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{{Short description|Scottish dog breed}}
<!-- Put article text AFTER this infobox markup. See: -->
{{more citations needed|date=November 2020}}
<!-- Misplaced Pages:WikiProject Dog breeds/Templates for more info.-->
{{Infobox dog breed
{{sources|date=November 2020}}
| name = Cairn Terrier
{{Infobox Dogbreed
| image = Cairn-Terrier-Garten1.jpg | image = Cairn-Terrier-Garten1.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Two Cairn Terriers showing variations in coat color
| image_caption =
| name = Cairn Terrier
| image2 =
| country = ]
| image_alt2 =
| weight = {{convert|10|-|16|lb|kg|abbr=on}}
| image_caption2 =
| height = {{convert|9|-|13|in|cm|abbr=on}}
| altname =
| coat = Abundant shaggy outer coat, soft downy undercoat. Can be cream, deep red, brindle, light gray, apricot or black.
|litter_size = 2-10 | stock =
| country = Scotland
|life_span = 12-17 years
| distribution =
<!-----Kennel club standards----->
| height = {{right|{{convert|28|-|31|cm|0|abbr=on}}{{r|fci2|kc}}}}
| maleheight =
| femaleheight =
| weight = {{right|{{convert|6|-|7.5|kg|0|abbr=on}}{{r|fci2|kc}}}}
| maleweight =
| femaleweight =
| coat = abundant shaggy outer coat, soft downy undercoat
| colour = cream, deep red, brindle, light grey, apricot or black
| litter_size =
| kc_name = ] | kc_name = ]
| kc_std = https://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/breed-standards/terrier/cairn-terrier/ | kc_std = https://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/breed-standards/terrier/cairn-terrier/
| fcistd = http://www.fci.be/Nomenclature/Standards/004g03-en.pdf | fcistd = http://www.fci.be/Nomenclature/Standards/004g03-en.pdf
| notrecognised =
}}<!-- End Infobox Dogbreed info. Article Begins Here -->
| extinct =
| note =
}}


The '''Cairn Terrier''' is a ] breed originating in the ] and recognized as one of Scotland's earliest ]s. The breed was given the name Cairn because the breed's function was to hunt and chase quarry between the ]s in the Scottish highlands. The '''Cairn Terrier''' is a ] breed originating in the ] and recognised as one of Scotland's earliest ]s.


Although the breed had existed long before, the name Cairn Terrier was a compromise suggestion after the breed originally was brought to official shows in the United Kingdom in 1909 under the name Short-haired Skye terriers. This name was not acceptable to The Kennel Club due to opposition from ] breeders, and the name Cairn Terrier was suggested as an alternative. They are usually left-pawed,<ref></ref><!-- I cannot see Cairns mentioned at all in this ref! --> which has been shown in dogs to correlate to superior performance in tasks related to scent. Cairn terriers are ]s. The name "Cairn Terrier" was a compromise suggestion when the breed was brought to official shows in the United Kingdom in 1909, initially under the name "Short-haired Skye terrier". This name was not accepted by the Kennel Club when faced with opposition from breeders of the ]. The alternative name Cairn Terrier was adopted.


==History== == History ==
Cairn terriers originated in the Scottish Highlands and the ].<ref>{{cite web|title=Cairn Terrier History|url=https://www.akc.org/breeds/cairn_terrier/history.cfm|publisher=American Kennel Club|access-date = 26 October 2014 }}</ref> Prior to 1873, terriers in Scotland were collectively referred to as 'Scottish Terriers'.<ref name="History of the Cairn Terrier">{{cite web|title=History of the Cairn Terrier|url=https://www.cairnterrierclub.ca/cairn-terriers/cairn-terrier-history/|publisher=Kennel Club of Canada|access-date = 30 August 2024 }}</ref> In the early days of the breed's establishment, the name 'short haired Skye Terrier' was used.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cairn Terrier| url=https://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/search/breeds-a-to-z/breeds/terrier/cairn-terrier/|publisher=The Kennel Club|access-date = 30 August 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=About the Cairn Terrier|url=https://www.cairnterrier.org/about-the-cairn-terrier/cairn-history|publisher=Cairn Terrier Club of America|access-date = 30 August 2024 }}</ref> After concerns raised by the Skye Terrier Club, the name 'Cairn Terrier' was given to the breed instead.<ref name="History of the Cairn Terrier"/> The name 'Cairn Terrier' comes from ], where the terriers often flushed out vermin.<ref>{{cite web|title=7 Facts about the Cairn Terrier|url=https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/lifestyle/7-facts-cairn-terrier/|publisher=7 Facts about the Cairn Terrier|access-date = 30 August 2024 }}</ref>
Cairns originated in the Scottish Highlands and the ],<ref>{{cite web|title=Cairn Terrier History|url=https://www.akc.org/breeds/cairn_terrier/history.cfm|publisher=American Kennel Club|access-date = 26 October 2014 }}</ref> initially grouped in the "Skye Terrier" class alongside the Scottish and ]s. In the early 1900s, the three breeds began to be bred separately.


The Kennel Club of the United Kingdom gave the Cairn Terrier a separate register in 1912; the first year of recognition, 134 were registered, and it was in that year that the breed was given Championship status.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.swwectc.freeuk.com/cairnhis.html|title=swwectc- cairn history|website=www.swwectc.freeuk.com|access-date=2016-11-26|archive-date=2018-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018051447/http://www.swwectc.freeuk.com/cairnhis.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Kennel Club of the United Kingdom gave the Cairn Terrier a separate register in 1912; the first year of recognition, 134 were registered, and the breed was given Championship status.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.swwectc.freeuk.com/cairnhis.html|title=swwectc- cairn history|website=www.swwectc.freeuk.com|access-date=2016-11-26|archive-date=2018-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018051447/http://www.swwectc.freeuk.com/cairnhis.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was definitively accepted by the ]in 1963.{{r|fci}}


==Description== == Description ==
]
]


The Cairn Terrier has a harsh weather-resistant outer coat that can be black, cream, wheaten, red, sandy, gray, or ]d in any of these colors. Pure black, black and tan, and white are not permitted by many ]s. While registration of white Cairns was once permitted, after 1917, the ] required them to be registered as ]s. A notable characteristic of Cairns is that brindled Cairns frequently change colour throughout their lifetimes. It is not uncommon for a brindled Cairn to become progressively more black or silver as it ages. The Cairn is ], with a soft, dense ] and a harsh ]. A well-groomed Cairn has a rough-and-ready appearance, free of artifice or exaggeration. The Cairn Terrier was registered into the American Kennel Club in 1903. The Cairn Terrier has a harsh, weather-resistant outer coat that can be black, cream, wheaten, red, sandy, gray, or ]d. Pure black, black and tan, and white are not permitted by many ]s. While registration of white Cairns was once permitted, after 1917, the ] required them to be registered as ]s. A notable characteristic of Cairns is that brindled Cairns frequently change colour throughout their lifetimes. It is not uncommon for a brindled Cairn to become progressively more black or silver as it ages. The Cairn is ], with a soft, dense ] and a harsh ]. A well-groomed Cairn has a rough-and-ready appearance, free of artifice. The Cairn Terrier was registered into the American Kennel Club in 1903.


Cairn Terriers tend to look similar to ]s, but with some differences (for example the shaggy fur). The outer layer of fur is shaggy, but they have a soft, downy undercoat. The ideal height is roughly {{val|28|–|31|u=cm}}, with weight in proportion, usually some {{val|6|–|7.5|u=kg}}.{{r|fci2|kc}}
]
<gallery mode=packed heights=160px style="text-align:left; font-size: 93%">
Cairn Terriers tend to look similar to a ], but with some differences (for example the shaggy fur). Their outer layer of fur is shaggy, but they have a soft, downy undercoat. Their ideal weight is also 4.5-7.3&nbsp;kg (10-16&nbsp;lb), and the height 9–13 in (23–33&nbsp;cm).
File:Cairn Terrier - 002.jpg|Brindle
File:Керн терьер (cairn terrier).jpg|Red/wheaten
File:Cairn Terrier - 001.jpg|
File:9 week old cairn puppy.jpg|A nine-week-old puppy
</gallery>


==Grooming== == Health ==
A 2015 French study found a life expectancy of 13.42 years.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.11.008| title = Inbreeding impact on litter size and survival in selected canine breeds| journal = The Veterinary Journal| volume = 203| issue = 1| pages = 74–8| year = 2015| last1 = Leroy | first1 = G. G. | last2 = Phocas | first2 = F. | last3 = Hedan | first3 = B. | last4 = Verrier | first4 = E. | last5 = Rognon | first5 = X. | pmid=25475165| s2cid = 27631883| url = https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01122782/file/Inbreeding%20impact%20on%20litter%20size_accepted.pdf }} mean=12.23 ± 4.18 median=13.42</ref> A 2024 UK study found a life expectancy of 14 years for the breed compared to an average of 12.7 for purebreeds and 12 for ].<ref>{{cite journal | last=McMillan | first=Kirsten M. | last2=Bielby | first2=Jon | last3=Williams | first3=Carys L. | last4=Upjohn | first4=Melissa M. | last5=Casey | first5=Rachel A. | last6=Christley | first6=Robert M. | title=Longevity of companion dog breeds: those at risk from early death | journal=Scientific Reports | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=14 | issue=1 | date=2024-02-01 | issn=2045-2322 | doi=10.1038/s41598-023-50458-w | page=| pmc=10834484 }}</ref>
]
Cairn Terriers shed very little, but always should be hand-stripped. Using scissors or shears can ruin the dog's rugged outer coat after one grooming{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}. Hand-stripping involves pulling the old dead hair out by the roots. If done incorrectly, this can cause discomfort to the dog, causing it to shy away from future hand-stripping. Removing the dead hair in this manner allows new growth to come in. This new growth helps protect the dog from water and dirt.


Some of the more common hereditary health problems found in the Cairn are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cairnterrier.org/health/|title=Health Related Concerns|publisher=Cairn Terrier Club of America Inc.|access-date=12 May 2010|archive-date=7 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100507211604/http://www.cairnterrier.org/health/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Breed predispositions to disease in dogs and cats|last=Alex.|first=Gough|date=2004|publisher=Blackwell Pub|others=Thomas, Alison, 1964–|isbn=978-1405107488|location=Oxford, UK|oclc=53231203}}</ref>
Cairn Terrier ancestors are from Scotland, where the wire coat repels water and keeps the dog dry even in rainy or damp climates. Keeping the Cairn Terrier coat in its original state will prevent possible skin irritations. As dead hair is removed by stripping the coat, new growth comes in, and the skin and coat remain healthy. Clipper-cutting a Cairn might destroy the protective wire coat unique to this breed.

It is wise to have a pet examined to rule out heritable skin diseases when a Cairn is obtained from unknown sources (i.e. pet stores, rescues, or puppy mills).{{citation needed|date=July 2016}}

==Health==
These dogs are generally healthy and live on average about 12 to 17 years.<ref>{{cite web|title=Individual Breed Results for Purebred Dog Health Survey|url=http://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/item/570}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.11.008| title = Inbreeding impact on litter size and survival in selected canine breeds| journal = The Veterinary Journal| volume = 203| issue = 1| pages = 74–8| year = 2015| last1 = Leroy | first1 = G. G. | last2 = Phocas | first2 = F. | last3 = Hedan | first3 = B. | last4 = Verrier | first4 = E. | last5 = Rognon | first5 = X. | pmid=25475165| url = https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01122782/file/Inbreeding%20impact%20on%20litter%20size_accepted.pdf }} mean=12.23 ± 4.18 median=13.42</ref>

===Survey===
Breeders, owners, and veterinarians have identified several health problems that are significant for Cairns. Some of these diseases are hereditary, and others occur as a result of nonspecific factors (e.g., infections, toxins, injuries, or advanced age).

Currently, the Cairn Terrier Club of America, along with the Institute for Genetic Disease Control in Animals, maintains an open registry for Cairn Terriers in hopes of reducing the occurrence of hereditary diseases within the breed. Breeders voluntarily submit their dogs' test results for research purposes as well as for use by individuals who seek to make sound breeding decisions.

Some of the more common hereditary health problems found in the Cairn are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cairnterrier.org/health/|title=Health Related Concerns|publisher=Cairn Terrier Club of America Inc.|access-date=12 May 2010|archive-date=7 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100507211604/http://www.cairnterrier.org/health/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Breed predispositions to disease in dogs and cats|last=Alex.|first=Gough|date=2004|publisher=Blackwell Pub|others=Thomas, Alison, 1964-|isbn=978-1405107488|location=Oxford, UK|oclc=53231203}}</ref>
* Bronchoesophageal ] * Bronchoesophageal ]
* ] * ]
Line 60: Line 62:
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] (globoid cell leukodystrophy) * ] (globoid cell leukodystrophy)
* ] * ]
Line 71: Line 73:
* ] * ]


The breed is predisposed to atopic dermatitis.<ref>{{cite book | last=Rhodes | first=Karen Helton | last2=Werner | first2=Alexander H. | title=Blackwell's Five-Minute Veterinary Consult Clinical Companion | publisher=Wiley-Blackwell | publication-place=Ames, Iowa | date=2011-01-25 | isbn=978-0-8138-1596-1 | page=94}}</ref>
==Living conditions==
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2012}}
]
Cairn Terriers exist happily in an apartment when sufficiently exercised. They are very active indoors and suffice even without a yard. Daily walks help keep Cairn terriers happy and healthy. Fenced-in yards are strongly recommended for safety and well-being as well as being kept on leash when not in the yard.

Cairn Terriers are particularly easily trained; ethical breeders strongly suggest obedience school or some other type of training to direct Cairn Terriers's focus on the owner as the one in command if they are going to be used for hunting. If allowed to take control of the household, behavior problems may develop that only can be resolved by hiring a professional dog trainer. Many breeders only sell puppies to dedicated dog owners who agree to basic obedience school.

==Exercise==
Cairns are active dogs, thus need a daily walk. Play takes care of a lot of their exercise needs; however, as with all breeds, play will not fulfill their primal instinct to walk. Dogs which do not get to go on daily walks are more likely to display behavior problems. They also enjoy a good romp in a safe, open area off leash, such as a large, fenced yard.

According to ] in her book ''Animals Make Us Human'', dogs need 45 minutes to one hour per day of playing and seeking. Being a new owner of one, play time is more like two hours per day for this breed. After fulfilling this, dogs become balanced and well-mannered. Obedience school is often a good start to creating interactive play using words or commands for a dog to perform specific actions on cue. Teaching a Cairn Terrier tricks is also a clever way to direct their active energy into acceptable, controlled dog games.


==Famous Cairns== == References ==
{{commonscat}}
]
{{reflist|45em|refs=
], the dog that played ] in the 1939 screen adaptation of ''],'' was a brindle Cairn Terrier. Due to the identification of the State of Kansas with the original story ''],'' a resident of Wichita, Kansas has begun a drive to make the Cairn Terrier the official dog of Kansas.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www2.ljworld.com/news/2006/may/13/wichita_resident_wants_toto_breed_named_state_dog_/ |title=Wichita resident wants 'Toto' breed named state dog of Kansas| journal = Lawrence Journal-World & 6 News| date=13 May 2006 | access-date=12 May 2005 }}</ref> Terry also had a role in the ] film ''],'' and 12 other films.


<ref name=fci>. Thuin, Belgium: Fédération Cynologique Internationale. Accessed December 2024.</ref>
===In media===
* In '']'', Little Ricky had a Cairn terrier named Fred.
* In Pal Joey, the character played by Frank Sinatra had a Cairn Terrier named Snuffy. Snuffy was played by a dog named Danny; Danny also starred as Fred, the Ricardo's dog referenced above.
* ] notably bred Cairn Terriers and gave them to high-ranking government officials during his career.
* UK TV presenter ] often features a Cairn Terrier called ] on his chat show; dark in colour, Olga is a rescue dog.
* Also in the UK, Pauline Fowler actress ] in the ] TV show '']'' had a Cairn she fondly named Betty. Betty made an appearance as Toto on BBC's "]" (series 10) after ] and his celebrity partner ] danced a waltz to "]" from ''The Wizard of Oz''.
* ]'s family dog on the TV series ''],'' is a Cairn Terrier named Mr. Needles, named by the son, Max, for the extremely high number of shots that the incredibly sick former ] received from the veterinarian.
* In the movie ''Portrait of a Lady'', Nicole Kidman's character had a Cairn Terrier throughout movie. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://jerrier.tripod.com/Cairn-Movies.html|title=Portrait of a Lady}}</ref>
* Australian television soap series '']'' had a Cairn Terrier named ] which belonged to the character ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s14/neighbours/news/a335531/neighbours-pet-dog-audrey-loses-cancer-battle.html|title='Neighbours' pet dog Audrey loses cancer battle|last=Kilkelly|first=Daniel|date=17 August 2011|work=]|access-date=7 January 2014}}</ref>
<!-- what? * '']'' -->
* The character of Romulus, owned by Ray Milland's character Steven Tolliver in ]'s epic '']'' (1942) was a Cairn Terrier.
* A few years later, in '']'' (1944), the Ray Milland character had a Cairn Terrier.
* Thimble the dog was a brindle Cairn Terrier played by Danvers. Thimble appeared once in episode five, season five of the British television drama ''].''
* A wheaten Cairn Terrier named Kobe was featured in the movies '']'', ''Lost and Found'', and the opening scenes of '']''.
* In '']'', ]'s character Elliot Alderson has a Cairn Terrier named Flipper.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.yahoo.com/tv/mr-robot-premiere-rami-malek-dog-flipper-122363596070.html|title='Mr. Robot': Rami Malek Reveals What's Next... for Flipper|access-date=28 November 2015}}</ref>
* In the film '']'', the character Harry Hart owned a Cairn Terrier named Mr. Pickle. In the sequel '']'', Eggsy uses a similar Cairn puppy to trigger Hart's memories after he suffered amnesia.
* In the manga/anime series '']'', the sitting president of the world, the appropriately-named King Furry, is a blue anthropomorphic Cairn Terrier.
* In the TV show '']'', the character of Mr. Wilson owned a Cairn Terrier named Fremont.


<ref name=fci2>. Thuin, Belgium: Fédération Cynologique Internationale. Accessed December 2024.</ref>
===In books===
* In the '']'' book series, Total, the talking dog, is a Cairn Terrier.
* In the first edition of ]'s book '']'' (1900), though Baum did not specify in the text what breed Toto was, illustrator ] drew him as a Cairn Terrier.
* In ]’s short story "Chablis," the narrator says that his baby wants, according to his wife, a "Cairn Terrier."<ref>Barthelme, Donald. "Chablis." ''Forty Stories''. New York: Penguin Books, 1989. 1. Print.</ref>
<!-- ==External video about the naming of the breed==
{{external media | width = 210px | align = right |
headerimage=] | | video1 =}}
-->


<ref name=kc>. London: The Kennel Club Limited. Archived 18 May 2024.</ref>
==See also==
* ]
* ]


==References==
{{reflist}}


}}
==External links==
{{Commons|Cairn Terrier}}
*{{dmoz|Recreation/Pets/Dogs/Breeds/Terrier_Group/Cairn_Terrier/}}


{{Terriers}} {{Terriers}}
{{Scottish dogs}} {{Scottish dogs}}
{{Scottish animal breeds}}


] ]

Latest revision as of 18:01, 22 December 2024

Scottish dog breed
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Find sources: "Cairn Terrier" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Dog breed
Cairn Terrier
OriginScotland
Traits
Height 28–31 cm (11–12 in)
Weight 6–7.5 kg (13–17 lb)
Coat abundant shaggy outer coat, soft downy undercoat
Colour cream, deep red, brindle, light grey, apricot or black
Kennel club standards
The Kennel Club standard
Fédération Cynologique Internationale standard
Dog (domestic dog)

The Cairn Terrier is a terrier breed originating in the Scottish Highlands and recognised as one of Scotland's earliest working dogs.

The name "Cairn Terrier" was a compromise suggestion when the breed was brought to official shows in the United Kingdom in 1909, initially under the name "Short-haired Skye terrier". This name was not accepted by the Kennel Club when faced with opposition from breeders of the Skye Terrier. The alternative name Cairn Terrier was adopted.

History

Cairn terriers originated in the Scottish Highlands and the Isle of Skye. Prior to 1873, terriers in Scotland were collectively referred to as 'Scottish Terriers'. In the early days of the breed's establishment, the name 'short haired Skye Terrier' was used. After concerns raised by the Skye Terrier Club, the name 'Cairn Terrier' was given to the breed instead. The name 'Cairn Terrier' comes from Cairn, where the terriers often flushed out vermin.

The Kennel Club of the United Kingdom gave the Cairn Terrier a separate register in 1912; the first year of recognition, 134 were registered, and the breed was given Championship status. It was definitively accepted by the Fédération Cynologique Internationalein 1963.

Description

The Cairn Terrier has a harsh, weather-resistant outer coat that can be black, cream, wheaten, red, sandy, gray, or brindled. Pure black, black and tan, and white are not permitted by many kennel clubs. While registration of white Cairns was once permitted, after 1917, the American Kennel Club required them to be registered as West Highland White Terriers. A notable characteristic of Cairns is that brindled Cairns frequently change colour throughout their lifetimes. It is not uncommon for a brindled Cairn to become progressively more black or silver as it ages. The Cairn is double-coated, with a soft, dense undercoat and a harsh outer coat. A well-groomed Cairn has a rough-and-ready appearance, free of artifice. The Cairn Terrier was registered into the American Kennel Club in 1903.

Cairn Terriers tend to look similar to Norwich Terriers, but with some differences (for example the shaggy fur). The outer layer of fur is shaggy, but they have a soft, downy undercoat. The ideal height is roughly 28–31 cm, with weight in proportion, usually some 6–7.5 kg.

  • Brindle Brindle
  • Red/wheaten Red/wheaten
  • A nine-week-old puppy A nine-week-old puppy

Health

A 2015 French study found a life expectancy of 13.42 years. A 2024 UK study found a life expectancy of 14 years for the breed compared to an average of 12.7 for purebreeds and 12 for crossbreeds.

Some of the more common hereditary health problems found in the Cairn are:

The breed is predisposed to atopic dermatitis.

References

  1. ^ FCI-Standard N° 4: Cairn Terrier. Thuin, Belgium: Fédération Cynologique Internationale. Accessed December 2024.
  2. ^ Breed standards: Cairn Terrier. London: The Kennel Club Limited. Archived 18 May 2024.
  3. "Cairn Terrier History". American Kennel Club. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
  4. ^ "History of the Cairn Terrier". Kennel Club of Canada. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
  5. "Cairn Terrier". The Kennel Club. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
  6. "About the Cairn Terrier". Cairn Terrier Club of America. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
  7. "7 Facts about the Cairn Terrier". 7 Facts about the Cairn Terrier. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
  8. "swwectc- cairn history". www.swwectc.freeuk.com. Archived from the original on 2018-10-18. Retrieved 2016-11-26.
  9. FCI breeds nomenclature: Cairn Terrier (4). Thuin, Belgium: Fédération Cynologique Internationale. Accessed December 2024.
  10. Leroy, G. G.; Phocas, F.; Hedan, B.; Verrier, E.; Rognon, X. (2015). "Inbreeding impact on litter size and survival in selected canine breeds" (PDF). The Veterinary Journal. 203 (1): 74–8. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.11.008. PMID 25475165. S2CID 27631883. mean=12.23 ± 4.18 median=13.42
  11. McMillan, Kirsten M.; Bielby, Jon; Williams, Carys L.; Upjohn, Melissa M.; Casey, Rachel A.; Christley, Robert M. (2024-02-01). "Longevity of companion dog breeds: those at risk from early death". Scientific Reports. 14 (1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-50458-w. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 10834484.
  12. "Health Related Concerns". Cairn Terrier Club of America Inc. Archived from the original on 7 May 2010. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  13. Alex., Gough (2004). Breed predispositions to disease in dogs and cats. Thomas, Alison, 1964–. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Pub. ISBN 978-1405107488. OCLC 53231203.
  14. Rhodes, Karen Helton; Werner, Alexander H. (2011-01-25). Blackwell's Five-Minute Veterinary Consult Clinical Companion. Ames, Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-8138-1596-1.
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