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:'''Cebuano' redirects here. For the language that originated in Cebu, see ].'' {{About|the ethnic group in the Philippines|their language|Cebuano language}}
{{Short description|Ethnolinguistic group of the Philippines}}
{{ethnic group| {{Infobox ethnic group
|group =Cebuano people<br><i>Mga Sugboanon</i> | group = Cebuano people<br>''Sugbuanon''
|image =
| image = Guardiacebuano.jpg
|poptime =3,848,730 million (2007)
| caption = Cebuano men who served as guards in the early 20th century during the ].
|popplace =] and ]
| population = '''8,683,525''' (2020)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://psa.gov.ph/content/ethnicity-philippines-2020-census-population-and-housing|title=Ethnicity in the Philippines (2020 Census of Population and Housing)|publisher=Philippine Statistics Authority|access-date=July 4, 2023}}</ref>
|langs =], ], ], ], ], and other languages.
| regions = {{flagcountry|Philippines}}<br/>{{smaller|(], ], ], western parts of ], large parts of ])}}<br/><hr/>
|rels =] (] and ]), ], ], and others
]
|related = Other ]
| languages = ], ], ]
| religions = Christianity: Predominantly ].<br/>Minority others: ], ], ], ], ], ]
| related = ], ], ], other ]<br/>other ]s
}} }}
The '''Cebuano people''' are the inhabitants of the ] of ] in the ].


The '''Cebuano people''' ({{langx|ceb|Mga Sugbuanon}}) are the largest subgroup of the larger ] ], who constitute the largest ] in the country. They originated in the province of ] in the ] of ], but then later spread out to other places in the Philippines, such as ], ], ], southwestern ], western ], ], and large parts of ]. It may also refer to the ] who speak the same language as their native tongue in different parts of the archipelago. The term ''Cebuano'' also refers to the ] of permanent residents in Cebu island regardless of ethnicity.
==Origins==
] sailed from ] and settled in Cebu around 6,000 to 30,000 years ago. They spread their culture and ocean-sailing technology all over ], the ], and ]. Unlike in the rest of the Philippines, the Austronesian settlers encountered no native ] population in Cebu.<ref>http://www.bohol.ph/books/nz/nz.htm</ref>


==History==
The early Cebuanos held animist beliefs and worshipped '']s'' (spirits) until the introduction of ] and, later, ]. Muslim traders from ] and ] established trade relations with the Philippines between the 13th and 16th centuries, at the same time introducing their religion to the natives. By the time the ] arrived in the 16th century, Cebu had already been ] and organized into tribes governed by chieftains called '']s'' and '']s'', among them being ], who would later be honored as the first Filipino national hero.
]'') couple, depicted in the ] ({{circa|1595}}).]]
{{See also|Visayans|Lapulapu|Rajah Humabon}}
The earliest European record of Cebuanos was by ] of the ]. He provided some descriptions of their customs as well as samples of the ].<ref name="lach">{{cite book|author=Donald F. Lach|author-link=Donald F. Lach|title=Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume I: The Century of Discovery|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1994|pages=175, 635–638|isbn=9780226467320|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0x1Io6VOuAIC&q=Battle+of+Mactan&pg=PA635}}</ref><ref name="serag">{{cite book|author=Sebastian Sta. Cruz Serag|title=The Remnants of the Great Ilonggo Nation|publisher=Rex Bookstore, Inc.|year=1997|page=95|isbn=9789712321429|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7BsNAEtKyzcC&pg=PA95}}</ref> ] was killed in Cebu during the ] against the forces of ].<ref>{{cite book|last=Blair|first=Emma Helen|title=The Philippine Islands|date=August 25, 2004 |id=|publisher=The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Philippine Islands, 1493-1803, Volume II, 1521-1569, by Emma Helen Blair|page=126, Volume II|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/13280/13280.txt}}</ref><ref name="roddell">{{cite book|author=Paul A. Rodell|title=Culture and Customs of the Philippines|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2002|page=50|isbn=9780313304156|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y1CVR74_KHQC&pg=PA50}}</ref>


Later early Spanish colonists referred to the Cebuanos (and other ]) as the '']'' ("the painted ones"), due to their widespread practice of tattooing to record battle exploits.<ref name="roddell"/>
Today's Cebuanos, whose numbers stand at around 3.85 million as of 2007,<ref>http://www.sunstar.com.ph/static/net/2008/04/18/cebu.has.biggest.population.among.provinces.html</ref> are descended primarily from the early Austronesian migrants, although widespread ] means that many individuals have ], ], and other ancestries.


==Culture== ==Culture and festivities==
], which is held annually on the third Sunday of January in ].]]
Cebuano culture is characterized as a blend of ], ], and its own ]. Spanish, and later ], ] brought ] along with ] to the Philippines, which was adopted to varying degrees by the majority of the population. The majority of Cebuanos are Roman Catholic,<ref name=provinceofcebu>http://www.cebu.gov.ph/?getid=2&getsubid=24&infolinkids=26&GetBodyName=Culture%20and%20Lifestyle&rightpdisable=0</ref> and there are also followers of ], ], and ], among others.
The majority of Cebuanos are ], with many in rural areas synchronizing Catholicism with indigenous Bisayan folk religion. A minority of Cebuanos (specifically those in ]) are ] (due to their contact with the Moro people), or in mixed Chinese-Cebuano families, incorporate Catholic beliefs with aspects of ] or ].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cebu.gov.ph/about-cebu/culture-and-lifestyle/ | title=Culture and Lifestyle | website=Cebu Province official website | access-date=2018-11-13 | archive-date=2018-08-01 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801131706/http://www.cebu.gov.ph/about-cebu/culture-and-lifestyle/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> A recent genetic study found 10-20% of Cebuano ancestry is attributable to ]n (Indian) descent,<ref></ref> dated to a time when Precolonial Cebu practiced Hinduism.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Kuizon |first=Jose G. |year=1962 |title=The Sanskrit loan-words in Cebuano-Bisayan language and the Indian elements to Cebuano-Bisayan culture |publisher=University of San Carlos, Cebu |oclc=3061923}}</ref> Meanwhile, according to Spanish era tribute-censuses, ] compose 2.17% of the Cebuano people's recorded population.<ref name="Estadismo2"></ref>{{rp|113}}


Among the island's notable festivities are the ]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.etravelpilipinas.com/events_festivals/cebu_festival.htm | title=Cebu Philippines Festivals, Fiestas and Cultural Event | website=eTravel Pilipinas-Discover the Wonders of Island Paradise | access-date=2009-11-18 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911185853/http://www.etravelpilipinas.com/events_festivals/cebu_festival.htm | archive-date=2015-09-11 | url-status=usurped }}</ref> festival, which is a mixture of Christian and native cultural elements, celebrated annually every third week of January.
] is a Roman Catholic dance festival celebrated in the ] of ].


==Language== ==Language==
]
{{main|Cebuano language}} {{main|Cebuano language}}
The ] is spoken by more than twenty million people in the Philippines and is the most widely spoken of the ]. Most speakers of Cebuano are found in Cebu, Bohol, Siquijor, southeastern Masbate, ], Western and Southern Leyte, eastern ] and most of Mindanao except ]. Like with other Filipino ethnolinguistic groups, ] (]) and ] are also spoken by Cebuanos as second languages.
The ] is spoken far beyond the confines of the province of Cebu, attesting to the historical significance of the ] as a ] since ]. With about 20 million speakers, it is the most widely spoken of the ] and the second most widely spoken ] in the Philippines, next to ].<ref>{{cite news| title= Cebuano language of Philippines | url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ceb | publisher=Ethnologue.com}}</ref> Most speakers are found in the ] and in certain parts of ].


Despite being one of the largest ethnic groups, Cebuanos outside their homeland tend to fluently learn the languages native in areas where they settled and assimilated, along with their native language. ] is spoken and understood by the Cebuanos living in ] and ]. They often speak a mixture of Cebuano and Hiligaynon in ] and neighboring municipalities of Negros Occidental facing Iloilo and Cebu and municipalities bordering ], ] and ]. Cebuano residents in ] and ] are fluent in ], ] and ] respectively, with the two latter are related to Cebuano. They have also varying fluencies in various Lumad languages, the ], ] (linguistically related to Cebuano), ], and ], in which these languages are native to the areas where Cebuanos also inhabit, coexist with and even assimilated to the natives, and to the lesser extent, ] (a language originated in ]), which is also spoken in Soccsksargen and various parts of Bukidnon, ], Caraga, ] and ]. Cebuanos in Masbate and Eastern Visayas can also speak ], one of the ] and ] in Masbate, Samar and eastern parts of Leyte.
Other languages spoken by Cebuanos include ], Tagalog, ], and ].


== See also == ==See also==
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==References== ==References==
{{reflist}} {{Reflist}}

== External links ==
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{{BisayaPeoplesmall}} {{BisayaPeoplesmall}}
{{Ethnic groups in the Philippines}}
{{Authority control}}


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Revision as of 06:13, 21 December 2024

This article is about the ethnic group in the Philippines. For their language, see Cebuano language. Ethnolinguistic group of the Philippines Ethnic group
Cebuano people
Sugbuanon
Cebuano men who served as guards in the early 20th century during the American period.
Total population
8,683,525 (2020)
Regions with significant populations
 Philippines
(Central Visayas, Negros Oriental, Masbate, western parts of Eastern Visayas, large parts of Mindanao)
Worldwide
Languages
Cebuano, Filipino, English
Religion
Christianity: Predominantly Roman Catholicism.
Minority others: Aglipayan, Protestantism, Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism, Taoism
Related ethnic groups
Boholano, Ilonggo, Waray, other Visayans
other Austronesian peoples

The Cebuano people (Cebuano: Mga Sugbuanon) are the largest subgroup of the larger ethnolinguistic group Visayans, who constitute the largest Filipino ethnolinguistic group in the country. They originated in the province of Cebu in the region of Central Visayas, but then later spread out to other places in the Philippines, such as Siquijor, Bohol, Negros Oriental, southwestern Leyte, western Samar, Masbate, and large parts of Mindanao. It may also refer to the ethnic group who speak the same language as their native tongue in different parts of the archipelago. The term Cebuano also refers to the demonym of permanent residents in Cebu island regardless of ethnicity.

History

A Visayan freemen (or timawa) couple, depicted in the Boxer Codex (c. 1595).
See also: Visayans, Lapulapu, and Rajah Humabon

The earliest European record of Cebuanos was by Antonio Pigafetta of the Magellan expedition. He provided some descriptions of their customs as well as samples of the Cebuano language. Ferdinand Magellan was killed in Cebu during the Battle of Mactan against the forces of Lapulapu.

Later early Spanish colonists referred to the Cebuanos (and other Visayans) as the pintados ("the painted ones"), due to their widespread practice of tattooing to record battle exploits.

Culture and festivities

The Sinulog Festival, which is held annually on the third Sunday of January in Cebu City.

The majority of Cebuanos are Roman Catholic, with many in rural areas synchronizing Catholicism with indigenous Bisayan folk religion. A minority of Cebuanos (specifically those in Mindanao) are Muslim (due to their contact with the Moro people), or in mixed Chinese-Cebuano families, incorporate Catholic beliefs with aspects of Buddhism or Taoism. A recent genetic study found 10-20% of Cebuano ancestry is attributable to South Asian (Indian) descent, dated to a time when Precolonial Cebu practiced Hinduism. Meanwhile, according to Spanish era tribute-censuses, Spanish-Filipinos compose 2.17% of the Cebuano people's recorded population.

Among the island's notable festivities are the Sinulog festival, which is a mixture of Christian and native cultural elements, celebrated annually every third week of January.

Language

Main article: Cebuano language

The Cebuano language is spoken by more than twenty million people in the Philippines and is the most widely spoken of the Visayan languages. Most speakers of Cebuano are found in Cebu, Bohol, Siquijor, southeastern Masbate, Biliran, Western and Southern Leyte, eastern Negros and most of Mindanao except Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao. Like with other Filipino ethnolinguistic groups, Tagalog (Filipino) and English are also spoken by Cebuanos as second languages.

Despite being one of the largest ethnic groups, Cebuanos outside their homeland tend to fluently learn the languages native in areas where they settled and assimilated, along with their native language. Hiligaynon is spoken and understood by the Cebuanos living in Negros Occidental and Soccsksargen. They often speak a mixture of Cebuano and Hiligaynon in Sagay and neighboring municipalities of Negros Occidental facing Iloilo and Cebu and municipalities bordering Negros Oriental, Bukidnon and Davao del Sur. Cebuano residents in Zamboanga City and Caraga Region are fluent in Zamboanga Chavacano, Butuanon and Surigaonon respectively, with the two latter are related to Cebuano. They have also varying fluencies in various Lumad languages, the Danao languages, Tausug (linguistically related to Cebuano), Yakan, and Sama, in which these languages are native to the areas where Cebuanos also inhabit, coexist with and even assimilated to the natives, and to the lesser extent, Ilocano (a language originated in Ilocandia), which is also spoken in Soccsksargen and various parts of Bukidnon, Misamis Oriental, Caraga, Zamboanga Sibugay and Davao Region. Cebuanos in Masbate and Eastern Visayas can also speak Masbateño, one of the Bicol languages and Waray in Masbate, Samar and eastern parts of Leyte.

See also

References

  1. "Ethnicity in the Philippines (2020 Census of Population and Housing)". Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved July 4, 2023.
  2. Donald F. Lach (1994). Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume I: The Century of Discovery. University of Chicago Press. pp. 175, 635–638. ISBN 9780226467320.
  3. Sebastian Sta. Cruz Serag (1997). The Remnants of the Great Ilonggo Nation. Rex Bookstore, Inc. p. 95. ISBN 9789712321429.
  4. Blair, Emma Helen (August 25, 2004). The Philippine Islands. The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Philippine Islands, 1493-1803, Volume II, 1521-1569, by Emma Helen Blair. p. 126, Volume II. .
  5. ^ Paul A. Rodell (2002). Culture and Customs of the Philippines. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 50. ISBN 9780313304156.
  6. "Culture and Lifestyle". Cebu Province official website. Archived from the original on 2018-08-01. Retrieved 2018-11-13.
  7. Delfin, F., Min-Shan Ko, A., Li, M., Gunnarsdóttir, E. D., Tabbada, K. A., Salvador, J. M., Calacal, G. C., Sagum, M. S., Datar, F. A., Padilla, S. G., De Ungria, M. C. A., & Stoneking, M. (2014). Complete mtDNA genomes of Filipino ethnolinguistic groups: a melting pot of recent and ancient lineages in the Asia-Pacific region. European Journal of Human Genetics, 22(2), 228–237.
  8. Kuizon, Jose G. (1962). The Sanskrit loan-words in Cebuano-Bisayan language and the Indian elements to Cebuano-Bisayan culture (Thesis). University of San Carlos, Cebu. OCLC 3061923.
  9. ESTADISMO DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS TOMO SEGUNDO By Joaquín Martínez de Zúñiga (Original Spanish)
  10. "Cebu Philippines Festivals, Fiestas and Cultural Event". eTravel Pilipinas-Discover the Wonders of Island Paradise. Archived from the original on 2015-09-11. Retrieved 2009-11-18.
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