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{{Short description|Polish composer, conductor, and pedagogue (1819–1872)}}
]
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2021}}
<!-- please do not add an infobox, per ]--> <!-- please do not add an infobox, per ]-->
{{Infobox composer
| name = Stanisław Moniuszko
| image = Stanisłaŭ Maniuška. Станіслаў Манюшка (T. Maleszewski, 1865).jpg
| caption = Moniuszko in 1865
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1819|5|5|df=yes}}
| birth_place = ], ]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1872|06|04|1819|05|05|df=y}}
| death_place = ], ], Russian Empire
| works = ]
| signature = Moniuszko signature 1.jpg
| signature_alt = Moniuszko's signature
}}
] created between 1864–1876]]
'''Stanisław Moniuszko''' ({{IPA|pl|stãˈɲiswaf mɔ̃ˈɲuʃkɔ|audio=LL-Q809 (pol)-Olaf-Stanisław Moniuszko.wav|lang}}; May 5 (17), 1819 – June 4, 1872{{sfn|Prosnak|1980|pages= 15, 173}}) was a Polish ],<ref name="Samson"/><ref name="Barrie"/> ], ] and ]. He wrote many popular ] and ]s, including '']'' and '']'', and his music is filled with patriotic ] of the peoples of the former ] (mainly Poles, Lithuanians and Belarusians).<ref>{{cite web|author=Аляксей Хадыка |url=http://www.novychas.org/culture/%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E-%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8E%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0-%E2%80%94-%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA-%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%E2%80%A6|title=Станіслаў Манюшка — паляк, літвін...|trans-title=Stanislaw Moniuszko – Pole and Lithuanian|language=be|date=May 22, 2009|access-date=January 20, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727131826/http://www.novychas.org/culture/%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E-%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8E%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0-%E2%80%94-%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA-%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%E2%80%A6|archive-date=July 27, 2011}} NovyChas.org, Culture. Retrieved from the Internet Archive, February 18, 2013.</ref> He is generally referred to as "the father of ]".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://poland.us/strona,13,4021,0,stanislaw-moniuszko-ojciec-polskiej-opery.html|title=Stanisław Moniuszko – Ojciec polskiej opery|website=poland.us}}</ref> Since the 1990s Stanisław Moniuszko has been recognized in ] as an important figure to Belarusian culture as well.<ref> by Кастусь Лашкевич , 19 Oktober 2009, ] (in Belarusian)</ref>{{efn|There is a Museum of Stanisław Moniuszko in Belarus.<ref name="ml">, Belarus</ref>}}


== Life ==
'''Stanisław Moniuszko''' ({{IPA-pl|stãˈɲiswaf mɔ̃ˈɲuʃkɔ}}; May 5, 1819, ], ] – June 4, 1872, ], ]) was a ] ], ] and ]. He wrote many popular ] and ]s, and his music is filled with ] ] of the peoples of the former ] (predominantly the ], ] and ]).<ref>Аляксей Хадыка, {{cite web |url=http://www.novychas.org/culture/%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E-%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8E%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0-%E2%80%94-%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA-%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%E2%80%A6 |title=Станіслаў Манюшка — паляк, літвін... |accessdate=2013-01-20 |url-status=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727131826/http://www.novychas.org/culture/%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E-%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8E%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0-%E2%80%94-%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA-%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%E2%80%A6 |archivedate=July 27, 2011 }} Novy Chas.org, Culture. Retrieved from the Internet Archive, February 18, 2013.</ref>
Moniuszko was born into a ] landowning family in ],<ref name=Murphy>{{cite book |last1=Murphy |first1=Michael |editor1-last=White |editor1-first=Harry |editor2-last=Murphy |editor2-first=Michael |title=Musical Constructions of Nationalism: Essays on the History and Ideology of European Musical Culture 1800-1945 |date=2001 |publisher=] |isbn=9781859181539 |pages=166–167 |chapter=Moniuszko and Musical Nationalism in Poland}}</ref>{{efn|The Moniuszko family had roots in the area of ] in ].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Prosnak |first1=Jan |title=Moniuszko |date=1980 |publisher=Polskie Wydawnictwo Muzyczne |isbn=8322400012 |page=7}}</ref>}} ] (], now ]).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://culture.pl/en/article/how-family-shaped-the-father-of-polish-opera |title=How Family Shaped the Father of Polish Opera |website=culture.pl |access-date=13 October 2024}}</ref> His father, Czesław, and his uncle, Ignacy, both served in ]’s army.<ref name="auto2"></ref> His first piano teacher was his mother, Elżbieta (Elizabeth) Madżarska. He later continued his musical education in ] and ],<ref name="Balthazar">{{cite book |last1=Balthazar |first1=Scott L. |title=Historical Dictionary of Opera |date=2013 |publisher=] |isbn=978-0810867680 |pages=226–227}}</ref> and studied under ] in ].<ref name="Barrie">{{cite book |editor1-last=Jones |editor1-first=Barrie |title=The Hutchinson Concise Dictionary of Music |date=1999 |publisher=] |isbn=978-1579581787 |page=424}}</ref>

In 1840, he married Aleksandra Mueller, with whom he had ten children,<ref name="auto4"></ref> and settled down in ], taking up the position of organist at the ].<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |url=https://culture.pl/en/artist/stanislaw-moniuszko |title=Stanisław Moniuszko |website=culture.pl |access-date=13 October 2024}}</ref> Moniuszko also offered private music lessons, which turned out to be an important source of income for his family. His first operettas ''Loteria'' (Lottery) and ''Żółta szlafmyca'' (Yellow Nightcap) were not very successful. However, in 1847, the premiere staging of '']'' (the two-act version), considered one of his most notable operas, was more successful. It took place in ] and was conducted by the composer himself.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |url=https://polishhistory.pl/stanislaw-moniuszko-founder-of-the-polish-national-opera/ |title=Stanisław Moniuszko: founder of the Polish national opera |website=polishhistory.pl |author=Piotr Bejrowski |date=September 16, 2024 |access-date=13 October 2024}}</ref> Moniuszko travelled to ] in order to introduce its audiences to his music. They were received with acclaim and had favourable reviews. During his stay there, Moniuszko became acquainted with some of the leading composers and musicians of Russia, including ], ], ], and ].<ref name="auto1"></ref>

In 1854, he established St Cecilia's Society with the assistance of Achilles Bonoldi, its amateur members giving two public concerts twice a year.<ref name="auto1"></ref> Owing to the composer's good relations with Warsaw's ] and aristocracy, such as Józef Sikorski, editor-in-chief of the music magazine ''Ruch Muzyczny'', Moniuszko's career started to gain momentum.<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web |url=https://teatrwielki.pl/en/people/stanislaw-moniuszko/ |title=Stanisław Moniuszko |website=teatrwielki.pl |access-date=13 October 2024}}</ref> In 1858, he moved with his family to Warsaw where he was appointed conductor at the ]. During the Warsaw period, he composed his most famous musical works – the operas '']'', '']'', '']'' and '']''.<ref name="auto3"></ref>

Between 1862–1864, Moniuszko worked on ''The Haunted Manor'', arguably his greatest opera. The premiere performance of the opera was delayed by the outbreak of the ] of 1863 and ultimately took place on 28 September 1865 at the ] in Warsaw.<ref name="auto4"></ref> In 1868, Moniuszko travelled to ] where he met ] in order to discuss the staging of '']''. The same year, the opera was performed at the ] in Prague and was directed by Smetana himself. In 1869, his opera '']'' premiered in Warsaw while '']'' was staged for the first time in ]. He also served as a professor at the ].<ref name="Barrie"/>

In 1871, he published ''Pamiętnik do nauki harmonii'' (A Textbook for Studying Harmony). On 2 February 1878, the ] in Warsaw staged his last ] ''Beata''.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Żukow-Karczewski |first=Marek |date=1989 |title=Moniuszko w Krakowie |trans-title=Moniuszko in Kraków |url= |language=pl |magazine=Echo Krakowa |location= |publisher= |access-date=}}</ref> He died of a ] in Warsaw in 1872 and was buried at the ].{{sfn|Prosnak|1980|page=174}} His funeral was attended by up to 100,000 people and turned into a national and patriotic manifestation.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://meakultura.pl/artykul/140-lat-temu-zmarl-stanislaw-moniuszko-wspomnienie-205/ |language=pl |title=140 lat temu zmarł Stanisław Moniuszko – wspomnienie |website=meakultura.pl |author=Agnieszka Topolska |date=4 June 2012 |access-date=13 October 2024}}</ref>


He is generally referred to as "the father of ]".<ref>http://www.poland.us/strona,13,4021,0,stanislaw-moniuszko-ojciec-polskiej-opery.html</ref>
== Works == == Works ==
] in Vilnius where Moniuszko worked as an organist.]]
Moniuszko's series of twelve song books is also notable, containing songs to the words of ], ], and ].
Moniuszko composed more than 300 individual songs, primarily to texts of Polish poets,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chrenkoff |first1=Magdalena |editor1-last=Povilionienė |editor1-first=Rima |title=Sounds, Societies, Significations: Numanistic Approaches to Music |date=2017 |publisher=] |isbn=978-3319836522 |page=61 |chapter=Stanisław Moniuszko's Oeuvre as a Builder of National Identity During Partition Times}}</ref> and around two dozen operas.<ref name="Balthazar"/> His series of twelve song books<ref name=Grazia>{{cite book |editor1-last=Grazia |editor1-first=Donna M. Di |title=Nineteenth-Century Choral Music |date=2012 |publisher=] |isbn=978-0415988537 |page=384}}</ref> is notable and contains songs to the words of ], ], ], ], ], and ].

Similarly to other prominent composers of the time, like ] or ], Moniuszko wrote music based on his country's culture, reflecting the widespread rise of nationalism in 19th-century Europe, which aimed at asserting the national identities of various European nations.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://polishatheart.com/150-years-of-moniuszko-the-father-of-polish-opera |title=150 Years of Moniuszko, the Father of Polish Opera |website=polishatheart.com |date=30 June 2022 |access-date=13 October 2024}}</ref> The composer himself noted that his songs, which were published under the collective title ''Śpiewnik Domowy'' (''Home Songbook''), had a national character. Their 'Polishness' is found in his use of and reference to traditional Polish dance rhythms like ], ], ], and ] and the propagation of texts written by Polish national poets.<ref name=Murphy/> The songbook contained sets of songs intended "for everyday use", which turned Moniuszko into a figure loved and admired by masses of his compatriots.<ref name="auto5"></ref> The songs were often performed by the 19th-century Polish choirs in Austria, Germany, and Russia,<ref name=Grazia/> and became a point of reference for other Polish composers.<ref name="Samson"/> The songs remain popular to this day and include such titles as ''Prząśniczka'', ''Krakowiak'', ''Znasz-li ten kraj'' or ''Świtezianka''.<ref name="auto5">{{Cite web |url=https://pb.edu.pl/sjo/en/learning-polish/poland-and-poles/stanislaw-moniuszko/ |title=Inspiring Stanislaw Moniuszko |website=pb.edu.pl |access-date=13 October 2024}}</ref>

According to director Ilaira Lanzino, the composer had always been interested in people excluded from society, a point of view which back in Moniuszko's times was often interpreted as Poland's oppression by foreign powers. However, she further observes that he was rather interested in the internal exclusion of people within society and never actually sought to become "the national composer".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://operavision.eu/feature/understanding-moniuszko |title=Understanding Moniuszko. An interview with director Ilaria Lanzino. |author=Piotr Tkacz |website=operavision.eu |access-date=13 October 2024}}</ref>

Moniuszko's opera style bears similarities to that of ] and ], but with stronger emphasis on chorus and melodies inspired by Polish dances.<ref name="Samson">{{cite book |editor1-last=Samson |editor1-first=Jim |title=The Cambridge History of Nineteenth-Century Music |date=2001 |publisher=] |isbn=978-0521590174 |page=718}}</ref>
Lithuanians stress, that Stanisław Moniuszko was eagerly using Lithuanian motifs – e.g. his cantatas "]", "]", based on ], were issued in Vilnius.<ref></ref>

'']'' is an opera to a libretto written by ], a young Warsaw poet with radical social views.{{sfn|Murphy|2001|page=168}} After being staged in Warsaw in 1858, it became the most widely known Polish opera<ref name="Balthazar"/> and is part of the canon of Polish national operas.

== Modern performances ==
An English version of ''Straszny dwór'' ('']'', or ''The Haunted Castle''<ref>; by Bernard Holland, ''The New York Times'', April 23, 1986</ref>) was created and premiered by the student operatic society at ] in 1970; this version has been performed since, specifically in 2001 by ], which company also presented the world premiere of a specially created new English version of ''Verbum Nobile'' in 2002.<!--
D, Naxos 8.572716, January 1, 2014 -- Is this a catalogue number of a recording? -->

In 2009, ], of San Francisco, CA, USA, premiered Artistic Director ]'s English language translation of '']''; and in 2010, Pippin's translation of '']''.

Moniuszko's opera '']'' (''The Raftsman'') was performed and recorded in the ] at the 2019 ] International Music Festival, marking the 200th anniversary of Moniuszko's birth.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://festiwal.nifc.pl/pl/2019/kalendarium |title=Festiwal "Chopin i jego Europa"|language=pl|trans-title=Chopin and his Europe|website=Fryderyk Chopin Institute|date=2019 |access-date= August 13, 2020}}</ref>

'']'' was performed at Poznań Opera in June 2019, directed by ] and conducted by Gabriel Chmura.

Moniuszko's operas are regularly performed at the ].

== Remembrance ==
], at the Music Academy in Gdansk.]]
* On 26 October 1908, a commemorative plaque devoted to Moniuszko was unveiled at the building on 3 Mazowiecka Street in Warsaw where the composer died.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Lipiński |first=Stanisław |date=1908 |title=Odsłonięcie tablicy pamiątkowej Moniuszki w Warszawie |trans-title=The Unveiling of Moniuszko's Commemorative Plaque in Warsaw |url= |language=pl |magazine=Nowości Ilustrowane |location=Warsaw |publisher= |page=17 |access-date=}}</ref>
* In 1922, a sculpture of Moniuszko created by Boleslovas Balzukevičius was unveiled at the ] in ], Lithuania.<ref name="auto2"></ref>
* In 1936, a statue of Moniuszko designed by Jan Szczepkowski was unveiled at the Theatre Square (Polish: ''Plac Teatralny'') in front of the ] in Warsaw, Poland. In 1944, during ], the original monument was destroyed by ]. It was subsequently reconstructed in 1965, a year after the sculptor's death. Apart from Warsaw, the statues of Moniuszko can also be found in such Polish cities as ], ], ], ], ] and ].<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |url=https://culture.pl/en/article/lesser-known-stanislaw-moniuszko-polish-opera |title=The Lesser Known Faces of Stanisław Moniuszko |website=culture.pl |date=2 May 2019 |access-date=13 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.polskaniezwykla.pl/web/place/52667,zory-popiersie-stanislawa-moniuszki.html |language=pl |title=Żory – Popiersie Stanisława Moniuszki |website=polskaniezwykla.pl |access-date=13 October 2024}}</ref>
* A sculpture of the composer is featured on the façade of the ], Budapest, at Andrássy 22 Street and was created by ].
* In 1949, the ] in ] was officially given the name of the composer.
* Since 1951, the Warsaw Music Society, established in 1871 on the initiative of Władysław Wiślicki, has borne the name of Stanisław Moniuszko. The society owns most of the Moniuszko memorabilia which has been preserved to present times.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rp.pl/muzyka-klasyczna/art40610781-warszawskie-towarzystwo-muzyczne-rekopisy-chopina-i-moniuszki-nie-beda-wyrzucone |language=pl |title=Warszawskie Towarzystwo Muzyczne. Rękopisy Chopina i Moniuszki nie będą wyrzucone |website=rp.pl |author=Jacek Marczyński |date=12 June 2024 |access-date=13 October 2024}}</ref>
* In 1980s, a museum dedicated to the life and musical legacy of Moniuszko was established in his birthplace of Ubiel, present-day Belarus.<ref name="auto4"></ref>
* Between 1990–1996, Moniuszko was featured on the 100,000-] banknote issued by the ].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.banknotypolskie.pl/banknoty/434/100000zl/ |language=pl |title=Banknot 100 000 złotych |website=banknotypolskie.pl |access-date=13 October 2024}}</ref>
* Stanisław Moniuszko is a patron of many streets in numerous Polish cities including ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://moniuszko200.pl/pl/encyklopedia/8271-ulice |language=pl |title=Ulice |website=moniuszko200.pl |access-date=18 October 2024}}</ref>
* In 2004, a street named in honour of the composer was opened in ], Belarus.
* In 2016, a statue of Moniuszko (alongside the statue of ]) was ceremonially unveiled nearby the Minsk City Hall. The statue was designed by Leu and Siarhei Humileusky.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://culture.pl/pl/artykul/w-minsku-stanal-pomnik-moniuszki-i-dunina-marcinkiewicza |language=pl |title=W Mińsku stanął pomnik Moniuszki i Dunina-Marcinkiewicza |website=culture.pl |author=Filip Lech |date=5 September 2016 |access-date=13 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://euroradio.fm/u-minsku-syoleta-pastavyac-pomniki-manyushku-i-duninu-marcinkevichu |language=be |title=У Мінску сёлета паставяць помнікі Манюшку і Дуніну-Марцінкевічу |website=euroradio.fm |date=27 January 2016 |access-date=13 October 2024}}</ref>
* In 2018, the ] and the ] established 2019 as "The Year of Moniuszko" to commemorate the composer's 200th birth anniversary.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WMP20180000731 |language=pl |title=M.P. 2018 poz. 731 |website=isap.sejm.gov.pl |access-date=13 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WMP2019000003 |language=pl |title=M.P. 2019 poz. 34 |website=isap.sejm.gov.pl |access-date=13 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.polskieradio.pl/39/156/Artykul/3181849,stanislaw-moniuszko-geniusz-muzyki-poczciwy-wieszcz-i-gwiazda-popkultury |language=pl |title=Stanisław Moniuszko. Geniusz muzyki, poczciwy wieszcz i gwiazda popkultury |website=polskieradio.pl |access-date=13 October 2024}}</ref>
* The images of Moniuszko also appeared on a number of postage stamps issued by the ] including in 1951, 1958, 1972, and 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://stanislawmoniuszko.pl/2020/12/17/znaczek-na-200lecie-urodzin-s-moniuszko/ |language=pl |title=Znaczek na 200lecie urodzin S. Moniuszko |website=stanislawmoniuszko.pl |access-date=13 October 2024}}</ref>
* On 5 January 2019, the ] was officially given the name of Stanisław Moniuszko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dworzec Centralny będzie nosił imię Stanisława Moniuszki |url=https://www.rdc.pl/public/aktualnosci/dworzec-centralny-bedzie-nosil-imie-stanislawa-moniuszki_OyXumGbQpOTg1RohKFbD |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=rdc.pl |language=pl}}</ref>

== Selected compositions ==
{{Main|List of compositions by Stanisław Moniuszko}}
]
=== Operas ===
* '']'', libretto by ], 1848
* ''Sen Wieszcza'' (''The Seer's Dream''), libretto by ], unfinished, 1852–1854
* '']'' (''The Raftsman''), libretto by Stanisław Bogusławski, 1858
* ''Rokiczana'' (''The King of Peasants''), libretto by ], unfinished, 1858–1859
* '']'' (''The Countess'') libretto by Włodzimierz Wolski, 1859
* '']'', libretto by Jan Chęciński, 1861
* '']'', libretto by Jan Chęciński, 1865
* '']'', libretto by Jan Chęciński, 1868
* ''Trea'', libretto by J.S. Jasiński, unfinished, 1872

=== Ballets ===
*''Monte Christo'', 1865
*''Na kwaterunku'', 1868
*''Figle szatana'', 1870

=== Operettas ===
*''Nocleg w Apeninach'', libretto by ], 1839
*''Ideał'', libretto by Oskar Korwin-Milewski, 1840
*''Loteria'', libretto by Oskar Korwin-Milewski, 1840
*''Karmaniol, czyli Francuzi lubią żartować'', libretto by Oskar Korwin-Milewski, 1841
*''Żółta szlafmyca'', libretto by ], 1841
*''Jawnuta'', libretto by W.L. Anczyc, 1850
*''Bettly'', libretto by Franciszek Szober, 1852
*''Beata'', libretto by Jan Chęciński, 1870


=== Cantatas ===
An English version of '']'' (The Haunted Manor) was created and premiered by the student operatic society at ] university in 1970; this version has been performed since, specifically in 2001 by ], which company also presented the world premiere of a specially created new English version of ''Verbum Nobile'' in ].
*''Milda'', 1848
*''Nijoła'', 1848
*''Widma'', c. 1858
*''Florian Szary'', 1858–1859
*''Sonety krymskie'', 1867
*''Pani Twardowska'', 1869


=== Chamber ===
D, Naxos 8.572716, 1 January 2014
*String Quartet No. 1 in D minor, 1839
*String Quartet No. 2 in F major, c. 1840


== See also == == Notes ==
{{Notelist}}
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]


== References == == References ==
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== External links == == External links ==
{{Commons|Stanisław Moniuszko}} {{Commons|Stanisław Moniuszko}}
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* {{IMSLP|id=Moniuszko, Stanisław}} * {{IMSLP|id=Moniuszko, Stanisław}}
* {{ChoralWiki|Stanislaw Moniuszko}} * {{ChoralWiki|Stanislaw Moniuszko}}
* , lieder.net
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* * , biography, list of works, Polish Music Center, ]
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* Sound examples and discussion of and , editionsilvertrust.com
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{{Stanisław Moniuszko}} {{Stanisław Moniuszko}}
{{Romantic music}}
{{Romanticism}} {{Romanticism}}
{{Musical nationalism}} {{Musical nationalism}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|Classical music}}
{{Authority control}} {{Authority control}}


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Latest revision as of 22:11, 22 December 2024

Polish composer, conductor, and pedagogue (1819–1872)

Stanisław Moniuszko
Moniuszko in 1865
Born(1819-05-05)5 May 1819
Ubiel, Russian Empire
Died4 June 1872(1872-06-04) (aged 53)
Warsaw, Congress Poland, Russian Empire
WorksList of compositions
Signature
Moniuszko's signature
Manor house of the Moniuszko family in Ubiel, sketch by Napoleon Orda created between 1864–1876

Stanisław Moniuszko (Polish: [stãˈɲiswaf mɔ̃ˈɲuʃkɔ] ; May 5 (17), 1819 – June 4, 1872) was a Polish composer, conductor, organist and pedagogue. He wrote many popular art songs and operas, including The Haunted Manor and Halka, and his music is filled with patriotic folk themes of the peoples of the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (mainly Poles, Lithuanians and Belarusians). He is generally referred to as "the father of Polish national opera". Since the 1990s Stanisław Moniuszko has been recognized in Belarus as an important figure to Belarusian culture as well.

Life

Moniuszko was born into a noble landowning family in Ubiel, Minsk Governorate (Russian Empire, now Belarus). His father, Czesław, and his uncle, Ignacy, both served in Napoleon’s army. His first piano teacher was his mother, Elżbieta (Elizabeth) Madżarska. He later continued his musical education in Warsaw and Minsk, and studied under Carl Friedrich Rungenhagen in Berlin.

In 1840, he married Aleksandra Mueller, with whom he had ten children, and settled down in Vilnius, taking up the position of organist at the Church of St. John's. Moniuszko also offered private music lessons, which turned out to be an important source of income for his family. His first operettas Loteria (Lottery) and Żółta szlafmyca (Yellow Nightcap) were not very successful. However, in 1847, the premiere staging of Halka (the two-act version), considered one of his most notable operas, was more successful. It took place in Vilnius and was conducted by the composer himself. Moniuszko travelled to Sankt Petersburg in order to introduce its audiences to his music. They were received with acclaim and had favourable reviews. During his stay there, Moniuszko became acquainted with some of the leading composers and musicians of Russia, including Mikhail Glinka, Alexander Dargomyzhsky, Cesar Cui, and Alexander Serov.

In 1854, he established St Cecilia's Society with the assistance of Achilles Bonoldi, its amateur members giving two public concerts twice a year. Owing to the composer's good relations with Warsaw's bourgeoisie and aristocracy, such as Józef Sikorski, editor-in-chief of the music magazine Ruch Muzyczny, Moniuszko's career started to gain momentum. In 1858, he moved with his family to Warsaw where he was appointed conductor at the Warsaw Opera. During the Warsaw period, he composed his most famous musical works – the operas The Countess, Verbum nobile, The Haunted Manor and Paria.

Between 1862–1864, Moniuszko worked on The Haunted Manor, arguably his greatest opera. The premiere performance of the opera was delayed by the outbreak of the January Uprising of 1863 and ultimately took place on 28 September 1865 at the Grand Theatre in Warsaw. In 1868, Moniuszko travelled to Prague where he met Bedřich Smetana in order to discuss the staging of Halka. The same year, the opera was performed at the National Theatre in Prague and was directed by Smetana himself. In 1869, his opera Paria premiered in Warsaw while Halka was staged for the first time in Moscow. He also served as a professor at the Warsaw Conservatory.

In 1871, he published Pamiętnik do nauki harmonii (A Textbook for Studying Harmony). On 2 February 1878, the Grand Theatre in Warsaw staged his last operetta Beata. He died of a heart attack in Warsaw in 1872 and was buried at the Powązki Cemetery. His funeral was attended by up to 100,000 people and turned into a national and patriotic manifestation.

Works

Church of St. Johns in Vilnius where Moniuszko worked as an organist.

Moniuszko composed more than 300 individual songs, primarily to texts of Polish poets, and around two dozen operas. His series of twelve song books is notable and contains songs to the words of Adam Mickiewicz, Antoni Edward Odyniec, Józef Ignacy Kraszewski, Stefan Witwicki, Antoni Malczewski, and Wincenty Pol.

Similarly to other prominent composers of the time, like Bedřich Smetana or Antonín Dvořák, Moniuszko wrote music based on his country's culture, reflecting the widespread rise of nationalism in 19th-century Europe, which aimed at asserting the national identities of various European nations. The composer himself noted that his songs, which were published under the collective title Śpiewnik Domowy (Home Songbook), had a national character. Their 'Polishness' is found in his use of and reference to traditional Polish dance rhythms like Polonaise, Mazurka, Kujawiak, and Krakowiak and the propagation of texts written by Polish national poets. The songbook contained sets of songs intended "for everyday use", which turned Moniuszko into a figure loved and admired by masses of his compatriots. The songs were often performed by the 19th-century Polish choirs in Austria, Germany, and Russia, and became a point of reference for other Polish composers. The songs remain popular to this day and include such titles as Prząśniczka, Krakowiak, Znasz-li ten kraj or Świtezianka.

According to director Ilaira Lanzino, the composer had always been interested in people excluded from society, a point of view which back in Moniuszko's times was often interpreted as Poland's oppression by foreign powers. However, she further observes that he was rather interested in the internal exclusion of people within society and never actually sought to become "the national composer".

Moniuszko's opera style bears similarities to that of Daniel Auber and Gioachino Rossini, but with stronger emphasis on chorus and melodies inspired by Polish dances. Lithuanians stress, that Stanisław Moniuszko was eagerly using Lithuanian motifs – e.g. his cantatas "Milda", "Nijolė", based on Lithuanian mythology, were issued in Vilnius.

Halka is an opera to a libretto written by Włodzimierz Wolski, a young Warsaw poet with radical social views. After being staged in Warsaw in 1858, it became the most widely known Polish opera and is part of the canon of Polish national operas.

Modern performances

An English version of Straszny dwór (The Haunted Manor, or The Haunted Castle) was created and premiered by the student operatic society at Bristol University in 1970; this version has been performed since, specifically in 2001 by Opera South, which company also presented the world premiere of a specially created new English version of Verbum Nobile in 2002.

In 2009, Pocket Opera, of San Francisco, CA, USA, premiered Artistic Director Donald Pippin's English language translation of The Haunted Manor; and in 2010, Pippin's translation of Halka.

Moniuszko's opera Flis (The Raftsman) was performed and recorded in the Grand Theatre of Polish National Opera at the 2019 Chopin and his Europe International Music Festival, marking the 200th anniversary of Moniuszko's birth.

Paria was performed at Poznań Opera in June 2019, directed by Graham Vick and conducted by Gabriel Chmura.

Moniuszko's operas are regularly performed at the Belarusian National Opera.

Remembrance

Bronze bust of Stanisław Moniuszko by Gennadij Jerszow, at the Music Academy in Gdansk.
  • On 26 October 1908, a commemorative plaque devoted to Moniuszko was unveiled at the building on 3 Mazowiecka Street in Warsaw where the composer died.
  • In 1922, a sculpture of Moniuszko created by Boleslovas Balzukevičius was unveiled at the Church of St. Catherine in Vilnius, Lithuania.
  • In 1936, a statue of Moniuszko designed by Jan Szczepkowski was unveiled at the Theatre Square (Polish: Plac Teatralny) in front of the Grand Theatre in Warsaw, Poland. In 1944, during World War II, the original monument was destroyed by Nazi Germans. It was subsequently reconstructed in 1965, a year after the sculptor's death. Apart from Warsaw, the statues of Moniuszko can also be found in such Polish cities as Katowice, Toruń, Częstochowa, Racibórz, Żory and Łódź.
  • A sculpture of the composer is featured on the façade of the Hungarian State Opera House, Budapest, at Andrássy 22 Street and was created by Károly Antal.
  • In 1949, the Grand Theatre in Poznań was officially given the name of the composer.
  • Since 1951, the Warsaw Music Society, established in 1871 on the initiative of Władysław Wiślicki, has borne the name of Stanisław Moniuszko. The society owns most of the Moniuszko memorabilia which has been preserved to present times.
  • In 1980s, a museum dedicated to the life and musical legacy of Moniuszko was established in his birthplace of Ubiel, present-day Belarus.
  • Between 1990–1996, Moniuszko was featured on the 100,000-zloty banknote issued by the National Bank of Poland.
  • Stanisław Moniuszko is a patron of many streets in numerous Polish cities including Warsaw, Łódź, Poznań, Gdańsk, Białystok, Olsztyn, Bytom, Radom and Giżycko.
  • In 2004, a street named in honour of the composer was opened in Minsk, Belarus.
  • In 2016, a statue of Moniuszko (alongside the statue of Vintsent Dunin-Martsinkyevich) was ceremonially unveiled nearby the Minsk City Hall. The statue was designed by Leu and Siarhei Humileusky.
  • In 2018, the Sejm of Poland and the Senate of Poland established 2019 as "The Year of Moniuszko" to commemorate the composer's 200th birth anniversary.
  • The images of Moniuszko also appeared on a number of postage stamps issued by the Polish Post including in 1951, 1958, 1972, and 2019.
  • On 5 January 2019, the Warszawa Centralna railway station was officially given the name of Stanisław Moniuszko.

Selected compositions

Main article: List of compositions by Stanisław Moniuszko
Moniuszko in 1865

Operas

Ballets

  • Monte Christo, 1865
  • Na kwaterunku, 1868
  • Figle szatana, 1870

Operettas

  • Nocleg w Apeninach, libretto by Aleksander Fredro, 1839
  • Ideał, libretto by Oskar Korwin-Milewski, 1840
  • Loteria, libretto by Oskar Korwin-Milewski, 1840
  • Karmaniol, czyli Francuzi lubią żartować, libretto by Oskar Korwin-Milewski, 1841
  • Żółta szlafmyca, libretto by Franciszek Zabłocki, 1841
  • Jawnuta, libretto by W.L. Anczyc, 1850
  • Bettly, libretto by Franciszek Szober, 1852
  • Beata, libretto by Jan Chęciński, 1870

Cantatas

  • Milda, 1848
  • Nijoła, 1848
  • Widma, c. 1858
  • Florian Szary, 1858–1859
  • Sonety krymskie, 1867
  • Pani Twardowska, 1869

Chamber

  • String Quartet No. 1 in D minor, 1839
  • String Quartet No. 2 in F major, c. 1840

Notes

  1. There is a Museum of Stanisław Moniuszko in Belarus.
  2. The Moniuszko family had roots in the area of Goniądz in Podlachia.

References

  1. Prosnak 1980, pp. 15, 173.
  2. ^ Samson, Jim, ed. (2001). The Cambridge History of Nineteenth-Century Music. Cambridge University Press. p. 718. ISBN 978-0521590174.
  3. ^ Jones, Barrie, ed. (1999). The Hutchinson Concise Dictionary of Music. Routledge. p. 424. ISBN 978-1579581787.
  4. Аляксей Хадыка (May 22, 2009). "Станіслаў Манюшка — паляк, літвін..." [Stanislaw Moniuszko – Pole and Lithuanian] (in Belarusian). Archived from the original on July 27, 2011. Retrieved January 20, 2013. NovyChas.org, Culture. Retrieved from the Internet Archive, February 18, 2013.
  5. "Stanisław Moniuszko – Ojciec polskiej opery". poland.us.
  6. "Праправнучка Станислава Монюшко: 'В Минске должен появиться памятник композитору'" by Кастусь Лашкевич , 19 Oktober 2009, Tut.By (in Belarusian)
  7. Stanisław Moniuszko Museum, Belarus
  8. ^ Murphy, Michael (2001). "Moniuszko and Musical Nationalism in Poland". In White, Harry; Murphy, Michael (eds.). Musical Constructions of Nationalism: Essays on the History and Ideology of European Musical Culture 1800-1945. Cork University Press. pp. 166–167. ISBN 9781859181539.
  9. Prosnak, Jan (1980). Moniuszko. Polskie Wydawnictwo Muzyczne. p. 7. ISBN 8322400012.
  10. "How Family Shaped the Father of Polish Opera". culture.pl. Retrieved October 13, 2024.
  11. ^ "The Lesser Known Faces of Stanisław Moniuszko". culture.pl. May 2, 2019. Retrieved October 13, 2024.
  12. ^ Balthazar, Scott L. (2013). Historical Dictionary of Opera. Scarecrow Press. pp. 226–227. ISBN 978-0810867680.
  13. ^ "Stanisław Moniuszko". teatrwielki.pl. Retrieved October 13, 2024.
  14. ^ "Stanisław Moniuszko". culture.pl. Retrieved October 13, 2024.
  15. ^ Piotr Bejrowski (September 16, 2024). "Stanisław Moniuszko: founder of the Polish national opera". polishhistory.pl. Retrieved October 13, 2024.
  16. Żukow-Karczewski, Marek (1989). "Moniuszko w Krakowie" [Moniuszko in Kraków]. Echo Krakowa (in Polish).
  17. Prosnak 1980, p. 174.
  18. Agnieszka Topolska (June 4, 2012). "140 lat temu zmarł Stanisław Moniuszko – wspomnienie". meakultura.pl (in Polish). Retrieved October 13, 2024.
  19. Chrenkoff, Magdalena (2017). "Stanisław Moniuszko's Oeuvre as a Builder of National Identity During Partition Times". In Povilionienė, Rima (ed.). Sounds, Societies, Significations: Numanistic Approaches to Music. Springer. p. 61. ISBN 978-3319836522.
  20. ^ Grazia, Donna M. Di, ed. (2012). Nineteenth-Century Choral Music. Routledge. p. 384. ISBN 978-0415988537.
  21. "150 Years of Moniuszko, the Father of Polish Opera". polishatheart.com. June 30, 2022. Retrieved October 13, 2024.
  22. ^ "Inspiring Stanislaw Moniuszko". pb.edu.pl. Retrieved October 13, 2024.
  23. Piotr Tkacz. "Understanding Moniuszko. An interview with director Ilaria Lanzino". operavision.eu. Retrieved October 13, 2024.
  24. STANISLAVAS MONIUŠKA (STANISŁAW MONIUSZKO)
  25. Murphy 2001, p. 168.
  26. "Opera: Moniuszko's Haunted Castle"; by Bernard Holland, The New York Times, April 23, 1986
  27. "Festiwal "Chopin i jego Europa"" [Chopin and his Europe]. Fryderyk Chopin Institute (in Polish). 2019. Retrieved August 13, 2020.
  28. Lipiński, Stanisław (1908). "Odsłonięcie tablicy pamiątkowej Moniuszki w Warszawie" [The Unveiling of Moniuszko's Commemorative Plaque in Warsaw]. Nowości Ilustrowane (in Polish). Warsaw. p. 17.
  29. "Żory – Popiersie Stanisława Moniuszki". polskaniezwykla.pl (in Polish). Retrieved October 13, 2024.
  30. Jacek Marczyński (June 12, 2024). "Warszawskie Towarzystwo Muzyczne. Rękopisy Chopina i Moniuszki nie będą wyrzucone". rp.pl (in Polish). Retrieved October 13, 2024.
  31. "Banknot 100 000 złotych". banknotypolskie.pl (in Polish). Retrieved October 13, 2024.
  32. "Ulice". moniuszko200.pl (in Polish). Retrieved October 18, 2024.
  33. Filip Lech (September 5, 2016). "W Mińsku stanął pomnik Moniuszki i Dunina-Marcinkiewicza". culture.pl (in Polish). Retrieved October 13, 2024.
  34. "У Мінску сёлета паставяць помнікі Манюшку і Дуніну-Марцінкевічу". euroradio.fm (in Belarusian). January 27, 2016. Retrieved October 13, 2024.
  35. "M.P. 2018 poz. 731". isap.sejm.gov.pl (in Polish). Retrieved October 13, 2024.
  36. "M.P. 2019 poz. 34". isap.sejm.gov.pl (in Polish). Retrieved October 13, 2024.
  37. "Stanisław Moniuszko. Geniusz muzyki, poczciwy wieszcz i gwiazda popkultury". polskieradio.pl (in Polish). Retrieved October 13, 2024.
  38. "Znaczek na 200lecie urodzin S. Moniuszko". stanislawmoniuszko.pl (in Polish). Retrieved October 13, 2024.
  39. "Dworzec Centralny będzie nosił imię Stanisława Moniuszki". rdc.pl (in Polish). Retrieved October 13, 2024.

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