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⚫ {{anarchism}}
{{Short description|Anarchist school of thought}}
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'''Post-Colonial Anarchism''' is a new tendency within the larger anarchist movement. The name ' is taken from an Essay by Roger White, one of the founders of ] and a well known activist in North-American ] circles. The essay outlines PCA as an attampt to bring together disparate aspects and tendencies within the existing anarchist movement and re-envision them in an explicitly anti-imperialist framework. Where traditional Anarchism is a movement arising from the struggles of proletarians in industrialized western European nations - and thus sees history from their perspective - Post colonial Anarchism approaches the same principles of mutual aid, class struggle, opposition to hierarchy, and community-level self management, self government, and self-determination from the perspective of colonized peoples throughout the world. In doing so it does not seek to invalidate the contributions of the more established anarchist movement, but rather seeks to add a unique and important perspective. The tendency is strongly influenced by ], Anti-State forms of ], ], and many other sources. '''Post-colonial anarchism''' is a term used to describe ] in an ] framework. Whereas traditional anarchism arose from industrialized ]—and thus sees history from their perspective—post-colonial anarchism approaches the same principles of anarchism from the perspective of colonized peoples. It is highly critical of the contributions of the established anarchist movement, and seeks to add what it sees as a unique and important perspective. The tendency is strongly influenced by ], anti-state forms of ], and anarchism among ethnic minorities, among other sources.


The term was first coined by Roger White. Between 1994 and 2004, White wrote a series of essays reflecting on his experiences in the anarchist movement. He identifies racial isolation and ] as important features of the experience of people of color in the anarchist movement and attributes this to the prevalence European ] and an approach to ] as a binary relationship between workers and capitalists which does not take account of the cultural aspects of ].<ref name="PCA">{{cite book|last1=White|first1=Roger|title=Post Colonial Anarchism Essays on race, repression and culture in communities of color 1999–2004|publisher=Jailbreak Press|location=Oakland California|url=http://colours.mahost.org/articles/Post-Colonial%20Anarchism.pdf|access-date=9 February 2017|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060103114336/http://colours.mahost.org/articles/Post-Colonial%20Anarchism.pdf|archive-date=3 January 2006}}</ref>
⚫ == Issues in Post-Colonial Anarchism ==


⚫ At root, the basic difference between anarchism and anti-state nationalism is that in nationalism the primary political unit is the nation, or ], whereas in an anarchist system the primary political unit is the local community or the place where labor occurs. Post-colonial anarchism is therefore clearly distinct from any form of nationalism in that it does not seek to make the nation a political unit – let alone the primary political unit. Just as social anarchists seek to create a socialist economy but oppose the tyranny of Marxist ], post-colonial anarchists oppose the tyranny of nationalism, and argue that the achievement of meaningful ] for all of the world's nations requires an anarchist political system based on local control, free federation and mutual aid.<ref>Post Colonial Anarchism, by Roger White. Anarchism, nationalism, and national liberation from an APOC perspective.</ref>
Post-Colonial Anarchism is syncretic and diverse, incorporating a wide range of sources, as is to be expected from a tendency which draws from such a wide range of perspectives.


=== Nationalism === == References ==
{{Reflist|2}}


==Further reading==
] have a long history, going back to ]'s early involvement in the ] movement. Anarchists have participated in Left-Nationalist movements in ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and many other nations. Modern Anarchist organizations working on national liberation struggles include the ] in ].
* {{cite book|last=Galián|first=Laura|year=2020|chapter=Decolonizing Anarchism|title=Colonialism, Transnationalism, and Anarchism in the South of the Mediterranean|publisher=]|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-45449-4_2|isbn=978-3-030-45449-4|pages=27–54}}
* {{cite book|last=Gordon|first=Uri|year=2016|chapter=Anarchism and multiculturalism|editor-first1=Luis|editor-last1=Cordeiro-Rodrigues|editor-first2=Marko|editor-last2=Simendic|title=Philosophies of Multiculturalism|publisher=]|pages=71–87|isbn=9781315516370|doi=10.4324/9781315516370-11|doi-broken-date=5 November 2024 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Hirsch |first=Steven |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004188495.i-432 |title=Anarchism and Syndicalism in the Colonial and Postcolonial World, 1870-1940 |last2=van der Walt |first2=Lucien |date=2010 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-18848-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Larson|first=Ole Birk|chapter=Anti-Imperialism|editor-last1=Adams|editor-first1=Matthew S.|editor-last2=Levy|editor-first2=Carl|year=2018|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism|location=London|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-3319756196|pages=149–167|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_8|s2cid=150357033 }}
* {{cite book|last=Ramnath|first=Maia|chapter=Non-Western Anarchisms and Postcolonialism|editor-last1=Adams|editor-first1=Matthew S.|editor-last2=Levy|editor-first2=Carl|year=2018|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism|location=London|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-3319756196|pages=677–695|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_38|s2cid=150357033 }}
* {{cite book|last1=Wilson|first1=Matthew|last2=Kinna|first2=Ruth|author-link2=Ruth Kinna|year=2012|chapter=Key terms|editor-last=Kinna|editor-first=Ruth|title=The Continuum Companion to Anarchism|publisher=]|isbn=978-1-4411-4270-2|pages=329-352<!--345-346-->}}


== External links ==
While Post-Colonial Anarchism clearly has objections to Nationalism, therefore, it also recognizes that a key element of imperialism is the waging of ] by the conquerers against subject nations in an attempt to destroy the identity of the conquered and make them easier to govern. Post Colonial Anarchism therefor seeks not only the abolition of Capitalism and the State, but is an effort by colonized peoples to promote, preserve, and defend their cultures, dignity, and identity. As Ashanti Alliston puts it in 'Beyond Nationalism but Not Without It'
*
*
*


⚫ {{anarchism}}
<blockquote>For me, even the nationalism of a Louis Farrakhan is about saving my people, though it is also thoroughly sexist, capitalist, homophobic and potentially fascist. Yet, it has played an important part in keeping a certain black pride and resistance going. Their "on the ground" work is very important in keeping an anti-racist mentality going. As a black anarchist, that’s MY issue to deal with cuz they’se MY FOLKS. But it points to where anarchism and nationalism have differences, and that is in anarchists having NO understanding of what it means to be BLACK in this fucked up society.<ref>Ashanti Alliston. Anarchist Panther Zine issue 1. </ref></blockquote>

Ashanti thus sees value in the ] where it acts as a force for good by helping black people in America stand up for themselves and demand equality, but also recognizes the negative impacts of the NOI's approach and urges the Black community to stand up and speak out against the NOI and other Black Nationalist groups where they cross the line from pride in self to the promotion of bigotry against others. He is also strongly critical of the larger Anarchist movements tendency to throw the proverbial baby out with the bathwater and dismiss Black Nationalism and other national liberation struggles out of hand.

⚫ At root, the basic difference between Anarchism and Anti-State Nationalism is that in nationalism the primary political unit is the nation, or ethnic group, whereas in an anarchist system the primary political unit is either the individual (in individualist anarchism) or the local community (in social anarchism). Post-Colonial Anarchism is therefore clearly distinct from any form of nationalism in that it does not seek to make the Nation a political unit - let alone the primary political unit. Just as Social Anarchists seek to create a socialist economy but oppose the tyranny of marxist state socialism, Post-Colonial Anarchists oppose the tyranny of nationalism. and argue that the achievement of meaningful ] for all of the world's nations requires an anarchist political system based on local control, free federation and ]. <ref>Post Colonial Anarchism, by Roger White. Anarchism, nationalism, and national liberation from an APOC perspective.</ref>

=== Race and Racism ===

Post-Colonial Anarchism is self-consciously anti-racist, though different groups have differing ideas of what that means. ]-identified groups seek to bring together the perspectives of people of color within the Anarchist movement and have a strong commitment to combating white supremacy, but are often reluctant to recognize the validity and importance of anti-imperialist struggles in Europe. Indigenist thinkers like ], by contrast, make a point of showing support for such movements and actively encourages white anti-racists to explore and learn from historical and ongoing anti-imperialist struggles in Europe. All the various strains of Post-colonial Anarchism, however, are explicitly opposed to and denounce claims of racial superiority by any group and see the abolition of racism as a fundamental goal of Anarchism.

== African Anarchism ==
{{Main article|Anarchism in Africa}}

] and ] in ''African Anarchism: The History of a Movement'' make the claim that:
{{cquote|To a greater or lesser extent, all of traditional African societies manifested “anarchic elements” which, upon close examination, lend credence to the historical truism that governments have not always existed. They are but a recent phenomenon and are, therefore, not inevitable in human society. While some “anarchic” features of traditional African societies existed largely in past stages of development, some of them persist and remain pronounced to this day.}}

The reason why traditional African societies are characterized as "anarchies" is because of their horizontal political structure and absence of classes. In addition to that leadership of elders normally did not transcend into the authoritative structure, which characterizes the modern state (see also ]' thesis expounded in ''Society Against the State'').

Starting in the ] the ] began to form in the last empires of Africa, although it had already existed in some African civilizations (such as ], ], ] and ]) for millennia. However, many societies have until this day remained as what is called “tribes without rulers”, a form of “ordered anarchy”.

From a Post Colonial perspective, African Anarchism is therefore an attempt to re-imagine anarchist politics based on a conception of Anarchism not as some utopian future society, but as a real functional model for society which was actually the norm for pre-conquest Africa, was disturbed by european aggression and imperialism, and which provides the single best blueprint for how African societies can move forward and create a just and equitable future.

== Celtic Anarchism ==

The most basic aspect of the tendency is the belief that pre-conquest ] societies had strong aspects in common with Anarchist ideals of how society should be structured, and that modern Anarchists would do well to investigate these early models. Celtic Ireland, prior to ]'s invasion, is held up as a positive example. The tendency is thus similar to ] in that it seeks inspiration for anarchism in the history and practices of ancestors, rather then relying solely on political theory and speculation. There is also a strong movement to seek out the good in the ongoing anti-imperialist movements in Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Bretony, Cornwall, and Galicia.

=== Ecology ===

The influence of the modern revival of Celtic culture on Anarchism are particularly evident within the radical wing of the ] movement, particularly ]. ] is one of the largest networks organizing around these issues and is organized along anarchist lines with many of the people who work under its banner self-identifying as anarchists. It is perhaps natural that the ] and ] Earth First movements in particular would seek inspiration from and consciously seek linkages with Celtic identities, given that the ancient Celts are commonly portrayed as being more in touch with nature then modern consumer society. The Earth First Journal, the main publication of the movement, organizes its printing schedule around the Neopagan ], which consists of four Gaelic festivals and four Germanic ones, with issues named for ], ], ], ], ], ], and ]. <ref></ref>

=== Post-Colonial Anarchism in Ireland ===

The armed struggle against British rule in Ireland, particularly up to and during the War of Independence, is portrayed as a ] struggle with the Celtic Anarchist mileau. Anarchists, including the Irish ], support a complete end to British involvement in Ireland, a stance traditionally associated with ], but are also very critical of Stateist ] and the ] in particular. In two articles published on Anarkismo.net, Andrew Flood of the WSM outlines what he argues was the betrayal of class struggle by the IRA during the war of independence,<ref> from Anarkismo.net</ref> <ref> from Anarkismo.net</ref> and argues that the Stateism of traditional Irish Nationalism forced it to place the interests of wealthy Irish Nationalists who were financing the revolution ahead of the interests of the vast majority of Ireland's poor. The example of the ], a workers militia which was led by ] and based in the radical wing of the Irish union movement, is held up as a better example of how the larger revolutionary movement could have - and should have - been organized.

Anarchists are extremely critical of the I.R.A., both because of its use of terrorist violence and because of its internal ]ism. From the Anarchist view, British and Irish nationalisms are both Stateist, authoritarian, and seek to dominate and exploit the Irish ] to empower their competing ]s. Anarchism would instead create a political system without States and where communities are self-governing on the local level. The achievement of home-rule, or political self-determination, is therefore a precondition for and a consequence of Anarchism. At root then, the Anarchist objection to Irish Nationalism is that Nationalists use reprehensible means to demand far too little. Still, Anarchists seek to learn from and examine the liberatory aspects of the struggle for Irish independence and the WSM includes a demand for complete British withdrawal from North Ireland in its platform.

== Chicano Anarchism ==

Chicano anarchism is an effort to understand how anarchism relates to the Chicano experience in the United States, or better said how the two relate to one another. A Chicano/a being a person of Mexican descent who was born and raised in the United States, more specifically a politicized person of Mexican descent born in the United States. Chicano anarchism, although the term itself is quite new, has it antecedents in the Mexican anarchist Ricardo Flores Magon’s propagandizing in the Spanish speaking communities of California and the southwest during his years of exile, and in the Mexican Anarchist movement (See ]). Since the 1960s when the modern Chicano radical movement begin, and especially the late 60s and early 70s when it reached it’s zenith, to identify as a Chicano (rather then Hispanic or Latino) has been to identify with a self-consciously subversive political stance. Chicano Anarchism thus seeks to take this form of radical self-identification and push it beyond the current emphasis on cultural-nationalism and towards class struggle and solidarity with the international working class, while keeping their analysis rooted in their unique history and culture.

One of the primary goals of Chicano anarchism is to inject a Class struggle anarchist critique, made primarily by class conscious Chicano anarchists, into the modern nationalist Chicano movement and transform the movement away from the reactionary ideas of cultural-nationalism and into a movement that works in collaboration as comrades with the international working class, of which the mass of Chicanos are a part. <ref>The Origins of Contemporary Chicano Anarchism by by O.R. </ref>

==Black anarchism or Panther anarchism==
{{Main article|Black anarchism}}

'''Black anarchism''' opposes the existence of a ] and subjugation and domination of people of color, and favors a non-hierarchical organization of society. Black ] seek to abolish ], ], and the state. Theorists include ], ], ], many former members of the ], and ]. Black anarchism rejects the traditional anarchist movement.

Black anarchists have criticized both the hierarchical organization of the Black Panther ], and the anarchist movement, on the grounds that it has traditionally been European and/or white-based. They oppose the ] conception, based on the ] of the ], which is proposed by the anarchist workers' tradition, arguing that it is not adequate enough to struggle against ] and that it disguises real inequalities by proclaiming a ''de jure'' ].

Black anarchists are thus influenced by the ] and ], and seek to forge their own movement that represents their own identity and tailored to their own unique situation. However, in contrast to black activism that was, in the past, based in leadership from hierarchical organizations such as the Black Panther Party, black anarchism rejects such methodology in favor of developing organically through communication and cooperation to bring about an economic and cultural revolution that does away with racist domination, capitalism, and the state. From Alston's ''@narchist Panther Zine'':


⚫ {{DEFAULTSORT:Post-Colonial Anarchism}}
<blockquote>"''Panther anarchism is ready, willing and able to challenge old nationalist and revolutionary notions that have been accepted as ‘common-sense.’ It also challenges the bullshit in our lives and in the so-called movement that holds us back from building a genuine movement based on the enjoyment of life, diversity, practical self-determination and multi-faceted resistance to the Babylonian Pigocracy. This Pigocracy is in our ‘heads,’ our relationships as well as in the institutions that have a vested interest in our eternal domination.''"<ref>''@narchist Panther Zine'' October 1999, '''1'''(1).</ref></blockquote>
]
]
]
]


{{Anarchism-stub}}
== Notes and References ==
<references/>

Revision as of 13:58, 20 December 2024

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    Post-colonial anarchism is a term used to describe anarchism in an anti-imperialist framework. Whereas traditional anarchism arose from industrialized Western nations—and thus sees history from their perspective—post-colonial anarchism approaches the same principles of anarchism from the perspective of colonized peoples. It is highly critical of the contributions of the established anarchist movement, and seeks to add what it sees as a unique and important perspective. The tendency is strongly influenced by indigenism, anti-state forms of nationalism, and anarchism among ethnic minorities, among other sources.

    The term was first coined by Roger White. Between 1994 and 2004, White wrote a series of essays reflecting on his experiences in the anarchist movement. He identifies racial isolation and tokenism as important features of the experience of people of color in the anarchist movement and attributes this to the prevalence European universalism and an approach to class struggle as a binary relationship between workers and capitalists which does not take account of the cultural aspects of imperialism.

    At root, the basic difference between anarchism and anti-state nationalism is that in nationalism the primary political unit is the nation, or ethnic group, whereas in an anarchist system the primary political unit is the local community or the place where labor occurs. Post-colonial anarchism is therefore clearly distinct from any form of nationalism in that it does not seek to make the nation a political unit – let alone the primary political unit. Just as social anarchists seek to create a socialist economy but oppose the tyranny of Marxist state socialism, post-colonial anarchists oppose the tyranny of nationalism, and argue that the achievement of meaningful self-determination for all of the world's nations requires an anarchist political system based on local control, free federation and mutual aid.

    References

    1. White, Roger. Post Colonial Anarchism Essays on race, repression and culture in communities of color 1999–2004 (PDF). Oakland California: Jailbreak Press. Archived from the original on 3 January 2006. Retrieved 9 February 2017.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
    2. Post Colonial Anarchism, by Roger White. Anarchism, nationalism, and national liberation from an APOC perspective.

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