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{{Short description|Ruthenian noble (c. 1420 – 1484)}}
⚫ '''Ivan Chodkiewicz'''; ({{circa}} 1420 – 1484)<ref>Dmitruk (2004), p. 30</ref> was a noble from the ]. He was a son of ] and ancestor of the ]. Ivan married Jawnuta (Agnieszka) Belska, first cousin of ], King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania. The marriage into the royal line helped him to obtain positions of ] of ] (1473) and ] (1480). During a ] invasion in 1482, Ivan and his family were taken hostage. Ivan died in captivity while his wife, daughter Agrafena, and son ] were ransomed and continued the family line.
]'s book "Gniazdo Cnoty"]]
⚫ '''Ivan Chodkiewicz''' ({{langx|lt|Jonas Ivanas Chodkevičius}}; {{circa}} 1420 – 1484){{sfn|Dmitruk|2004|p=30}} was a ]-] from the ]. He was a son of ] and ancestor of the ] family. Ivan married Jawnuta (Agnieszka) Belska, first cousin of ]. The marriage into the royal line helped him to obtain positions of ] of ] (1473) and ] (1480). During a ] invasion in 1482, Ivan and his family were taken hostage. Ivan died in captivity while his wife, daughter Agrafena, and son ] were ransomed and continued the family line.


==Biography== ==Biography==

===Early life=== ===Early life===
Traditionally, historiography states that Ivan Chodkiewicz first appears in written sources in 1453 when his was a member of a Lithuanian delegation sent to Polish ] in ]. However, this note is based on an unreliable account by ].<ref name=k76>Kirkienė (2008), p. 76</ref> According to Lithuanian historian Genutė Kirkienė, the first reliable mention of Ivan was on 6 June 1459 when he witnessed a treaty. At the time he was ] of ].<ref name=k76/> He reappeared as a military commander in 1466 during the ] between Kingdom of Poland and the ].<ref name=k77>Kirkienė (2008), p. 77</ref> The Grand Duchy of Lithuania declared neutrality and officially did not participate in the war. In 1466, the Knights defended themselves in ] (Konitz) and the siege by Polish troops, commanded by ], stalled. Polish King and Lithuanian Grand Duke ] sent reinforcements of 500 Lithuanian and 300 Tatar soldiers, who were commanded by Ivan Chodkiewicz.<ref>Dmitruk (2004), p. 38</ref> The Polish–Lithuanian forces succeeded in burning and capturing the city on September 28, 1466.<ref name=k77/> Traditionally, historiography states that Ivan Chodkiewicz first appears in written sources in 1453 as a member of a Lithuanian delegation sent to the ] in ]. However, this note is based on an unreliable account by ].{{sfn|Kirkienė|2008|p=76}} According to Lithuanian historian Genutė Kirkienė, the first reliable mention of Ivan was on 6 June 1459 when he witnessed a treaty. At the time he was ] of ].{{sfn|Kirkienė|2008|p=77}} He reappeared as a military commander in 1466 during the ] between the Kingdom of Poland and the ].{{sfn|Kirkienė|2008|p=77}} The Grand Duchy of Lithuania declared neutrality and officially did not participate in the war. In 1466, the Knights defended themselves in ] (Konitz) and the siege by Polish troops, commanded by ], stalled. Polish King and Lithuanian Grand Duke ] sent reinforcements of 500 Lithuanian and 300 Tatar soldiers, who were commanded by Ivan Chodkiewicz.{{sfn|Dmitruk|2004|p=38}} The Polish–Lithuanian forces succeeded in burning and capturing the city on 28 September 1466.{{sfn|Kirkienė|2008|p=77}}


In 1470, Ivan Chodkiewicz became part of the royal court. In a 23 October 1470 document he was mentioned as court marshal (''] hospodarski'') and governor of ]. In this position, which was shared with other people and held by Ivan until 1479, he was responsible for the security of the royal court.<ref>Kirkienė (2008), p. 78</ref> Around this time he married Jawnuta (Agnieszka) Belska, daughter of ] and first cousin of Casimir IV. It is believed that their first son, ], was born around 1475. Kirkienė argued that the wedding was a boost for further career of Ivan, who lost his position in Lida to became a governor of ] around 1473.<ref>Kirkienė (2008), p. 87</ref><ref group=nb>The date is usually given as 1477, when the title was reliably mentioned in a written document.</ref> In 1470, Ivan Chodkiewicz became part of the royal court. In a 23 October 1470 document he was mentioned as court marshal (''] hospodarski'') and governor of ]. In this position, which was shared with other people and held by Ivan until 1479, he was responsible for the security of the royal court.{{sfn|Kirkienė|2008|p=78}} Around this time he married Jawnuta (Agnieszka) Belska, daughter of {{ill|Ivan Vladimirovich Belsky|ru|Иван Владимирович Бельский}} and first cousin of Casimir IV. It is believed that their first son, ], was born around 1475. Kirkienė argued that the wedding was a boost for further career of Ivan, who lost his position in Lida to become a governor of ] around 1473.{{sfn|Kirkienė|2008|p=87}}<ref group=nb>The date is usually given as 1477, when the title was reliably mentioned in a written document.</ref>


===Later career=== ===Later career===
On October 12, 1474, Ivan Chodkiewicz commanded Lithuanian troops in a battle near ] (Breslau) against ].<ref>Kirkienė (2008), p. 80</ref> Ivan, his otherwise unknown brother Pavel, and eleven other ]n nobles signed a letter to ] in 1476, authored by Miseal (Misail Pstruch), ].<ref>Dmitruk (2004), p. 40</ref> The letter expressed loyalty to the ] and supported a ] between Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy. It also contained complains that the Catholics were discriminating the Orthodoxs and asked the Pope for protection.<ref> Hryniewicz (2007), p. 210</ref> There are doubts whether the letter was authentic and not a later forgery. On 12 October 1474, Ivan Chodkiewicz commanded Lithuanian troops in a battle near ] (Breslau) against ].{{sfn|Kirkienė|2008|p=80}} Ivan, his otherwise unknown brother Pavel, and eleven other ]n nobles signed a letter to ] in 1476, authored by Miseal (Misail Pstruch), ].{{sfn|Dmitruk|2004|p=40}} The letter expressed loyalty to the ] and supported a ] between Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy. It also contained complains that the Catholics were discriminating the Orthodoxs and asked the Pope for protection.{{sfn|Hryniewicz|2007|p=210}} There are doubts whether the letter was authentic and not a later forgery.


In 1478, Ivan was mentioned as starosta of ]. It was a high-level position in ], an important region contested between Poland and Lithuania. As starosta, Ivan enacted new taxes that faced resistance and were canceled by his successor.<ref name=k82>Kirkienė (2008), p. 82</ref> Ivan Chodkiewicz reached the top of his career when he became ] in summer 1480. This upset dynastic interest of the ] and ], who could claim ancestry from the ruling ] dynasty and ].<ref>Kirkienė (2008), pp. 81–82</ref> Disappointed by such dynastic policies, ] with relatives Iwan ]-Dubrovicki and Feodor Ivanovich Belsky planned a coup against Casimir IV in 1481. However, the conspiracy was discovered, possibly by Ivan Chodkiewicz, and Mikhailo and Iwan were executed.<ref>Kirkienė (2008), pp. 90–91</ref> Kiev Voivodeship was threatened by the ] under Khan ]. Therefore it had to have strong and organized military, and Ivan's military experience was useful.<ref name=k82/> However, the Tatars invaded the region and kidnapped Ivan and his family in 1482. Ivan and his daughter (name unknown) died in captivity, while his wife, son Aleksander, and daughter Agrafena were ransomed.<ref>Dmitruk (2004), p. 42</ref> In 1478, Ivan was mentioned as starosta of ]. It was a high-level position in ], an important region contested between Poland and Lithuania. As starosta, Ivan enacted new taxes that faced resistance and were canceled by his successor.{{sfn|Kirkienė|2008|p=82}} Ivan Chodkiewicz reached the top of his career when he became ] in summer 1480. This upset dynastic interest of the ] and ], who could claim ancestry from the ruling ] and ].{{sfn|Kirkienė|2008|pp=81–82}} Disappointed by such dynastic policies, ] with relatives {{ill|Ivan Olshanski-Dubrovicki|ru|Гольшанский, Иван Юрьевич}} and {{ill|Feodor Ivanovich Belsky|ru|Бельский, Фёдор Иванович}} planned a coup against Casimir IV in 1481. However, the conspiracy was discovered, possibly by Ivan Chodkiewicz, and Mikhailo and Ivan were executed.{{sfn|Kirkienė|2008|pp=90–91}} Kiev Voivodeship was threatened by the ] under Khan ]. Therefore, it had to have strong and organized military, and Ivan's military experience was useful.{{sfn|Kirkienė|2008|p=82}} However, the Tatars invaded the region and kidnapped Ivan and his family in 1482. Ivan and his daughter (name unknown) died in captivity, while his wife, son Aleksander, and daughter Agrafena were ransomed.{{sfn|Dmitruk|2004|p=42}}


==Notes== ==Notes==
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;Bibliography ;Bibliography
* {{cite journal| first=Stefan |last=Dmitruk |url=http://kamunikat.fontel.net/pdf/bzh/21/02.pdf |title=Geneza rodu Chodkiewiczów |journal=Białoruskie Zeszyty Historyczne |volume=21 |year=2004 |issn=1232-7468|language=pl}} * {{cite journal|first=Stefan |last=Dmitruk |url=http://kamunikat.fontel.net/pdf/bzh/21/02.pdf |title=Geneza rodu Chodkiewiczów |journal=Białoruskie Zeszyty Historyczne |volume=21 |year=2004 |issn=1232-7468 |language=pl |url-status=usurped |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716070745/http://kamunikat.fontel.net/pdf/bzh/21/02.pdf |archivedate=2011-07-16 }}
* {{cite book| title=The challenge of our hope: Christian faith in dialogue |first=Wacław |last=Hryniewicz |publisher=CRVP |year=2007 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=y7dq4-Xvn0EC&pg=PA210 |volume=32 |series=Cultural heritage and contemporary change: Eastern and Central Europe |isbn=1-56518-237-5}} * {{cite book| title=The challenge of our hope: Christian faith in dialogue |first=Wacław |last=Hryniewicz |publisher=CRVP |year=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y7dq4-Xvn0EC&pg=PA210 |volume=32 |series=Cultural heritage and contemporary change: Eastern and Central Europe |isbn=1-56518-237-5}}
* {{cite book| title=LDK politikos elito galingieji: Chodkevičiai XV–XVI amžiuje |first=Genutė |last=Kirkienė | publisher=Vilniaus universiteto leidykla |year=2008 |isbn=978-9955-33-359-3 |language=lt}} * {{cite book| title=LDK politikos elito galingieji: Chodkevičiai XV–XVI amžiuje |first=Genutė |last=Kirkienė | publisher=Vilniaus universiteto leidykla |year=2008 |isbn=978-9955-33-359-3 |language=lt}}

{{Voivodes of Kiev}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Chodkiewicz, Ivan}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Chodkiewicz, Ivan}}
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Latest revision as of 19:48, 22 December 2024

Ruthenian noble (c. 1420 – 1484)
Picture of Ivan Chodkiewicz from Bartosz Paprocki's book "Gniazdo Cnoty"

Ivan Chodkiewicz (Lithuanian: Jonas Ivanas Chodkevičius; c. 1420 – 1484) was a Lithuanian-Ruthenian noble from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. He was a son of Chodko Jurewicz and ancestor of the Chodkiewicz family. Ivan married Jawnuta (Agnieszka) Belska, first cousin of Casimir IV Jagiellon. The marriage into the royal line helped him to obtain positions of starosta of Lutsk (1473) and voivode of Kiev (1480). During a Tatar invasion in 1482, Ivan and his family were taken hostage. Ivan died in captivity while his wife, daughter Agrafena, and son Aleksander Chodkiewicz were ransomed and continued the family line.

Biography

Early life

Traditionally, historiography states that Ivan Chodkiewicz first appears in written sources in 1453 as a member of a Lithuanian delegation sent to the Sejm of the Kingdom of Poland in Parczew. However, this note is based on an unreliable account by Albert Wijuk Kojałowicz. According to Lithuanian historian Genutė Kirkienė, the first reliable mention of Ivan was on 6 June 1459 when he witnessed a treaty. At the time he was starosta of Minsk. He reappeared as a military commander in 1466 during the Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466) between the Kingdom of Poland and the Teutonic Knights. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania declared neutrality and officially did not participate in the war. In 1466, the Knights defended themselves in Chojnice (Konitz) and the siege by Polish troops, commanded by Piotr Dunin, stalled. Polish King and Lithuanian Grand Duke Casimir IV Jagiellon sent reinforcements of 500 Lithuanian and 300 Tatar soldiers, who were commanded by Ivan Chodkiewicz. The Polish–Lithuanian forces succeeded in burning and capturing the city on 28 September 1466.

In 1470, Ivan Chodkiewicz became part of the royal court. In a 23 October 1470 document he was mentioned as court marshal (marszałek hospodarski) and governor of Lida. In this position, which was shared with other people and held by Ivan until 1479, he was responsible for the security of the royal court. Around this time he married Jawnuta (Agnieszka) Belska, daughter of Ivan Vladimirovich Belsky [ru] and first cousin of Casimir IV. It is believed that their first son, Aleksander Chodkiewicz, was born around 1475. Kirkienė argued that the wedding was a boost for further career of Ivan, who lost his position in Lida to become a governor of Vitebsk around 1473.

Later career

On 12 October 1474, Ivan Chodkiewicz commanded Lithuanian troops in a battle near Wrocław (Breslau) against Matthias Corvinus of Hungary. Ivan, his otherwise unknown brother Pavel, and eleven other Ruthenian nobles signed a letter to Pope Sixtus IV in 1476, authored by Miseal (Misail Pstruch), Metropolitan of Kiev. The letter expressed loyalty to the Council of Florence and supported a church union between Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy. It also contained complains that the Catholics were discriminating the Orthodoxs and asked the Pope for protection. There are doubts whether the letter was authentic and not a later forgery.

In 1478, Ivan was mentioned as starosta of Lutsk. It was a high-level position in Volhynia, an important region contested between Poland and Lithuania. As starosta, Ivan enacted new taxes that faced resistance and were canceled by his successor. Ivan Chodkiewicz reached the top of his career when he became voivode of Kiev in summer 1480. This upset dynastic interest of the Olelkovych and Belsky families, who could claim ancestry from the ruling Gediminid dynasty and Princes of Kiev. Disappointed by such dynastic policies, Mikhailo Olelkovich with relatives Ivan Olshanski-Dubrovicki [ru] and Feodor Ivanovich Belsky [ru] planned a coup against Casimir IV in 1481. However, the conspiracy was discovered, possibly by Ivan Chodkiewicz, and Mikhailo and Ivan were executed. Kiev Voivodeship was threatened by the Crimean Khanate under Khan Meñli I Giray. Therefore, it had to have strong and organized military, and Ivan's military experience was useful. However, the Tatars invaded the region and kidnapped Ivan and his family in 1482. Ivan and his daughter (name unknown) died in captivity, while his wife, son Aleksander, and daughter Agrafena were ransomed.

Notes

  1. The date is usually given as 1477, when the title was reliably mentioned in a written document.

References

Notes
  1. Dmitruk 2004, p. 30.
  2. Kirkienė 2008, p. 76.
  3. ^ Kirkienė 2008, p. 77.
  4. Dmitruk 2004, p. 38.
  5. Kirkienė 2008, p. 78.
  6. Kirkienė 2008, p. 87.
  7. Kirkienė 2008, p. 80.
  8. Dmitruk 2004, p. 40.
  9. Hryniewicz 2007, p. 210.
  10. ^ Kirkienė 2008, p. 82.
  11. Kirkienė 2008, pp. 81–82.
  12. Kirkienė 2008, pp. 90–91.
  13. Dmitruk 2004, p. 42.
Bibliography
Voivodes of Kiev
Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Lesser Poland Province
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