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			{{Afd-merge to\|Contemporary anarchism#Currents\|Postcolonial anarchism\|20 December 2024}}
	{{distinguish\|National-anarchism}}
			{{Short description\|Anarchist school of thought}}
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			'''Post-colonial anarchism''' is a term used to describe ] in an ] framework. Whereas traditional anarchism arose from industrialized ]—and thus sees history from their perspective—post-colonial anarchism approaches the same principles of anarchism from the perspective of colonized peoples. It is highly critical of the contributions of the established anarchist movement, and seeks to add what it sees as a unique and important perspective. The tendency is strongly influenced by ], anti-state forms of ], and anarchism among ethnic minorities, among other sources.
	'''Post-colonial anarchism''' is a term coined by Roger White in response to his experience as an ] in the ] movement in ].

			The term was first coined by Roger White. Between 1994 and 2004, White wrote a series of essays reflecting on his experiences in the anarchist movement. He identifies racial isolation and ] as important features of the experience of people of color in the anarchist movement and attributes this to the prevalence European ] and an approach to ] as a binary relationship between workers and capitalists which does not take account of the cultural aspects of ].<ref name="PCA">{{cite book\|last1=White\|first1=Roger\|title=Post Colonial Anarchism Essays on race, repression and culture in communities of color 1999–2004\|publisher=Jailbreak Press\|location=Oakland California\|url=http://colours.mahost.org/articles/Post-Colonial%20Anarchism.pdf\|access-date=9 February 2017\|url-status=bot: unknown\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060103114336/http://colours.mahost.org/articles/Post-Colonial%20Anarchism.pdf\|archive-date=3 January 2006}}</ref>
	Post-colonial anarchism is an attempt to bring together disparate aspects and tendencies within the existing anarchist movement and re-envision them in an explicitly ] framework. Where traditional anarchism is a movement arising from the struggles of ] in industrialized western European nations - and thus sees history from their perspective - post-colonial anarchism approaches the same principles of ], ], opposition to ], and community-level self-management, ], and ] from the perspective of colonized peoples throughout the world. In doing so it is highly critical of the contributions of the more established anarchist movement, and seeks to add what it sees as a unique and important perspective. The tendency is strongly influenced by ], anti-state forms of ] and Anarchist People of Color, among other sources.

			At root, the basic difference between anarchism and anti-state nationalism is that in nationalism the primary political unit is the nation, or ], whereas in an anarchist system the primary political unit is the local community or the place where labor occurs. Post-colonial anarchism is therefore clearly distinct from any form of nationalism in that it does not seek to make the nation a political unit – let alone the primary political unit. Just as social anarchists seek to create a socialist economy but oppose the tyranny of Marxist ], post-colonial anarchists oppose the tyranny of nationalism, and argue that the achievement of meaningful ] for all of the world's nations requires an anarchist political system based on local control, free federation and mutual aid.<ref>Post Colonial Anarchism, by Roger White. Anarchism, nationalism, and national liberation from an APOC perspective.</ref>
	Between 1994 and 2004 White wrote a series of essays reflecting on experiences in the anarchist movement. He identifies racial isolation and ] as important features of the experience of people of color in the anarchist movement and attributes this to the prevalence European ] and an approach to ] as a binary relationship between workers and capitalists which does not take account of the cultural aspects of ].<ref name="PCA">{{cite book\|last1=White\|first1=Roger\|title=Post Colonial Anarchism Essays on race, repression and culture in communities of color 1999-2004\|publisher=Jailbreak Press\|location=Oakland California\|url=http://colours.mahost.org/articles/Post-Colonial%20Anarchism.pdf\|access-date=9 February 2017\|url-status=bot: unknown\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060103114336/http://colours.mahost.org/articles/Post-Colonial%20Anarchism.pdf\|archive-date=3 January 2006}}</ref>

	== ~~Issues~~ ==		== References ==
			{{Reflist\|2}}

			==Further reading==
	Post-colonial anarchism is syncretic and diverse, incorporating a wide range of sources, as is to be expected from a tendency which draws from such a wide range of perspectives.
			* {{cite book\|last=Galián\|first=Laura\|year=2020\|chapter=Decolonizing Anarchism\|title=Colonialism, Transnationalism, and Anarchism in the South of the Mediterranean\|publisher=]\|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-45449-4_2\|isbn=978-3-030-45449-4\|pages=27–54}}

			* {{cite book\|last=Gordon\|first=Uri\|year=2016\|chapter=Anarchism and multiculturalism\|editor-first1=Luis\|editor-last1=Cordeiro-Rodrigues\|editor-first2=Marko\|editor-last2=Simendic\|title=Philosophies of Multiculturalism\|publisher=]\|pages=71–87\|isbn=9781315516370\|doi=10.4324/9781315516370-11\|doi-broken-date=5 November 2024 }}
	===Nationalism===
			* {{Cite book \|last=Hirsch \|first=Steven \|url=https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004188495.i-432 \|title=Anarchism and Syndicalism in the Colonial and Postcolonial World, 1870-1940 \|last2=van der Walt \|first2=Lucien \|date=2010 \|publisher=BRILL \|isbn=978-90-04-18848-8}}
	{{main\|Anarchism and nationalism}}
			* {{cite book\|last=Larson\|first=Ole Birk\|chapter=Anti-Imperialism\|editor-last1=Adams\|editor-first1=Matthew S.\|editor-last2=Levy\|editor-first2=Carl\|year=2018\|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism\|location=London\|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan\|isbn=978-3319756196\|pages=149–167\|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_8\|s2cid=150357033 }}
	Anarchism and nationalism have a long history, going back to prominent anarchist theorist ]'s early involvement in the ] movement. Anarchists have participated in left-nationalist movements in ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and many other nations. Modern anarchist organizations working on ]s in ], include the {{ill\|CBIL\|br\|}} in ] and ] in ].
			* {{cite book\|last=Ramnath\|first=Maia\|chapter=Non-Western Anarchisms and Postcolonialism\|editor-last1=Adams\|editor-first1=Matthew S.\|editor-last2=Levy\|editor-first2=Carl\|year=2018\|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism\|location=London\|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan\|isbn=978-3319756196\|pages=677–695\|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_38\|s2cid=150357033 }}

			* {{cite book\|last1=Wilson\|first1=Matthew\|last2=Kinna\|first2=Ruth\|author-link2=Ruth Kinna\|year=2012\|chapter=Key terms\|editor-last=Kinna\|editor-first=Ruth\|title=The Continuum Companion to Anarchism\|publisher=]\|isbn=978-1-4411-4270-2\|pages=329-352<!--345-346-->}}
	Post-colonial anarchism argues that a key element of imperialism is the waging of ] by the conquerors against subject nations in an attempt to destroy the identity of the conquered and make them easier to govern. Post-colonial anarchism therefore seeks not only the abolition of ] and the ], but is an effort by colonized peoples to promote, preserve, and defend their cultures, dignity, and identity. As ] puts it in "Beyond Nationalism but Not Without It":

	<blockquote>For me, even the nationalism of a Louis Farrakhan is about saving my people, though it is also thoroughly sexist, capitalist, homophobic and potentially fascist. Yet, it has played an important part in keeping a certain black pride and resistance going. Their "on the ground" work is very important in keeping an anti-racist mentality going. As a black anarchist, that’s MY issue to deal with cuz they’se MY FOLKS. But it points to where anarchism and nationalism have differences, and that is in anarchists having NO understanding of what it means to be BLACK in this fucked up society.<ref> {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907174808/http://www.anarchistpanther.net/node/12 \|date=2008-09-07 }}</ref></blockquote>

	Ashanti thus sees value in the ] where it acts as a force for good by helping ] in America stand up for themselves and demand equality, but also recognizes the negative impacts of the N.O.I.'s approach and urges the black community to stand up and speak out against the N.O.I. and other ] groups where they cross the line from pride in self to promoting the domination of other individuals, groups and identities. He is also strongly critical of the larger anarchist movements tendency to ] and dismiss black nationalism and other national liberation struggles out of hand.

	At root, the basic difference between anarchism and anti-state nationalism is that in nationalism the primary political unit is the ], or ], whereas in an anarchist system the primary political unit is the local community or the place where labor occurs. Post-colonial anarchism is therefore clearly distinct from any form of nationalism in that it does not seek to make the nation a political unit - let alone the primary political unit. Just as social anarchists seek to create a socialist economy but oppose the tyranny of Marxist ], post-colonial anarchists oppose the tyranny of nationalism, and argue that the achievement of meaningful self-determination for all of the world's nations requires an anarchist political system based on local control, free federation and mutual aid.<ref>Post Colonial Anarchism, by Roger White. Anarchism, nationalism, and national liberation from an APOC perspective.</ref>

	===Race and racism===
	Post-colonial anarchism is self-consciously ], though different groups have differing ideas of what that means. Anarchist People of Color-identified groups seek to bring together the perspectives of ] within the anarchist movement and have a strong commitment to combating ], but are often reluctant to recognize the validity and importance of these struggles in Europe. Indigenist thinkers like ], by contrast, make a point of showing support for such movements and actively encourages white anti-racists to explore and learn from historical and ongoing anti-imperialist struggles in Europe. All the various strains of post-colonial anarchism, however, are explicitly opposed to and denounce claims of ] by any group, and see the abolition of white supremacy and other strains of racial/ethnic supremacy as a fundamental goal of anarchism.

	== African anarchism ==
	{{main\|Anarchism in Africa}}
	], used by Black Autonomists to represent the synthesis of anarchism with ].]]
	] and ] in ''African Anarchism: The History of a Movement'' make the claim that:
	{{quote\|To a greater or lesser extent, all of traditional African societies manifested “anarchic elements” which, upon close examination, lend credence to the historical truism that governments have not always existed. They are but a recent phenomenon and are, therefore, not inevitable in human society. While some “anarchic” features of traditional African societies existed largely in past stages of development, some of them persist and remain pronounced to this day.}}

	The reason why traditional African societies are characterized as "anarchies" is because of their horizontal political structure and absence of classes. The traditional legal system of Somalia, known as ], is one example of this.

	'''Xeer''', pronounced {{IPA-so\|ħeːr\|}}, is the ] ] of ]. Under this system, ] serve as judges and help mediate cases using precedents.<ref name="LALL">
	{{cite web\|title=Elder Counsel\|url=http://www.legalaffairs.org/printerfriendly.msp?id=891\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218215836/http://www.legalaffairs.org/printerfriendly.msp?id=891\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=2012-02-18\|date=October 2005\|author=Louisa Lombard\|publisher=Legal Affairs\|access-date=2009-06-26}}
	</ref> It is a good example of how ] works within a ] and is a fair approximation of what is thought of as ]. Several scholars have noted that even though Xeer may be centuries old, it has the potential to serve as the legal system of a modern, well-functioning economy.<ref name="PLBS">
	{{cite web\|author=Peter Leeson\|author-link=Peter Leeson\|title=Better Off Stateless\|url=http://www.peterleeson.com/Better_Off_Stateless.pdf
	}}</ref>

	While many traditional African societies were based on leadership by example, often by respected Elders, that leadership of elders normally did not transcend into the authoritative structure which characterizes the modern state (see also ]' thesis expounded in '']'').

	Starting in the 15th century the ] began to form in the last empires of Africa, although it had already existed in some African civilizations (such as ], ], ] and ]) for millennia. However, many societies have until this day remained as what is called “tribes without rulers”, a form of “ordered anarchy”.

	From a post-colonial perspective, African anarchism is therefore an attempt to re-imagine anarchist politics based on a conception of anarchism not as some utopian future society, but as a real functional model for society which was actually the norm for pre-conquest Africa, was disturbed by European aggression and imperialism, and which provides the single best blueprint for how African societies can move forward and create a just and equitable future.

	== Black anarchism or "Panther" anarchism ==
	{{Main\|Black anarchism}}
	]
	'''Black anarchism''' opposes the existence of a ] and subjugation and domination of people of color, and favors a non-hierarchical organization of society. Black ] seek to abolish white supremacy, ], capitalism, and the state. Theorists include ], ], ], and ].

	Black anarchists have criticized both the hierarchical organization of the ], and the anarchist movement, on the grounds that it has traditionally been ] and/or white supremacist. They oppose the anti-racist conception, based on the ] of the ], which is proposed by the anarchist workers' tradition, arguing that it is not adequate enough to struggle against ] and that it disguises real inequalities by proclaiming a ].

	Black anarchists are thus influenced by the ] and the Black Panther Party, and seek to forge their own movement that represents their own identity and tailored to their own unique situation. However, in contrast to black activism that was, in the past, based in leadership from hierarchical organizations, black anarchism rejects such methodology in favor of developing organically through communication and cooperation to bring about a social, cultural and economic revolution that does away with all forms of domination. From Alston's ''@narchist Panther Zine'':

	<blockquote>"''Panther anarchism is ready, willing and able to challenge old nationalist and revolutionary notions that have been accepted as ‘common-sense.’ It also challenges the bullshit in our lives and in the so-called movement that holds us back from building a genuine movement based on the enjoyment of life, diversity, practical self-determination and multi-faceted resistance to the Babylonian Pigocracy. This Pigocracy is in our ‘heads,’ our relationships as well as in the institutions that have a vested interest in our eternal domination.''"<ref>''@narchist Panther Zine'' October 1999, '''1'''(1).</ref></blockquote>

	== Chicano anarchism ==

	] anarchism is an effort to understand how anarchism relates to the Chicano experience in the United States, or better said how the two relate to one another. A Chicano/a being a person of ] descent who was born and raised in the ], more specifically a politicized person of Mexican descent born in the United States. Chicano anarchism, although the term itself is quite new, has it antecedents in the Mexican anarchist ]’s propagandizing in the Spanish-speaking communities of ] and the southwest during his years of exile, and in the Mexican anarchist movement. Since the 1960s when the modern Chicano radical movement begin, and especially the late 60s and early 70s when it reached its zenith, to identify as a Chicano (rather than ]) has been to identify with a self-consciously subversive political stance. Chicano anarchism thus seeks to take this form of radical self-identification and push it beyond the current emphasis on cultural-nationalism and towards class struggle and solidarity with the international working class, while keeping their analysis rooted in their unique history and culture.

	One of the primary goals of Chicano anarchism is to inject a class struggle anarchist critique, made primarily by class conscious Chicano anarchists, into the modern nationalist Chicano movement and transform the movement away from the reactionary ideas of cultural-nationalism and into a movement that works in collaboration as comrades with the international working class, of which the mass of Chicanos are a part.<ref>Revolutionary Autonomous Communities. , Anarkismo.net</ref>

	== Independence anarchism ==
	{{see also\|Anarchism and nationalism#Independence anarchism}}
	] anarquista" flag used by Negres Tempestes]]
	'''Independence anarchism''' (also known as '''anarcho-independentism''') attempts to synthesise certain aspects of ] movements with an opposition to hierarchical institutions grounded in ]. Where a certain nation or people exists with its own distinct language, culture and self-identity, independence anarchists concur with supporters of ] that such a nation is entitled to self-determination. While statist nationalists advocate the resolution of national questions by the formation of new states, independence anarchists advocate self-government without the need for a state and are committed to the key anarchist societal principles of federalisation, ] and ]. Some supporters of the movement defend its position as a tactical one, arguing that secessionism and self-organisation is a particularly effective strategy with which to challenge state power.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://negrestempestes.cat/qui-som/node/707\|title=Qui som\|publisher=Negres Tempestes\|access-date=21 September 2020}}</ref>

	Some examples of independence anarchist organizations in the ] include the Federació Anarcocomunista Catalana (FACC) and the Icària collective in the ], and Recerca Autònoma in the ].<ref name=":0" /> One example of an independence anarchist group in ] active nowadays is ], a self-identified {{lang\|ca\|]}} organization that participates in struggles to defend the ] and culture, while opposing "dogma, states or borders". They also view the state as "a basis of authority, repression and economic exploitation".<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://negrestempestes.cat/2006/03/20/negres-tempestes-presentation-english/\|title=Negres Tempestes Presentation\|author=]\|date= 20 March 2006\|access-date=27 March 2021}}</ref> Elsewhere in Europe, modern anarcho-independentist organizations include the {{ill\|CBIL\|br\|}} in Brittany, {{ill\|Askatasuna (magazine)\|text=Askatasuna\|es\|Askatasuna (revista)}} in the ] and the ] and {{ill\|Occitània Libertària\|text=\|oc\|}} in ].

	Independence anarchism frames national questions primarily in terms of equality, and the right of all peoples to cultural autonomy, ], etc. Being grounded in such concepts, independence anarchism is strongly opposed to ], ], ] and ] of any kind, favouring instead ] and ] between peoples. Independence anarchists also stand opposed to homogenisation within cultures, holding diversity as a core principle. Those who identify as part of the tendency may also ground their position in a commitment to ] (] and ]), ] (]), ] (]), and ] (]).<ref name=":0">AAVV. '']''. {{ISBN\|978-84-96044-90-6}}.</ref>

	==Irish post-colonial anarchism==
	{{see also\|Anarchism in Ireland}}
	The armed struggle against ], particularly up to and during the ], is portrayed as a ] struggle within the Celtic anarchist milieu. Anarchists, including the Irish ], support a complete end to British involvement in Ireland, a stance traditionally associated with ], but are also very critical of statist nationalism and the ] in particular. In two articles published on Anarkismo.net, Andrew Flood of the WSM outlines what he argues was the betrayal of class struggle by the IRA during the war of independence,<ref name=irl>Flood, Andrew. "", Anarkismo.net.</ref> and argues that the ] of traditional Irish nationalism forced it to place the interests of wealthy Irish nationalists who were financing the revolution ahead of the interests of the vast majority of Ireland's poor. The example of the ], a workers militia which was led by ] and based in the radical wing of the Irish union movement, is held up as a better example of how the larger revolutionary movement could have — and should have — been organized. According to Irish anarchist nationalist Andrew Flood:
	<blockquote>
	Anarchists are not nationalists, in fact we are completely against nationalism. We don't worry about where your granny was born, whether you can speak Irish or if you drink a green milkshake in McDonalds on St Patrick's Day.
	But this doesn't mean we can ignore nations. They do exist; and some nationalities are picked on, discriminated against because of their nationality. Irish history bears a lot of witness to this.
	The Kurds, Native Americans, Chechins, and many more have suffered also - and to an amazingly barbaric degree. National oppression is wrong. It divides working class people, causes terrible suffering and strengthens the hand of the ruling class. Our opposition to this makes us anti-imperialists. ...

	So fight national oppression but look beyond nationalism. We can do a lot better. Changing the world for the better will be a hard struggle so we should make sure that we look for the best possible society to live in.
	We look forward to a world without borders, where the great majority of people have as much right to freely move about as the idle rich do today. A worldwide federation of free peoples - classless and stateless - where we produce to satisfy needs and all have control over our destinies - that's a goal worth struggling for.<ref>''An Anarchist Perspective on Irish Nationalism'', Andrew Flood. Workers Solidarity Movement (Ireland)</ref>
	</blockquote>

	Anarchists are extremely critical of the Irish Republican Army, as well as of the various ] paramilitaries, because of their use of political violence and internal ]ism. From the anarchist view, British and Irish nationalism are both ], authoritarian, and seek to dominate and exploit the Irish nation to empower their competing ]. Anarchism would instead create a political system without the Nation-State where communities are self-governing on the local level. The achievement of home-rule, or political self-determination, is therefore a precondition for and a consequence of anarchism. At root then, the anarchist objection to Irish nationalism is that nationalists use reprehensible means to demand far too little. Still, anarchists seek to learn from and examine the liberatory aspects of the struggle for Irish independence and the W.S.M. includes a demand for complete British withdrawal from ] in its platform.

	===Ecology===
	The influence of the modern revival of Celtic culture on anarchism are particularly evident within the radical wing of the ], particularly ]. ] is one of the largest networks organizing around these issues and is organized along anarchist lines with many of the people who work under its banner self-identifying as anarchists. It is perhaps natural that the ] and Irish Earth First! movements in particular would seek inspiration from and consciously seek linkages with Celtic identities, given that the ancient Celts are commonly portrayed as being more in touch with nature than modern consumer society. ''The Earth First Journal'', the main publication of the movement, organizes its printing schedule around the Neopagan ], which consists of four Gaelic festivals and four Germanic ones, with issues named for ], ], ], ], ], ], and ].<ref> {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070525142713/http://www.earthfirstjournal.org/back_issues.php \|date=2007-05-25 }}</ref>

	== Notes and references ==
	{{Reflist\|2}}

	== External links ==		== External links ==
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Latest revision as of 13:58, 20 December 2024

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Latest revision as of 13:58, 20 December 2024

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