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			{{Afd-merge to\|Contemporary anarchism#Currents\|Postcolonial anarchism\|20 December 2024}}
	{{Short description\|Anarchist school of thought}}		{{Short description\|Anarchist school of thought}}
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	The term was first coined by Roger White. Between 1994 and 2004, White wrote a series of essays reflecting on his experiences in the anarchist movement. He identifies racial isolation and ] as important features of the experience of people of color in the anarchist movement and attributes this to the prevalence European ] and an approach to ] as a binary relationship between workers and capitalists which does not take account of the cultural aspects of ].<ref name="PCA">{{cite book\|last1=White\|first1=Roger\|title=Post Colonial Anarchism Essays on race, repression and culture in communities of color 1999–2004\|publisher=Jailbreak Press\|location=Oakland California\|url=http://colours.mahost.org/articles/Post-Colonial%20Anarchism.pdf\|access-date=9 February 2017\|url-status=bot: unknown\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060103114336/http://colours.mahost.org/articles/Post-Colonial%20Anarchism.pdf\|archive-date=3 January 2006}}</ref>		The term was first coined by Roger White. Between 1994 and 2004, White wrote a series of essays reflecting on his experiences in the anarchist movement. He identifies racial isolation and ] as important features of the experience of people of color in the anarchist movement and attributes this to the prevalence European ] and an approach to ] as a binary relationship between workers and capitalists which does not take account of the cultural aspects of ].<ref name="PCA">{{cite book\|last1=White\|first1=Roger\|title=Post Colonial Anarchism Essays on race, repression and culture in communities of color 1999–2004\|publisher=Jailbreak Press\|location=Oakland California\|url=http://colours.mahost.org/articles/Post-Colonial%20Anarchism.pdf\|access-date=9 February 2017\|url-status=bot: unknown\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060103114336/http://colours.mahost.org/articles/Post-Colonial%20Anarchism.pdf\|archive-date=3 January 2006}}</ref>

	== Issues ==

	Post-colonial anarchism is syncretic and diverse, incorporating a wide range of sources, as is to be expected from a tendency which draws from such a wide range of perspectives.

	===Nationalism===
	{{main\|Anarchism and nationalism}}
	Anarchism and nationalism have a long history, going back to prominent anarchist theorist ]'s early involvement in the ] movement. Anarchists have participated in left-nationalist movements in ], ], Vietnam, ], Brittany, ], Poland, ], ], and many other nations. Modern anarchist organizations working on ]s in Europe, include the {{ill\|CBIL\|br\|}} in ] and ] in Catalonia.

	Post-colonial anarchism argues that a key element of imperialism is the waging of ] by the conquerors against subject nations in an attempt to destroy the identity of the conquered and make them easier to govern. Post-colonial anarchism therefore seeks not only the abolition of ] and the ], but is an effort by colonized peoples to promote, preserve, and defend their cultures, dignity, and identity. As ] puts it in "Beyond Nationalism but Not Without It":

	<blockquote>For me, even the nationalism of a Louis Farrakhan is about saving my people, though it is also thoroughly sexist, capitalist, homophobic and potentially fascist. Yet, it has played an important part in keeping a certain black pride and resistance going. Their "on the ground" work is very important in keeping an anti-racist mentality going. As a black anarchist, that's MY issue to deal with cuz they’se MY FOLKS. But it points to where anarchism and nationalism have differences, and that is in anarchists having NO understanding of what it means to be BLACK in this fucked up society.<ref> {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907174808/http://www.anarchistpanther.net/node/12 \|date=2008-09-07 }}</ref></blockquote>

	At root, the basic difference between anarchism and anti-state nationalism is that in nationalism the primary political unit is the nation, or ], whereas in an anarchist system the primary political unit is the local community or the place where labor occurs. Post-colonial anarchism is therefore clearly distinct from any form of nationalism in that it does not seek to make the nation a political unit – let alone the primary political unit. Just as social anarchists seek to create a socialist economy but oppose the tyranny of Marxist ], post-colonial anarchists oppose the tyranny of nationalism, and argue that the achievement of meaningful ] for all of the world's nations requires an anarchist political system based on local control, free federation and mutual aid.<ref>Post Colonial Anarchism, by Roger White. Anarchism, nationalism, and national liberation from an APOC perspective.</ref>		At root, the basic difference between anarchism and anti-state nationalism is that in nationalism the primary political unit is the nation, or ], whereas in an anarchist system the primary political unit is the local community or the place where labor occurs. Post-colonial anarchism is therefore clearly distinct from any form of nationalism in that it does not seek to make the nation a political unit – let alone the primary political unit. Just as social anarchists seek to create a socialist economy but oppose the tyranny of Marxist ], post-colonial anarchists oppose the tyranny of nationalism, and argue that the achievement of meaningful ] for all of the world's nations requires an anarchist political system based on local control, free federation and mutual aid.<ref>Post Colonial Anarchism, by Roger White. Anarchism, nationalism, and national liberation from an APOC perspective.</ref>

	== African anarchism ==
⚫	{{~~main\|~~Anarchism ~~in Africa~~}}
	], used by Black Autonomists to represent the synthesis of anarchism with ].]]
	] and ] in ''African Anarchism: The History of a Movement'' make the claim that:
	{{blockquote\|To a greater or lesser extent, all of traditional African societies manifested "anarchic elements" which, upon close examination, lend credence to the historical truism that governments have not always existed. They are but a recent phenomenon and are, therefore, not inevitable in human society. While some "anarchic" features of traditional African societies existed largely in past stages of development, some of them persist and remain pronounced to this day.}}

	The reason why traditional African societies are characterized as "anarchies" is because of their horizontal political structure and absence of classes. The traditional legal system of Somalia, known as ], is one example of this.

	'''Xeer''', pronounced {{IPA\|so\|ħeːr\|}}, is the ] ] of Somalia. Under this system, ] serve as judges and help mediate cases using precedents.<ref name="LALL">
	{{cite web\|title=Elder Counsel\|url=http://www.legalaffairs.org/printerfriendly.msp?id=891\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218215836/http://www.legalaffairs.org/printerfriendly.msp?id=891\|url-status=dead\|archive-date=2012-02-18\|date=October 2005\|author=Louisa Lombard\|publisher=Legal Affairs\|access-date=2009-06-26}}
	</ref> It is a good example of how ] works within a ] and is a fair approximation of what is thought of as ]. Several scholars have noted that even though Xeer may be centuries old, it has the potential to serve as the legal system of a modern, well-functioning economy.<ref name="PLBS">
	{{cite web\|author=Peter Leeson\|author-link=Peter Leeson\|title=Better Off Stateless\|url=http://www.peterleeson.com/Better_Off_Stateless.pdf
	}}</ref>

	== Black or "Panther" anarchism ==
	{{Main\|Black anarchism}}
	]
	'''Black anarchism''' opposes the existence of a ] and subjugation and domination of people of color, and favors a non-hierarchical organization of society. Black anarchists seek to abolish white supremacy, ], capitalism, and the state. Theorists include ], ], ], and ].

	Black anarchists have criticized both the hierarchical organization of the ], and the anarchist movement, on the grounds that it has traditionally been ] and/or white supremacist. They oppose the anti-racist conception, based on the ] of the ], which is proposed by the anarchist workers' tradition, arguing that it is not adequate enough to struggle against racism and that it disguises real inequalities by proclaiming a ].

	Black anarchists are thus influenced by the ] and the Black Panther Party, and seek to forge their own movement that represents their own identity and tailored to their own unique situation. However, in contrast to black activism that was, in the past, based in leadership from hierarchical organizations, black anarchism rejects such methodology in favor of developing organically through communication and cooperation to bring about a social, cultural and economic revolution that does away with all forms of domination. From Alston's ''@narchist Panther Zine'':

	<blockquote>"''Panther anarchism is ready, willing and able to challenge old nationalist and revolutionary notions that have been accepted as ‘common-sense.’ It also challenges the bullshit in our lives and in the so-called movement that holds us back from building a genuine movement based on the enjoyment of life, diversity, practical self-determination and multi-faceted resistance to the Babylonian Pigocracy. This Pigocracy is in our ‘heads,’ our relationships as well as in the institutions that have a vested interest in our eternal domination.''"<ref>''@narchist Panther Zine'' October 1999, '''1'''(1).</ref></blockquote>

	==Celtic anarchism==
	===In Ireland===
	{{see also\|Anarchism in Ireland}}
	The armed struggle against ], particularly up to and during the ], is portrayed as a ] struggle within the Celtic anarchist milieu. Anarchists, including the Irish ], support a complete end to British involvement in Ireland, a stance traditionally associated with ], but are also very critical of statist nationalism and the ] in particular. In two articles published on Anarkismo.net, Andrew Flood of the WSM outlines what he argues was the betrayal of class struggle by the IRA during the war of independence,<ref name=irl>Flood, Andrew. "", Anarkismo.net.</ref> and argues that the ] of traditional Irish nationalism forced it to place the interests of wealthy Irish nationalists who were financing the revolution ahead of the interests of the vast majority of Ireland's poor. The example of the ], a workers militia which was led by ] and based in the radical wing of the Irish union movement, is held up as a better example of how the larger revolutionary movement could have – and should have – been organized. According to Irish anarchist nationalist Andrew Flood:
	<blockquote>
	Anarchists are not nationalists, in fact we are completely against nationalism. We don't worry about where your granny was born, whether you can speak Irish or if you drink a green milkshake in McDonalds on St Patrick's Day.
	But this doesn't mean we can ignore nations. They do exist; and some nationalities are picked on, discriminated against because of their nationality. Irish history bears a lot of witness to this.
	The Kurds, Native Americans, Chechins, and many more have suffered also – and to an amazingly barbaric degree. National oppression is wrong. It divides working class people, causes terrible suffering and strengthens the hand of the ruling class. Our opposition to this makes us anti-imperialists. ...

	So fight national oppression but look beyond nationalism. We can do a lot better. Changing the world for the better will be a hard struggle so we should make sure that we look for the best possible society to live in.
	We look forward to a world without borders, where the great majority of people have as much right to freely move about as the idle rich do today. A worldwide federation of free peoples – classless and stateless – where we produce to satisfy needs and all have control over our destinies – that's a goal worth struggling for.<ref>''An Anarchist Perspective on Irish Nationalism'', Andrew Flood. Workers Solidarity Movement (Ireland)</ref>
	</blockquote>

	== Independence anarchism ==
	{{see also\|Anarchism and nationalism#Independence anarchism}}
	] anarquista" flag used by Negres Tempestes]]
	'''Independence anarchism''' (also known as '''anarcho-independentism''') attempts to synthesise certain aspects of ] movements with an opposition to hierarchical institutions grounded in ]. Where a certain nation or people exists with its own distinct language, culture and self-identity, independence anarchists concur with supporters of ] that such a nation is entitled to self-determination. While statist nationalists advocate the resolution of national questions by the formation of new states, independence anarchists advocate self-government without the need for a state and are committed to the key anarchist societal principles of federalisation, ] and ]. Some supporters of the movement defend its position as a tactical one, arguing that secessionism and self-organisation is a particularly effective strategy with which to challenge state power.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://negrestempestes.cat/qui-som/node/707\|title=Qui som\|publisher=Negres Tempestes\|access-date=21 September 2020\|archive-date=3 February 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203163907/https://negrestempestes.cat/qui-som/node/707\|url-status=dead}}</ref>

	Some examples of independence anarchist organizations in the ] include the Federació Anarcocomunista Catalana (FACC) and the Icària collective in the 1980s, and Recerca Autònoma in the 1990s.<ref name=":0" /> One example of an independence anarchist group in ] active nowadays is ], a self-identified {{lang\|ca\|]}} organization that participates in struggles to defend the ] and culture, while opposing "dogma, states or borders". They also view the state as "a basis of authority, repression and economic exploitation".<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://negrestempestes.cat/2006/03/20/negres-tempestes-presentation-english/\|title=Negres Tempestes Presentation\|author=]\|date= 20 March 2006\|access-date=27 March 2021}}</ref>

	Independence anarchism frames national questions primarily in terms of equality, and the right of all peoples to cultural autonomy, ], etc. Being grounded in such concepts, independence anarchism is strongly opposed to racism, ], ] and ] of any kind, favouring instead ] and cooperation between peoples. Independence anarchists also stand opposed to homogenisation within cultures, holding diversity as a core principle. Those who identify as part of the tendency may also ground their position in a commitment to ] (] and ]), ecology (]), ] (]), and ] (]).<ref name=":0">AAVV. '']''. {{ISBN\|978-84-96044-90-6}}.</ref>

	== References ==		== References ==
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	==Further reading==		==Further reading==
			* {{cite book\|last=Galián\|first=Laura\|year=2020\|chapter=Decolonizing Anarchism\|title=Colonialism, Transnationalism, and Anarchism in the South of the Mediterranean\|publisher=]\|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-45449-4_2\|isbn=978-3-030-45449-4\|pages=27–54}}
			* {{cite book\|last=Gordon\|first=Uri\|year=2016\|chapter=Anarchism and multiculturalism\|editor-first1=Luis\|editor-last1=Cordeiro-Rodrigues\|editor-first2=Marko\|editor-last2=Simendic\|title=Philosophies of Multiculturalism\|publisher=]\|pages=71–87\|isbn=9781315516370\|doi=10.4324/9781315516370-11\|doi-broken-date=5 November 2024 }}
			* {{Cite book \|last=Hirsch \|first=Steven \|url=https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004188495.i-432 \|title=Anarchism and Syndicalism in the Colonial and Postcolonial World, 1870-1940 \|last2=van der Walt \|first2=Lucien \|date=2010 \|publisher=BRILL \|isbn=978-90-04-18848-8}}
	* {{cite book\|last=Larson\|first=Ole Birk\|chapter=Anti-Imperialism\|editor-last1=Adams\|editor-first1=Matthew S.\|editor-last2=Levy\|editor-first2=Carl\|year=2018\|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism\|location=London\|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan\|isbn=978-3319756196\|pages=149–167\|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_8\|s2cid=150357033 }}		* {{cite book\|last=Larson\|first=Ole Birk\|chapter=Anti-Imperialism\|editor-last1=Adams\|editor-first1=Matthew S.\|editor-last2=Levy\|editor-first2=Carl\|year=2018\|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism\|location=London\|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan\|isbn=978-3319756196\|pages=149–167\|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_8\|s2cid=150357033 }}
	* {{cite book\|last=Ramnath\|first=Maia\|chapter=Non-Western Anarchisms and Postcolonialism\|editor-last1=Adams\|editor-first1=Matthew S.\|editor-last2=Levy\|editor-first2=Carl\|year=2018\|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism\|location=London\|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan\|isbn=978-3319756196\|pages=677–695\|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_38\|s2cid=150357033 }}		* {{cite book\|last=Ramnath\|first=Maia\|chapter=Non-Western Anarchisms and Postcolonialism\|editor-last1=Adams\|editor-first1=Matthew S.\|editor-last2=Levy\|editor-first2=Carl\|year=2018\|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism\|location=London\|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan\|isbn=978-3319756196\|pages=677–695\|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_38\|s2cid=150357033 }}
			* {{cite book\|last1=Wilson\|first1=Matthew\|last2=Kinna\|first2=Ruth\|author-link2=Ruth Kinna\|year=2012\|chapter=Key terms\|editor-last=Kinna\|editor-first=Ruth\|title=The Continuum Companion to Anarchism\|publisher=]\|isbn=978-1-4411-4270-2\|pages=329-352<!--345-346-->}}

	== External links ==		== External links ==
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		⚫	{{Anarchism-stub}}

Latest revision as of 13:58, 20 December 2024

This article was nominated for deletion. The discussion was closed on 20 December 2024 with a consensus to merge the content into the article Contemporary anarchism#Currents. If you find that such action has not been taken promptly, please consider assisting in the merger instead of re-nominating the article for deletion. To discuss the merger, please use the destination article's talk page. (December 2024)

Latest revision as of 13:58, 20 December 2024

References

Further reading

External links