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{{this|a department store in Moscow|GUM}} {{Short description|Russian department store group}}
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'''GUM''' ({{langx|ru|ГУМ}}){{efn|Today it's an abbreviation of the ] '''''G'''lavnyj '''U'''niversaljnyj '''M'''agazin'' ({{lang|ru|«Главный универсальный магазин»}}), which means 'Main Universal Store' in ]. During Soviet times (until ]), the abbreviation was used for '''''G'''osudarstvennyj '''U'''niversaljnyj '''M'''agazin'' ({{lang|ru|«Государственный универсальный магазин»}}), which means 'State Department Store'.}} is a shopping center in ], Russia. It was also the main ] in many cities of the former ]; similarly named stores operated in some ] and in ].
'''State Universal Store''', '''Gosudarstvenniy Universalniy Magazin''', '''GUM''' (ГУМ, ''Государственный Универсальный Магазин'', pronounced as ''goom'') is a common name for the main ] in many cities of the ] and some post-Soviet states, including ] and ]. The most famous GUM is a large store in ] of ], facing ]. Prior to the 1920s the place was known as the '''Upper Trading Rows'''.

The most famous GUM is the large store facing ] in the ] area – itself traditionally a mall of ]. Originally, and today again, the building functions as a ]. During most of the Soviet period it was essentially a department store as there was one vendor: the Soviet State. Before the 1920s the location was known as the '''Upper Trading Rows''' ({{langx|ru|Верхние торговые ряды|Verhnije torgovyje rjady|link=no}}).

As of 2021, GUM carries over 100 different brands,<ref>{{Cite web|title=All stores of GUM|url=https://gumrussia.com/shops/|access-date=2020-10-14|website=gumrussia.com}}</ref> and has cafes and restaurants<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cafes and restaurants in the main department of the country|url=https://gumrussia.com/cafe/|access-date=2020-10-14|website=gumrussia.com}}</ref> inside the mall.


==Moscow GUM== ==Moscow GUM==


===Design and structure===
Taking up nearly the entirety of the eastern side of Red Square, the Upper Trading Rows were built between ] and ] by ]. The building features an interesting combination of elements of Russian ] architecture and a ] framework and ] roof, a similar style to the great ] ] of ]. It was built to replace the previous trading rows that burnt down in ]. Nearby, also facing Red Square, is a similar building, formerly known as the ]. By the time of the ], the building contained some 1,200 ]. ].]]
] roof]]
With the façade extending for {{convert|794|ft|abbr=on|order=flip}} along the eastern side of Red Square, the Upper Trading Rows were built between 1890 and 1893 by ] (responsible for architecture) and ] (responsible for engineering). The trapezoidal building features a combination of elements of ] and a ] framework and ] roof, a similar style to the great 19th-century ]s of ]. ] described the GUM building as "a tribute both to Shukhov's design and to the technical proficiency of ] toward the end of the 19th century".<ref>{{cite book|last=Brumfield|first=William Craft|title=The Origins of Modernism in Russian Architecture|publisher=University of California Press|year=1991|location=Berkeley, Los Angeles, Oxford|isbn=0-520-06929-3|url=http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft1g5004bj/}}</ref>

The glass-roofed design made the building unique at the time of construction. The roof, the diameter of which is {{convert|46|ft|m|order=flip|abbr=on}}, looks light, but it is a firm construction made of more than 50,000 metal pods (about {{convert|819|ST|t|order=flip|abbr=on}}), capable of supporting snowfall accumulation. Illumination is provided by huge arched skylights of iron and glass, each weighing some {{convert|820|ST|t|order=flip|abbr=on}} and containing in excess of 20,000 panes of glass. The facade is divided into several horizontal tiers, lined with red Finnish granite, ] marble, and limestone. Each arcade is on three levels, linked by walkways of reinforced concrete.

===History===
]]]
]

] commissioned ], a Neoclassical architect from Italy, to design a huge trade area along the east side of Red Square. However, that building was lost to the ] and replaced by trading rows designed by ]. In turn, the current structure opened in 1894, replacing Bove's.<ref name="artclassic">{{cite web|url=http://artclassic.edu.ru/catalog.asp?ob_no=%2017223|publisher=Russian Educational Portal|access-date=20 April 2013|script-title=ru:Верхние торговые ряды на Красной площади в Москве. 1890–1893|author=Pomeratzev, Alexander|language=ru|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304034435/http://artclassic.edu.ru/catalog.asp?ob_no=%2017223|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>

By the time of the ], the building contained some 1,200 ]. After the Revolution, GUM was ]. During the ] period (1921–28), however, GUM as a State Department Store operated as a model retail enterprise for consumers throughout Russia regardless of class, gender, and ethnicity. GUM's stores were used to further Bolshevik goals of rebuilding private enterprise along socialist lines and "democratizing consumption for workers and peasants nationwide". In the end, GUM's efforts to build ] through ] were unsuccessful and arguably "only succeeded in alienating consumers from state stores and instituting a culture of complaint and entitlement".<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hilton|first=Marjorie L.|title=Retailing the Revolution: The State Department Store (GUM) and Soviet Society in the 1920s|journal=Journal of Social History|year=2004|volume=37|issue=4|pages=939–964; 1127|publisher=Oxford University Press|issn=0022-4529|doi=10.1353/jsh.2004.0049|s2cid=144010294 }}</ref>

⚫ GUM continued to be used as a department store until ] converted it into office space in 1928 for the committee in charge of his first ].<ref name="artclassic"/> After the ] of Stalin's wife ] in 1932, the GUM was used briefly to display her body.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lib.rus.ec/b/66909/read|title= Chronicles of Stalin's family|language=ru|access-date=20 April 2013|author=Kolesnik, Alexander|publisher=]}}</ref>

⚫ After reopening as a department store in 1953, GUM became one of the few stores in the Soviet Union that did not have shortages of ] goods, and the ] of shoppers were long, often extending entirely across Red Square.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gum.ru/history|title=History of GUM|access-date=20 April 2013|language=ru| publisher =Official GUM website}}</ref>

Several times during the 1960s and 1970s, the Second Secretary of the Communist Party ], who hated having a department store facing ], tried to convert GUM into an exhibition hall and museum showcasing the achievements of the Soviet Union and Communism, without the knowledge of General Secretary ]. Each time, however, Brezhnev was tipped off and put a stop to such plans.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Thelman|first=Joseph|date=December 2012|title=The Man in Galoshes|url=https://jew-observer.com/istoriya/chelovek-v-galoshax/|access-date=28 February 2021|website=Jew Observer}}</ref>


⚫ At the end of the Soviet era, GUM was partially, then fully, privatized, and it had a number of owners before it ended up being owned by the supermarket company ]. In May 2005, a 50.25% interest was sold to ], a Russian ] distributor and boutique operator. As a private shopping mall, it was renamed in such a fashion that it could maintain its old acronym. The first word ''gosudarstvennyj'' ('state') has been replaced with ''glavnyj'' ('main'), so that GUM is now an abbreviation for "Main Universal Store".
⚫ After the Revolution the GUM was ] and continued to work as a department store until ] turned it into ] space in ] for the ] in charge of his first ]. After the ] of Stalin's wife ] in ], the GUM was used to display her body.


==See also==
⚫ After reopening as a department store in ], the GUM became one of the few stores in the ] that was not plagued by shortages of ] goods, and the ] to purchase anything were long, often extending all across Red Square.
* ], another large department store in Moscow.
* ], a department store in ].


==Notes==
⚫ At the end of the ] era, GUM was partially -- and then fully -- privatized, and passed through a number of owners. It ended up in the hands of the supermarket chain ]. In May ], a 50.25% interest was sold to ], a Russian luxury-goods distributor and boutique operator.
{{Notelist}}


==References==
It is still open today, and is a popular ] destination for those visiting Moscow. Many of the stores feature high-fashion ]s familiar in the west; locals refer to these as the "exhibitions of prices", the joke being that no one could afford to actually buy any of the items on display. As of 2005, there were approximately 150 stores.
{{Reflist}}


==Sources==
There is a similar historic ] rivalling GUM by its size, elegance and opulent architecture. It is called '''Central Universal Store''' (''Tsentralniy Universalniy Magazin'', abbreviated as ''TsUM'') and sprawls just east of the ]. A similarly large high-class department store was built in the late 90's underground at ], about 100m from GUM.
* Brumfield, William Craft (1991) ''The Origins of Modernism in Russian Architecture'', University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, Oxford, {{ISBN|0-520-06929-3}}
* English, Elizabeth Cooper (2000). , a dissertation in architecture, University of Pennsylvania
* Hilton, Marjorie L. (2004). . ''Journal of Social History'', (Oxford University Press) 37 (4): 939–964; 1127. {{ISSN|0022-4529}}
* Rainer Graefe, Jos Tomlow: "Vladimir G. Suchov 1853–1939. Die Kunst der sparsamen Konstruktion." 192 S., Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart, 1990, {{ISBN|3-421-02984-9}}


==External links== ==External links==
{{Commons category|Moscow GUM}}
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* {{Structurae|id=20016929|title=GUM}}
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{{coord|55|45|17|N|37|37|17|E|region:RU-MOW_type:landmark|display=title}}
⚫ ] ]
{{Authority control}}


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Latest revision as of 15:21, 24 December 2024

Russian department store group
The GUM façade faces Red Square
Aerial view of GUM roof
Upper Trading Rows by night

GUM (Russian: ГУМ) is a shopping center in Moscow, Russia. It was also the main department store in many cities of the former Soviet Union; similarly named stores operated in some Soviet republics and in post-Soviet states.

The most famous GUM is the large store facing Red Square in the Kitai-gorod area – itself traditionally a mall of Moscow. Originally, and today again, the building functions as a shopping mall. During most of the Soviet period it was essentially a department store as there was one vendor: the Soviet State. Before the 1920s the location was known as the Upper Trading Rows (Russian: Верхние торговые ряды, romanized: Verhnije torgovyje rjady).

As of 2021, GUM carries over 100 different brands, and has cafes and restaurants inside the mall.

Moscow GUM

Design and structure

Structure of Shukhov's roof

With the façade extending for 242 m (794 ft) along the eastern side of Red Square, the Upper Trading Rows were built between 1890 and 1893 by Alexander Pomerantsev (responsible for architecture) and Vladimir Shukhov (responsible for engineering). The trapezoidal building features a combination of elements of Russian medieval architecture and a steel framework and glass roof, a similar style to the great 19th-century railway stations of London. William Craft Brumfield described the GUM building as "a tribute both to Shukhov's design and to the technical proficiency of Russian architecture toward the end of the 19th century".

The glass-roofed design made the building unique at the time of construction. The roof, the diameter of which is 14 m (46 ft), looks light, but it is a firm construction made of more than 50,000 metal pods (about 743 t (819 short tons)), capable of supporting snowfall accumulation. Illumination is provided by huge arched skylights of iron and glass, each weighing some 740 t (820 short tons) and containing in excess of 20,000 panes of glass. The facade is divided into several horizontal tiers, lined with red Finnish granite, Tarusa marble, and limestone. Each arcade is on three levels, linked by walkways of reinforced concrete.

History

Inside the store in 1893: elongated shop galleries are bridged with innovative metal-and-glass vaults, designed by Vladimir Shukhov
Inside view of the structure and finish applied to the building

Catherine II of Russia commissioned Giacomo Quarenghi, a Neoclassical architect from Italy, to design a huge trade area along the east side of Red Square. However, that building was lost to the 1812 Fire of Moscow and replaced by trading rows designed by Joseph Bove. In turn, the current structure opened in 1894, replacing Bove's.

By the time of the Russian Revolution of 1917, the building contained some 1,200 stores. After the Revolution, GUM was nationalized. During the NEP period (1921–28), however, GUM as a State Department Store operated as a model retail enterprise for consumers throughout Russia regardless of class, gender, and ethnicity. GUM's stores were used to further Bolshevik goals of rebuilding private enterprise along socialist lines and "democratizing consumption for workers and peasants nationwide". In the end, GUM's efforts to build communism through consumerism were unsuccessful and arguably "only succeeded in alienating consumers from state stores and instituting a culture of complaint and entitlement".

GUM continued to be used as a department store until Joseph Stalin converted it into office space in 1928 for the committee in charge of his first Five Year Plan. After the suicide of Stalin's wife Nadezhda in 1932, the GUM was used briefly to display her body.

After reopening as a department store in 1953, GUM became one of the few stores in the Soviet Union that did not have shortages of consumer goods, and the queues of shoppers were long, often extending entirely across Red Square.

Several times during the 1960s and 1970s, the Second Secretary of the Communist Party Mikhail Suslov, who hated having a department store facing Lenin's Mausoleum, tried to convert GUM into an exhibition hall and museum showcasing the achievements of the Soviet Union and Communism, without the knowledge of General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev. Each time, however, Brezhnev was tipped off and put a stop to such plans.

At the end of the Soviet era, GUM was partially, then fully, privatized, and it had a number of owners before it ended up being owned by the supermarket company Perekrestok. In May 2005, a 50.25% interest was sold to Bosco di Ciliegi, a Russian luxury goods distributor and boutique operator. As a private shopping mall, it was renamed in such a fashion that it could maintain its old acronym. The first word gosudarstvennyj ('state') has been replaced with glavnyj ('main'), so that GUM is now an abbreviation for "Main Universal Store".

See also

Notes

  1. Today it's an abbreviation of the Russian Glavnyj Universaljnyj Magazin («Главный универсальный магазин»), which means 'Main Universal Store' in English. During Soviet times (until 1991), the abbreviation was used for Gosudarstvennyj Universaljnyj Magazin («Государственный универсальный магазин»), which means 'State Department Store'.

References

  1. "All stores of GUM". gumrussia.com. Retrieved 2020-10-14.
  2. "Cafes and restaurants in the main department of the country". gumrussia.com. Retrieved 2020-10-14.
  3. Brumfield, William Craft (1991). The Origins of Modernism in Russian Architecture. Berkeley, Los Angeles, Oxford: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-06929-3.
  4. ^ Pomeratzev, Alexander. Верхние торговые ряды на Красной площади в Москве. 1890–1893 (in Russian). Russian Educational Portal. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
  5. Hilton, Marjorie L. (2004). "Retailing the Revolution: The State Department Store (GUM) and Soviet Society in the 1920s". Journal of Social History. 37 (4). Oxford University Press: 939–964, 1127. doi:10.1353/jsh.2004.0049. ISSN 0022-4529. S2CID 144010294.
  6. Kolesnik, Alexander. "Chronicles of Stalin's family" (in Russian). Librusek. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
  7. "History of GUM" (in Russian). Official GUM website. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
  8. Thelman, Joseph (December 2012). "The Man in Galoshes". Jew Observer. Retrieved 28 February 2021.

Sources

External links

55°45′17″N 37°37′17″E / 55.75472°N 37.62139°E / 55.75472; 37.62139

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