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{{Short description|Section of railroad in Pennsylvania and Maryland}} {{Short description|Section of railroad in Pennsylvania and Maryland}}
]) ] enters the Sand Patch Tunnel eastbound in 1987.]] ]) ] enters the Sand Patch Tunnel eastbound in 1987.]]
'''Sand Patch Grade''' is an approximately {{Convert|100|mi|km|adj=mid|-long}} section of railroad track known for its steep ]s and curves through the ] of ] and western ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ihavideo.com/HIedscorn1.html |title=Welcome to The Sand Patch Guide at HIGH IRON Online |publisher=Ihavideo.com |date=2001-09-11 |accessdate=2016-04-02}}</ref> Dropping over {{Convert|1,000|ft}} in about {{Convert|20|mi}} and with grades as much as 2%,<ref name="trainzproroutes">{{cite web|url=http://www.trainzproroutes.org/sandpatch.html|title=Sandpatch|date=|publisher=Trainz Pro Routes|accessdate=2016-04-02}}</ref> Sand Patch Grade is one of the steepest railroad grades on the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.meyersdalepa.org/railroad/sandpatch.html|title=Sand Patch|last=Jones|first=Sally|date=2010|work=Meyersdale, PA|publisher=Meyersdale Area Historical Society|url-status=bot: unknown|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120909232159/http://www.meyersdalepa.org/railroad/sandpatch.html|archivedate=2012-09-09}}</ref> '''Sand Patch Grade''' is an approximately {{Convert|100|mi|km|adj=mid|-long}} section of railroad track known for its steep ]s and curves through the ] of ] and western ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ihavideo.com/HIedscorn1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011213160145/http://www.ihavideo.com/HIedscorn1.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=December 13, 2001 |title=Welcome to The Sand Patch Guide at HIGH IRON Online |publisher=Ihavideo.com |date=2001-09-11 |accessdate=2016-04-02}}</ref> Dropping over {{Convert|1,000|ft}} in about {{Convert|20|mi}} and with grades as much as 2%,<ref name="trainzproroutes">{{cite web|url=http://www.trainzproroutes.org/sandpatch.html|title=Sandpatch|date=|publisher=Trainz Pro Routes|accessdate=2016-04-02}}</ref> Sand Patch Grade is one of the steepest railroad grades on the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.meyersdalepa.org/railroad/sandpatch.html|title=Sand Patch|last=Jones|first=Sally|date=2010|work=Meyersdale, PA|publisher=Meyersdale Area Historical Society|url-status=bot: unknown|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120909232159/http://www.meyersdalepa.org/railroad/sandpatch.html|archivedate=2012-09-09}}</ref>


== History == == History ==
Sand Patch Grade was originally built by the Pittsburgh & Connellsville Railroad (P&C) to connect ] and ], Pennsylvania, with an extension authorized to ], in 1853. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pghbridges.com/articles/railroads/RRhistory_pghplanhistory.htm|title=Railroad History, Pittsburgh Plan, 1923|last=Cridlebaugh|first=Bruce|date=2008|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> The extension required a crossing of the ] via a 4,777-foot-long (1,456 m) tunnel, which was constructed between 1854 and 1871.<ref name="Roberts-p70">{{cite book|last=Roberts|first=Charles S.|title=Sand Patch: Cumberland to Connellsville and Branches 1837-1993|publisher=Barnard, Roberts and Co., Inc.|year=2005|isbn=0-934118-20-5|edition=Second|location=], Maryland|page=70|author-link=Charles S. Roberts}}</ref> At the time, this project was one of the longest tunnels in the United States.<ref>{{HAER|survey=PA-375|id=pa3235|title=Sand Patch Tunnel}}</ref> It was designed for two tracks but, due to difficult terrain and inconsistent geology, the plan was revised to one track.<ref name="Roberts-p70" /> Work on the tunnel was beset with problems—], contractor ], the ], and political battles—so that the tunnel was only worked on for 8 of the 17 years it was technically under construction.<ref name="Roberts-p70" /><ref name="Roberts-p20-21">Roberts 2005, pp 20-21.</ref> Ventilation in the tunnel was a problem; four vertical shafts had been bored during construction, and three were finished to provide air circulation.<ref name="Roberts-p70" /> By 1900, increased traffic on the line necessitated a tunnel with higher capacity.<ref name="Roberts-p70" /><ref name="HAER">{{citation|last=Brown|first=Scott C.|title=Sand Patch Tunnel, Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, HAER No. PA-375|date=1992|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/master/pnp/habshaer/pa/pa3200/pa3235/data/pa3235data.pdf|website=Historic American Engineering Record|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=Library of Congress|accessdate=January 29, 2014}}</ref> Sand Patch Grade was originally built by the Pittsburgh & Connellsville Railroad (P&C) to connect ] and ], Pennsylvania, with an extension authorized to ], in 1853. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pghbridges.com/articles/railroads/RRhistory_pghplanhistory.htm|title=Railroad History, Pittsburgh Plan, 1923|last=Cridlebaugh|first=Bruce|date=2008|website=|access-date=}}</ref> The extension required a crossing of the ] via a 4,777-foot-long (1,456 m) tunnel, which was constructed between 1854 and 1871.<ref name="Roberts-p70">{{cite book|last=Roberts|first=Charles S.|title=Sand Patch: Cumberland to Connellsville and Branches 1837-1993|publisher=Barnard, Roberts and Co., Inc.|year=2005|isbn=0-934118-20-5|edition=Second|location=], Maryland|page=70|author-link=Charles S. Roberts}}</ref> At the time, this project was one of the longest tunnels in the United States.<ref>{{HAER|survey=PA-375|id=pa3235|title=Sand Patch Tunnel}}</ref> It was designed for two tracks but, due to difficult terrain and inconsistent geology, the plan was revised to one track.<ref name="Roberts-p70" /> Work on the tunnel was beset with problems—], contractor ], the ], and political battles—so that the tunnel was only worked on for 8 of the 17 years it was technically under construction.<ref name="Roberts-p70" /><ref name="Roberts-p20-21">Roberts 2005, pp 20-21.</ref> Ventilation in the tunnel was a problem; four vertical shafts had been bored during construction, and three were finished to provide air circulation.<ref name="Roberts-p70" /> By 1900, increased traffic on the line necessitated a tunnel with higher capacity.<ref name="Roberts-p70" /><ref name="HAER">{{citation|last=Brown|first=Scott C.|title=Sand Patch Tunnel, Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, HAER No. PA-375|date=1992|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/master/pnp/habshaer/pa/pa3200/pa3235/data/pa3235data.pdf|website=Historic American Engineering Record|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=Library of Congress|accessdate=January 29, 2014}}</ref>


A new {{Convert|4,475|ft|m|adj=mid|-long}} double-track tunnel on a shallower grade and improved alignment was constructed between 1911 and 1913.<ref name="Roberts-p71-72">Roberts 2005, pp 71-72.</ref> It has two concrete-lined vertical ventilation shafts to supply air.<ref name="ExcEng">{{cite journal|date=October 1912|title=Work on the Sand Patch Tunnel, B & O|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2UItAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA369|journal=The Excavating Engineer|location=], Wisconsin|publisher=The Excavating Engineer Publishing Company|volume=9|pages=369–373|access-date=15 October 2017|number=1}}</ref> The original one-track tunnel was retained for a time after the two-track tunnel was completed,<ref name="HAER" /> temporarily providing three tracks at that point on the line.<ref name="ExcEng" /> The old tunnel was abandoned in 1917 and is now flooded and collapsed in places.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.steamphotos.com/Railroad-Photos/Abandoned-Railroad-Tunnels/Original-Sand-Patch-Tunnel/|title=Sand Patch Tunnel (1871-1917)|last=Muller|first=Christopher|date=|work=Abandoned Railroad Tunnels|publisher=SteamPhotos.com|accessdate=2016-04-02}}</ref> A new {{Convert|4,475|ft|m|adj=mid|-long}} double-track tunnel on a shallower grade and improved alignment was constructed between 1911 and 1913.<ref name="Roberts-p71-72">Roberts 2005, pp 71-72.</ref> It has two concrete-lined vertical ventilation shafts to supply air.<ref name="ExcEng">{{cite journal|date=October 1912|title=Work on the Sand Patch Tunnel, B & O|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2UItAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA369|journal=The Excavating Engineer|location=], Wisconsin|publisher=The Excavating Engineer Publishing Company|volume=9|pages=369–373|access-date=15 October 2017|number=1}}</ref> The original one-track tunnel was retained for a time after the two-track tunnel was completed,<ref name="HAER" /> temporarily providing three tracks at that point on the line.<ref name="ExcEng" /> The old tunnel was abandoned in 1917 and is now flooded and collapsed in places.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.steamphotos.com/Railroad-Photos/Abandoned-Railroad-Tunnels/Original-Sand-Patch-Tunnel/|title=Sand Patch Tunnel (1871-1917)|last=Muller|first=Christopher|date=|work=Abandoned Railroad Tunnels|publisher=SteamPhotos.com|accessdate=2016-04-02}}</ref>

Latest revision as of 20:14, 22 December 2024

Section of railroad in Pennsylvania and Maryland
A B&O (Chessie System) EMD GP40-2 enters the Sand Patch Tunnel eastbound in 1987.

Sand Patch Grade is an approximately 100-mile-long (160 km) section of railroad track known for its steep grades and curves through the Allegheny Mountains of Pennsylvania and western Maryland. Dropping over 1,000 feet (300 m) in about 20 miles (32 km) and with grades as much as 2%, Sand Patch Grade is one of the steepest railroad grades on the East Coast.

History

Sand Patch Grade was originally built by the Pittsburgh & Connellsville Railroad (P&C) to connect Pittsburgh and Connellsville, Pennsylvania, with an extension authorized to Cumberland, Maryland, in 1853. The extension required a crossing of the Allegheny Mountains via a 4,777-foot-long (1,456 m) tunnel, which was constructed between 1854 and 1871. At the time, this project was one of the longest tunnels in the United States. It was designed for two tracks but, due to difficult terrain and inconsistent geology, the plan was revised to one track. Work on the tunnel was beset with problems—embezzlement, contractor bankruptcy, the Civil War, and political battles—so that the tunnel was only worked on for 8 of the 17 years it was technically under construction. Ventilation in the tunnel was a problem; four vertical shafts had been bored during construction, and three were finished to provide air circulation. By 1900, increased traffic on the line necessitated a tunnel with higher capacity.

A new 4,475-foot-long (1,364 m) double-track tunnel on a shallower grade and improved alignment was constructed between 1911 and 1913. It has two concrete-lined vertical ventilation shafts to supply air. The original one-track tunnel was retained for a time after the two-track tunnel was completed, temporarily providing three tracks at that point on the line. The old tunnel was abandoned in 1917 and is now flooded and collapsed in places.

In 2001, the "SA" Tower near the western portal of the tunnel was decommissioned and demolished.

The P&C became the Pittsburgh Division of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad (B&O), which became a component of the Chessie System in 1972, then was merged into CSX in 1987. The line is now part of the Keystone Subdivision, an East–West main line operated by CSX Transportation. Passengers can ride over Sand Patch Grade on Amtrak's Chicago–Washington train, the bi-directional Capitol Limited.

Mance, Pennsylvania, in Northampton Township along the Sand Patch Grade, is a popular spot for railfans and photographers due to the horseshoe curve located there, as well as the scenic backdrop provided by the old general store and tree farm and the mountains. The line is also popular as a place to watch the trains labor up the steep grade toward Connellsville.

See also

Further reading

References

  1. "Welcome to The Sand Patch Guide at HIGH IRON Online". Ihavideo.com. 2001-09-11. Archived from the original on December 13, 2001. Retrieved 2016-04-02.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  2. ^ "Sandpatch". Trainz Pro Routes. Retrieved 2016-04-02.
  3. Jones, Sally (2010). "Sand Patch". Meyersdale, PA. Meyersdale Area Historical Society. Archived from the original on 2012-09-09.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  4. Cridlebaugh, Bruce (2008). "Railroad History, Pittsburgh Plan, 1923".
  5. ^ Roberts, Charles S. (2005). Sand Patch: Cumberland to Connellsville and Branches 1837-1993 (Second ed.). Baltimore, Maryland: Barnard, Roberts and Co., Inc. p. 70. ISBN 0-934118-20-5.
  6. Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) No. PA-375, "Sand Patch Tunnel"
  7. Roberts 2005, pp 20-21.
  8. ^ Brown, Scott C. (1992), "Sand Patch Tunnel, Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, HAER No. PA-375" (PDF), Historic American Engineering Record, Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, retrieved January 29, 2014
  9. Roberts 2005, pp 71-72.
  10. ^ "Work on the Sand Patch Tunnel, B & O". The Excavating Engineer. 9 (1). Milwaukee, Wisconsin: The Excavating Engineer Publishing Company: 369–373. October 1912. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
  11. Muller, Christopher. "Sand Patch Tunnel (1871-1917)". Abandoned Railroad Tunnels. SteamPhotos.com. Retrieved 2016-04-02.
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