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Havana syndrome
Other names	Anomalous health incidents Unexplained health incidents Unexplained health incidents Unidentified health incidents
The Hotel Nacional in Havana is one of the locations where the syndrome has reportedly been experienced.
Causes	Not determined
Named after	Havana (Capital City of Cuba)

Havana syndrome, also known as Anomalous Health Incidents (AHIs), is a disputed medical condition. It is not officially recognized as a disease by the medical community. Starting in 2016, U.S. and Canadian government officials and their families reported symptoms of AHIs in overseas locations including Cuba, China, India, Vienna, Hanoi, Berlin, London, and Taiwan. Symptoms were also reported in the US, in Washington, D.C. Reported symptoms include an acute onset associated with a perceived localized loud sound, followed by chronic symptoms that lasted for months, such as balance, dizziness, cognitive problems, insomnia, and headaches.

A number of government and non-government agencies have conducted investigations into the AHIs, including the State Department (2018), University of Pennsylvania (2018), FBI's Behavioral Analysis Unit (2018), JASON (2018 and 2022), Centers for Disease Control (2019), Department of Defense (2020), CIA (2020), NASEM (2020), Cuban Academy of Sciences (2021), seven intelligence agencies under the auspices of the ODNI (2023), and NIH (2024). Several news organizations also conducted investigations.

None of the investigations has been able to determine the cause with certainty. Possible causes considered by investigators included toxic chemicals, infectious diseases, energy weapons, and psychological/social causes. Investigators determined that toxic chemicals & infectious diseases were unlikely to be causes.

The most recent and thorough investigations determined that foreign adversaries are unlikely to be the source of AHIs. The use of energy weapons was determined to be consistent with the reported AHI symptoms, but no direct causal relation has been established, partially because there is little experimental research on the impact of energy weapons on the human brain. Recent medical research has not found statistically significant evidence of brain injuries in AHI patients.

Some investigations stated that it is difficult to prove or disprove if psychological/social factors are responsible for AHI symptoms, but some researchers stated that psychological/social factors are a potential cause; and, if there is another primary cause for some symptoms, that psychological/social factors may be a secondary, contributing cause.

The U.S. government has established a variety of programs providing medical and financial support to persons that reported AHI symptoms, but some AHI patients continue to campaign for additional support.

Signs and symptoms

Most of the affected individuals reported an acute onset of neurological symptoms associated with a perceived localized loud sound such as screeching, chirping, clicking, or piercing noises. Two-thirds experienced visual disturbances such as blurred vision and sensitivity to light. More than half reported intense pressure or vibration in the head, ear pain, diffuse head pain, and cognitive problems such as forgetfulness and poor concentration. Tinnitus and hearing loss occurred in one-third of cases, and dizziness or unsteady gait affected one-quarter.

Some affected individuals develop chronic symptoms that last for months, such as balance and cognitive problems, insomnia, and headaches. The longevity of symptoms is not yet clear, and they are less specific than are the acute symptoms.

Causes

A 2024 review by Connolly et al, surveying multiple peer-reviewed studies, concluded that the cause is still unknown, and repeated the statement from the 2023 report from the Office of the Director of National Intelligence that the most likely cause is mass psychogenic illness.

A 2023 review article written by Bartholomew and Baloh stated that Havana syndrome is a health scare fueled by "moral panic". They suggested it was "a socially constructed catch-all category for an array of pre-existing health conditions, responses to environmental factors, and stress reactions that were lumped under a single label".

An earlier 2022 review article written by Asadi-Pooya considered several possible causes for the condition. It stated that a plausible explanation was the use of a directed-energy or radio frequency weapon, with other possible causes including functional disorders, psychogenic disease, or exposure to chemicals/neurotoxins. The authors cautioned that all studies included in their review were limited by small sample sizes, and that the underlying cause remains unidentified.

Locations

Cuba

In August 2017, reports began surfacing that American and Canadian diplomatic personnel in Cuba had experienced unusual, unexplained health problems dating to late 2016. As of June 2018, the number of American citizens experiencing symptoms was 26.

Events

The original 21 events in Cuba were characterized as starting with strange grating noises coming from a specific direction. Some people experienced pressure, vibration, or a sensation comparable to driving a car with the window partly rolled down. These noises lasted from 20 seconds to 30 minutes and happened while the diplomats were either at home or in hotel rooms. Other people nearby (including family members and guests in neighboring rooms) did not experience the same symptoms.

Impact on American diplomats

Some U.S. embassy workers have experienced lasting health problems, including an unidentified diplomat who now needs a hearing aid. In 2017, the U.S. State Department concluded that the health problems were either the result of an attack or due to exposure to an unknown device, but that it was not blaming the Cuban government, and would not say who was to blame. Affected people described symptoms such as hearing loss, memory loss, and nausea. Speculation centered around a sonic weapon, with some researchers pointing to infrasound as a possible cause.

In August 2017, the United States expelled two Cuban diplomats in retaliation for perceived Cuban responsibility. The next month, the U.S. State Department stated that it was removing non-essential staff from the U.S. embassy and warned U.S. citizens not to travel to Cuba. In October 2017, President Donald Trump said he believed that Cuba was responsible for the occurrences, calling them a "very unusual attack".

In response to the incidents, the U.S. State Department announced in March 2018 that it would continue to staff its embassy in Havana at the minimum level required to perform "core diplomatic and consular functions"; the embassy had been operating under "ordered departure status" since September 2017, but the status was set to expire. This announcement served to extend the staff reductions indefinitely.

Impact on Canadian diplomats

In March 2018, some Canadian diplomats traveled to Pittsburgh to consult with the neurologist that had previously diagnosed brain issues in US diplomats. The neurologist concluded that MRIs of the Canadians showed evidence of brain damage that was similar to what the neurologist reported for the American counterparts. In early 2018, Global Affairs Canada ended family postings to Cuba and withdrew all staff with families. Several of the Canadians who were affected in 2017 were reported to still be unable to resume their work due to the severity of their ailments. The lack of knowledge of the cause of Havana syndrome, as of February 2019, had made it challenging for the Royal Canadian Mounted Police to investigate.

In 2019, the Canadian government announced that it was reducing its embassy staff in Havana after a 14th Canadian diplomat reported symptoms of Havana syndrome in late December 2018. In February 2019, several Canadian diplomats sued the Canadian government, arguing that it failed to protect them or promptly address serious health concerns. The government has sought to dismiss the suit, arguing in November 2019 that it was not negligent and did not breach its duties to its employees. In court filings, the government acknowledged that several of the 14 plaintiffs in the suit had concussion-like symptoms but said that no definitive cause or medical diagnosis had been ascertained. In a November 2019 statement, Global Affairs Canada said, "We continue to investigate the potential causes of the unusual health symptoms."

Cuban government reactions

After the incident was made public, the Cuban foreign minister accused the U.S. of lying about the incident and denied Cuban involvement in or knowledge of the cause of the health problems the diplomats experienced.

The Cuban government offered to cooperate with the U.S. in an investigation of the incidents. It employed about 2,000 scientists and law enforcement officers who interviewed 300 neighbors of diplomats, examined two hotels, and medically examined non-diplomats who could have been exposed. NBC reported that Cuban officials stated that they analyzed air and soil samples and considered a range of toxic chemicals. They also examined the possibility that electromagnetic waves were to blame, and even looked into whether insects could be the culprit, but found nothing they could link to the claimed medical symptoms. The FBI and Cuban authorities met to discuss the situation; the Cubans stated that the U.S. neither agreed to share the diplomats' medical records with Cuban authorities nor allowed Cuban investigators access to U.S. diplomats' homes to conduct tests.

In 2021, a panel of scientists affiliated with the Cuban Academy of Sciences and convened by the Cuban government reported that "the narrative of the 'mysterious syndrome' is not scientifically acceptable in any of its components." The panel addressed the microwave hypothesis directly, writing, "No known form of energy can selectively cause brain damage (with laser-like spatial accuracy) under the conditions described for the alleged incidents in Havana."

After release of the March 2023 U.S. intelligence agencies' report which concluded that "available intelligence consistently points against the involvement of US adversaries in causing the reported incidents" and that a foreign adversary's involvement was "very unlikely", Cuba's Vice Foreign Minister Carlos Fernandez de Cossio told Reuters, "The unfortunate thing is the U.S. government leveraged to derail bilateral relations ... and discredit Cuba." The Reuters article reported that "Cuba has for years labeled as 'science fiction' the idea that 'Havana Syndrome' resulted from an attack by a foreign agent, and its top scientists in 2021 found no evidence of such allegations."

Beyond Cuba

Beginning in late 2017, suspected attacks targeting U.S. intelligence personnel were reported in an expanding set of locations around the world, including Moscow, Russia; Tbilisi, Georgia; Poland; Taiwan; and Australia. Other reports came from Colombia, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Austria, among other countries.

The U.S. government has not released the number of affected persons, but media reporting indicated a total of 130 possible cases by the end of May 2021, rising to more than 200 by mid-September 2021, and more than 1,000 by early 2022. The cases variously affected CIA, U.S. military, and State Department personnel and their family members. Some reports, after investigation, were determined to be possibly related to Havana syndrome, while others were determined to be unrelated.

China

Starting in early 2018, U.S. diplomats in China began reporting symptoms consistent with Havana syndrome. The first such incident was reported by an American diplomat in China in April 2018 at the Guangzhou consulate, the largest U.S. consulate in China. The employee reported that he had been experiencing symptoms since late 2017. Several individuals were taken to the U.S. for medical examination. A USAID employee at the U.S. embassy in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, reported a different incident in September 2017; the employee's report was discounted by the U.S. State Department.

Answering questions from the House Foreign Affairs Committee in May 2018, Secretary of State Mike Pompeo testified that U.S. diplomatic staff in Guangzhou had reported symptoms "very similar" to, and "entirely consistent" with, those reported from Cuba. On June 6, 2018, The New York Times reported that at least two additional U.S. diplomats stationed at the Guangzhou consulate had been evacuated from China and reported that "it remains unclear whether the illnesses are the result of attacks at all. Other theories have included toxins, listening devices that accidentally emitted harmful sounds, or even mass hysteria." In June 2018, the State Department announced that a task force had been assembled to investigate the reports and expanded their health warning to all of mainland China amid reports some US diplomats outside of Guangzhou had experienced the same symptoms resembling a brain injury. The warning told anyone who experienced "unusual acute auditory or sensory phenomena accompanied by unusual sounds or piercing noises" to "not attempt to locate their source".

Elsewhere in Asia

In August 2021, it was reported that two American diplomats were evacuated from the U.S. Embassy in Hanoi, Vietnam, after incidents of Havana syndrome were reported. These reported cases also delayed Vice President Kamala Harris's visit to Vietnam.

In September 2021, an aide-de-camp of CIA director William J. Burns reported symptoms consistent with those of Havana syndrome on a diplomatic visit to India.

Washington, D.C. area

In 2019, a White House official reported experiencing debilitating symptoms while walking her dog in a Virginia suburb of Washington; the incident was publicly reported in 2020. In November 2020, a similar incident was reported on The Ellipse, a lawn adjacent to the south side of the White House. Both incidents were similar to those that were reported to have struck dozens of U.S. personnel overseas, including CIA and State Department personnel. Federal agencies investigated the incident at The Ellipse, and Defense Department officials briefed members of the Senate Armed Services Committee and House Armed Services Committee in April 2021. Investigators told members of Congress that they had not been able to determine the cause of the events or who was responsible.

Europe

In 2021, dozens of U.S. personnel stationed in Vienna, including diplomats, intelligence officials, and some children of U.S. employees, had Havana syndrome-like symptoms. The State Department confirmed in July 2021 that it was investigating the reports. The Austrian foreign ministry stated it was collaborating with American investigators. Aside from Havana, Vienna has reported the most incidents. In September 2021, the CIA station chief in Vienna (the top U.S. intelligence officer in the country) was recalled over concerns over his management; he had been criticized for not taking quicker action in response to the Havana syndrome cases at his post.

In the months preceding August 2021, cases of Havana syndrome were reported at the U.S. embassy in Berlin, Germany, including from two U.S. officials who sought medical treatment. Several new cases were reported at the embassy in October 2021.

In 2021, the CIA evacuated an intelligence officer serving in Serbia suspected of being a victim of the neurological attack.

Three White House staffers reported symptoms at the InterContinental London Park Lane in late May 2019.

Elsewhere

One of the CIA officials with symptoms in Australia and Taiwan was one of the agency's top five officials. The Russian embassy in Australia dismissed reports of Russian operatives targeting CIA personnel in Australia.

In October 2021, it was reported that U.S. embassy personnel and their families in Bogota, Colombia, had developed symptoms consistent with Havana syndrome.

Chronology of investigation

2018

Developments

In January 2018, at Secretary of State Rex Tillerson's direction, the State Department convened an accountability review board, which is "an internal State Department mechanism to review security incidents involving diplomatic personnel". Retired United States Ambassador to Libya Peter Bodde was chosen to lead the board.

In March 2018, Kevin Fu and a team of computer scientists at the University of Michigan reported in a study that ultrasound—specifically, intermodulation distortion from multiple inaudible ultrasonic signals—from malfunctioning or improperly placed Cuban surveillance equipment could have been the origin of the reported sounds.

FBI investigations

In 2018, the FBI produced two reports on AHIs. The first, internally released in January, was a non-public report by the FBI's Operational Technology Division which found no evidence of a sonic attack or involvement of foreign adversaries.

A second FBI investigation in 2018 was conducted by the Behavioral Analysis Unit, which visited Havana and came to the assessment that the individuals were experiencing a mass psychogenic illness. The investigators did not speak to any of the affected people directly, instead relying on prior interviews other FBI investigators conducted with persons that reported AHIs. According to The New Yorker, the unit also reviewed the patient histories compiled by the patients' neuropsychologists and other physicians, who had already ruled out mass psychogenic illness as a cause.

A November 2018 report in The New Yorker found that the FBI's investigation into the incidents was stymied by conflict with the CIA and the State Department; the CIA was reluctant to reveal, even to other U.S. government agencies, the identities of affected officers because of concern about possible leaks. Federal rules on the privacy of employee medical records also hindered the investigation.

University of Pennsylvania study

At the U.S. government's request, University of Pennsylvania (UPenn) researchers examined 21 affected diplomats posted to Cuba, and the preliminary results were published in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) in March 2018. The researchers found "no evidence of white matter tract abnormalities" in affected diplomats beyond what might be seen in a control group of the same age, but described "a new syndrome in the diplomats that resembles persistent concussion". While some of those affected recovered swiftly, others had symptoms for months. The study concluded that "the diplomats appear to have sustained injury to widespread brain networks."

In September 2018, Douglas H. Smith, the lead author of the UPenn study, said in an interview that microwaves were "considered a main suspect" underlying the phenomenon. A 2018 study by Beatrice Alexandra Golomb determined that the symptoms and circumstances of AHIs were consistent with pulsed RF/MW radiation.

Criticism of University of Pennsylvania study

The same issue of JAMA that contained the UPenn study also contained an editorial criticizing the UPenn study. The editorial criticized the lack of a control group, lack of baseline evaluations, and lack of experimental blinding. The editorial expressed concern that many of the measurements were based on patient self-reports or involved subjective interpretations. The editorial said that the UPenn study's conclusion (that the subjects suffered brain injuries) was flawed, because there were other (non-injury) explanations that were consistent with the symptoms, such as functional disorders, persistent postural-perceptual dizziness, or psychogenic causes.

The UPenn study was criticized again in JAMA, in August 2018, by several physicians and scientists who asserted that the study overlooked many other possible causes of the AHIs.

The UPenn study was also criticized in late 2018 by the neuroscience journal Cortex. The journal's editorial board, led by Sergio Della Sala, published an letter stating that the study had "gross methodological flaws" and asking the authors of the study to clarify their methods or retract the study. In the board's view, "Allowing such confused and conflicting explanations of methodology and analysis to pass unchallenged is a slippery path for science, and dangerous for society at large".

In late 2018, some scientists, including physicist Peter Zimmerman, bioengineers Kenneth R. Foster, and Andrei G. Pakhomov, and UCLA neurologist Robert Baloh, said that the microwave hypothesis was implausible; Baloh described the conclusions of the UPenn study as "science fiction".

In 2024, scientists with the NIH published a study of 86 AHI patients in which they were unable to replicate the UPenn results.

2018 JASON report

In 2018, JASON, a group of physicists and scientists who advise the U.S. government, analyzed audio recordings from eight of the original 21 incidents of Havana syndrome and two cellphone videos taken by one patient from Cuba. The report's findings were first reported in July 2019. Parts of JASON's report were declassified in September 2021.

The report concluded that the sounds in the audio recordings were "most likely" caused by insects and that it was "highly unlikely" that microwaves or ultrasound beams were involved, because "No plausible single source of energy (neither radio/microwaves nor sonic) can produce both the recorded audio/video signals and the reported medical effects." The group determined with "high confidence" that two audio sources were sounds from the Indies short-tailed cricket. The report stated "It cannot be ruled out that while the perceived sounds, while not harmful, are introduced by an adversary as deception so as to mask an entirely unrelated mode of causing illness." The report also concluded that while the cause of the condition was unknown, "psychogenic effects may serve to explain important components of the reported injuries".

2019

Analysis of insect noises

In January 2019, biologists Alexander L. Stubbs of the University of California, Berkeley and Fernando Montealegre-Z of the University of Lincoln analyzed audio recordings made by American personnel in Havana during incidents associated with Havana syndrome. The conclusion was that the sounds were the calling song of the Indies short-tailed cricket (Anurogryllus celerinictus) rather than those of a technological device. Stubbs and Montealegre-Z matched the song's "pulse repetition rate, power spectrum, pulse rate stability, and oscillations per pulse" to the recording. Stubbs and Montealegre wrote, "the causes of the health problems reported by embassy personnel are beyond the scope of this paper" and called for "more rigorous research into the source of these ailments, including the potential psychogenic effects, as well as possible physiological explanations unrelated to sonic attacks." This conclusion was comparable to a 2017 hypothesis by Cuban scientists that the sound on the same recording is that of Jamaican field crickets.

Psychogenic cause proposed

In a 2019 paper, Robert Bartholomew and Robert Baloh proposed that the syndrome represents mass psychogenic illness rather than a "novel clinical entity". They cite the vagueness and inconsistency of symptoms as well as the circumstances they developed in (affected staff would have been under significant stress as the U.S. had just reopened its embassy in Cuba) as a cause.

CDC report

In late 2017, the US Congress asked the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) to investigate the syndrome. In response, the CDC studied the medical histories of 95 diplomats and family members that reported symptoms. The report, published in December 2019, was given to Congress and to the executive branch, but not released to the public. The report concluded "The evaluations conducted thus far have not identified a mechanism of injury, process of exposure, effective treatment, or mitigating factor for the unexplained cluster of symptoms experienced by those stationed in Havana." The report noted that 15 of the 95 persons reported similar symptoms, which occurred in two phases. Inconsistencies in the medical records, as well as long times between symptoms and medical tests, impaired the CDC's ability to draw clear conclusions from the medical data. The CDC decided not to conduct a retrospective case–control study because of the length of time between the event and the onset of symptoms, which could lead to recall and selection biases that "could generate misleading or obscured findings".

In December 2020, Buzzfeed news noticed that the NASEM report mentioned the CDC report, and so they made a FOIA request, and obtained the CDC report. In January 2021, Buzzfeed published the CDC report. Buzzfeed quoted neurologist Robert Baloh as saying "Essentially the CDC is saying that they have no idea what happened in Cuba."

2020

Developments

In October 2020, the New York Times reported that U.S. diplomats and intelligence officers, including senior leaders, had clashed with Trump administration appointees, including CIA director Gina Haspel and State Department leaders, over the nature and causes of the suspected attacks. A New York Times investigation found that the State Department had "produced inconsistent assessments of patients and events, ignored outside medical diagnoses and withheld basic information from Congress". Despite the general view within the U.S. government that Russia was responsible, two U.S. officials told The New York Times that Haspel was not convinced of Russia's responsibility, or even whether an attack occurred.

Many current and former U.S. officials stated that Russia was likely responsible for the alleged attacks, a suspicion shared by both Trump and Biden administration officials. This view was shared by CIA analysts on Russia, State Department officials, outside science experts, and several of the alleged victims. Russia has a history of researching, developing, and using weapons that cause brain injuries, such as the Cold War-era "Moscow Signal" targeting the American embassy in Moscow.

In 2020 it was reported that a 2014 NSA report raised suspicions that Russia used a microwave weapon to target a person's living quarters, causing nervous system damage; and Russia has an interest in disrupting cooperation among the U.S., China, and Cuba. The U.S. diplomats stationed in China and Cuba who reported ailments were working to increase cooperation with those countries, and some CIA analysts voiced suspicion Russia thus sought to derail their work.

A U.S. Office of Special Counsel investigation resulted in an April 2020 determination that there was "a substantial likelihood of wrongdoing" by State Department leadership. Mark Lenzi, who was a State Department diplomatic security officer stationed in Guangzhou, accused the department of a "deliberate, high-level cover-up" and of failing to protect their employees. Marc Polymeropoulos, a 26-year CIA veteran, who retired in 2019, similarly felt betrayed by CIA leadership, accusing the agency of failing to respond appropriately to a vertigo-inducing incident in Moscow in December 2017 (Polymeropoulos said the event was an attack and "the most terrifying experience of my life", worse than experiences in Iraq and Afghanistan). Polymeropoulos fought with the CIA for years to obtain specialized medical treatment, after the agency cast doubt on the similarities between the symptoms he experienced and those experienced by the diplomats in Havana. Polymeropoulos was ultimately diagnosed at the U.S. government's Walter Reed Medical Center with traumatic brain injury.

Near the end of the Trump administration, the Defense Department established a task force to investigate reports of attacks on DoD personnel abroad. The DoD established the task force partly due to frustration over what DoD officials considered to be a sluggish and lackluster response by the CIA and Department of State. Christopher C. Miller, who was acting defense secretary at the time, said in 2021 that "I knew CIA and Department of State were not taking this shit seriously and we wanted to shame them into it by establishing our task force." Miller said that he began to consider the reports of mysterious symptoms to be a high priority in December 2020, after he conducted an interview with a person with major combat experience who detailed symptoms.

In December 2020, the CIA established a task force to investigate. The agency set up the task force after continued reports of debilitating attacks against CIA officers in various places around the world. The CIA expanded its investigation under Director William J. Burns, who took office in 2021; Burns appointed a senior CIA officer who had previously led the manhunt for Osama bin Laden to lead the agency's investigation.

In 2020, a book by Bartholomew and Baloh, Havana Syndrome: Mass Psychogenic Illness and the Real Story Behind the Embassy Mystery and Hysteria, was published; it argued in support of the psychogenic illness hypothesis.

NASEM report

The State Department commissioned the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) to study Havana Syndrome. The committee met throughout 2020 and released their report in December 2020. The committee noted that lack of information and direct evidence (such as medical testing data about affected persons) limited what it could conclude about the phenomenon, and that "each possible cause remains speculative" and that "the report should not be viewed as conclusive". The committee considered four causes: directed Radio Frequency (RF) energy, toxic chemicals, infectious diseases, and psychological issues. The committee deemed the RF pulses as the most plausible, with psychological causes as a secondary contributing factor. The committee considered toxic chemicals and infectious diseases as unlikely causes.

The committed found that many of the AHI symptoms were consistent with exposure to directed RF energy. The committee outlined additional research that needs to be conducted before concrete conclusions can be reached.

The NASEM study found that it was unlikely that the symptoms were caused by toxic chemicals, such as insecticides or pesticides, due to a lack of evidence of exposures to those pesticides or clinical histories consistent with such exposure. NASEM also found it highly unlikely that an infectious disease (such as Zika virus, which was an epidemic in Cuba in 2016–17) caused the illnesses.

The NASEM analysis considered pyschogenic, social, and psychological causes for the symptoms, but was not able to draw a conclusion that these were likely or unlikely causes of most of the symptoms. The study stated that psychological causes were unlikely to be the cause of the acute and chronic auditory and vestibular symttoms that were reported by some patients.

In October 2021, Cheryl Rofer, a former chemist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, said that there were no microwave experts on the NASEM committee and that "No evidence has been offered that such a weapon has been developed by any nation." Rofer also cited a 1978 study that found no adverse health effects from the Moscow Signal.

2021

Developments

Citing unnamed intelligence and government officials, The New York Times reported in July 2021 that the National Security Council, Central Intelligence Agency, and Director of National Intelligence established two outside panels, one to investigate possible causes and the other to develop defensive countermeasures for personnel protection; cleared external scientists would be permitted to view relevant classified intelligence in their investigations.

In September 2021, it was reported that within the U.S. government, analysts had debated whether the alleged attacks reflected a deliberate attempt to cause injury, or whether the reported symptoms were "a consequence of a high-tech attempt to steal classified information from phones and computers of U.S. officials". Also in September, CIA Deputy Director David S. Cohen said that the investigation had "gotten closer" to making a determination, "but not close enough to make the analytic judgment that people are waiting for". Also in September, it was reported that multiple anecdotes from various Western diplomats stationed overseas, including in Russia, describe mysterious ailments during past decades that might be due to microwave devices.

In October 2021, it was reported that an unclassified NSA report from 2014 indicated a hostile country in the 1990s possessed a "high powered microwave system weapon that may have the ability to weaken, intimidate or kill an enemy over time and without leaving evidence".

In November 2021, Secretary of State Blinken appointed two senior U.S. diplomats to oversee the department's internal Health Incident Response Task Force: career foreign service officer Ambassador Jonathan M. Moore as overall coordinator and retired Ambassador Margaret Uyehara.

The Senate Intelligence Committee leadership (chair Mark Warner and vice chair Marco Rubio) said in 2021 that it was working with Burns and the CIA on connection with the investigation, saying, "We have already held fact finding hearings on these debilitating attacks, many of which result in medically confirmed cases of Traumatic Brain Injury, and will do more."

After the reports of the incident at The Ellipse nearby the White House in Washington, Defense Department investigators briefed members of Congress, even though it occurred within the U.S.; this was because the DoD investigation was more advanced than the FBI or the intelligence community investigations.

U.S. State Department

In February, the U.S. State Department said that its ongoing investigation was "a high priority" for the department. Also in February, sources familiar with the various ongoing investigations told CNN that a primary obstacle to progress by the U.S. government in investigating the syndrome was a lack of coordination among the CIA, FBI, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and State Department, which conducted separate and "largely siloed" investigations. The limited coordination among the agencies was due in part to "the highly classified nature of some details and the privacy restrictions of health records, and that has hampered progress".

In March 2021, the State Department appointed ambassador Pamela L. Spratlen, a career foreign service officer, to oversee the department task force charged with responding to the incidents. Six months later, Spratlen left her position as coordinator of the task force because she "reached the threshold of hours of labor" that she could perform as a retiree. Her resignation had been demanded by people angered by her handling of a conference call with affected employees. During the call with employees (in which Secretary of State Antony Blinken also took part), Spratlen did not take a position on whether the syndrome was psychogenic, a response that affected diplomats called "invalidating".

Media reports

In May 2021, the The New Yorker reported that some unnamed officials in the government believe that GRU agents have been aiming microwave-radiation devices at U.S. officials, to obtain information from phones and computers, and that the radiation may be harmful. The article also quoted a government official who interviewed several overseas workers that reported episodes of pain or dizziness when near GRU locations. According to two unnamed officials interviewed by Politico, "While investigators have not determined definitively that these incidents are caused by a specific weapon, some believe any such device would be primarily transported by vehicle", and "Some could be small enough to fit into a large backpack, and an individual can be targeted from 500 to 1,000 yards away." An article in The Guardian interviewed experts regarding the feasibility of AHIs being caused by microwave weapons, and some of the experts stated that it was plausible, but others stated it was not plausible.

Cuban Academy of Sciences

In September 2021, the Cuban Academy of Sciences released a report prepared by 21 scientists and academics. The report determined that prior analyses by United States scientists were biased and relied on evidence that was cherry-picked to support the narrative of attacks by a foreign adversary. The Cuban scientists stated that alternative explanations, including psychogenic causes, were suppressed in the US investigations. The Cuban report concluded that there is no weapon that can inflict the kinds of ailments reported, and that the most likely explanation of the syndrome was mass psychogenic illness, perhaps combined with prior existing medical conditions.

2022

Developments

In February 2022, the Director of National Intelligence released a summary of a report written by a panel of scientists. Regarding AHI patients that reported four particular "core" symptoms, the report determined that pulsed electromagnetic energy and ultrasound were plausible causes for those cases. The report stated that psychogenic factors could explain the other instances of AHI (that did not involve all four symptoms).

In late 2022 the US Defense Health Agency issued Form 244, Anomalous Health Incident (AHI) Acute Assessment, described as "a multi-domain assessment that should be used to evaluate patients for potential AHI".

In October 2022, CNN reported that some three dozen CIA officers had accused the agency of dragging its feet in the investigation, including some who had filed formal whistleblower complaints.

CIA Report

In January 2022, the Central Intelligence Agency issued an interim report that summarized an ongoing study of roughly 1,000 reported cases of AHI. The study concluded that it was unlikely that a foreign power was responsible for the AHIs, and that the study had not yet found evidence of involvement by a state actor. The report said that most of the reviewed cases could be explained by natural causes such as environmental causes, undiagnosed medical conditions, or stress. The study identified about 24 cases for which foreign involvement could not be ruled out, and said that investigation is continuing.

2022 JASON Report

On February 10, 2022, the State Department released unclassified portions of a report it had commissioned from the JASON Advisory Group. It had tasked JASON to consider all available data and evaluate potential directed energy mechanisms with regard to their ability to produce the reported effects.

The study found that 80–90% of the incidents could be easily explained by everyday occurrences or other unrelated factors. For the 10–20% that could not be easily explained, JASON was not able to perform a statistical analysis due to lack of data on a comparable background population, small numbers, and generally low data quality.

The study also examined whether or not electromagnetic radiation could be the cause of AHIs. The study concluded that several forms of radiation could be ruled out, including ionizing radiation, acoustic energy, and RF energy at frequencies less than 500 MHz or greater than 30 GHz. After considering factors such as ability to aim and to penetrate building walls, the remaining frequencies—between 500 MHz and 30 GHz—were determined to be a "highly unlikely" cause, although they could not be conclusively ruled out.

2023

2023 U.S. intelligence report

On March 1, 2023, the House Intelligence Committee released a report, titled "Intelligence Community Assessment", which was jointly prepared by seven U.S. intelligence agencies and published by the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI). The report concluded "that there is no credible evidence that a foreign adversary has a weapon or collection device that is causing AHIs". The agencies preparing the report reviewed thousands of possible cases of Havana syndrome. The reported stated that there continues to be scientific debate about whether a weapon could produce such health effects.

Five of the seven agencies involved in generating the report concluded "the available intelligence consistently points against the involvement of US adversaries in causing the reported incidents" and that a foreign adversary's involvement was "very unlikely". One of the other agencies concluded that foreign involvement was "unlikely", and the seventh agency declined to make a finding.

Two of the seven agencies had "high confidence in this judgment while three agencies have moderate confidence". Two other agencies judged "that deliberate causal mechanisms are unlikely to have caused AHIs" but those agencies had "low confidence because they judge(d) that radiofrequency (RF) energy is a plausible cause for AHIs, based in part on the findings of the IC Expert Panel and the results of research by some US laboratories."

CNN reported that in its 2023 Assessment, government officials said: "There is no one explanation for these incidents. Instead, there are many different possible causes including environmental as well as social factors and preexisting medical conditions." The officials also told CNN that "The investigative efforts were 'extremely aggressive' and involved 'a high degree of risk'" and "Intelligence officers vigorously studied what happened in the hours, days and weeks surrounding the incidents... In some instances they found malfunctioning HVAC systems, which can cause discomfort to humans, and in other cases there were computer mice that created surprising disruptions... We weren't finding what we expected to find... There is no one explanation for any of this."

Of the report, CIA Director Bill Burns said, "The intelligence community assessment released today by ODNI reflects more than two years of rigorous, painstaking collection, investigative work, and analysis by IC agencies including CIA... We applied the agency's very best operational, analytic, and technical tradecraft to what is one of the largest and most intensive investigations in the agency's history."

Politico summarized the results by saying, "The finding undercuts a years-long narrative, propped up by more than a thousand reports from government employees, that a foreign adversary used pulsed electro-magnetic energy waves to sicken Americans."

Reactions

Following release of the March 2023 report, Trump's national security adviser John Bolton revealed that when the Cuban attack reports began, he "pretty quickly" came to believe that this was not in Cuba's interest, and in any case thought it was beyond that nation's capabilities. He assumed Russia was involved, but said that he chose not to brief the president on that belief as he did not think Trump would support that theory due to his prior associations with Vladimir Putin.

Upon release of the report, Cuba's Vice Foreign Minister Carlos Fernandez de Cossio told Reuters, "The unfortunate thing is the U.S. government leveraged to derail bilateral relations... and discredit Cuba." Reuters also reported that "Cuba has for years labeled as 'science fiction' the idea that 'Havana Syndrome' resulted from an attack by a foreign agent, and its top scientists in 2021 found no evidence of such allegations."

Despite the report's conclusion, U.S. Senator Marco Rubio, the vice chairman of the Senate Intelligence Committee, issued a statement on March 2 rejecting the finding, saying, "Something happened here, and just because you don't have all the answers doesn't mean that it didn't happen." Rubio said his panel would continue an independent review of the claims.

2024

The Insider investigative report

On March 31, 2024, The Insider, in collaboration with 60 Minutes and Der Spiegel, published an investigative report claiming that the syndrome was possibly caused by actions of Russian military intelligence. The report states that members of the GRU Unit 29155, known for undertaking foreign operations, received awards and promotions for work related to the development and deployment of "non-lethal acoustic weapons", and that telephone and travel data pinpointing the locations of these agents correlated with the timings and locations of several AHIs worldwide.

The Kremlin Press Secretary dismissed the report as "nothing more than baseless, unfounded accusations by the media." In response to the report, the White House Press Secretary said that a "foreign adversary is very unlikely." US Vice Presidential candidate JD Vance ridiculed the report, claiming that the journalists had lost their minds.

Following the report, in a letter addressed to the President, several U.S. Senators called for further investigations into the causes of the anomalous health incidents.

NIH Clinical Center studies

In April, scientists at the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center published the results of two studies conducted over five years on two groups of federal employees (81 and 86 persons) who experienced anomalous health incidents (AHIs). The studies did not find any brain injuries or persistent physiologic changes, when comparing AHI patients to a control group. One of the researchers noted that many of the patients are experiencing high levels of stress and anxiety, which can negatively impact their recovery from original AHIs.

The authors of one of the studies concluded that "This ... study ... revealed no significant differences in imaging measures of brain structure or function between individuals reporting AHIs and matched control participants after adjustment for multiple comparisons." Differences between the AHI individuals and the control group were statistically insignificant, after compensating for errors related to multiple measurements.

The authors of the other study concluded that "there were no significant differences between individuals reporting AHIs and matched control participants with respect to most clinical, research, and biomarker measures, except for objective and self-reported measures of imbalance and symptoms of fatigue, posttraumatic stress, and depression. This study did not replicate the findings of previous studies ".

The journal Applied Radiology summarized the results as finding "no significant evidence of MRI-detectable brain injury, nor differences in most clinical measures compared to controls".

In May 2024, a former CIA employee, who reported AHI symptoms and is now an advocate for other AHI patients, claimed that the CIA required him to participate in the NIH study as a prerequisite to obtaining medical care for his AHI symptoms. The CIA denied the allegation. The NIH investigated the claim, and discovered no coercion on the part of NIH personnel. Since the participant perceived he was coerced by the CIA, the NIH terminated the AHI studies in September 2024, so as to avoid any possible violation of medical ethics guidelines.

GAO report

The Government Accountability Office (GAO) issued a report in July 2024 that surveyed the DOD's actions in providing medical care to AHI patients. The GAO interviewed 65 of the 334 persons (all non-military) that qualified for health care provided by the DOD. Based on the interviews, the GAO found that the AHI patients were often confused by the process to obtain care. The GAO made several recommendations to the DOD, with the goal of streamlining the process and improving communications. The DOD said it is working on implementing the recommendations, but does not yet have concrete dates when they will be implemented.

Legislative responses

In response to Havana syndrome, United States Senator Susan Collins introduced a bill (S. 1828), cosponsored by a bipartisan group of nine other senators, that would close a loophole in the Federal Employees' Compensation Act that would normally not cover damage to organs such as the brain and heart.

The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022, passed by Congress in December 2021, included a section directing the president to designate a senior official as "anomalous health incidents interagency coordinator" to oversee efforts across the federal government and to coordinate with the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, required relevant federal agencies to designate a specific high-level "anomalous health incident agency coordination lead" and directed agencies to develop guidance to employees considered to be at risk of exposure.

Financial compensation

In 2021, Congress passed the Helping American Victims Afflicted by Neurological Attacks (HAVANA) Act, which authorized the CIA director and the secretary of state to provide financial support for personnel with brain injuries. The bill passed the House and Senate unanimously and was signed into law by president Joe Biden on October 8, 2021, becoming Public Law No. 117-46. The law gives an untaxed lump-sum payment of up to one year's full salary ($187,300 for higher-ranking employees) to government employees that provide evidence of neurological injury. The payment is in addition to workers' compensation or disability payments.

Animal experimentation

In March 2023, Politico reported that the U.S. Army funded a $750,000 grant to Wayne State University for a study to expose 48 ferrets to RF waves, comparing the effects to those from a control group of ferrets; the Department of Defense described the project as an attempt to "develop and test a novel laboratory animal model to mimic mild concussive head injury" similar to those reported by the embassy personnel in Havana and China. Politico also reported that the U.S. Department of Defense had recently tested RF waves on primates. The animal rights group PETA demanded that the Pentagon end live-animal testing in relation to Havana syndrome.

See also

• Brown note (hypothetical sonic weapon)
• Cuba–United States relations
• Cuban fever, a late-19th to early-20th century name for a form of tropic fever
• Electronic harassment
• Health scare
• Microwave auditory effect
• Moscow Signal
• Post-concussion syndrome
• Russia–United States relations

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External links

• "Havana Syndrome" at Reveal (8 April 2023)
• Vice News: Havana Syndrome podcast on Apple Podcasts and Spotify

v t e Canada–China relations
Diplomatic posts	Embassy of China, Ottawa Ambassadors of Canada to China Consulate General of Canada in Hong Kong and Macao
Incidents	Murder of Cecilia Zhang Murder of Amanda Zhao 2011 Canadian government hackings Havana syndrome Meng Wanzhou Extradition case Detention of Michael Spavor and Michael Kovrig Chinese government interference in the 2019 and 2021 Canadian federal elections 2023 balloon incident
Related	Canada–Hong Kong relations Canada–Taiwan relations Canada China Business Council Canadian Chamber of Commerce in Shanghai China-Canada Dinosaur Project Chinese government interference in Canada Inter-Parliamentary Alliance on China International School of Beijing Miss Chinese Toronto Pageant Claws of the Panda
Category:Canada–China relations

v t e Canada–United States relations
Diplomatic posts	Embassy of Canada, Washington, D.C. Ambassadors of Canada to the United States Former Residence of the Canadian Ambassador Embassy of the United States, Ottawa Ambassadors of the United States to Canada Lornado Consulate General of Canada, Boston Consulate General of Canada, Chicago Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs
Diplomacy	Treaty of New York (1796) Rush–Bagot Treaty Canadian–American Reciprocity Treaty Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909 Migratory Bird Treaty Halibut Treaty International Pacific Halibut Commission First Quebec Conference Quebec Agreement Second Quebec Conference Columbia River Treaty The Merchant–Heeney Report Shakwak Agreement Great Lakes Charter Shamrock Summit U.S.–Canada Air Quality Agreement Agreement Concerning the Shipwrecked Vessel RMS Titanic Smart Border Declaration Canada–United States Safe Third Country Agreement Great Lakes–Saint Lawrence River Basin Sustainable Water Resources Agreement Boston–Halifax relations United States Senate Committee on Canadian Relations New England Governors and Eastern Canadian Premiers' Annual Conference Climate Change Action Plan 2001 Canadian response to Hurricane Katrina Canadaville, Louisiana Arctic Ocean Conference Arctic Council Arctic Economic Council International Space Station
Incidents	Quebec Act Caroline affair Frères chasseurs Hunters' Lodges Battle of Windsor Fenian raids Cypress Hills Massacre Sitting Bull Louie Sam In re Ross Trail Smelter dispute Defence Scheme No. 1 1950 Douglas C-54D disappearance 1950 British Columbia B-36 crash 1950 Rivière-du-Loup B-50 nuclear weapon loss incident Symphony Six CIA activities in Canada Edmonton aircraft bombing Canuck letter Arctic Refuge drilling controversy Kidnapping of Sidney Jaffe Shootings of Alfred and Rosemary Podgis 1984 Montreal bombing Arrow Air Flight 1285R Reference Re Ng Extradition Pacific Salmon War United States v Burns Mitchell v MNR Korean Air Flight 085 Tarnak Farm incident Canadian Guantanamo Bay detainees Northeast blackout of 2003 Arar v. Ashcroft Keystone Pipeline Havana syndrome Extradition case of Meng Wanzhou Canada convoy protest Timeline 2023 Yukon high-altitude object 2023 Lake Huron high-altitude object
Military relations	2nd Canadian Regiment Canadian Caper Canadian peacekeeping Canada and the Iraq War Iraq War resisters in Canada Jeremy Hinzman Kimberly Rivera War Resisters Support Campaign Canada and the Vietnam War Vietnam War resisters in Canada CIA activities in Canada Defence Scheme No. 2 First Special Service Force Five Eyes UKUSA Agreement Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II Canadian procurement Mid-Canada Line Montreal Laboratory North American Aerospace Defense Command Distant Early Warning Line North Warning System Continental NORAD Region Operation Noble Eagle Operation Yellow Ribbon Operation Inland Seas Permanent Joint Board on Defense Ogdensburg Agreement Pinetree Line Project HARP War Plan Red
Economic relations	Comparison of Canadian and American economies Exclusive economic zone of Canada Exclusive economic zone of the United States Branch plant economy Deep integration Foreign ownership of companies of Canada Reciprocity Canada–United States Automotive Products Agreement Third Option Macdonald Commission Canada–United States softwood lumber dispute Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement North American Free Trade Agreement Northwest Cattle Project Canada–United States Consultative Committee on Agriculture Mandatory country-of-origin labeling American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 Regulatory Cooperation Council FATCA agreement between Canada and the United States CSeries dumping petition by Boeing United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement Alaska-Alberta Railway Development Corporation International Fuel Tax Agreement North American SuperCorridor Coalition Pacific Northwest Economic Region
Border	Border crossings American entry into Canada by land Areas disputed by Canada and the United States 1985 Polar Sea controversy Alaska boundary dispute Beaufort Sea Bering Sea Arbitration Cape Muzon Battle of Caribou Dixon Entrance Republic of Indian Stream Machias Seal Island North Rock Northwest Passage Oregon boundary dispute Pearse Island Pig War (1859) Saint Croix Island, Maine Strait of Juan de Fuca Sugar Island (Michigan) Wales Island (British Columbia) Territorial claims in the Arctic
Related	Anti-Canadian sentiment American immigration to Canada Expulsion of the Loyalists Little Canada Snowbird Canada–United States sports rivalries Junior ice hockey rivalry Women's national ice hockey rivalry Comparison of healthcare systems Canada lunar sample displays Canadian Society of New York CANUSA Games Hollywood North Maple Match 51st state Movements for the annexation of Canada to the United States Montreal Annexation Manifesto Annexation Bill of 1866 Cascadia Doug flag Parti 51 Unionest Party Continentalism Fort Stikine Godfrey–Milliken Bill Invasion of Quebec Benedict Arnold's expedition to Quebec Letters to the inhabitants of Canada Indian barrier state Royal Proclamation of 1763 Indian Reserve Aroostook War Halifax Road Webster–Ashburton Treaty Great Lakes Fishery Commission Great Lakes Areas of Concern Halifax Fisheries Commission Pacific Salmon Commission Pugets Sound Agricultural Company Rum-running in Windsor, Ontario United States passport card Western Climate Initiative Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative Windsor–Detroit International Freedom Festival Champlain Hudson Power Express Great Recycling and Northern Development Canal Lake Champlain Seaway International Control Dam North American Water and Power Alliance Northwest Area Water Supply St. Lawrence Seaway Sumas 2 Alaska gas pipeline Alberta Clipper pipeline Alliance Pipeline Brunswick Pipeline Gas Transmission Northwest Great Lakes Transmission Iroquois Pipeline Maritimes & Northeast Pipeline Northern Border Pipeline Northwest Pipeline Portland–Montreal pipeline Vector Pipeline Territorial claims in the Arctic Simultaneous substitution Canadian television stations available in the United States Foreign television channels available in Canada United States television stations available in Canada Talking to Americans Lament for a Nation The Fight for Canada
Category:Canada–United States relations

v t e China–United States relations
Diplomatic posts	Embassy of China, Washington, D.C. Ambassadors of China to the United States Embassy of the United States, Beijing Ambassadors of the United States to China Chinese Consulate-Generals New York Consuls-General of China, New York Los Angeles Houston American Consulate-Generals Chengdu Guangzhou Hong Kong and Macau Shanghai Shenyang Wuhan Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs Office of China Coordination
Diplomacy	Treaty of Wanghia Treaty of Tientsin Burlingame Treaty Gresham-Yang Treaty Shanghai International Settlement American Concession (Shanghai) United States Court for China Treaty between the United States and China for the Relinquishment of Extraterritorial Rights in China Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between the United States of America and the Republic of China Marshall Mission Loss of China China White Paper PRC-US Ambassadorial Talks 1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China Shanghai Communiqué Three Communiqués One-China policy Nixon goes to China Nixon's China Game Harvey Feldman Ling-Ling and Hsing-Hsing Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations Goldwater v. Carter State visit by Deng Xiaoping to the United States Presidential Rule of Law Initiative Beijing–Washington hotline State visit by Xi Jinping to the United States 2015 United States–China Cybersecurity Agreement Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action United States–China talks in Alaska United States–China Working Group
Conflicts	Boxer Rebellion Eight-Nation Alliance China Relief Expedition Chinese Civil War Korean War Allegations of biological warfare in the Korean War Cross-Strait conflict First Taiwan Strait Crisis Operation King Kong Second Taiwan Strait Crisis Third Taiwan Strait Crisis CIA Tibetan program Quadrilateral Security Dialogue
Incidents	Rover incident Chy Lung v. Freeman Cheong Ah Moy v. United States Chae Chan Ping v. United States Twain–Ament indemnities controversy 1905 Chinese boycott USS Monocacy incident Red Scare Qian Xuesen 1946 United States Air Force C-47 Crash at Yan'an Shen Chong case Lamont v. Postmaster General Hu Na Project Sabre II Yinhe incident 1996 United States campaign finance controversy Johnny Chung Liu Chaoying United States bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade Hainan Island incident Operation Shady RAT Operation Aurora United States diplomatic cables leak 2012 China anti-Japanese demonstrations Murder of Shao Tong Disappearance of David Louis Sneddon Trump–Tsai call Havana syndrome Animal Science Products v. Hebei Welcome Pharmaceuticals China Initiative Trial of Anming Hu Concerns over Chinese involvement in 5G wireless networks Meng Wanzhou Extradition TikTok v. Trump U.S. WeChat Users Alliance v. Trump COVID-19 misinformation United States Department of Defense China Task Force 2022 visit by Nancy Pelosi to Taiwan Chinese espionage in the United States Cyberwarfare by China Alleged Chinese spy cases persecuted in the United States Cox Report Timeline of the Cox Report controversy American espionage in China Hugh Francis Redmond Uyghur detainees at Guantanamo Bay 2023 balloon incident Chinese interference in the 2024 United States elections
Military relations	Yangtze Patrol Alice Dollar incident Second Sino-Japanese War American Volunteer Group Black Cat Squadron Development of Chinese Nationalist air force (1937–1945) China Air Task Force China Marines Dixie Mission Flying Tigers Operation Beleaguer Sino-American Cooperative Organization RIMPAC
Legislation	United States sanctions against China U.S. immigration policy Magnuson Act Taiwan Relations Act Executive Order 12711 Chinese Student Protection Act of 1992 United States-Hong Kong Policy Act United States–Hong Kong Agreement for the Surrender of Fugitive Offenders Forced Abortion Condemnation Act Taiwan Security Enhancement Act United States–China Relations Act of 2000 Wolf Amendment Taiwan Travel Act EQUITABLE Act Hong Kong Be Water Act Hong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act Tibet Policy and Support Act Taiwan Allies International Protection and Enhancement Initiative Act Proclamation 10043 Uyghur Human Rights Policy Act Hong Kong Autonomy Act Executive Order 13936 Executive Order 13959 Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act Executive Order 14032 United States Innovation and Competition Act Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act
Economic relations	Old China Trade United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission Group of Two Strategic Economic Dialogue Summer Palace Dialogue U.S.–China Strategic and Economic Dialogue Senior Dialogue China–United States trade war (Trump tariffs) Permanent normal trade relations
Related	History of China–United States relations Hong Kong–United States relations Macau–United States relations Taiwan–United States relations Americans in China Chinese Americans Anti-American sentiment in mainland China Ruguanxue Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States Chimerica China Lobby Asia First Chinese Century China Hands China watcher Cold War in Asia Second Cold War Artificial Intelligence Cold War Ping-pong diplomacy Triangular diplomacy Peaceful Evolution theory Linkage (policy) String of Pearls (Indian Ocean) Thucydides Trap Hong (business) Air route authority between the United States and China Blue Team TPE (cable system) Protestant missions in China Elijah Coleman Bridgman Divie Bethune McCartee The 1990 Institute Boxer Indemnity Scholarship China Aid Society Chinese Educational Mission Committee for a Democratic Far Eastern Policy Congressional-Executive Commission on China Hua Yuan Science and Technology Association Inter-Parliamentary Alliance on China United States House Select Committee on Strategic Competition between the United States and the Chinese Communist Party Kissinger Institute on China and the United States National Committee on United States–China Relations Oberlin Shansi Memorial Association Sino-American Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruction US-China Business Council US–China Education Trust US–China Peoples Friendship Association Massachusetts International Academy Harvard Summit for Young Leaders in China International School of Beijing SARS conspiracy theory Yixian glazed pottery luohans Harvard Bixi William H. Hinton Human Rights Record of the United States USA pavilion at Expo 2010 New Federal State of China China Human Rights Biweekly Far East Reporter Duke-UNC China Leadership Summit The Coming Conflict with China A Great Wall: Six Presidents and China The New Chinese Empire The Art of Investing in America Death by China On China Peaceful War The Transpacific Experiment Stealth War: How China Took Over While America's Elite Slept Red Chinese Battle Plan The China Hustle
Category:China–United States relations

v t e Cuba–United States relations
Diplomatic posts	Embassy of Cuba, Washington, D.C. Ambassadors of Cuba to the United States Embassy of the United States, Havana Ambassadors of the United States to Cuba United States Interests Section in Havana Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs
Diplomacy	Cuban–American Treaty of Relations (1903) Hay-Quesada Treaty Cuban–American Treaty of Relations (1934) Good Neighbor policy Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance El Diálogo Cuba–United States Maritime Boundary Agreement Tripartite Accord (1988) Cuban thaw JetBlue Flight 387
Conflicts	Spanish–American War Ostend Manifesto USS Maine Monument to the Victims of the USS Maine (Havana) United States Senate Committee on Cuban Relations The Paquete Habana Army of Cuban Occupation Medal Propaganda United States Military Government in Cuba Second Occupation of Cuba Cuban Pacification Medal (Army) Banana Wars Negro Rebellion Sugar Intervention Cuban Revolution Aftermath La Coubre explosion Cuban exodus Cuban exile Golden exile Bay of Pigs Invasion Brigade 2506 Cuban Democratic Revolutionary Front Cuban Revolutionary Council Operation 40 Operation Mongoose Operation Northwoods Operation Ortsac Operation Peter Pan JMWAVE Polita Grau José Antonio Llama Bay of Pigs Monument Bay of Pigs Museum Jamaican political conflict United States invasion of Grenada United States embargo against Cuba
Incidents	Cubana de Aviación Flight 493 Matthew Edward Duke Cuban Missile Crisis Crateology Banco Nacional de Cuba v. Sabbatino Zemel v. Rusk Cuba–United States aircraft hijackings Pan Am Flight 281 Trans World Airlines Flight 106 Southern Airways Flight 49 Cubana de Aviación Flight 455 Leyla Express and Johnny Express incidents Mariel boatlift Garcia-Mir v. Meese Cuban boat people Sandy Pollack Regan v. Wald 1994 Cuban rafter crisis Operations Safe Haven and Safe Passage Bill Gaede 1996 shootdown of Brothers to the Rescue aircraft Cuban Five Elián González Ana Montes Carlos Alvarez Elsa Alvarez Kendall Myers Alan Gross Havana syndrome American fugitives in Cuba Assassination attempts on Fidel Castro
Legislation	Teller Amendment Platt Amendment Cuban Assets Control Regulations Cuban Adjustment Act Wet feet, dry feet policy Helms–Burton Act Freedom to Travel to Cuba Act Cuban Democracy Act Trade Sanction Reform and Export Enhancement Act
Related	Americans in Cuba Cuban Americans Little Havana Cuban migration to Miami Havana on the Hudson Cuban–American lobby Guantánamo Bay Timeline Guantanamo Bay Naval Base Guantanamo Bay detention camp 1999 Baltimore Orioles–Cuba national baseball team exhibition series Alpha 66 Antonio Maceo Brigade Brothers to the Rescue Balseros Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba Congressional Cuba Democracy Caucus Coordination of United Revolutionary Organizations Cuban American National Foundation Cuban dissident movement Cuban Liberty Council CubaOne Foundation Cuban Power Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil Engage Cuba Fair Play for Cuba Committee Friends of Democratic Cuba Havana Jam Omega 7 Radio Free Dixie Radio y Televisión Martí US-Cuba Democracy PAC Varela Project Venceremos Brigade ZunZuneo Cuban football players who defected to the United States Filibuster (military) NOAAS Oregon II (R 332) Silver certificate Troika of tyranny Cuban Baseball Hall of Fame Boquerón, Cuba Straits of Florida Third Border Initiative State Sponsors of Terrorism United States and state-sponsored terrorism Luis Posada Carriles Orlando Bosch Cuba–OAS relations United Nations Security Council Resolution 144 Overthrow The Cuba Wars Balseros 638 Ways to Kill Castro
Category:Cuba–United States relations

v t e Russia–United States relations
Diplomatic posts	Embassy of Russia, Washington, D.C. Ambassadors of Russia to the United States Russian ambassador's residence Embassy of the United States, Moscow Ambassadors of the United States to Russia Spaso House Consulate-General of Russia, Houston Consulate-General of Russia, New York City John Henry Hammond House Consulate-General of Russia, San Francisco Elmcroft Estate Lothrop Mansion Pioneer Point Permanent Mission of Russia to the United Nations Killenworth Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs
Diplomacy	Operation Provide Hope 1998 Moscow Summit 2001 Slovenia Summit 2005 Slovakia Summit 5+2 format Russian reset Obama–Medvedev Commission Syrian civil war U.S.–Russia peace proposals Destruction of Syria's chemical weapons 2017 St. Petersburg raid 2018 Helsinki summit 2021 Geneva summit Arctic Council Arctic Ocean Conference Ilulissat Declaration Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism Gore-Chernomyrdin Commission The U.S. Russia Investment Fund U.S.–Russia Joint Commission on POW/MIAs Moscow–Washington hotline Shuttle–Mir program Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action 2024 Ankara prisoner exchange RIMPAC International Space Station
Incidents	Kildin Island submarine incident Kola Peninsula submarine incident Norwegian rocket incident Strait of Juan de Fuca laser incident Itar-Tass Russian News Agency v. Russian Kurier, Inc. Kidnapping of Mormon missionaries Pristina airport incident Russian Guantanamo Bay detainees RM Broadcasting Illegals Program Stephen Holmes European Deterrence Initiative Operation Atlantic Resolve Russian interference in United States elections 2016 Links between Trump associates and Russian officials Steele dossier Maria Butina 2018 2020 2024 Donald Trump's disclosures of classified information Havana syndrome Zersetzung Battle of Khasham Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal Arrest of Trevor Reed Russian bounty program Viktor Bout–Brittney Griner prisoner exchange Black Sea drone incident Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War 2022–2023 Pentagon document leaks Lady R incident 2024 Tenet Media investigation
Legislation	Jackson–Vanik amendment Russian foreign agent law Magnitsky Act Dima Yakovlev Law Guantanamo List Ukraine Freedom Support Act of 2014 Russian undesirable organizations law Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act Defending Elections from Threats by Establishing Redlines Act Defending American Security from Kremlin Aggression Act Russian–Venezuelan Threat Mitigation Act Task Force KleptoCapture Executive Order 14071
Treaties	START II START III Mutual detargeting Megatons to Megawatts Program Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty New START
Related	Russian Empire–United States relations Soviet Union–United States relations NATO–Russia relations Anti-American sentiment in Russia Bush legs Center on Global Interests Congress of Russian Americans Anglo-American School of Moscow United States military and prostitution in South Korea Russian Mission School in New York Russian Embassy School in Washington, D.C. Russian Cultural Center International Launch Services U.S. Russia Foundation U.S.–Russia Business Council Stanford US–Russia Forum Space Flight Europe-America 500 Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition Territorial claims in the Arctic United States and the Russian invasion of Ukraine New Great Game Second Cold War Not One Inch
Category

• Syndromes of unknown causes
• Medical controversies
• Medical controversies in the United States
• 2016 in Cuba
• 2017 in Cuba
• 2018 in Cuba
• 21st century in Havana
• Mass psychogenic illness
• Animal testing
• Canada–China relations
• Canada–Cuba relations
• Canada–Russia relations
• Canada–United States relations
• China–United States relations
• Cuba–United States relations
• Russian intelligence operations
• Russia–United States relations