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Revision as of 03:18, 8 April 2024 edit32.209.69.24 (talk) 1901–present← Previous edit Latest revision as of 20:37, 20 December 2024 edit undoStarTrekker (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users, New page reviewers174,656 edits External links 
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*] &ndash; ] arrives at ].<ref>{{cite book|last=Lach|first=Donald F.|title=Asia in the Making of Europe. Vol. 1, Book 2: The Century of Discovery|location=Chicago|publisher=University of Chicago Press|date=1965|isbn=9780226467320|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xD52ge5a8vYC|page=631}}</ref> *] &ndash; ] arrives at ].<ref>{{cite book|last=Lach|first=Donald F.|title=Asia in the Making of Europe. Vol. 1, Book 2: The Century of Discovery|location=Chicago|publisher=University of Chicago Press|date=1965|isbn=9780226467320|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xD52ge5a8vYC|page=631}}</ref>
*] &ndash; ] leaves ] on a mission to the ].<ref>{{cite book|last=Coleridge|first=Henry James|title=The Life and Letters of St. Francis Xavier|location=London|publisher=Burns and Oates|date=1872|oclc=13155466|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gbJSAAAAcAAJ|page=101}}</ref> *] &ndash; ] leaves ] on a mission to the ].<ref>{{cite book|last=Coleridge|first=Henry James|title=The Life and Letters of St. Francis Xavier|location=London|publisher=Burns and Oates|date=1872|oclc=13155466|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gbJSAAAAcAAJ|page=101}}</ref>

===1601–1900=== ===1601–1900===
*] &ndash; Premiere performance of Bach's '']'', ]&nbsp;245, at ]. *] &ndash; Premiere performance of Bach's '']'', ]&nbsp;245, at ].
*] &ndash; End of ]. *] &ndash; End of ].
*] &ndash; ] establish ], the first permanent settlement created by ] in the recently organized ]. *] &ndash; ] establish ], the first permanent settlement created by ] in the recently organized ].
*] &ndash; ]: Greek revolutionary ] loses three of his ships in the ]. <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nhmuseum.gr/en/departments/into-the-museum-s-collection/item/9463-thenavalbattleatthestraitsofandrosislandapril61790arsonofthegreekflagshipathensofthenorthoneofthemajoreventsduringtheexpeditionbylambroskatso | title="The naval battle at the straits of Andros island, April 6, 1790. Arson of the Greek flagship "Athens of the North"". One of the major events during the expedition by Lambros Katsonis against the Ottomans. Oil painting on canvas, by unknown, 19th century }}</ref> *] &ndash; ]: Greek revolutionary ] loses three of his ships in the ].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nhmuseum.gr/en/departments/into-the-museum-s-collection/item/9463-thenavalbattleatthestraitsofandrosislandapril61790arsonofthegreekflagshipathensofthenorthoneofthemajoreventsduringtheexpeditionbylambroskatso | title="The naval battle at the straits of Andros island, April 6, 1790. Arson of the Greek flagship "Athens of the North"". One of the major events during the expedition by Lambros Katsonis against the Ottomans. Oil painting on canvas, by unknown, 19th century }}</ref>
*] &ndash; The ] adopts the ] and ] as its primary unit of mass.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-06 |title=Metrication timeline |url=https://ukma.org.uk/press/metrication-timeline/ |access-date=2022-08-16 |website=UK Metric Association |language=en}}</ref> *] &ndash; The ] adopts the ] and ] as its primary unit of mass.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-06 |title=Metrication timeline |url=https://ukma.org.uk/press/metrication-timeline/ |access-date=2022-08-16 |website=UK Metric Association |language=en}}</ref>
*] &ndash; The ] is organized from disputed territory claimed by both the ] and the ]. It is expanded in 1804 and again in 1812. *] &ndash; The ] is organized from disputed territory claimed by both the ] and the ]. It is expanded in 1804 and again in 1812.
*] &ndash; ]: The ] breaks camp among the ] tribe and resumes its journey West along the ]. *] &ndash; ]: The ] breaks camp among the ] tribe and resumes its journey West along the ].
*] &ndash; German composer ] premieres his ], at the ] in ]. *] &ndash; German composer ] premieres his ], at the ] in ].
*] &ndash; The ] is established in ], England at the Bridgewater Arms hotel, as part of a national movement for the education of working men. The institute is the precursor to three Universities in the city: the ], ] and the ] (MMU).<ref name=bi>{{cite web|url=https://www.manchester.ac.uk/discover/bicentenary/|website=manchester.ac.uk|author=Anon|year=2024|title=Celebrating our bicentenary: 200 years of education and innovation|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815205524/https://www.manchester.ac.uk/discover/bicentenary/|archivedate=2023-08-15}}</ref><ref name=umist>{{cite web|url=https://www.manchester.ac.uk/discover/history-heritage/history/umist/|website=manchester.ac.uk|title=History of UMIST|author=Anon|year=2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924010004/https://www.manchester.ac.uk/discover/history-heritage/history/umist/|archivedate=2014-09-24}}</ref><ref name=mmu>{{cite web|url=https://www.mmu.ac.uk/about-us/history|website=mmu.ac.uk|title=Our history and heritage|author=Anon|year=2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403145944/https://www2.mmu.ac.uk/about-us/history/|archivedate=2019-04-03}}</ref> *] &ndash; The ] is established in ], England at the Bridgewater Arms hotel, as part of a national movement for the education of working men. The institute is the precursor to three Universities in the city: the ], ] and the ] (MMU).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.manchester.ac.uk/discover/bicentenary/|website=manchester.ac.uk|author=Anon|year=2024|title=Celebrating our bicentenary: 200 years of education and innovation|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815205524/https://www.manchester.ac.uk/discover/bicentenary/|archivedate=2023-08-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.manchester.ac.uk/discover/history-heritage/history/umist/|website=manchester.ac.uk|title=History of UMIST|author=Anon|year=2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924010004/https://www.manchester.ac.uk/discover/history-heritage/history/umist/|archivedate=2014-09-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mmu.ac.uk/about-us/history|website=mmu.ac.uk|title=Our history and heritage|author=Anon|year=2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403145944/https://www2.mmu.ac.uk/about-us/history/|archivedate=2019-04-03}}</ref>
*] &ndash; ] becomes Emperor of ].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pedro II {{!}} emperor of Brazil {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pedro-II|access-date=2022-01-10|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> *] &ndash; ] becomes Emperor of ].<ref>{{Britannica URL|title=Pedro II {{!}} emperor of Brazil |url=biography/Pedro-II}}</ref>
*] &ndash; ]: The Union's ] and the ] ] the Confederate ] near ]. *] &ndash; ]: The Union's ] and the ] ] the Confederate ] near ].
*] &ndash; ], one of the Canadian ], is assassinated by a ] activist. *] &ndash; ], one of the Canadian ], is assassinated by a ] activist.
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*] &ndash; ]: United States Secretary of the Interior ] ] federal petroleum reserves to private oil companies on excessively generous terms. *] &ndash; ]: United States Secretary of the Interior ] ] federal petroleum reserves to private oil companies on excessively generous terms.
*] &ndash; ] attempts to assassinate Italian Prime Minister ].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-02-21|title=Violet Gibson - The Irish woman who shot Benito Mussolini|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-56111443|access-date=2022-01-10}}</ref> *] &ndash; ] attempts to assassinate Italian Prime Minister ].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-02-21|title=Violet Gibson - The Irish woman who shot Benito Mussolini|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-56111443|access-date=2022-01-10}}</ref>
*] &ndash; ] engineer ] transmits the first long-distance public ] (from ], to ], displaying the image of ] ]).<ref>{{cite news |title=Radio Board Tests Television Process. Finds Demonstration Satisfactory and Will Keep Top Air Band for It |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1927/04/28/archives/radio-board-tests-television-process-finds-demonstration.html |quote=A demonstration of television was given here today for the benefit of ] and the other members of the Radio Commission by Dr. Herbert E. Ives, inventor of an American process, and Dr. ], Vice President of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company. ...|newspaper=] |date=April 28, 1927 |access-date=2014-01-11 }}</ref> *] &ndash; ] engineer ] transmits the first long-distance public ] (from ], to ], displaying the image of ] ]).<ref>{{cite news |title=Radio Board Tests Television Process. Finds Demonstration Satisfactory and Will Keep Top Air Band for It |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1927/04/28/archives/radio-board-tests-television-process-finds-demonstration.html |quote=A demonstration of television was given here today for the benefit of ] and the other members of the Radio Commission by Dr. Herbert E. Ives, inventor of an American process, and Dr. ], Vice President of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company. ...|newspaper=] |date=April 28, 1927 |access-date=2014-01-11 }}</ref>
*] &ndash; ] is repealed for ] of no more than 3.2% alcohol by weight, eight months before the ratification of the ]. (Now celebrated as ] in the ].) *] &ndash; ] is repealed for ] of no more than 3.2% alcohol by weight, eight months before the ratification of the ]. (Now celebrated as ] in the ].)
* 1933 &ndash; ] issues the ] banning Jews and political dissidents from civil service posts.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service — United States Holocaust Memorial Museum|url=https://www.ushmm.org/learn/timeline-of-events/1933-1938/law-for-the-restoration-of-the-professional-civil-service|access-date=2022-01-10|website=www.ushmm.org}}</ref> * 1933 &ndash; ] issues the ] banning Jews and political dissidents from civil service posts.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service — United States Holocaust Memorial Museum|url=https://www.ushmm.org/learn/timeline-of-events/1933-1938/law-for-the-restoration-of-the-professional-civil-service|access-date=2022-01-10|website=www.ushmm.org}}</ref>
*] &ndash; ] declares an ] over ] and forces King ] into exile.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=On This Day - What Happened on April 7 {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/on-this-day/April-7|access-date=2022-01-10|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> *] &ndash; ] declares an ] over ] and forces King ] into exile.<ref name="On This Day">{{Britannica URL|title=On This Day - What Happened on April 7 |url=on-this-day/April-7}}</ref>
*] &ndash; ] becomes the first ] to be depicted on a ]. *] &ndash; ] becomes the first ] to be depicted on a ].
*] &ndash; ]: In ], Germans order 1,100 Jews to undress and march through the city to the nearby village of Plebanivka, where they are shot and buried in ditches. *] &ndash; ]: In ], Germans order 1,100 Jews to undress and march through the city to the nearby village of Plebanivka, where they are shot and buried in ditches.
* 1943 &ndash; ] becomes ] ] during the ]. * 1943 &ndash; ] becomes ] ] during the ].
* 1943 &ndash; The ] makes ] mandatory.<ref>{{Cite web|last=PlexusGroupe|date=2014-04-08|title=Recalling when the NFL made helmets mandatory|url=https://profootballtalk.nbcsports.com/2014/04/07/recalling-when-the-nfl-made-helmets-mandatory/|access-date=2022-01-10|website=ProFootballTalk|language=en-US}}</ref> * 1943 &ndash; The ] makes ] mandatory.<ref>{{Cite web|last=PlexusGroupe|date=2014-04-08|title=Recalling when the NFL made helmets mandatory|url=https://profootballtalk.nbcsports.com/2014/04/07/recalling-when-the-nfl-made-helmets-mandatory/|access-date=2022-01-10|website=ProFootballTalk|language=en-US}}</ref>
* ] &ndash; In the ], soldiers belonging to the German ] kill 30 Italian civilians and 15 partisans near ] in central-northern Italy.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=6 April 2024 |title=7 aprile 1944 – 80 anni fa la strage di Fragheto |trans-title=7 April 1944 – 80 years ago, the Fragheto massacre |url=https://www.chiamamicitta.it/7-aprile-1944-80-anni-fa-la-strage-di-fragheto/ |access-date=7 April 2024 |website=Chiamami Città |language=it-IT}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=7 April 2024 |title=Eccidio di Fragheto: Rimini presente alla commemorazione a 74 anni dalla strage |trans-title=Fragheto massacre: Rimini present at the commemoration 74 years after the massacre |url=https://www.comune.rimini.it/novita/eccidio-di-fragheto-rimini-presente-alla-commemorazione-74-anni-dalla-strage |access-date=7 April 2024 |website=Comune di Rimini}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=30 November 2011 |title=Eccidio di Fragheto, rinviati a giudizio 3 soldati tedeschi |trans-title=Fragheto massacre: 3 German soldiers sent to trial |url=https://www.riminitoday.it/cronaca/eccidio-di-fragheto-rinviati-a-giudizio-3-soldati-tedeschi.html |access-date=7 April 2024 |website=RiminiToday |language=it}}</ref> * ] &ndash; In the ], soldiers belonging to the German ] kill 30 Italian civilians and 15 partisans near ] in central-northern Italy.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=6 April 2024 |title=7 aprile 1944 – 80 anni fa la strage di Fragheto |trans-title=7 April 1944 – 80 years ago, the Fragheto massacre |url=https://www.chiamamicitta.it/7-aprile-1944-80-anni-fa-la-strage-di-fragheto/ |access-date=7 April 2024 |website=Chiamami Città |language=it-IT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 April 2024 |title=Eccidio di Fragheto: Rimini presente alla commemorazione a 74 anni dalla strage |trans-title=Fragheto massacre: Rimini present at the commemoration 74 years after the massacre |url=https://www.comune.rimini.it/novita/eccidio-di-fragheto-rimini-presente-alla-commemorazione-74-anni-dalla-strage |access-date=7 April 2024 |website=Comune di Rimini}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 November 2011 |title=Eccidio di Fragheto, rinviati a giudizio 3 soldati tedeschi |trans-title=Fragheto massacre: 3 German soldiers sent to trial |url=https://www.riminitoday.it/cronaca/eccidio-di-fragheto-rinviati-a-giudizio-3-soldati-tedeschi.html |access-date=7 April 2024 |website=RiminiToday |language=it}}</ref>
*] &ndash; ]: The ] battleship '']'', one of the two largest ever constructed, is sunk by ] aircraft during ]. *] &ndash; ]: The ] battleship '']'', one of the two largest ever constructed, is sunk by ] aircraft during ].
*] &ndash; The ] annexes ] as the ] of the ].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Konigsberg (Kaliningrad) region formed in the RSFSR|url=https://www.prlib.ru/en/history/619151|access-date=2022-01-10|website=Presidential Library|language=en}}</ref> *] &ndash; The ] annexes ] as the ] of the ].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Konigsberg (Kaliningrad) region formed in the RSFSR|url=https://www.prlib.ru/en/history/619151|access-date=2022-01-10|website=Presidential Library|language=en}}</ref>
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*] &ndash; United States President ] gives his "]" speech during a news conference. *] &ndash; United States President ] gives his "]" speech during a news conference.
*] &ndash; ] resigns as ] amid indications of failing health. *] &ndash; ] resigns as ] amid indications of failing health.
*] &ndash; ] agrees to surrender its ] in ].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Morocco - The Spanish Zone {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Morocco/The-Spanish-Zone|access-date=2022-01-10|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> *] &ndash; ] agrees to surrender its ] in ].<ref>{{Britannica URL|title=Morocco - The Spanish Zone |url=place/Morocco/The-Spanish-Zone}}</ref>
*] &ndash; ] announces the ]. *] &ndash; ] announces the ].
*] &ndash; Representatives of the ] testify before members of the US Senate in ], against the termination of the ] tribe.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BIsNAQAAMAAJ|title=The Native North American Almanac: A Reference Work on Native North Americans in the United States and Canada|last=Champagne|first=Duane|date=2001|publisher=Gale Research|isbn=978-0-7876-1655-7|language=en}}</ref> *] &ndash; Representatives of the ] testify before members of the US Senate in ], against the termination of the ] tribe.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BIsNAQAAMAAJ|title=The Native North American Almanac: A Reference Work on Native North Americans in the United States and Canada|last=Champagne|first=Duane|date=2001|publisher=Gale Research|isbn=978-0-7876-1655-7|language=en}}</ref>
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*] &ndash; A fire breaks out on the ] '']'', killing 159 people. *] &ndash; A fire breaks out on the ] '']'', killing 159 people.
* 1990 &ndash; ] is convicted for his role in the ].<ref>{{Cite web|title=CNN Transcript - Morning News: CNN 20: John Poindexter Convicted, April 7, 1990 - April 7, 2000|url=http://www.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0004/07/mn.12.html|access-date=2022-01-10|website=www.cnn.com}}</ref> In 1991 the convictions are reversed on appeal. * 1990 &ndash; ] is convicted for his role in the ].<ref>{{Cite web|title=CNN Transcript - Morning News: CNN 20: John Poindexter Convicted, April 7, 1990 - April 7, 2000|url=http://www.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0004/07/mn.12.html|access-date=2022-01-10|website=www.cnn.com}}</ref> In 1991 the convictions are reversed on appeal.
*] &ndash; ]: Massacres of ]s begin in ], ], and soldiers kill the civilian Prime Minister ].<ref name=":0" /> *] &ndash; ]: Massacres of ]s begin in ], ], and soldiers kill the civilian Prime Minister ].<ref name="On This Day" />
* 1994 &ndash; Auburn Calloway attempts to destroy ] in order to allow his family to benefit from his ] policy. * 1994 &ndash; Auburn Calloway attempts to destroy ] in order to allow his family to benefit from his ] policy.
*] &ndash; ]: Russian paramilitary troops begin a ] of civilians in ], ]. *] &ndash; ]: Russian paramilitary troops begin a ] of civilians in ], ].
*] &ndash; ] crashes near ] in southern Turkey, killing six people.<ref name="shgm">{{cite web |title=Accident report TC – JEP (07.04.1999) |url=http://www.shgm.gov.tr/kaza/tcjep.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615143040/http://www.shgm.gov.tr/kaza/tcjep.htm |archive-date=2008-06-15 |publisher=Civil Aviation Authority |language=tr}}</ref> *] &ndash; ] crashes near ] in southern Turkey, killing six people.<ref>{{cite web |title=Accident report TC – JEP (07.04.1999) |url=http://www.shgm.gov.tr/kaza/tcjep.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615143040/http://www.shgm.gov.tr/kaza/tcjep.htm |archive-date=2008-06-15 |publisher=Civil Aviation Authority |language=tr}}</ref>
*] &ndash; ] launches the ] orbiter. *] &ndash; ] launches the ] orbiter.
*] &ndash; ]: U.S. troops ]; ]'s ] falls two days later. *] &ndash; ]: U.S. troops ]; ]'s ] falls two days later.
*2003 &ndash; Haitian president ] demands reparations of $21 billion from France for the ].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Méheut |first=Constant |last2=Porter |first2=Catherine |last3=Gebrekidan |first3=Selam |last4=Apuzzo |first4=Matt |date=2022-05-20 |title=Demanding Reparations, and Ending Up in Exile |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/20/world/americas/haiti-aristide-reparations-france.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714100559/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/20/world/americas/haiti-aristide-reparations-france.html |archive-date=2024-07-14 |access-date=2024-08-05 |work=] |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
*] &ndash; Former ]vian President ] is sentenced to 25 years in prison for ordering killings and kidnappings by security forces. *] &ndash; Former ]vian President ] is sentenced to 25 years in prison for ordering killings and kidnappings by security forces.
* 2009 &ndash; ] begin across ] under the belief that results from the ] are fraudulent. * 2009 &ndash; ] begin across ] under the belief that results from the ] are fraudulent.
*] &ndash; The ] use their ] missile system to successfully intercept a ] launched from ], marking the first ] intercept ever.<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Sholom|last=Friedmann|date=February 14, 2018|title=Our Journey|magazine=]|issue=355|page=118}}</ref> *] &ndash; The ] use their ] missile system to successfully intercept a ] launched from ], marking the first ] intercept ever.<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Sholom|last=Friedmann|date=February 14, 2018|title=Our Journey|magazine=]|issue=355|page=118}}</ref>
*] &ndash; A man ] in ], killing five people and injuring fifteen others.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-04-08|title=The Latest: Swedish police haul away truck used in attack|url=https://apnews.com/article/90d69285769b4b619a9af3d551bb25d9|access-date=2021-05-23|website=AP NEWS}}</ref> *] &ndash; A man ] in ], killing five people and injuring fifteen others.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-04-08|title=The Latest: Swedish police haul away truck used in attack|url=https://apnews.com/article/90d69285769b4b619a9af3d551bb25d9|access-date=2021-05-23|website=AP NEWS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-04-10 |title=Stockholm truck attack: Who is Rakhmat Akilov? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-39552691 |access-date=2024-04-21 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>15 were reported injured on the day of the attack. However, a woman died three weeks after the attack, bringing the number of injuries down to 14.</ref>
* 2017 &ndash; U.S. President ] orders the ] against Syria in retaliation for the ].<ref>{{Cite web|author=Faith Karimi and Jason Hanna|title=What you need to know about US strike on Syrian air base|url=https://www.cnn.com/2017/04/07/politics/trump-syria-airstrike-what-we-know/index.html|access-date=2022-01-10|website=CNN|date=7 April 2017}}</ref> * 2017 &ndash; U.S. President ] orders the ] against Syria in retaliation for the ].<ref>{{Cite web|author=Faith Karimi and Jason Hanna|title=What you need to know about US strike on Syrian air base|url=https://www.cnn.com/2017/04/07/politics/trump-syria-airstrike-what-we-know/index.html|access-date=2022-01-10|website=CNN|date=7 April 2017}}</ref>
*] &ndash; Former ] president, ], is arrested for corruption by determination of Judge ], from the "]".<ref>{{cite web |title=Lula Da Silva, Brazil's Beloved Ex-President, Surrenders After Standoff |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/04/07/600499624/lula-da-silva-brazils-beloved-ex-president-continues-resisting-order-to-surrende |website=NPR |date=7 April 2018 |access-date=31 July 2021|last1=Pinter |first1=Jacob }}</ref> Lula stayed imprisoned for 580 days, after being released by the ].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Phillips |first1=Dom |title=Brazil's former president Lula walks free from prison after supreme court ruling |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/08/lula-brazil-released-prison-supreme-court-ruling |website=The Guardian |date=8 November 2019 |access-date=31 July 2021}}</ref> *] &ndash; Former ] president, ], is arrested for corruption by determination of Judge ], from the "]".<ref>{{cite web |title=Lula Da Silva, Brazil's Beloved Ex-President, Surrenders After Standoff |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/04/07/600499624/lula-da-silva-brazils-beloved-ex-president-continues-resisting-order-to-surrende |website=NPR |date=7 April 2018 |access-date=31 July 2021|last1=Pinter |first1=Jacob }}</ref> Lula stayed imprisoned for 580 days, after being released by the ].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Phillips |first1=Dom |title=Brazil's former president Lula walks free from prison after supreme court ruling |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/08/lula-brazil-released-prison-supreme-court-ruling |website=The Guardian |date=8 November 2019 |access-date=31 July 2021}}</ref>
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* 2020 &ndash; COVID-19 pandemic: Acting Secretary of the Navy ] resigns for his handling of the ] and the dismissal of ].<ref>{{Cite web|author=Jim Sciutto, Barbara Starr, Zachary Cohen and Ryan Browne|title=Acting secretary of the Navy resigns after calling ousted aircraft carrier captain 'stupid'|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/07/politics/modly-resign-crozier-esper-trump/index.html|access-date=2022-01-10|website=CNN|date=7 April 2020 }}</ref> * 2020 &ndash; COVID-19 pandemic: Acting Secretary of the Navy ] resigns for his handling of the ] and the dismissal of ].<ref>{{Cite web|author=Jim Sciutto, Barbara Starr, Zachary Cohen and Ryan Browne|title=Acting secretary of the Navy resigns after calling ousted aircraft carrier captain 'stupid'|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/07/politics/modly-resign-crozier-esper-trump/index.html|access-date=2022-01-10|website=CNN|date=7 April 2020 }}</ref>
*] &ndash; COVID-19 pandemic: The ] announces that the ] has become the dominant strain of ] in the United States.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Stolberg|first=Sheryl Gay|date=2021-04-07|title=Most U.S. infections are now caused by a contagious virus variant, the C.D.C. says.|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/07/us/covid-variant-infection.html|access-date=2022-01-10|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> *] &ndash; COVID-19 pandemic: The ] announces that the ] has become the dominant strain of ] in the United States.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Stolberg|first=Sheryl Gay|date=2021-04-07|title=Most U.S. infections are now caused by a contagious virus variant, the C.D.C. says.|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/07/us/covid-variant-infection.html|access-date=2022-01-10|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
*] &ndash; ] is confirmed for the ], becoming the first black female justice. <ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-04-07|title=Supreme Court Highlights: Senate Confirms Ketanji Brown Jackson.|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url= https://www.nytimes.com/live/2022/04/07/us/ketanji-brown-jackson-vote-scotus}} </ref> *] &ndash; ] is confirmed for the ], becoming the first black female justice.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-04-07|title=Supreme Court Highlights: Senate Confirms Ketanji Brown Jackson.|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url= https://www.nytimes.com/live/2022/04/07/us/ketanji-brown-jackson-vote-scotus}}</ref>


==Births== ==Births==
Line 90: Line 92:
*] &ndash; ], Spanish missionary and saint, co-founded the ] (d. 1552) *] &ndash; ], Spanish missionary and saint, co-founded the ] (d. 1552)
*] &ndash; ], Swiss painter and illustrator (d. 1584) *] &ndash; ], Swiss painter and illustrator (d. 1584)

===1601–1900=== ===1601–1900===
*] &ndash; ], Dutch painter (d. 1675) *] &ndash; ], Dutch painter (d. 1675)
*] &ndash; ], French general (d. 1730) *] &ndash; ], French general (d. 1730)
*] &ndash; ], English poet and politician, ] (d. 1721) *] &ndash; ], English poet and politician, ] (d. 1721)
*] &ndash; ] (d. 1740)<ref>{{cite web |title=Clement XII {{!}} pope |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Clement-XII |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=22 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref> *] &ndash; ] (d. 1740)<ref>{{Britannica URL |title=Clement XII {{!}} pope |url=biography/Clement-XII }}</ref>
*] &ndash; ], Italian composer and theorist (d. 1801) *] &ndash; ], Italian composer and theorist (d. 1801)
*] &ndash; ], Scottish minister and author (d. 1800) *] &ndash; ], Scottish minister and author (d. 1800)
Line 100: Line 103:
*] &ndash; ], Italian bassist and composer (d. 1846) *] &ndash; ], Italian bassist and composer (d. 1846)
*] &ndash; ], English poet (d. 1850) *] &ndash; ], English poet (d. 1850)
*] &ndash; ], French philosopher (d. 1837)<ref>{{cite web |title=Charles Fourier {{!}} French philosopher |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-Fourier |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=13 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref> *] &ndash; ], French philosopher (d. 1837)<ref>{{Britannica URL |title=Charles Fourier {{!}} French philosopher |url=biography/Charles-Fourier }}</ref>
*] &ndash; ], American preacher and theologian (d. 1842) *] &ndash; ], American preacher and theologian (d. 1842)
*] &ndash; ], American journalist and politician, 11th ] (d. 1859) *] &ndash; ], American journalist and politician, 11th ] (d. 1859)
Line 125: Line 128:
* 1890 &ndash; ], American journalist and activist (d. 1998) * 1890 &ndash; ], American journalist and activist (d. 1998)
*] &ndash; ], Danish businessman, founded ] (d. 1958) *] &ndash; ], Danish businessman, founded ] (d. 1958)
*] &ndash; ], German footballer (d. 1945)<ref>Ernst Otto Bräunche (2006). </ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2020/01/25/imperishable-story-julius-hirsch-great-goalscorer-murdered-auschwitz/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2020/01/25/imperishable-story-julius-hirsch-great-goalscorer-murdered-auschwitz/ |archive-date=2022-01-12 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=The imperishable story of Julius Hirsch: the great goalscorer murdered at Auschwitz who adorns Stamford Bridge mural|first=Sam|last=Wallace|date=January 25, 2020|newspaper=The Telegraph}}{{cbignore}}</ref> *] &ndash; ], German footballer (d. 1945)<ref>{{cite book | last1=Bräunche | first1=E.O. | last2=Steck | first2=V. | author3=Stadtarchiv Karlsruhe | title=Sport in Karlsruhe: von den Anfängen bis heute | publisher=Info-Verlag | series=Veröffentlichungen des Karlsruher Stadtarchivs | year=2006 | isbn=978-3-88190-440-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7N1B-sMuXJ4C&pg=PA186 | language=de | page=186}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2020/01/25/imperishable-story-julius-hirsch-great-goalscorer-murdered-auschwitz/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2020/01/25/imperishable-story-julius-hirsch-great-goalscorer-murdered-auschwitz/ |archive-date=2022-01-12 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=The imperishable story of Julius Hirsch: the great goalscorer murdered at Auschwitz who adorns Stamford Bridge mural|first=Sam|last=Wallace|date=January 25, 2020|newspaper=The Telegraph}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
* 1893 &ndash; ], Portuguese artist (d. 1970){{cn|date=April 2022}} * ] &ndash; ], Portuguese artist (d. 1970){{citation needed|date=April 2022}}
*] &ndash; ], American lawyer and diplomat, 5th ] (d. 1969) *1893 &ndash; ], American lawyer and diplomat, 5th ] (d. 1969)
*] &ndash; ], American soldier and sculptor (d. 1942) *] &ndash; ], American soldier and sculptor (d. 1942)
* 1895 &ndash; ], German actress (d. 1985) * 1895 &ndash; ], German actress (d. 1985)
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*] &ndash; ], Polish actor (d. 1975) *] &ndash; ], Polish actor (d. 1975)
* 1900 &ndash; ], English race walker (d. 1984) * 1900 &ndash; ], English race walker (d. 1984)

===1901–present=== ===1901–present===
*] &ndash; ], Estonian footballer (d. 1941) *] &ndash; ], Estonian footballer (d. 1941)
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*] &ndash; ], Scottish-English actor (d. 2007) *] &ndash; ], Scottish-English actor (d. 2007)
*] &ndash; ], American singer-songwriter and guitarist *] &ndash; ], American singer-songwriter and guitarist
* 1935 &ndash; ], American journalist and politician, ] * 1935 &ndash; ], American journalist and politician, ] (d. 2023)
*] &ndash; ], American singer (d. 2023) *] &ndash; ], American singer (d. 2023)
*] &ndash; ], American lawyer and politician, 34th and 39th ] *] &ndash; ], American lawyer and politician, 34th and 39th ]
Line 199: Line 203:
*] &ndash; ], English singer-songwriter and guitarist *] &ndash; ], English singer-songwriter and guitarist
* 1943 &ndash; ], English cricketer and manager * 1943 &ndash; ], English cricketer and manager
*] &ndash; ], American insurance broker, investor, businessman and philanthropist *] &ndash; ], American insurance broker, investor, businessman and philanthropist (d. 2024)
* 1944 &ndash; ], American sportscaster (d. 2012) * 1944 &ndash; ], American sportscaster (d. 2012)
* 1944 &ndash; ], Israeli singer and actor * 1944 &ndash; ], Israeli singer and actor
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* 1947 &ndash; ], French singer and author * 1947 &ndash; ], French singer and author
*] &ndash; ], American singer-songwriter guitarist, and producer *] &ndash; ], American singer-songwriter guitarist, and producer
* 1948 &ndash; ], American athlete (d. 2020)<ref name=sr>{{cite Sports-Reference |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417174749/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ro/arnie-robinson-1.html |title=Arnie Robinson |archive-date=2020-04-17 |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ro/arnie-robinson-1.html |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sports/sports-columnists/story/2020-12-01/arnie-robinson-olympics-long-jump-gold-montreal-died-san-diego-aztecs-mesa-college|title=Column: Arnie Robinson dies at 72; Olympic long jump gold medalist, San Diego mainstay|date=December 1, 2020|website=San Diego Union-Tribune}}</ref> * 1948 &ndash; ], American athlete (d. 2020)<ref>{{cite Sports-Reference |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417174749/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ro/arnie-robinson-1.html |title=Arnie Robinson |archive-date=2020-04-17 |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ro/arnie-robinson-1.html |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sports/sports-columnists/story/2020-12-01/arnie-robinson-olympics-long-jump-gold-montreal-died-san-diego-aztecs-mesa-college|title=Column: Arnie Robinson dies at 72; Olympic long jump gold medalist, San Diego mainstay|date=December 1, 2020|website=San Diego Union-Tribune}}</ref>
* 1948 &ndash; ], Romanian politician<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andronescu Ecaterina |url=https://www.cdep.ro/pls/parlam/structura2015.mp?idm=2&leg=2016&cam=1&idl=2&pag=1&prn=0&par= |access-date=2023-04-03 |website=www.cdep.ro}}</ref> * 1948 &ndash; ], Romanian politician<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andronescu Ecaterina |url=https://www.cdep.ro/pls/parlam/structura2015.mp?idm=2&leg=2016&cam=1&idl=2&pag=1&prn=0&par= |access-date=2023-04-03 |website=www.cdep.ro}}</ref>
*] &ndash; ], American academic and politician, 49th ] *] &ndash; ], American academic and politician, 49th ]
Line 296: Line 300:
* 1976 &ndash; ], American actress * 1976 &ndash; ], American actress
* 1976 &ndash; ], Chinese anchor * 1976 &ndash; ], Chinese anchor
*] &ndash; ], Australian-New Zealand cricketer<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/36632.html |title=Tama Canning |accessdate=4 June 2016 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> *] &ndash; ], Australian-New Zealand cricketer<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/36632.html |title=Tama Canning |accessdate=4 June 2016 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
* 1977 &ndash; ], Slovak actress<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aktuality.sk |title=Osobný profil Karin Haydu |url=https://www.aktuality.sk/osobnost/karin-haydu/ |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=Aktuality.sk |language=sk}}</ref> * 1977 &ndash; ], Slovak actress<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aktuality.sk |title=Osobný profil Karin Haydu |url=https://www.aktuality.sk/osobnost/karin-haydu/ |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=Aktuality.sk |language=sk}}</ref>
*] &ndash; ], English soprano *] &ndash; ], English soprano
Line 309: Line 313:
* 1980 &ndash; ], Japanese actor * 1980 &ndash; ], Japanese actor
*] &ndash; ], Japanese singer *] &ndash; ], Japanese singer
*] &ndash; ], Japanese songwriter and guitarist (d. 2000) *1981 &ndash; ], Japanese songwriter and guitarist (d. 2000)
* 1981 &ndash; ], American singer-songwriter, and actress * 1981 &ndash; ], American singer-songwriter, and actress
* 1981 &ndash; ], Norwegian golfer * 1981 &ndash; ], Norwegian golfer
Line 352: Line 356:
==Deaths== ==Deaths==
===Pre-1600=== ===Pre-1600===
*] &ndash; ] (possible ])<ref name="nature.com">Colin J. Humphreys and W. G. Waddington, "Dating the Crucifixion ," Nature 306 (December 22/29, 1983), pp. 743-46. </ref><ref name=Humphreys2011 >], ''The Mystery of the Last Supper'' Cambridge University Press 2011 {{ISBN|978-0-521-73200-0}}, page 194</ref><ref name="WPCleanerAuto1">Blinzler, J. ''Der Prozess Jesu'', fourth edition, Regensburg, Pustet, 1969, pp101–126</ref> (b. ''circa'' ]) *] &ndash; ] (possible ])<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Humphreys | first1=Colin J. | last2=Waddington | first2=W. G. | title=Dating the Crucifixion | journal=Nature | volume=306 | issue=5945 | date=1983 | issn=1476-4687 | doi=10.1038/306743a0 | pages=743–746 | bibcode=1983Natur.306..743H | url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v306/n5945/abs/306743a0.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Humphreys | first=Colin J. |authorlink=Colin Humphreys | title=The Mystery of the Last Supper | publisher=Cambridge University Press | publication-place=Cambridge New York | date=2011-03-28 | isbn=978-0-521-73200-0 | page=194}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Blinzler |first=J. |title=Der Prozess Jesu |edition=fourth |location=Regensburg |publisher=Pustet |year=1969 |pages=101–126}}</ref> (b. ''circa'' ])
* ] &ndash; ], archbishop of ] (b. c. 776) * ] &ndash; ], archbishop of ] (b. c. 776)
* ] &ndash; ] (b. 845) * ] &ndash; ] (b. 845)
Line 358: Line 362:
*] &ndash; ] *] &ndash; ]
*] &ndash; ] (b. 1308) *] &ndash; ] (b. 1308)
*] &ndash; ] (b. 1470)<ref>{{cite web |title=Charles VIII {{!}} king of France |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-VIII |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=20 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref> *] &ndash; ] (b. 1470)<ref>{{Britannica URL |title=Charles VIII {{!}} king of France |url=biography/Charles-VIII }}</ref>
*] &ndash; ], Duke of Mirandola (b. 1442)<ref>{{cite book|last=Schmitt|first=Charles B.|title=Gianfrancesco Pico Della Mirandola (1469–1533) and His Critique of Aristotle|location=The Hague|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff|year=1967|page=17|isbn=978-9-40119-681-9}}</ref> *] &ndash; ], Duke of Mirandola (b. 1442)<ref>{{cite book|last=Schmitt|first=Charles B.|title=Gianfrancesco Pico Della Mirandola (1469–1533) and His Critique of Aristotle|location=The Hague|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff|year=1967|page=17|isbn=978-9-40119-681-9}}</ref>
*] &ndash; ], king of Ava (b. 1446) *] &ndash; ], king of Ava (b. 1446)

===1601–1900=== ===1601–1900===
*] &ndash; ], English martyr (b. 1561) *] &ndash; ], English martyr (b. 1561)
Line 376: Line 381:
*] &ndash; ], Dutch philologist and critic (b. 1685) *] &ndash; ], Dutch philologist and critic (b. 1685)
*] &ndash; ], Austrian composer and director (b. 1715) *] &ndash; ], Austrian composer and director (b. 1715)
*] &ndash; ], English singer (b.1746)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chisholm |first1=Kate |title=A killer made senseless by sensibility |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/3613725/A-killer-made-senseless-by-sensibility.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/3613725/A-killer-made-senseless-by-sensibility.html |archive-date=2022-01-12 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=8 March 2021 |work=www.telegraph.co.uk |date=15 March 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Martha Ray - a man she knew but had rejected stepped forward and shot her dead. |url=https://www.watfordobserver.co.uk/news/nostalgia/crimelibrary/martharay/ |access-date=8 March 2021 |work=www.watfordobserver.co.uk |publisher=Watford Observer}}</ref> *] &ndash; ], English singer (b. 1746)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chisholm |first1=Kate |title=A killer made senseless by sensibility |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/3613725/A-killer-made-senseless-by-sensibility.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/3613725/A-killer-made-senseless-by-sensibility.html |archive-date=2022-01-12 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=8 March 2021 |work=www.telegraph.co.uk |date=15 March 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Martha Ray - a man she knew but had rejected stepped forward and shot her dead. |url=https://www.watfordobserver.co.uk/news/nostalgia/crimelibrary/martharay/ |access-date=8 March 2021 |work=www.watfordobserver.co.uk |publisher=Watford Observer}}</ref>
*] &ndash; ], Thai king (b. 1734) *] &ndash; ], Thai king (b. 1734)
*] &ndash; ], Ottoman sultan (b. 1725) *] &ndash; ], Ottoman sultan (b. 1725)
*] &ndash; ], Dutch physician, anatomist, and physiologist (b. 1722) *1789 &ndash; ], Dutch physician, anatomist, and physiologist (b. 1722)
*] &ndash; ], French lexicographer and author (b. 1724) *] &ndash; ], French lexicographer and author (b. 1724)
*] &ndash; ], Haitian general (b. 1743) *] &ndash; ], Haitian general (b. 1743)
Line 396: Line 401:
* 1889 &ndash; ], Mexican politician and president, 1872-1876 (b. 1823)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/l/lerdo.htm|title=Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada|publisher=Biografias y Vidas|access-date=May 28, 2019|language=es}}</ref> * 1889 &ndash; ], Mexican politician and president, 1872-1876 (b. 1823)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/l/lerdo.htm|title=Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada|publisher=Biografias y Vidas|access-date=May 28, 2019|language=es}}</ref>
*] &ndash; ], American businessman and politician, co-founded ] (b. 1810) *] &ndash; ], American businessman and politician, co-founded ] (b. 1810)

===1901–present=== ===1901–present===
*] &ndash; ], Greek composer and playwright (b. 1861) *] &ndash; ], Greek composer and playwright (b. 1861)
Line 488: Line 494:
*] &ndash; ], Australian rugby league player and coach (b. 1950)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nrl.com/news/2021/04/07/league-legend-tommy-raudonikis-passes-away/|title=League legend Tommy Raudonikis passes away at 70|date=April 7, 2021|website=National Rugby League}}</ref> *] &ndash; ], Australian rugby league player and coach (b. 1950)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nrl.com/news/2021/04/07/league-legend-tommy-raudonikis-passes-away/|title=League legend Tommy Raudonikis passes away at 70|date=April 7, 2021|website=National Rugby League}}</ref>
*] – ], American lawyer (b. 1920)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-08 |title=Benjamin B. Ferencz, Last Surviving Nuremberg Prosecutor, Dies at 103 |work=The New York Times |language=en |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/08/world/europe/benjamin-b-ferencz-dead.html |access-date=2023-08-16 |last1=McFadden |first1=Robert D. }}</ref> *] – ], American lawyer (b. 1920)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-08 |title=Benjamin B. Ferencz, Last Surviving Nuremberg Prosecutor, Dies at 103 |work=The New York Times |language=en |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/08/world/europe/benjamin-b-ferencz-dead.html |access-date=2023-08-16 |last1=McFadden |first1=Robert D. }}</ref>
*] – ], American baseball player (b. 1942)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Villani |first=James |date=2024-04-08 |title=Mets Hall of Famer Jerry Grote Passes Away |url=https://metsmerizedonline.com/mets-hall-of-famer-jerry-grote-passes-away/ |access-date=2024-04-08 |website=Metsmerized Online |language=en-US}}</ref>
*2024 – ], Irish football player and manager (b. 1946)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ho |first=Vivian |date=2024-04-07 |title=Joe Kinnear, former Tottenham player and Wimbledon manager, dies aged 77 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2024/apr/07/joe-kinnear-former-tottenham-player-and-wimbledon-manager-dies-aged-77 |access-date=2024-04-08 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>


==Holidays and observances== ==Holidays and observances==
Line 523: Line 531:
{{months}} {{months}}


] ]
]

Latest revision as of 20:37, 20 December 2024

Date in Gregorian calendar

<< April >>
Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
01 02 03 04 05 06
07 08 09 10 11 12 13
14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27
28 29 30  
2024
April 7 in recent years
  2024 (Sunday)
  2023 (Friday)
  2022 (Thursday)
  2021 (Wednesday)
  2020 (Tuesday)
  2019 (Sunday)
  2018 (Saturday)
  2017 (Friday)
  2016 (Thursday)
  2015 (Tuesday)
Day of the year

April 7 is the 97th day of the year (98th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar; 268 days remain until the end of the year.

Events

Pre-1600

1601–1900

1901–present

Births

Pre-1600

1601–1900

1901–present

Deaths

Pre-1600

1601–1900

1901–present

Holidays and observances

References

  1. Dahmus, Joseph (1983). Seven Decisive Battles of the Middle Ages. Chicago: Nelson-Hall. p. 48. ISBN 9780830410309; Holmes, T. Scott (1911). The Origin and Development of the Christian Church in Gaul During the First Six Centuries of the Christian Era. London: MacMillan. p. 312. OCLC 417462582.
  2. Watson, Alan (2001). The Evolution of Western Private Law. Baltimore, Md.: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 2. ISBN 9780801864841.
  3. Weir, Alison (2008). Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy. London: Vintage Books. pp. 59–60. ISBN 9780099539735.
  4. "Foundation Charter". Charles University. Retrieved 2022-01-10; Spinka, Matthew (2017). John Hus: A Biography. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. p. 5. ISBN 9780691622194.
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