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| {{Short description|Exceptionally strong tornado}} | |||
| ⚫ | {{Infobox |
||
| {{good article}} | |||
| | name = 1764 Woldegk tornado | |||
| ⚫ | {{Infobox weather event | ||
| | image = Tornado Woldegk 1764 - copperplate print.jpg | | image = Tornado Woldegk 1764 - copperplate print.jpg | ||
| | |
| width = 300 | ||
| | caption = A copper engraving by Gottlob Burchard Genzmer showing the tornado |
| caption = A copper engraving by Gottlob Burchard Genzmer showing the tornado | ||
| | |
| date = 29 June 1764 | ||
| | formed = |
| formed = | ||
| ⚫ | | duration = 60 minutes | ||
| | dissipated = | |||
| ⚫ | | |
||
| | lowest pressure = | |||
| | lowest temperature = | |||
| | tornadoes = | |||
| | fujitascale = F5 | |||
| | enhanced = no | |||
| | highest winds = >{{convert|300|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} | |||
| ⚫ | | hail = {{ |
||
| | gusts = | |||
| | maximum snow = | |||
| | power outages = | |||
| | total fatalities = 1 fatality, several injuries | |||
| | damages = | |||
| ⚫ | | affected = around ], ] | ||
| | partof = | |||
| }} | }} | ||
| {{Infobox weather event/Tornado | |||
| | fujita-scale = F5 | |||
| | torro-scale = T11 | |||
| ⚫ | | largest-hail = {{cvt|15|cm|in|0}}<ref name="ESWD"/> | ||
| | winds = >{{cvt|300|mph|km/h|disp=flip}}{{efn|The ] begins the F5 rating at {{cvt|261|mph|km/h}}, however, since the tornado was rated T11 on the ], the wind speeds must be at least {{cvt|300|mph|-1|disp=flip}}.<ref name="300MPH"/><ref name="TORRO">{{cite web |title=The International Tornado Intensity Scale |url=https://www.torro.org.uk/research/tornadoes/tscale |publisher=]|access-date=26 July 2024}}</ref> | |||
| ⚫ | }} | ||
| | torro-ref = <ref>{{cite web |author1=Staff of the ] |title=European Severe Weather Database |url=https://eswd.eu/ |website=ESWD |publisher=] |format=] and ] |date=2024 |access-date=2024-01-04 |archive-date=2022-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172917/https://eswd.eu/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
| }} | |||
| {{Infobox weather event/Effects | |||
| | deaths = 1 | |||
| | injuries = 3 | |||
| ⚫ | | affected = around ], ], ] (now ]) | ||
| }} | |||
| {{Infobox weather event/Footer}} | |||
| The '''1764 Woldegk tornado''' was one of the strongest tornadoes ever documented in history, receiving the |
The '''1764 Woldegk tornado''' on June 29, 1764, was one of the strongest tornadoes ever documented in history, receiving the unique T11 rating on the ] along with an F5 rating on the ] and had winds estimated to be at least {{convert|300|mph|disp=flip}}.<ref name="ESWD">{{cite web |author1=Staff of the ] |title=European Severe Weather Database |url=https://eswd.eu/ |website=ESWD |publisher=] |format=] and ] |date=2024 |access-date=2024-01-04 |archive-date=2022-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172917/https://eswd.eu/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ESSL Paper">{{cite journal |author1=Bernold Feuerstein |author2=Thilo Kühne |title=A violent tornado in mid-18th century Germany: the Genzmer Report |journal=ECSS 2015 – European Conference on Severe Storms at: Wiener Neustadt, Austria |date=September 2015 |volume=8 |doi=10.13140/RG.2.1.3733.8085 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281862975 |access-date=28 January 2023 |publisher=European Severe Storms Laboratory}}</ref><ref name="300MPH">{{cite conference |last1=Feuerstein |first1=Bernold |last2=Dirksen |first2=Erik |last3=Dotzek |first3=Nikolai |last4=Groenemeijer |first4=Pieter |last5=Holzer |first5=Alois |last6=Hubrig |first6=Martin |last7=Rauch |first7=Ernst |title=An illustrated verbal description of the Torro- and Fujita-scales adapted for central Europe considering building structure and vegetation characteristics |url=https://www.essl.org/ECSS/2009/preprints/P11-06-feuerstein.pdf |publisher=] |conference=5th European Conference on Severe Storms |access-date=26 July 2024 |date=15 September 2009}}</ref> The tornado traveled {{convert|30|km|mi}} and reached a maximum width of {{convert|900|m|yd}}. Most of the information known about this tornado came from a detailed 77-paragraph study by German scientist ], which was published one year after the tornado occurred.<ref name="Genzmer">{{cite web |url=http://www.tordach.org/pdf/Genzmer1765.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051031062455/http://www.tordach.org/pdf/Genzmer1765.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 31, 2005 |title=Beschreibung des Orcans, welcher den 29. Jun. 1764 einen Strich von etlichen Meilen im Stargardischen Kreise des Herzogthums Mecklenburg gewaltig verwüstet hat |author=Gottlob Burchard Genzmer |date=June 9, 2005 |access-date=June 25, 2013 |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Strüber |first1=von Henning |title=Der Jahrtausendtornado von Woldegk vom 29. Juni 1764 |url=https://www.ndr.de/geschichte/schauplaetze/Der-Jahrtausendtornado-von-Woldegk-vom-29-Juni-1764,tornado236.html |website=NDR |publisher=] |access-date=26 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726032243/https://www.ndr.de/geschichte/schauplaetze/Der-Jahrtausendtornado-von-Woldegk-vom-29-Juni-1764,tornado236.html |archive-date=26 July 2024 |date=28 June 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> The tornado completely destroyed several structures, and several tree branches reportedly thrown into the atmosphere. Many areas were covered with up to {{convert|2|cm|in|1}} of ice.<ref name="ESSL Paper"/> The storm which produced the tornado was ], with almost no rain reported. Large hail, reportedly reaching {{convert|15|cm|in|0}} in diameter covered the ground. The hail caused significant crop and property damage, killed dozens of animals, and injured multiple people in a large stretch around the tornado and to the northwest of the tornado's path. | ||
| ==Tornado summary== | ==Tornado summary== | ||
| The tornado touched down at F2 intensity about {{convert|1.5|km|mi}} southwest of ], |
The tornado touched down at F2 intensity about {{convert|1.5|km|mi|1}} southwest of ], and began uprooting oak and ]. It escalated into F2–F3 intensity, throwing two children, who survived, into a lake. Around this time, several geese were "smashed" by hail, and the tornado grew to a width of about {{convert|100|m|yd}}. Continuing northeast, the tornado crossed a lake and was spotted by a person, who described it as a "wedge tornado". The witness said the lake's water rose and then retreated around the time of the tornado. After crossing the lake, the tornado blew the roof and walls off a home. This is where the only fatality from the tornado occurred.<ref name="ESSL Paper"/> | ||
| ⚫ | ] | ||
| ⚫ | The tornado |
||
| ⚫ | The tornado shifted east-northeast and narrowed to a width of {{convert|45|m|yd}}. As it reached its smallest width, still maintaining F3 intensity, a possible twin or satellite waterspout merged with it along the shore of Lake Luzin. Immediately after, the tornado changed direction to almost due north and intensified to F3–F4 intensity as it destroyed a beech timber forest. It then widened to {{convert|225|m|yd}}, snapped and uprooted several solitary oak trees, throwing them {{convert|35|m|yd}} into the air. ''Soil drifting'', known today as ''ground scouring'', occurred at this time. Crops, grass and {{convert|10|cm|in|0}} of topsoil were removed. The tornado then turned northeast, where it destroyed Lichtenberg Forest.<ref name="ESSL Paper"/> | ||
| ⚫ | ] | ||
| ⚫ | The tornado |
||
| ⚫ | The tornado intensified, tearing the bark from an oak tree at F4 intensity and soon after reached its peak intensity. A mansion with an adjacent dairy farm was destroyed except for the ground floor. Oak tree stubs were ripped out of the ground, and cobblestones weighing {{convert|75|kg|lbs}} were thrown.<ref name="ESSL Paper"/> The ] said damage at the mansion warranted a rating of F5/T11 with estimated windspeeds of at least {{cvt|300|mph|-1|disp=flip}}.<ref name="ESWD"/><ref name="ESSL Paper"/><ref name="300MPH"/> A witness described the experience as being "surrounded by birds trapped in the vortex".<ref name="ESSL Paper"/> After destroying the mansion, the tornado quickly weakened to F1 and left a {{convert|500|m|yd|adj=on}} wide path of light damage in a forest.<ref name="ESSL Paper"/> | ||
| ⚫ | The tornado |
||
| ⚫ | The tornado soon intensified again as it struck Rothe Kirche and uprooted an old oak tree, which lifted a skeleton out of a grave at F3 intensity. Around this time, the tornado reached its maximum width of {{convert|900|m|yd}} and caused severe damage to an oak and beech forest. The tornado then continued northeast, passing just west of ], near the settlement of Canzow, where it damaged a mansion, tore apart two barns, and overturned seven dung carts at F2–F3 intensity. Further to the northeast, the tornado caught a flock of geese in flight, killing some and injuring between 60 and 100 geese. Isolated tree damage was seen around this time as well. The tornado then struck ] at F2 intensity, where a mansion and another structure sustained roof damage, as well as the upper floor being removed from a gatehouse. After striking Helpt, the tornado dissipated.<ref name="ESSL Paper"/> | ||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| == Notes == | |||
| {{Notelist}} | |||
| == References == | == References == | ||
| {{ |
{{Reflist}} | ||
| {{F5 and EF5 tornadoes}} | |||
| {{Draft categories| | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | |||
| ⚫ | }} | ||
Latest revision as of 23:59, 23 December 2024
Exceptionally strong tornado
 A copper engraving by Gottlob Burchard Genzmer showing the tornado | |
| Meteorological history | |
|---|---|
| Date | 29 June 1764 |
| Duration | 60 minutes |
| F5 tornado | |
| on the Fujita scale | |
| T11 tornado | |
| on the TORRO scale | |
| Highest winds | >480 km/h (300 mph) |
| Largest hail | 15 cm (6 in) |
| Overall effects | |
| Fatalities | 1 |
| Injuries | 3 |
| Areas affected | around Woldegk, Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Holy Roman Empire (now Germany) |
The 1764 Woldegk tornado on June 29, 1764, was one of the strongest tornadoes ever documented in history, receiving the unique T11 rating on the TORRO scale along with an F5 rating on the Fujita scale and had winds estimated to be at least 480 kilometres per hour (300 mph). The tornado traveled 30 kilometres (19 mi) and reached a maximum width of 900 metres (980 yd). Most of the information known about this tornado came from a detailed 77-paragraph study by German scientist Gottlob Burchard Genzmer, which was published one year after the tornado occurred. The tornado completely destroyed several structures, and several tree branches reportedly thrown into the atmosphere. Many areas were covered with up to 2 centimetres (0.8 in) of ice. The storm which produced the tornado was dry, with almost no rain reported. Large hail, reportedly reaching 15 centimetres (6 in) in diameter covered the ground. The hail caused significant crop and property damage, killed dozens of animals, and injured multiple people in a large stretch around the tornado and to the northwest of the tornado's path.
Tornado summary
The tornado touched down at F2 intensity about 1.5 kilometres (0.9 mi) southwest of Feldberg, and began uprooting oak and beech trees. It escalated into F2–F3 intensity, throwing two children, who survived, into a lake. Around this time, several geese were "smashed" by hail, and the tornado grew to a width of about 100 metres (110 yd). Continuing northeast, the tornado crossed a lake and was spotted by a person, who described it as a "wedge tornado". The witness said the lake's water rose and then retreated around the time of the tornado. After crossing the lake, the tornado blew the roof and walls off a home. This is where the only fatality from the tornado occurred.
The tornado shifted east-northeast and narrowed to a width of 45 metres (49 yd). As it reached its smallest width, still maintaining F3 intensity, a possible twin or satellite waterspout merged with it along the shore of Lake Luzin. Immediately after, the tornado changed direction to almost due north and intensified to F3–F4 intensity as it destroyed a beech timber forest. It then widened to 225 metres (246 yd), snapped and uprooted several solitary oak trees, throwing them 35 metres (38 yd) into the air. Soil drifting, known today as ground scouring, occurred at this time. Crops, grass and 10 centimetres (4 in) of topsoil were removed. The tornado then turned northeast, where it destroyed Lichtenberg Forest.
The tornado intensified, tearing the bark from an oak tree at F4 intensity and soon after reached its peak intensity. A mansion with an adjacent dairy farm was destroyed except for the ground floor. Oak tree stubs were ripped out of the ground, and cobblestones weighing 75 kilograms (165 lb) were thrown. The European Severe Storms Laboratory said damage at the mansion warranted a rating of F5/T11 with estimated windspeeds of at least 480 km/h (300 mph). A witness described the experience as being "surrounded by birds trapped in the vortex". After destroying the mansion, the tornado quickly weakened to F1 and left a 500-metre (550 yd) wide path of light damage in a forest.
The tornado soon intensified again as it struck Rothe Kirche and uprooted an old oak tree, which lifted a skeleton out of a grave at F3 intensity. Around this time, the tornado reached its maximum width of 900 metres (980 yd) and caused severe damage to an oak and beech forest. The tornado then continued northeast, passing just west of Woldegk, near the settlement of Canzow, where it damaged a mansion, tore apart two barns, and overturned seven dung carts at F2–F3 intensity. Further to the northeast, the tornado caught a flock of geese in flight, killing some and injuring between 60 and 100 geese. Isolated tree damage was seen around this time as well. The tornado then struck Helpt at F2 intensity, where a mansion and another structure sustained roof damage, as well as the upper floor being removed from a gatehouse. After striking Helpt, the tornado dissipated.
See also
Notes
- The Fujita scale begins the F5 rating at 261 mph (420 km/h), however, since the tornado was rated T11 on the TORRO scale, the wind speeds must be at least 480 km/h (300 mph).
References
- ^ Feuerstein, Bernold; Dirksen, Erik; Dotzek, Nikolai; Groenemeijer, Pieter; Holzer, Alois; Hubrig, Martin; Rauch, Ernst (15 September 2009). An illustrated verbal description of the Torro- and Fujita-scales adapted for central Europe considering building structure and vegetation characteristics (PDF). 5th European Conference on Severe Storms. European Severe Storms Laboratory. Retrieved 26 July 2024.
- "The International Tornado Intensity Scale". TORRO. Retrieved 26 July 2024.
- ^ Staff of the European Severe Storms Laboratory (2024). "European Severe Weather Database" (Interactive map and database). ESWD. European Severe Storms Laboratory. Archived from the original on 2022-09-20. Retrieved 2024-01-04.
- ^ Bernold Feuerstein; Thilo Kühne (September 2015). "A violent tornado in mid-18th century Germany: the Genzmer Report". ECSS 2015 – European Conference on Severe Storms at: Wiener Neustadt, Austria. 8. European Severe Storms Laboratory. doi:10.13140/RG.2.1.3733.8085. Retrieved 28 January 2023.
- Gottlob Burchard Genzmer (June 9, 2005). "Beschreibung des Orcans, welcher den 29. Jun. 1764 einen Strich von etlichen Meilen im Stargardischen Kreise des Herzogthums Mecklenburg gewaltig verwüstet hat" (PDF) (in German). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 31, 2005. Retrieved June 25, 2013.
- Strüber, von Henning (28 June 2014). "Der Jahrtausendtornado von Woldegk vom 29. Juni 1764". NDR. Norddeutscher Rundfunk. Archived from the original on 26 July 2024. Retrieved 26 July 2024.