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{{Short description|Albanian-Indian Catholic saint (1910–1997)}} | |||
{{POV|date=October 2008}} | |||
{{About|the Catholic nun and saint}} | |||
{{Infobox Person | |||
{{pp|small=yes}} | |||
| name = Mother Teresa of Calcutta | |||
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}} | |||
| image = MotherTeresa 090.jpg | |||
{{Use British English|date=September 2016}} | |||
| caption = Mother Teresa | |||
{{Infobox saint | |||
| dead = yes | |||
| honorific-prefix = ] | |||
| birth_date = {{birth date|1910|8|26 | |||
|name= Teresa of Calcutta | |||
|mf=y}} | |||
| honorific-suffix = ] | |||
| birth_place = ], ] (today's Skopje, ]) | |||
|image=Mother Teresa 1.jpg | |||
| nationality = ] | |||
|caption= Mother Teresa in 1995 | |||
| death_date = {{death date and age|1997|9|5|1910|8|26|df=y}} | |||
|titles= ] | |||
| death_place = ], ] | |||
|birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1910|8|26}} | |||
| occupation = Roman Catholic nun, humanitarian<ref>PBS Online Newshour (September 5, 1997). , www.pbs.org. Retrieved August, 2007</ref> | |||
|birth_place = ], ], ] | |||
|death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1997|9|5|1910|8|26}} | |||
|death_place = ], ], India | |||
|feast_day=5 September<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/saint/st-teresa-of-kolkata-585 |title=St. Teresa of Kolkata |website=Catholic News Agency |access-date=6 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008171333/https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/saint/st-teresa-of-kolkata-585 |archive-date=2018-10-08 |url-status=}}</ref> | |||
|beatified_date=19 October 2003 | |||
|beatified_place=], Vatican City | |||
|beatified_by=] | |||
|canonized_date=4 September 2016 | |||
|canonized_place=Saint Peter's Square, Vatican City | |||
|canonized_by=] | |||
|major_shrine=Mother House of the Missionaries of Charity, Calcutta, West Bengal, India | |||
|attributes= Religious habit<br>Rosary | |||
|patronage={{unbulleted list|]|]|] (co-patron)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/vatican-declares-mother-teresa-patron-saint-calcutta-49651357|title=Vatican declares Mother Teresa a patron saint of Calcutta|first=Manik |last=Banerjee|date=6 September 2017|publisher=Associated Press |access-date=6 September 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906160015/http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/vatican-declares-mother-teresa-patron-saint-calcutta-49651357|archive-date=6 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/mother-teresa-to-be-named-co-patron-of-calcutta-archdiocese-on-first-canonization-anniversary-4007169.html |title=Mother Teresa to be named co-patron of Calcutta Archdiocese on first canonization anniversary |publisher=Indo-Asian News Service |date=4 September 2017 |magazine=First Post |access-date=5 September 2017 |archive-date=26 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426020241/https://www.firstpost.com/india/mother-teresa-to-be-named-co-patron-of-calcutta-archdiocese-on-first-canonisation-anniversary-4007169.html |url-status=live}}</ref>}} | |||
|issues= | |||
|birth_name = Anjezë Gonxhe Bojaxhiu | |||
|venerated_in= ]<br>] | |||
|module={{Infobox religious biography | |||
|embed=yes | |||
|nocat_wdimage = yes | |||
|background = royalblue | |||
|honorific-prefix = | |||
|name = Mother Teresa | |||
|religion=] | |||
|denomination = ] | |||
|institute = {{unbulleted list|] (1928–1948)|] (1950–1997)}} | |||
|title = ] | |||
|period = 1950–1997 | |||
|posthumous_name = | |||
|nationality = {{plainlist| | |||
* ] (1910–1912) | |||
* ] (1912–1915) | |||
* ] (1915–1918) | |||
* ] (1918–1943) | |||
* ] (1943–1948) | |||
* ] (1948–1950) | |||
* ]<ref name="Cannon2013" /> (1950–1997) | |||
* ]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.shqiptariiitalise.com/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/kur-nene-tereza-vinte-ne-tirane2.html |language=sq |work=Shqiptari i Italisë |title=Kur Nënë Tereza vinte në Tiranë/2 |trans-title=When Mother Teresa came to Tirana/2 |date=2010-12-02 |access-date=4 September 2016 |archive-date=18 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918175822/http://www.shqiptariiitalise.com/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/shqiperi-itali/kur-nene-tereza-vinte-ne-tirane2.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> (1991–1997) | |||
* {{avoid wrap|] (awarded 1996)}} | |||
}} | |||
|successor = Sr. ], MC | |||
|signature = Signature of Mother Teresa.svg | |||
}} | |||
}} | }} | ||
'''Mother Teresa of Calcutta''' (August 26, 1910 – September 5, 1997), born '''Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu''', was an ]<ref>Spink, Kathryn (1997). ''Mother Teresa: A Complete Authorized Biography''. New York. HarperCollins, pp.16. ].</ref><ref>http://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/saints/ns_lit_doc_20031019_madre-teresa_en.html</ref> ] ] with Indian citizenship<ref></ref> who founded the ] in ] (Calcutta), ] in 1950. For over forty five years she ministered to the poor, sick, orphaned, and dying, while guiding the Missionaries of Charity's expansion, first throughout India and then in other countries. She got around a ton. | |||
'''Mary Teresa Bojaxhiu''' ] (born '''Anjezë Gonxhe Bojaxhiu''', {{IPA-sq|aˈɲɛzə ˈɡɔndʒɛ bɔjaˈdʒi.u|lang}}; 26 August 1910 – 5 September 1997), better known as '''Mother Teresa''' or '''Saint Mother Teresa''',{{efn|{{langx|sq|Nënë Tereza}}; {{langx|bn|মাদার টেরিজা|Mādāra Ṭērijā}}, or {{langx|bn|মাদার তেরেসা|Mādāra Tērēsā|label=none}}.<!-- Bengali is the main language besides English in Calcutta -->}} was an Albanian-Indian ] ], founder of the ] and is a Catholic saint.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-14 |title=Mother Teresa: The Miracles That Made Her a Saint |url=https://www.biography.com/religious-figures/mother-teresa-miracles-saint |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=Biography |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mother Teresa becomes a saint {{!}} September 4, 2016 |url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/mother-teresa-becomes-a-saint |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=HISTORY |language=en}}</ref><ref>Scott, David. The Love that Made Saint Teresa: Secret Visions, Dark Nights and the Path to Sainthood. United Kingdom: SPCK, 2016, p. 1. | |||
By the 1970s she had become internationally famed as a ] and advocate for the poor and helpless, due in part to a ], and book, ''Something Beautiful for God'' by ]. She won the ] in 1979 and India's highest civilian honor, the ], in 1980 for her humanitarian work. Mother Teresa's Missionaries of Charity continued to expand, and at the time of her death it was operating 610 missions in 123 countries, including hospices and homes for people with HIV/AIDS, leprosy and tuberculosis, soup kitchens, children's and family counseling programs, orphanages, and schools. | |||
</ref> Born in ], then part of the ],{{Efn|After World War I and the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, Skopje became part of the ], for the duration of Teresa's childhood. Since the 1990s, Skopje has been the capital of ].}} she was raised in a devoutly Catholic family. At the age of 18, she moved to Ireland to join the ] and later to India, where she lived most of her life and carried out her missionary work. On 4 September 2016, she was ] by the ] as '''Saint Teresa of Calcutta'''. The anniversary of her death, 5 September, is now observed as her ]. | |||
She has been praised by many individuals, governments and organisations; however, she has also faced a diverse range of criticism. These include objections by various individuals, including ], ], ], ], against the ] focus of her work; this included baptisms of the dying, a strong ] stance on abortion and a belief in the spiritual goodness of poverty. Several medical journals also criticised the standard of medical care in her hospices, and concerns were raised about the opaque nature in which donated money was spent. | |||
Mother Teresa founded the ], a ] that was initially dedicated to serving "the poorest of the poor" in the slums of Calcutta. Over the decades, the congregation grew to operate in over 133 countries, {{as of|2012|lc=y}},<ref>{{Cite book |last=Poplin |first=Mary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MRzDAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA112 |title=Finding Calcutta: What Mother Teresa Taught Me About Meaningful Work and Service |publisher=InterVarsity Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-8308-6848-3 |page=112 |language=en |access-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201175303/https://books.google.com/books?id=MRzDAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA112 |archive-date=1 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> with more than 4,500 nuns managing homes for those dying from ], ], and ], as well as running ]s, dispensaries, mobile clinics, orphanages, and schools. Members of the order take vows of ] and also profess a fourth vow: to give "wholehearted free service to the poorest of the poor."<ref>Muggeridge (1971), chapter 3, "Mother Teresa Speaks", pp. 105, 113</ref> | |||
Following her death she was ] by ] and given the title '''Blessed Teresa of Calcutta'''.<ref>Associate Press. (], ]). ". ]. Retrieved ], ].</ref><ref>"". (2007). '']''. Retrieved ], ].</ref> | |||
Mother Teresa received several honours, including the 1962 ] and the 1979 ]. Her life and work have inspired books, documentaries, and films. Her authorized biography, written by ], was published in 1992, and on 6 September 2017, she was named a co-patron of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Calcutta alongside ]. However, she was also a controversial figure, drawing criticism for her staunch opposition to abortion, divorce and contraception, as well as the poor conditions and lack of medical care or pain relief in her houses for the dying. | |||
== Early life == | |||
{{Indian christianity}} | |||
Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu /ˈagnɛs gɔnˈʤa bɔˈjadʒju/ (] Gonxha for "]") was born on ], ], in ], now the capital of the ]. Although she was born on August 26, 1910, she considered August 27, 1910, the day she was baptized, to be her "true birthday."<ref>". ''Vatican News Service''. Retrieved ], ].</ref> Although some sources state that she was 10 when her father died, in an interview with her brother, the Vatican documents her age at the time as "about eight". | |||
She was the youngest of the children of a family from ], ], born to Kolë and Dranafile Bojaxhiu (] Dranafile for "rose", nicknamed "Drone").<ref></ref> Her father, Kolë Bojaxhiu was involved in Albanian politics. In 1919, after a political meeting, which left Skopje out of Albania, he fell ill and died when Agnes was about eight years old.<ref name=MToC>, at the time in the ]. Although she was born on August 26, 1910, she considered August 27, 1910, the day she was baptized, to be her "true birthday." (2002). "". ''Vatican News Service''. Retrieved ], ]. Although some sources state that she was 10 when her father died, in an interview with her brother, the Vatican documents her age at the time as "about eight".</ref> After her father's death, her mother raised her as a Roman Catholic. According to a biography by Joan Graff Clucas, in her early years Agnes was fascinated by stories of the lives of ] and their service, and by age 12 was convinced that she should commit herself to a religious life.<ref>Clucas, Joan Graff. (1988). ''Mother Teresa''. New York. Chelsea House Publications, pp. 24. ].</ref> | |||
She left home at age 18 to join the ] as a missionary. She never again saw her mother or sister.<ref>Sharn, Lori (], ]). "". '']''. Retrieved ], ]</ref> | |||
==Biography== | |||
Agnes initially went to the ] in ], ], to learn English, the language the Sisters of Loreto used to teach school children in India.<ref>Clucas, Joan Graff. (1988). ''Mother Teresa''. New York. Chelsea House Publications, pp. 28-29. ].</ref> | |||
===Early life and family=== | |||
She arrived in India in 1929, and began her ] in ], near the Himalayan mountains.<ref>Clucas, Joan Graff. (1988). ''Mother Teresa''. New York. Chelsea House Publications, pp. 31. ].</ref> She took her first ] as a nun on ], ]. At that time she chose the name Teresa after ], the patron saint of missionaries.<ref>Sebba, Anne (1997).''Mother Teresa: Beyond the Image''. New York. Doubleday, p.35. ].</ref> She took her solemn vows on ], ], while serving as a teacher at the Loreto convent school in eastern Calcutta.<ref>Clucas, Joan Graff. (1988). ''Mother Teresa''. New York. Chelsea House Publications, pp. 32. ].</ref><ref>Spink, Kathryn (1997). ''Mother Teresa: A Complete Authorized Biography''. New York. HarperCollins, pp.16. ].</ref> | |||
{{Christianity in India sidebar}} | |||
] in her native Skopje]] | |||
Mother Teresa's given name was Anjezë Gonxhe (or Gonxha)<ref name="Egan 1992">''Blessed Are You: Mother Teresa and the Beatitudes'', ed. by Eileen Egan and Kathleen Egan, O.S.B., MJF Books: New York, 1992, p. 135.</ref> Bojaxhiu ({{lang|sq|Anjezë}} is a ] of '']''; {{lang|sq|Gonxhe}} means "flower bud" in ]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seelrc.org:8080/albdict/detail.jsp?nWordID=1200001|title=Gonxhe|last=Newmark|first=Leonard|publisher= Slavic and Eurasian Language Resource Center|date=17 September 2023|website=Albanian-English Dictionary}}</ref> She was born on 26 August 1910 into a ] family<ref>{{cite book|last=Group|first=Salisbury|title=The Salisbury Review, Volumes 19–20|year=2011|publisher=InterVarsity Press|isbn=978-0-8308-3472-3|page=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lf6BAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Mother+Teresa+Albanian%22|quote=Mother Teresa, Albanian by birth|access-date=3 October 2020|archive-date=1 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201175333/https://books.google.com/books?id=lf6BAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Mother+Teresa+Albanian%22|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/s/sebba-teresa.html|title=Mother Teresa|website=www.nytimes.com|access-date=18 May 2017|archive-date=4 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904085816/http://www.nytimes.com/books/first/s/sebba-teresa.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Alpion|first1=Gëzim|date=2006|publisher=Taylor & Francis|title=Mother Teresa: Saint or Celebrity?|isbn=0-203-08751-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rq6S6qCWCbUC&q=mother+teresa+kosovo+prizren&pg=PT266|access-date=15 November 2014|quote="the nun's mother was born in Prizren in Kosova, her family came originally from the Gjakova region, also in Kosova"|archive-date=1 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201175315/https://books.google.com/books?id=rq6S6qCWCbUC&q=mother+teresa+kosovo+prizren&pg=PT266|url-status=live}}</ref> in ], ] (now the capital of ]).<ref name=MToC /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1979/teresa-bio.html |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1979: Mother Teresa |work=www.nobelprize.org |access-date=11 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011210335/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1979/teresa-bio.html |archive-date=11 October 2014 }}</ref> She was baptised in Skopje the day after her birth.<ref name="Egan 1992" /> She later considered 27 August, the day she was baptised, her "true birthday".<ref name=MToC>(2002) "Mother Teresa of Calcutta (1910–1997)". ''Vatican News Service''. Retrieved 30 May 2007.</ref> | |||
She was the youngest child of ] and Dranafile Bojaxhiu (Bernai).<ref>{{cite book|last=Lester|first=Meera|title=Saints' Blessing|publisher=Fair Winds|year=2004|page=138|isbn=1-59233-045-2}}</ref> Her father, who was involved in ] politics in ], was probably poisoned, an act attributed to ] agents, after he had visited ] for a political meeting<ref>Alpion, Gëzim (2006). ''Mother Teresa: Saint or Celebrity?''. Taylor & Francis. pp. 148–51, 157–8. ] ].</ref> in 1919 when she was eight years old.<ref name=MToC />{{efn|Although some sources state she was 10 when her father died, in an interview with her brother, the Vatican documents her age at the time as "about eight".}} He was born in ] (today in ]), however, his family was from ] (present-day ]).<ref name=Lolja>{{cite news|url=https://issuu.com/albchurch/docs/jetakatolike_48/|title=Nënë Tereza, katër vjet më pas|date=September 2007|author=Lolja, Saimir|newspaper=Jeta Katolike|access-date=25 May 2020|archive-date=21 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521110440/https://issuu.com/albchurch/docs/jetakatolike_48|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Mehmeti>{{cite news|url=https://telegrafi.com/nene-tereza-dhe-pretendimet-sllave-per-origjinen-e-saj/|title=Nënë Tereza dhe pretendimet sllave për origjinën e saj|date=1 September 2010|author=Mehmeti, Faton|newspaper=Telegrafi|access-date=25 May 2020|archive-date=21 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521110429/https://telegrafi.com/nene-tereza-dhe-pretendimet-sllave-per-origjinen-e-saj/|url-status=live}}</ref> Her mother may have been from a village near ],<ref name="origin">{{cite web|url=http://bjoerna.dk/albanien/Teresa.htm|title=Moder Teresa|language=da|quote=Hendes forældre var indvandret fra Shkodra i Albanien; muligvis stammede faderen fra Prizren, moderen fra en landsby i nærheden af Gjakova.|access-date=23 August 2010|archive-date=21 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170521195734/http://bjoerna.dk/albanien/Teresa.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> believed by her offspring to be ].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Alpion |first1=Gëzim |title=Mother Teresa The Saint and Her Nation. |date=2020 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing India Pvt. Ltd |location=London |isbn=9789389812466 |page=103 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sylOEAAAQBAJ&dq=Bishtazhin&pg=PA103 |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406145335/https://books.google.com/books?id=sylOEAAAQBAJ&dq=Bishtazhin&pg=PA103 |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
Although Teresa enjoyed teaching at the school, she was increasingly disturbed by the poverty surrounding her in Calcutta.<ref>Spink, Kathryn (1997). ''Mother Teresa: A Complete Authorized Biography''. New York. HarperCollins, pp.18-21. ].</ref> | |||
A famine in 1943 brought misery and death to the city; and the outbreak of Hindu/Muslim violence in August 1946 plunged the city into despair and horror.<ref>Spink, Kathryn (1997). ''Mother Teresa: A Complete Authorized Biography''. New York. HarperCollins, pp.18, 21-22. ].</ref> | |||
According to a biography by Joan Graff Clucas, Anjezë was in her early years when she became fascinated by stories of the lives of ] and their service in ]; by age 12, she was convinced that she should commit herself to religious life.<ref>{{harvnb|Clucas|1988|p=24}}</ref> Her resolve strengthened on 15 August 1928 as she prayed at the shrine of the ] of ], where she often went on ]s.<ref>{{harvnb|Greene|2004|p=11}}</ref> | |||
==Missionaries of Charity== | |||
Anjezë left home in 1928 at age 18 to join the ] at ] in ], Ireland, to learn English with the intent of becoming a missionary; English was the language of instruction of the Sisters of Loreto in India.<ref>{{harvnb|Clucas|1988|pp=28–29}}</ref> She saw neither her mother nor her sister again.<ref>Sharn, Lori (5 September 1997). {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124233302/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/mothert/mother01.htm |date=24 November 2016 }}. ''USA Today''. Retrieved 5 September 2016</ref> Her family lived in Skopje until 1934, when they moved to ].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GyTpAgAAQBAJ&q=Mother+Teresa+albania&pg=PT93|title=Conversations with Mother Teresa: A Personal Portrait of the Saint|isbn=978-1-59325-415-5|last1=Allegri|first1=Renzo|year=2011|publisher=The Word Among Us Press |access-date=3 October 2020|archive-date=23 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023180033/https://books.google.com/books?id=GyTpAgAAQBAJ&q=Mother+Teresa+albania&pg=PT93|url-status=live}}</ref> During communist leader ]'s rule, she was considered a dangerous agent of the Vatican. Despite multiple requests and despite the fact that many countries made requests on her behalf, she was denied a chance to see her family and was not granted the opportunity to see her mother and sister.<ref name=":23">{{Cite book |last=Fevziu |first=Blendi |title=Enver Hoxha : the iron fist of Albania |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |year=2017 |isbn=9781784539702 |oclc=1000295419}}</ref> Both of them died during Hoxha's rule, and Anjezë herself was only able to visit Albania five years after the ] collapsed.<ref name=":23" /> Dom Lush Gjergji in his book "Our Mother Teresa" describes one of her trips to the embassy where she was crying as she was leaving the building, saying:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gjergji |first=Lush |title=Une vie : Mère Teresa |date=1985 |publisher=Cerf |isbn=2204023450 |location=Paris |oclc=83724960}}</ref><blockquote>Dear God, I can understand and accept that I should suffer, but it is so hard to understand and accept why my mother has to suffer. In her old age she has no other wish than to see us one last time.</blockquote>She arrived in India in 1929<ref name="IANS2016">{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/From-Sister-to-Mother-to-Saint-The-journey-of-Mother-Teresa/2016/08/31/article3605855.ece|title=From Sister to Mother to Saint: The journey of Mother Teresa|date=31 August 2016|newspaper=]|language=en|access-date=3 September 2016|quote= came to India in 1929 ... she founded the Missionaries of Charity in 1948.|archive-date=15 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915174448/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/From-Sister-to-Mother-to-Saint-The-journey-of-Mother-Teresa/2016/08/31/article3605855.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref> and began her ] in ], in the lower ],<ref>{{harvnb|Clucas|1988|p=31}}</ref> where she learned ] and taught at St. Teresa's School near her convent.<ref>{{harvnb|Greene|2004|p=17}}</ref> She took her first ] on 24 May 1931. She chose to be named after ], the patron saint of missionaries;<ref>Sebba, Anne (1997). ''Mother Teresa: Beyond the Image''. New York. Doubleday, p. 35. {{ISBN|0-385-48952-8}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thereseoflisieux.org/blessed-mother-teresa-of-calcu/|title=Blessed Mother Teresa of Calcutta and St. Therese of Lisieux: Spiritual Sisters in the Night of Faith|publisher=Thereseoflisieux.org|date=4 September 2007|access-date=24 August 2010|archive-date=17 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917161302/http://www.thereseoflisieux.org/blessed-mother-teresa-of-calcu/|url-status=live}}</ref> because a nun in the convent had already chosen that name, she opted for its Spanish spelling of Teresa.<ref>{{harvnb|Greene|2004|p=18}}</ref> | |||
On ], ], Teresa experienced what she later described as "the call within the call" while traveling to the Loreto convent in ] for her annual retreat. "I was to leave the convent and help the poor while living among them. It was an order. To fail would have been to break the faith."<ref>Clucas, Joan Graff. (1988). ''Mother Teresa''. New York. Chelsea House Publications, pp. 35. ].</ref> She began her missionary work with the poor in 1948, replacing her traditional Loreto habit with a simple white cotton ''chiras'' decorated with a blue border, adopted Indian citizenship, and ventured out into the slums.<ref>Clucas, Joan Graff. (1988). ''Mother Teresa''. New York. Chelsea House Publications, pp. 39. ].</ref><ref>{{cite web | |||
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| title = Blessed Mother Teresa | |||
| work = Encyclopædia Britannica Online | |||
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| url = http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9071751 | |||
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| accessdate = 2007-12-20 }}</ref> Initially she started a school in Motijhil; soon she started tending to the needs of the destitute and starving.<ref>Clucas, Joan Graff. (1988). ''Mother Teresa''. New York. Chelsea House Publications, pp. 48-49. ].</ref> | |||
Her efforts quickly caught the attention of Indian officials, including the Prime Minister, who expressed his appreciation.<ref>Williams, Paul (2002). ''Mother Teresa''. Indianapolis. Alpha Books, p. 57. ].</ref> | |||
Teresa took her ]s on 14 May 1937 while she was a teacher at the Loreto convent school in Entally, eastern Calcutta, taking the style of 'Mother' as part of Loreto custom.<ref name=MToC /><ref name="spink">Spink, Kathryn (1997). ''Mother Teresa: A Complete Authorized Biography''. New York. HarperCollins, p. 16. {{ISBN|0-06-250825-3}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Clucas|1988|p=32}}</ref> She served there for nearly twenty years and was appointed its headmistress in 1944.<ref>{{harvnb|Greene|2004|p=25}}</ref> Although Mother Teresa enjoyed teaching at the school, she was increasingly disturbed by the poverty surrounding her in ].<ref>Spink, Kathryn (1997). ''Mother Teresa: A Complete Authorized Biography''. New York. HarperCollins, pp. 18–21. {{ISBN|0-06-250825-3}}.</ref> The ] brought misery and death to the city, and the August 1946 ] began a period of Muslim-Hindu violence.<ref>Spink, Kathryn (1997). ''Mother Teresa: A Complete Authorized Biography''. New York. HarperCollins, pp. 18, 21–22. {{ISBN|0-06-250825-3}}.</ref> | |||
Teresa wrote in her diary that her first year was fraught with difficulties. She had no income and had to resort to begging for food and supplies. Teresa experienced doubt, loneliness and the temptation to return to the comfort of convent life during these early months. She wrote in her diary: | |||
In 1946, during a visit to Darjeeling by train, Mother Teresa felt that she heard the call of her inner conscience to serve the poor of India for Jesus. She asked for and received permission to leave the school. In 1950, she founded the ], choosing a white sari with two blue borders as the order's habit. | |||
{{cquote|Our Lord wants me to be a free nun covered with the poverty of the cross. Today I learned a good lesson. The poverty of the poor must be so hard for them. While looking for a home I walked and walked till my arms and legs ached. I thought how much they must ache in body and soul, looking for a home, food and health. Then the comfort of Loreto came to tempt me. 'You have only to say the word and all that will be yours again,' the Tempter kept on saying ... Of free choice, my God, and out of love for you, I desire to remain and do whatever be your Holy will in my regard. I did not let a single tear come.<ref>Spink, Kathryn (1997). ''Mother Teresa: A Complete Authorized Biography''. New York. HarperCollins, pp.37. ].</ref>}} | |||
===Missionaries of Charity=== | |||
Teresa received ] permission on ], ] to start the diocesan congregation that would become the ].<ref>Williams, Paul (2002). ''Mother Teresa''. Indianapolis. Alpha Books, p. 62. ].</ref> Its mission was to care for, in her own words, "the hungry, the naked, the homeless, the crippled, the blind, the ], all those people who feel unwanted, unloved, uncared for throughout society, people that have become a burden to the society and are shunned by everyone." It began as a small order with 13 members in ]; today it has more than 4,000 ]s running ], ] ], and charity centers worldwide, and caring for refugees, the blind, disabled, aged, alcoholics, the poor and homeless, and victims of floods, epidemics, and famine.<ref>Spink, Kathryn (1997). ''Mother Teresa: A Complete Authorized Biography''. New York. HarperCollins, pp.284. ].</ref> | |||
{{Main|Missionaries of Charity}} | |||
] in Calcutta]] | |||
On 10 September 1946, Teresa experienced what she later described as "the call within the call" when she travelled by train to the ] in Darjeeling from ] for her annual retreat. "I was to leave the convent and help the poor while living among them. It was an order. To fail would have been to break the faith."<ref>{{harvnb|Clucas|1988|p=35}}</ref> ], MC, founder of her congregation of priests, the Missionaries of Charity Fathers, later wrote, "Though no one knew it at the time, Sister Teresa had just become ''Mother'' Teresa".<ref name="Langford2008">{{cite book|last=Langford|first=Joseph|title=Mother Teresa's Secret Fire: The Encounter That Changed Her Life, and How It Can Transform Your Own|url=https://archive.org/details/motherteresassec0000lang|url-access=registration|access-date=9 September 2011|date=October 2008|publisher=Our Sunday Visitor Publishing|isbn=978-1-59276-309-2|page=}}</ref> | |||
She began missionary work with the poor in 1948,<ref name="IANS2016" /> replacing her traditional Loreto ] with a simple, white cotton ] with a blue border. Mother Teresa adopted Indian citizenship, spent several months in ] to receive basic medical training at Holy Family Hospital and ventured into the slums.<ref>{{harvnb|Clucas|1988|p=39}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Blessed Mother Teresa |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9071751 |access-date=20 December 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060128093243/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9071751 |archive-date=28 January 2006}}</ref> She founded a school in Motijhil, Calcutta, before she began tending to the poor and hungry.<ref>{{harvnb|Clucas|1988|pp=48–49}}</ref> At the beginning of 1949, Mother Teresa was joined in her effort by a group of young women, and she laid the foundation for a new religious community helping the "poorest among the poor".<ref>{{cite web|title=Mother Teresa – ReligionFacts|url=http://www.religionfacts.com/mother-teresa|website=www.religionfacts.com|access-date=20 December 2016|archive-date=27 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927044156/http://www.religionfacts.com/mother-teresa|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
In 1952 Mother Teresa opened the first Home for the Dying in space made available by the City of ]. With the help of Indian officials she converted an abandoned ] temple into the ], a free ] for the poor. She renamed it Kalighat, the Home of the Pure Heart (Nirmal Hriday).<ref>Sebba, Anne (1997).''Mother Teresa: Beyond the Image''. New York. Doubleday, pp. 58–60. ].</ref> Those brought to the home received medical attention and were afforded the opportunity to die with dignity, according to the rituals of their faith; Muslims were read the Quran, Hindus received water from the Ganges, and Catholics received the Last Rites.<ref name=Spink55>Spink, Kathryn (1997). ''Mother Teresa: A Complete Authorized Biography''. New York. HarperCollins, pp.55. ].</ref> "A beautiful death," she said, "is for people who lived like animals to die like angels — loved and wanted."<ref name=Spink55 /> | |||
Mother Teresa soon opened a home for those suffering from Hansen's disease, commonly known as leprosy, and called the hospice Shanti Nagar (City of Peace).<ref>Sebba, Anne (1997).''Mother Teresa: Beyond the Image''. New York. Doubleday, pp. 62-63. ].</ref> The ] also established several leprosy outreach clinics throughout Calcutta, providing medication, bandages and food. | |||
Her efforts quickly caught the attention of Indian officials, including the prime minister.<ref>Williams, Paul (2002). ''Mother Teresa''. Indianapolis. Alpha Books, p. 57. {{ISBN|0-02-864278-3}}.</ref> Mother Teresa wrote in her diary that her first year was fraught with difficulty. With no income, she begged for food and supplies and experienced doubt, loneliness and the temptation to return to the comfort of convent life during these early months: | |||
As the ] took in increasing numbers of lost children, Mother Teresa felt the need to create a home for them. In 1955 she opened the Nirmala Shishu Bhavan, the Children's Home of the Immaculate Heart, as a haven for orphans and homeless youth.<ref>Clucas, Joan Graff. (1988). ''Mother Teresa''. New York. Chelsea House Publications, pp. 58-59. ].</ref> | |||
{{blockquote|Our Lord wants me to be a free nun covered with the poverty of the cross. Today, I learned a good lesson. The poverty of the poor must be so hard for them. While looking for a home I walked and walked till my arms and legs ached. I thought how much they must ache in body and soul, looking for a home, food and health. Then, the comfort of Loreto came to tempt me. "You have only to say the word and all that will be yours again", the Tempter kept on saying. ... Of free choice, my God, and out of love for you, I desire to remain and do whatever be your Holy will in my regard. I did not let a single tear come.<ref>Spink, Kathryn (1997). ''Mother Teresa: A Complete Authorized Biography''. New York. HarperCollins, p. 37. {{ISBN|0-06-250825-3}}.</ref>|sign=|source=}} | |||
Her philosophy and implementation have faced some criticism. While noting how little evidence Mother Teresa's critics were able to find against her, ] wrote that Mother Teresa limited herself to keeping people alive rather than tackling poverty itself.<ref>Scott, David ''A Revolution of Love: The Meaning of Mother Teresa'' Chicago, Loyola Press, 2005. ISBN 0829420312 p.7ff "She deals only with the disease (of poverty), but not with preventing it, but people in the West continue to give her money"</ref> She has also been criticized for her view on suffering: according to an article in the ], she felt that suffering would bring people closer to Jesus.<ref>{{Citation |last=Byfield |first=Ted |title=If the real world knew the real Mother Teresa there would be a lot less adulation |periodical=Alberta Report/Newsmagazine |date=October 20, 1997 |volume=24 |issue=45}}</ref> The quality of care offered to terminally ill patients in the Homes for the Dying has been criticised in the medical press, notably '']'' and the '']'', which reported the reuse of ], poor living conditions, including the use of cold baths for all patients, and an anti-materialist approach that precluded the use of systematic diagnosis.<ref name=BMJ>Loudon, Mary. (1996), Book Review, ''BMJ'' vol.312, no.7022, 6 January 2006, pp.64-5. Retrieved ] ]</ref> | |||
] | |||
The Missionaries of Charity Brothers was founded in 1963, and a contemplative branch of the Sisters followed in 1976. Lay Catholics and non-Catholics were enrolled in the Co-Workers of Mother Teresa, the Sick and Suffering Co-Workers, and the Lay Missionaries of Charity. In answer to the requests of many priests, in 1981 Mother Teresa also began the Corpus Christi Movement for Priests,<ref>. ''Corpus Christi Movement for Priests''. Retrieved ] ].</ref> and in 1984 founded with Fr. Joseph Langford the Missionaries of Charity Fathers<ref>. ''Missionaries of Charity Fathers''. Retrieved ] ].</ref> to combine the vocational aims of the Missionaries of Charity with the resources of the ministerial priesthood. By 2007 the Missionaries of Charity numbered approximately 450 brothers and 5,000 nuns worldwide, operating 600 missions, schools and shelters in 120 countries.<ref>Slavicek, Louise (2007). ''Mother Teresa''. New York; Infobase Publishing, pp. 90-91. ISBN 0791094332.</ref> | |||
On 7 October 1950, Mother Teresa received ] permission for the diocesan congregation, which would become the Missionaries of Charity.<ref>Williams, Paul (2002). ''Mother Teresa''. Indianapolis. Alpha Books, p. 62. {{ISBN|0-02-864278-3}}.</ref> In her words, it would care for "the hungry, the naked, the homeless, the crippled, the blind, the lepers, all those people who feel unwanted, unloved, uncared for throughout society, people that have become a burden to the society and are shunned by everyone".<ref>{{cite web|title=washingtonpost.com: Highlights of Mother Teresa's Life|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/teresa/stories/words.htm|website=www.washingtonpost.com|access-date=20 December 2016|archive-date=1 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101215837/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/teresa/stories/words.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
In 1952, Mother Teresa opened her first ] with help from Calcutta officials. She converted an abandoned ] temple into the ], free for the poor, and renamed it Kalighat, the Home of the Pure Heart (Nirmal Hriday).<ref>Sebba, Anne (1997).''Mother Teresa: Beyond the Image''. New York. Doubleday, pp. 58–60. {{ISBN|0-385-48952-8}}.</ref> Those brought to the home received medical attention and the opportunity to ] in accordance with their faith: Muslims were to read the ], Hindus received water from the ], and Catholics received ].<ref name=Spink55>Spink, Kathryn (1997). ''Mother Teresa: A Complete Authorized Biography''. New York. HarperCollins, p. 55. {{ISBN|0-06-250825-3}}.</ref> "A beautiful death", Mother Teresa said, "is for people who lived like animals to die like angels—loved and wanted."<ref name=Spink55 /> | |||
== International charity == | |||
] | |||
In 1982, at the height of the ], Mother Teresa rescued 37 children trapped in a front line hospital by brokering a temporary cease-fire between the ] and Palestinian guerrillas.<ref>CNN Staff, "Mother Teresa: A Profile", retrieved from on ], ]</ref> Accompanied by ] workers, she traveled through the war zone to the devastated hospital to evacuate the young patients.<ref>Clucas, Joan Graff. (1988). ''Mother Teresa''. New York. Chelsea House Publications, pp. 17. ].</ref> | |||
She opened a hospice for those with ], calling it Shanti Nagar (City of Peace).<ref>Sebba, Anne (1997).''Mother Teresa: Beyond the Image''. New York. Doubleday, pp. 62–63. {{ISBN|0-385-48952-8}}.</ref> The Missionaries of Charity established leprosy-outreach clinics throughout Calcutta, providing medication, ] and food.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianideology.com/ideals_of_health-care.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109215916/http://www.indianideology.com/ideals_of_health-care.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 November 2013|title=Mother Theresa|work=www.indianideology.com|access-date=11 August 2012}}</ref> The Missionaries of Charity took in an increasing number of homeless children; in 1955, Mother Teresa opened Nirmala Shishu Bhavan, the Children's Home of the Immaculate Heart, as a haven for orphans and homeless youth.<ref>{{harvnb|Clucas|1988|pp=58–59}}</ref> | |||
The congregation began to attract recruits and donations, and by the 1960s it had opened hospices, orphanages and ] throughout India. Mother Teresa then expanded the congregation abroad, opening a house in Venezuela in 1965 with five sisters.<ref>Spink, Kathryn (1997). ''Mother Teresa: A Complete Authorized Biography''. New York. HarperCollins, p. 82. {{ISBN|0-06-250825-3}}.</ref> Houses followed in Italy (Rome), Tanzania and Austria in 1968, and, during the 1970s, the congregation opened houses and foundations in the United States and dozens of countries in Asia, Africa and Europe.<ref>Spink, Kathryn (1997). ''Mother Teresa: A Complete Authorized Biography''. New York. HarperCollins, pp. 286–287. {{ISBN|0-06-250825-3}}.</ref> | |||
When Eastern Europe experienced increased openness in the late 1980s, she expanded her efforts to Communist countries that had previously rejected the Missionaries of Charity, embarking on dozens of projects. She was undeterred by criticism about her firm stand against ] and ] stating, "No matter who says what, you should accept it with a smile and do your own work." | |||
The Missionaries of Charity Brothers was founded in 1963, and a ] of the Sisters followed in 1976. Lay Catholics and non-Catholics were enrolled in the Co-Workers of Mother Teresa, the Sick and Suffering Co-Workers, and the Lay Missionaries of Charity. Responding to requests by many priests, in 1981, Mother Teresa founded the Corpus Christi Movement for Priests<ref>{{cite web |url=http://corpuschristimovement.com/ |title=God's People Yearn For Holy Priests, Founded by Blessed Mother Teresa of Calcutta. ''Corpus Christi Movement for Priests'' |publisher=Corpuschristimovement.com |access-date=14 March 2013 |archive-date=10 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310193852/http://corpuschristimovement.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and with ] founded the Missionaries of Charity Fathers in 1984 to combine the vocational aims of the Missionaries of Charity with the resources of the priesthood.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mcpriests.com/ |title=The Religious Community of priests founded by Mother Teresa. ''Missionaries of Charity Fathers'' |access-date=6 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211191550/http://www.mcpriests.com/ |archive-date=11 February 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |||
Mother Teresa traveled to assist and minister to the hungry in ], radiation victims at ], and earthquake victims in ].<ref>Cooper, Kenneth J. (], ]). "". '']''. Retrieved ], ]</ref><ref>(], ]) "". ''Eternal Word Television Network''. Retrieved ] ].</ref><ref>. Describes how Mother Teresa journeyed to Armenia in December 1988 following the great earthquake. She and her order established an orphanage there. Retrieved ], ].</ref> In 1991, Mother Teresa returned for the first time to her homeland and opened a Missionaries of Charity Brothers home in ], ]. | |||
By 1997, the 13-member Calcutta congregation had grown to more than 4,000 sisters who managed orphanages, ] hospices and charity centres worldwide, caring for refugees, the blind, the disabled, the aged, alcoholics, the poor and homeless and victims of floods, epidemics and famine.<ref>Spink, Kathryn (1997). ''Mother Teresa: A Complete Authorized Biography''. New York. HarperCollins, p. 284. {{ISBN|0-06-250825-3}}.</ref> By 2007, the Missionaries of Charity numbered about 450 brothers and 5,000 sisters worldwide, operating 600 missions, schools and shelters in 120 countries.<ref>Slavicek, Louise (2007). ''Mother Teresa''. New York; Infobase Publishing, pp. 90–91. {{ISBN|0-7910-9433-2}}.</ref> | |||
By 1996, she was operating 517 missions in more than 100 countries.<ref>Williams, Paul (2002).''Mother Teresa''. Indianapolis. Alpha Books, pp. 199–204. ].</ref> Over the years, Mother Teresa's Missionaries of Charity grew from twelve to thousands serving the "poorest of the poor" in 450 centers around the world. The first Missionaries of Charity home in the ] was established in the ], ]; by 1984 the order operated 19 establishments throughout the country.<ref>Clucas, Joan Graff. (1988). ''Mother Teresa''. New York. Chelsea House Publications, pp. 104. ].</ref> | |||
===International charity=== | |||
The spending of the charity money received has been criticized by some. ] and the liberal German magazine '']'' have said that money that was donated with the intention of it being spent on the keeping of the poor was spent on other projects instead.<ref>Hitchens, Christopher (], ]). "". ''Slate Magazine''. Retrieved ], ].</ref> | |||
Mother Teresa said, "By blood, I am ]n. By citizenship, an Indian. By faith, I am a Catholic nun. As to my calling, I belong to the world. As to my heart, I belong entirely to the Heart of Jesus."<ref name="Cannon2013">{{cite book |last=Cannon |first=Mae Elise |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LxGECp1gqwwC&q=By+blood%2C+I+am+Albanian. |title=Just Spirituality: How Faith Practices Fuel Social Action |publisher=InterVarsity Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-8308-3775-5 |page=19 |language=en |quote=When asked about her personal history, Mother Teresa said: 'By blood, I am Albanian. By citizenship, an Indian. By faith, I am a Catholic nun. As to my calling, I belong to the world. As to my heart, I belong entirely to the Heart of Jesus.' |access-date=3 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201175323/https://books.google.com/books?id=LxGECp1gqwwC&q=By+blood%2C+I+am+Albanian. |archive-date=1 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
Fluent in five languages – ],<ref>{{cite web|title=Mother Teresa|url=http://www.bangalinet.com/greatmen_teresa.htm|work=bangalinet.com|access-date=3 September 2012|archive-date=19 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619035717/http://www.bangalinet.com/greatmen_teresa.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> ], ], ] and ] – she made occasional trips outside India for humanitarian reasons.<ref>{{cite web|title=Top Ten Things to Know About Mother Teresa |url=http://www.biographycentral.net/mother-teresa.php |work=biographycentral.net |access-date=3 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110824223224/http://www.biographycentral.net/mother-teresa.php |archive-date=24 August 2011}}</ref> These included, in 1971, a visit with four of her sisters, to ]-era ]. Her suggestion that the conditions she had found justified an ongoing mission was the cause of some embarrassment.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=McDaid |first=Laura |date=4 September 2016 |title=Mother Teresa 'rejected by NI Catholic hierarchy' |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-37247857 |access-date=2023-08-17 |archive-date=18 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818221847/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-37247857 |url-status=live }}</ref> Reportedly under pressure from senior clergy, who believed "the missionary traffic should be in other direction", and despite local welcome and support, she and her sisters abruptly left the city in 1973.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=BBC One - Mother Teresa 123 Springhill Avenue |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rmLr_VC_M8E |access-date=2023-08-31 |website=BBC |language=en-GB |archive-date=31 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831105209/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rmLr_VC_M8E |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-09-03 |title=In Belfast, Mother Teresa ran up against enemies in the Church, leading to a dramatic departure |language=en-GB |work=BelfastTelegraph.co.uk |url=https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/life/features/in-belfast-mother-teresa-ran-up-against-enemies-in-the-church-leading-to-a-dramatic-departure/35017211.html |access-date=2023-08-31 |issn=0307-1235 |archive-date=31 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831101658/https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/life/features/in-belfast-mother-teresa-ran-up-against-enemies-in-the-church-leading-to-a-dramatic-departure/35017211.html |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
== Declining health and death == | |||
At the height of the ] in 1982, Mother Teresa rescued 37 children trapped in a front-line hospital by brokering a temporary cease-fire between the ] and Palestinian guerrillas.<ref>"Mother Teresa: A Profile", CNN, 30 May 2007</ref> Accompanied by ] workers, she travelled through the war zone to the hospital to evacuate the young patients.<ref>{{harvnb|Clucas|1988|p=17}}</ref> | |||
Mother Teresa suffered a heart attack in ] in 1983, while visiting ]. After a second attack in 1989, she received an ]. In 1991, after a battle with ] while in ], she suffered further heart problems. She offered to resign her position as head of the Missionaries of Charity. But the nuns of the order, in a ], voted for her to stay. Mother Teresa agreed to continue her work as head of the order. | |||
When Eastern Europe experienced increased openness in the late 1980s, Mother Teresa expanded her efforts to Communist countries which had rejected the Missionaries of Charity. She began dozens of projects, undeterred by criticism of her stands against abortion and divorce: "No matter who says what, you should accept it with a smile and do your own work". She visited ] after the ]<ref>{{cite web|last=Milena|first=Faustova|title=Russian monument to Mother Teresa|url=http://indrus.in/articles/2010/08/26/monument_to_mother_teresa_04630.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130218041555/http://indrus.in/articles/2010/08/26/monument_to_mother_teresa_04630.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 February 2013|date=26 August 2010|access-date=13 September 2012}}</ref> and met with ] ].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mother Teresa and Nikolai Ryzhkov|url=http://visualrian.ru/en/site/gallery/#435127/context%5Bmode%5D=advanced&context%5Bq%5D=&context%5Bcountry_id%5D=36&context%5Bcountry_title%5D=%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F|date=20 December 1988|access-date=13 September 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811235857/http://visualrian.ru/en/site/gallery#435127/context%5Bmode%5D=advanced&context%5Bq%5D=&context%5Bcountry_id%5D=36&context%5Bcountry_title%5D=%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F|archive-date=11 August 2013}}</ref> | |||
In April 1996, Mother Teresa fell and broke her ]. In August she suffered from ] and failure of the left ] ]. She had ], but it was clear that her health was declining. On ], ], she stepped down from the head of Missionaries of Charity and died on ], ]. | |||
Mother Teresa travelled to assist the hungry in Ethiopia, radiation victims at ] and earthquake victims in Armenia.<ref>Cooper, Kenneth J. (14 September 1997). "Mother Teresa Laid to Rest After Multi-Faith Tribute". ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved 30 May 2007</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ewtn.com/motherteresa/vocation.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124132640/http://www.ewtn.com/motherteresa/vocation.htm|url-status=dead|title=A Vocation of Service|archive-date=24 January 2016|website=Eternal Word Television Network}}</ref><ref>{{usurped|1=}}. Describes how Mother Teresa journeyed to Armenia in December 1988 following the great earthquake. She and her congregation established an orphanage there. Retrieved 30 May 2007. </ref> In 1991 she returned to ] for the first time, opening a Missionaries of Charity Brothers home in ].<ref>{{cite web|title=Albania History : MC Contemplative|url=http://www.mc-contemplative.org/albania-istory.php|website=www.mc-contemplative.org|access-date=16 December 2016|archive-date=2 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102013343/http://www.mc-contemplative.org/albania-istory.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> | |||
The Archbishop of Calcutta, Henry Sebastian D'Souza, said he ordered a priest to perform an ] on Mother Teresa with her permission when she was first hospitalized with cardiac problems because he thought she may be under attack by the ].<ref>Bindra, Satinder (], ]). "". '']'' Retrieved ], ].</ref> | |||
By 1996, the Missionaries of Charity operated 517 missions in over 100 countries.<ref>Williams, Paul (2002).''Mother Teresa''. Indianapolis. Alpha Books, pp. 199–204. {{ISBN|0-02-864278-3}}.</ref> The number of sisters in the Missionaries of Charity grew from twelve to thousands, serving the "poorest of the poor" in 450 centres worldwide. The first Missionaries of Charity home in the United States was established in the ] area of ], and by 1984 the congregation operated 19 establishments throughout the country.<ref>{{harvnb|Clucas|1988|p=104}}</ref> | |||
At the time of her death, Mother Teresa's Missionaries of Charity had over 4,000 sisters, an associated brotherhood of 300 members, and over 100,000 ] volunteers, operating 610 missions in 123 countries. These included hospices and homes for people with ], ] and ], ]s, children's and family counseling programs, orphanages, and schools. | |||
== |
===Declining health and death=== | ||
Mother Teresa had a heart attack in Rome in 1983 while she was visiting ]. Following a second attack in 1989, she received a ].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deseret.com/1989/12/1/18834851/pacemaker-implanted-in-mother-teresa |title=Pacemaker Implanted In Mother Teresa |newspaper=] |date=1 December 1989 |access-date=1 February 2022 |archive-date=16 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116100504/https://www.deseret.com/1989/12/1/18834851/pacemaker-implanted-in-mother-teresa |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1991, after a bout of ] in Mexico, she had additional heart problems. Although Mother Teresa offered to resign as head of the Missionaries of Charity, in a ] the sisters of the congregation voted for her to stay, and she agreed to continue.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nuns ignore Mother Teresa retirement plan, re-elect her |url=https://www.tampabay.com/archive/1990/09/09/nuns-ignore-mother-teresa-retirement-plan-re-elect-her/ |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=Tampa Bay Times |language=en |archive-date=26 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826154529/https://www.tampabay.com/archive/1990/09/09/nuns-ignore-mother-teresa-retirement-plan-re-elect-her/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
===Reception in India=== | |||
Mother Teresa had first been recognised by the Indian government more than a third of a century earlier when she was awarded the ] in 1962. She continued to receive major Indian rewards in successive decades including, in 1972, the ] Award for International Understanding and, in 1980, India's highest civilian award, the ].<ref name=Frontline /> | |||
In April 1996, Mother Teresa fell, breaking her ], and four months later she had ] and ]. Although she underwent ], her health was clearly declining. According to the Archbishop of Calcutta ], he ordered a priest to perform an ] (with her permission) when she was first hospitalised with cardiac problems because he thought she might be under attack by ].<ref>Bindra, Satinder (7 September 2001). "Archbishop: Mother Teresa underwent exorcism". ''CNN'' Retrieved 30 May 2007.</ref> On 13 March 1997, Mother Teresa resigned as head of the Missionaries of Charity. She died on 5 September.<ref>{{cite news|title=Indianborn nun to succeed Mother Teresa|url=http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9703/13/india.teresa/|work=cnn|date=13 March 1997|access-date=13 September 2012|archive-date=9 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009234751/http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9703/13/india.teresa/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Mother Teresa, Hope of the Despairing, Dies at 87|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/09/06/world/mother-teresa-hope-of-the-despairing-dies-at-87.html|work=]|last=Pace|first=Erik|date=6 September 1997|access-date=5 January 2022|archive-date=5 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105050347/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/09/06/world/mother-teresa-hope-of-the-despairing-dies-at-87.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Rothman |first=Lily |date=5 Sep 2017 |title=Read TIME's Original 1997 Report on Mother Teresa's Death |url=https://time.com/4926942/mother-teresa-death-report-obituary/ |magazine=Time |access-date=7 September 2023 |archive-date=7 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907051644/https://time.com/4926942/mother-teresa-death-report-obituary/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
Her official Biography was authored by an Indian Civil Servant, Navin Chawla and published in 1992-“Mother Teresa- The Authorized Biography” ISBN-10: 0756755484, ISBN-13: 978-0756755485. | |||
==== Reactions ==== | |||
Indian views on Mother Teresa were not uniformly favourable. Her critic ], who was born and bred in Calcutta but lived in London, reports that "she was not a significant entity in Calcutta in her lifetime". Chatterjee blames Mother Teresa for promoting a negative image of his home city.<ref name=Chatterjee /> Her presence and profile grated in parts of the Indian political world, as she often opposed the ]. The ] clashed with her over the Christian ]s, but praised her in death, sending a representative to her funeral. The ], on the other hand, opposed the Government's decision to grant her a state funeral. Its secretary ] said that "her first duty was to the Church and social service was incidental" and accused her of favouring Christians and conducting "secret baptisms" of the dying. But, in its front page tribute, the Indian fortnightly '']'' dismissed these charges as "patently false" and said that they had "made no impact on the public perception of her work, especially in Calcutta". Although praising her "selfless caring", energy and bravery, the author of the tribute was critical of Mother Teresa's public campaigning against abortion and that she claimed to be non-political when doing so.<ref name=Frontline>Parvathi Menon , '']'', Vol.14 :: No. 19 :: Sept.20 - October 3,1997 </ref> | |||
Mother Teresa ] in an open casket in ], for a week before her funeral. She received a ] from the Indian government in gratitude for her service to the poor of all religions in the country.<ref>Associated Press (14 September 1997). "{{cite web|url=https://www.chron.com/cgi-bin/auth/story/content/chronicle/page1/97/09/14/teresa.html |title=India honors nun with state funeral |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050306224148/http://www.chron.com/cgi-bin/auth/story/content/chronicle/page1/97/09/14/teresa.html |archive-date=6 March 2005 |url-status=dead |df=dmy }}". ''Houston Chronicle''. Retrieved 30 May 2007.</ref> ] ], the Pope's representative, delivered the homily at the service.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Vatican's secretary of state delivers a homily at Mother Teresa's funeral |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/sep/13teres1.htm |website=Rediff.com |access-date=29 October 2018 |date=14 September 1997 |archive-date=4 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104174417/http://www.rediff.com/news/sep/13teres1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Mother Teresa's death was mourned in the secular and religious communities. ] ] called her "a rare and unique individual who lived long for higher purposes. Her life-long devotion to the care of the poor, the sick, and the disadvantaged was one of the highest examples of service to our humanity."<ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=http://www.christianmemorials.com/tributes/mother-teresa-of-calcutta/|title=Mother Teresa of Calcutta Online Memorial Tribute|last=Memorials|first=Christian|website=www.christianmemorials.com|access-date=18 May 2017|archive-date=21 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921191245/http://www.christianmemorials.com/tributes/mother-teresa-of-calcutta/|url-status=live}}</ref> According to former ] ], "She is the United Nations. She is peace in the world."<ref name=":2" /> | |||
More recently, the Indian daily '']'' referred to her as "the Saint of the Gutters", also mentioning calls for "Rome to investigate whether she did anything to alleviate the condition of the poor or just took care of the sick and dying and needed them to further a sentimentally-moral cause".<ref>Victor Banerjee ''A Canopy most fatal'', '']'', Sunday, September 8, 2002.</ref> | |||
==Recognition and reception== | |||
Mother Teresa lay in state in ] for one week prior to her funeral, in September 1997. She was granted a ] by the ] in gratitude for her services to the poor of all religions in India.<ref>Associated Press (], ]). "{{cite web |url=http://www.chron.com/cgi-bin/auth/story/content/chronicle/page1/97/09/14/teresa.html |title= India honors nun with state funeral |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20050306224148/http://www.chron.com/cgi-bin/auth/story/content/chronicle/page1/97/09/14/teresa.html |archivedate=2005-03-06}}". '']''. Retrieved ], ].</ref> | |||
===India=== | |||
From the Indian government, under the name of Mary Teresa Bojaxhiu, Mother Teresa was issued a diplomatic passport.<ref name="Navin Chawla">{{Cite book |last=Chawla |first=Navin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=58bx0CNQy9sC&q=Mother+Teresa+Navin+Chawla |title=Mother Teresa |publisher=Penguin |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-14-303178-9 |location=New Delhi |page=1 |author-link=Navin Chawla |access-date=21 Sep 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102000122/https://books.google.com/books?id=58bx0CNQy9sC&q=Mother+Teresa+Navin+Chawla |archive-date=2 November 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> She received the ] in 1962 and the ] in 1969.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iccr.gov.in/content/nehru-award-recipients|title=Nehru Award Recipients {{!}} Indian Council for Cultural Relations {{!}} Government of India|website=www.iccr.gov.in|language=en|access-date=18 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406014617/http://www.iccr.gov.in/content/nehru-award-recipients|archive-date=6 April 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> She later received other Indian awards, including the ] (India's highest civilian award) in 1980.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/RecipientsBR_140515_1.pdf|title=List of Recipients of Bharat Ratna|website=]|date=14 May 2015|access-date=15 November 2020|archive-date=15 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115154209/https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/RecipientsBR_140515_1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Mother Teresa's official biography, by ], was published in 1992.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7AmVAAAACAAJ|title=Mother Teresa: The Authorized Biography|last=Chawla|first=Navin|year=1992|publisher=Diane Publishing Company|isbn=978-0-7567-5548-5|language=en|access-date=3 October 2020|archive-date=1 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201175315/https://books.google.com/books?id=7AmVAAAACAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> In Calcutta, she is worshipped as a deity by some ].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/in-india-teresa-draws-devotees-of-all-faiths-1472857787|title=In India, Teresa Draws Devotees of All Faiths|last=Stacey|first=Daniel|date=3 September 2016|work=]|access-date=18 May 2017|issn=0099-9660|archive-date=14 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614072150/https://www.wsj.com/articles/in-india-teresa-draws-devotees-of-all-faiths-1472857787|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
To commemorate the 100th anniversary of her birth, the government of India issued a special {{INR}}5 coin (the amount of money Mother Teresa had when she arrived in India) on 28 August 2010. President ] said, "Clad in a white sari with a blue border, she and the sisters of Missionaries of Charity became a symbol of hope to many—namely, the aged, the destitute, the unemployed, the diseased, the terminally ill, and those abandoned by their families."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Commemorative-coin-on-Mother-Teresa-released/articleshow/6451687.cms|title=Commemorative coin on Mother Teresa released|work=The Times of India|access-date=18 May 2017|archive-date=3 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903101135/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Commemorative-coin-on-Mother-Teresa-released/articleshow/6451687.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
Various Tributes have been published in Indian Newspapers and Magazines authored by her Official Biographer, Navin Chawla. <ref></ref> <ref> </ref> <ref> </ref><ref> </ref><ref> </ref><ref> </ref><ref> </ref> | |||
Indian views of Mother Teresa are not uniformly favourable. ], a physician born and raised in Calcutta who was an activist in the city's slums for years around 1980 before moving to the UK, said that he "never even saw any nuns in those slums".<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/27/world/asia/mother-teresa-critic.html|title=A Critic's Lonely Quest: Revealing the Whole Truth About Mother Teresa|last=Schultz|first=Kai|date=26 August 2016|work=The New York Times|access-date=18 May 2017|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=5 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405115919/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/27/world/asia/mother-teresa-critic.html|url-status=live}}</ref> His research, involving more than 100 interviews with volunteers, nuns and others familiar with the Missionaries of Charity, was described in a 2003 book critical of Mother Teresa.<ref name=":4" /> Chatterjee criticized her for promoting a "cult of suffering" and a distorted, negative image of Calcutta, exaggerating work done by her mission and misusing funds and privileges at her disposal.<ref name=":4" /><ref name="Chatterjee">Chatterjee, Aroup, Introduction to ''The Final Verdict''</ref> According to him, some of the hygiene problems he had criticized (such as the reuse of ]) improved after Mother Teresa's death in 1997.<ref name=":4" /> | |||
===Reception in the rest of the world=== | |||
] presents Mother Teresa with the ] at a ] ceremony, 1985]] | |||
In 1962, Mother Teresa received the ]-based ] for International Understanding, given for work in South or East Asia. The citation said that "the Board of Trustees recognizes her merciful cognizance of the abject poor of a foreign land, in whose service she has led a new congregation".<ref>Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation (1962) ''Citation for Mother Teresa''.</ref> By the early 1970s, Mother Teresa had become an international celebrity. Her fame can be in large part attributed to the 1969 ] ''Something Beautiful for God'', which was filmed by ] and his 1971 book of the same title. Muggeridge was undergoing a spiritual journey of his own at the time.<ref name=Timecrisis /> During the filming of the documentary, footage taken in poor lighting conditions, particularly the Home for the Dying, was thought unlikely to be of usable quality by the crew. After returning from India, however, the footage was found to be extremely well lit. Muggeridge claimed this was a miracle of "divine light" from Mother Teresa herself.<ref>Sebba, Anne (1997). ''Mother Teresa: Beyond the Image''. New York. Doubleday, pp. 80–84. ].</ref> Others in the crew thought it was due to a new type of ultra-sensitive ] film.<ref>Alpion, Gezmin (2007). ''Mother Teresa: Saint or Celebrity?''. Routledge Press, pp. 9. ].</ref> Muggeridge later converted to Catholicism. | |||
], mayor of Calcutta from 2005 to 2010, said that "she had no significant impact on the poor of this city", glorified illness instead of treating it and misrepresented the city: "No doubt there was poverty in Calcutta, but it was never a city of lepers and beggars, as Mother Teresa presented it."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-india-mother-teresa-snap-story.html|title=Was Mother Teresa a saint? In city she made synonymous with suffering, a renewed debate over her legacy|date=2 September 2016|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=18 May 2017|language=en-US|issn=0458-3035|archive-date=19 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719054201/http://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-india-mother-teresa-snap-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On the ], the ] clashed with Mother Teresa over the Christian ]s but praised her in death and sent a representative to her funeral.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ka8XDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT26|title=The Biography of Mother Teresa: The Light Of The Devoted Soul That Changed The World|last=Dicker|first=Chris|publisher=Chris Dicker|language=en|access-date=3 October 2020|archive-date=1 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201175307/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ka8XDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT26|url-status=live}}</ref> ], however, opposed the government decision to grant her a state funeral. Secretary ] said that "her first duty was to the Church and social service was incidental", accusing her of favouring Christians and conducting "secret baptisms" of the dying.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820202015/http://eci.nic.in/ECI_Main/DJ/Frontline%201997%20Article%20published%20in%20Hindu.pdf#page=3 |date=20 August 2017 }} – ] article.</ref><ref name="usislam1">{{cite web|url=http://www.usislam.org/revise/6211Baptism.htm|title=Secret Baptism|publisher=Usislam.org|access-date=28 August 2011|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024146/http://www.usislam.org/revise/6211Baptism.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> In a front-page tribute, the Indian fortnightly '']'' dismissed the charges as "patently false" and said that they had "made no impact on the public perception of her work, especially in Calcutta". Praising her "selfless caring", energy and bravery, the author of the tribute criticised Teresa's public campaign against abortion and her claim to be non-political.<ref name=Frontline>Parvathi Menon Cover story: ''A life of selfless caring'', ''Frontline'', Vol.14 :: No. 19 :: 20 September–3 October 1997</ref> | |||
Around this time, the Catholic world began to honor Mother Teresa publicly. In 1971, ] awarded her the first ] Peace Prize, commending her for her work with the poor, display of Christian charity and efforts for peace.<ref>Clucas, Joan Graff. (1988). ''Mother Teresa''. New York. Chelsea House Publications, pp. 81-82. ].</ref> She later received the ] (1976).<ref>''Quad City Times'' staff (], ]). "". ]. Retrieved ], ].</ref> Since her death, Mother Teresa has progressed rapidly along the steps towards ], currently having reached the stage of having been ]. | |||
In February 2015 ], leader of the Hindu right-wing organisation ], said that Mother Teresa's objective was "to convert the person, who was being served, into a Christian".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/mother-teresas-aim-was-conversion-says-bhagwat/article6926462.ece|title=Mother Teresa's aim was conversion, says Bhagwat|last=Dhar|first=Aarti|work=The Hindu|access-date=18 May 2017|language=en|archive-date=7 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107111842/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/mother-teresas-aim-was-conversion-says-bhagwat/article6926462.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Former RSS spokesperson M. G. Vaidhya supported Bhagwat's assessment, and the organisation accused the media of "distorting facts about Bhagwat's remarks". ] MP ], ] leader Atul Anjan and ] chief minister ] protested Bhagwat's statement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tsjzcra.timesofap.com/politics/rss-backs-its-chief-mohan-bhagwat-s-remarks-on-mother-teresa-opposition-lashes-out-at-him.html|title=RSS backs its chief Mohan Bhagwat's remarks on Mother Teresa, Opposition lashes out at him |website=tsjzcra.timesofap.com|language=en-US|access-date=18 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409044756/http://tsjzcra.timesofap.com/politics/rss-backs-its-chief-mohan-bhagwat-s-remarks-on-mother-teresa-opposition-lashes-out-at-him.html|archive-date=9 April 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1991<ref>], ''Doctor of Divinity''. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112063036/https://www.senateofseramporecollege.edu.in/pages/index/doctor-of-divinity#:~:text=2016%20Rev.-,Dr.,M.Th.%2C%20D.|date=12 November 2022}}</ref> the country's first modern University, ] awarded a honorary doctorate during registrarship of ]. | |||
Mother Teresa was honored by both governments and civilian organizations. The ] and the ] each repeatedly granted awards, culminating in the ] in 1983, and honorary citizenship of the United States received on ], ]. Mother Teresa's ]n homeland granted her the Golden Honor of the Nation in 1994.<ref name=Frontline /> Her acceptance of this and another honour granted by the ]an government proved controversial. Mother Teresa attracted criticism, particularly from the ], for implicitly giving support to the ]s and to corrupt businessmen such as ] and ]. In Keating's case she wrote to the judge of his trial asking for clemency to be shown.<ref name=BMJ /><ref name=Frontline /> | |||
===Elsewhere=== | |||
Universities in both the West and in India granted her ]s.<ref name=Frontline /> Other civilian awards include the ] for promoting humanity, peace and brotherhood among peoples (1978),<ref>, Fondazione Internazionale Balzan, 1978 Balzan Prize | |||
] ] presents Mother Teresa with the ] at a White House ceremony as First Lady ] looks on, 20 June 1985.]] | |||
for Humanity, Peace and Brotherhood among Peoples. Retrieved ] ].</ref> and the ] International Prize (1975).<ref>Jones, Alice & Brown, Jonathan (] ]). "". ''The Independent''. Retrieved ], ].</ref> | |||
Mother Teresa received the ] for Peace and International Understanding, given for work in South or East Asia, in 1962. According to its citation, "The Board of Trustees recognises her merciful cognisance of the abject poor of a foreign land, in whose service she has led a new congregation".<ref>Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation (1962) ''Citation for Mother Teresa''.</ref> By the early 1970s, Mother Teresa was an international celebrity. She had been catapulted to fame via ]'s 1969 ] documentary, ''Something Beautiful for God'', before he released a ].<ref>{{cite news |title=A Hundred Years of Muggery |url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/weekly-standard/a-hundred-years-of-muggery |access-date=24 July 2022 |work=Washington Examiner |quote=In a 1969 film entitled "Something Beautiful for God," he launched the persona that we all came to know as Mother Teresa. In a near-perfect return-serve to the hedonism of the day, he made a star out of a woman who scorned pelf and pleasure. |archive-date=25 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725110933/https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/weekly-standard/a-hundred-years-of-muggery |url-status=live }}</ref> Muggeridge was undergoing a spiritual journey of his own at the time.<ref name=Timecrisis /> During filming, footage shot in poor lighting (particularly at the Home for the Dying) was thought unlikely to be usable by the crew; the crew had been using new, untested ]. In England, the footage was found to be extremely well-lit and Muggeridge called it a miracle of "divine light" from Teresa.<ref>Sebba, Anne (1997). ''Mother Teresa: Beyond the Image''. New York. Doubleday, pp. 80–84. {{ISBN|0-385-48952-8}}.</ref> Other crew members said that it was due to a new type of ultra-sensitive Kodak film.<ref>Alpion, Gezmin (2007). ''Mother Teresa: Saint or Celebrity?''. Routledge Press, p. 9. {{ISBN|0-415-39246-2}}.</ref> Muggeridge later converted to Catholicism.<ref>{{cite web|title=Malcolm Muggeridge's spiritual evolution|url=http://www.thewords.com/articles/mugquest.htm|website=www.thewords.com|access-date=20 December 2016|archive-date=29 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529051032/http://www.thewords.com/articles/mugquest.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
In 1979, Mother Teresa was awarded the ], "for work undertaken in the struggle to overcome poverty and distress, which also constitute a threat to peace." She refused the conventional ceremonial banquet given to laureates, and asked that the $192,000 funds be given to the poor in India,<ref>Locke, Michelle for the '']'' (], ]). "". ''San Francisco Gate''. Retrieved ], ]</ref> stating that earthly rewards were important only if they helped her help the world's needy. When Mother Teresa received the prize, she was asked, "What can we do to promote world peace?" She answered "Go home and love your family." Building on this theme in her Nobel Lecture, she said: "Around the world, not only in the poor countries, but I found the poverty of the West so much more difficult to remove. When I pick up a person from the street, hungry, I give him a plate of rice, a piece of bread, I have satisfied. I have removed that hunger. But a person that is shut out, that feels unwanted, unloved, terrified, the person that has been thrown out from society - that poverty is so hurtable and so much, and I find that very difficult." More specifically, she singled out abortion as 'the greatest destroyer of peace in the world'.<ref>Mother Teresa (], ]). "". ''NobelPrize.org. Retrieved ], ].</ref> | |||
Around this time, the Catholic world began to honour Mother Teresa publicly. Pope ] gave her the inaugural ] Peace Prize in 1971, commending her work with the poor, her display of Christian charity and her efforts for peace.<ref>{{harvnb|Clucas|1988|pp=81–82}}</ref> She received the ] in 1976.<ref>''Quad City Times'' staff (17 October 2005). "Habitat official to receive Pacem in Terris honor". ]. Retrieved 26 May 2007.</ref> After her death, Teresa progressed rapidly on the road to ]. | |||
Towards the end of her life, Mother Teresa attracted some negative attention in the Western media. The journalist ] has been one of her most active critics. He was commissioned to co-write and narrate the documentary ''Hell's Angel'' about her for the British ] after ] encouraged the making of such a program, although Chatterjee was unhappy with the "sensationalist approach" of the final product.<ref name=Chatterjee>Chatterjee, Aroup, Introduction to ''The Final Verdict'' </ref> Hitchens expanded his criticism in a 1995 book, '']''.<ref name=MacIntyre>{{Citation |last=MacIntyre |first=Donal |date=August 22, 2005 |title=|The Squalid Truth Behind the Legacy of Mother Teresa |periodical=New Statesman |volume=134 |issue=4754 |page=24-25|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/200508220019}}</ref> | |||
] in January 1981]] | |||
Chatterjee writes that while she was alive Mother Teresa and her official biographers refused to collaborate with his own investigations and that she failed to defend herself against critical coverage in the Western press. He gives as examples a report in '']'' in Britain whose "stringent (and quite detailed) attack on conditions in her orphanages ... charges of gross neglect and physical and emotional abuse", and another documentary ''Mother Teresa: Time for Change?'' broadcast in several European countries.<ref name=Chatterjee /> Both Chatterjee and Hitchens have themselves been subject to criticism for their stance. | |||
She was honoured by governments and civilian organisations and appointed an honorary Companion of the ] in 1982 "for service to the community of Australia and humanity at large".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/882114|title=It's an Honour: AC|publisher=Itsanhonour.gov.au|date=26 January 1982|access-date=24 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129181410/https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/882114|archive-date=29 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The United Kingdom and the United States bestowed a number of awards, culminating in the ] in 1983 and ] on 16 November 1996.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo45003|title=Joint Resolution to Confer Honorary Citizenship of the United States on Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu, also Known as Mother Teresa.|access-date=25 June 2017|archive-date=25 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200525110546/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-104publ218/pdf/PLAW-104publ218.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Mother Teresa's Albanian homeland gave her the Golden Honour of the Nation in 1994,<ref name=Frontline /> but her acceptance of this and the Haitian Legion of Honour was controversial. Mother Teresa was criticised for implicitly supporting the ]s and corrupt businessmen such as ] and ]; she wrote to the judge of Keating's trial requesting clemency.<ref name=Frontline /><ref name=BMJ>{{cite journal|author=Loudon, Mary|title=The Missionary Position: Mother Teresa in Theory and Practice, Book Review|journal=BMJ|volume=312|issue=7022|date=6 January 1996|doi=10.1136/bmj.312.7022.64a|pages=64–65|s2cid=58762491| issn=0959-8138}}</ref> | |||
Universities in India and the West granted her honorary degrees.<ref name=Frontline /> Other civilian awards included the ] for promoting humanity, peace and brotherhood among peoples (1978)<ref>, Fondazione Internazionale Balzan, 1978 Balzan Prize for Humanity, Peace and Brotherhood among Peoples. Retrieved 26 May 2007. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060514221631/http://www.balzan.it/Premiati.aspx?Codice=0000001003&nome=Mother%20Teresa%20of%20Calcutta |date=14 May 2006 }}</ref> and the ] International Prize (1975).<ref>Jones, Alice & Brown, Jonathan (7 March 2007). "Opposites attract? When Robert Maxwell met Mother Teresa". ''The Independent''. Retrieved 25 March 2012.</ref> In April 1976, Mother Teresa visited the ] in northeastern ], where she received the La Storta Medal for Human Service from university president ].<ref name="Mother Teresa Addresses 4,500">{{cite news|title=Mother Teresa Addresses 4,500 At Long Center|url=http://digitalservices.scranton.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/clippings/id/32324/rec/4|access-date=28 April 2015|work=Catholic Light|agency=The University of Scranton|publisher=The University of Scranton Digital Collections|date=1 May 1976|archive-date=6 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106224810/http://digitalservices.scranton.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/clippings/id/32324/rec/4|url-status=live}}</ref> She challenged an audience of 4,500 to "know poor people in your own home and local neighbourhood", feeding others or simply spreading joy and love.<ref name="Spread Love, Help Poor of Heart">{{cite news|last1=Cannella|first1=Tony|title=Mother Teresa Asks Local Citizens To Spread Love, Help Poor of Heart|url=http://digitalservices.scranton.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/clippings/id/32349/rec/5|access-date=28 April 2015|work=Scranton Times|agency=The University of Scranton|publisher=The University of Scranton Digital Collections|date=28 April 1976|archive-date=25 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725120937/http://digitalservices.scranton.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/clippings/id/32349/rec/5|url-status=live}}</ref> Mother Teresa continued: "The poor will help us grow in sanctity, for they are Christ in the guise of distress".<ref name="Mother Teresa Addresses 4,500" /> In August 1987, Mother Teresa received an honorary doctor of social science degree from the university in recognition of her service and her ministry to help the destitute and sick.<ref name="U of S Honorary Degree">{{cite news|last1=Connors|first1=Terry|title=Mother Teresa Awarded Honorary Degree|url=http://digitalservices.scranton.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/clippings/id/16134/rec/13|access-date=28 April 2015|work=Northeast Magazine|agency=The University of Scranton|publisher=The University of Scranton Digital Collections|date=October 1987|archive-date=25 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725111342/http://digitalservices.scranton.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/clippings/id/16134/rec/13|url-status=live}}</ref> She spoke to over 4,000 students and members of the ]<ref name="MT in Scranton">{{cite news|last1=Pifer|first1=Jerry|title=Mother Teresa in Scranton|url=http://digitalservices.scranton.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/clippings/id/16235/rec/22|access-date=28 April 2015|work=Scrantonian|agency=The University of Scranton|publisher=The University of Scranton Digital Collections|date=6 September 1987|archive-date=25 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725120338/http://digitalservices.scranton.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/clippings/id/16235/rec/22|url-status=live}}</ref> about her service to the "poorest of the poor", telling them to "do small things with great love".<ref name="Small Things with Great Love Address">{{cite news|title=Do Small Things with Great Love: Mother Teresa Graces Diocese|url=http://digitalservices.scranton.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/clippings/id/16278/rec/26|access-date=28 April 2015|work=Catholic Light|agency=The University of Scranton|publisher=The University of Scranton Digital Collections|date=27 August 1987|archive-date=6 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106215727/http://digitalservices.scranton.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/clippings/id/16278/rec/26|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
The German magazine '']'' published a hostile article on the first anniversary of Mother Teresa's death. This concerned allegations regarding financial matters and the spending of donations. The medical press has also published criticism of her, arising from very different outlooks and priorities on patients' needs.<ref name=BMJ /> Other critics include ], a member of the editorial committee of the '']'', and the Irish-born investigative journalist ].<ref name=MacIntyre /> | |||
During her lifetime, Mother Teresa was among the top 10 women in the annual ] 18 times, finishing first several times in the 1980s and 1990s.<ref>Frank Newport, David W. Moore, and Lydia Saad (13 December 1999). "Most Admired Men and Women: 1948–1998", ].</ref> In 1999 she headed ],<ref name="gallup-20c" /> out-polling all other volunteered answers by a wide margin. She was first in all major demographic categories except the very young.<ref name="gallup-20c">Frank Newport (31 December 1999). "Mother Teresa Voted by American People as Most Admired Person of the Century", ].</ref><ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070105022914/http://www.pollingreport.com/20th.htm |date=5 January 2007 }} Gallup/CNN/USA Today Poll. 20–21 December 1999.</ref> | |||
Her death was mourned in both secular and religious communities. In tribute, ], the ] said that she was "a rare and unique individual who lived long for higher purposes. Her life-long devotion to the care of the poor, the sick, and the disadvantaged was one of the highest examples of service to our humanity."<ref name=Tribute /> The former ] ] said: "She is the ]. She is peace in the world."<ref name=Tribute>(] ]) . ''ChristianMemorials.com''. Retrieved ] ].</ref> During her lifetime and after her death, Mother Teresa was consistently found by ] to be the single most widely ] in the US, and in 1999 was ranked as the "most admired person of the 20th century" by a poll in the US. She out-polled all other volunteered answers by a wide margin, and was in first place in all major demographic categories except the very young. | |||
==== Nobel Peace Prize ==== | |||
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In 1979, Mother Teresa received the ] "for work undertaken in the struggle to overcome poverty and distress, which also constitutes a threat to peace".<ref>{{cite web|title=Nobel Committee: The Nobel Peace Prize 1979 press release|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1979/press.html|access-date=14 June 2017|archive-date=23 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623181949/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1979/press.html|url-status=live}}</ref> She refused the conventional ceremonial banquet for laureates, asking that its $192,000 cost be given to the poor in India<ref>Locke, Michelle (22 March 2007). "Berkeley Nobel laureates donate prize money to charity". ''San Francisco Gate''. Associated Press. Retrieved 26 May 2007</ref> and saying that earthly rewards were important only if they helped her to help the world's needy. When Mother Teresa received the prize she was asked, "What can we do to promote world peace?" She answered, "Go home and love your family." Building on this theme in her ], she said: "Around the world, not only in the poor countries, but I found the poverty of the West so much more difficult to remove. When I pick up a person from the street, hungry, I give him a plate of rice, a piece of bread, I have satisfied. I have removed that hunger. But a person that is shut out, that feels unwanted, unloved, terrified, the person that has been thrown out from society – that poverty is so hurtable {{sic}} and so much, and I find that very difficult." | |||
== Social and political views == | |||
===Opposition to abortion=== | |||
Mother Teresa singled out abortion as "the greatest destroyer of peace today. Because if a mother can kill her own child – what is left for me to kill you and you kill me – there is nothing between."<ref>Mother Teresa (11 December 1979). "Nobel Prize Lecture". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 25 May 2007.</ref> | |||
Barbara Smoker of the ] magazine '']'' criticised Mother Teresa after the Peace Prize award, saying that her promotion of Catholic moral teachings on abortion and contraception diverted funds from effective methods to solve India's problems.<ref>{{harvnb |Smoker |1980 |pp=11, 28}}</ref> At the ] in ], Mother Teresa said: "Yet we can destroy this gift of motherhood, especially by the evil of abortion, but also by thinking that other things like jobs or positions are more important than loving."<ref name="Mother Teresa's Message to Fourth UN Women's Conference">{{cite web|title=Mother Teresa's Message to the Fourth Women's Conference|publisher=EWTN|date=6 October 2006|url=https://www.ewtn.com/New_library/MT_woman.htm|access-date=28 March 2016|archive-date=30 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930003513/http://www.ewtn.com/New_library/MT_woman.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> ] have also criticised Mother Teresa's stance against abortion and contraception.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/02/25/why-to-many-critics-mother-teresa-is-still-no-saint/|title=Why Mother Teresa is still no saint to many of her critics|author=Adam Taylor|date=18 December 2015|newspaper=]|access-date=17 November 2015|archive-date=23 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523113853/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/02/25/why-to-many-critics-mother-teresa-is-still-no-saint/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/on-the-same-page/284274|title=On the Same Page – Amit Chaudhuri – Mar 18,2013|access-date=17 November 2015|archive-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106005916/http://www.outlookindia.com/article/on-the-same-page/284274|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://newamericamedia.org/2013/03/city-of-doubts-kolkatas-uneasy-love-for-mother-teresa.php|title=City of Doubts: Kolkata's Uneasy Love for Mother Teresa – New America Media|access-date=17 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802193305/http://newamericamedia.org/2013/03/city-of-doubts-kolkatas-uneasy-love-for-mother-teresa.php|archive-date=2 August 2018|url-status=usurped}}</ref> | |||
===Conversion practices=== | |||
Navin B. Chawla points out that Mother Teresa never intended to build hospitals, but to provide a place where those who had been refused admittance "could at least die being comforted and with some dignity." He also counters critics of Mother Teresa by stating that her periodic hospitalizations were instigated by staff members against her wishes and he disputes the claim that she conducted unethical conversions. "Those who are quick to criticise Mother Teresa and her mission, are unable or unwilling to do anything to help with their own hands."<ref name="Chawla">Chawla, Navin B. (August 26, 2013). {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504211225/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-mother-teresa-her-critics-choose-to-ignore/article5058894.ece|date=2019-05-04}}. ''The Hindu''.</ref> Similarly, Sister ], the former Superior General of the Missionaries of Charity, also stated that Mother Teresa's homes were never intended to be a substitute for hospitals, but rather "homes for those not accepted in the hospital... But if they need hospital care, then we have to take them to the hospital, and we do that." Sister Pierick also contested the claims that Mother Teresa deliberately cultivated suffering, and affirmed her order's goal was to alleviate suffering.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |author=McDonagh, Melanie |date=2016-08-30 |title='Mother Teresa Saw Jesus in Everyone' |url=https://www.ncregister.com/news/mother-teresa-saw-jesus-in-everyone |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204075724/https://www.ncregister.com/news/mother-teresa-saw-jesus-in-everyone |archive-date=2022-02-04 |access-date=2022-02-03 |website=National Catholic Register |language=en-US}}</ref> | |||
Fr ], who had hosted her in Belfast in 1971,<ref name=":5" /> argued that "Mother Theresa was content to pick up the sad pieces left by a vicious political and economic system" and he noted that hers was a fate very different to that of ] of ]. While she got the Nobel Prize, "Romero, who attacked the causes of misery as well as picking up the pieces, was shot in the head".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wilson |first=Des |title=The Way I see it: an Autobiography by Fr Des Wilson |publisher=Beyond the Pale Publications |year=2005 |isbn=1900960281 |location=Belfast |pages=112}}</ref> | |||
===Defence of contentious priests=== | |||
In 1994, Mother Teresa argued that the sexual abuse allegations against Jesuit priest ] were untrue. When he was convicted of sexually molesting multiple children in 2006, Mother Teresa's defence of him was criticised.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jamison |first1=Peter |title=Tainted Saint: Mother Teresa Defended Pedophile Priest |url=https://archives.sfweekly.com/sanfrancisco/tainted-saint-mother-teresa-defended-pedophile-priest/Content?oid=2183718 |access-date=2 November 2021 |work=SF Weekly |language=en |archive-date=10 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010194155/https://archives.sfweekly.com/sanfrancisco/tainted-saint-mother-teresa-defended-pedophile-priest/Content?oid=2183718 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Jones |first1=Nelson |title=Mother Teresa and the Paedophile |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2012/01/mother-teresa-mcguire-abuse |access-date=2 November 2021 |work=New Statesman |date=10 June 2021 |archive-date=9 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009212130/https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2012/01/mother-teresa-mcguire-abuse |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
===Inadequate care and alleged cruelty=== | |||
According to a paper by Canadian academics Serge Larivée, Geneviève Chénard and Carole Sénéchal, Mother Teresa's clinics received millions of dollars in donations but lacked ], systematic diagnosis, necessary nutrition, and sufficient ]s for those in pain;<ref name="Université de Montréal">{{cite news |first=Serge |last=Larivée |author2=Carole Sénéchal |author3=Geneviève Chénard |title=Mother Teresa: anything but a saint ...|date=1 March 2013 |publisher=] |url=http://www.nouvelles.umontreal.ca/udem-news/news/20130301-mother-teresa-anything-but-a-saint.html |access-date=6 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401151627/http://www.nouvelles.umontreal.ca/udem-news/news/20130301-mother-teresa-anything-but-a-saint.html |archive-date=1 April 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> in the opinion of the three academics, "Mother Teresa believed the sick must suffer like Christ on the cross".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/the-hot-button/mother-teresa-was-anything-but-a-saint-new-canadian-study-claims/article9317551/|title=Mother Teresa was 'anything but a saint,' new Canadian study claims|date=5 March 2013|work=The Globe and Mail|author=Adriana Barton|access-date=5 September 2017|archive-date=23 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170423162243/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/the-hot-button/mother-teresa-was-anything-but-a-saint-new-canadian-study-claims/article9317551//|url-status=live}}</ref> It was said that the additional money might have transformed the health of the city's poor by creating advanced ] facilities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/i-dont-think-she-deserved-the-nobel/284270|title="I Don't Think She Deserved The Nobel" – Anirudh Bhattacharyya – Mar 18, 2013|access-date=17 November 2015|archive-date=20 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120161341/http://www.outlookindia.com/article/i-dont-think-she-deserved-the-nobel/284270|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/the-saint--the-sceptic/284271|title=The Saint & The Sceptic – Dola Mitra – Mar 18, 2013|access-date=17 December 2015|archive-date=20 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120171856/http://www.outlookindia.com/article/the-saint--the-sceptic/284271|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
One of Mother Teresa's most outspoken critics was English journalist and ] ], host of the documentary '']'' (1994) and author of the essay '']'' (1995) who wrote in a 2003 article: "This returns us to the medieval corruption of the church, which sold indulgences to the rich while preaching hellfire and continence to the poor. was not a friend of the poor. She was a friend of {{em|poverty}}. She said that suffering was a gift from God. She spent her life opposing the only known cure for poverty, which is the empowerment of women and the emancipation of them from a livestock version of compulsory reproduction."<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/fighting_words/2003/10/mommie_dearest.html |title=Mommie Dearest |magazine=Slate |last=Hitchens |first=Christopher |date=18 December 2015 |access-date=19 December 2015 |archive-date=12 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012074427/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/fighting_words/2003/10/mommie_dearest.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He accused her of ] for choosing advanced treatment for her heart condition.<ref>Hitchens (1995), p. 41</ref><ref>''cf.'' Fr. James Martin, SJ, Letter in ''The New York Review of Books'', 19 September 1996 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035238/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/1996/09/19/in-defense-of-mother-teresa/ |date=1 December 2017 }}, accessed 2 February 2014</ref> Hitchens said that "her intention was not to help people", and that she lied to donors about how their contributions were used. "It was by talking to her that I discovered, and she assured me, that she wasn't working to alleviate poverty", he said, "She was working to expand the number of Catholics. She said, 'I'm not a social worker. I don't do it for this reason. I do it for Christ. I do it for the church{{'"}}.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418021942/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-debate-over-sainthood/ |date=18 April 2021 }} (19 October 2003). CBS News.</ref> | |||
== Spiritual life == | == Spiritual life == | ||
Analysing her deeds and achievements, ] said: "Where did Mother Teresa find the strength and perseverance to place herself completely at the service of others? She found it in prayer and in the silent contemplation of ], his Holy Face, his Sacred Heart."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/speeches/2003/october/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_20031020_pilgrims-mother-teresa_en.html|title=Address of John Paul II to the Pilgrims Who Had Come To Rome for the Beatification of Mother Teresa|work=Vatican.va|date=20 October 2003|author=John Paul II|access-date=13 March 2007|archive-date=1 January 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070101231733/http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/speeches/2003/october/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_20031020_pilgrims-mother-teresa_en.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Privately, Mother Teresa experienced doubts and struggle in her religious beliefs which lasted nearly 50 years, until the end of her life.<ref name=TIME-2007-08-23>{{cite news|title=Mother Teresa's Crisis of Faith|author=David Van Biema|date=23 August 2007|magazine=TIME|url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1655415,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825084420/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1655415,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 August 2007}}</ref> Mother Teresa expressed grave doubts about God's existence and pain over her lack of faith: | |||
{{blockquote|Where is my faith? Even deep down{{nbsp}} there is nothing but emptiness and darkness.{{nbsp}} If there be God – please forgive me. When I try to raise my thoughts to Heaven, there is such convicting emptiness that those very thoughts return like sharp knives and hurt my very soul.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edgewoodpc.org/sermons/sermon061911.html|title=Sermon – Some Doubted|publisher=Edgewoodpc.org|date=19 June 2011|access-date=28 August 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015234535/http://edgewoodpc.org/sermons/sermon061911.html|archive-date=15 October 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>|sign=|source=}} | |||
Analyzing her deeds and achievements, ] asked: "Where did Mother Teresa find the strength and perseverance to place herself completely at the service of others? She found it in prayer and in the silent contemplation of ], his Holy Face, his ]."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/speeches/2003/october/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_20031020_pilgrims-mother-teresa_en.html |title=Address Of John Paul II To The Pilgrims Who Had Come To Rome For The Beatification Of Mother Teresa | work='']'' |date=], ] | author=John Paul II | accessdate=2007-03-13}}</ref> Indeed, in private Mother Teresa endured the classic dryness and desolation of mystics, a purgation and test of faith known as the ],<ref>Zaleski, Carol, First Things, May 2003</ref>{{Clarifyme|date=September 2008}} which for Teresa lasted nearly fifty years until the end of her life during which "she felt no presence of God whatsoever"<ref name=TIME-2007-08-23/>—"neither in her heart or in the eucharist" as put by her ] Rev. Brian Kolodiejchuk.<ref name=TIME-2007-08-23>{{ cite article | title = Mother Teresa's Crisis of Faith |author = David Van Biema | date =2007-08-23 | work = ] | url = http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1655415,00.html }}</ref> Mother Teresa expressed grave doubts about God's existence and pain over her lack of faith: {{cquote|Where is my faith? Even deep down … there is nothing but emptiness and darkness … If there be God—please forgive me. When I try to raise my thoughts to Heaven, there is such convicting emptiness that those very thoughts return like sharp knives and hurt my very soul … How painful is this unknown pain—I have no Faith. Repulsed, empty, no faith, no love, no zeal, … What do I labor for? If there be no God, there can be no soul. If there be no soul then, Jesus, You also are not true.<ref>{{cite book | title = Mother Teresa: Come Be My Light | last = Teresa | first = Mother | last2 = Kolodiejchuk | first2 = Brian | year = 2007 | publisher = Doubleday | location = New York | isbn = 0385520379 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=EVaPAgAACAAJ&dq=Mother+Teresa:+Come+Be+My+Light }}</ref>}} | |||
], Czech Republic]] | |||
With reference to the above words, the Rev. Brian Kolodiejchuk, her ] (the official responsible for gathering the evidence for her sanctification) indicated there was a risk that some might misinterpret her meaning, but her faith that God was working through her remained undiminished, and that while she pined for the lost sentiment of closeness with God, she did not question his existence. <ref name=autogenerated1> Beliefnet, AP 2007</ref> Many other saints endured the same test, such as Mother Teresa's namesake, St. Therese of Lisieux, who called it a "night of nothingness."<ref name=autogenerated1 /> Contrary to the mistaken belief by some that what she endured would be an impediment to canonization, just the opposite is true; it is very consistent with the experience of canonized mystics.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> | |||
Other saints (including Teresa's namesake ], who called it a "night of nothingness") had similar experiences of ].<ref name="autogenerated1"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916070555/http://www.beliefnet.com/story/223/story_22353_1.html |date=16 September 2008 }} Beliefnet, AP 2007</ref> According to James Langford, these doubts were typical and would not be an impediment to canonisation.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> | |||
In his first encyclical '']'', ] mentioned Teresa of Calcutta three times and he also used her life to clarify one of his main points of the encyclical. "In the example of Blessed Teresa of Calcutta we have a clear illustration of the fact that time devoted to God in prayer not only does not detract from effective and loving service to our neighbour but is in fact the inexhaustible source of that service."<ref>] (], ]). ''''. (PDF). ], pp.10. Retrieved ] ].</ref> Mother Teresa specified that "It is only by ] and ] that we can cultivate the gift of prayer."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=e9-Jvizc9IUC&pg=PA5&lpg=PA5&dq=mental+prayer&source=web&ots=dqQvjV7q0E&sig=7jADR3Y9qakbaUyq0EugJxpzll0#PPA5,M1 |title=No Greater Love| work=Google Books |date=197 |author=Mother Teresa | accessdate=2007-08-12}}</ref> | |||
After ten years of doubt, Mother Teresa described a brief period of renewed faith. After ]'s death in 1958, she was praying for him at a requiem Mass when she was relieved of "the long darkness: that strange suffering." However, five weeks later her spiritual dryness returned.<ref name=Newsweekteresa>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/38603|title=Hitchens Takes on Mother Teresa|work=Newsweek|date=28 August 2007|access-date=11 December 2008|archive-date=29 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100329103920/http://www.newsweek.com/id/38603|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
Although there was no direct connection between Mother Teresa's order and the Franciscan orders, she was known as a great admirer of ].<ref name=AmeriCath>"Mother Teresa of Calcutta Pays Tribute to St. Francis of Assisi" on the , retrieved ], ].</ref> Accordingly, her influence and life show influences of Franciscan spirituality. The Sisters of Charity recite the peace prayer of St. Francis every morning during ] and many of the vows and emphasis of her ministry are similar.<ref name=AmeriCath /> St. Francis emphasized poverty, chastity, obedience and submission to Christ. He also devoted much of his own life to service of the poor, especially lepers in the area where he lived. | |||
Mother Teresa wrote |
Mother Teresa wrote many letters to her confessors and superiors over a 66-year period, most notably to Calcutta Archbishop Ferdinand Perier and Jesuit priest ] (her spiritual advisor since the formation of the Missionaries of Charity).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/2003/10/19/the-dark-night-of-a-blessed-soul/|location=Baltimore|work=The Baltimore Sun|title=The dark night of 'a blessed soul'|date=19 October 2003|access-date=17 July 2015|archive-date=21 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721061413/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2003-10-19/news/0310190294_1_mother-teresa-beatification-garneau|url-status=live}}</ref> She requested that her letters be destroyed, concerned that "people will think more of me – less of Jesus."<ref name="Timecrisis" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.suntimes.com/news/metro/524638,CST-NWS-mother24.article |title=Mother Teresa's Crisis of Faith |access-date=26 August 2007 |work=Sun Times |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20071011164222/http://www.suntimes.com/news/metro/524638,CST-NWS-mother24.article |archive-date=11 October 2007 }}</ref> | ||
] | |||
However, despite this request, the correspondences have been compiled in ''Mother Teresa: Come Be My Light'' (Doubleday).<ref name="googligh"> Brian Kolodiejchuk, ''Mother Teresa: Come Be My Light,'' Doubleday, 2007</ref><ref name=Timecrisis>{{cite web |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1655415,00.html|title=Mother Teresa's Crisis of Faith|accessdate=2007-08-24 |format= |work=Time}}</ref> In one publicly released letter to a spiritual confidant, the Rev. Michael van der Peet, she wrote, "Jesus has a very special love for you. as for me, the silence and the emptiness is so great, that I look and do not see, — Listen and do not hear — the tongue moves but does not speak ... I want you to pray for me — that I let Him have free hand." | |||
However, the correspondence was compiled in ''Mother Teresa: Come Be My Light''.<ref name=Timecrisis>{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1655415,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825084420/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1655415,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 August 2007|title=Mother Teresa's Crisis of Faith|access-date=24 August 2007 |magazine=Time|date=23 August 2007|first=David|last=Van Biema}}</ref><ref name="Kolodiejchuk">{{cite book|title=Mother Teresa: Come Be My Light|last1=Teresa|first1=Mother|last2=Kolodiejchuk|first2=Brian|author-link2=Brian Kolodiejchuk|year=2007|publisher=Doubleday|location=New York|isbn=978-0-385-52037-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EVaPAgAACAAJ&q=Mother+Teresa:+Come+Be+My+Light|access-date=3 October 2020|archive-date=1 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201175334/https://books.google.com/books?id=EVaPAgAACAAJ&q=Mother+Teresa%3A+Come+Be+My+Light|url-status=live}}</ref> Mother Teresa wrote to spiritual confidant Michael van der Peet, "Jesus has a very special love for you. as for me, the silence and the emptiness is so great, that I look and do not see – listen and do not hear – the tongue moves but does not speak.{{nbsp}} I want you to pray for me – that I let Him have free hand." | |||
In {{lang|la|]}} (his first ]), ] mentioned Mother Teresa three times and used her life to clarify one of the encyclical's main points: "In the example of Blessed Teresa of Calcutta we have a clear illustration of the fact that time devoted to God in prayer not only does not detract from effective and loving service to our neighbour but is in fact the inexhaustible source of that service."<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023173458/https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_ben-xvi_enc_20051225_deus-caritas-est.html |date=23 October 2021 }} 25 December 2005. § 36 Libreria Editrice Vaticana</ref> She wrote, "It is only by ] and ] that we can cultivate the gift of prayer."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e9-Jvizc9IUC&q=mental+prayer&pg=PA5|title=No Greater Love|date=197|author=Mother Teresa|access-date=12 August 2007|publisher=New World Library|isbn=978-1-57731-201-7|archive-date=1 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201175307/https://books.google.com/books?id=e9-Jvizc9IUC&q=mental+prayer&pg=PA5|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
Many news outlets have referred to Mother Teresa's writings as an indication of a "crisis of faith."<ref> {{cite web| url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2002/11/29/wteres29.xml|title = Mother Teresa's Crisis of Faith| work=Daily Telegraph | accessdate=2007-08-26}} </ref> However, others such as Brian Kolodiejchuk, ''Come Be My Light's'' editor, draw comparisons to the 16th century mystic ], who coined the term the "]" to describe a particular stage in the growth of some spiritual masters.<ref name=Timecrisis /> The Vatican has indicated that the letters would not affect her path to sainthood.<ref> {{cite web| url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/08/24/wteresa224.xml| title= Mother Teresa's canonisation not at risk| work=Daily Telegraph | accessdate=2007-08-26}} </ref> In fact, the book is edited by the Rev. Brian Kolodiejchuk, her postulator.<ref name=Timecrisis /> | |||
Although her order was not connected with the ], Mother Teresa admired ]<ref name=AmeriCath>"Mother Teresa of Calcutta Pays Tribute to St. Francis of Assisi" on the ''American Catholic'' website. Retrieved 30 May 2007.</ref> and was influenced by Franciscan spirituality. The Sisters of Charity recite the ] every morning at Mass during the ], and their emphasis on ministry and many of their vows are similar.<ref name=AmeriCath /> Francis emphasised poverty, chastity, obedience and submission to Christ. He devoted much of his life to serving the poor, particularly lepers.<ref>{{cite web|title=St. Francis of Assisi on the Joy of Poverty and the Value of Dung|url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/history/issues/issue-14/st-francis-of-assisi-on-joy-of-poverty-and-value-of-dung.html|website=Christian History {{!}} Learn the History of Christianity & the Church|date=April 1987 |access-date=21 December 2016|archive-date=25 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225134614/http://www.christianitytoday.com/history/issues/issue-14/st-francis-of-assisi-on-joy-of-poverty-and-value-of-dung.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
== Miracle and beatification == | |||
], ], ].]] | |||
Following Mother Teresa's death in 1997, the ] began the process of ], the second step towards possible ]. This process requires the documentation of a ] performed from the ] of Mother Teresa. In 2002, the Vatican recognized as a miracle the healing of a ] in the abdomen of an Indian woman, Monica Besra, following the application of a locket containing Mother Teresa's picture. Monica Besra said that a beam of light emanated from the picture, curing the cancerous tumor. It is claimed that some of Besra's medical staff and, initially, Besra's husband insisted that conventional medical treatment eradicated the tumor.<ref>Orr, David (]. 2003). . ''The Telegraph''. Retrieved ], ].</ref> An opposing perspective of the claim is that Monica's medical records contain sonograms, prescriptions, and physicians' notes that could conceivably prove whether the cure was a miracle or not. Monica has claimed Sister Betta of the ] is holding them. The publication has received a "no comments" statement from Sister Betta. The officials at the Balurghat Hospital where Monica was seeking medical treatment are claiming that they are being pressured by the Catholic order to declare the cure as a miracle. <ref> Anonymous (]. 2002).. ''Time Magazine''. Retrieved ], 2008]].</ref> | |||
==Canonization== | |||
Christopher Hitchens was the only witness called by the ] to give evidence against Mother Teresa's ] and ] process, as the Vatican had abolished the traditional "]" role, which fulfilled a similar purpose.<ref name=FIM>Hitchens, Christopher (] ]). . '']''. Volume 24, Number 2.</ref> Hitchens has argued that "her intention was not to help people", and he alleged that she lied to donors about the use of their contributions. “It was by talking to her that I discovered, and she assured me, that she wasn't working to alleviate poverty,” says Hitchens. “She was working to expand the number of Catholics. She said, ‘I'm not a ]. I don't do it for this reason. I do it for Christ. I do it for the church.’"<ref>. (] ]). '']''. Retrieved ] ].</ref> | |||
===Miracle and beatification=== | |||
In the process of examining Teresa's suitability for beatification and canonization, the ] (the Vatican) pored <!-- pore: read or study carefully! --> over a great deal of documentation of published and unpublished criticisms against her life and work. Vatican officials say Hitchens' allegations have been investigated by the agency charged with such matters, the ], and they found no obstacle to Mother Teresa's beatification. Due to the attacks she has received, some Catholic writers have called her a ].<ref>Shaw, Russell. (] ]). , '']''. Retrieved ] ].</ref> The beatification of Mother Teresa took place on ], ], thereby bestowing on her the title "Blessed."<ref> Vatican news release available at </ref> Unless dispensed by the Pope, a second ] is required for her to proceed to ]. | |||
After Mother Teresa's death in 1997, the ] began the process of ] (the second of three steps towards ]) and ] was appointed ] by the ]. Although he said, "We didn't have to prove that she was perfect or never made a mistake", he had to prove that Mother Teresa's virtue was heroic. Kolodiejchuk submitted 76 documents, totalling 35,000 pages, which were based on interviews with 113 witnesses who were asked to answer 263 questions.<ref name=Brown>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/0/did-mother-teresa-really-perform-miracles/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/0/did-mother-teresa-really-perform-miracles/ |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Did Mother Teresa really perform miracles?|date=2 September 2016|author=Brown, Mick|newspaper=The Telegraph|publisher=Telegraph Media Group|access-date=4 September 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref> | |||
] in ], Kosovo]] | |||
==Commemoration== | |||
The process of canonisation requires the documentation of a ] resulting from the ] of the prospective saint.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mother Teresa: The Road to Official Sainthood|url=http://www.americancatholic.org/features/teresa/sainthood.asp|work=www.americancatholic.org|access-date=13 September 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014152734/http://www.americancatholic.org/features/teresa/sainthood.asp|archive-date=14 October 2012}}</ref> In 2002 the Vatican recognised as a miracle the healing of a tumour in the abdomen of Monica Besra, an Indian woman, after the application of a locket containing Teresa's picture. According to Besra, a beam of light emanated from the picture and her cancerous tumour was cured; however, her husband and some of her medical staff said that conventional medical treatment eradicated the tumour.<ref>Orr, David (10 May. 2003). "Medicine cured 'miracle' woman – not Mother Teresa, say doctors". ''The Telegraph''. Retrieved 30 May 2007.</ref> Ranjan Mustafi, who told '']'' he had treated Besra, said that the cyst was caused by tuberculosis: "It was not a miracle ... She took medicines for nine months to one year."<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216081007/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/20/world/her-legacy-acceptance-and-doubts-of-a-miracle.html |date=16 February 2018 }}, by David Rohde. ''The New York Times''. 20 October 2003</ref> According to Besra's husband, "My wife was cured by the doctors and not by any miracle This miracle is a hoax."<ref name=time>{{cite news|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,364389,00.html|title=What's Mother Teresa Got to Do with It?|publisher=]|date=13 October 2002|access-date=4 September 2016|archive-date=28 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128182758/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,364389,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Besra said that her medical records, including sonograms, prescriptions and physicians' notes, were confiscated by Sister Betta of the Missionaries of Charity. According to '']'', calls to Sister Betta and the office of Sister Nirmala (Teresa's successor as head of the order) produced no comment. Officials at Balurghat Hospital, where Besra sought medical treatment, said that they were pressured by the order to call her cure miraculous.<ref name=time /> In February 2000, former West Bengal health minister Partho De ordered a review of Besra's medical records at the Department of Health in Calcutta. According to De, there was nothing unusual about her illness and cure based on her lengthy treatment. He said that he had refused to give the Vatican the name of a doctor who would certify that Monica Besra's healing was a miracle.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Edamaruku|first1=Sanal|author-link=Sanal Edamaruku|title=Catholic Church manufactured an ovarian miracle for Mother Teresa|url=http://churchandstate.org.uk/2016/11/catholic-church-manufactured-an-ovarian-miracle-for-mother-teresa/|website=Church and State|access-date=19 November 2016|archive-date=2 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402055003/http://churchandstate.org.uk/2016/11/catholic-church-manufactured-an-ovarian-miracle-for-mother-teresa/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | |||
], ].]] | |||
During Mother Teresa's beatification and canonisation, the Vatican studied published and unpublished criticism of her life and work. Christopher Hitchens and Chatterjee (author of ''The Final Verdict'', a book critical of Mother Teresa) spoke to the tribunal; according to Vatican officials, the allegations raised were investigated by the ].<ref name=Brown /> The group found no obstacle to Mother Teresa's canonisation, and issued its {{lang|la|]}} on 21 April 1999.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catholic.org/clife/teresa/history.php|title=History of the Cause of Mother Teresa|publisher=Catholic Online|access-date=4 September 2016|archive-date=4 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160904183146/http://www.catholic.org/clife/teresa/history.php|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Lattin|first1=Don|author-link1=Don Lattin|title=Living Saint: Mother Teresa's fast track to canonization|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2003/10/12/MN147328.DTL|newspaper=]|access-date=4 September 2016|date=12 October 2003|archive-date=28 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120128193625/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=%2Fchronicle%2Farchive%2F2003%2F10%2F12%2FMN147328.DTL|url-status=live}}</ref> Because of the attacks on her, some Catholic writers called her a ].<ref>Shaw, Russell. (1 September 2005).{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicherald.com/shaw/shaw05/shaw0901.htm |title=Attacking a Saint |access-date=14 September 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070526193227/http://www.catholicherald.com/shaw/shaw05/shaw0901.htm |archive-date=26 May 2007 }}, '']''. Retrieved 1 May 2007.</ref> Mother Teresa was beatified on 19 October 2003 and was known by Catholics as "]".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/saints/ns_lit_doc_20031019_index_madre-teresa_en.html|title=Vatican news release|publisher=Vatican.va|date=19 October 2003|access-date=24 August 2010|archive-date=19 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100819222118/http://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/saints/ns_lit_doc_20031019_index_madre-teresa_en.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
{{main|Commemorations of Mother Teresa}} | |||
===Canonization=== | |||
Mother Teresa inspired a variety of commemorations. She has been memorialized through museums, been named patroness of various churches, and had various structures and roads named after her. | |||
On 17 December 2015, the Vatican Press Office confirmed that ] recognised a second miracle attributed to Mother Teresa: the healing of a Brazilian man with multiple ] back in 2008.<ref name=miracle2>{{cite news|title=Mother Teresa to become saint after Pope recognises 'miracle' – report|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2015/dec/18/mother-teresa-to-become-saint-after-pope-recognises-miracle-report|access-date=18 December 2015|work=]|agency=]|date=18 December 2015|archive-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430110615/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2015/dec/18/mother-teresa-to-become-saint-after-pope-recognises-miracle-report|url-status=live}}</ref> The miracle first came to the attention of the postulation (officials managing the cause) during the events of ] when the pope was in Brazil that July. A subsequent investigation took place in Brazil from 19–26 June 2015 which was later transferred to the Congregation for the Causes of Saints who issued a decree recognizing the investigation to be completed.<ref name=miracle2 /> | |||
Pope Francis canonised her at a ceremony on 4 September 2016 in ] in Vatican City. Tens of thousands of people witnessed the ceremony, including 15 government delegations and 1,500 homeless people from across Italy.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/05/world/europe/mother-teresa-named-saint-by-pope-francis.html|title=Mother Teresa Is Made a Saint by Pope Francis|last=Povoledo|first=Elisabetta|date=3 September 2016|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=4 September 2016|archive-date=7 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507190249/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/05/world/europe/mother-teresa-named-saint-by-pope-francis.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-37269512|title=Mother Teresa declared saint by Pope Francis at Vatican ceremony|work=BBC News|date=4 September 2016|language=en-GB|access-date=4 September 2016|archive-date=13 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413061832/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-37269512|url-status=live}}</ref> It was televised live on the Vatican channel and streamed online; Skopje, Mother Teresa's hometown, announced a week-long celebration of her canonisation.<ref name=":0" /> In India, a special Mass was celebrated by the Missionaries of Charity in Calcutta.<ref name=":1" /> | |||
== See also == | |||
{{portalpar|Saints|Gloriole.svg}} | |||
==Co-Patron of Calcutta Archdiocese== | |||
* ] | |||
On 4 September 2017, during a celebration honouring the 1st anniversary of her canonisation, Sister Mary Prema Pierick, Superior-General of the Missionaries of Charity, announced that Mother Teresa would be made the co-patron of the Calcutta Archdiocese during a Mass in the ] on 6 September 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.radiovaticana.va/news/2017/09/04/mother_teresa_to_be_co-patron_of_calcutta_archdiocese_%E2%80%8E/1334592|title=Mother Teresa to be co-patron of Calcutta Archdiocese|access-date=5 September 2017|archive-date=6 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906090818/http://en.radiovaticana.va/news/2017/09/04/mother_teresa_to_be_co-patron_of_calcutta_archdiocese_%E2%80%8E/1334592|url-status=live}}</ref> On 5 September 2017, Archbishop ], who serves as head of the ], confirmed that Mother Teresa would be named co-patron of the Calcutta Diocese, alongside Francis Xavier.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicculture.org/news/headlines/index.cfm?storyid=32646|title=Mother Teresa named co-patron of Calcutta archdiocese : News Headlines|website=www.catholicculture.org|access-date=5 September 2017|archive-date=5 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905211133/http://www.catholicculture.org/news/headlines/index.cfm?storyid=32646|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heraldmalaysia.com/news/archbishop-dsouza-mother-teresa-will-be-the-co-patron-of-calcutta/38160/2|title=Archbishop D'Souza: Mother Teresa will be the co-patron of Calcutta|first=Herald Malaysia|last=Online.|website=Herald Malaysia Online|access-date=5 September 2017|archive-date=5 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905170929/http://www.heraldmalaysia.com/news/archbishop-dsouza-mother-teresa-will-be-the-co-patron-of-calcutta/38160/2|url-status=live}}</ref> On 6 September 2017, about 500 people attended the Mass at a cathedral where Dominique Gomes, the local Vicar General,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archdioceseofcalcutta.in/official.html|title=The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Calcutta – India|website=www.archdioceseofcalcutta.in|access-date=6 September 2017|archive-date=1 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401110637/http://www.archdioceseofcalcutta.in/official.html|url-status=live}}</ref> read the decree instituting her as the second patron saint of the archdiocese.<ref name=mysacanpl8-1 /> The ceremony was also presided over by D'Souza and the Vatican's ambassador to India, ], who lead the Mass and inaugurated a bronze statue in the church of Mother Teresa carrying a child.<ref name=mysacanpl8-1>{{cite web|url=http://www.spokesman.com/stories/2017/sep/06/vatican-declares-mother-teresa-a-patron-saint-of-c/|title=Vatican declares Mother Teresa a patron saint of Calcutta|access-date=6 September 2017|archive-date=7 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907032644/http://www.spokesman.com/stories/2017/sep/06/vatican-declares-mother-teresa-a-patron-saint-of-c/|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
* ] | |||
The Catholic Church declared St. Francis Xavier the first patron saint of Calcutta in 1986.<ref name=mysacanpl8-1 /> | |||
==Notes== | |||
<!-- See ] for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the <ref(erences/)> tags --> | |||
{{reflist|2}} | |||
==Legacy and depictions in popular culture== | |||
== References == | |||
At the time of her death, the Missionaries of Charity had over 4,000 sisters and an associated brotherhood of 300 members operating 610 missions in 123 countries.<ref>{{cite web |date=23 August 2010 |title=Lights Out for Mother Teresa |url=http://www.bernardgoldberg.com/lights-out-for-mother-teresa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110220160216/http://www.bernardgoldberg.com/lights-out-for-mother-teresa/ |archive-date=20 February 2011 |access-date=25 March 2012 |publisher=Bernardgoldberg.com}}</ref> These included hospices and homes for people with HIV/AIDS, leprosy and tuberculosis, soup kitchens, children's and family counselling programmes, orphanages and schools. The Missionaries of Charity were aided by co-workers numbering over one million by the 1990s.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1979 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1979/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610215750/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1979/ |archive-date=10 June 2017 |access-date=14 June 2017}}</ref> | |||
* Navin Chawla. ''Mother Teresa: The Authorized Biography''. Diane Pub Co. (March 1992). ISBN-10: 0756755484, ISBN-13: 978-0756755485. First published by Sinclair-Stevenson, U.K. (1992), since translated into 14 languages in India and abroad. ] editions include ], ], ], ], ], ], and ]. The foreign language editions include ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ]. In both Indian and foreign languages, there have been multiple editions. The bulk of royalty income goes to charity. | |||
===Commemorations=== | |||
* Eileen Egan and Kathleen Egan, OSB. ''Prayertimes with Mother Teresa: A New Adventure in Prayer'', ], 1989. ISBN 978-0385-26231-6. | |||
{{Main|Commemorations of Mother Teresa}} | |||
* Brian Kolodiejchuk (ed.). ''Mother Teresa: Come be My Light'', ], 2007, ISBN 978-0385-52037-9. | |||
]]] | |||
* Raghu Rai and Navin Chawla. ''Faith and Compassion: The Life and Work of Mother Teresa''. Element Books Ltd. (December 1996). ISBN-10: 1852309121, ISBN-13: 978-1852309121. Translated also into Dutch and Spanish. | |||
Mother Teresa has been commemorated by museums and named the patroness of a number of churches. She has had buildings, roads and complexes named after her, including ]. ] ({{lang|sq|Dita e Nënë Terezës}}), 5 September, is a ]. In 2009, the ] was opened in her hometown of Skopje, ]. The ] in ], ], is named in her honour.<ref name=":3">{{cite web|publisher=Balkan Insight|title=Kosovo Muslims Resent New Mother Teresa Statue|author=Petrit Collaku|url=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/kosovo-row-over-mother-teresa-statue|date=26 May 2011|access-date=16 December 2014|archive-date=30 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830061800/http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/kosovo-row-over-mother-teresa-statue|url-status=live}}</ref> The demolition of a historic high school building to make way for the new construction initially sparked controversy in the local community, but the high school was later relocated to a new, more spacious campus. Consecrated on 5 September 2017, it became the first cathedral in Mother Teresa's honour and the second extant one in Kosovo.<ref name=jfjpqpvapv>{{cite web|url=http://religionnews.com/2017/09/05/first-cathedral-for-mother-teresa-is-consecrated-in-kosovo/|title=First cathedral for Mother Teresa is consecrated in Kosovo|date=5 September 2017|access-date=6 September 2017|archive-date=6 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906224804/http://religionnews.com/2017/09/05/first-cathedral-for-mother-teresa-is-consecrated-in-kosovo/|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
], ]]] | |||
== Further reading == | |||
],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.motherteresawomenuniv.ac.in|title=:: Welcome To Mother Teresa Women's University ::|access-date=1 February 2022|archive-date=13 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513072048/http://www.motherteresawomenuniv.ac.in/|url-status=live}}</ref> in ], was established in 1984 as a public university by the ]. The Mother Teresa Postgraduate and Research Institute of Health Sciences,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mtihs.puducherry.gov.in|title=Mother Theresa Post Graduate And Research Institute of Health Sciences, Pondicherry|publisher=Mtihs.Pondicherry.gov.in|access-date=28 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324142422/http://mtihs.puducherry.gov.in/|archive-date=24 March 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> in ], was established in 1999 by the government of ]. The charitable organisation ] runs the ], providing poor and orphaned girls near the underserved village of Kasuva in Tamil Nadu with free food, clothing, shelter and education.<ref>{{cite web|title=Activities: Children home |url=http://www.sevalaya.org/activities/vivekananda.php |publisher=Sevalaya |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101114450/http://www.sevalaya.org/activities/vivekananda.php |archive-date=1 November 2014}}</ref> A number of tributes by Mother Teresa's biographer, Navin Chawla, have appeared in Indian newspapers and magazines.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2006/08/26/stories/2006082604071000.htm |title=Memories of Mother Teresa |publisher=Hinduonnet.com |date=26 August 2006 |access-date=22 October 2011 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523121959/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2006/08/26/stories/2006082604071000.htm |archive-date=23 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://india-today.com/itoday/15091997/navin.html|title=Touch the Poor ...|publisher=India-today.com|date=15 September 1997|access-date=24 August 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903222551/http://india-today.com/itoday/15091997/navin.html|archive-date=3 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Navin Chawla|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Mission+possible/1/6961.html|title=Mission Possible|publisher=Indiatoday.digitaltoday.in|date=11 April 2008|access-date=24 August 2010|archive-date=18 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118023543/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Mission+possible/1/6961.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ] introduced the "Mother Express", a new train named after Mother Teresa, on 26 August 2010 to commemorate the centenary of her birth.<ref>{{cite web|title="Mother Express" to be launched on Aug 26 |work=IBN Live |date=2 August 2010 |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/mother-express-to-be-launched-on-aug-26/194494.html |access-date=5 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812053510/http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/mother-express-to-be-launched-on-aug-26/194494.html |archive-date=12 August 2011}}</ref> The ] government organised centenary celebrations honouring Mother Teresa on 4 December 2010 in ], headed by chief minister ].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Centre-could-have-done-more-for-Mother-Teresa-Karunanidhi/articleshow/7044440.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104032937/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-04/india/28234679_1_hand-pulled-rickshaws-m-karunanidhi|url-status=live|archive-date=4 November 2012|work=]|title=Centre could have done more for Mother Teresa: Karunanidhi|date=4 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article166821.ece |title=Centenary Celebrations of Mother Teresa |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=5 December 2010 |access-date=28 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223013037/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article166821.ece |archive-date=23 February 2015}}</ref> Beginning on 5 September 2013, the anniversary of her death has been designated the ] by the ].<ref>{{cite web|title=Charity contributes to the promotion of dialogue, solidarity and mutual understanding among people.|url=https://www.un.org/en/events/charityday|work=International Day of Charity: 5 September|publisher=United Nations|access-date=29 June 2017|archive-date=11 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711122746/http://www.un.org/en/events/charityday/|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
* Alpion, Gezim. ''Mother Teresa: Saint or Celebrity?''. London: Routledge Press, 2007. ISBN 0-415-39247-0 | |||
In 2012, Mother Teresa was ranked number 5 in ] poll of ].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/a-measure-of-the-man/281949|title=A Measure Of The Man|website=OutlookIndia Magazine|access-date=11 March 2020|archive-date=1 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501020655/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/a-measure-of-the-man/281949|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
* Benenate, Becky and Joseph Durepos (eds). ''Mother Teresa: No Greater Love'' (Fine Communications, 2000) ISBN 1-56731-401-5 | |||
* {{cite news | |||
] in ] is home to the Mother Teresa Museum. | |||
| first=Satinder | |||
| last=Bindra | |||
===Film and literature=== | |||
| url= http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/south/09/04/mother.theresa.exorcism/index.html | |||
====Documentaries and books==== | |||
| title=Archbishop: Mother Teresa underwent exorcism | |||
* Mother Teresa is the subject of a 1969 documentary film and 1971 book, '']'', by ].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Muggeridge|first1=Malcolm|title=Something beautiful for God : Mother Teresa of Calcutta|url=https://archive.org/details/somethingbeautif00muggrich|url-access=registration|date=1986|publisher=Harper & Row|location=New York|isbn=0-06-066043-0|edition=1st Harper & Row pbk.}}</ref> The film has been credited with drawing the Western world's attention to Mother Teresa. | |||
| publisher=].com World | |||
* ]' 1994 documentary, '']'', argues that Mother Teresa urged the poor to accept their fate; the rich are portrayed as favoured by God.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/politics97/news/09/0905/teresa.shtml|title=Mother Teresa Dies|publisher=BBC|access-date=6 September 2011|archive-date=25 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125091810/http://www.bbc.co.uk/politics97/news/09/0905/teresa.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,138292,00.html?iid=chix-sphere|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824071928/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,138292,00.html?iid=chix-sphere|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 August 2010|magazine=Time|title=Seeker of Souls|date=24 June 2001|access-date=4 May 2010}}</ref> It was the precursor of Hitchens' essay, '']''. | |||
| date=2001-09-07 | |||
*''Mother of The Century'' (2001) and ''Mother Teresa'' (2002) are ] ]s, about the life and work of Mother Teresa among the poor of India, directed by Amar Kumar Bhattacharya. They were produced by the ] of the ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mother of the Century |url=https://filmsdivision.org/shop/mother-of-the-century |website=filmsdivision.org |access-date=3 July 2021 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182431/https://filmsdivision.org/shop/mother-of-the-century |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mother Teresa |url=https://filmsdivision.org/shop/mother-teresa |website=filmsdivision.org |access-date=3 July 2021 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183040/https://filmsdivision.org/shop/mother-teresa |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
| accessdate=2006-10-23 | |||
*'']'' (2022) is a documentary film featuring unusual access to institutional archives and how her vision to serve Christ among the poor is being implemented through the Missionaries of Charity.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mother Teresa: No Greater Love |url=https://www.odeon.co.uk/films/mother-teresa-no-greater-love/HO00003486/ |access-date=15 October 2022 |website=www.odeon.co.uk |language=en |archive-date=15 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015043328/https://www.odeon.co.uk/films/mother-teresa-no-greater-love/HO00003486/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
}} | |||
* Chatterjee, Aroup. ''Mother Teresa: The Final Verdict'' (Meteor Books, 2003). ISBN 81-88248-00-2, [http://www.meteorbooks.com/index.html introduction and first three chapters of fourteen (without pictures). Critical examination of Agnes Bojaxhiu's life and work. | |||
====Films and television==== | |||
* Chawla, Navin. ''Mother Teresa''. Rockport, Mass: Element Books, 1996. ISBN 1-85230-911-3 | |||
* Mother Teresa appeared in '']'', an Indian Christian television series based on the Bible which aired on ] during the early 1990s. She introduced some of the episodes, laying down the importance of the Bible's message.<ref>Archived at {{cbignore}} and the {{cbignore}}: {{cite web |title=Bible Ki Kahaniya – Noah's Ark | date=5 December 2013 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MxPFyvWSSz4 |language=en|publisher=]|access-date=3 July 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> | |||
* Chawla, Navin. ''Mother Teresa: The Authorized Biography'', Diane Pub Co. (March 1992), ISBN 0756755484, ISBN 978-0756755485. | |||
* ] played Mother Teresa in '']'', which received a 1997 Art Film Festival award.<ref>{{cite news|title=Actress draws on convent experience for 'Teresa' role|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/418445934|work=Chicago Tribune|access-date=1 February 2022|archive-date=1 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101213653/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/doc/418445934.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS%3AFT&type=current&date=Oct%2005%2C%201997&author=Bart%20Mills.%20Special%20to%20the%20Tribune.&pub=Chicago%20Tribune&edition=&startpage=&desc=ACTRESS%20DRAWS%20ON%20CONVENT%20EXPERIENCE%20FOR%20%60TERESA%27%20ROLE|id={{ProQuest|418445934}} |url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
* Chawla, Navin. The miracle of faith - article in the Hindu dated August 25, 2007 | |||
* She was played by ] in a 2003 Italian television miniseries, '']''.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Greydanus|first1=Steven D.|title=Mother Teresa (2003) {{!}} Decent Films – SDG Reviews|url=http://decentfilms.com/reviews/motherteresa2003#continued|website=Decent Films|access-date=17 December 2016|archive-date=25 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725122929/http://decentfilms.com/reviews/motherteresa2003#continued|url-status=live}}</ref> Re-released in 2007, it received a ].<ref>{{cite web|title=CAMIE awards |url=http://www.camie.org/?c=events/2007_camies |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706151020/http://www.camie.org/?c=events%2F2007_camies |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 July 2007 |access-date=31 December 2016 |date=6 July 2007 }}</ref> | |||
* Chawla, Navin. Memories of Mother Teresa - article in the Hindu dated August 26, 2006 | |||
* Mother Teresa was played by ] in the 2014 film '']'', which was based on her letters to Vatican priest ].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Schager|first1=Nick|title=Film Review: 'The Letters'|url=https://www.variety.com/2015/film/reviews/the-letters-review-mother-teresa-biopic-1201653147|website=Variety|access-date=21 December 2016|date=4 December 2015|archive-date=21 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221232847/http://variety.com/2015/film/reviews/the-letters-review-mother-teresa-biopic-1201653147/|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
* Chawla, Navin. Touch the Poor... - article in India Today dated September 15, 1997 | |||
* Mother Teresa, played by Cara Francis the FantasyGrandma, rap battled ] in ], a comedy rap ] series created by ] and ]. The rap was released on YouTube on 22 September 2019.<ref>Archived at {{cbignore}} and the {{cbignore}}: {{cite web|last1=Battles of History|first1=Epic Rap|title= Mother Teresa vs Sigmund Freud. Epic Rap Battles of History|website=]|url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GoPn-YVAW8I|access-date=5 November 2019|date=22 September 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref> | |||
* Chawla, Navin. The path to Sainthood - article in The Hindu dated Saturday, Oct 04, 2003 | |||
* In the 2020 animated film '']'', Mother Teresa briefly appears as one of 22's past mentors. | |||
* Chawla, Navin. In the shadow of a saint - article in ''The Indian Express'' dated September, 05, 2007 | |||
* ''Mother Teresa & Me'' (or ''Kavita & Teresa''), a 2022 film by Indian-Swiss director Kamal Musale showcases her work among the poor and needy of Calcutta and the legacy and inspiration she has left behind. She was portrayed by Jacqueline Fritschi-Cornaz in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mother Teresa And Me Movie Review : This film is a sincere effort but falls short of providing an immersive experience |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/english/movie-reviews/mother-teresa-and-me/movie-review/99990077.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-27 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=27 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927170842/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/english/movie-reviews/mother-teresa-and-me/movie-review/99990077.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
* Chawla, Navin. Mission Possible - article in ''India Today'' dated April 21, 2008 | |||
==== Theatre ==== | |||
* '']'' is a 2004 Argentine musical based on the life of Mother Teresa | |||
==See also== | |||
{{Portal|Christianity|Religion}} | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
==Notes== | |||
{{notelist}} | |||
==References== | |||
* Chawla, Navin. Mother Teresa and the joy of giving - article in ''The Hindu'' dated August 26, 2008 | |||
{{Reflist|30em}} | |||
==Sources== | |||
* Clucas, Joan. ''Mother Teresa''. New York: Chelsea House, 1988. ISBN 1-55546-855-1 | |||
{{refbegin|30em}} | |||
* {{cite book |last=Alpion |first=Gezim |title=] |location=London |publisher=Routledge Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-415-39247-1}} | |||
* {{cite journal |last=Banerjee |first=Sumanta |title=Revisiting Kolkata as an 'NRB' |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=39 |issue=49 |date=4–10 December 2004 |pages=5203–5205 |jstor=4415860}} | |||
* {{cite book |editor-last1=Benenate |editor-first1=Becky |editor-last2=Durepos |editor-first2=Joseph |title=Mother Teresa: No Greater Love |publisher=Fine Communications |year=2000 |isbn=1-56731-401-5}} | |||
* {{cite news |last=Bindra |first=Satinder |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/south/09/04/mother.theresa.exorcism/index.html |title=Archbishop: Mother Teresa underwent exorcism |publisher=CNN |date=7 September 2001 |location=Kolkata |access-date=23 October 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061217202014/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/south/09/04/mother.theresa.exorcism/index.html |archive-date=17 December 2006}} | |||
* {{cite book |author-link=Aroup Chatterjee |last=Chatterjee |first=Aroup |title=Mother Teresa: The Final Verdict |publisher=Meteor Books |year=2003 |isbn=81-88248-00-2}}, introduction and first three chapters of fourteen (without pictures). Critical examination of Agnes Bojaxhiu's life and work. | |||
* {{cite book |last=Chawla |first=Navin |author-link=Navin Chawla |title=Mother Teresa |location=Rockport, MA |publisher=Element Books |year=1996 |isbn=1-85230-911-3}} | |||
* {{cite book |last=Chawla |first=Navin |title=Mother Teresa: The Authorized Biography |publisher=Diane Pub Co |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-7567-5548-5}} First published by ], UK (1992), since translated into 14 languages in India and abroad. ] editions include ], Bengali, ], ], ], ], and ]. The foreign language editions include French, German, ], Spanish, Italian, ], Japanese, and ]. In both Indian and foreign languages, there have been multiple editions. The bulk of royalty income goes to charity. | |||
* {{cite news |last=Chawla |first=Navin |title=The miracle of faith |newspaper=] |date=25 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071104021514/http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/25/stories/2007082554761400.htm |archive-date=2007-11-04 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/25/stories/2007082554761400.htm |department=Opinion}} | |||
* {{cite news |last=Chawla |first=Navin |title='Touch the Poor...' |work=India Today |date=15 September 1997 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903222551/http://india-today.com/itoday/15091997/navin.html |archive-date=2010-09-03 |url=http://india-today.com/itoday/15091997/navin.html}} | |||
* {{cite news |last=Chawla |first=Navin |title=The path to Sainthood |newspaper=The Hindu |date=4 October 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202033751/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2003/10/04/stories/2003100401101000.htm |archive-date=2008-12-02 |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2003/10/04/stories/2003100401101000.htm |url-status=usurped}} | |||
* {{cite news |last=Chawla |first=Navin |title=In the shadow of a saint |newspaper=The Hindu |date=5 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202033751/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2003/10/04/stories/2003100401101000.htm |archive-date=2008-12-02 |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2003/10/04/stories/2003100401101000.htm |url-status=usurped}} | |||
* {{cite news |last=Chawla |first=Navin |title=Mother Teresa and the joy of giving |newspaper=The Hindu |date=26 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828171234/http://www.hindu.com/2008/08/26/stories/2008082655280900.htm |archive-date=2008-08-28 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/08/26/stories/2008082655280900.htm}} | |||
* {{cite journal |last=Clark |first=David |title=Between Hope And Acceptance: The Medicalisation Of Dying |journal=British Medical Journal |volume=324 |issue=7342 |date=13 April 2002 |pages=905–907|doi=10.1136/bmj.324.7342.905 |pmid=11950744 |pmc=1122840 |issn = 0959-8138}} | |||
* {{cite book |last=Clucas |first=Joan |title=Mother Teresa |location=New York |publisher=Chelsea House |date=1988 |isbn=1-55546-855-1}} | |||
* Dwivedi, Brijal. ''Mother Teresa: Woman of the Century'' | * Dwivedi, Brijal. ''Mother Teresa: Woman of the Century'' | ||
* {{cite book |last1=Egan |first1=Eileen |author-link=Eileen Egan and |last2=Egan |first2=Kathleen, OSB. |title=Prayertimes with Mother Teresa: A New Adventure in Prayer |publisher=] |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-385-26231-6}}. | |||
* ]. '']''. London: Verso, 1996. ISBN 1-85984-054-X | |||
* {{cite book |last=Greene |first=Meg |title=Mother Teresa: A Biography |publisher=Greenwood Press |date=2004 |isbn=0-313-32771-8}} | |||
* Le Joly, Edward. ''Mother Teresa of Calcutta''. San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1983. ISBN 0-06-065217-9. | |||
* {{cite book|last1=Hitchens|first1=Christopher|author-link=Christopher Hitchens|url=|url-access=|title=]|location=London|publisher=Verso|year=1995|isbn=978-1-85984-054-2|access-date=}} | |||
* ]. ''Something Beautiful for God.'' ISBN 0-06-066043-0. | |||
* {{cite journal|title=Mommie Dearest|journal=Slate|date=20 October 2003|last=Hitchens|first=Christopher|author-link=Christopher Hitchens|url=http://www.slate.com/id/2090083|access-date=5 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813005950/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/fighting_words/2003/10/mommie_dearest.html|archive-date=13 August 2014}} | |||
* Muntaykkal, T.T. ''Blessed Mother Teresa: Her Journey to Your Heart''. ISBN 1-903650-61-5. ISBN 0-7648-1110-X. {{cite web |url=http://www.fish.co.uk/culture/books/1203/051203_mother_theresa.htm |title= Book Review |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20060209154430/http://www.fish.co.uk/culture/books/1203/051203_mother_theresa.htm |archivedate=2006-02-09}}. | |||
* {{cite journal |last1=Kwilecki |first1=Susan |last2=Wilson |first2=Loretta S. |title=Was Mother Teresa Maximizing Her Utility? An Idiographic Application of Rational Choice Theory |journal=Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion |volume=37 |issue=2 |date=June 1998 |pages=205–221|doi=10.2307/1387521 |jstor=1387521 }} | |||
* Scott, David. ''A Revolution of Love: The Meaning of Mother Teresa''. Chicago: Loyola Press, 2005. ISBN 0829420312. | |||
* {{cite journal |last1=Larivée |first1=Serge |last2=Sénéchal |first2=Carole |last3=Chénard |first3=Geneviève |title=Les côtés ténébreux de Mère Teresa |journal=] |date=September 2013 |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=319–345 |doi=10.1177/0008429812469894 |s2cid=144593256 |language=fr}} | |||
* Sebba, Anne. ''Mother Teresa: Beyond the Image''. New York: Doubleday, 1997. ISBN 0-385-48952-8. | |||
* {{cite book |last=Le Joly |first=Edward |title=Mother Teresa of Calcutta |location=San Francisco |publisher=Harper & Row |year=1983 |isbn=0-06-065217-9}} | |||
* Slavicek, Louise. ''Mother Teresa''. New York: Infobase Publishing, 2007. ISBN 0791094332. | |||
* {{cite book |last=Livermore |first=Colette |title=Hope Endures: Leaving Mother Teresa, Losing Faith, and Searching for Meaning |publisher=Free Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-4165-9361-4}} | |||
* Spink, Kathryn. ''Mother Teresa: A Complete Authorized Biography''. New York: HarperCollins, 1997. ISBN 0-06-250825-3. | |||
* {{cite journal |last=Macpherson |first=C. |year=2009 |title=Undertreating pain violates ethical principles |journal=Journal of Medical Ethics |volume=35 |issue=10 |date=October 2009 |pages=603–606|doi=10.1136/jme.2008.026443 |pmid=19793939 |s2cid=22447093 }} | |||
* Teresa, Mother et al, ''Mother Teresa: In My Own Words''. Gramercy Books, 1997. ISBN 0-517-20169-0. | |||
* {{cite news |last=McCarthy |first=Colman |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=6 September 1997 |title=Hailed for Mercy, Nobel Winner Aided the Poorest |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1997/09/06/hailed-for-mercy-winner-of-nobel-aided-the-poorest/fa63522c-319d-4f27-abb8-8cf788ed2efc/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229215512/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1997/09/06/hailed-for-mercy-winner-of-nobel-aided-the-poorest/fa63522c-319d-4f27-abb8-8cf788ed2efc/ |archive-date=2023-12-29 |department=Politics}} | |||
* Teresa, Mother & Kolodiejchuk, Brian, ''Mother Teresa: Come Be My Light'', New York: Doubleday, 2007. ISBN 0385520379. | |||
* {{cite book |last1=Mehta |first1=Vimla |last2=Mehta |first2=Veerendra Raj |title=Mother Teresa: Inspiring Incidents |publisher=Publications Division, ] |year=2004 |isbn=81-230-1167-9}}. | |||
* Williams, Paul. '' Mother Teresa''. Indianapolis: Alpha Books, 2002. ISBN 0-02-864278-3. | |||
* {{cite book |last=Muggeridge |first=Malcolm |author-link=Malcolm Muggeridge |title=] |location=London |publisher=Collins |year=1971 |isbn=0-06-066043-0}}. | |||
* Wüllenweber, Walter. "Nehmen ist seliger denn geben. Mutter Teresa — wo sind ihre Millionen?" ''Stern'' (illustrated German weekly), ], ]. | |||
* Muntaykkal, T.T. ''Blessed Mother Teresa: Her Journey to Your Heart''. {{ISBN|1-903650-61-5}}. {{ISBN|0-7648-1110-X}}. {{cite web|url=http://www.fish.co.uk/culture/books/1203/051203_mother_theresa.htm|title=Book Review|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060209154430/http://www.fish.co.uk/culture/books/1203/051203_mother_theresa.htm|archive-date=9 February 2006|url-status=dead}}. | |||
* {{cite journal |last=Panke |first=Joan T. |year=2002 |title=Not a Sad Place |journal=The American Journal of Nursing |volume=102 |issue=9 |date=September 2002 |page=13|doi=10.1097/00000446-200209000-00004 }} | |||
* {{cite book |last1=Rai |first1=Raghu |last2=Chawla |first2=Navin |author-link1=Raghu Rai |author-link2=Navin Chawla |title=Faith and Compassion: The Life and Work of Mother Teresa |publisher=Element Books |year=1996 |isbn=978-1-85230-912-1}} | |||
* {{cite journal |last1=Rajagopal |first1=MR |last2=Joranson |first2=DE |last3=Gilson |first3=AM |title=Medical use, misuse and diversion of opioids in India |journal=The Lancet |volume=358 |date=14 July 2001 |issue=9276 |pages=139–143|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(01)05322-3 |pmid=11463435 |s2cid=45686453 }} | |||
* {{cite journal |last1=Rajagopal |first1=MR |last2=Joranson |first2=DE |year=2007 |title=India: Opioid availability – An update |journal=Journal of Pain and Symptom Management |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=615–622|doi=10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2007.02.028 |pmid=17482057 |doi-access=free }} | |||
* {{cite interview |last=Rajagopal |first=MR |interviewer=UN Office on Drugs and Crime |date=April 2011 |url=http://www.unodc.org/southasia/en/frontpage/2011/april/interview-m-r-rajagopal-access-to-opioids-for-palliative-care.html |title=India: The principle of balance to make opioids accessible for palliative care |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223010731/http://www.unodc.org/southasia/en/frontpage/2011/april/interview-m-r-rajagopal-access-to-opioids-for-palliative-care.html |archive-date=23 February 2014}} | |||
* Scott, David. ''A Revolution of Love: The Meaning of Mother Teresa''. Chicago: Loyola Press, 2005. {{ISBN|0-8294-2031-2}}. | |||
* Sebba, Anne. ''Mother Teresa: Beyond the Image''. New York: Doubleday, 1997. {{ISBN|0-385-48952-8}}. | |||
* Slavicek, Louise. ''Mother Teresa''. New York: Infobase Publishing, 2007. {{ISBN|0-7910-9433-2}}. | |||
* {{cite journal|title=Mother Teresa – Sacred Cow?|journal=]|date=1 February 1980|last=Smoker|first=Barbara|author-link=Barbara Smoker|url=http://freethinker.co.uk/2014/07/18/mother-teresa-sacred-cow/|access-date=5 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905221240/http://freethinker.co.uk/2014/07/18/mother-teresa-sacred-cow/|archive-date=5 September 2014}} | |||
* Spink, Kathryn. ''Mother Teresa: A Complete Authorized Biography''. New York: HarperCollins, 1997. {{ISBN|0-06-250825-3}} | |||
* Teresa, Mother et al., ''Mother Teresa: In My Own Words''. Gramercy Books, 1997. {{ISBN|0-517-20169-0}}. | |||
* Teresa, Mother, ''Mother Teresa: Come Be My Light: The Private Writings of the "Saint of Calcutta"'', edited with commentary by Brian Kolodiejchuk, New York: Doubleday, 2007. {{ISBN|0-385-52037-9}}. | |||
* Teresa, Mother, ''Where There Is Love, There Is God'', edited and with an introduction by Brian Kolodiejchuk, New York: Doubleday, 2010. {{ISBN|0-385-53178-8}}. | |||
* Williams, Paul. '' Mother Teresa''. Indianapolis: Alpha Books, 2002. {{ISBN|0-02-864278-3}}. | |||
* Wüllenweber, Walter. "Nehmen ist seliger denn geben. Mutter Teresa – wo sind ihre Millionen?" ''Stern'' (illustrated German weekly), 10 September 1998. | |||
{{refend}} | |||
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* {{cite web |url= http://www.priestsforlife.org/brochures/mtspeech.html |title= Whatsoever You Do ...|work= Speech at National Prayer Breakfast |location= Washington, D.C. |date= 3 February 1994 |publisher= Priests for Life }} | |||
* {{cite journal |url= http://www.catholiceducation.org/en/faith-and-character/faith-and-character/still-small-voice.html |title= Still, Small Voice |first= Peggy |last= Noonan |author-link= Peggy Noonan |journal= Crisis |volume= 16 |issue= 2 |date= Feb 1998 |pages= 12–17 |quote= Mother Teresa broke almost all the rules of good speech writing during her National Prayer Breakfast address in 1994, but delivered an enormously powerful and deeply memorable speech. |access-date= 5 March 2015 |archive-date= 11 September 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160911092119/http://www.catholiceducation.org/en/faith-and-character/faith-and-character/still-small-voice.html |url-status= dead }} | |||
* {{cite web |url= http://www.commondreams.org/views/2007/10/22/mother-teresa-john-paul-ii-and-fast-track-saints |title= Mother Teresa, John Paul II, and the Fast-Track Saints |first= Michael |last= Parenti |author-link= Michael Parenti |website= Common Dreams |date= 22 October 2007 }} | |||
* Mother Teresa contrasts: | |||
** {{cite magazine |url= https://time.com/4126238/mother-teresas-crisis-of-faith/ |title= Mother Teresa's Crisis of Faith |magazine= ] |date= 23 August 2007 |first= David |last= Van Biema |quote= Jesus has a very special love for you. as for me – The silence and the emptiness is so great – that I look and do not see, –Listen and do not hear.}} | |||
** {{cite news |url= http://www.newskarnataka.com/features/from-sister-to-mother-to-saint-the-journey-of-mother-teresa |title= From Sister to Mother to Saint: The journey of Mother Teresa |publisher= News Karnataka |date= 31 August 2016 |quote= By blood, I am Albanian. By citizenship, an Indian. By faith, I am a Catholic nun. As to my calling, I belong to the world. As to my heart, I belong entirely to the Heart of Jesus.}} | |||
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Latest revision as of 04:29, 21 December 2024
Albanian-Indian Catholic saint (1910–1997) This article is about the Catholic nun and saint. For other uses, see Mother Teresa (disambiguation).
Saint Teresa of Calcutta MC | |
---|---|
Mother Teresa in 1995 | |
Virgin | |
Born | Anjezë Gonxhe Bojaxhiu (1910-08-26)26 August 1910 Üsküp, Kosovo vilayet, Ottoman Empire |
Died | 5 September 1997(1997-09-05) (aged 87) Calcutta, West Bengal, India |
Venerated in | Catholic Church Anglican Communion |
Beatified | 19 October 2003, Saint Peter's Square, Vatican City by Pope John Paul II |
Canonized | 4 September 2016, Saint Peter's Square, Vatican City by Pope Francis |
Major shrine | Mother House of the Missionaries of Charity, Calcutta, West Bengal, India |
Feast | 5 September |
Attributes | Religious habit Rosary |
Patronage | |
Title | Superior general |
Personal life | |
Nationality |
|
Signature | |
Religious life | |
Religion | Catholicism |
Denomination | Catholic |
Institute |
|
Senior posting | |
Period in office | 1950–1997 |
Successor | Sr. Nirmala Joshi, MC |
Mary Teresa Bojaxhiu MC (born Anjezë Gonxhe Bojaxhiu, Albanian: [aˈɲɛzə ˈɡɔndʒɛ bɔjaˈdʒi.u]; 26 August 1910 – 5 September 1997), better known as Mother Teresa or Saint Mother Teresa, was an Albanian-Indian Catholic nun, founder of the Missionaries of Charity and is a Catholic saint. Born in Skopje, then part of the Ottoman Empire, she was raised in a devoutly Catholic family. At the age of 18, she moved to Ireland to join the Sisters of Loreto and later to India, where she lived most of her life and carried out her missionary work. On 4 September 2016, she was canonised by the Catholic Church as Saint Teresa of Calcutta. The anniversary of her death, 5 September, is now observed as her feast day.
Mother Teresa founded the Missionaries of Charity, a religious congregation that was initially dedicated to serving "the poorest of the poor" in the slums of Calcutta. Over the decades, the congregation grew to operate in over 133 countries, as of 2012, with more than 4,500 nuns managing homes for those dying from HIV/AIDS, leprosy, and tuberculosis, as well as running soup kitchens, dispensaries, mobile clinics, orphanages, and schools. Members of the order take vows of chastity, poverty, and obedience and also profess a fourth vow: to give "wholehearted free service to the poorest of the poor."
Mother Teresa received several honours, including the 1962 Ramon Magsaysay Peace Prize and the 1979 Nobel Peace Prize. Her life and work have inspired books, documentaries, and films. Her authorized biography, written by Navin Chawla, was published in 1992, and on 6 September 2017, she was named a co-patron of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Calcutta alongside St Francis Xavier. However, she was also a controversial figure, drawing criticism for her staunch opposition to abortion, divorce and contraception, as well as the poor conditions and lack of medical care or pain relief in her houses for the dying.
Biography
Early life and family
Mother Teresa's given name was Anjezë Gonxhe (or Gonxha) Bojaxhiu (Anjezë is a cognate of Agnes; Gonxhe means "flower bud" in Albanian). She was born on 26 August 1910 into a Kosovar Albanian family in Skopje, Ottoman Empire (now the capital of North Macedonia). She was baptised in Skopje the day after her birth. She later considered 27 August, the day she was baptised, her "true birthday".
She was the youngest child of Nikollë and Dranafile Bojaxhiu (Bernai). Her father, who was involved in Albanian-community politics in Ottoman Macedonia, was probably poisoned, an act attributed to Serbian agents, after he had visited Belgrade for a political meeting in 1919 when she was eight years old. He was born in Prizren (today in Kosovo), however, his family was from Mirdita (present-day Albania). Her mother may have been from a village near Gjakova, believed by her offspring to be Bishtazhin.
According to a biography by Joan Graff Clucas, Anjezë was in her early years when she became fascinated by stories of the lives of missionaries and their service in Bengal; by age 12, she was convinced that she should commit herself to religious life. Her resolve strengthened on 15 August 1928 as she prayed at the shrine of the Black Madonna of Vitina-Letnice, where she often went on pilgrimages.
Anjezë left home in 1928 at age 18 to join the Sisters of Loreto at Loreto Abbey in Rathfarnham, Ireland, to learn English with the intent of becoming a missionary; English was the language of instruction of the Sisters of Loreto in India. She saw neither her mother nor her sister again. Her family lived in Skopje until 1934, when they moved to Tirana. During communist leader Enver Hoxha's rule, she was considered a dangerous agent of the Vatican. Despite multiple requests and despite the fact that many countries made requests on her behalf, she was denied a chance to see her family and was not granted the opportunity to see her mother and sister. Both of them died during Hoxha's rule, and Anjezë herself was only able to visit Albania five years after the communist regime collapsed. Dom Lush Gjergji in his book "Our Mother Teresa" describes one of her trips to the embassy where she was crying as she was leaving the building, saying:
Dear God, I can understand and accept that I should suffer, but it is so hard to understand and accept why my mother has to suffer. In her old age she has no other wish than to see us one last time.
She arrived in India in 1929 and began her novitiate in Darjeeling, in the lower Himalayas, where she learned Bengali and taught at St. Teresa's School near her convent. She took her first religious vows on 24 May 1931. She chose to be named after Thérèse de Lisieux, the patron saint of missionaries; because a nun in the convent had already chosen that name, she opted for its Spanish spelling of Teresa.
Teresa took her solemn vows on 14 May 1937 while she was a teacher at the Loreto convent school in Entally, eastern Calcutta, taking the style of 'Mother' as part of Loreto custom. She served there for nearly twenty years and was appointed its headmistress in 1944. Although Mother Teresa enjoyed teaching at the school, she was increasingly disturbed by the poverty surrounding her in Calcutta. The Bengal famine of 1943 brought misery and death to the city, and the August 1946 Direct Action Day began a period of Muslim-Hindu violence.
In 1946, during a visit to Darjeeling by train, Mother Teresa felt that she heard the call of her inner conscience to serve the poor of India for Jesus. She asked for and received permission to leave the school. In 1950, she founded the Missionaries of Charity, choosing a white sari with two blue borders as the order's habit.
Missionaries of Charity
Main article: Missionaries of CharityOn 10 September 1946, Teresa experienced what she later described as "the call within the call" when she travelled by train to the Loreto convent in Darjeeling from Calcutta for her annual retreat. "I was to leave the convent and help the poor while living among them. It was an order. To fail would have been to break the faith." Joseph Langford, MC, founder of her congregation of priests, the Missionaries of Charity Fathers, later wrote, "Though no one knew it at the time, Sister Teresa had just become Mother Teresa".
She began missionary work with the poor in 1948, replacing her traditional Loreto habit with a simple, white cotton sari with a blue border. Mother Teresa adopted Indian citizenship, spent several months in Patna to receive basic medical training at Holy Family Hospital and ventured into the slums. She founded a school in Motijhil, Calcutta, before she began tending to the poor and hungry. At the beginning of 1949, Mother Teresa was joined in her effort by a group of young women, and she laid the foundation for a new religious community helping the "poorest among the poor".
Her efforts quickly caught the attention of Indian officials, including the prime minister. Mother Teresa wrote in her diary that her first year was fraught with difficulty. With no income, she begged for food and supplies and experienced doubt, loneliness and the temptation to return to the comfort of convent life during these early months:
Our Lord wants me to be a free nun covered with the poverty of the cross. Today, I learned a good lesson. The poverty of the poor must be so hard for them. While looking for a home I walked and walked till my arms and legs ached. I thought how much they must ache in body and soul, looking for a home, food and health. Then, the comfort of Loreto came to tempt me. "You have only to say the word and all that will be yours again", the Tempter kept on saying. ... Of free choice, my God, and out of love for you, I desire to remain and do whatever be your Holy will in my regard. I did not let a single tear come.
On 7 October 1950, Mother Teresa received Vatican permission for the diocesan congregation, which would become the Missionaries of Charity. In her words, it would care for "the hungry, the naked, the homeless, the crippled, the blind, the lepers, all those people who feel unwanted, unloved, uncared for throughout society, people that have become a burden to the society and are shunned by everyone".
In 1952, Mother Teresa opened her first hospice with help from Calcutta officials. She converted an abandoned Hindu temple into the Kalighat Home for the Dying, free for the poor, and renamed it Kalighat, the Home of the Pure Heart (Nirmal Hriday). Those brought to the home received medical attention and the opportunity to die with dignity in accordance with their faith: Muslims were to read the Quran, Hindus received water from the Ganges, and Catholics received extreme unction. "A beautiful death", Mother Teresa said, "is for people who lived like animals to die like angels—loved and wanted."
She opened a hospice for those with leprosy, calling it Shanti Nagar (City of Peace). The Missionaries of Charity established leprosy-outreach clinics throughout Calcutta, providing medication, dressings and food. The Missionaries of Charity took in an increasing number of homeless children; in 1955, Mother Teresa opened Nirmala Shishu Bhavan, the Children's Home of the Immaculate Heart, as a haven for orphans and homeless youth.
The congregation began to attract recruits and donations, and by the 1960s it had opened hospices, orphanages and leper houses throughout India. Mother Teresa then expanded the congregation abroad, opening a house in Venezuela in 1965 with five sisters. Houses followed in Italy (Rome), Tanzania and Austria in 1968, and, during the 1970s, the congregation opened houses and foundations in the United States and dozens of countries in Asia, Africa and Europe.
The Missionaries of Charity Brothers was founded in 1963, and a contemplative branch of the Sisters followed in 1976. Lay Catholics and non-Catholics were enrolled in the Co-Workers of Mother Teresa, the Sick and Suffering Co-Workers, and the Lay Missionaries of Charity. Responding to requests by many priests, in 1981, Mother Teresa founded the Corpus Christi Movement for Priests and with Joseph Langford founded the Missionaries of Charity Fathers in 1984 to combine the vocational aims of the Missionaries of Charity with the resources of the priesthood.
By 1997, the 13-member Calcutta congregation had grown to more than 4,000 sisters who managed orphanages, AIDS hospices and charity centres worldwide, caring for refugees, the blind, the disabled, the aged, alcoholics, the poor and homeless and victims of floods, epidemics and famine. By 2007, the Missionaries of Charity numbered about 450 brothers and 5,000 sisters worldwide, operating 600 missions, schools and shelters in 120 countries.
International charity
Mother Teresa said, "By blood, I am Albanian. By citizenship, an Indian. By faith, I am a Catholic nun. As to my calling, I belong to the world. As to my heart, I belong entirely to the Heart of Jesus."
Fluent in five languages – Bengali, Albanian, Serbian, English and Hindi – she made occasional trips outside India for humanitarian reasons. These included, in 1971, a visit with four of her sisters, to Troubles-era Belfast. Her suggestion that the conditions she had found justified an ongoing mission was the cause of some embarrassment. Reportedly under pressure from senior clergy, who believed "the missionary traffic should be in other direction", and despite local welcome and support, she and her sisters abruptly left the city in 1973.
At the height of the Siege of Beirut in 1982, Mother Teresa rescued 37 children trapped in a front-line hospital by brokering a temporary cease-fire between the Israeli army and Palestinian guerrillas. Accompanied by Red Cross workers, she travelled through the war zone to the hospital to evacuate the young patients.
When Eastern Europe experienced increased openness in the late 1980s, Mother Teresa expanded her efforts to Communist countries which had rejected the Missionaries of Charity. She began dozens of projects, undeterred by criticism of her stands against abortion and divorce: "No matter who says what, you should accept it with a smile and do your own work". She visited Armenia after the 1988 earthquake and met with Soviet Premier Nikolai Ryzhkov.
Mother Teresa travelled to assist the hungry in Ethiopia, radiation victims at Chernobyl and earthquake victims in Armenia. In 1991 she returned to Albania for the first time, opening a Missionaries of Charity Brothers home in Tirana.
By 1996, the Missionaries of Charity operated 517 missions in over 100 countries. The number of sisters in the Missionaries of Charity grew from twelve to thousands, serving the "poorest of the poor" in 450 centres worldwide. The first Missionaries of Charity home in the United States was established in the South Bronx area of New York City, and by 1984 the congregation operated 19 establishments throughout the country.
Declining health and death
Mother Teresa had a heart attack in Rome in 1983 while she was visiting Pope John Paul II. Following a second attack in 1989, she received a pacemaker. In 1991, after a bout of pneumonia in Mexico, she had additional heart problems. Although Mother Teresa offered to resign as head of the Missionaries of Charity, in a secret ballot the sisters of the congregation voted for her to stay, and she agreed to continue.
In April 1996, Mother Teresa fell, breaking her collarbone, and four months later she had malaria and heart failure. Although she underwent heart surgery, her health was clearly declining. According to the Archbishop of Calcutta Henry Sebastian D'Souza, he ordered a priest to perform an exorcism (with her permission) when she was first hospitalised with cardiac problems because he thought she might be under attack by the devil. On 13 March 1997, Mother Teresa resigned as head of the Missionaries of Charity. She died on 5 September.
Reactions
Mother Teresa lay in repose in an open casket in St Thomas, Calcutta, for a week before her funeral. She received a state funeral from the Indian government in gratitude for her service to the poor of all religions in the country. Cardinal Secretary of State Angelo Sodano, the Pope's representative, delivered the homily at the service. Mother Teresa's death was mourned in the secular and religious communities. Prime Minister of Pakistan Nawaz Sharif called her "a rare and unique individual who lived long for higher purposes. Her life-long devotion to the care of the poor, the sick, and the disadvantaged was one of the highest examples of service to our humanity." According to former U.N. Secretary-General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, "She is the United Nations. She is peace in the world."
Recognition and reception
India
From the Indian government, under the name of Mary Teresa Bojaxhiu, Mother Teresa was issued a diplomatic passport. She received the Padma Shri in 1962 and the Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding in 1969. She later received other Indian awards, including the Bharat Ratna (India's highest civilian award) in 1980. Mother Teresa's official biography, by Navin Chawla, was published in 1992. In Calcutta, she is worshipped as a deity by some Hindus.
To commemorate the 100th anniversary of her birth, the government of India issued a special ₹5 coin (the amount of money Mother Teresa had when she arrived in India) on 28 August 2010. President Pratibha Patil said, "Clad in a white sari with a blue border, she and the sisters of Missionaries of Charity became a symbol of hope to many—namely, the aged, the destitute, the unemployed, the diseased, the terminally ill, and those abandoned by their families."
Indian views of Mother Teresa are not uniformly favourable. Aroup Chatterjee, a physician born and raised in Calcutta who was an activist in the city's slums for years around 1980 before moving to the UK, said that he "never even saw any nuns in those slums". His research, involving more than 100 interviews with volunteers, nuns and others familiar with the Missionaries of Charity, was described in a 2003 book critical of Mother Teresa. Chatterjee criticized her for promoting a "cult of suffering" and a distorted, negative image of Calcutta, exaggerating work done by her mission and misusing funds and privileges at her disposal. According to him, some of the hygiene problems he had criticized (such as the reuse of needles) improved after Mother Teresa's death in 1997.
Bikash Ranjan Bhattacharya, mayor of Calcutta from 2005 to 2010, said that "she had no significant impact on the poor of this city", glorified illness instead of treating it and misrepresented the city: "No doubt there was poverty in Calcutta, but it was never a city of lepers and beggars, as Mother Teresa presented it." On the Hindu right, the Bharatiya Janata Party clashed with Mother Teresa over the Christian Dalits but praised her in death and sent a representative to her funeral. Vishwa Hindu Parishad, however, opposed the government decision to grant her a state funeral. Secretary Giriraj Kishore said that "her first duty was to the Church and social service was incidental", accusing her of favouring Christians and conducting "secret baptisms" of the dying. In a front-page tribute, the Indian fortnightly Frontline dismissed the charges as "patently false" and said that they had "made no impact on the public perception of her work, especially in Calcutta". Praising her "selfless caring", energy and bravery, the author of the tribute criticised Teresa's public campaign against abortion and her claim to be non-political.
In February 2015 Mohan Bhagwat, leader of the Hindu right-wing organisation Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, said that Mother Teresa's objective was "to convert the person, who was being served, into a Christian". Former RSS spokesperson M. G. Vaidhya supported Bhagwat's assessment, and the organisation accused the media of "distorting facts about Bhagwat's remarks". Trinamool Congress MP Derek O'Brien, CPI leader Atul Anjan and Delhi chief minister Arvind Kejriwal protested Bhagwat's statement. In 1991 the country's first modern University, Senate of Serampore College (University) awarded a honorary doctorate during registrarship of D. S. Satyaranjan.
Elsewhere
Mother Teresa received the Ramon Magsaysay Award for Peace and International Understanding, given for work in South or East Asia, in 1962. According to its citation, "The Board of Trustees recognises her merciful cognisance of the abject poor of a foreign land, in whose service she has led a new congregation". By the early 1970s, Mother Teresa was an international celebrity. She had been catapulted to fame via Malcolm Muggeridge's 1969 BBC documentary, Something Beautiful for God, before he released a 1971 book of the same name. Muggeridge was undergoing a spiritual journey of his own at the time. During filming, footage shot in poor lighting (particularly at the Home for the Dying) was thought unlikely to be usable by the crew; the crew had been using new, untested photographic film. In England, the footage was found to be extremely well-lit and Muggeridge called it a miracle of "divine light" from Teresa. Other crew members said that it was due to a new type of ultra-sensitive Kodak film. Muggeridge later converted to Catholicism.
Around this time, the Catholic world began to honour Mother Teresa publicly. Pope Paul VI gave her the inaugural Pope John XXIII Peace Prize in 1971, commending her work with the poor, her display of Christian charity and her efforts for peace. She received the Pacem in Terris Award in 1976. After her death, Teresa progressed rapidly on the road to sainthood.
She was honoured by governments and civilian organisations and appointed an honorary Companion of the Order of Australia in 1982 "for service to the community of Australia and humanity at large". The United Kingdom and the United States bestowed a number of awards, culminating in the Order of Merit in 1983 and honorary citizenship of the United States on 16 November 1996. Mother Teresa's Albanian homeland gave her the Golden Honour of the Nation in 1994, but her acceptance of this and the Haitian Legion of Honour was controversial. Mother Teresa was criticised for implicitly supporting the Duvaliers and corrupt businessmen such as Charles Keating and Robert Maxwell; she wrote to the judge of Keating's trial requesting clemency.
Universities in India and the West granted her honorary degrees. Other civilian awards included the Balzan Prize for promoting humanity, peace and brotherhood among peoples (1978) and the Albert Schweitzer International Prize (1975). In April 1976, Mother Teresa visited the University of Scranton in northeastern Pennsylvania, where she received the La Storta Medal for Human Service from university president William J. Byron. She challenged an audience of 4,500 to "know poor people in your own home and local neighbourhood", feeding others or simply spreading joy and love. Mother Teresa continued: "The poor will help us grow in sanctity, for they are Christ in the guise of distress". In August 1987, Mother Teresa received an honorary doctor of social science degree from the university in recognition of her service and her ministry to help the destitute and sick. She spoke to over 4,000 students and members of the Diocese of Scranton about her service to the "poorest of the poor", telling them to "do small things with great love".
During her lifetime, Mother Teresa was among the top 10 women in the annual Gallup's most admired man and woman poll 18 times, finishing first several times in the 1980s and 1990s. In 1999 she headed Gallup's List of Most Widely Admired People of the 20th Century, out-polling all other volunteered answers by a wide margin. She was first in all major demographic categories except the very young.
Nobel Peace Prize
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Mother Teresa's 1979 Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech |
In 1979, Mother Teresa received the Nobel Peace Prize "for work undertaken in the struggle to overcome poverty and distress, which also constitutes a threat to peace". She refused the conventional ceremonial banquet for laureates, asking that its $192,000 cost be given to the poor in India and saying that earthly rewards were important only if they helped her to help the world's needy. When Mother Teresa received the prize she was asked, "What can we do to promote world peace?" She answered, "Go home and love your family." Building on this theme in her Nobel lecture, she said: "Around the world, not only in the poor countries, but I found the poverty of the West so much more difficult to remove. When I pick up a person from the street, hungry, I give him a plate of rice, a piece of bread, I have satisfied. I have removed that hunger. But a person that is shut out, that feels unwanted, unloved, terrified, the person that has been thrown out from society – that poverty is so hurtable [sic] and so much, and I find that very difficult."
Social and political views
Opposition to abortion
Mother Teresa singled out abortion as "the greatest destroyer of peace today. Because if a mother can kill her own child – what is left for me to kill you and you kill me – there is nothing between."
Barbara Smoker of the secular humanist magazine The Freethinker criticised Mother Teresa after the Peace Prize award, saying that her promotion of Catholic moral teachings on abortion and contraception diverted funds from effective methods to solve India's problems. At the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing, Mother Teresa said: "Yet we can destroy this gift of motherhood, especially by the evil of abortion, but also by thinking that other things like jobs or positions are more important than loving." Abortion-rights groups have also criticised Mother Teresa's stance against abortion and contraception.
Conversion practices
Navin B. Chawla points out that Mother Teresa never intended to build hospitals, but to provide a place where those who had been refused admittance "could at least die being comforted and with some dignity." He also counters critics of Mother Teresa by stating that her periodic hospitalizations were instigated by staff members against her wishes and he disputes the claim that she conducted unethical conversions. "Those who are quick to criticise Mother Teresa and her mission, are unable or unwilling to do anything to help with their own hands." Similarly, Sister Mary Prema Pierick, the former Superior General of the Missionaries of Charity, also stated that Mother Teresa's homes were never intended to be a substitute for hospitals, but rather "homes for those not accepted in the hospital... But if they need hospital care, then we have to take them to the hospital, and we do that." Sister Pierick also contested the claims that Mother Teresa deliberately cultivated suffering, and affirmed her order's goal was to alleviate suffering.
Fr Des Wilson, who had hosted her in Belfast in 1971, argued that "Mother Theresa was content to pick up the sad pieces left by a vicious political and economic system" and he noted that hers was a fate very different to that of Archbishop Óscar Romero of El Salvador. While she got the Nobel Prize, "Romero, who attacked the causes of misery as well as picking up the pieces, was shot in the head".
Defence of contentious priests
In 1994, Mother Teresa argued that the sexual abuse allegations against Jesuit priest Donald McGuire were untrue. When he was convicted of sexually molesting multiple children in 2006, Mother Teresa's defence of him was criticised.
Inadequate care and alleged cruelty
According to a paper by Canadian academics Serge Larivée, Geneviève Chénard and Carole Sénéchal, Mother Teresa's clinics received millions of dollars in donations but lacked medical care, systematic diagnosis, necessary nutrition, and sufficient analgesics for those in pain; in the opinion of the three academics, "Mother Teresa believed the sick must suffer like Christ on the cross". It was said that the additional money might have transformed the health of the city's poor by creating advanced palliative care facilities.
One of Mother Teresa's most outspoken critics was English journalist and antitheist Christopher Hitchens, host of the documentary Hell's Angel (1994) and author of the essay The Missionary Position: Mother Teresa in Theory and Practice (1995) who wrote in a 2003 article: "This returns us to the medieval corruption of the church, which sold indulgences to the rich while preaching hellfire and continence to the poor. was not a friend of the poor. She was a friend of poverty. She said that suffering was a gift from God. She spent her life opposing the only known cure for poverty, which is the empowerment of women and the emancipation of them from a livestock version of compulsory reproduction." He accused her of hypocrisy for choosing advanced treatment for her heart condition. Hitchens said that "her intention was not to help people", and that she lied to donors about how their contributions were used. "It was by talking to her that I discovered, and she assured me, that she wasn't working to alleviate poverty", he said, "She was working to expand the number of Catholics. She said, 'I'm not a social worker. I don't do it for this reason. I do it for Christ. I do it for the church'".
Spiritual life
Analysing her deeds and achievements, Pope John Paul II said: "Where did Mother Teresa find the strength and perseverance to place herself completely at the service of others? She found it in prayer and in the silent contemplation of Jesus Christ, his Holy Face, his Sacred Heart." Privately, Mother Teresa experienced doubts and struggle in her religious beliefs which lasted nearly 50 years, until the end of her life. Mother Teresa expressed grave doubts about God's existence and pain over her lack of faith:
Where is my faith? Even deep down there is nothing but emptiness and darkness. If there be God – please forgive me. When I try to raise my thoughts to Heaven, there is such convicting emptiness that those very thoughts return like sharp knives and hurt my very soul.
Other saints (including Teresa's namesake Thérèse of Lisieux, who called it a "night of nothingness") had similar experiences of spiritual dryness. According to James Langford, these doubts were typical and would not be an impediment to canonisation.
After ten years of doubt, Mother Teresa described a brief period of renewed faith. After Pope Pius XII's death in 1958, she was praying for him at a requiem Mass when she was relieved of "the long darkness: that strange suffering." However, five weeks later her spiritual dryness returned.
Mother Teresa wrote many letters to her confessors and superiors over a 66-year period, most notably to Calcutta Archbishop Ferdinand Perier and Jesuit priest Celeste van Exem (her spiritual advisor since the formation of the Missionaries of Charity). She requested that her letters be destroyed, concerned that "people will think more of me – less of Jesus."
However, the correspondence was compiled in Mother Teresa: Come Be My Light. Mother Teresa wrote to spiritual confidant Michael van der Peet, "Jesus has a very special love for you. as for me, the silence and the emptiness is so great, that I look and do not see – listen and do not hear – the tongue moves but does not speak. I want you to pray for me – that I let Him have free hand."
In Deus caritas est (his first encyclical), Pope Benedict XVI mentioned Mother Teresa three times and used her life to clarify one of the encyclical's main points: "In the example of Blessed Teresa of Calcutta we have a clear illustration of the fact that time devoted to God in prayer not only does not detract from effective and loving service to our neighbour but is in fact the inexhaustible source of that service." She wrote, "It is only by mental prayer and spiritual reading that we can cultivate the gift of prayer."
Although her order was not connected with the Franciscan orders, Mother Teresa admired Francis of Assisi and was influenced by Franciscan spirituality. The Sisters of Charity recite the prayer of Saint Francis every morning at Mass during the thanksgiving after Communion, and their emphasis on ministry and many of their vows are similar. Francis emphasised poverty, chastity, obedience and submission to Christ. He devoted much of his life to serving the poor, particularly lepers.
Canonization
Miracle and beatification
After Mother Teresa's death in 1997, the Holy See began the process of beatification (the second of three steps towards canonization) and Brian Kolodiejchuk was appointed postulator by the Diocese of Calcutta. Although he said, "We didn't have to prove that she was perfect or never made a mistake", he had to prove that Mother Teresa's virtue was heroic. Kolodiejchuk submitted 76 documents, totalling 35,000 pages, which were based on interviews with 113 witnesses who were asked to answer 263 questions.
The process of canonisation requires the documentation of a miracle resulting from the intercession of the prospective saint. In 2002 the Vatican recognised as a miracle the healing of a tumour in the abdomen of Monica Besra, an Indian woman, after the application of a locket containing Teresa's picture. According to Besra, a beam of light emanated from the picture and her cancerous tumour was cured; however, her husband and some of her medical staff said that conventional medical treatment eradicated the tumour. Ranjan Mustafi, who told The New York Times he had treated Besra, said that the cyst was caused by tuberculosis: "It was not a miracle ... She took medicines for nine months to one year." According to Besra's husband, "My wife was cured by the doctors and not by any miracle This miracle is a hoax." Besra said that her medical records, including sonograms, prescriptions and physicians' notes, were confiscated by Sister Betta of the Missionaries of Charity. According to Time, calls to Sister Betta and the office of Sister Nirmala (Teresa's successor as head of the order) produced no comment. Officials at Balurghat Hospital, where Besra sought medical treatment, said that they were pressured by the order to call her cure miraculous. In February 2000, former West Bengal health minister Partho De ordered a review of Besra's medical records at the Department of Health in Calcutta. According to De, there was nothing unusual about her illness and cure based on her lengthy treatment. He said that he had refused to give the Vatican the name of a doctor who would certify that Monica Besra's healing was a miracle.
During Mother Teresa's beatification and canonisation, the Vatican studied published and unpublished criticism of her life and work. Christopher Hitchens and Chatterjee (author of The Final Verdict, a book critical of Mother Teresa) spoke to the tribunal; according to Vatican officials, the allegations raised were investigated by the Congregation for the Causes of Saints. The group found no obstacle to Mother Teresa's canonisation, and issued its nihil obstat on 21 April 1999. Because of the attacks on her, some Catholic writers called her a sign of contradiction. Mother Teresa was beatified on 19 October 2003 and was known by Catholics as "Blessed".
Canonization
On 17 December 2015, the Vatican Press Office confirmed that Pope Francis recognised a second miracle attributed to Mother Teresa: the healing of a Brazilian man with multiple brain tumours back in 2008. The miracle first came to the attention of the postulation (officials managing the cause) during the events of World Youth Day 2013 when the pope was in Brazil that July. A subsequent investigation took place in Brazil from 19–26 June 2015 which was later transferred to the Congregation for the Causes of Saints who issued a decree recognizing the investigation to be completed.
Pope Francis canonised her at a ceremony on 4 September 2016 in St. Peter's Square in Vatican City. Tens of thousands of people witnessed the ceremony, including 15 government delegations and 1,500 homeless people from across Italy. It was televised live on the Vatican channel and streamed online; Skopje, Mother Teresa's hometown, announced a week-long celebration of her canonisation. In India, a special Mass was celebrated by the Missionaries of Charity in Calcutta.
Co-Patron of Calcutta Archdiocese
On 4 September 2017, during a celebration honouring the 1st anniversary of her canonisation, Sister Mary Prema Pierick, Superior-General of the Missionaries of Charity, announced that Mother Teresa would be made the co-patron of the Calcutta Archdiocese during a Mass in the Cathedral of the Most Holy Rosary on 6 September 2017. On 5 September 2017, Archbishop Thomas D'Souza, who serves as head of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Calcutta, confirmed that Mother Teresa would be named co-patron of the Calcutta Diocese, alongside Francis Xavier. On 6 September 2017, about 500 people attended the Mass at a cathedral where Dominique Gomes, the local Vicar General, read the decree instituting her as the second patron saint of the archdiocese. The ceremony was also presided over by D'Souza and the Vatican's ambassador to India, Giambattista Diquattro, who lead the Mass and inaugurated a bronze statue in the church of Mother Teresa carrying a child.
The Catholic Church declared St. Francis Xavier the first patron saint of Calcutta in 1986.
Legacy and depictions in popular culture
At the time of her death, the Missionaries of Charity had over 4,000 sisters and an associated brotherhood of 300 members operating 610 missions in 123 countries. These included hospices and homes for people with HIV/AIDS, leprosy and tuberculosis, soup kitchens, children's and family counselling programmes, orphanages and schools. The Missionaries of Charity were aided by co-workers numbering over one million by the 1990s.
Commemorations
Main article: Commemorations of Mother TeresaMother Teresa has been commemorated by museums and named the patroness of a number of churches. She has had buildings, roads and complexes named after her, including Albania's international airport. Mother Teresa Day (Dita e Nënë Terezës), 5 September, is a public holiday in Albania. In 2009, the Memorial House of Mother Teresa was opened in her hometown of Skopje, North Macedonia. The Cathedral of Blessed Mother Teresa in Pristina, Kosovo, is named in her honour. The demolition of a historic high school building to make way for the new construction initially sparked controversy in the local community, but the high school was later relocated to a new, more spacious campus. Consecrated on 5 September 2017, it became the first cathedral in Mother Teresa's honour and the second extant one in Kosovo.
Mother Teresa Women's University, in Kodaikanal, was established in 1984 as a public university by the government of Tamil Nadu. The Mother Teresa Postgraduate and Research Institute of Health Sciences, in Pondicherry, was established in 1999 by the government of Puducherry. The charitable organisation Sevalaya runs the Mother Teresa Girls Home, providing poor and orphaned girls near the underserved village of Kasuva in Tamil Nadu with free food, clothing, shelter and education. A number of tributes by Mother Teresa's biographer, Navin Chawla, have appeared in Indian newspapers and magazines. Indian Railways introduced the "Mother Express", a new train named after Mother Teresa, on 26 August 2010 to commemorate the centenary of her birth. The Tamil Nadu government organised centenary celebrations honouring Mother Teresa on 4 December 2010 in Chennai, headed by chief minister M Karunanidhi. Beginning on 5 September 2013, the anniversary of her death has been designated the International Day of Charity by the United Nations General Assembly.
In 2012, Mother Teresa was ranked number 5 in Outlook India's poll of the Greatest Indian.
Ave Maria University in Ave Maria, Florida is home to the Mother Teresa Museum.
Film and literature
Documentaries and books
- Mother Teresa is the subject of a 1969 documentary film and 1971 book, Something Beautiful for God, by Malcolm Muggeridge. The film has been credited with drawing the Western world's attention to Mother Teresa.
- Christopher Hitchens' 1994 documentary, Hell's Angel, argues that Mother Teresa urged the poor to accept their fate; the rich are portrayed as favoured by God. It was the precursor of Hitchens' essay, The Missionary Position: Mother Teresa in Theory and Practice.
- Mother of The Century (2001) and Mother Teresa (2002) are short documentary films, about the life and work of Mother Teresa among the poor of India, directed by Amar Kumar Bhattacharya. They were produced by the Films Division of the Government of India.
- Mother Teresa: No Greater Love (2022) is a documentary film featuring unusual access to institutional archives and how her vision to serve Christ among the poor is being implemented through the Missionaries of Charity.
Films and television
- Mother Teresa appeared in Bible Ki Kahaniyan, an Indian Christian television series based on the Bible which aired on DD National during the early 1990s. She introduced some of the episodes, laying down the importance of the Bible's message.
- Geraldine Chaplin played Mother Teresa in Mother Teresa: In the Name of God's Poor, which received a 1997 Art Film Festival award.
- She was played by Olivia Hussey in a 2003 Italian television miniseries, Mother Teresa of Calcutta. Re-released in 2007, it received a CAMIE award.
- Mother Teresa was played by Juliet Stevenson in the 2014 film The Letters, which was based on her letters to Vatican priest Celeste van Exem.
- Mother Teresa, played by Cara Francis the FantasyGrandma, rap battled Sigmund Freud in Epic Rap Battles of History, a comedy rap YouTube series created by Nice Peter and Epic Lloyd. The rap was released on YouTube on 22 September 2019.
- In the 2020 animated film Soul, Mother Teresa briefly appears as one of 22's past mentors.
- Mother Teresa & Me (or Kavita & Teresa), a 2022 film by Indian-Swiss director Kamal Musale showcases her work among the poor and needy of Calcutta and the legacy and inspiration she has left behind. She was portrayed by Jacqueline Fritschi-Cornaz in the film.
Theatre
- Teresa, la Obra en Musical is a 2004 Argentine musical based on the life of Mother Teresa
See also
- Abdul Sattar Edhi
- Albanians
- List of Albanians
- List of female Nobel laureates
- The Greatest Indian
- Roman Catholicism in Albania
- Roman Catholicism in Kosovo
- Roman Catholicism in North Macedonia
Notes
- Albanian: Nënë Tereza; Bengali: মাদার টেরিজা, romanized: Mādāra Ṭērijā, or মাদার তেরেসা, Mādāra Tērēsā.
- After World War I and the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, Skopje became part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, for the duration of Teresa's childhood. Since the 1990s, Skopje has been the capital of North Macedonia.
- Although some sources state she was 10 when her father died, in an interview with her brother, the Vatican documents her age at the time as "about eight".
References
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- Scott, David. A Revolution of Love: The Meaning of Mother Teresa. Chicago: Loyola Press, 2005. ISBN 0-8294-2031-2.
- Sebba, Anne. Mother Teresa: Beyond the Image. New York: Doubleday, 1997. ISBN 0-385-48952-8.
- Slavicek, Louise. Mother Teresa. New York: Infobase Publishing, 2007. ISBN 0-7910-9433-2.
- Smoker, Barbara (1 February 1980). "Mother Teresa – Sacred Cow?". The Freethinker. Archived from the original on 5 September 2014. Retrieved 5 September 2014.
- Spink, Kathryn. Mother Teresa: A Complete Authorized Biography. New York: HarperCollins, 1997. ISBN 0-06-250825-3
- Teresa, Mother et al., Mother Teresa: In My Own Words. Gramercy Books, 1997. ISBN 0-517-20169-0.
- Teresa, Mother, Mother Teresa: Come Be My Light: The Private Writings of the "Saint of Calcutta", edited with commentary by Brian Kolodiejchuk, New York: Doubleday, 2007. ISBN 0-385-52037-9.
- Teresa, Mother, Where There Is Love, There Is God, edited and with an introduction by Brian Kolodiejchuk, New York: Doubleday, 2010. ISBN 0-385-53178-8.
- Williams, Paul. Mother Teresa. Indianapolis: Alpha Books, 2002. ISBN 0-02-864278-3.
- Wüllenweber, Walter. "Nehmen ist seliger denn geben. Mutter Teresa – wo sind ihre Millionen?" Stern (illustrated German weekly), 10 September 1998. English translation.
External links
- Official website
- Mother Teresa memorial with gallery Archived 19 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
- Mother Teresa on Nobelprize.org
- Mother Teresa collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Mother Teresa at Missionaries of Charity Fathers
- "Whatsoever You Do ..." Speech at National Prayer Breakfast. Washington, D.C.: Priests for Life. 3 February 1994.
- Noonan, Peggy (February 1998). "Still, Small Voice". Crisis. 16 (2): 12–17. Archived from the original on 11 September 2016. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
Mother Teresa broke almost all the rules of good speech writing during her National Prayer Breakfast address in 1994, but delivered an enormously powerful and deeply memorable speech.
- Parenti, Michael (22 October 2007). "Mother Teresa, John Paul II, and the Fast-Track Saints". Common Dreams.
- Mother Teresa contrasts:
- Van Biema, David (23 August 2007). "Mother Teresa's Crisis of Faith". Time.
Jesus has a very special love for you. as for me – The silence and the emptiness is so great – that I look and do not see, –Listen and do not hear.
- "From Sister to Mother to Saint: The journey of Mother Teresa". News Karnataka. 31 August 2016.
By blood, I am Albanian. By citizenship, an Indian. By faith, I am a Catholic nun. As to my calling, I belong to the world. As to my heart, I belong entirely to the Heart of Jesus.
- Van Biema, David (23 August 2007). "Mother Teresa's Crisis of Faith". Time.
Catholic Church titles | ||
---|---|---|
New creation | Superior General of the Missionaries of Charity 1950–1997 |
Succeeded bySister Nirmala Joshi, M.C. |
Awards | ||
Preceded byGenevieve Caulfield | Ramon Magsaysay Award 1962 |
Succeeded byPeace Corps |
New award | Templeton Prize 1973 |
Succeeded byFrère Roger |
Preceded byAnwar El Sadat, Menachem Begin | Nobel Peace Prize 1979 |
Succeeded byAdolfo Pérez Esquivel |
Preceded byK. Kamaraj | Bharat Ratna 1980 |
Succeeded byVinoba Bhave |
- Mother Teresa
- 1910 births
- 1997 deaths
- 20th-century Albanian women
- 20th-century Indian Roman Catholic nuns
- Albanian people of Kosovan descent
- Albanian Roman Catholic religious sisters and nuns
- Albanian Roman Catholic saints
- Anti-abortion activists
- Anti-contraception activists
- Beatifications by Pope John Paul II
- Catholic pacifists
- Canonizations by Pope Francis
- Christian female saints of the Late Modern era
- Congressional Gold Medal recipients
- Deified women
- Female Roman Catholic missionaries
- Founders of Catholic religious communities
- Honorary companions of the Order of Australia
- Honorary members of the Order of Merit
- Indian Nobel laureates
- Indian pacifists
- Indian people of Albanian descent
- Indian people of Kosovan descent
- Indian people of Macedonian descent
- Indian philanthropists
- Indian Roman Catholic saints
- Indian women philanthropists
- Nobel Peace Prize laureates
- People from Darjeeling
- People from Kolkata
- People from Skopje
- Naturalised citizens of India
- Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
- Ramon Magsaysay Award winners
- Recipients of the Bharat Ratna
- Recipients of the Padma Shri in social work
- Roman Catholic missionaries in India
- Social workers from West Bengal
- Superiors general
- Templeton Prize laureates
- Venerated Catholics by Pope John Paul II
- Women Nobel laureates
- Immigrants to India
- Yugoslav emigrants