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{{Short description|Island of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada}}
{{not to be confused|Fogo, Cape Verde}}
{{Other uses|Fogo (disambiguation){{!}}Fogo}}
{{For|the town on the island|Fogo Island, Newfoundland and Labrador}} {{For|the town on the island|Fogo Island, Newfoundland and Labrador}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=January 2023}}
]
] ]
] ]
]
] general store, ]<ref name="mun.ca-seldomcomeby"/>]] ] general store, ]<ref name="mun.ca-seldomcomeby"/>]]
] ]
]


'''Fogo Island''' (''Fogo'', ] for "Fire") is the largest of the offshore ], Canada. ] encompasses ], ], ] and ], with the unincorporated areas of Fogo Island.<ref name=amalgamation/> It lies off the northeast coast of ], northwest of ] across ], just east of the ]. The island is about {{convert|25|km}} long and {{convert|14|km}} wide. The total area is {{convert|237.71|km2|abbr=on}}. '''Fogo Island''' (''Fogo'', ] for "Fire") is the largest of the offshore ], Canada. ] encompasses ], ], ] and ], with the unincorporated areas of Fogo Island.<ref name=amalgamation/> It lies off the northeast coast of ], northwest of ] across ], just east of the ]. The island is about {{cvt|25|km}} long and {{cvt|14|km}} wide. The total area is {{cvt|237.71|km2}}.


The island had a population of 2,706 people in the ], 2,395 in the ], and 2,244 in the ].<ref>{{cite web|title=Fogo Island, T , Newfoundland and Labrador and Newfoundland and Labrador |url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?B1=All&Code1=1008099&Code2=10&Data=Count&Geo1=CSD&Geo2=PR&Lang=E&SearchPR=01&SearchText=Fogo+Island&SearchType=Begins&TABID=1|website=2016 Census|publisher=Statistics Canada|accessdate=29 May 2017}}</ref> The island had a population of 2,706 people in the ], 2,395 in the ], and 2,244 in the ].<ref>{{cite web|title=Fogo Island, T , Newfoundland and Labrador and Newfoundland and Labrador |url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?B1=All&Code1=1008099&Code2=10&Data=Count&Geo1=CSD&Geo2=PR&Lang=E&SearchPR=01&SearchText=Fogo+Island&SearchType=Begins&TABID=1|website=2016 Census|publisher=Statistics Canada|accessdate=29 May 2017}}</ref>


Though migratory French fishermen visited Fogo Island from the early 16th century until 1718, the first permanent ] of the island took place in the 18th century. Fogo Harbour and Tilting Harbour were the first settlements on the island. The English and Irish descendants of the first inhabitants retained traces of their Elizabethan English and Old Irish dialects which can be heard on the island today. The island has many ancient folk customs brought from ] and ] that are now disappearing. Though migratory French fishermen visited Fogo Island from the early 16th century until 1718, the first permanent ] of the island took place in the 18th century. Fogo Harbour and Tilting Harbour were the first settlements on the island. The English and Irish descendants of the first inhabitants retained traces of their Elizabethan English and Old Irish dialects, which can be heard on the island today. The island has many ancient folk customs brought from England and Ireland, but they are disappearing.


==History== ==History==


Fogo Island is one of the oldest named features on the coast of Newfoundland. The Bertius map from 1606 shows Fogo Island as one of only about a dozen important features around the coast of Newfoundland. On French maps of the 16th to 18th centuries, the island is referred to as ''Ile des Fougues''. The island was likely named by ] explorers and early fishing crews in the 16th century (''Fogo'' means ''Fire'' in ]). Fogo Island is one of the oldest named features on the coast of Newfoundland. The Bertius map from 1606 shows Fogo Island as one of only about a dozen important features around the coast of Newfoundland. On French maps of the 16th to 18th centuries, the island is referred to as ''Ile des Fougues''. The island was likely named by Portuguese explorers and early fishing crews in the 16th century (''Fogo'' means ''Fire'' in ]).


Until 1783 Fogo Island was on an area of the coast called the French Shore. Though English and Irish were not supposed to settle here, under the terms of the ], they did settle, and by 1750 Fogo was a thriving part of the British mercantile system of fisheries, based out of ] English towns such as ], in ]. Until 1783, Fogo Island was on an area of the coast called the French Shore. Though English and Irish were not supposed to settle here, under the terms of the ], they did settle; by 1750, Fogo was a thriving part of the British mercantile system of fisheries, based out of ] English towns such as ], in ].


] on Fogo Island is a National Cultural Landscape District of Canada and is Newfoundland and Labrador's first Provincial Heritage District. Tilting is unique for its Irish culture and, some people say, its Irish dialect. The Irish Cemetery in Tilting may be the oldest in ]. ] on Fogo Island is a National Cultural Landscape District of Canada and is Newfoundland and Labrador's first Provincial Heritage District. Tilting is unique for its Irish culture and, some people say, its Irish dialect. The Irish Cemetery in Tilting may be the oldest in North America.


Local oral history indicates that Tilting was originally a French harbour before becoming a venue of Irish settlement. This is highly likely, given the traditional commercial and cultural links between southern Irish and northern French fishing ports. The first Irish settled in Tilting in the 1750s, and uniquely for Newfoundland, Tilting evolved into an exclusively Irish and Catholic town by the 1780s. Local oral history indicates that Tilting was originally a French harbour before becoming a venue of Irish settlement. This is highly likely, given the traditional commercial and cultural links between southern Irish and northern French fishing ports. The first Irish settled in Tilting in the 1750s, and uniquely for Newfoundland, Tilting evolved into an exclusively Irish and Catholic town by the 1780s.
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] traversed Fogo Island for many hundreds of years before Irish and English settlers arrived. The Beothuk pursued the ] and ] fisheries in the area. They also travelled out to the Funk Islands to collect feathers and eggs from the birds there. In the early years of European settlement at Fogo, there were incidents of violence between the Beothuk and the Europeans. This contact ended around the year 1800. The Beothuk became extinct as a people in the late 1820s. ] traversed Fogo Island for many hundreds of years before Irish and English settlers arrived. The Beothuk pursued the ] and ] fisheries in the area. They also travelled out to the Funk Islands to collect feathers and eggs from the birds there. In the early years of European settlement at Fogo, there were incidents of violence between the Beothuk and the Europeans. This contact ended around the year 1800. The Beothuk became extinct as a people in the late 1820s.


Fogo Island first attracted Europeans because of the extensive opportunities for commodity harvesting, including seal skins and oil, lumber, fur-bearing animals, salmon and of course cod. Over time, settlers on the island concentrated on processing dried cod, mainly because that was the product that most interested the merchants who dealt in the region of Fogo. From about 1850 until the widespread depletion of fish stocks in the 1990s, cod was king. In recent years the economy of the island has seen diversification away from solely fishing to tourism and cultural industries. Fogo Island first attracted Europeans because of the extensive opportunities for commodity harvesting, including seal skins and oil, lumber, fur-bearing animals, salmon and of course cod. Over time, settlers on the island concentrated on processing dried cod, mainly because that was the product that most interested the merchants who dealt in the region of Fogo. From about 1850 until the widespread depletion of fish stocks in the 1990s, cod was king. In recent years, the economy of the island has seen diversification away from solely fishing to tourism and cultural industries.


Fishing has always been a hard life. Before Confederation with Canada, the mercantile classes of ] became rich by holding a near-] stranglehold on both the supply of goods to the ]s and on the sale of fish from them. Fishing has always been a hard life. Before Confederation with Canada, the mercantile classes of ] became rich by holding a near-monopoly stranglehold on both the supply of goods to the ]s and on the sale of fish from them.


In the early 20th century, the ] was formed in an attempt to break this stranglehold. It was a form of ] with general stores owned by fishermen for fishermen. One of the Fishermen's Union stores still stands at ]<ref name="mun.ca-seldomcomeby">{{cite web |title=Seldom-Come-By |url=https://www.mun.ca/ich/inventory/profiles/seldomcomeby/seldomcomeby.php |website=Intangible Cultural Heritage |publisher=] |access-date=14 December 2021 |language=en-CA}}</ref> on Fogo Island, now open as a museum complete with general store, port installations, fishing implements and equipment for the manufacture of ]. In the early 20th century, the ] was formed in an attempt to break this stranglehold. It was a form of ] with general stores owned by fishermen for fishermen. One of the Fishermen's Union stores still stands at ]<ref name="mun.ca-seldomcomeby">{{cite web |title=Seldom-Come-By |url=https://www.mun.ca/ich/inventory/profiles/seldomcomeby/seldomcomeby.php |website=Intangible Cultural Heritage |publisher=] |access-date=14 December 2021 |language=en-CA}}</ref> on Fogo Island, now open as a museum complete with general store, port installations, fishing implements and equipment for the manufacture of ].


Today the Fogo Island Cooperative continues to successfully stake footholds in new fish markets. Communities began recognising the appeal of their land and heritage as cultural tourism opportunities. Today, the Fogo Island Cooperative continues to successfully stake footholds in new fish markets. Communities began recognising the appeal of their land and heritage as cultural tourism opportunities.


] and ] fisheries have largely replaced the cod fishery; a fish-packing ] remains in operation in the town of Fogo. Crab and ] fisheries have largely replaced the cod fishery; a fish-packing ] remains in operation in the town of Fogo.


A ] radio transmitting station was once operational atop a hill near the town of Fogo; operating with a ] to establish maritime communications, the station was forced to close around the time that radio became common for household use as the spark-gap design generated unacceptable levels of ]. Efforts to rebuild this station as a ] commenced in 2002. A ] radio transmitting station was once operational atop a hill near the town of Fogo; operating with a ] to establish maritime communications, the station was forced to close around the time that radio became common for household use as the spark-gap design generated unacceptable levels of ]. Efforts to rebuild this station as a ] commenced in 2002.


In 1967, the island played a key role in the development of what came to be known as the "Fogo Process," a model for community media as a tool for addressing community concerns, when an Extension field worker from Memorial University, Fred Earle, and ] shot 27 films with Fogo Islanders as part of the ]'s ] program.<ref name="Quarry">{{cite book|last=Quarry|first=Wendy|title=The Fogo Process: An Experiment in Participatory Communication|publisher=Thesis, ]|location=1994|url=http://www.uoguelph.ca/~snowden/fogo.htm|access-date=2009-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011104141440/http://www.uoguelph.ca/~snowden/fogo.htm|archive-date=2001-11-04|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1967, the island played a key role in the development of what came to be known as the "Fogo Process," a model for community media as a tool for addressing community concerns, when an Extension field worker from Memorial University, Fred Earle, and ] shot 27 films with Fogo Islanders as part of the ]'s ] program.<ref name="Quarry">{{cite book|last=Quarry|first=Wendy|title=The Fogo Process: An Experiment in Participatory Communication|publisher=Thesis, ]|year=1994|url=http://www.uoguelph.ca/~snowden/fogo.htm|access-date=2009-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011104141440/http://www.uoguelph.ca/~snowden/fogo.htm|archive-date=2001-11-04|url-status=dead}}</ref>


Residents defeated the ] Government's plans to resettle elsewhere Fogo Islanders in the 1950s but by 1967 a downturn in the inshore fishery had forced many to turn to welfare support. The northern cod fishery closed in 1992. While the island did recover from the downturn—in part owing to the Fogo Process—the depleted state of the fishery adversely affected islanders for years to come. Residents defeated the ] government's plans to resettle elsewhere Fogo Islanders in the 1950s but by 1967 a downturn in the inshore fishery had forced many to turn to welfare support. The northern cod fishery closed in 1992. While the island did recover from the downturn (in part owing to the Fogo Process), the depleted state of the fishery adversely affected islanders.


] ]
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==Communities== ==Communities==
In the ] there were eleven communities on Fogo Island: In the ] there were eleven communities on Fogo Island:
*] : *]:
**] 748 **] 748
**] (together with Barr'd Islands and Shoal Bay) 778 **] (together with Barr'd Islands and Shoal Bay) 778
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*] *]


On March 1, 2011, the towns of ], ], ] and ] and a portion of the Fogo Island Region (], ], ], and ]) amalgamated to form the ].<ref name=amalgamation>{{cite web | url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/92f0009x/2012000/tbl/xls/92F0009XIB2012000_T1_Can.xlsx | title=Interim List of Changes to Municipal Boundaries, Status, and Names From January 2, 2011 to January 1, 2012 (Table 1 - Changes to census subdivisions in alphabetical order by province and territory) | publisher=] | type=] | date=November 14, 2012 | accessdate=December 3, 2012}}</ref> On March 1, 2011, the towns of ], ], ] and ] and the Fogo Island Region (], ], ], and ]) amalgamated to form the ].<ref name=amalgamation>{{cite web | url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/92f0009x/2012000/tbl/xls/92F0009XIB2012000_T1_Can.xlsx | title=Interim List of Changes to Municipal Boundaries, Status, and Names From January 2, 2011 to January 1, 2012 (Table 1 - Changes to census subdivisions in alphabetical order by province and territory) | publisher=] | type=] | date=November 14, 2012 | accessdate=December 3, 2012}}</ref>

From 1792 there was always a physician on the island. The last physician was due to leave the island in June 2022; medical care then only being available via a six-hour round trip by ferry, weather permitting. This follows economic problems and population decrease in Newfoundland and Labrador following the 1990s collapse in the cod fishery.<ref>{{Cite news |title=For the first time in 200 years, people on this Canadian island will be without a doctor |last=Cecco |first=Leyland |newspaper=The Guardian |date=4 May 2022 |url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/04/fogo-island-canada-no-doctor}}</ref>


==Climate== ==Climate==
Fogo Island has a marine-based ] (]) bordering on a cold ] (Dfb) with cooler summers than inland areas of Newfoundland as well as milder winters than areas on the same parallels in interior Canada. However, due to the very cool characteristics of summer months, Fogo Island in many ways resembles the subarctic range. The fourth warmest month of June just straddles {{convert|10|C|F}} in mean temperature. As typical of Newfoundland and its surroundings precipitation is high and consistent year-round, which results in more than {{convert|3.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} of snowfall on average in winter.<ref name="Weatherbase">{{cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=711933|title=Fogo, Newfoundland Temperature Averages|publisher=Weatherbase|accessdate=25 February 2015}}</ref> Due to the extreme ] autumn is much warmer than spring, and as such the coldest and warmest months are February and August, respectively.<ref name="Weatherbase"/> Fogo Island has a marine-based ] (]) bordering on a cold ] (Dfb) with cooler summers than inland areas of Newfoundland as well as milder winters than areas on the same parallels in interior Canada. However, due to the very cool characteristics of summer months, Fogo Island in many ways resembles the subarctic range. The fourth warmest month of June just straddles {{convert|10|C}} in mean temperature. As typical of Newfoundland and its surroundings precipitation is high and consistent year-round, which results in more than {{cvt|3.5|m}} of snowfall on average in winter.<ref name="Weatherbase">{{cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=711933|title=Fogo, Newfoundland Temperature Averages|publisher=Weatherbase|accessdate=25 February 2015}}</ref> Due to the extreme ] autumn is much warmer than spring, and as such the coldest and warmest months are February and August, respectively.<ref name="Weatherbase"/>


{{Weather box {{Weather box
|location = Fogo Island (1981–2010, extremes 1873–present) |location = Fogo Island (1981–2010, extremes 1873–2004)
|metric first = Yes |metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes |single line = Yes
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| title = Fogo, Newfoundland and Labrador | title = Fogo, Newfoundland and Labrador
| work = Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010 | work = Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010
| accessdate = March 9, 2015}}</ref><ref name="April 1986">{{cite web | accessdate = March 9, 2015}} {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref><ref name="April 1986">{{cite web
|url = https://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?timeframe=2&hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1972-10-01%7C1989-01-31&mlyRange=1972-01-01%7C1988-12-01&StationID=6628&Prov=NL&urlExtension=_f.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2022&selRowPerPage=25&Line=2&searchMethod=contains&txtStationName=fogo&Day=12&Year=1986&Month=4# |url = https://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?timeframe=2&hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1972-10-01%7C1989-01-31&mlyRange=1972-01-01%7C1988-12-01&StationID=6628&Prov=NL&urlExtension=_f.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2022&selRowPerPage=25&Line=2&searchMethod=contains&txtStationName=fogo&Day=12&Year=1986&Month=4#
|title = Daily Data Report for April 1986 |title = Daily Data Report for April 1986
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|url = https://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?timeframe=2&hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1873-07-01%7C1950-06-30&mlyRange=1873-01-01%7C1950-12-01&StationID=6627&Prov=NL&urlExtension=_f.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2022&selRowPerPage=25&Line=0&searchMethod=contains&txtStationName=fogo&Day=12&Year=1921&Month=12# |url = https://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?timeframe=2&hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1873-07-01%7C1950-06-30&mlyRange=1873-01-01%7C1950-12-01&StationID=6627&Prov=NL&urlExtension=_f.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2022&selRowPerPage=25&Line=0&searchMethod=contains&txtStationName=fogo&Day=12&Year=1921&Month=12#
|title = Daily Data Report for December 1921 |title = Daily Data Report for December 1921
|work = Canadian Climate Data
|date = 17 February 2022
|publisher = ]
}}</ref><ref name="February 1880">{{cite web
|url = https://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?timeframe=2&hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1873-07-01%7C1950-06-30&mlyRange=1873-01-01%7C1950-12-01&StationID=6627&Prov=NL&urlExtension=_f.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2022&selRowPerPage=25&Line=0&searchMethod=contains&txtStationName=fogo&Day=12&Year=1880&Month=2#
|title = Daily Data Report for February 1880
|work = Canadian Climate Data
|date = 17 February 2022
|publisher = ]
}}</ref><ref name="May 1918">{{cite web
|url = https://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?timeframe=2&hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1873-07-01%7C1950-06-30&mlyRange=1873-01-01%7C1950-12-01&StationID=6627&Prov=NL&urlExtension=_f.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2022&selRowPerPage=25&Line=0&searchMethod=contains&txtStationName=fogo&Day=12&Year=1918&Month=5#
|title = Daily Data Report for May 1918
|work = Canadian Climate Data
|date = 17 February 2022
|publisher = ]
}}</ref><ref name="June 1918">{{cite web
|url = https://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?timeframe=2&hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1873-07-01%7C1950-06-30&mlyRange=1873-01-01%7C1950-12-01&StationID=6627&Prov=NL&urlExtension=_f.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2022&selRowPerPage=25&Line=0&searchMethod=contains&txtStationName=fogo&Day=1&Year=1918&Month=6
|title = Daily Data Report for June 1918
|work = Canadian Climate Data
|date = 17 February 2022
|publisher = ]
}}</ref><ref name="August 1929">{{cite web
|url = https://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?timeframe=2&hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1873-07-01%7C1950-06-30&mlyRange=1873-01-01%7C1950-12-01&StationID=6627&Prov=NL&urlExtension=_f.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2022&selRowPerPage=25&Line=0&searchMethod=contains&txtStationName=fogo&Day=1&Year=1929&Month=8#
|title = Daily Data Report for August 1929
|work = Canadian Climate Data
|date = 17 February 2022
|publisher = ]
}}</ref><ref name="September 1921">{{cite web
|url = https://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?timeframe=2&hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1873-07-01%7C1950-06-30&mlyRange=1873-01-01%7C1950-12-01&StationID=6627&Prov=NL&urlExtension=_f.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2022&selRowPerPage=25&Line=0&searchMethod=contains&txtStationName=fogo&Day=1&Year=1921&Month=9#
|title = Daily Data Report for September 1921
|work = Canadian Climate Data
|date = 17 February 2022
|publisher = ]
}}</ref><ref name="November 1921">{{cite web
|url = https://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?timeframe=2&hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1873-07-01%7C1950-06-30&mlyRange=1873-01-01%7C1950-12-01&StationID=6627&Prov=NL&urlExtension=_f.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2022&selRowPerPage=25&Line=0&searchMethod=contains&txtStationName=fogo&Day=1&Year=1921&Month=11#
|title = Daily Data Report for November 1921
|work = Canadian Climate Data |work = Canadian Climate Data
|date = 17 February 2022 |date = 17 February 2022
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==Name== ==Name==
{{unsourced section|date=December 2021}} {{unreferenced section|date=December 2021}}
Fogo Island was once called Y del Fogo, meaning Isle of Fire. There are a number of theories for the name: Fogo Island was once called Y del Fogo, meaning Isle of Fire.<ref>https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/fogo-island</ref> There are a number of theories for the name:


*Many accidental or natural ]s destroyed the dense forests of the northern part of the island. *Many accidental or natural ]s destroyed the dense forests of the northern part of the island.
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==Transportation== ==Transportation==
Fogo Island is connected to mainland Newfoundland by the ferry ], and served by ]. The primary roads on the island are ] and ], as well as Deep Bay Road and Island Harbour Road. Fogo Island is connected to mainland Newfoundland by the ferry ], and is served by the ] airport. The primary roads on the island are ] and ], as well as Deep Bay Road and Island Harbour Road.


== Notable people == == Notable people ==
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==Tourism and attractions== ==Tourism and attractions==
]]] ]]]


The island attracts a wide range of visitors interested in its history, local wildlife and other attractions. It also has seven hiking trails such as Lion's Den, Brimstone Head, Turpin's and Joe Batt's Point Trail, as well as a ten Town owned local museums and heritage properties. These include the Marine Interpretation Centre, the Lane House Museum, and the Bleak House Museum. There are also museums ran by local people including Mona's Quilts & Jams and ]. The island attracts a wide range of visitors interested in its history, local wildlife and other attractions. It has seven hiking trails, such as Lion's Den, Brimstone Head, Turpin's and Joe Batt's Point Trail. It also has ten Town-owned local museums and heritage properties, including the Marine Interpretation Centre, the Lane House Museum, and the Bleak House Museum. There are also museums run by local individuals, including Mona's Quilts & Jams and ], now closed.


Fogo Island Arts (launched in 2008) provides a platform for contemporary art on the island, via a series of residencies hosted at different studios around Fogo. Fogo Island Arts (launched in 2008) provides a platform for contemporary art on the island, via a series of residencies hosted at different studios around Fogo.
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{{Wikivoyage|Fogo Island and Change Islands}} {{Wikivoyage|Fogo Island and Change Islands}}
{{Commons category-inline|Fogo Island}} {{Commons category-inline|Fogo Island}}
* *
* *
* *
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* *


{{Coord|49|40|N|54|11|W|type:isle_scale:200000_region:CA|display=title}} {{Coord|49|39|49|N|54|10|13|W|type:isle_scale:200000_region:CA-NL|notes=<ref>{{Cite cgndb|AAHEK|Fogo Island}}</ref>|display=title}}


{{Subdivisions of Newfoundland and Labrador}} {{Subdivisions of Newfoundland and Labrador}}

Latest revision as of 11:31, 23 December 2024

Island of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada For other uses, see Fogo. For the town on the island, see Fogo Island, Newfoundland and Labrador.

Map of Fogo Island
Location of Fogo Island
French Map (1713) of northeast Newfoundland showing Fogo Island ("Isles de Fougues") - National Archives of The United Kingdom, MPF1/225
Fishermen's Protective Union general store, Seldom-Come-By, Newfoundland
Fogo, Newfoundland

Fogo Island (Fogo, Portuguese for "Fire") is the largest of the offshore islands of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. The Town of Fogo Island encompasses Fogo, Joe Batt's Arm-Barr'd Islands-Shoal Bay, Seldom-Little Seldom and Tilting, with the unincorporated areas of Fogo Island. It lies off the northeast coast of Newfoundland, northwest of Musgrave Harbour across Hamilton Sound, just east of the Change Islands. The island is about 25 km (16 mi) long and 14 km (8.7 mi) wide. The total area is 237.71 km (91.78 sq mi).

The island had a population of 2,706 people in the 2006 census, 2,395 in the 2011 census, and 2,244 in the 2016 census.

Though migratory French fishermen visited Fogo Island from the early 16th century until 1718, the first permanent settlement of the island took place in the 18th century. Fogo Harbour and Tilting Harbour were the first settlements on the island. The English and Irish descendants of the first inhabitants retained traces of their Elizabethan English and Old Irish dialects, which can be heard on the island today. The island has many ancient folk customs brought from England and Ireland, but they are disappearing.

History

Fogo Island is one of the oldest named features on the coast of Newfoundland. The Bertius map from 1606 shows Fogo Island as one of only about a dozen important features around the coast of Newfoundland. On French maps of the 16th to 18th centuries, the island is referred to as Ile des Fougues. The island was likely named by Portuguese explorers and early fishing crews in the 16th century (Fogo means Fire in Portuguese).

Until 1783, Fogo Island was on an area of the coast called the French Shore. Though English and Irish were not supposed to settle here, under the terms of the Treaty of Utrecht, they did settle; by 1750, Fogo was a thriving part of the British mercantile system of fisheries, based out of West Country English towns such as Poole, in Dorset.

Tilting Harbour on Fogo Island is a National Cultural Landscape District of Canada and is Newfoundland and Labrador's first Provincial Heritage District. Tilting is unique for its Irish culture and, some people say, its Irish dialect. The Irish Cemetery in Tilting may be the oldest in North America.

Local oral history indicates that Tilting was originally a French harbour before becoming a venue of Irish settlement. This is highly likely, given the traditional commercial and cultural links between southern Irish and northern French fishing ports. The first Irish settled in Tilting in the 1750s, and uniquely for Newfoundland, Tilting evolved into an exclusively Irish and Catholic town by the 1780s.

Beothuk traversed Fogo Island for many hundreds of years before Irish and English settlers arrived. The Beothuk pursued the seal and salmon fisheries in the area. They also travelled out to the Funk Islands to collect feathers and eggs from the birds there. In the early years of European settlement at Fogo, there were incidents of violence between the Beothuk and the Europeans. This contact ended around the year 1800. The Beothuk became extinct as a people in the late 1820s.

Fogo Island first attracted Europeans because of the extensive opportunities for commodity harvesting, including seal skins and oil, lumber, fur-bearing animals, salmon and of course cod. Over time, settlers on the island concentrated on processing dried cod, mainly because that was the product that most interested the merchants who dealt in the region of Fogo. From about 1850 until the widespread depletion of fish stocks in the 1990s, cod was king. In recent years, the economy of the island has seen diversification away from solely fishing to tourism and cultural industries.

Fishing has always been a hard life. Before Confederation with Canada, the mercantile classes of St John's, Newfoundland became rich by holding a near-monopoly stranglehold on both the supply of goods to the Newfoundland outports and on the sale of fish from them.

In the early 20th century, the Fisherman's Protective Union was formed in an attempt to break this stranglehold. It was a form of co-operative with general stores owned by fishermen for fishermen. One of the Fishermen's Union stores still stands at Seldom-Come-By on Fogo Island, now open as a museum complete with general store, port installations, fishing implements and equipment for the manufacture of cod-liver oil.

Today, the Fogo Island Cooperative continues to successfully stake footholds in new fish markets. Communities began recognising the appeal of their land and heritage as cultural tourism opportunities.

Crab and lobster fisheries have largely replaced the cod fishery; a fish-packing plant remains in operation in the town of Fogo.

A Marconi radio transmitting station was once operational atop a hill near the town of Fogo; operating with a spark-gap transmitter to establish maritime communications, the station was forced to close around the time that radio became common for household use as the spark-gap design generated unacceptable levels of radio interference. Efforts to rebuild this station as a historic site commenced in 2002.

In 1967, the island played a key role in the development of what came to be known as the "Fogo Process," a model for community media as a tool for addressing community concerns, when an Extension field worker from Memorial University, Fred Earle, and Colin Low shot 27 films with Fogo Islanders as part of the National Film Board of Canada's Challenge for Change program.

Residents defeated the Smallwood government's plans to resettle elsewhere Fogo Islanders in the 1950s but by 1967 a downturn in the inshore fishery had forced many to turn to welfare support. The northern cod fishery closed in 1992. While the island did recover from the downturn (in part owing to the Fogo Process), the depleted state of the fishery adversely affected islanders.

Fishing stages in Fogo, Newfoundland

Communities

In the 2006 Census there were eleven communities on Fogo Island:

On March 1, 2011, the towns of Fogo, Joe Batt's Arm-Barr'd Islands-Shoal Bay, Seldom-Little Seldom and Tilting and the Fogo Island Region (Stag Harbour, Island Harbour, Deep Bay, and Fogo Island Central) amalgamated to form the Town of Fogo Island.

From 1792 there was always a physician on the island. The last physician was due to leave the island in June 2022; medical care then only being available via a six-hour round trip by ferry, weather permitting. This follows economic problems and population decrease in Newfoundland and Labrador following the 1990s collapse in the cod fishery.

Climate

Fogo Island has a marine-based subarctic climate (Dfc) bordering on a cold humid continental climate (Dfb) with cooler summers than inland areas of Newfoundland as well as milder winters than areas on the same parallels in interior Canada. However, due to the very cool characteristics of summer months, Fogo Island in many ways resembles the subarctic range. The fourth warmest month of June just straddles 10 °C (50 °F) in mean temperature. As typical of Newfoundland and its surroundings precipitation is high and consistent year-round, which results in more than 3.5 m (11 ft) of snowfall on average in winter. Due to the extreme seasonal lag autumn is much warmer than spring, and as such the coldest and warmest months are February and August, respectively.

Climate data for Fogo Island (1981–2010, extremes 1873–2004)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 15.5
(59.9) 		12.5
(54.5) 		18.0
(64.4) 		24.0
(75.2) 		27.0
(80.6) 		29.5
(85.1) 		31.5
(88.7) 		30.6
(87.1) 		28.0
(82.4) 		25.0
(77.0) 		18.3
(64.9) 		15.6
(60.1) 		31.5
(88.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −3.0
(26.6) 		−3.3
(26.1) 		−0.2
(31.6) 		3.6
(38.5) 		9.2
(48.6) 		14.3
(57.7) 		18.9
(66.0) 		19.5
(67.1) 		15.3
(59.5) 		9.5
(49.1) 		4.4
(39.9) 		0.6
(33.1) 		7.4
(45.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) −5.9
(21.4) 		−6.9
(19.6) 		−3.5
(25.7) 		0.8
(33.4) 		5.4
(41.7) 		9.9
(49.8) 		14.6
(58.3) 		15.8
(60.4) 		12.1
(53.8) 		7.1
(44.8) 		2.2
(36.0) 		−1.8
(28.8) 		4.2
(39.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −8.8
(16.2) 		−10.3
(13.5) 		−6.7
(19.9) 		−2.0
(28.4) 		1.6
(34.9) 		5.5
(41.9) 		10.3
(50.5) 		12.1
(53.8) 		8.9
(48.0) 		4.6
(40.3) 		−0.1
(31.8) 		−4.2
(24.4) 		0.9
(33.6)
Record low °C (°F) −24.0
(−11.2) 		−30.6
(−23.1) 		−26.5
(−15.7) 		−16.5
(2.3) 		−12.2
(10.0) 		−6.7
(19.9) 		−1.7
(28.9) 		0.0
(32.0) 		0.0
(32.0) 		−7.0
(19.4) 		−13.3
(8.1) 		−22.8
(−9.0) 		−30.6
(−23.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 104.5
(4.11) 		104.2
(4.10) 		99.9
(3.93) 		86.4
(3.40) 		78.7
(3.10) 		82.3
(3.24) 		91.0
(3.58) 		102.4
(4.03) 		111.8
(4.40) 		116.9
(4.60) 		101.5
(4.00) 		107.3
(4.22) 		1,187
(46.73)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 17.4
(0.69) 		21.9
(0.86) 		33.4
(1.31) 		55.0
(2.17) 		74.9
(2.95) 		80.6
(3.17) 		91.0
(3.58) 		102.4
(4.03) 		111.8
(4.40) 		114.2
(4.50) 		85.5
(3.37) 		48.9
(1.93) 		837.1
(32.96)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 87.1
(34.3) 		82.4
(32.4) 		66.5
(26.2) 		31.4
(12.4) 		3.7
(1.5) 		1.7
(0.7) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		2.7
(1.1) 		16.0
(6.3) 		58.4
(23.0) 		349.9
(137.8)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) 17.2 15.9 15.8 15.4 15.7 15.3 16.5 13.5 14.4 18.6 15.8 17.3 191.3
Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) 3.6 4.5 6.6 10.2 15.4 15.2 16.5 13.5 14.4 18.4 13.9 9.2 141.3
Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) 15.3 12.8 11.3 6.9 0.93 0.15 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.50 3.3 9.9 61.1
Source: Environment Canada

Name

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Fogo Island was once called Y del Fogo, meaning Isle of Fire. There are a number of theories for the name:

  • Many accidental or natural forest fires destroyed the dense forests of the northern part of the island.
  • European mariners often saw the burning fires of the Beothuk natives, when they were visiting from across the Atlantic.
  • The island may have been named Fogo after the Cape Verde Island's active volcano. Note that many Newfoundland geographical features were named by the Spanish, the Portuguese and the French before anglophones (the English, the Irish and the Scots) arrived. Cape Bonavista, Cape Spear, Cape Race, Trinity Bay, Placentia Bay, Notre Dame Bay, Cape St Francis, Baccalieu Island, Baie Verte, Taslow, Baie l'Argente and even St John's or Catalina are place names that were originally named by non-English-speakers.

Transportation

Fogo Island is connected to mainland Newfoundland by the ferry MV Veteran, and is served by the Fogo Aerodrome airport. The primary roads on the island are Route 333 (Fogo Island Road) and Route 334 (Joe Batt’s Arm Road), as well as Deep Bay Road and Island Harbour Road.

Notable people

Tourism and attractions

Fogo Island Inn

The island attracts a wide range of visitors interested in its history, local wildlife and other attractions. It has seven hiking trails, such as Lion's Den, Brimstone Head, Turpin's and Joe Batt's Point Trail. It also has ten Town-owned local museums and heritage properties, including the Marine Interpretation Centre, the Lane House Museum, and the Bleak House Museum. There are also museums run by local individuals, including Mona's Quilts & Jams and the Museum of the Flat Earth, now closed.

Fogo Island Arts (launched in 2008) provides a platform for contemporary art on the island, via a series of residencies hosted at different studios around Fogo.

Brimstone Head Folk Festival

The community of Fogo in Fogo Island is home to the Brimstone Head Folk Festival, hosted by the Fogo Island Folk Alliance. This event attracts people from all over every year in early August. Performers consist of many bands which have included The Masterless Men, The Irish Descendants, Middle Tickle, The Fogo Island Accordion Group, Shores of Newfoundland, The Affections and many other local performers such as Aaron Brown, Sally Payne and Jason Hoven.

Brimstone Head was touted as one of the four corners of the world by the tongue-in-cheek Flat Earth Society of Canada (not related to the Flat Earth Society).

Along with the Brimstone Head Folk Festival, other communities have festivals as well. Joe Batt's Arm hosts the Ethridge's Point Seaside Fest, which usually takes place during the first weekend in August, the weekend before the Brimstone Head festival.

Literature

Fogo Island appears in fictional form in the novel Blaze Island by Catherine Bush.

See also

  • Shorefast a charity devoted to economic development of the island

References

  1. ^ "Seldom-Come-By". Intangible Cultural Heritage. Memorial University of Newfoundland. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
  2. ^ "Interim List of Changes to Municipal Boundaries, Status, and Names From January 2, 2011 to January 1, 2012 (Table 1 - Changes to census subdivisions in alphabetical order by province and territory)" (XLSX). Statistics Canada. November 14, 2012. Retrieved December 3, 2012.
  3. "Fogo Island, T [Census subdivision], Newfoundland and Labrador and Newfoundland and Labrador [Province]". 2016 Census. Statistics Canada. Retrieved 29 May 2017.
  4. Quarry, Wendy (1994). The Fogo Process: An Experiment in Participatory Communication. Thesis, University of Guelph. Archived from the original on 2001-11-04. Retrieved 2009-10-16.
  5. Cecco, Leyland (4 May 2022). "For the first time in 200 years, people on this Canadian island will be without a doctor". The Guardian.
  6. ^ "Fogo, Newfoundland Temperature Averages". Weatherbase. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
  7. "Fogo, Newfoundland and Labrador". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved March 9, 2015.
  8. "Daily Data Report for April 1986". Canadian Climate Data. Environment Canada. 17 February 2022.
  9. "Daily Data Report for January 1986". Canadian Climate Data. Environment Canada. 17 February 2022.
  10. "Daily Data Report for February 1981". Canadian Climate Data. Environment Canada. 17 February 2022.
  11. "Daily Data Report for March 1979". Canadian Climate Data. Environment Canada. 17 February 2022.
  12. "Daily Data Report for July 1983". Canadian Climate Data. Environment Canada. 17 February 2022.
  13. "Daily Data Report for November 1976". Canadian Climate Data. Environment Canada. 17 February 2022.
  14. "Daily Data Report for December 1972". Canadian Climate Data. Environment Canada. 17 February 2022.
  15. "Daily Data Report for March 1986". Canadian Climate Data. Environment Canada. 17 February 2022.
  16. "Daily Data Report for July 1974". Canadian Climate Data. Environment Canada. 17 February 2022.
  17. "Daily Data Report for August 1876". Canadian Climate Data. Environment Canada. 17 February 2022.
  18. "Daily Data Report for October 1874". Canadian Climate Data. Environment Canada. 17 February 2022.
  19. "Daily Data Report for December 1921". Canadian Climate Data. Environment Canada. 17 February 2022.
  20. "Daily Data Report for February 1880". Canadian Climate Data. Environment Canada. 17 February 2022.
  21. "Daily Data Report for May 1918". Canadian Climate Data. Environment Canada. 17 February 2022.
  22. "Daily Data Report for June 1918". Canadian Climate Data. Environment Canada. 17 February 2022.
  23. "Daily Data Report for August 1929". Canadian Climate Data. Environment Canada. 17 February 2022.
  24. "Daily Data Report for September 1921". Canadian Climate Data. Environment Canada. 17 February 2022.
  25. "Daily Data Report for November 1921". Canadian Climate Data. Environment Canada. 17 February 2022.
  26. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/fogo-island
  27. Colombo, John R (1984). Canadian Literary Landmarks. Dundurn. p. 19. ISBN 978-0888820730.
  28. Bush, Catherine (2020). Blaze Island. Goose Lane Editions. ISBN 978-1773101057.

External links

Media related to Fogo Island at Wikimedia Commons

49°39′49″N 54°10′13″W / 49.66361°N 54.17028°W / 49.66361; -54.17028

Subdivisions of Newfoundland and Labrador
Subdivisions and
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Communities
Cities
  1. "Fogo Island". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada.
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