholic, 1.0% ], and 0.6% Muslim. There is also a ]. The remaining 1.3% adhered to other religious denominations or did not state their religion. The Greek Orthodox, ], and both the Maronite and ] Catholics are constitutionally recognised denominations and exempt from taxes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://acninternational.org/religiousfreedomreport/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Cyprus.pdf |title=Religious Freedom in the World Report 2021: Cyprus |publisher=ACN International |access-date=8 February 2023 |archive-date=22 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222201819/https://acninternational.org/religiousfreedomreport/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Cyprus.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=64c |title=Cyprus |publisher=ARDA |access-date=8 February 2023 |archive-date=2 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102221049/https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=64c |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
===Languages=== | ===Languages=== | ||
{{Main|Languages of Cyprus}} | {{Main|Languages of Cyprus}} | ||
]. ] is recognised as a minority language in Cyprus.]] | ]. ] is recognised as a minority language in Cyprus.]] | ||
] | |||
Cyprus has two official languages, ] and ].<ref name=languages>{{Cite web |url=http://www.presidency.gov.cy/presidency/presidency.nsf/all/1003AEDD83EED9C7C225756F0023C6AD/$file/CY_Constitution.pdf |format=PDF |title=The Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus |publisher=President of the Republic of Cyprus |section=Article 3 |page=2 |accessdate=18 November 2013}}</ref> ] and ] are recognised as minority languages.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://languagecharter.eokik.hu/sites/StatesParties/Cyprus.htm|title=Implementation of the Charter in Cyprus|work=Database for the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages|publisher=Public Foundation for European Comparative Minority Research|accessdate=20 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/education/languages/archive/languages/langmin/euromosaic/cy1_en.html |title=EUROPA – Education and Training – Regional and minority languages – Euromosaïc study |work=Europa (web portal) |date=27 October 2006 |accessdate=3 April 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20100704194723/http://ec.europa.eu:80/education/languages/archive/languages/langmin/euromosaic/cy1_en.html |archivedate=4 July 2010 }}</ref> Although without official status, ] is widely spoken and it features widely on road signs, public notices, and in advertisements, etc.<ref name="Ammon et al. 2006">{{cite book |editor1-last=Ammon|editor1-first=Ulrich|editor2-last=Dittmar|editor2-first=Norbert|editor3-last=Mattheier|editor3-first=Klaus J.|editor4-last=Trudgill|editor4-first=Peter|chapter=Greece and Cyprus|pages=1881–1889|title=Sociolinguistics: an international handbook of the science of language and society / Soziolinguistik: ein internationales Handbuch zur Wissenschaft von Sprache und Gesellschaft|year=2006|edition=2nd|series=Handbooks of linguistics and communication science / Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft|volume=3|location=Berlin|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LMZm0w0k1c4C}}</ref> English was the sole official language during British colonial rule and the ] until 1960, and continued to be used ('']'') in courts of law until 1989 and in legislation until 1996.<ref name=Euromosaic>{{cite book |editor1-last=European Commission, Directorate-General for Education and Culture|title=Euromosaic III: Presence of regional and minority language groups in the new member states|date=2006|publisher=Office for official publications of the European communities|location=Brussels|isbn=92-79-01291-6|pages=19–23|url=http://bookshop.europa.eu/en/euromosaic-iii-pbNC7406031/|accessdate=8 August 2015}}</ref> 80.4% of Cypriots are proficient in the English language as a ].<ref name="eurostat 49/2010">{{cite journal |last1=Mejer|first1=Lene|last2=Boateng|first2=Sadiq Kwesi|last3=Turchetti|first3=Paolo|title=Population and social conditions|series=Statistics in Focus|issue=49/2010|year=2010|publisher=]|url=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/3433488/5565660/KS-SF-10-049-EN.PDF}}</ref> ] is widely spoken among the country's minorities, residents and citizens of post-Soviet countries, and ]. Russian, after English and Greek, is the third language used on many signs of shops and restaurants, particularly in Limassol and Paphos. In addition to these languages, 12% speak French and 5% speak German.<ref name="Europeans and their Languages">, ], European Commission, 2006.</ref> | |||
Cyprus has two official languages, Greek and ].<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.presidency.gov.cy/presidency/presidency.nsf/all/1003AEDD83EED9C7C225756F0023C6AD/$file/CY_Constitution.pdf |title=The Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus |publisher=President of the Republic of Cyprus |section=Article 3 |page=2 |access-date=18 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203001544/http://www.presidency.gov.cy/presidency/presidency.nsf/all/1003AEDD83EED9C7C225756F0023C6AD/$file/CY_Constitution.pdf |archive-date=3 December 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ] and ] are recognised as minority languages.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://languagecharter.eokik.hu/sites/StatesParties/Cyprus.htm |title=Implementation of the Charter in Cyprus |work=Database for the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages |publisher=Public Foundation for European Comparative Minority Research |access-date=20 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140207055025/http://languagecharter.eokik.hu/sites/StatesParties/Cyprus.htm |archive-date=7 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ec.europa.eu/education/languages/archive/languages/langmin/euromosaic/cy1_en.html |title=EUROPA – Education and Training – Regional and minority languages – Euromosaïc study |work=Europa (web portal) |date=27 October 2006 |access-date=3 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704194723/http://ec.europa.eu/education/languages/archive/languages/langmin/euromosaic/cy1_en.html |archive-date=4 July 2010}}</ref> Although without official status, ] is widely spoken and features widely on road signs and in public notices and advertisements.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Ammon |editor1-first=Ulrich |editor2-last=Dittmar |editor2-first=Norbert |editor3-last=Mattheier |editor3-first=Klaus J. |editor4-last=Trudgill |editor4-first=Peter |chapter=Greece and Cyprus |pages=1881–1889 |title=Sociolinguistics: an international handbook of the science of language and society / Soziolinguistik: ein internationales Handbuch zur Wissenschaft von Sprache und Gesellschaft |year=2006 |edition=2nd |series=Handbooks of linguistics and communication science / Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft |volume=3 |location=Berlin |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=9783110184181 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LMZm0w0k1c4C |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517130217/https://books.google.com/books?id=LMZm0w0k1c4C |url-status=live }}</ref> English was the sole official language during British colonial rule and the ] until 1960, and continued to be used (de facto) in courts of law until 1989 and in legislation until 1996.<ref name=Euromosaic>{{cite book |editor1-last=European Commission, Directorate-General for Education and Culture |title=Euromosaic III: Presence of regional and minority language groups in the new member states |date=2006 |publisher=Office for official publications of the European communities |location=Brussels |isbn=978-92-79-01291-4 |pages=19–23 |url=http://bookshop.europa.eu/en/euromosaic-iii-pbNC7406031/ |access-date=8 August 2015 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517130232/https://op.europa.eu/en/web/general-publications/publications |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2010, 80.4% of Cypriots were proficient in English as a ].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mejer |first1=Lene |last2=Boateng |first2=Sadi q Kwesi |last3=Turchetti |first3=Paolo |title=Population and social conditions |series=Statistics in Focus |issue=49/2010 |year=2010 |publisher=] |url=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/3433488/5565660/KS-SF-10-049-EN.PDF |access-date=13 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160217061503/http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/3433488/5565660/KS-SF-10-049-EN.PDF |archive-date=17 February 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Russian is widely spoken among the country's minorities, residents and citizens of post-Soviet countries, and ]. ], after English and Greek, is the third language used on many signs of shops and restaurants, particularly in Limassol and Paphos. In addition, in 2006, 12% of the population spoke ] and 5% spoke ].<ref> {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414102658/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_en.pdf |date=14 April 2016}}, ], European Commission, 2006.</ref> | |||
The everyday spoken language of Greek Cypriots is ] and that of Turkish Cypriots is ].<ref name=Euromosaic /> These ]s both differ from their ]s significantly.<ref name=Euromosaic /> | |||
The everyday spoken language of Greek Cypriots is ], and that of Turkish Cypriots is ].<ref name=Euromosaic /> These ]s both differ from their ] significantly.<ref name=Euromosaic /> | |||
===Education=== | ===Education=== | ||
{{Main|Education in Cyprus}} | {{Main|Education in Cyprus}} | ||
] is the oldest all-girl primary school in Cyprus.]] | ] is the oldest all-girl primary school in Cyprus.]] | ||
Cyprus has a highly developed system of primary and secondary education offering both public and private education. The high quality of instruction can be attributed in part to the fact that nearly 7% of the GDP is spent on education which makes Cyprus one of the top three spenders of education in the EU along with Denmark and Sweden.<ref> childinfo.org, May 2008.</ref> | Cyprus has a highly developed system of primary and secondary education offering both public and private education. The high quality of instruction can be attributed in part to the fact that nearly 7% of the GDP is spent on education which makes Cyprus one of the top three spenders of education in the EU along with Denmark and Sweden.<ref> {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510004016/http://www.childinfo.org/files/IND_Cyprus.pdf |date=10 May 2011}} childinfo.org, May 2008.</ref> Cyprus was ranked 27th in the ] in 2024.<ref>{{Cite book |author=] |year=2024 |title=Global Innovation Index 2024: Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/en/ |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=www.wipo.int |page=18 |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.50062 |isbn=978-92-805-3681-2}}</ref> | ||
State schools are generally seen as equivalent in quality of education to private-sector institutions. However, the value of a state high-school diploma is limited by the fact that the grades obtained account for only around 25% of the final grade for each topic, with the remaining 75% assigned by the teacher during the semester, in a minimally transparent way. Cypriot universities (like universities in Greece) ignore high school grades almost entirely for admissions purposes. While a high-school diploma is mandatory for university attendance, admissions are decided almost exclusively on the basis of scores at centrally administered university entrance examinations that all university candidates are required to take. | |||
The majority of Cypriots receive their higher education at Greek, British, Turkish, other European and North American universities. |
The majority of Cypriots receive their higher education at Greek, British, Turkish, other European and North American universities. Cyprus currently{{when|date=May 2019}} has the highest percentage of citizens of ] who have higher-level education in the EU at 30% which is ahead of Finland's 29.5%. In addition, 47% of its population aged 25–34 have tertiary education, which is the highest in the EU. The body of Cypriot students is highly mobile, with 78.7% studying in a university outside Cyprus. | ||
==Culture== | ==Culture== | ||
]]] | |||
] | |||
Greek |
Greek and Turkish Cypriots share many cultural traits, while also possessing some differences. Several traditional food (such as ] and ]) and beverages are similar,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hatay |first=Mete |date=2006 |title=The Levantine Legacy of Cypriot Culinary Culture |url=https://cyprusreview.org/index.php/cr/article/view/296/258 |journal=Cyprus Review |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=129–142 |access-date=16 April 2023 |archive-date=16 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416101814/https://cyprusreview.org/index.php/cr/article/view/296/258 |url-status=live }}</ref> as well as expressions and ways of life. Hospitality and buying or offering food and drinks for guests or others are common among both. In both communities, music, dance and art are integral parts of social life and many artistic, verbal and nonverbal expressions, traditional dances such as ], similarities in dance costumes and importance placed on social activities are shared between the communities.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fong |first1=Mary |last2=Chuang |first2=Rueyling |title=Communicating Ethnic and Cultural Identity |date=2004 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7425-1739-4 |page=286 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ue4CCUhRYa4C&pg=PA286 |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517130338/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ue4CCUhRYa4C&pg=PA286#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the two communities have distinct religions and religious cultures, with the Greek Cypriots traditionally being ] and Turkish Cypriots traditionally being ], which has partly hindered cultural exchange.<ref>{{cite book |title=Cyprus in Europe: Seizing the Momentum of Nice |author=Patrick R. Hugg |publisher=Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law |date=November 2001 |ssrn=2257945}}</ref> Greek Cypriots have influences from Greece and Christianity, while Turkish Cypriots have influences from Turkey and ]. | ||
The ] is an annual ] which is held at ], in Cyprus. The event which is very popular in Cyprus was introduced in the 20th century.{{Sfn|Merin|Burdick1979|p=82}} | The ] is an annual ] which is held at ], in Cyprus. The event which is very popular in Cyprus was introduced in the 20th century.{{Sfn|Merin|Burdick1979|p=82}} | ||
=== |
===Arts=== | ||
], Cyprus]] | ], Cyprus]] | ||
{{See also|List of Cypriot artists}} | |||
The art history of Cyprus can be said to stretch back up to 10,000 years, following the discovery of a series of ] period carved figures in the villages of ] and ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arcl.ed.ac.uk/arch/lemba/homepage.html |title=Lemba Archaeological Research Centre |publisher=Arcl.ed.ac.uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117041553/http://www.arcl.ed.ac.uk/arch/lemba/homepage.html |archive-date=17 January 2013 |access-date=25 October 2009}}</ref> The island is the home to numerous examples of high quality religious ] from the ] as well as ]. Cypriot architecture was heavily influenced by ] and Italian ] introduced in the island during the era of Latin domination (1191–1571). | |||
A well known traditional art that dates at least from the 14th century is the ], which originates from the village of ]. Lefkara lace is recognised as an ] (ICH) by UNESCO, and it is characterised by distinct design patterns, and its intricate, time-consuming production process. Another local form of art that originated from Lefkara is the production of Cypriot Filigree (locally known as ''Trifourenio''), a type of jewellery that is made with twisted threads of silver. | |||
The art history of Cyprus can be said to stretch back up to 10,000 years, following the discovery of a series of ] period carved figures in the villages of ] and ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arcl.ed.ac.uk/arch/lemba/homepage.html |title=Lemba Archaeological Research Centre |publisher=Arcl.ed.ac.uk |accessdate=25 October 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117041553/http://www.arcl.ed.ac.uk/arch/lemba/homepage.html |archivedate=2013-01-17}}</ref> The island is the home to numerous examples of high quality religious ] from the ] as well as ]. Cypriot architecture was heavily influenced by ] and Italian ] introduced in the island during the era of Latin domination (1191–1571). | |||
In modern times Cypriot art history begins with the painter Vassilis Vryonides (1883–1958) who studied at the Academy of Fine Arts in Venice.<ref>Chrysanthos Christou, ''A short History of Modern and Contemporary Cypriot Art |
In modern times Cypriot art history begins with the painter Vassilis Vryonides (1883–1958) who studied at the Academy of Fine Arts in Venice.<ref>Chrysanthos Christou, ''A short History of Modern and Contemporary Cypriot Art'', Nicosia 1983.</ref> Arguably the two founding fathers of modern Cypriot art were Adamantios Diamantis (1900–1994) who studied at London's ] and | ||
Christophoros Savva (1924–1968) who also studied in London, at ].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hatjecantz.de/christoforos-savva-7519-1.html#:~:text=Christoforos%20Savva%20(1924%E2%80%931968),newly%20established%20Republic%20of%20Cyprus. |title=Christoforos Savva |publisher=www.hatjecantz.de |access-date=12 September 2021 |archive-date=19 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919011443/https://www.hatjecantz.de/christoforos-savva-7519-1.html#:~:text=Christoforos%20Savva%20(1924%E2%80%931968),newly%20established%20Republic%20of%20Cyprus. |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1960, Savva founded, together with Welsh artist Glyn Hughes, Apophasis , the first independent cultural centre of the newly established Republic of Cyprus. In 1968, Savva was among the artists representing Cyprus in its inaugural Pavilion at the 34th Venice Biennale. English Cypriot Artist {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619052247/http://glynhughesart.com/ |date=19 June 2021 }} 1931–2014.<ref>Ministry of Education and Culture, ''State Gallery of Contemporary Cypriot Art'' (Nicosia: MOEC,1998)</ref> In many ways these two artists set the template for subsequent Cypriot art and both their artistic styles and the patterns of their education remain influential to this day. In particular the majority of Cypriot artists still train in England<ref>Michael Paraskos, "The Art of Modern Cyprus", in ''Sunjet'', Spring 2002, 62f</ref> while others train at art schools in Greece and local art institutions such as the ], ] and the ]. | |||
One of the features of Cypriot art is a tendency towards figurative painting although ] is being rigorously promoted by a number of art "institutions" and most notably the Nicosia Municipal Art Centre. Municipal art galleries exist in all the main towns and there is a large and lively commercial art scene. |
One of the features of Cypriot art is a tendency towards figurative painting although ] is being rigorously promoted by a number of art "institutions" and most notably the Nicosia Municipal Art Centre. Municipal art galleries exist in all the main towns and there is a large and lively commercial art scene. | ||
Other notable Greek Cypriot artists include |
Other notable Greek Cypriot artists include Helene Black, ], ], ], ], Arestís Stasí, ], Konstantia Sofokleous and ], and Turkish Cypriot artists include ], ] and ]. | ||
===Music=== | ===Music=== | ||
{{Main|Music of Cyprus}} | {{Main|Music of Cyprus}} | ||
] |
], dominant instrument of the Cypriot traditional music]] | ||
]]] | |||
The traditional ] of Cyprus has several common elements with ], ], and ] including |
The traditional ] of Cyprus has several common elements with ], ], and ], all of which have descended from Byzantine music, including Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot dances such as the '''tillirkotissa''', as well as the Middle Eastern-inspired '']'' and ''arapies''. There is also a form of musical poetry known as ''chattista'' which is often performed at traditional feasts and celebrations. The instruments commonly associated with Cyprus folk music are the violin ("fkiolin"), ] ("laouto"), Cyprus flute (]), ] ("outi"), ] and percussions (including the "]"). Composers associated with traditional Cypriot music include ], ], Evagoras Karageorgis and Savvas Salides. Among musicians is also the acclaimed pianist ], composer ], and composer and artistic director of the European Capital of Culture initiative ]. | ||
] in Cyprus is generally influenced by the Greek '']'' scene; artists who play in this genre include international ] star ],<ref |
] in Cyprus is generally influenced by the Greek '']'' scene; artists who play in this genre include international ] star ],<ref>{{cite book |title=Billboard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eQ0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA8 |date=8 May 1999 |publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc. |page=8 |quote=Sony Music executives congratulate Greek artist Anna Vissi before her recent sold-out performance at the Theater at Madison Square Garden in New York the first stop in her North-American tour to promote her album Antidoto |issn=0006-2510 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911001516/https://books.google.com/books?id=eQ0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA8 |archive-date=11 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Hellander, Paul |author2=Kate Armstrong |author3=Michael Clark |author4=Christopher Deliso|title=Lonely Planet Greek Islands |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4PDWSOx4lUwC&pg=PA49 |year=2008|publisher=Lonely Planet |isbn=978-1-74104-314-3 |page=49 |quote=The country's big pop and laïka stars include Anna Vissi, Notis Sfakiana- kis, Despina Vandi, Yiannis Ploutarhos, Antonis Remos, Mihalis Hatziyian- nis, heartthrob Sakis Rouvas and Greek-Swedish singer Elena Paparizou, who won Greece |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922103814/https://books.google.com/books?id=4PDWSOx4lUwC&pg=PA49 |archive-date=22 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Billboard|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_MhQEAAAAMBAJ |date=14 July 2001 |publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc.|page= |quote=The hits of platinum stars Anna Vissi, Despina Vandi and Keti Garbi are played in clubs together with the Anna Vissi international dance hits of Deep- swing, Planetfunk |issn=0006-2510 |access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Rhythm: Global Sounds and Ideas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JbA4AQAAIAAJ |year=2000 |publisher=World Marketing Incorporated |volume=9 |issue=6–11 |page=70 |quote=We have a Euro Music category with clips by the Gipsy Kings and Anna Vissi, a huge star for Sony Greece 'We also have ... |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910221009/https://books.google.com/books?id=JbA4AQAAIAAJ |archive-date=10 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> ], and ]. ] and ] have been supported by the emergence of Cypriot rap and the ] scene at ], while in the last years the ] scene is growing, especially through the participation of many Cypriot artists at the annual ] festival. Is also noted Cypriot rock music and '']'' rock is often associated with artists such as ] and ]. ] also has a small following in Cyprus represented by bands such as Armageddon (rev.16:16), Blynd, ], ] and Quadraphonic. | ||
===Literature=== | ===Literature=== | ||
{{Main|Cypriot literature}} | {{Main|Cypriot literature}} | ||
], founder of the ] school of philosophy |
], founder of the ] school of philosophy]] | ||
Literary production of the antiquity includes the ], an ], probably composed in the late 7th |
Literary production of the antiquity includes the '']'', an ], probably composed in the late 7th century BC and attributed to ]. The ''Cypria'' is one of the first specimens of Greek and European poetry.<ref>"An indication that at least the main contents of the ''Cypria'' were known around 650 BC is provided by the representation of the ] on the ]" (Burkert 1992:103). On the ] ] of c. 640 BC known as the {{dead link |date=March 2017 |bot=Dr.K. |fix-attempted=yes}}, Paris is identified as ''Alexandros'', as he was apparently called in ''Cypria''. {{dead link |date=August 2016 |bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The Cypriot ] was the founder of the Stoic school of philosophy. | ||
Epic poetry, notably the "acritic songs", flourished during the ]. Two chronicles, one written by ] and the other by ], cover the entire Middle Ages until the end of Frankish rule (4th century–1489). ''Poèmes d'amour'' written in medieval Greek Cypriot date back from the 16th century. Some of them are actual translations of poems written by ], ], ] and G. ].<ref>Th. Siapkaras- Pitsillidés, Le Pétrarchisme en Cypre. Poèmes d' amour en dialecte Chypriote d' après un manuscript du XVIe siècle, Athènes 1975 (2ème édition)</ref> Many Cypriot scholars fled Cyprus at troubled times, such as ] (c. 1622–1687) who migrated from Cyprus to Italy in the 17th century, several of his works have survived in books of other scholars.<ref>{{cite book |author=Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Institut für Griechisch-Römische Altertumskunde, Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Zentralinstitut für Alte Geschichte und Archäologie |title=Berliner byzantinistische Arbeiten, Volume 40 |publisher=Akademie-Verlag |year=1956 |pages=209–210 |quote=John Cigala (born at Nicosia 1622). He studied at the College of Saint Athanasios, Rome (1635–1642), which he graduated as doctor of philosophy and theology and at which he taught Greek successfully for eight years (1642–1650) ... What has survived of his work as a number of epigrams published in books of other scholars.}}</ref> | |||
] (c. 1622–1687) was a ] born ] Cypriot scholar and professor of Philosophy who was largely active in the 17th century.<ref name=" Serena, Sebastiano 1963 495 ">{{cite book |author= Serena, Sebastiano; Barbarigo, Gregorio |title=S. Gregorio Barbarigo e la vita spirituale e cultuale nel suo Seminario di Padova; lettre e saggi editi dagli amici in memoria |publisher=Editrice Antenore |year=1963 |page=495 |oclc=6706000 |quote=Giovanni Cicala, greco di Cipro, prof. di Filosofia nella Università ... Al qual fine permetteva tutta la confidenza con il Cigala e con il Papadopoli, ambedue greci nativi e Lettori pubblici nell'Universita di Padova, coi quail si tratteneva, in frequenti discorsi sopra questa material, le mezze giornate intiere ...}}</ref>]] | |||
] ({{Circa|1622}}–1687) was a ] born ] Cypriot scholar and professor of philosophy who was largely active in the 17th century.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Serena, Sebastiano |author2=Barbarigo, Gregorio |title=S. Gregorio Barbarigo e la vita spirituale e cultuale nel suo Seminario di Padova; lettre e saggi editi dagli amici in memoria |publisher=Editrice Antenore |year=1963 |page=495 |oclc=6706000 |quote=Giovanni Cicala, greco di Cipro, prof. di Filosofia nella Università ... Al qual fine permetteva tutta la confidenza con il Cigala e con il Papadopoli, ambedue greci nativi e Lettori pubblici nell'Universita di Padova, coi quail si tratteneva, in frequenti discorsi sopra questa material, le mezze giornate intiere ...}}</ref>]] | |||
Epic poetry, notably the "acritic songs", flourished during ]. Two chronicles, one written by ] and the other by Georgios Voustronios, cover the entire Middle Ages until the end of Frankish rule (4th century–1489). Poèmes d'amour written in medieval Greek Cypriot date back from the 16th century. Some of them are actual translations of poems written by ], ], ] and G. ].<ref>Th. Siapkaras- Pitsillidés, Le Pétrarchisme en Cypre. Poèmes d' amour en dialecte Chypriote d' après un manuscript du XVIe siècle, Athènes 1975 (2ème édition)</ref> Many Cypriot scholars fled Cyprus at troubled times such as ] (c. 1622–1687) who migrated from Cyprus to Italy in the 17th century, several of his works have survived in books of other scholars.<ref name=" Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1956 209-210 ">{{cite book |author= Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Institut für Griechisch-Römische Altertumskunde, Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Zentralinstitut für Alte Geschichte und Archäologie |title= Berliner byzantinistische Arbeiten, Volume 40 |publisher= Akademie-Verlag |year= 1956 |pages=209–210 |quote= John Cigala (born at Nicosia 1622). He studied at the College of Saint Athanasios, Rome (1635–1642), which he graduated as Doctor of Philosophy and Theology and at which he taught Greek successfully for eight years (1642–1650) ... What has survived of his work as a number of epigrams published in books of other scholars.}}</ref> | |||
Hasan Hilmi Efendi, a Turkish Cypriot poet, was rewarded by the Ottoman sultan ] and said to be the "sultan of the poems".<ref>Gazioğlu, Ahmet C. (1990). The Turks in Cyprus: a province of the Ottoman Empire (1571–1878), 293–295, K. Rüstem.</ref> | |||
Modern Greek Cypriot literary figures include the poet and writer ], poet ], poet ], writer ], Stylianos Atteshlis, ], Loukis Akritas<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.philatelism.com/details.php?issueid=256 |title=Cyprus Stamp Issue: Loukis Akritas |access-date=29 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511195913/http://www.philatelism.com/details.php?issueid=256 |archive-date=11 May 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and Demetris Th. Gotsis. ], ] and Pavlos Liasides are folk poets who wrote poems mainly in the ] dialect.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.philatelism.com/details.php?issueid=91 |title=Cyprus Stamp Issue: Cyprus Poets |access-date=29 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511195859/http://www.philatelism.com/details.php?issueid=91 |archive-date=11 May 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.philatelism.com/details.php?issueid=252 |title=Cyprus Stamp Issue: Centenary Birthday Anniversary of Poet Pavlos Liasides |access-date=29 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511195938/http://www.philatelism.com/details.php?issueid=252 |archive-date=11 May 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Among leading Turkish Cypriot writers are ], twice nominated for the ],<ref> {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017204605/http://hurarsiv.hurriyet.com.tr/goster/printnews.aspx?DocID=-31947 |date=17 October 2015}} (Hürriyet). Retrieved 31 December 2014.</ref> ], ], ], ] and ]. | |||
Hasan Hilmi Efendi, a Turkish Cypriot poet, was rewarded by the Ottoman sultan ] and said to be the "sultan of the poems".<ref>Gazioğlu, Ahmet C. (1990). The Turks in Cyprus: a province of the Ottoman Empire (1571–1878), 293–295, K. Rüstem.</ref> | |||
There is an increasingly strong presence of both temporary and permanent emigre Cypriot writers in world literature, as well as writings by second and third-generation Cypriot writers born or raised abroad, often writing in English. This includes writers such as ] and ].<ref>Alexander Davidian, 'A literary resilience' in ''The Cyprus Weekly'' (Cyprus newspaper), 10 January 2016</ref> | |||
Modern Greek Cypriot literary figures include the poet and writer ], poet ], poet ], writer ], ], ], Loukis Akritas<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.philatelism.com/details.php?issueid=256|title=Cyprus Stamp Issue: Loukis Akritas}}</ref> and Demetris Th. Gotsis. ], ] and Pavlos Liasides are folk poets who wrote poems mainly in the ] dialect.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.philatelism.com/details.php?issueid=91|title=Cyprus Stamp Issue: Cyprus Poets}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.philatelism.com/details.php?issueid=252|title=Cyprus Stamp Issue: Centenary Birthday Anniversary of Poet Pavlos Liasides}}</ref> Among leading Turkish Cypriot writers are ], twice nominated for the ],<ref> (Hürriyet), retrieved on 31 December 2014.</ref> ], ], ], ] and ]. | |||
Examples of Cyprus in foreign literature include the works of Shakespeare, with most of the play '']'' by ] set on the island of Cyprus. British writer ] lived in Cyprus from 1952 until 1956, during his time working for the British colonial government on the island, and wrote the book '']'' about his time in Cyprus which won the second ] in 1957. | |||
There is an increasingly strong presence of both temporary and permanent emigre Cypriot writers in world literature, as well as writings by second and third -generation Cypriot writers born or raised abroad, often writing in English. This includes writers such as ], ], ] and ].<ref>Alexander Davidian, 'A literary resilience' in ''The Cyprus Weekly'' (Cyprus newspaper), 10 January 2016</ref> | |||
===Mass media=== | |||
Examples of Cyprus in foreign literature, include the works of Shakespeare, with the majority of the play '']'' by ] set on the island of Cyprus. British writer ] lived in Cyprus from 1952 until 1956, during his time working for the British colonial government on the island, and wrote the book ] concerning his time in Cyprus which won the second ] in 1957. More recently British writer ] used Cyprus as the setting for her 2014 novel ''The Sunrise.'' | |||
{{Main|Media of Cyprus|Television in Cyprus|Radio in Cyprus|Cinema of Cyprus}} | |||
In the 2015 Freedom of the Press report of ], the Republic of Cyprus and Northern Cyprus were ranked "free". The Republic of Cyprus scored 25/100 in ], 5/30 in Legal Environment, 11/40 in Political Environment, and 9/30 in Economic Environment (the lower scores the better).<ref> {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216211325/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2015/cyprus |date=16 February 2016}}, 2015 report Cyprus</ref> ] rank the Republic of Cyprus 24th out of 180 countries in the 2015 World Press Freedom Index, with a score of 15.62.<ref> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419161741/http://index.rsf.org/ |date=19 April 2016}}, Cyprus</ref> | |||
The law provides for ] and ], and the government generally respects these rights in practice. An independent press, an effective judiciary, and a functioning democratic political system combine to ensure freedom of speech and of the press. The law prohibits arbitrary interference with privacy, family, home, or correspondence, and the government generally respects these prohibitions in practice.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328020122/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204274 |date=28 March 2020 }}, ''Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2012'', Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State, 22 March 2013. Retrieved 7 January 2014.</ref> | |||
=== Mass media === | |||
{{Main|Media of Cyprus}} | |||
{{Main|Television in Cyprus|Radio in Cyprus|Cinema of Cyprus}} | |||
In the 2015 Freedom of the Press report of ], the Republic of Cyprus and Northern Cyprus were ranked "free". The Republic of Cyprus scored 25/100 in ], 5/30 in Legal Environment, 11/40 in Political Environment, and 9/30 in Economic Environment (the lower scores the better).<ref>, 2015 report Cyprus</ref> ] rank the Republic of Cyprus 24th out of 180 countries in the 2015 World Press Freedom Index, with a score of 15.62<ref>, Cyprus</ref> | |||
The law provides for ] and ], and the government generally respects these rights in practice. An independent press, an effective judiciary, and a functioning democratic political system combine to ensure freedom of speech and of the press. The law prohibits arbitrary interference with privacy, family, home, or correspondence, and the government generally respects these prohibitions in practice.<ref name=USDOS-CRHRP-Cyprus-2012>, ''Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2012'', Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State, 22 March 2013. Retrieved 7 January 2014.</ref> | |||
Local television companies in Cyprus include the state owned ] which runs two television channels. In addition on the Greek side of the island there are the private channels ANT1 Cyprus, Plus TV, Mega Channel, Sigma TV, Nimonia TV (NTV) and New Extra. In Northern Cyprus, the local channels are ], the Turkish Cypriot equivalent to the Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation, and a number of private channels. The majority of local arts and cultural programming is produced by the Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation and BRT, with local arts documentaries, review programmes and filmed drama series. | Local television companies in Cyprus include the state owned ] which runs two television channels. In addition on the Greek side of the island there are the private channels ANT1 Cyprus, Plus TV, Mega Channel, Sigma TV, Nimonia TV (NTV) and New Extra. In Northern Cyprus, the local channels are ], the Turkish Cypriot equivalent to the Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation, and a number of private channels. The majority of local arts and cultural programming is produced by the Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation and BRT, with local arts documentaries, review programmes and filmed drama series. | ||
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===Cinema=== | ===Cinema=== | ||
{{Main|Cinema of Cyprus}} | {{Main|Cinema of Cyprus}} | ||
The most worldwide known Cypriot director, to have worked abroad, is ]. | |||
In the late 1960s and early 1970s, George Filis produced and directed ''Gregoris Afxentiou'', ''Etsi Prodothike i Kypros'', and ''The Mega Document''. In 1994, Cypriot film production received a boost with the establishment of the Cinema Advisory Committee. In 2000, the annual amount set aside for filmmaking in the national budget was ]500,000 (about €850,000). In addition to government grants, Cypriot co-productions are eligible for funding from the ]'s ] Fund, which finances European film co-productions. To date, four feature films on which a Cypriot was an executive producer have received funding from Eurimages. The first was ''I Sphagi tou Kokora'' (1996), followed by ''Hellados'' (unreleased), ''To Tama'' (1999), and ''O Dromos gia tin Ithaki'' (2000).<ref>" {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924012748/http://www.filmbirth.com/cyprus.html |date=24 September 2015}}".</ref> | |||
The most renowned Cypriot director to have worked abroad is ]. | |||
===Cuisine=== | |||
Cypriot cinema was born much later than that of other countries. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, ] produced and directed ''Gregoris Afxentiou'', ''Etsi Prodothike i Kypros'' (''Cyprus Betrayal''), and ''The Mega Document''. | |||
{{Main|Cypriot cuisine}} | |||
]'']] | |||
During the medieval period, under the French Lusignan monarchs of Cyprus an elaborate form of courtly cuisine developed, fusing French, Byzantine and Middle Eastern forms. The Lusignan kings were known for importing Syrian cooks to Cyprus, and it has been suggested that one of the key routes for the importation of Middle Eastern recipes into France and other Western European countries, such as blancmange, was via the Lusignan Kingdom of Cyprus. These recipes became known in the West as ''vyands de Chypre'', or foods of Cyprus, and the food historian William Woys Weaver has identified over one hundred of them in English, French, Italian and German recipe books of the Middle Ages. One that became particularly popular across Europe in the medieval and early modern periods was a stew made with chicken or fish called ''malmonia'', which in English became mawmeny.<ref>William Woys Weaver, 'Poland in the Middle Ages' in Maria Dembinska (ed.) ''Food and Drink in Medieval Poland: Rediscovering a Cuisine of the Past'' (Philadelphia: University of University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999) pp. 41–46</ref> | |||
In 1994, cinematographic production received a boost with the establishment of the Cinema Advisory Committee. As of the year 2000, the annual amount set aside in the national budget stands at Cy Pounds 500,000 (about 850,000 Euros). In addition to government grants, Cypriot co-productions are eligible for funding from the ]'s Eurimages Fund, which finances European film co-productions. To date, four feature-length films in which a Cypriot was executive producer have received funding from ]. The first was '']'' (1992), completed in 1996, ''Hellados'' ('']'', 1995), which is currently in post-production, and ]'s ''O Dromos gia tin Ithaki'' ('']'', 1997) which premiered in March 2000. The theme song to ''The Road to Ithaka'' was composed by ] and sung by ]. In September 1999, '']'' (''The Promise'') by ] also received funding from the Eurimages Fund.<ref>"".</ref> In 2009 the Greek director, writer and producer ] filmed in Cyprus ]. The film was awarded in 2012 with the Best Screenwriting and Best Photography award in ] (UK) and was official selection in ], ], ], ], ] and opening film in the Panorama of European Cinema in Athens. In 2010 the film was Nominated for the best film from the ]. | |||
Another example of a Cypriot food ingredient entering the Western European canon is the cauliflower, still popular and used in a variety of ways on the island today, which was associated with Cyprus from the early Middle Ages. Writing in the 12th and 13th centuries the Arab botanists ] and ] claimed the vegetable had its origins in Cyprus,<ref>{{cite web |title=Cabbage Flowers for Food|url=http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/archives/parsons/publications/vegetabletravelers/broccoli.html |website=Aggie Horticulture |publisher=Texas AgriLife Extension Service, Texas A&M System |access-date=12 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812232947/http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu//archives/parsons/publications/vegetabletravelers/broccoli.html |archive-date=12 August 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Fenwick |first=G. Roger |author2=Heaney, Robert K. |author3=Mullin, W. John |author4=VanEtten, Cecil H. |title=Glucosinolates and their breakdown products in food and food plants |journal=CRC Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition |date=1982 |volume=18| issue=2 |pages=123–201 |doi=10.1080/10408398209527361 |pmid=6337782}}</ref> and this association with the island was echoed in Western Europe, where cauliflowers were originally known as Cyprus cabbage or ''Cyprus colewart''. There was also a long and extensive trade in cauliflower seeds from Cyprus, until well into the sixteenth century.<ref>Jon Gregerson, ''Good Earth'' (Portland: Graphic Arts Center Publishing Company, 1990) p.41</ref> | |||
Only a small number of foreign films have been made in Cyprus. This includes ], filmed in 1969 and starring ], ] and ]. In 1970 ], starring ] was also filmed in Cyprus, as was the 1973 British comedy movie ], directed by ], starring ], ] and ].<ref>Roger Lewis, ''The Life and Death of Peter Sellers'' (London: Arrow, 1995) p.130</ref> Parts of the 1962 film '']'', starring ] were also filmed on Cyprus. | |||
]]] | |||
===Cuisine=== | |||
]]] | |||
{{Main|Cypriot cuisine}} | |||
] | |||
Although much of the Lusignan food culture was lost after the fall of Cyprus to the Ottomans in 1571, a number of dishes that would have been familiar to the Lusignans survive today, including various forms of tahini and houmous, zalatina, skordalia and pickled wild song birds called ambelopoulia. ], which is today highly controversial, and illegal, was exported in vast quantities from Cyprus during the Lusignan and Venetian periods, particularly to Italy and France. In 1533 the English traveller to Cyprus, John Locke, claimed to have seen the pickled wild birds packed into large jars, of which 1200 jars were exported from Cyprus annually.<ref>David Bannerman and Mary Bannerman ''Birds of Cyprus'' (London: Oliver and Boyd, 1958) p. 384</ref> | |||
] cheese originated in Cyprus<ref>{{cite book |author= Robinson, R. K. – Tamime, A. Y. |title=Feta and Related Cheeses |publisher=Woodhead Publishing |year=1991 |page=144 |isbn=1-85573-278-5 |quote= Halloumi is a semi-hard to hard, unripened cheese that traditionally is made from either sheep's or goat's milk or a mixture. Although the cheese has its origins in Cyprus, it is widely popular throughout the Middle East, and hence many countries have now become involved with its manufacture.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author= Murdoch Books Pty Limited |title= Essential Mediterranean |publisher= Murdoch Books |year= 2005 |page=21 |isbn= 1-74045-539-8 |quote= HALOUMl Originating in Cyprus, this salty, semi-hard sheep's milk cheese is a popular table cheese }}</ref> and was initially made during the Medieval ] period.<ref>{{cite book |author= Goldstein, Darra – Merkle, Kathrin – Parasecoli, Fabio – Mennell, Stephen – Council of Europe |title= Culinary cultures of Europe: identity, diversity and dialogue |publisher= Council of Europe |year= 2005 |page=121 |isbn= 92-871-5744-8 |quote= Most culinary innovations in the Cypriot cuisine occurred during the Byzantine era ... Experimentation with dairy products resulted in the now-famous halloumi and feta cheese.}}</ref> Halloumi (Hellim) is commonly served sliced, either fresh or grilled, as an appetiser. | |||
Also familiar to the Lusignans would have been ] cheese, which some food writers today claim originated in Cyprus during the Byzantine period<ref>{{cite book |author1=Goldstein, Darra |author2=Merkle, Kathrin |author3=Parasecoli, Fabio |author4=Mennell, Stephen |author5=Council of Europe |title=Culinary cultures of Europe: identity, diversity and dialogue |publisher=Council of Europe |year=2005 |page=121 |isbn=978-92-871-5744-7 |quote=Most culinary innovations in the Cypriot cuisine occurred during the Byzantine era ... Experimentation with dairy products resulted in the now-famous halloumi and feta cheese.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Robinson, R. K. |author2=Tamime, A. Y. |title=Feta and Related Cheeses |publisher=Woodhead Publishing |year=1991 |page=144 |isbn=978-1-85573-278-0 |quote=Halloumi is a semi-hard to hard, unripened cheese that traditionally is made from either sheep's or goat's milk or a mixture. Although the cheese has its origins in Cyprus, it is widely popular throughout the Middle East, and hence many countries have now become involved with its manufacture.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Murdoch Books Pty Limited |title=Essential Mediterranean |publisher=Murdoch Books |year=2005 |page=21 |isbn=978-1-74045-539-8 |quote=HALOUMl Originating in Cyprus, this salty, semi-hard sheep's milk cheese is a popular table cheese}}</ref> although the name of the cheese itself is thought by academics to be of Arabic origin.<ref name="Papademas 117">P. Papademas, "Halloumi Cheese" in A.Y. Tamime (ed.), ''Brined Cheeses'' (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2006) p.117</ref> There is no surviving written documentary evidence of the cheese being associated with Cyprus before the year 1554, when the Italian historian ] wrote of a sheep-milk cheese from Cyprus he called ''calumi''.<ref name="Papademas 117"/> Halloumi (Hellim) is commonly served sliced, grilled, fried and sometimes fresh, as an appetiser or ] dish. | |||
]]] | |||
Seafood and fish dishes include squid, octopus, ], and ]. Cucumber and tomato are used widely in salads. Common vegetable preparations include potatoes in olive oil and parsley, pickled cauliflower and beets, asparagus and ]. Other traditional delicacies |
Seafood and fish dishes include squid, octopus, ], and ]. Cucumber and tomato are used widely in salads. Common vegetable preparations include potatoes in olive oil and parsley, pickled cauliflower and beets, asparagus and ]. Other traditional delicacies are meat marinated in dried coriander seeds and wine, and eventually dried and smoked, such as ''lountza'' (smoked ]), charcoal-grilled lamb, ] (pork and chicken cooked over charcoal), and ] (minced meat wrapped in ]). ''Pourgouri'' (], cracked wheat) is the traditional source of carbohydrate other than bread, and is used to make the delicacy ]. | ||
Fresh vegetables and fruits are common ingredients. Frequently used vegetables include courgettes, green peppers, ], green beans, artichokes, carrots, tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and grape leaves, and pulses such as beans, broad beans, peas, black-eyed beans, chick-peas and lentils. The most common fruits and nuts are pears, apples, grapes, oranges, ], nectarines, ], blackberries, cherry, strawberries, figs, watermelon, melon, avocado, lemon, pistachio, almond, chestnut, walnut, and hazelnut. | Fresh vegetables and fruits are common ingredients. Frequently used vegetables include courgettes, green peppers, ], green beans, artichokes, carrots, tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and grape leaves, and pulses such as beans, broad beans, peas, black-eyed beans, chick-peas and lentils. The most common fruits and nuts are pears, apples, grapes, oranges, ], nectarines, ], blackberries, cherry, strawberries, figs, watermelon, melon, avocado, lemon, pistachio, almond, chestnut, walnut, and hazelnut. | ||
Cyprus is also well known for its desserts, including ''lokum'' (also known as ]) and ].<ref |
Cyprus is also well known for its desserts, including ''lokum'' (also known as ]) and ].<ref>" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517130802/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3753928.stm |date=17 May 2024 }}", ''BBC News'', 18 October 2004</ref> This island has ] for its ''lokum'' produced in the village of ].<ref>{{cite news |title=Turks riled as Cyprus set to win EU trademark on Turkish Delight | date=13 December 2007 |agency=Associated Press |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/12/13/europe/EU-GEN-Cyprus-Turkish-Delight.php |work=International Herald Tribune |access-date =14 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202125809/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/12/13/europe/EU-GEN-Cyprus-Turkish-Delight.php |archive-date=2 December 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://cyprus-mail.com/2016/07/04/agros-rose-preserve-included-protected-geographical-indication-list/ |title=Agros rose preserve included in protected geographical indication list |last=Andreou |first=Evie |date=4 July 2016 |work=Cyprus Mail |access-date=19 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120070241/http://cyprus-mail.com/2016/07/04/agros-rose-preserve-included-protected-geographical-indication-list/ |archive-date=20 January 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
===Sports=== | ===Sports=== | ||
]]] | ] in ]]] | ||
Sport governing bodies include the ], ], ], ], Cyprus Badminton Federation,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cyprusbadminton.com |title=Cyprus Badminton Federation |publisher=Cyprusbadminton.com | |
Sport governing bodies include the ], ], ], ], Cyprus Badminton Federation,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cyprusbadminton.com |title=Cyprus Badminton Federation |publisher=Cyprusbadminton.com |access-date=27 March 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090403054924/http://www.cyprusbadminton.com/ |archive-date=3 April 2009}}</ref> ], ] and the Cyprus Pool Association. | ||
Notable teams in the Cyprus |
Notable sports teams in the Cyprus leagues include ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ] Stadiums or sports venues include the ] (the largest in the Republic of Cyprus-controlled areas), ] (second largest), ], ], ]. ] and ]. | ||
In the 2008–09 season, ] was the first Cypriot team to qualify for the ] Group stage. Next season, ] qualified for the UEFA Champions League group stage, and reached the last 8 of the ] after finishing top of its group and beating French ] in the Round of 16. | In the 2008–09 season, ] was the first Cypriot team to qualify for the ] Group stage. Next season, ] qualified for the UEFA Champions League group stage, and reached the last 8 of the ] after finishing top of its group and beating French ] in the Round of 16. | ||
The ] known as ''The Moufflons'' currently holds the record for most consecutive international wins, which is especially notable as the ] was only formed in 2006. | The ] known as ''The Moufflons'' currently holds the record for most consecutive international wins, which is especially notable as the ] was only formed in 2006. | ||
Tennis player ] was ranked 8th in the world, was a finalist at the Australian Open, and reached the ] semi-final, all in 2006. High jumper ] achieved a jump of 2. |
Footballer ] won the ] in the 1975–76 season; Cyprus is the smallest country by population to have one of its players win the award. Tennis player ] was ranked 8th in the world, was a finalist at the Australian Open, and reached the ] semi-final, all in 2006. High jumper ] achieved a jump of 2.35m at the 11th ] in ], Japan, in 2007, winning the bronze medal. He has been ranked third in the world. In motorsports, ] is a successful race car driver, currently racing in the ] for Marussia ]. There is also mixed martial artist ], who competed in ]'s middleweight division from 2011 until 2015. Costas holds a 6–4 record in UFC bouts. | ||
Also notable for a Mediterranean island, the siblings ] and ] qualified for the ] in |
Also notable for a Mediterranean island, the siblings ] and ] qualified for the ] in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. They were the only athletes who managed to qualify and thus represented ]. | ||
The country's first ever Olympic medal, a silver medal, was won by the sailor ], at the ] in the ]. | The country's first ever Olympic medal, a silver medal, was won by the sailor ], at the ] in the ]. | ||
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==See also== | ||
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{{notelist}} | |||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
'''Informational notes''' | |||
{{reflist|30em}} | |||
{{notelist}} | |||
'''Citations''' | |||
==Further reading== | |||
{{reflist}} | |||
'''Further reading''' | |||
{{Refbegin|30em}} | {{Refbegin|30em}} | ||
* |
*{{cite book |author=Brewin, Christopher |title=European Union and Cyprus |publisher=Eothen Press |year=2000 |isbn= 978-0-906719-24-4}} | ||
* {{cite book |author= |
* {{cite book |author=Charalambous, Giorgos |title=Party-Society Relations in the Republic of Cyprus |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2015 |isbn= 978-1-317386-56-8}} | ||
* Clark, Tommy. ''A Brief History of Cyprus'' (2020) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326034636/https://www.amazon.co.uk/Brief-History-Cyprus-Tommy-Clark/dp/1527268527/ |date=26 March 2023 }} | |||
* {{cite book |author=Dods, Clement (ed.)|title=Cyprus: The Need for New Perspectives |publisher=The Eothen Press |year=1999 |isbn= 0-906719-23-2}} | |||
* {{cite book | |
* {{cite book |editor=Dods, Clement|title=Cyprus: The Need for New Perspectives |publisher=The Eothen Press |year=1999 |isbn= 978-0-906719-23-7}} | ||
* {{cite book |author= |
* {{cite book |author=Durrell, Lawrence |title=Bitter Lemons |publisher=Faber and Faber |year=1957 |isbn=978-0-571-20155-6 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/bitterlemonsofcy0000durr }} | ||
* {{cite book | |
* {{cite book |author1=Faustmann, Hubert |author2=Nicos Peristianis |title=Britain and Cyprus: Colonialism and Post-Colonialism, 1878–2006 |publisher=Bibliopolis |year=2006 |isbn= 978-3-933925-36-7}} | ||
* {{cite book |author= |
* {{cite book |author=Gibbons, Harry Scott |title=The Genocide Files |publisher=Charles Bravos Publishers |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-9514464-2-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/genocidefiles00gibb }} | ||
* {{cite book |author= |
* {{cite book |author=Hannay, David |title=Cyprus: The Search for a Solution |publisher=] |year=2005 |isbn= 978-1-85043-665-2}} | ||
* {{cite book |author= |
* {{cite book |author=Hitchens, Christopher |title=Hostage to History: Cyprus from the Ottomans to Kissinger |publisher=Verso |year=1997 |isbn=978-1-85984-189-1}} | ||
* {{cite book |author=Ker-Lindsay, James |
* {{cite book |author=Ker-Lindsay, James |title=EU Accession and UN Peacemaking in Cyprus |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-4039-9690-9}} | ||
* {{cite book | |
* {{cite book |author1=Ker-Lindsay, James |author2=Hubert Faustmann |title=The Government and Politics of Cyprus |publisher=Peter Lang |year=2009 |isbn= 978-3-03911-096-4}} | ||
* {{cite book |author=Mallinson, William |title=Cyprus a Modern History |publisher=I.B.Tauris |year=2005 |isbn= 978-1-85043-580-8}} | |||
* {{cite book|last1= Merin |first1=Jennifer |last2= Burdick |first2=Elizabeth B.|title=International directory of theatre, dance, and folklore festivals: a project of the International Theatre Institute of the United States, inc|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SR1mAAAAMAAJ|date=1 November 1979|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0-313-20993-2|ref=harv}} | |||
* {{cite book |last1=Merin |first1=Jennifer |last2=Burdick |first2=Elizabeth B. |title=International directory of theatre, dance, and folklore festivals: a project of the International Theatre Institute of the United States, inc |url=https://archive.org/details/internationaldir00meri |url-access=registration |date=1 November 1979 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=978-0-313-20993-2 }} | |||
* {{cite book |author=Mirbagheri, Farid|title=Cyprus and International Peacemaking |publisher=Hurst |year=1989 |isbn= 1-85065-354-2}} | |||
* {{cite book |author= |
* {{cite book |author=Mirbagheri, Farid |title=Cyprus and International Peacemaking |publisher=Hurst |year=1989 |isbn=978-1-85065-354-7 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/cyprusinternatio0000mirb }} | ||
* {{cite book |author= |
* {{cite book |author=Nicolet, Claude|title=United States Policy Towards Cyprus, 1954–1974 |publisher=Bibliopolis |year=2001 |isbn= 978-3-933925-20-6}} | ||
* {{cite book |author= |
* {{cite book |author=Oberling, Pierre|title=The Road to Bellapais |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1982 |isbn= 978-0-88033-000-8}} | ||
* {{cite book | |
* {{cite book |author1=O'Malley, Brendan |author2=Ian Craig|title=The Cyprus Conspiracy |publisher=I.B.Tauris |year=1999 |isbn= 978-1-86064-737-6}} | ||
* {{cite book |author= |
* {{cite book |author=Palley, Claire |title=An International Relations Debacle: The UN Secretary-General's Mission of Good Offices in Cyprus, 1999–2004 |publisher=Hart Publishing |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-84113-578-6}} | ||
* {{cite book |author= |
* {{cite book |author=Papadakis, Yiannis|title=Echoes from the Dead Zone: Across the Cyprus Divide |publisher=I.B.Tauris |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-85043-428-3}} | ||
* {{cite book |author=Richmond, Oliver|title=Mediating in Cyprus |publisher=Frank Cass |year=1998 |isbn= |
* {{cite book |author=Richmond, Oliver|title=Mediating in Cyprus |publisher=Frank Cass |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-7146-4431-8}} | ||
* {{cite book | |
* {{cite book |editor=Richmond, Oliver |editor2=James Ker-Lindsay |title=The Work of the UN in Cyprus: Promoting Peace and Development |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-333-91271-3}} | ||
* {{cite book |author=Richter, Heinz |title=A Concise History of Modern Cyprus 1878–2009 |publisher=Rutzen |year=2010 |isbn=978-3-447-06212-1}} | * {{cite book |author=Richter, Heinz |title=A Concise History of Modern Cyprus 1878–2009 |publisher=Rutzen |year=2010 |isbn=978-3-447-06212-1}} | ||
* Sacopoulo, Marina (1966). ''Chypre d'aujourd'hui''. Paris: G.-P. Maisonneuve et Larose. 406 |
* Sacopoulo, Marina (1966). ''Chypre d'aujourd'hui''. Paris: G.-P. Maisonneuve et Larose. 406 p., ill. with b&w photos. and fold. maps. | ||
* {{cite book |author=Tocci, Nathalie|title=EU Accession Dynamics and Conflict Resolution: Catalysing Peace or Consolidating Partition in Cyprus? |publisher=Ashgate |year=2004 |isbn= 0-7546-4310- |
* {{cite book |author=Tocci, Nathalie |title=EU Accession Dynamics and Conflict Resolution: Catalysing Peace or Consolidating Partition in Cyprus? |publisher=Ashgate |year=2004 |isbn= 978-0-7546-4310-4}} | ||
* {{cite book | |
* {{cite book |author1=Yiorghos, Leventis |author2=Murata Sawayanagi Nanako |author3=Hazama Yasushi |title=Crossing Over Cyprus |publisher=Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA) Tokyo University of Foreign Studies (TUFS) |year=2008 |isbn=978-4-86337-003-6}} | ||
* {{cite book |author=Yiorghos, Leventis, Murata Sawayanagi Nanako, Hazama Yasushi|title=Crossing Over Cyprus|publisher=Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA) Tokyo University of Foreign Studies (TUFS)|year=2008 |isbn= 978-4-86337-003-6}} | |||
{{Refend}} | {{Refend}} | ||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
{{Sister project links|Cyprus|voy=Cyprus}} | {{Sister project links|Cyprus|voy=Cyprus}} | ||
'''General Information''' | |||
* {{CIA World Factbook link|cy|Cyprus}} | |||
* . '']''. ]. | |||
* | * | ||
* from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' | * from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' | ||
* information from the ] includes Background Notes, Country Study and major reports | * information from the ] includes Background Notes, Country Study and major reports | ||
* from the ] | |||
* {{dmoz|Regional/Middle_East/Cyprus}} | |||
* from the ] | |||
* | * | ||
* | |||
* , a fully digitised text from The Metropolitan Museum of Art libraries | |||
'''Government''' | |||
* | * | ||
* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702085503/http://www.cyprus.gov.cy/portal/portal.nsf/citizen_en?OpenForm&access=0&SectionId=citizen&CategoryId=none&SelectionId=home&print=0&lang=en |date=2 July 2022 }} | |||
* | |||
* | |||
* | |||
* | |||
* | |||
* | * | ||
* at annanplan.com | |||
* | |||
* | |||
'''Tourism''' | |||
* – the official travel portal for Cyprus | * {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100628111323/http://www.visitcyprus.com/ |date=28 June 2010 }} – the official travel portal for Cyprus | ||
* | |||
* – www.Cyprus.com | * – www.Cyprus.com | ||
* {{osmrelation-inline|307787}} | * {{osmrelation-inline|307787}} | ||
'''Cuisine''' | |||
* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423165804/https://publications.gov.cy/assets/user/publications/2022/2022_040/HTML/ |date=23 April 2023 }} | |||
; Official publications | |||
* . | |||
* | |||
* | |||
* | |||
* The Republic of Cyprus Press and Information Office, | |||
* | |||
* {{loc}} | |||
* {{CIA World Factbook}} | |||
* | |||
* | |||
'''Archaeology''' | |||
{{coord|35|N|33|E|type:country_region:CY_scale:2500000_source:GNS|display=title}} | |||
* | |||
{{Cyprus topics |state=uncollapsed}} | |||
* , a fully digitised text from The Metropolitan Museum of Art libraries | |||
{{Left- hand traffic countries}} | |||
* | |||
'''Official publications''' | |||
* . | |||
* {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080928053046/http://www.moi.gov.cy/moi/pio/pio.nsf/All/BD477C55623013C5C2256D740027CF98?OpenDocument |date=28 September 2008 }} | |||
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Latest revision as of 12:09, 20 December 2024
Mediterranean island country in the Middle East This article is about the country. For other uses, see Cyprus (disambiguation). Not to be confused with Cypress.
Republic of Cyprus | |
---|---|
Flag Coat of arms | |
Anthem: Ὕμνος εἰς τὴν Ἐλευθερίαν (English: "Hymn to Liberty") | |
Location of the Republic of Cyprus in dark green, territory de jure but not controlled in light green | |
Capitaland largest city | Nicosia 35°10′N 33°22′E / 35.167°N 33.367°E / 35.167; 33.367 |
Official languages | |
Minority languages | |
Vernaculars | |
Ethnic groups | |
Religion (2020; includes Northern Cyprus) |
|
Demonym(s) | Cypriot |
Government | Unitary presidential republic |
• President | Nikos Christodoulides |
• Vice-President | Vacant |
• President of the House of Representatives | Annita Demetriou |
Legislature | House of Representatives |
Independence from the United Kingdom | |
• London-Zürich Agreements | 19 February 1959 |
• Independence proclaimed | 16 August 1960 |
• Independence Day | 1 October 1960 |
Area | |
• Total | 9,251 km (3,572 sq mi) (162nd) |
• Water (%) | 0.11 |
Population | |
• 2021 census | 923,272 |
• Density | 123.4/km (319.6/sq mi) (82nd) |
GDP (PPP) | 2024 estimate |
• Total | $55.140 billion (124th) |
• Per capita | $59,858 (31st) |
GDP (nominal) | 2024 estimate |
• Total | $34.790 billion (105th) |
• Per capita | $37,767 (28th) |
Gini (2022) | 29.4 low inequality |
HDI (2022) | 0.907 very high (29th) |
Currency | Euro (€) (EUR) |
Time zone | UTC+02:00 (EET) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+03:00 (EEST) |
Drives on | Left |
Calling code | +357 |
ISO 3166 code | CY |
Internet TLD | .cy |
Cyprus (/ˈsaɪprəs/ ), officially the Republic of Cyprus, is an island country in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Although it is geographically located in West Asia, its cultural identity and geopolitical make-up are overwhelmingly Southeast European. It is the third largest and third most populous island in the Mediterranean. It is located southeast of Greece, south of Turkey, west of Syria and Lebanon, northwest of Israel and Palestine, and north of Egypt. Its capital and largest city is Nicosia. Cyprus hosts the British-controlled military bases Akrotiri and Dhekelia, whilst the northeast portion of the island is de facto governed by the self-declared Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, which is separated from the Republic of Cyprus by the United Nations Buffer Zone.
Cyprus was first settled by hunter-gatherers around 13,000 years ago, with farming settlements emerging a few thousand years later. During the late Bronze Age, Cyprus (then called Alashiya) developed an urbanised society closely connected to the wider Mediterranean world. Cyprus experienced waves of settlement by Mycenaean Greeks at the end of the 2nd millennium BC. It was subsequently occupied by several empires, including the Assyrians, Ancient Egyptians, and Persians, from whom the island was seized in 333 BC by Alexander the Great. Subsequent rule by Ptolemaic Egypt, the Classical and Eastern Roman Empire, Arab caliphates, the French Lusignans, and the Venetians was followed by over three centuries of Ottoman rule between 1571 and 1878 (de jure until 1914). Cyprus was placed under the United Kingdom's administration based on the Cyprus Convention in 1878, and was formally annexed by the UK in 1914.
The future of the island became a matter of disagreement between the two prominent ethnic communities, Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots. From the 19th century onwards, the Greek Cypriot population pursued enosis (union with Greece), which became a Greek national policy in the 1950s. The Turkish Cypriot population initially advocated for the continuation of British rule, then demanded the annexation of the island to Turkey; in the 1950s, together with Turkey, they established a policy of taksim (the partition of Cyprus and the creation of a Turkish polity in the north of the island). Following nationalist violence in the 1950s, Cyprus was granted independence in 1960. The crisis of 1963–64 brought further intercommunal violence between the two communities, displaced more than 25,000 Turkish Cypriots into enclaves, and brought the end of Turkish Cypriot representation in the republic. On 15 July 1974, a coup d'état was staged by Greek Cypriot nationalists and elements of the Greek military junta. This action precipitated the Turkish invasion of Cyprus on 20 July, which led to the capture of the present-day territory of Northern Cyprus and the displacement of over 150,000 Greek Cypriots and 50,000 Turkish Cypriots. A separate Turkish Cypriot state in the north was established by unilateral declaration in 1983, which was widely condemned by the international community and led to Turkey being the only country to recognise the new state. These events and the resulting political situation are matters of an ongoing dispute.
Cyprus is a major tourist destination with an advanced high-income economy. It has been a member of the Commonwealth of Nations since 1961 and was a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement until it joined the European Union on 1 May 2004. On 1 January 2008, it joined the eurozone. Cyprus has long maintained good relations with NATO while refusing to join it, but confirmed in 2024 that it now intends to officially join.
Etymology
The earliest attested reference to Cyprus is the 15th century BC Mycenaean Greek 𐀓𐀠𐀪𐀍, ku-pi-ri-jo, meaning "Cypriot" (Greek: Κύπριος), written in Linear B syllabic script. The classical Greek form of the name is Κύπρος (Kýpros).
The etymology of the name is unknown. Suggestions include:
- the Greek word for the Mediterranean cypress tree (Cupressus sempervirens), κυπάρισσος (kypárissos)
- the Greek name of the henna tree (Lawsonia alba), κύπρος (kýpros)
- an Eteocypriot word for copper. It has been suggested, for example, that it has roots in the Sumerian word for copper (zubar) or for bronze (kubar), from the large deposits of copper ore found on the island.
Through overseas trade, the island has given its name to the Classical Latin word for copper through the phrase aes Cyprium, "metal of Cyprus", later shortened to Cuprum.
The standard demonym relating to Cyprus or its people or culture is Cypriot. The terms Cypriote and Cyprian (later a personal name) are also used, though less frequently.
The state's official name in Greek literally translates to "Cypriot Republic" in English, but this translation is not used officially; "Republic of Cyprus" is used instead.
History
Main articles: History of Cyprus and Timeline of Cypriot historyPrehistoric and ancient period
Main articles: Prehistoric Cyprus and Ancient history of CyprusHunter-gatherers first arrived on Cyprus around 13–12,000 years ago (11,000 to 10,000 BC), based on dating of sites like Aetokremnos on the south coast and the inland site of Vretsia Roudias. The arrival of the first humans coincides with the extinction of the 75 cm (2.46 ft) high Cypriot pygmy hippopotamus and 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) tall Cyprus dwarf elephant, the only large mammals native to the island. Neolithic farming communities emerged on the island by around 10,500 years ago (8500 BC).
Remains of an eight-month-old cat were discovered buried with a human body at a separate Neolithic site in Cyprus. The grave is estimated to be 9,500 years old (7500 BC), predating ancient Egyptian civilisation and pushing back the earliest known feline-human association significantly. The remarkably well-preserved Neolithic village of Khirokitia is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, dating to approximately 6800 BC.
During the Late Bronze Age, from around 1650 BC Cyprus (identified in whole or part as Alashiya in contemporary texts) became more connected to the wider Mediterranean world driven by the trade in copper extracted from the Troodos Mountains, which stimulated the development of urbanised settlements across the island, with records suggesting that Cyprus at this time was ruled by "kings" who corresponded with the leaders of other Mediterranean states (like the pharaohs of the New Kingdom of Egypt, as documented in the Amarna letters). The first recorded name of a Cypriot king is Kushmeshusha, as appears on letters sent to Ugarit in the 13th century BC.
At the end of the Bronze Age, the island experienced two waves of Greek settlement. The first wave consisted of Mycenaean Greek traders, who started visiting Cyprus around 1400 BC. A major wave of Greek settlement is believed to have taken place following the Late Bronze Age collapse of Mycenaean Greece from 1100 to 1050 BC, with the island's predominantly Greek character dating from this period. Cyprus occupies an important role in Greek mythology, being the birthplace of Aphrodite and Adonis, and home to King Cinyras, Teucer and Pygmalion. Literary evidence suggests an early Phoenician presence at Kition, which was under Tyrian rule at the beginning of the 10th century BC. Some Phoenician merchants who were believed to come from Tyre colonised the area and expanded the political influence of Kition. After c. 850 BC, the sanctuaries were rebuilt and reused by the Phoenicians.
Cyprus is at a strategic location in the Eastern Mediterranean. It was ruled by the Neo-Assyrian Empire for a century starting in 708 BC, before a brief spell under Egyptian rule and eventually Achaemenid rule in 545 BC. The Cypriots, led by Onesilus, king of Salamis, joined their fellow Greeks in the Ionian cities during the unsuccessful Ionian Revolt in 499 BC against the Achaemenids. The revolt was suppressed, but Cyprus managed to maintain a high degree of autonomy and remained inclined towards the Greek world. During the whole period of the Persian rule, there is a continuity in the reign of the Cypriot kings and during their rebellions they were crushed by Persian rulers from Asia Minor, which is an indication that the Cypriots were ruling the island with directly regulated relations with the Great King and there was not a Persian satrap. The Kingdoms of Cyprus enjoyed special privileges and a semi-autonomous status, but they were still considered vassal subjects of the Great King.
The island was conquered by Alexander the Great in 333 BC and Cypriot navy helped Alexander during the siege of Tyre (332 BC). The Cypriot fleet was also sent to help Amphoterus. In addition, Alexander had two Cypriot generals Stasander and Stasanor both from the Soli and later both became satraps in Alexander's empire. Following Alexander's death, the division of his empire, and the subsequent Wars of the Diadochi, Cyprus became part of the Hellenistic empire of Ptolemaic Egypt. It was during this period that the island was fully Hellenised. In 58 BC Cyprus was acquired by the Roman Republic and became Roman Cyprus in 22 BC.
Middle Ages
Main articles: Cyprus in the Middle Ages and Kingdom of CyprusWhen the Roman Empire was divided into Eastern and Western parts in 286, Cyprus became part of the East Roman Empire (also called the Byzantine Empire), and would remain so for some 900 years. Under Byzantine rule, the Greek orientation that had been prominent since antiquity developed the strong Hellenistic-Christian character that continues to be a hallmark of the Greek Cypriot community.
Beginning in 649, Cyprus endured repeated attacks and raids launched by Umayyad Caliphate. Many were quick raids, but others were large-scale attacks in which many Cypriots were killed and great wealth carried off or destroyed. The city of Salamis was destroyed and never rebuilt. Byzantine control remained stronger in the northern coast, the Arabs exerted more influence in the south. In 688, Emperor Justinian II and Caliph Abd al-Malik signed a treaty whereby Cyprus would be paying an equal amount of tribute to the Caliphate and tax to the Empire, but would remain politically neutral to both while being retained as a province administered by the Empire. There are no Byzantine churches which survive from this period, and the island entered a period of impoverishment. Full Byzantine rule was restored in 965, when Emperor Nikephoros II Phokas scored decisive victories on land and sea.
In 1156 Raynald of Châtillon and Thoros II of Armenia brutally sacked Cyprus over a period of three weeks, stealing so much plunder and capturing so many of the leading citizens and their families for ransom, that the island took generations to recover. Several Greek priests were mutilated and sent away to Constantinople.
In 1185 Isaac Komnenos, a member of the Byzantine imperial family, took over Cyprus and declared it independent of the Empire. In 1191, during the Third Crusade, Richard I of England captured the island from Isaac. He used it as a major supply base that was relatively safe from the Saracens. A year later Richard sold the island to the Knights Templar, who, following a bloody revolt, in turn sold it to Guy of Lusignan. His brother and successor Aimery was recognised as King of Cyprus by Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor.
Following the death in 1473 of James II, the last Lusignan king, the Republic of Venice assumed control of the island, while the late king's Venetian widow, Queen Catherine Cornaro, reigned as figurehead. Venice formally annexed the Kingdom of Cyprus in 1489, following the abdication of Catherine. The Venetians fortified Nicosia by building the Walls of Nicosia, and used it as an important commercial hub. Throughout Venetian rule, the Ottoman Empire frequently raided Cyprus. In 1539 the Ottomans destroyed Limassol and so fearing the worst, the Venetians also fortified Famagusta and Kyrenia.
Although the Lusignan French aristocracy remained the dominant social class in Cyprus throughout the medieval period, the former assumption that Greeks were treated only as serfs on the island is no longer considered by academics to be accurate. It is now accepted that the medieval period saw increasing numbers of Greek Cypriots elevated to the upper classes, a growing Greek middle ranks, and the Lusignan royal household even marrying Greeks. This included King John II of Cyprus who married Helena Palaiologina.
Ottoman Cyprus
Main article: Ottoman CyprusIn 1570, a full-scale Ottoman assault with 60,000 troops brought the island under Ottoman control, despite stiff resistance by the inhabitants of Nicosia and Famagusta. Ottoman forces capturing Cyprus massacred many Greek and Armenian Christian inhabitants. The previous Latin elite were destroyed and the first significant demographic change since antiquity took place with the formation of a Muslim community. Soldiers who fought in the conquest settled on the island and Turkish peasants and craftsmen were brought to the island from Anatolia. This new community also included banished Anatolian tribes, "undesirable" persons and members of various "troublesome" Muslim sects, as well as a number of new converts on the island.
The Ottomans abolished the feudal system previously in place and applied the millet system to Cyprus, under which non-Muslim peoples were governed by their own religious authorities. In a reversal from the days of Latin rule, the head of the Church of Cyprus was invested as leader of the Greek Cypriot population and acted as mediator between Christian Greek Cypriots and the Ottoman authorities. This status ensured that the Church of Cyprus was in a position to end the constant encroachments of the Roman Catholic Church. Ottoman rule of Cyprus was at times indifferent, at times oppressive, depending on the temperaments of the sultans and local officials.
The ratio of Muslims to Christians fluctuated throughout the period of Ottoman domination. In 1777–78, 47,000 Muslims constituted a majority over the island's 37,000 Christians. By 1872, the population of the island had risen to 144,000, comprising 44,000 Muslims and 100,000 Christians. The Muslim population included numerous crypto-Christians, including the Linobambaki, a crypto-Catholic community that arose due to religious persecution of the Catholic community by the Ottoman authorities; this community would assimilate into the Turkish Cypriot community during British rule.
As soon as the Greek War of Independence broke out in 1821, several Greek Cypriots left for Greece to join the Greek forces. In response, the Ottoman governor of Cyprus arrested and executed 486 prominent Greek Cypriots, including the Archbishop of Cyprus, Kyprianos, and four other bishops. In 1828, modern Greece's first president Ioannis Kapodistrias called for union of Cyprus with Greece, and numerous minor uprisings took place. Reaction to Ottoman misrule led to uprisings by both Greek and Turkish Cypriots, although none were successful. After centuries of neglect by the Ottoman Empire, the poverty of most of the people and the ever-present tax collectors fueled Greek nationalism, and by the 20th century the idea of union with newly independent Greece was firmly rooted among Greek Cypriots.
Under Ottoman rule, numeracy, school enrolment and literacy rates were all low. They persisted some time after Ottoman rule ended, and then increased rapidly during the twentieth century.
British Cyprus
Main articles: British Cyprus, Modern history of Cyprus, and Cyprus EmergencyIn the aftermath of the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) and the Congress of Berlin, Cyprus was leased to the British Empire which de facto took over its administration in 1878 (though, in terms of sovereignty, Cyprus remained a de jure Ottoman territory until 5 November 1914, together with Egypt and Sudan) in exchange for guarantees that Britain would use the island as a base to protect the Ottoman Empire against possible Russian aggression.
The island would serve Britain as a key military base for its colonial routes. By 1906, when the Famagusta harbour was completed, Cyprus was a strategic naval outpost overlooking the Suez Canal, the crucial main route to India which was then Britain's most important overseas possession. Following the outbreak of the First World War and the decision of the Ottoman Empire to join the war on the side of the Central Powers, on 5 November 1914 the British Empire formally annexed Cyprus and declared the Ottoman Khedivate of Egypt and Sudan a Sultanate and British protectorate.
In October 1915, Britain offered Cyprus to Greece, ruled by King Constantine I of Greece, on the condition that Greece join the war on the side of the British and went to Serbia’s assistance, in order to fulfill her Treaty obligations under the Serbo-Greek pact of May 1913. It gave Greece a golden “opportunity” in achieving enosis with Cyprus. Alternatively it was a “lost opportunity” when the Zaimis administration declined the British proposal.
In 1923, under the Treaty of Lausanne, the nascent Turkish republic relinquished any claim to Cyprus, and in 1925 it was declared a British crown colony. During the Second World War, many Greek and Turkish Cypriots enlisted in the Cyprus Regiment.
The Greek Cypriot population, meanwhile, had become hopeful that the British administration would lead to enosis. The idea of enosis was historically part of the Megali Idea, a greater political ambition of a Greek state encompassing the territories with large Greek populations in the former Ottoman Empire, including Cyprus and Asia Minor with a capital in Constantinople, and was actively pursued by the Cypriot Orthodox Church, which had its members educated in Greece. These religious officials, together with Greek military officers and professionals, some of whom still pursued the Megali Idea, would later found the guerrilla organisation EOKA (Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston or National Organisation of Cypriot Fighters). The Greek Cypriots viewed the island as historically Greek and believed that union with Greece was a natural right. In the 1950s, the pursuit of enosis became a part of the Greek national policy.
Initially, the Turkish Cypriots favoured the continuation of the British rule. However, they were alarmed by the Greek Cypriot calls for enosis, as they saw the union of Crete with Greece, which led to the exodus of Cretan Turks, as a precedent to be avoided, and they took a pro-partition stance in response to the militant activity of EOKA. The Turkish Cypriots also viewed themselves as a distinct ethnic group of the island and believed in their having a separate right to self-determination from Greek Cypriots. Meanwhile, in the 1950s, Turkish leader Menderes considered Cyprus an "extension of Anatolia", rejected the partition of Cyprus along ethnic lines and favoured the annexation of the whole island to Turkey. Nationalistic slogans centred on the idea that "Cyprus is Turkish" and the ruling party declared Cyprus to be a part of the Turkish homeland that was vital to its security. Upon realising that the fact that the Turkish Cypriot population was only 20% of the islanders made annexation unfeasible, the national policy was changed to favour partition. The slogan "Partition or Death" was frequently used in Turkish Cypriot and Turkish protests starting in the late 1950s and continuing throughout the 1960s. Although after the Zürich and London conferences Turkey seemed to accept the existence of the Cypriot state and to distance itself from its policy of favouring the partition of the island, the goal of the Turkish and Turkish Cypriot leaders remained that of creating an independent Turkish state in the northern part of the island.
In January 1950, the Church of Cyprus organised a referendum under the supervision of clerics and with no Turkish Cypriot participation, where 96% of the participating Greek Cypriots voted in favour of enosis. The Greeks were 80.2% of the total island's population at the time (census 1946). Restricted autonomy under a constitution was proposed by the British administration but eventually rejected. In 1955 the EOKA organisation was founded, seeking union with Greece through armed struggle. At the same time the Turkish Resistance Organisation (TMT), calling for Taksim, or partition, was established by the Turkish Cypriots as a counterweight. British officials also tolerated the creation of the Turkish underground organisation TMT The Secretary of State for the Colonies in a letter dated 15 July 1958 had advised the Governor of Cyprus not to act against TMT despite its illegal actions so as not to harm British relations with the Turkish government.
Independence and inter-communal violence
Main article: Cyprus crisis of 1963–64 The first president of Cyprus, Makarios III (left), and the first vice-president of Cyprus, Fazıl Küçük (right)During British rule, the future of the island became a matter of disagreement between the two prominent ethnic communities, Greek Cypriots, who made up 77% of the population in 1960, and Turkish Cypriots, who made up 18% of the population. From the 19th century onwards, the Greek Cypriot population pursued enosis, union with Greece, which became a Greek national policy in the 1950s. The Turkish Cypriot population initially advocated the continuation of the British rule, then demanded the annexation of the island to Turkey, and in the 1950s, together with Turkey, established a policy of taksim, the partition of Cyprus and the creation of a Turkish polity in the north.
Cyprus was granted independence in 1960, following an armed campaign spearheaded by EOKA. As per the Zürich and London Agreement, Cyprus officially attained independence on 16 August 1960, and at the time had a total population of 573,566; of whom 442,138 (77.1%) were Greeks, 104,320 (18.2%) Turks, and 27,108 (4.7%) others. The UK retained the two Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia, while government posts and public offices were allocated by ethnic quotas, giving the minority Turkish Cypriots a permanent veto, 30% in parliament and administration, and granting the three mother-states guarantor rights.
However, the division of power as foreseen by the constitution soon resulted in legal impasses and discontent on both sides, and nationalist militants started training again, with the military support of Greece and Turkey respectively. The Greek Cypriot leadership believed that the rights given to Turkish Cypriots under the 1960 constitution were too extensive and designed the Akritas plan, which was aimed at reforming the constitution in favour of Greek Cypriots, persuading the international community about the correctness of the changes and violently subjugating Turkish Cypriots in a few days should they not accept the plan. Tensions were heightened when Cypriot President Archbishop Makarios III called for constitutional changes, which were rejected by Turkey and opposed by Turkish Cypriots.
Intercommunal violence erupted on 21 December 1963, when two Turkish Cypriots were killed at an incident involving the Greek Cypriot police. The violence resulted in the death of 364 Turkish and 174 Greek Cypriots, destruction of 109 Turkish Cypriot or mixed villages and displacement of 25,000–30,000 Turkish Cypriots. The crisis resulted in the end of the Turkish Cypriot involvement in the administration and their claiming that it had lost its legitimacy; the nature of this event is still controversial. In some areas, Greek Cypriots prevented Turkish Cypriots from travelling and entering government buildings, while some Turkish Cypriots willingly withdrew due to the calls of the Turkish Cypriot administration. Turkish Cypriots started living in enclaves. The republic's structure was changed, unilaterally, by Makarios, and Nicosia was divided by the Green Line, with the deployment of UNFICYP troops.
In 1964, Turkey threatened to invade Cyprus in response to the continuing Cypriot intercommunal violence, but this was stopped by a strongly worded telegram from the US President Lyndon B. Johnson on 5 June, warning that the US would not stand beside Turkey in case of a consequential Soviet invasion of Turkish territory. Meanwhile, by 1964, enosis was a Greek policy and would not be abandoned; Makarios and the Greek prime minister Georgios Papandreou agreed that enosis should be the ultimate aim and King Constantine wished Cyprus "a speedy union with the mother country". Greece dispatched 10,000 troops to Cyprus to counter a possible Turkish invasion.
The crisis of 1963–64 had brought further intercommunal violence between the two communities, displaced more than 25,000 Turkish Cypriots into enclaves and brought the end of Turkish Cypriot representation in the republic.
1974 coup d'état, invasion, and division
Main articles: 1974 Cypriot coup d'état and Turkish invasion of CyprusOn 15 July 1974, the Greek military junta under Dimitrios Ioannides carried out a coup d'état in Cyprus, to unite the island with Greece. The coup ousted president Makarios III and replaced him with pro-enosis nationalist Nikos Sampson. In response to the coup, five days later, on 20 July 1974, the Turkish army invaded the island, citing a right to intervene to restore the constitutional order from the 1960 Treaty of Guarantee. This justification has been rejected by the United Nations and the international community.
The Turkish air force began bombing Greek positions in Cyprus, and hundreds of paratroopers were dropped in the area between Nicosia and Kyrenia, where well-armed Turkish Cypriot enclaves had been long-established; while off the Kyrenia coast, Turkish troop ships landed 6,000 men as well as tanks, trucks and armoured vehicles.
Three days later, when a ceasefire had been agreed, Turkey had landed 30,000 troops on the island and captured Kyrenia, the corridor linking Kyrenia to Nicosia, and the Turkish Cypriot quarter of Nicosia itself. The junta in Athens, and then the Sampson regime in Cyprus fell from power. In Nicosia, Glafkos Clerides temporarily assumed the presidency. But after the peace negotiations in Geneva, the Turkish government reinforced their Kyrenia bridgehead and started a second invasion on 14 August. The invasion resulted in Morphou, Karpass, Famagusta and the Mesaoria coming under Turkish control.
International pressure led to a ceasefire, and by then 36% of the island had been taken over by the Turks and 180,000 Greek Cypriots had been evicted from their homes in the north. At the same time, around 50,000 Turkish Cypriots were displaced to the north and settled in the properties of the displaced Greek Cypriots. Among a variety of sanctions against Turkey, in mid-1975 the US Congress imposed an arms embargo on Turkey for using US-supplied equipment during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974. There were 1,534 Greek Cypriots and 502 Turkish Cypriots missing as a result of the fighting from 1963 to 1974.
The Republic of Cyprus has de jure sovereignty over the entire island, including its territorial waters and exclusive economic zone, with the exception of the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia, which remain under the UK's control according to the London and Zürich Agreements. However, the Republic of Cyprus is de facto partitioned into two main parts: the area under the effective control of the Republic, in the south and west and comprising about 59% of the island's area, and the north, administered by the self-declared Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, covering about 36% of the island's area. Another nearly 4% of the island's area is covered by the UN buffer zone. The international community considers the northern part of the island to be territory of the Republic of Cyprus occupied by Turkish forces. The occupation is viewed as illegal under international law and amounting to illegal occupation of EU territory since Cyprus became a member of the European Union.
Post-division
After the restoration of constitutional order and the return of Archbishop Makarios III to Cyprus in December 1974, Turkish troops remained, occupying the northeastern portion of the island. In 1983, the Turkish Cypriot parliament, led by the Turkish Cypriot leader Rauf Denktaş, proclaimed the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), which is recognised only by Turkey.
The events of the summer of 1974 dominate the politics on the island, as well as Greco-Turkish relations. Turkish settlers have been settled in the north with the encouragement of the Turkish and Turkish Cypriot states. The Republic of Cyprus considers their presence a violation of the Geneva Convention, whilst many Turkish settlers have since severed their ties to Turkey and their second generation considers Cyprus to be their homeland.
The Turkish invasion, the ensuing occupation and the declaration of independence by the TRNC have been condemned by United Nations resolutions, which are reaffirmed by the Security Council every year.
21st century
Attempts to resolve the Cyprus dispute have continued. In 2004, the Annan Plan, drafted by then UN Secretary General Kofi Annan, was put to a referendum in both Cypriot administrations. 65% of Turkish Cypriots voted in support of the plan and 74% Greek Cypriots voted against the plan, claiming that it disproportionately favoured Turkish Cypriots and gave unreasonable influence over the nation to Turkey. In total, 66.7% of the voters rejected the Annan Plan.
On 1 May 2004 Cyprus joined the European Union, together with nine other countries. Cyprus was accepted into the EU as a whole, although the EU legislation is suspended in Northern Cyprus until a final settlement of the Cyprus problem.
Efforts have been made to enhance freedom of movement between the two sides. In April 2003, Northern Cyprus unilaterally eased checkpoint restrictions, permitting Cypriots to cross between the two sides for the first time in 30 years. In March 2008, a wall that had stood for decades at the boundary between the Republic of Cyprus and the UN buffer zone was demolished. The wall had cut across Ledra Street in the heart of Nicosia and was seen as a strong symbol of the island's 32-year division. On 3 April 2008, Ledra Street was reopened in the presence of Greek and Turkish Cypriot officials. The two sides relaunched reunification talks in 2015, but these collapsed in 2017.
The European Union warned in February 2019 that Cyprus was selling EU passports to Russian oligarchs, and thus would allow organised crime syndicates to infiltrate the EU. In 2020, leaked documents revealed a wider range of former and current officials from Afghanistan, China, Dubai, Lebanon, the Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, Ukraine and Vietnam who bought a Cypriot citizenship prior to a change of the law in July 2019. Since 2020 Cyprus and Turkey have been engaged in a dispute over the extent of their exclusive economic zones, ostensibly sparked by oil and gas exploration in the area.
In November 2023, the Cyprus Confidential data leak published by the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists showed the country's financial network entertaining strong links with Russian oligarchs and high-up figures in the Kremlin, supporting the regime of Vladimir Putin.
In July 2024, on the 50th anniversary of the Turkish invasion of Northern Cyprus, Turkish President Erdoğan rejected a United Nations-endorsed plan for a federal government and supported the idea of having two separate states within Cyprus. Greek Cypriots immediately rejected Erdoğan's two-state proposal, calling it a "non-starter".
Geography
Main article: Geography of CyprusCyprus is the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after the Italian islands of Sicily and Sardinia, both in terms of area and population. It is also the world's 80th largest by area and world's 51st largest by population. It measures 240 kilometres (149 mi) long from end to end and 100 kilometres (62 mi) wide at its widest point, with Turkey 75 kilometres (47 mi) to the north. It lies between latitudes 34° and 36° N, and longitudes 32° and 35° E.
Other neighbouring territories include Syria and Lebanon to the east and southeast (105 and 108 kilometres (65 and 67 mi), respectively), Israel 200 kilometres (124 mi) to the southeast, The Gaza Strip 427 kilometres (265 mi) to the southeast, Egypt 380 kilometres (236 mi) to the south, and Greece to the northwest: 280 kilometres (174 mi) to the small Dodecanesian island of Kastellorizo (Megisti), 400 kilometres (249 mi) to Rhodes and 800 kilometres (497 mi) to the Greek mainland. Cyprus is at the crossroads of three continents, with some sources placing Cyprus in Europe, and some sources placing Cyprus in Western Asia and the Middle East.
The physical relief of the island is dominated by two mountain ranges, the Troodos Mountains and the smaller Kyrenia Range, and the central plain they encompass, the Mesaoria. The Mesaoria plain is drained by the Pedieos River, the longest on the island. The Troodos Mountains cover most of the southern and western portions of the island and account for roughly half its area. The highest point on Cyprus is Mount Olympus at 1,952 m (6,404 ft), in the centre of the Troodos range. The narrow Kyrenia Range, extending along the northern coastline, occupies substantially less area, and elevations are lower, reaching a maximum of 1,024 m (3,360 ft). The island lies within the Anatolian Plate.
Cyprus contains the Cyprus Mediterranean forests ecoregion. It had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 7.06/10, ranking it 59th globally out of 172 countries.
Geopolitically, the island is subdivided into four main segments. The Republic of Cyprus occupies the southern two-thirds of the island (59.74%). The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus occupies the northern third (34.85%), and the United Nations-controlled Green Line provides a buffer zone that separates the two and covers 2.67% of the island. Lastly, there are two bases under British sovereignty on the island: Akrotiri and Dhekelia, covering the remaining 2.74%.
Climate
Main article: Climate of CyprusCyprus has a subtropical climate – Mediterranean and semi-arid type (in the north-eastern part of the island) – Köppen climate classifications Csa and BSh, with very mild winters (on the coast) and warm to hot summers. Snow is possible only in the Troodos Mountains in the central part of island. Rain occurs mainly in winter, with summer being generally dry.
Cyprus has one of the warmest climates in the Mediterranean part of the European Union. The average annual temperature on the coast is around 24 °C (75 °F) during the day and 14 °C (57 °F) at night. Generally, summers last about eight months, beginning in April with average temperatures of 21–23 °C (70–73 °F) during the day and 11–13 °C (52–55 °F) at night, and ending in November with average temperatures of 22–23 °C (72–73 °F) during the day and 12–14 °C (54–57 °F) at night, although in the remaining four months temperatures sometimes exceed 20 °C (68 °F).
Sunshine hours on the coast are around 3,200 per year, from an average of 5–6 hours of sunshine per day in December to an average of 12–13 hours in July. This is about double that of cities in the northern half of Europe; for comparison, London receives about 1,540 per year. In December, London receives about 50 hours of sunshine while coastal locations in Cyprus about 180 hours (almost as much as in May in London).
Water supply
Cyprus suffers from a chronic shortage of water. The country relies heavily on rain to provide household water, but in the past 30 years average yearly precipitation has decreased. Between 2001 and 2004, exceptionally heavy annual rainfall pushed water reserves up, with supply exceeding demand, allowing total storage in the island's reservoirs to rise to an all-time high by the start of 2005. However, since then demand has increased annually – a result of local population growth, foreigners moving to Cyprus and the number of visiting tourists – while supply has fallen as a result of more frequent droughts (2006 European heat wave, 2018 European heat wave, 2019 European heat waves, 2022 European heat waves).
Dams remain the principal source of water both for domestic and agricultural use; Cyprus has a total of 108 dams and reservoirs, with a total water storage capacity of about 330,000,000 m (1.2×10 cu ft). Water desalination plants are gradually being constructed to deal with recent years of prolonged drought.
The Government has invested heavily in the creation of water desalination plants which have supplied almost 50 per cent of domestic water since 2001. Efforts have also been made to raise public awareness of the situation and to encourage domestic water users to take more responsibility for the conservation of this increasingly scarce commodity.
Turkey has built a water pipeline under the Mediterranean Sea from Anamur on its southern coast to the northern coast of Cyprus, to supply Northern Cyprus with potable and irrigation water (see Northern Cyprus Water Supply Project).
Flora and fauna
Main article: Cyprus Mediterranean forestsCyprus is home to a number of endemic species, including the Cypriot mouse, the golden oak and the Cyprus cedar.
See also: List of endemic plants of CyprusGovernment and politics
Main article: Politics of CyprusCyprus is a presidential republic. The head of state and of the government is elected by a process of universal suffrage for a five-year term. Executive power is exercised by the government with legislative power vested in the House of Representatives whilst the Judiciary is independent of both the executive and the legislature.
The 1960 Constitution provided for a presidential system of government with independent executive, legislative and judicial branches as well as a complex system of checks and balances including a weighted power-sharing ratio designed to protect the interests of the Turkish Cypriots. The executive was led by a Greek Cypriot president and a Turkish Cypriot vice-president elected by their respective communities for five-year terms and each possessing a right of veto over certain types of legislation and executive decisions. Legislative power rested on the House of Representatives who were also elected on the basis of separate voters' rolls.
Since 1965, following clashes between the two communities, the Turkish Cypriot seats in the House have remained vacant. In 1974 Cyprus was divided de facto when the Turkish army occupied the northern third of the island. The Turkish Cypriots subsequently declared independence in 1983 as the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus but were recognised only by Turkey. In 1985 the TRNC adopted a constitution and held its first elections. The United Nations recognises the sovereignty of the Republic of Cyprus over the entire island of Cyprus.
As of 2007, the House of Representatives had 56 members elected for a five-year term by proportional representation, and three observer members representing the Armenian, Latin and Maronite minorities. Twenty-four seats were allocated to the Turkish community but have remained vacant since 1964. The political environment was dominated by the communist AKEL, the liberal conservative Democratic Rally, the centrist Democratic Party, and the social-democratic EDEK.
In 2008, Dimitris Christofias became the country's first Communist head of state. Due to his involvement in the 2012–13 Cypriot financial crisis, Christofias did not run for re-election in 2013. The Presidential election in 2013 resulted in Democratic Rally candidate Nicos Anastasiades winning 57.48% of the vote. As a result, Anastasiades was sworn in on 28 February 2013. Anastasiades was re-elected with 56% of the vote in the 2018 presidential election. On 28 February 2023, Nikos Christodoulides, the winner of the 2023 presidential election run-off, was sworn in as the eighth president of the Republic of Cyprus.
Administrative divisions
Main articles: Districts of Cyprus and List of cities, towns and villages in CyprusThe Republic of Cyprus is divided into six districts: Nicosia, Famagusta, Kyrenia, Larnaca, Limassol and Paphos.
Nicosia Limassol Larnaca Paphos Famagusta KyreniaExclaves and enclaves
Cyprus has four exclaves, all in territory that belongs to the British Sovereign Base Area of Dhekelia. The first two are the villages of Ormidhia and Xylotymvou. The third is the Dhekelia Power Station, which is divided by a British road into two parts. The northern part is the EAC refugee settlement. The southern part, even though located by the sea, is also an exclave because it has no territorial waters of its own, those being UK waters.
The UN buffer zone runs up against Dhekelia and picks up again from its east side off Ayios Nikolaos and is connected to the rest of Dhekelia by a thin land corridor. In that sense the buffer zone turns the Paralimni area on the southeast corner of the island into a de facto, though not de jure, exclave.
Foreign relations
Main article: Foreign relations of CyprusThe Republic of Cyprus is a member of the following international groups: Australia Group, CN, CE, CFSP, EBRD, EIB, EU, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ITUC, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ITU, MIGA, NAM, NSG, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO.
Cyprus is the 88th most peaceful country in the world, according to the 2024 Global Peace Index.
Military
Main article: Cypriot National GuardThe Cypriot National Guard is the main military institution of the Republic of Cyprus. It is a combined arms force, with land, air and naval elements. Historically all male citizens were required to spend 24 months serving in the National Guard after their 17th birthday, but in 2016 this period of compulsory service was reduced to 14 months.
Annually, approximately 10,000 persons are trained in recruit centres. Depending on their awarded speciality the conscript recruits are then transferred to speciality training camps or to operational units.
While until 2016 the armed forces were mainly conscript based, since then a large professional enlisted institution has been adopted (ΣΥΟΠ), which combined with the reduction of conscript service produces an approximate 3:1 ratio between conscript and professional enlisted.
Law, justice and human rights
Main articles: Cyprus Police and Human rights in CyprusThe Cyprus Police (Greek: Αστυνομία Κύπρου, Turkish: Kıbrıs Polisi) is the only National Police Service of the Republic of Cyprus and is under the Ministry of Justice and Public Order since 1993.
In "Freedom in the World 2011", Freedom House rated Cyprus as "free". In January 2011, the Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the question of Human Rights in Cyprus noted that the ongoing division of Cyprus continues to affect human rights throughout the island "including freedom of movement, human rights pertaining to the question of missing persons, discrimination, the right to life, freedom of religion, and economic, social and cultural rights". The constant focus on the division of the island can sometimes mask other human rights issues. Prostitution is rife, and the island has been criticized for its role in the sex trade as one of the main routes of human trafficking from Eastern Europe.
In 2014, Turkey was ordered by the European Court of Human Rights to pay well over $100m in compensation to Cyprus for the invasion; Ankara announced that it would ignore the judgment. In 2014, a group of Cypriot refugees and a European parliamentarian, later joined by the Cypriot government, filed a complaint to the International Court of Justice, accusing Turkey of violating the Geneva Conventions by directly or indirectly transferring its civilian population into occupied territory. Other violations of the Geneva and the Hague Conventions—both ratified by Turkey—amount to what archaeologist Sophocles Hadjisavvas called "the organised destruction of Greek and Christian heritage in the north". These violations include looting of cultural treasures, deliberate destruction of churches, neglect of works of art, and altering the names of important historical sites, which was condemned by the International Council on Monuments and Sites. Hadjisavvas has asserted that these actions are motivated by a Turkish policy of erasing the Greek presence in Northern Cyprus within a framework of ethnic cleansing. But some perpetrators are just motivated by greed and are seeking profit. Art law expert Alessandro Chechi has classified the connection of cultural heritage destruction to ethnic cleansing as the "Greek Cypriot viewpoint", which he reports as having been dismissed by two PACE reports. Chechi asserts joint Greek and Turkish Cypriot responsibility for the destruction of cultural heritage in Cyprus, noting the destruction of Turkish Cypriot heritage in the hands of Greek Cypriot extremists.
Economy
Main article: Economy of CyprusIn the early 21st century, Cyprus boasted a prosperous service-based economy that made it the wealthiest of the ten countries that joined the European Union in 2004. However, the Cypriot economy was later damaged by the global financial crisis and the Eurozone crisis. In June 2012, the Cypriot government announced it would need €1.8 billion in foreign aid to support the Cyprus Popular Bank, and this was followed by Fitch downgrading Cyprus's credit rating to junk status. Fitch stated Cyprus would need an additional €4 billion to support its banks and the downgrade was mainly due to the exposure of Bank of Cyprus, Cyprus Popular Bank, and Hellenic Bank, Cyprus's three largest banks, to the Greek financial crisis.
The 2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis led to an agreement with the Eurogroup in March 2013 to split Cyprus Popular Bank, into a "bad" bank which would be wound down over time and a "good" bank which would be absorbed by the Bank of Cyprus. In return for a €10 billion bailout from the European Commission, the European Central Bank and the International Monetary Fund, often referred to as the "troika", the Cypriot government was required to impose a significant haircut on uninsured deposits, a large proportion of which were held by wealthy Russians who used Cyprus as a tax haven. Insured deposits of €100,000 or less were not affected.
Cyprus made a staggering economic recovery in the 2010s, and according to the 2023 International Monetary Fund estimates, Cyprus' per capita GDP at $54,611 is the highest in Southern Europe, though slightly below the European Union average. Tourism, financial services and shipping are significant parts of the economy, and Cyprus has been sought as a base for several offshore businesses due its low tax rates and ease of doing business. Robust growth was achieved in the 1980s and 1990s, due to the focus placed by Cypriot governments on meeting the criteria for admission to the European Union. The Cypriot government adopted the euro as the national currency on 1 January 2008, replacing the Cypriot pound.
Cyprus is the last EU member fully isolated from energy interconnections and it is expected that it will be connected to European network via the EuroAsia Interconnector, a 2000 MW high-voltage direct current undersea power cable. EuroAsia Interconnector will connect Greek, Cypriot, and Israeli power grids. It is a leading Project of Common Interest of the European Union and also priority Electricity Highway Interconnector Project.
In recent years significant quantities of offshore natural gas have been discovered in the area known as Aphrodite (at the exploratory drilling block 12) in Cyprus's exclusive economic zone (EEZ), about 175 kilometres (109 miles) south of Limassol at 33°5'40″N and 32°59'0″E. However, Turkey's offshore drilling companies have accessed both natural gas and oil resources since 2013. Cyprus demarcated its maritime border with Egypt in 2003, with Lebanon in 2007, and with Israel in 2010. In August 2011, the US-based firm Noble Energy entered into a production-sharing agreement with the Cypriot government regarding the block's commercial development.
Turkey, which does not recognise the border agreements of Cyprus with its neighbours, threatened to mobilise its naval forces if Cyprus proceeded with plans to begin drilling at Block 12. Cyprus's drilling efforts have the support of the US, EU, and UN, and on 19 September 2011 drilling in Block 12 began without any incidents being reported.
Infrastructure
Main articles: Transport in Cyprus and Communications in Cyprus The port of Limassol, the busiest in CyprusCyprus is one of only three EU nations in which vehicles drive on the left-hand side of the road, a remnant of British rule. A series of motorways runs along the coast from Paphos to Ayia Napa, with two motorways running inland to Nicosia, one from Limassol and one from Larnaca.
Per capita private car ownership is the 29th-highest in the world. There were approximately 344,000 privately owned vehicles, and a total of 517,000 registered motor vehicles in the Republic of Cyprus in 2006. In 2006, plans were announced to improve and expand bus services and other public transport throughout Cyprus, with the financial backing of the European Union Development Bank. In 2010 the new bus network was implemented.
Cyprus has two international airports in the government-controlled areas, the busier one being in Larnaca and the other in Paphos. The Ercan International Airport is the only active one in the non-government-controlled areas, but all international flights there must have a stopover in Turkey.
The main harbours of the island are Limassol and Larnaca, which service cargo, passenger and cruise ships.
Cyta, the state-owned telecommunications company, manages most telecommunications and Internet connections on the island. However, following deregulation of the sector, a few private telecommunications companies emerged, including epic, Cablenet, OTEnet Telecom, Omega Telecom and PrimeTel. In the non-government-controlled areas of Cyprus, two different companies administer the mobile phone network: Turkcell and KKTC Telsim.
Demographics
Main articles: Demographics of Cyprus and List of cities, towns and villages in CyprusAccording to the Republic of Cyprus' website, the population in the government controlled areas was 918,100 at the 2021 Census, with the most populous district being Nicosia (38%), followed by Limassol (28%). The Nicosia Metropolitan area, consisting of seven municipalities, is the largest urban area on the island with a population of 255,309.
As per the first population census after independence, carried out in December 1960 and covering the entire island, Cyprus had a total population of 573,566, of whom 442,138 (77.1%) were Greeks, 104,320 (18.2%) Turks, and 27,108 (4.7%) others. The CIA World Factbook calculated that in 2001, Greek Cypriots comprised 77%, Turkish Cypriots 18%, and others 5% of the total Cypriot population.
Due to the inter-communal ethnic tensions between 1963 and 1974, an island-wide census was regarded as impossible. Nevertheless, the Cypriot government conducted one in 1973, without the Turkish Cypriot populace. According to this census, the Greek Cypriot population was 482,000. One year later, in 1974, the Cypriot government's Department of Statistics and Research estimated the total population of Cyprus at 641,000; of whom 506,000 (78.9%) were Greeks, and 118,000 (18.4%) Turkish. After the military occupation of part of the island in 1974, the government of Cyprus conducted six more censuses: in 1976, 1982, 1992, 2001, 2011 and 2021; these excluded the Turkish population which was resident in non-government-controlled areas of the island.
In addition to this, the Republic of Cyprus is home to 110,200 foreign permanent residents and an estimated 10,000–30,000 undocumented illegal immigrants. As of 2011, there were 10,520 people of Russian origin living in Cyprus.
Nationality | Population (2011) |
---|---|
Greece | 29,321 |
United Kingdom | 24,046 |
Romania | 23,706 |
Bulgaria | 18,536 |
Philippines | 9,413 |
Russia | 8,164 |
Sri Lanka | 7,269 |
Vietnam | 7,028 |
Syria | 3,054 |
India | 2,933 |
According to the 2006 census carried out by Northern Cyprus, there were 256,644 (de jure) people living in Northern Cyprus. 178,031 were citizens of Northern Cyprus, of whom 147,405 were born in Cyprus (112,534 from the north; 32,538 from the south; 371 did not indicate what region of Cyprus they were from); 27,333 born in Turkey; 2,482 born in the UK and 913 born in Bulgaria. Of the 147,405 citizens born in Cyprus, 120,031 say both parents were born in Cyprus; 16,824 say both parents born in Turkey; 10,361 have one parent born in Turkey and one parent born in Cyprus.
In 2010, the International Crisis Group estimated that the total population of the island was 1.1 million, of which there were an estimated 300,000 residents in the north, perhaps half of whom were either born in Turkey or are children of such settlers.
The villages of Rizokarpaso (in Northern Cyprus), Potamia (in Nicosia district) and Pyla (in Larnaca District) are the only settlements remaining with a mixed Greek and Turkish Cypriot population.
Y-Dna haplogroups are found at the following frequencies in Cyprus: J (43.07% including 6.20% J1), E1b1b (20.00%), R1 (12.30% including 9.2% R1b), F (9.20%), I (7.70%), K (4.60%), A (3.10%). J, K, F and E1b1b haplogroups consist of lineages with differential distribution within Middle East, North Africa and Europe.
Outside Cyprus there are significant and thriving diasporas – both a Greek Cypriot diaspora and a Turkish Cypriot diaspora – in the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, the United States, Greece and Turkey.
According to Council of Europe, approximately 1,250 Romani people live in Cyprus.
Largest municipalities in Cyprus Cyprus 2021 Population and Housing Census | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rank | Name | District | Pop. | ||||||
Nicosia Limassol |
1 | Nicosia | Nicosia | 173,175 | Strovolos Larnaca | ||||
2 | Limassol | Limassol | 124,054 | ||||||
3 | Strovolos | Nicosia | 71,123 | ||||||
4 | Larnaca | Larnaca | 68,194 | ||||||
5 | Lakatamia | Nicosia | 53,273 | ||||||
6 | Agios Athanasios | Limassol | 42,936 | ||||||
7 | Famagusta | Famagusta | 42,526 | ||||||
8 | Paphos | Paphos | 37,297 | ||||||
9 | Kyrenia | Kyrenia | 33,207 | ||||||
10 | Paralimni | Famagusta | 31,709 |
Religion
Main article: Religion in CyprusReligion in Cyprus (Pew Research) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Religion | Percent | |||
Eastern Orthodoxy | 78% | |||
Islam | 20% | |||
Other | 1% | |||
None | 1% |
The majority of Greek Cypriots identify as Christians, specifically Greek Orthodox, whereas most Turkish Cypriots are adherents of Sunni Islam. The first President of Cyprus, Makarios III, was an archbishop.
Hala Sultan Tekke, situated near the Larnaca Salt Lake is an object of pilgrimage for Muslims.
According to the 2001 census carried out in the government-controlled areas, 94.8% of the population was Eastern Orthodox, 0.9% Armenian and Maronite, 1.5% Roman Catholic, 1.0% Church of England, and 0.6% Muslim. There is also a Jewish community on Cyprus. The remaining 1.3% adhered to other religious denominations or did not state their religion. The Greek Orthodox, Armenian Apostolic Church, and both the Maronite and Latin Catholics are constitutionally recognised denominations and exempt from taxes.
Languages
Main article: Languages of CyprusCyprus has two official languages, Greek and Turkish. Armenian and Cypriot Maronite Arabic are recognised as minority languages. Although without official status, English is widely spoken and features widely on road signs and in public notices and advertisements. English was the sole official language during British colonial rule and the lingua franca until 1960, and continued to be used (de facto) in courts of law until 1989 and in legislation until 1996. In 2010, 80.4% of Cypriots were proficient in English as a second language. Russian is widely spoken among the country's minorities, residents and citizens of post-Soviet countries, and Pontic Greeks. Russian, after English and Greek, is the third language used on many signs of shops and restaurants, particularly in Limassol and Paphos. In addition, in 2006, 12% of the population spoke French and 5% spoke German.
The everyday spoken language of Greek Cypriots is Cypriot Greek, and that of Turkish Cypriots is Cypriot Turkish. These vernaculars both differ from their standard registers significantly.
Education
Main article: Education in CyprusCyprus has a highly developed system of primary and secondary education offering both public and private education. The high quality of instruction can be attributed in part to the fact that nearly 7% of the GDP is spent on education which makes Cyprus one of the top three spenders of education in the EU along with Denmark and Sweden. Cyprus was ranked 27th in the Global Innovation Index in 2024.
State schools are generally seen as equivalent in quality of education to private-sector institutions. However, the value of a state high-school diploma is limited by the fact that the grades obtained account for only around 25% of the final grade for each topic, with the remaining 75% assigned by the teacher during the semester, in a minimally transparent way. Cypriot universities (like universities in Greece) ignore high school grades almost entirely for admissions purposes. While a high-school diploma is mandatory for university attendance, admissions are decided almost exclusively on the basis of scores at centrally administered university entrance examinations that all university candidates are required to take.
The majority of Cypriots receive their higher education at Greek, British, Turkish, other European and North American universities. Cyprus currently has the highest percentage of citizens of working age who have higher-level education in the EU at 30% which is ahead of Finland's 29.5%. In addition, 47% of its population aged 25–34 have tertiary education, which is the highest in the EU. The body of Cypriot students is highly mobile, with 78.7% studying in a university outside Cyprus.
Culture
Greek and Turkish Cypriots share many cultural traits, while also possessing some differences. Several traditional food (such as souvla and halloumi) and beverages are similar, as well as expressions and ways of life. Hospitality and buying or offering food and drinks for guests or others are common among both. In both communities, music, dance and art are integral parts of social life and many artistic, verbal and nonverbal expressions, traditional dances such as tsifteteli, similarities in dance costumes and importance placed on social activities are shared between the communities. However, the two communities have distinct religions and religious cultures, with the Greek Cypriots traditionally being Greek Orthodox and Turkish Cypriots traditionally being Sunni Muslims, which has partly hindered cultural exchange. Greek Cypriots have influences from Greece and Christianity, while Turkish Cypriots have influences from Turkey and Islam.
The Limassol Carnival Festival is an annual carnival which is held at Limassol, in Cyprus. The event which is very popular in Cyprus was introduced in the 20th century.
Arts
See also: List of Cypriot artistsThe art history of Cyprus can be said to stretch back up to 10,000 years, following the discovery of a series of Chalcolithic period carved figures in the villages of Khoirokoitia and Lempa. The island is the home to numerous examples of high quality religious icon painting from the Middle Ages as well as many painted churches. Cypriot architecture was heavily influenced by French Gothic and Italian renaissance introduced in the island during the era of Latin domination (1191–1571).
A well known traditional art that dates at least from the 14th century is the Lefkara lace, which originates from the village of Lefkara. Lefkara lace is recognised as an intangible cultural heritage (ICH) by UNESCO, and it is characterised by distinct design patterns, and its intricate, time-consuming production process. Another local form of art that originated from Lefkara is the production of Cypriot Filigree (locally known as Trifourenio), a type of jewellery that is made with twisted threads of silver.
In modern times Cypriot art history begins with the painter Vassilis Vryonides (1883–1958) who studied at the Academy of Fine Arts in Venice. Arguably the two founding fathers of modern Cypriot art were Adamantios Diamantis (1900–1994) who studied at London's Royal College of Art and Christophoros Savva (1924–1968) who also studied in London, at Saint Martin's School of Art. In 1960, Savva founded, together with Welsh artist Glyn Hughes, Apophasis , the first independent cultural centre of the newly established Republic of Cyprus. In 1968, Savva was among the artists representing Cyprus in its inaugural Pavilion at the 34th Venice Biennale. English Cypriot Artist Glyn HUGHES Archived 19 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine 1931–2014. In many ways these two artists set the template for subsequent Cypriot art and both their artistic styles and the patterns of their education remain influential to this day. In particular the majority of Cypriot artists still train in England while others train at art schools in Greece and local art institutions such as the Cyprus College of Art, University of Nicosia and the Frederick Institute of Technology.
One of the features of Cypriot art is a tendency towards figurative painting although conceptual art is being rigorously promoted by a number of art "institutions" and most notably the Nicosia Municipal Art Centre. Municipal art galleries exist in all the main towns and there is a large and lively commercial art scene.
Other notable Greek Cypriot artists include Helene Black, Kalopedis family, Panayiotis Kalorkoti, Nicos Nicolaides, Stass Paraskos, Arestís Stasí, Telemachos Kanthos, Konstantia Sofokleous and Chris Achilleos, and Turkish Cypriot artists include İsmet Güney, Ruzen Atakan and Mutlu Çerkez.
Music
Main article: Music of CyprusThe traditional folk music of Cyprus has several common elements with Greek, Turkish, and Arabic Music, all of which have descended from Byzantine music, including Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot dances such as the tillirkotissa, as well as the Middle Eastern-inspired tsifteteli and arapies. There is also a form of musical poetry known as chattista which is often performed at traditional feasts and celebrations. The instruments commonly associated with Cyprus folk music are the violin ("fkiolin"), lute ("laouto"), Cyprus flute (pithkiavlin), oud ("outi"), kanonaki and percussions (including the "tamboutsia"). Composers associated with traditional Cypriot music include Solon Michaelides, Marios Tokas, Evagoras Karageorgis and Savvas Salides. Among musicians is also the acclaimed pianist Cyprien Katsaris, composer Andreas G. Orphanides, and composer and artistic director of the European Capital of Culture initiative Marios Joannou Elia.
Popular music in Cyprus is generally influenced by the Greek Laïka scene; artists who play in this genre include international platinum star Anna Vissi, Evridiki, and Sarbel. Hip hop and R&B have been supported by the emergence of Cypriot rap and the urban music scene at Ayia Napa, while in the last years the reggae scene is growing, especially through the participation of many Cypriot artists at the annual Reggae Sunjam festival. Is also noted Cypriot rock music and Éntekhno rock is often associated with artists such as Michalis Hatzigiannis and Alkinoos Ioannidis. Metal also has a small following in Cyprus represented by bands such as Armageddon (rev.16:16), Blynd, Winter's Verge, Methysos and Quadraphonic.
Literature
Main article: Cypriot literatureLiterary production of the antiquity includes the Cypria, an epic poem, probably composed in the late 7th century BC and attributed to Stasinus. The Cypria is one of the first specimens of Greek and European poetry. The Cypriot Zeno of Citium was the founder of the Stoic school of philosophy.
Epic poetry, notably the "acritic songs", flourished during the Middle Ages. Two chronicles, one written by Leontios Machairas and the other by Georgios Boustronios, cover the entire Middle Ages until the end of Frankish rule (4th century–1489). Poèmes d'amour written in medieval Greek Cypriot date back from the 16th century. Some of them are actual translations of poems written by Petrarch, Bembo, Ariosto and G. Sannazzaro. Many Cypriot scholars fled Cyprus at troubled times, such as Ioannis Kigalas (c. 1622–1687) who migrated from Cyprus to Italy in the 17th century, several of his works have survived in books of other scholars.
Hasan Hilmi Efendi, a Turkish Cypriot poet, was rewarded by the Ottoman sultan Mahmud II and said to be the "sultan of the poems".
Modern Greek Cypriot literary figures include the poet and writer Costas Montis, poet Kyriakos Charalambides, poet Michalis Pasiardis, writer Nicos Nicolaides, Stylianos Atteshlis, Altheides, Loukis Akritas and Demetris Th. Gotsis. Dimitris Lipertis, Vasilis Michaelides and Pavlos Liasides are folk poets who wrote poems mainly in the Cypriot-Greek dialect. Among leading Turkish Cypriot writers are Osman Türkay, twice nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature, Özker Yaşın, Neriman Cahit, Urkiye Mine Balman, Mehmet Yaşın and Neşe Yaşın.
There is an increasingly strong presence of both temporary and permanent emigre Cypriot writers in world literature, as well as writings by second and third-generation Cypriot writers born or raised abroad, often writing in English. This includes writers such as Michael Paraskos and Stephanos Stephanides.
Examples of Cyprus in foreign literature include the works of Shakespeare, with most of the play Othello by William Shakespeare set on the island of Cyprus. British writer Lawrence Durrell lived in Cyprus from 1952 until 1956, during his time working for the British colonial government on the island, and wrote the book Bitter Lemons about his time in Cyprus which won the second Duff Cooper Prize in 1957.
Mass media
Main articles: Media of Cyprus, Television in Cyprus, Radio in Cyprus, and Cinema of CyprusIn the 2015 Freedom of the Press report of Freedom House, the Republic of Cyprus and Northern Cyprus were ranked "free". The Republic of Cyprus scored 25/100 in press freedom, 5/30 in Legal Environment, 11/40 in Political Environment, and 9/30 in Economic Environment (the lower scores the better). Reporters Without Borders rank the Republic of Cyprus 24th out of 180 countries in the 2015 World Press Freedom Index, with a score of 15.62.
The law provides for freedom of speech and press, and the government generally respects these rights in practice. An independent press, an effective judiciary, and a functioning democratic political system combine to ensure freedom of speech and of the press. The law prohibits arbitrary interference with privacy, family, home, or correspondence, and the government generally respects these prohibitions in practice.
Local television companies in Cyprus include the state owned Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation which runs two television channels. In addition on the Greek side of the island there are the private channels ANT1 Cyprus, Plus TV, Mega Channel, Sigma TV, Nimonia TV (NTV) and New Extra. In Northern Cyprus, the local channels are BRT, the Turkish Cypriot equivalent to the Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation, and a number of private channels. The majority of local arts and cultural programming is produced by the Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation and BRT, with local arts documentaries, review programmes and filmed drama series.
Cinema
Main article: Cinema of CyprusThe most worldwide known Cypriot director, to have worked abroad, is Michael Cacoyannis.
In the late 1960s and early 1970s, George Filis produced and directed Gregoris Afxentiou, Etsi Prodothike i Kypros, and The Mega Document. In 1994, Cypriot film production received a boost with the establishment of the Cinema Advisory Committee. In 2000, the annual amount set aside for filmmaking in the national budget was CYP£500,000 (about €850,000). In addition to government grants, Cypriot co-productions are eligible for funding from the Council of Europe's Eurimages Fund, which finances European film co-productions. To date, four feature films on which a Cypriot was an executive producer have received funding from Eurimages. The first was I Sphagi tou Kokora (1996), followed by Hellados (unreleased), To Tama (1999), and O Dromos gia tin Ithaki (2000).
Cuisine
Main article: Cypriot cuisineDuring the medieval period, under the French Lusignan monarchs of Cyprus an elaborate form of courtly cuisine developed, fusing French, Byzantine and Middle Eastern forms. The Lusignan kings were known for importing Syrian cooks to Cyprus, and it has been suggested that one of the key routes for the importation of Middle Eastern recipes into France and other Western European countries, such as blancmange, was via the Lusignan Kingdom of Cyprus. These recipes became known in the West as vyands de Chypre, or foods of Cyprus, and the food historian William Woys Weaver has identified over one hundred of them in English, French, Italian and German recipe books of the Middle Ages. One that became particularly popular across Europe in the medieval and early modern periods was a stew made with chicken or fish called malmonia, which in English became mawmeny.
Another example of a Cypriot food ingredient entering the Western European canon is the cauliflower, still popular and used in a variety of ways on the island today, which was associated with Cyprus from the early Middle Ages. Writing in the 12th and 13th centuries the Arab botanists Ibn al-'Awwam and Ibn al-Baitar claimed the vegetable had its origins in Cyprus, and this association with the island was echoed in Western Europe, where cauliflowers were originally known as Cyprus cabbage or Cyprus colewart. There was also a long and extensive trade in cauliflower seeds from Cyprus, until well into the sixteenth century.
Although much of the Lusignan food culture was lost after the fall of Cyprus to the Ottomans in 1571, a number of dishes that would have been familiar to the Lusignans survive today, including various forms of tahini and houmous, zalatina, skordalia and pickled wild song birds called ambelopoulia. Ambelopoulia, which is today highly controversial, and illegal, was exported in vast quantities from Cyprus during the Lusignan and Venetian periods, particularly to Italy and France. In 1533 the English traveller to Cyprus, John Locke, claimed to have seen the pickled wild birds packed into large jars, of which 1200 jars were exported from Cyprus annually.
Also familiar to the Lusignans would have been Halloumi cheese, which some food writers today claim originated in Cyprus during the Byzantine period although the name of the cheese itself is thought by academics to be of Arabic origin. There is no surviving written documentary evidence of the cheese being associated with Cyprus before the year 1554, when the Italian historian Florio Bustron wrote of a sheep-milk cheese from Cyprus he called calumi. Halloumi (Hellim) is commonly served sliced, grilled, fried and sometimes fresh, as an appetiser or meze dish.
Seafood and fish dishes include squid, octopus, red mullet, and sea bass. Cucumber and tomato are used widely in salads. Common vegetable preparations include potatoes in olive oil and parsley, pickled cauliflower and beets, asparagus and taro. Other traditional delicacies are meat marinated in dried coriander seeds and wine, and eventually dried and smoked, such as lountza (smoked pork loin), charcoal-grilled lamb, souvlaki (pork and chicken cooked over charcoal), and sheftalia (minced meat wrapped in mesentery). Pourgouri (bulgur, cracked wheat) is the traditional source of carbohydrate other than bread, and is used to make the delicacy koubes.
Fresh vegetables and fruits are common ingredients. Frequently used vegetables include courgettes, green peppers, okra, green beans, artichokes, carrots, tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and grape leaves, and pulses such as beans, broad beans, peas, black-eyed beans, chick-peas and lentils. The most common fruits and nuts are pears, apples, grapes, oranges, mandarines, nectarines, medlar, blackberries, cherry, strawberries, figs, watermelon, melon, avocado, lemon, pistachio, almond, chestnut, walnut, and hazelnut.
Cyprus is also well known for its desserts, including lokum (also known as Turkish delight) and Soutzoukos. This island has protected geographical indication (PGI) for its lokum produced in the village of Geroskipou.
Sports
Sport governing bodies include the Cyprus Football Association, Cyprus Basketball Federation, Cyprus Volleyball Federation, Cyprus Automobile Association, Cyprus Badminton Federation, Cyprus Cricket Association, Cyprus Rugby Federation and the Cyprus Pool Association.
Notable sports teams in the Cyprus leagues include APOEL FC, Anorthosis Famagusta FC, AC Omonia, AEL Limassol FC, Apollon Limassol FC, Nea Salamis Famagusta FC, Olympiakos Nicosia, AEK Larnaca FC, Aris Limassol FC, AEL Limassol B.C., Keravnos B.C. and Apollon Limassol B.C. Stadiums or sports venues include the GSP Stadium (the largest in the Republic of Cyprus-controlled areas), Tsirion Stadium (second largest), Neo GSZ Stadium, Antonis Papadopoulos Stadium, Ammochostos Stadium. Makario Stadium and Alphamega Stadium.
In the 2008–09 season, Anorthosis Famagusta FC was the first Cypriot team to qualify for the UEFA Champions League Group stage. Next season, APOEL FC qualified for the UEFA Champions League group stage, and reached the last 8 of the 2011–12 UEFA Champions League after finishing top of its group and beating French Olympique Lyonnais in the Round of 16.
The Cyprus national rugby union team known as The Moufflons currently holds the record for most consecutive international wins, which is especially notable as the Cyprus Rugby Federation was only formed in 2006.
Footballer Sotiris Kaiafas won the European Golden Shoe in the 1975–76 season; Cyprus is the smallest country by population to have one of its players win the award. Tennis player Marcos Baghdatis was ranked 8th in the world, was a finalist at the Australian Open, and reached the Wimbledon semi-final, all in 2006. High jumper Kyriakos Ioannou achieved a jump of 2.35m at the 11th IAAF World Championships in Athletics in Osaka, Japan, in 2007, winning the bronze medal. He has been ranked third in the world. In motorsports, Tio Ellinas is a successful race car driver, currently racing in the GP3 Series for Marussia Manor Motorsport. There is also mixed martial artist Costas Philippou, who competed in UFC's middleweight division from 2011 until 2015. Costas holds a 6–4 record in UFC bouts.
Also notable for a Mediterranean island, the siblings Christopher and Sophia Papamichalopoulou qualified for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. They were the only athletes who managed to qualify and thus represented Cyprus at the 2010 Winter Olympics.
The country's first ever Olympic medal, a silver medal, was won by the sailor Pavlos Kontides, at the 2012 Summer Olympics in the Men's Laser class.
See also
- Ancient regions of Anatolia
- Index of Cyprus-related articles
- Outline of Cyprus
- List of notable Cypriots
References
Informational notes
- The Greek national anthem was adopted in 1966 by a decision of the Council of Ministers.
- The vice presidency is reserved for a Turkish Cypriot. However the post has been vacant since the Turkish invasion in 1974.
- ^ Including Northern Cyprus, the UN buffer zone and Akrotiri and Dhekelia.
- Government-controlled areas of the Republic of Cyprus.
- The .eu domain is also used, shared with other European Union member states.
- Greek: Κύπρος, romanized: Kýpros [ˈcipros]; Turkish: Kıbrıs [ˈkɯbɾɯs]
- Greek: Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία, romanized: Kypriakí Dimokratía, [cipriaˈci ðimokraˈti.a], lit: Cypriot Republic; Turkish: Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti, [ˈkɯbɾɯs ˈdʒumhuɾijeti], lit: Republic of Cyprus
- See:
- See:
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ignored (help) - Hatay, Mete (2006). "The Levantine Legacy of Cypriot Culinary Culture". Cyprus Review. 18 (2): 129–142. Archived from the original on 16 April 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2023.
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Sony Music executives congratulate Greek artist Anna Vissi before her recent sold-out performance at the Theater at Madison Square Garden in New York the first stop in her North-American tour to promote her album Antidoto
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The country's big pop and laïka stars include Anna Vissi, Notis Sfakiana- kis, Despina Vandi, Yiannis Ploutarhos, Antonis Remos, Mihalis Hatziyian- nis, heartthrob Sakis Rouvas and Greek-Swedish singer Elena Paparizou, who won Greece
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The hits of platinum stars Anna Vissi, Despina Vandi and Keti Garbi are played in clubs together with the Anna Vissi international dance hits of Deep- swing, Planetfunk
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We have a Euro Music category with clips by the Gipsy Kings and Anna Vissi, a huge star for Sony Greece 'We also have ...
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John Cigala (born at Nicosia 1622). He studied at the College of Saint Athanasios, Rome (1635–1642), which he graduated as doctor of philosophy and theology and at which he taught Greek successfully for eight years (1642–1650) ... What has survived of his work as a number of epigrams published in books of other scholars.
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Giovanni Cicala, greco di Cipro, prof. di Filosofia nella Università ... Al qual fine permetteva tutta la confidenza con il Cigala e con il Papadopoli, ambedue greci nativi e Lettori pubblici nell'Universita di Padova, coi quail si tratteneva, in frequenti discorsi sopra questa material, le mezze giornate intiere ...
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Most culinary innovations in the Cypriot cuisine occurred during the Byzantine era ... Experimentation with dairy products resulted in the now-famous halloumi and feta cheese.
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Halloumi is a semi-hard to hard, unripened cheese that traditionally is made from either sheep's or goat's milk or a mixture. Although the cheese has its origins in Cyprus, it is widely popular throughout the Middle East, and hence many countries have now become involved with its manufacture.
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HALOUMl Originating in Cyprus, this salty, semi-hard sheep's milk cheese is a popular table cheese
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Further reading
- Brewin, Christopher (2000). European Union and Cyprus. Eothen Press. ISBN 978-0-906719-24-4.
- Charalambous, Giorgos (2015). Party-Society Relations in the Republic of Cyprus. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-317386-56-8.
- Clark, Tommy. A Brief History of Cyprus (2020) excerpt Archived 26 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- Dods, Clement, ed. (1999). Cyprus: The Need for New Perspectives. The Eothen Press. ISBN 978-0-906719-23-7.
- Durrell, Lawrence (1957). Bitter Lemons. Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-20155-6.
- Faustmann, Hubert; Nicos Peristianis (2006). Britain and Cyprus: Colonialism and Post-Colonialism, 1878–2006. Bibliopolis. ISBN 978-3-933925-36-7.
- Gibbons, Harry Scott (1997). The Genocide Files. Charles Bravos Publishers. ISBN 978-0-9514464-2-3.
- Hannay, David (2005). Cyprus: The Search for a Solution. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1-85043-665-2.
- Hitchens, Christopher (1997). Hostage to History: Cyprus from the Ottomans to Kissinger. Verso. ISBN 978-1-85984-189-1.
- Ker-Lindsay, James (2005). EU Accession and UN Peacemaking in Cyprus. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4039-9690-9.
- Ker-Lindsay, James; Hubert Faustmann (2009). The Government and Politics of Cyprus. Peter Lang. ISBN 978-3-03911-096-4.
- Mallinson, William (2005). Cyprus a Modern History. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1-85043-580-8.
- Merin, Jennifer; Burdick, Elizabeth B. (1 November 1979). International directory of theatre, dance, and folklore festivals: a project of the International Theatre Institute of the United States, inc. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-20993-2.
- Mirbagheri, Farid (1989). Cyprus and International Peacemaking. Hurst. ISBN 978-1-85065-354-7.
- Nicolet, Claude (2001). United States Policy Towards Cyprus, 1954–1974. Bibliopolis. ISBN 978-3-933925-20-6.
- Oberling, Pierre (1982). The Road to Bellapais. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-88033-000-8.
- O'Malley, Brendan; Ian Craig (1999). The Cyprus Conspiracy. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1-86064-737-6.
- Palley, Claire (2005). An International Relations Debacle: The UN Secretary-General's Mission of Good Offices in Cyprus, 1999–2004. Hart Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84113-578-6.
- Papadakis, Yiannis (2005). Echoes from the Dead Zone: Across the Cyprus Divide. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1-85043-428-3.
- Richmond, Oliver (1998). Mediating in Cyprus. Frank Cass. ISBN 978-0-7146-4431-8.
- Richmond, Oliver; James Ker-Lindsay, eds. (2001). The Work of the UN in Cyprus: Promoting Peace and Development. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-91271-3.
- Richter, Heinz (2010). A Concise History of Modern Cyprus 1878–2009. Rutzen. ISBN 978-3-447-06212-1.
- Sacopoulo, Marina (1966). Chypre d'aujourd'hui. Paris: G.-P. Maisonneuve et Larose. 406 p., ill. with b&w photos. and fold. maps.
- Tocci, Nathalie (2004). EU Accession Dynamics and Conflict Resolution: Catalysing Peace or Consolidating Partition in Cyprus?. Ashgate. ISBN 978-0-7546-4310-4.
- Yiorghos, Leventis; Murata Sawayanagi Nanako; Hazama Yasushi (2008). Crossing Over Cyprus. Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA) Tokyo University of Foreign Studies (TUFS). ISBN 978-4-86337-003-6.
External links
General Information
- Cyprus. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- Timeline of Cyprus by BBC
- Cyprus from UCB Libraries GovPubs
- Cyprus information from the United States Department of State includes Background Notes, Country Study and major reports
- Cyprus profile from the BBC News
- The UN in Cyprus
Government
- Cyprus High Commission Trade Centre – London
- Republic of Cyprus – English Language Archived 2 July 2022 at the Wayback Machine
- Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus
- Press and Information Office – Ministry of Interior
- Cyprus Statistical Service
Tourism
- Read about Cyprus on visitcyprus.com Archived 28 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine – the official travel portal for Cyprus
- Cyprus informational portal and open platform for contribution of Cyprus-related content – www.Cyprus.com
- Geographic data related to Cyprus at OpenStreetMap
Cuisine
- Gastronomical map of Cyprus Archived 23 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine
Archaeology
- Cypriot Pottery, Bryn Mawr College Art and Artifact Collections
- The Cesnola collection of Cypriot art : stone sculpture, a fully digitised text from The Metropolitan Museum of Art libraries
- The Mosaics of Khirbat al-Ma
Official publications
- The British government's Foreign Affairs Committee report on Cyprus.
- Legal Issues arising from certain population transfers and displacements on the territory of the Republic of Cyprus in the period since 20 July 1974 Archived 28 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine
- Address to Cypriots by President Papadopoulos (FULL TEXT)
- Annan Plan
- Embassy of Greece, USA – Cyprus: Geographical and Historical Background
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