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{{Short description|Town in Bronze Age Anatolia}} {{Short description|Town in Bronze Age Anatolia}}
] river valley]]</center> ] river valley}}]]
'''Ištanuwa''' was a ] located along the Šaḫiriya river and known to the ] as the site of a regional religious festival. Its inhabitants were ] speakers. Cultic practices associated with the town are believed to have been antecedents of the same tradition that spawned the ] and the ]. '''Ištanuwa''' was a ] located along the Šaḫiriya river and known to the ] as the site of a regional religious festival. Its inhabitants were ] speakers. Cultic practices associated with the town are believed to have been antecedents of the same tradition that spawned the ] and the ].


== Etymology == == Etymology ==


The toponym ''Istanuwa'' is named only in the Luwian ritual texts known as the ''Songs of Istanuwa'' and the ''Songs of the Men of Lallupiya''.<ref name="Moulton">Mouton, Alice. (2016). “The Festivals of Lallupiya-Ištanuwa:” Liturgie oder Literatur?: 119–132. Web.</ref> ] regarded it as an Arzawan word that originated before "the infiltration of Thracian and Phrygian population groups"<ref name="Wood1">Woudhuizen, F. (2018). The Luwians of Western Anatolia: Their Neighbours and Predecessors. United Kingdom: Archaeopress Publishing Limited.</ref> ultimately derived from the Indo-Iranian root ] ("land") and the foreign ethnic designation ''nuwā-um'' ("Luwian").<ref>Carruba, Onofrio. (1992). ''Luwier in Kappadokien. La circulation des biens, des personnes et des idÈes dans le Proche-Orient ancien''. Ed. D. Charpin and F. JoannËs. Paris: Editions Recherche sur les Civilisations. pp. 251-57.</ref> ] believed it was a Hittite word that "must be derived from that of the Anatolian Sun deity" and the nominal stem ''-wa''<ref>Laroche, Emmanuel. (1975). ''Toponymes et frontières linguistiques en Asie-Mineure.'' In: ''La toponymie antique. Actes du Colloque de Strasbourg, 12–14 June 1975'' (= ''Travaux du Center de recherche sur le Proche-Orient et la Grèce antiques.'' Volume 4). Université des sciences humaines, Strasbourg 1975, pp. 205–217, here 212.</ref> so prominent in Taurisan Luwian.<ref name="Yaku2">Yakubovich. I. (2023). "Chapter 11: Cuneiform Luwian in the Hattuša Archives." Contacts of Languages and Peoples in the Hittite and Post-Hittite World, Volume 1, The Bronze Age and Hatti. </ref> An alternate spelling of ''Aštanuwa'' is found in Assyrian records.<ref>Horst Klengel: ''Ištanuwa.'' In: Dietz-Otto Edzard (ed.): ''Real Lexicon of Assyriology and Near Eastern Archaeology.'' Volume 5, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin/New York 1976–1980, {{ISBN|3-11-007192-4}}, p. 210.</ref> The toponym ''Istanuwa'' is named only in the Luwian ritual texts known as the ''Songs of Istanuwa'' and the ''Songs of the Men of Lallupiya''.<ref name="Moulton">Mouton, Alice. (2016). “The Festivals of Lallupiya-Ištanuwa:” Liturgie oder Literatur?: 119–132. Web.</ref> ] regarded it as an Arzawan word that originated before "the infiltration of Thracian and Phrygian population groups"<ref name="Wood1">Woudhuizen, F. (2018). The Luwians of Western Anatolia: Their Neighbours and Predecessors. United Kingdom: Archaeopress Publishing Limited.</ref> ultimately derived from the Indo-Iranian root ] ("land") and the foreign ethnic designation ''nuwā-um'' ("Luwian").<ref>Carruba, Onofrio. (1992). ''Luwier in Kappadokien. La circulation des biens, des personnes et des idÈes dans le Proche-Orient ancien''. Ed. D. Charpin and F. JoannËs. Paris: Editions Recherche sur les Civilisations. pp. 251-57.</ref> ] believed it was a Hittite word that "must be derived from that of the Anatolian Sun deity" ] and the nominal stem ''-wa''<ref>Laroche, Emmanuel. (1975). ''Toponymes et frontières linguistiques en Asie-Mineure.'' In: ''La toponymie antique. Actes du Colloque de Strasbourg, 12–14 June 1975'' (= ''Travaux du Center de recherche sur le Proche-Orient et la Grèce antiques.'' Volume 4). Université des sciences humaines, Strasbourg 1975, pp. 205–217, here 212.</ref> so prominent in Taurisan Luwian.<ref name="Yaku2">Yakubovich. I. (2023). "Chapter 11: Cuneiform Luwian in the Hattuša Archives." Contacts of Languages and Peoples in the Hittite and Post-Hittite World, Volume 1, The Bronze Age and Hatti. </ref> An alternate spelling of ''Aštanuwa'' is found in Assyrian records.<ref>Horst Klengel: ''Ištanuwa.'' In: Dietz-Otto Edzard (ed.): ''Real Lexicon of Assyriology and Near Eastern Archaeology.'' Volume 5, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin/New York 1976–1980, {{ISBN|3-11-007192-4}}, p. 210.</ref>


== Language == == Language ==
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== History == == History ==


There are thirty-six texts dated to the 1500s BC which mention Istanuwa, all of which contain Hittite descriptions of the men of town undertaking religious rituals or celebrations and/or the gods of the polity themselves.<ref name="Moulton"/> The opening line of one song - "''When they came to steep ]''"<ref>Starke, Frank. (1985). ''The Istanuwa texts.'' In: The same: The cuneiform Luwian texts in transcription Studies on the Boǧazköy Texts, Volume 30. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden</ref> has been interpreted to suggest a Luwian counterpart to the ] traditions of Ancient Greece,<ref>Watkins, Calvert. (1995). How to kill a dragon. Oxford, N.Y.: Oxford: Oxford University Press.</ref> where "the Hittites participated in the network of traveling poets who were the ancestors of the poets working in the oral tradition that eventually produced the Illiad."<ref name="Bachva">Bachvarova, M. R. (2016). From Hittite to Homer: The Anatolian Background of Ancient Greek Epic. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.</ref> There are thirty-six texts dated to the 1500s BC which mention Istanuwa, all of which contain Hittite descriptions of the men of the town undertaking religious rituals or celebrations and/or the gods of the polity themselves.<ref name="Moulton"/> The opening line of one song - "''When they came to steep ]''"<ref>Starke, Frank. (1985). ''The Istanuwa texts.'' In: The same: The cuneiform Luwian texts in transcription Studies on the Boǧazköy Texts, Volume 30. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden</ref> has been interpreted to suggest a Luwian counterpart to the ] traditions of Ancient Greece,<ref>Watkins, Calvert. (1995). How to kill a dragon. Oxford, N.Y.: Oxford: Oxford University Press.</ref> where "the Hittites participated in the network of traveling poets who were the ancestors of the poets working in the oral tradition that eventually produced the Illiad."<ref name="Bachva">Bachvarova, M. R. (2016). From Hittite to Homer: The Anatolian Background of Ancient Greek Epic. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.</ref>


Certain rituals have been linked to the subsequent Greek cult of ]. <ref>Taylor, Patrick. (2008). The GALA and the Gallos. ] attended by the men of Istanuwa.<ref name="Moulton"/> The religious celebrations included chants in the local dialect as well as specific ritual conduct: Certain rituals have been linked to the subsequent Greek cult of ]. <ref>Taylor, Patrick. (2008). The GALA and the Gallos. ] attended by the men of Istanuwa.<ref name="Moulton"/> The religious celebrations included chants in the local dialect as well as specific ritual conduct:
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Some of the deities attested for Istanuwa included the grain god Warwaliya, the wine god Winiyanda, the dancing god Tarwaliya, the field god Immaršiya, the trade god Iyašalla, the protective god Runtiya, the plague god Iyarri and the garden goddess Maliya.<ref>Hutter, Manfred. (2003)."Aspects in Luwian Religion." In Craig Melchert (ed): The Luwians: Handbook of Oriental Studies. Volume 1.68, pp. 211–280. Brill, Leiden.</ref> Some of the deities attested for Istanuwa included the grain god Warwaliya, the wine god Winiyanda, the dancing god Tarwaliya, the field god Immaršiya, the trade god Iyašalla, the protective god Runtiya, the plague god Iyarri and the garden goddess Maliya.<ref>Hutter, Manfred. (2003)."Aspects in Luwian Religion." In Craig Melchert (ed): The Luwians: Handbook of Oriental Studies. Volume 1.68, pp. 211–280. Brill, Leiden.</ref>


The tyoponym ''Istanuwa'' disappeared with the emergence of the Phrygians, either already resident west of the Šaḫiriya river or in the process of immigrating from ] and ].<ref name="Wood1"/><ref>Rutherford, I. (2020). Hittite Texts and Greek Religion: Contact, Interaction, and Comparison. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.</ref> The tyoponym ''Istanuwa'' disappeared with the emergence of the ], either already resident west of the Šaḫiriya river or in the process of immigrating from ] and ].<ref name="Wood1"/><ref>Rutherford, I. (2020). Hittite Texts and Greek Religion: Contact, Interaction, and Comparison. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.</ref>


==References== ==References==

Latest revision as of 01:22, 21 December 2024

Town in Bronze Age Anatolia
Šaḫiriya river valley

Ištanuwa was a town in Bronze Age Anatolia located along the Šaḫiriya river and known to the Hittites as the site of a regional religious festival. Its inhabitants were Luwic speakers. Cultic practices associated with the town are believed to have been antecedents of the same tradition that spawned the Illiad and the Odyssey.

Etymology

The toponym Istanuwa is named only in the Luwian ritual texts known as the Songs of Istanuwa and the Songs of the Men of Lallupiya. Woudhuizen regarded it as an Arzawan word that originated before "the infiltration of Thracian and Phrygian population groups" ultimately derived from the Indo-Iranian root istan ("land") and the foreign ethnic designation nuwā-um ("Luwian"). Laroche believed it was a Hittite word that "must be derived from that of the Anatolian Sun deity" Istanu and the nominal stem -wa so prominent in Taurisan Luwian. An alternate spelling of Aštanuwa is found in Assyrian records.

Language

The language of Istanuwa is now understood as a dialect of luwili, perhaps influenced by Arzawan. Called ištanumnili by the Hittites, it lacked some of the innovative forms (genitive plural and related adjectives) of luwili and appears to have been regarded as a separate language.

Geography

Istanuwa was located "in the Luwian-speaking territories west and southwest of Hatti proper," near the Sakarya River in classical Phrygia at or near Gordion.

History

There are thirty-six texts dated to the 1500s BC which mention Istanuwa, all of which contain Hittite descriptions of the men of the town undertaking religious rituals or celebrations and/or the gods of the polity themselves. The opening line of one song - "When they came to steep Wilusa" has been interpreted to suggest a Luwian counterpart to the Homeric traditions of Ancient Greece, where "the Hittites participated in the network of traveling poets who were the ancestors of the poets working in the oral tradition that eventually produced the Illiad."

Certain rituals have been linked to the subsequent Greek cult of Cybele. The town seems to have been a regional cult center, with a local festival lasting several days. The appearance of the Hittite great king and queen suggests a corresponding festival at Hattusa attended by the men of Istanuwa. The religious celebrations included chants in the local dialect as well as specific ritual conduct:

This text describes a very odd rite involving a physician who pierces himself with two needles. He dances and turns and then only draws the needles out of his body and drinks wine. Then he pierces other persons with the needles. As far as we know, this rite is unparalleled in the Hittite literature. It is very tempting to believe that it is a very local ritual tradition, although we cannot prove it.

Some of the deities attested for Istanuwa included the grain god Warwaliya, the wine god Winiyanda, the dancing god Tarwaliya, the field god Immaršiya, the trade god Iyašalla, the protective god Runtiya, the plague god Iyarri and the garden goddess Maliya.

The tyoponym Istanuwa disappeared with the emergence of the Phrygians, either already resident west of the Šaḫiriya river or in the process of immigrating from Thrace and Macedonia.

References

  1. ^ Mouton, Alice. (2016). “The Festivals of Lallupiya-Ištanuwa:” Liturgie oder Literatur?: 119–132. Web.
  2. ^ Woudhuizen, F. (2018). The Luwians of Western Anatolia: Their Neighbours and Predecessors. United Kingdom: Archaeopress Publishing Limited.
  3. Carruba, Onofrio. (1992). Luwier in Kappadokien. La circulation des biens, des personnes et des idÈes dans le Proche-Orient ancien. Ed. D. Charpin and F. JoannËs. Paris: Editions Recherche sur les Civilisations. pp. 251-57.
  4. Laroche, Emmanuel. (1975). Toponymes et frontières linguistiques en Asie-Mineure. In: La toponymie antique. Actes du Colloque de Strasbourg, 12–14 June 1975 (= Travaux du Center de recherche sur le Proche-Orient et la Grèce antiques. Volume 4). Université des sciences humaines, Strasbourg 1975, pp. 205–217, here 212.
  5. Yakubovich. I. (2023). "Chapter 11: Cuneiform Luwian in the Hattuša Archives." Contacts of Languages and Peoples in the Hittite and Post-Hittite World, Volume 1, The Bronze Age and Hatti. Brill
  6. Horst Klengel: Ištanuwa. In: Dietz-Otto Edzard (ed.): Real Lexicon of Assyriology and Near Eastern Archaeology. Volume 5, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin/New York 1976–1980, ISBN 3-11-007192-4, p. 210.
  7. ^ Yakubovich, Ilya. (2010). Sociolinguistics of the Luvian Language. A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Division of the Humanities In Candidacy For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations and Department of Linguistics, University of Chicago. Academia.edu
  8. Neroznak, Vladimir P. (2011). "Philology and etymology, with focus on Anatolian." Reconstructing Languages and Cultures. (2011). Germany: De Gruyter.
  9. Melchart, Craig. (2003). The Luwians. Netherlands: Brill.
  10. Massimo Forlaninni: Toponyme antique d'origine hattie? In: Hittitica, Volume 8, 1987, p. 105–122, here p. 115.
  11. Starke, Frank. (1985). The Istanuwa texts. In: The same: The cuneiform Luwian texts in transcription Studies on the Boǧazköy Texts, Volume 30. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden
  12. Watkins, Calvert. (1995). How to kill a dragon. Oxford, N.Y.: Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  13. ^ Bachvarova, M. R. (2016). From Hittite to Homer: The Anatolian Background of Ancient Greek Epic. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
  14. Taylor, Patrick. (2008). The GALA and the Gallos. [https://www.academia.edu/13590533/The_GALA_and_the_Gallos Academic.edu)
  15. Hutter-Braunsar, Sylvia. (2022). The Cult of Ištanuwa (and Lallubiya) between Hattian and Aegean Cultures. Altorientalische Forschungen. 49. 158-168.
  16. Hutter, Manfred. (2003)."Aspects in Luwian Religion." In Craig Melchert (ed): The Luwians: Handbook of Oriental Studies. Volume 1.68, pp. 211–280. Brill, Leiden.
  17. Rutherford, I. (2020). Hittite Texts and Greek Religion: Contact, Interaction, and Comparison. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
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