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	{{short description|15th-century French folk heroine and Roman Catholic saint}}		{{Short description|French folk heroine and saint (1412–1431)}}
	{{Redirect|Jeanne d'Arc|other uses|Jeanne d'Arc (disambiguation)|and|Joan of Arc (disambiguation)}}		{{Redirect-several|dab=off|Jeanne d'Arc (disambiguation)|Joan of Arc (disambiguation)|Jehanne (disambiguation)}}
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	{{Infobox saint		{{Infobox saint
	| honorific-prefix = ]		| honorific-prefix = ]
	| name = Joan of Arc		| name = Joan of Arc
	| image = Joan of Arc miniature graded.jpg		| image = Joan of Arc miniature graded.jpg
	| caption = ] depicting Joan of Arc from ], ], AE II 2490, allegedly dated to the second half of the {{nobr|15th century}}, but it may be a later ].{{sfn|Contamine|2007|p=|ps=: Cette miniature du XV{{sup|e}} siècle, très soignée (l'étendard correspond exactement à la description que Jeanne d'Arc elle-même en donnera lors de son procès){{nbsp}}... Mais c'est précisément cette exactitude, et cette coïncidence, trop belle pour être vraie, qui éveillent—ou plutôt auraient dû éveiller—les soupçons{{nbsp}}... }}		| caption = ] depicting Joan of Arc{{efn|This historiated initial from the ] has been dated to the second half of the {{nobr|15th century}}, but it may be an ].{{sfn|Contamine|2007|p=|ps=: Cette miniature du XV{{sup|e}} siècle, très soignée (l'étendard correspond exactement à la description que Jeanne d'Arc elle-même en donnera lors de son procès){{nbsp}}... Mais c'est précisément cette exactitude, et cette coïncidence, trop belle pour être vraie, qui éveillent—ou plutôt auraient dû éveiller—les soupçons{{nbsp}}... }}}}
	| alt = An image of a woman dressed in silver armor, holding a sword and a banner.		| alt = An image of a woman dressed in silver armor, holding a sword and a banner.
	| birth_name = <!--Jeanne d'Arc (modern French)-->		| birth_name = <!--Jeanne d'Arc (modern French)-->
	| birth_date = {{circa}} 1412		| birth_date = {{circa|1412}}
	| birth_place = ], ], ]		| birth_place = ], ], ]
			| death_date = 30 May 1431 (aged {{Approx.|19}})
	| attributes =
			| death_place = ], ]
	| death_date = 30 May 1431 (probably aged 19)
			| titles = ]
	| death_place = {{ubl|], ]|(then ])}}
	| titles = ]		| feast_day = 30 May
			| venerated_in = {{ubl|]|]{{sfn|The Calendar|2021}}}}
	| feast_day = 30 May
			| beatified_date = 18 April 1909
	| venerated_in = {{ubl|]|]{{sfn|The Calendar|2021}}}}
			| beatified_by = ]
	| beatified_date = 18 April 1909
			| canonized_date = 16 May 1920
	| beatified_place = ], ]
	| beatified_by = ]		| canonized_by = ]
			| patronage = France
	| canonized_date = 16 May 1920
			| module = {{Infobox person|embed=yes
	| canonized_place = Saint Peter's Basilica, Rome
			| signature = Jeanne d'Arc signature 16 mars 1430.svg
	| canonized_by = ]
			| signature_size = 100px}}
	| patronage = France; martyrs; captives; military personnel; people ridiculed for their piety; prisoners; soldiers, women who have served in the ] (Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service); and ]
	].|170px|left|bottom]]
	| honored_in =
	}}		}}
			<!-- Please add new citations in the same format as existing citations. See ] or ask for help on the talk page. -->
	'''Joan of Arc''' ({{lang-fr|link=yes|'''Jeanne d'Arc'''|translit=}} {{IPA-fr|ʒan daʁk|pron}}; {{circa}} 1412&nbsp;– 30 May 1431) is considered a heroine of France for her role in the ] and the ] of ] during the ]. She was captured, convicted as a heretic, and burnt at the stake by the English. Her conviction was subsequently overturned and she was later ] by the ].
			'''Joan of Arc''' ({{langx|fr|link=yes|Jeanne d'Arc}} {{IPA|fr|ʒan daʁk|}}; {{langx|frm|Jehanne Darc}} {{IPA|frm|ʒəˈãnə ˈdark|}}; {{circa|1412}}&nbsp;– 30 May 1431) is a ] of France, honored as a defender of the French nation for her role in the ] and her insistence on the ] of ] during the ]. Claiming to be acting under divine guidance, she became a military leader who transcended gender roles and gained recognition as a savior of France.
	Joan was born to a peasant family at ] in northeast France. In 1428, she traveled to ] and requested to be taken to Charles, later testifying that she had received visions from the ] ], Saint ], and Saint ] instructing her to support Charles and recover France from English domination. Her request to see the king was rejected twice, but she was finally given an escort to meet Charles at ]. After their interview, Charles sent Joan, who was about 17 years old, to the siege of Orléans as part of a relief army. She arrived at the city on 29 April 1429, and quickly gained prominence during the fighting. The siege was lifted nine days after her arrival. Joan participated in the ], which culminated in the decisive defeat of the English at the ]. The French army advanced on ] and entered the city on 16 July. The next day, Charles was coronated as the King of France in ] with Joan at his side. These victories boosted French morale and paved the way for the final French victory in the Hundred Years' War at ] in 1453.		Joan was born to a propertied peasant family at ] in northeast France. In 1428, she requested to be taken to Charles VII, later testifying that she was guided by visions from the ], ], and ] to help him save France from English domination. Convinced of her devotion and purity, Charles sent Joan, who was about seventeen years old, to the siege of Orléans as part of a relief army. She arrived at the city in April 1429, wielding her banner and bringing hope to the demoralized French army. Nine days after her arrival, the English abandoned the siege. Joan encouraged the French to aggressively pursue the English during the ], which culminated in another decisive ], opening the way for the French army to advance on ] unopposed, where Charles was crowned as the King of France with Joan at his side. These victories boosted French morale, paving the way for their final triumph in the Hundred Years' War several decades later.
			After Charles's coronation, Joan participated in the unsuccessful ] in September 1429 and the failed ] in November. Her role in these defeats reduced the court's faith in her. In early 1430, Joan organized a company of volunteers to relieve ], which had been besieged by the ]s—French allies of the English. She was captured by Burgundian troops on 23 May. After trying unsuccessfully to escape, she was handed to the English in November. She was put on ] by Bishop ] on accusations of ], which included blaspheming by wearing men's clothes, acting upon visions that were demonic, and refusing to submit her words and deeds to the judgment of the church. She was declared guilty and ] on 30 May 1431, aged about nineteen.
	After Charles's coronation, Joan and ]'s army ]. An assault on the city was launched on 8 September. It failed, and Joan was wounded. The French army withdrew and was disbanded. In October, Joan was participating in an attack on the territory of Perrinet Gressart, a mercenary who had been in the service of the English and their French allies, the Burgundians. After some initial successes, the campaign ended in a failed attempt to take Gressart's stronghold. At the end of the 1429, Joan and her family were ] by Charles.
	In early 1430, Joan organized a company of volunteers to relieve ], which had been besieged by the Burgundians. She was captured by Burgundians troops on 23 May and exchanged to the English. She was put on trial by the pro-English bishop, ], on a charge of ]. She was declared guilty and ] on 30 May 1431, dying at about 19 years of age. In 1456, ] authorized an inquisitorial court to investigate the original trial. The court nullified the trial's verdict, declaring it was tainted by deceit and procedural errors, and Joan was exonerated. Since her death, Joan has been popularly revered as a martyr. After the French Revolution she became a national symbol of France. She was canonized in 1920, and declared a secondary ] of France in 1922. Joan of Arc remains a popular figure in modern literature, painting, sculpture and music, and ] continue to be created.		In 1456, an inquisitorial court reinvestigated Joan's trial and overturned the verdict, declaring that it was tainted by deceit and procedural errors. Joan has been described as an obedient daughter of the ], an early feminist, and a symbol of freedom and independence. She is popularly revered as a martyr. After the ], she became a national symbol of France. In 1920, Joan of Arc was ] by ] and, two years later, was declared one of the patron saints of France. She is portrayed in ], including literature, music, paintings, sculptures, and theater.
			==Name==
	==Birth and historical background==
			] was written in a variety of ways. There is no standard spelling of her name before the sixteenth century; her last name was usually written as "Darc" without an apostrophe, but there are variants such as "Tarc", "Dart" or "Day". Her father's name was written as "Tart" at her trial.{{sfn|Pernoud|Clin|1986|pp=}} She was called "Jeanne d'Ay de Domrémy" in Charles VII's 1429 letter granting her a coat of arms.{{sfn|Pernoud|Clin|1986|p=}} Joan may never have heard herself called "Jeanne d'Arc". The first written record of her being called by this name is in 1455, 24 years after her death.{{sfn|Pernoud|Clin|1986|pp=}}
	{{Further|Name of Joan of Arc}}
			She was not taught to read and write in her childhood,{{sfn|Gies|1981|p=}} and so dictated her letters.{{sfn|Pernoud|Clin|1986|p=}} She may later have learned to sign her name, as some of her letters are signed, and she may even have learned to read.{{sfnm|1a1=Lucie-Smith|1y=1976|1p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=}} Joan referred to herself in the letters as {{lang|fr|Jeanne la Pucelle}} ("Joan the Maiden") or as {{lang|fr|la Pucelle}} ("the Maiden"), emphasizing her virginity, and she signed "Jehanne". In the sixteenth century, she became known as the "Maid of Orleans".{{sfn|Pernoud|Clin|1986|p=}}
	Joan of Arc{{efn|Her name was written in a variety of ways, particularly before the mid-19th century. Her last name was often spelled "Darc" without the apostrophe,{{sfn|Pernoud|Clin|1986|pp=}} and her signature appears as "Jehanne".{{sfn||Pernoud|Clin|1986|p=}}}} was born sometime around 1412{{efn|At her trial, Joan seemed uncertain of her birthdate.{{sfn|Quicherat|1841a|p=|ps=: {{lang|li|interrogata cujus aetatais ipsa erat, respondit quod, prout sibit vedetur, est quasi xix annorum.}} replied that, her guess was that she was almost 19 years old".]}} Perceval de Boulainvilliers, a councillor of Charles VII, wrote a letter to the Duke of Milan stating that Joan was born on the ] (6 January),{{sfn|Lucie-Smith|1976|p=}} but his letter is filled with literary ] that make it questionable as a statement of fact.{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=|3a1=Warner|3y=1981|3p=}} Neither Joan's mother nor the witnesses at the rehabilitation trial mention her being born on Epiphany.{{sfn|Pernoud|Clin|1986|p=}}}} in Domrémy, a small village in the Meuse valley,{{sfn|Sackville-West|1936|p=}} which is now located in the ] within the historical region of ], France.{{sfnm|1a1=DLP|1y=2021|1p=|1ps=: Domrémy-La-Pucelle est situé en Lorraine, dans l'ouest du département des Vosges{{nbsp}}... dans la vallée de la Meuse. |2a1=Gies|2y=1981|2p=|2ps=}} Her parents were ] and ]. Joan had at least three brothers and a sister;{{sfnm|1a1=DeVries|1y=1999|1p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=}} all but one of the brothers was older.{{sfnm|1a1=Lowell|1y=1896|1pp=|2a1=Lucie-Smith|2y=1976|2p=}} Her father was a peasant farmer of some means.{{sfnm|DeVries|1999|1p=|Vale|1974|2p=}} The family had about {{convert|50|acre}} of land,{{sfn|Pernoud|Clin|1986|p=}} and her father supplemented the family income with a minor position as a village official, collecting taxes and heading the local watch.{{sfnm|1a1=Lowell|1y=1896|1pp=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=}}
			==Birth and historical background==
	[[File:Treaty of Troyes.svg|upright=1.2|thumb|left|alt=A map of France, divided into various sections|1415–1429
			}}
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	{{legend|#ea8b9d|Controlled by ]}}
	{{legend|#c896c8|Controlled by ]}}
	{{legend|#7f9ad7|Controlled by ]}}
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	{{legend|#c8ccd1|textcolor=#ffff00|text=★|Main battles}}		{{legend|#ee6677|Controlled by ]}}
			{{legend|#aa3377|Controlled by ]}}
	{{legend|#c8ccd1|textcolor=#ff0000|text=---|], 1415}}
	{{legend|#c8ccd1|textcolor=#ffffff|text=---|Journey to ], 1429}}		{{legend|#4477aa|Controlled by ]}}]]
	{{legend|#c8ccd1|textcolor=#0000ff|text=---|], 1429}}]]
			Joan of Arc was born {{circa|1412|lk=no}}{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=|3a1=Warner|3y=1981|3p=}} in ], a small village in the Meuse valley now in the ] in the north-east of France.{{sfnm|1a1=DLP|1y=2021|1p=|1ps=: Domrémy-La-Pucelle est situé en Lorraine, dans l'ouest du département des Vosges{{nbsp}}... dans la vallée de la Meuse. |2a1=Gies|2y=1981|2p=|2ps=}} Her date of birth is unknown and her statements about her age were vague.{{sfn|Gies|1981|p=}}{{efn|Her birthday is sometimes given as 6 January. This is based on a letter by {{ill|Perceval de Boulainvilliers|fr}}, a councillor of Charles VII, stating that Joan was born on the ],{{sfn|Lucie-Smith|1976|p=}} but his letter is filled with literary ] that make it questionable as a statement of fact.{{sfnm|1a1=Harrison|1y=2014|1p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=|3a1=Warner|3y=1981|3p=}} There is no other evidence of her being born on Epiphany.{{sfn|Pernoud|Clin|1986|p=}}}} Her parents were ] and ]. Joan had three brothers and a sister.{{sfnm|DeVries|1999|1p=|Lucie-Smith|1976|2p=|Taylor|2009|3p=}} Her father was a peasant farmer{{sfn|Gies|1981|p=}} with about {{convert|50|acre}} of land,{{sfn|Pernoud|Clin|1986|p=}} and he supplemented the family income as a village official, collecting taxes and heading the local ].{{sfnm|1a1=Lowell|1y=1896|1pp=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=}}
	Joan was born during the ], a conflict between the kingdoms of ] and ] that had begun in 1337.{{sfn|Lace|1994|p=}} The cause of the war was an ].{{sfn|Lace|1994|pp=}} Nearly all the fighting had taken place in France, and its economy was devastated.{{sfn|Aberth|2000|pp=}} At the time of Joan's birth, France was divided politically. The French king ] had suffered from bouts of mental illness and was often unable to rule.{{sfn|Seward|1982|pp=}} The king's brother ], ], and the king's cousin ], ], quarreled over the regency of France. The conflict climaxed with the ] in 1407 on the orders of the Duke of Burgundy.{{sfnm|Burgundy Today|2012|Sackville-West|1936|2p=}} This assassination began a civil war.{{sfn|Seward|1982|p=}} Supporters of ], who succeeded his father as duke and was placed in the custody of his father-in-law ], became known as ]; supporters of the Duke of Burgundy became known as ].{{sfn|Barker|2009|p=}}
	] took advantage of France's internal divisions when he invaded the kingdom in 1415, winning a dramatic victory at the ].{{sfnm|DeVries|1999|1pp=|Tuchman|1982|2pp=}} ] was taken by the Burgundians in 1418.{{sfn|Sizer|2007}} During this time, the future French king Charles VII, who was associated with the Armagnacs,{{sfn|Barker|2009|p=}} had assumed the title of ] (heir to the throne) after the deaths of his four older brothers.{{sfnm|1a1=Pernoud|1a2=Clin|1y=1986|1p=|2a1=Vale|2y=1974|2p=}} In 1419, the Dauphin began peace negotiations with the Duke of Burgundy, but the duke was ] during a meeting with Charles that was under a truce. The new duke of Burgundy, ], entered into an alliance with the English.{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1pp=|Burne|1956|2p=}} In 1420 the queen of France, ], agreed to the ], permitting Henry V to marry Charles VI's daughter ], granting the succession of the French throne to his heirs, and effectively disinheriting Charles.{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1pp=|Russell|2014|2p=}} This revived suspicions that the Dauphin was the illegitimate product of Isabeau's rumored affair with the late Duke of Orléans rather than the son of King Charles VI.{{sfn|Pernoud|Clin|1986|p=}} In 1422, Henry V and Charles VI died within two months of each other. This left an infant, ], the nominal king of the ], but the Dauphin also claimed his right to the French throne.{{sfnm|1a1=Curry|1a2=Hoskins|1a3=Richardson|1a4=Spencer|1y=2015|1p=|2a1=Vale|2y=1974|2pp=}}		She was born during the ] between England and France, which had begun in 1337{{sfn|Aberth|2000|p=}} over the status of English territories in France and ].{{sfnm|Aberth|2000|1pp=|Perroy|1959|2p=}} Nearly all the fighting had taken place in France, devastating its economy.{{sfn|Aberth|2000|pp=}} At the time of Joan's birth, France was divided politically. The French king ] had recurring bouts of mental illness and was often unable to rule;{{sfn|Seward|1982|pp=}} his brother ], ], and his cousin ], ], quarreled over the regency of France. In 1407, the Duke of Burgundy ordered the ],{{sfn|Barker|2009|p=}} precipitating a civil war.{{sfn|Seward|1982|p=}} ] succeeded his father as duke at the age of thirteen and was placed in the custody of ]; his supporters became known as "]", while supporters of the Duke of Burgundy became known as "]".{{sfn|Barker|2009|p=}} The future French king ] had assumed the title of ] (heir to the throne) after the deaths of his four older brothers{{sfnm|1a1=Pernoud|1a2=Clin|1y=1986|1p=|2a1=Vale|2y=1974|2p=}} and was associated with the Armagnacs.{{sfn|Vale|1974|pp=, }}
			] exploited France's internal divisions when he invaded in 1415.{{sfnm|DeVries|1999|1pp=|Tuchman|1982|2pp=}} The Burgundians took ] in 1418.{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=|Sizer|2007}} In 1419, the Dauphin offered a truce to negotiate peace with the Duke of Burgundy, but the duke was ] during the negotiations. The new duke of Burgundy, ], allied with the English.{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1pp=|Burne|1956|2p=}} Charles VI accused the Dauphin of murdering the Duke of Burgundy and declared him unfit to inherit the French throne.{{sfn|Barker|2009|p=}} During a period of illness, Charles's wife ] stood in for him and signed the ],{{sfn|Gibbons|1996|p=}} which gave their daughter ] in marriage to Henry V, granted the succession of the French throne to their heirs, and effectively disinherited the Dauphin.{{sfn|Barker|2009|pp=}} This caused rumors that the Dauphin was not King Charles VI's son, but the offspring of an adulterous affair between Isabeau and the murdered duke of Orléans.{{sfn|Pernoud|Clin|1986|p=}} In 1422, Henry V and Charles VI died within two months of each other; the 9-month-old ] was the nominal heir of the ] as agreed in the treaty, but the Dauphin also claimed the French throne.{{sfn|Curry|Hoskins|Richardson|Spencer|2015|p=}}
	Just before Joan joined the conflict in 1429, the English had nearly achieved their goal of an Anglo-French dual monarchy.{{sfn|Egan|2019|p=}} Henry V's brothers, ] and ] had continued the English conquest of France.{{sfn|DeVries|1999|pp=}} Nearly all of northern France, Paris, and parts of the southwestern France were under Anglo-Burgundian control. The Burgundians controlled ], which had served as the traditional site for the coronation of French kings. This was important, as Charles had not yet been ], and doing so at Reims would help legitimize his claim to the throne.{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=|Vale|1974|2p=}} During this time, there were two prophecies circulating around the French countryside. One promised that a maid from the borderlands of Lorraine would come forth to work miracles, and the other was that France has been lost by a woman,{{efn|The woman was Isabeau of Bavaria, who was blamed for the Treaty of Troyes.{{sfn|Fraioli|2005|p=}}}} but would be restored by a virgin.{{sfn|Fraioli|2005|p=}}
	==Early life==		==Early life==
			}} drawing by Clément de Fauquembergue (May 1429, French National Archives){{efn|Fauquembergue's doodle on the margin of a Parliament's register is the only known contemporary representation of Joan. It is an ] depicting her with long hair and a dress rather than with her hair cut short and in armor.{{sfnm|DeVries|1999|1p= |Maddox|2012|2p =}}}}|alt=Joan in dress facing left in profile, holding banner in her right hand and sheathed sword in her left.]]
	] is now a museum. The village church where she attended Mass is to the right, behind the trees.|alt=A white building with a slanted roof]]
	During Joan's youth, Domrémy was a border village in eastern France whose precise feudal relation was unclear.{{sfnm|Castor|2015|1p=|Lowell|1896|2pp=|Sackville-West|1936|3pp=}} Much of it lay in the ].{{sfn|Lowell|1896|p=}} Though surrounded by pro-Burgundian lands, its people were loyal to the Armagnac cause.{{sfnm|1a1=Pernoud|1a2=Clin|1y=1986|1p=|2a1=Sackville-West|2y=1936|2p=}} By 1419, the war had begun to affect the area.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=|Lowell|1896|2pp=}} In 1425, the village's cattle were stolen by an unaligned brigand named Henri D'Orly.{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=}} In 1428, the region was raided by a Burgundian force under Antoine de Vergy,{{sfnm|1a1=Lowell|1y=1896|1pp=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2pp=}} who set fire to the town and destroyed its crops.{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=|Richey|2003|2p=}}		In her youth, Joan did household chores, spun wool, helped her father in the fields and looked after their animals. Her mother provided Joan's religious education.{{sfn|Gies|1981|p=}} Much of Domrémy lay in the ],{{sfn|Lowell|1896|p=}} whose precise feudal status was unclear;{{sfnm|Castor|2015|1p=|Lowell|1896|2pp=|Sackville-West|1936|3pp=}} though surrounded by pro-Burgundian lands, its people were loyal to the Armagnac cause.{{sfnm|1a1=Pernoud|1a2=Clin|1y=1986|1p=}} By 1419, the war had affected the area,{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=|Lowell|1896|2pp=}} and in 1425, Domrémy was attacked and cattle were stolen.{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=}} This led to a sentiment among villagers that the English must be expelled from France to achieve peace. Joan had her first vision after this raid.{{sfn|Lowell|1896|pp=}}
	Joan had her first vision during this time.{{sfn|Lowell|1896|p=}} Joan testified that when she was thirteen, around 1425, a figure she identified as ] surrounded by angels appeared to her in her father's garden.{{sfn|Sackville-West|1936|pp=}} After the vision, she reported weeping because she wanted them to take her with them.{{sfnm|1a1=Barstow|1y=1986|1p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=}} Throughout her life, she continued to have visions of Saint Michael, as well as Saint ], and Saint ].{{sfnm|1a1=Pernoud|1a2=Clin|1y=1986|1p=|2a1=Sackville-West|2y=1936|2p=|3a1=Sullivan|3y=1996|3p=}}{{efn|Joan did not not specify which Saints Margaret and Catherine were in her visions, but most scholars assume she was referring to ] and ].{{sfnm|1a1=Pernoud|1a2=Clin|1y=1986|1p=|2a1=Sullivan|2y=1996|2pp=}}}} In 1428, a young man from her village alleged that she had ]. The case was brought before an ecclesiastical court in the city of ] and dismissed.{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=|3a1=Lowell|3y=1896|3p=|4a1=Warner|4y=1981|4p=}}		Joan later testified that when she was thirteen, {{Circa|1425|lk=no}}, a figure she identified as ] surrounded by angels appeared to her in the garden.{{sfnm|Harrison|2014|1p=|Sackville-West|1936|2pp=|Taylor|2009|3pp=–}} After this vision, she said she wept because she wanted them to take her with them.{{sfnm|1a1=Barstow|1y=1986|1p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=}} Throughout her life, she had visions of St. Michael,{{sfnm|1a1=Pernoud|1a2=Clin|1y=1986|1p=|2a1=Sackville-West|2y=1936|2p=|3a1=Sullivan|3y=1996|3p=}} a patron saint of the Domrémy area who was seen as a defender of France.{{sfnm|Barstow|1986|1p=|Lucie-Smith|1976|2p=|Warner|1981|3p=}} She stated that she had these visions frequently and that she often had them when the church bells were rung.{{sfnm|Barstow|1986|1p=|Lucie-Smith|1976|2p=}} Her visions also included St. Margaret and St. Catherine; although Joan never specified, they were probably ] and ]—those most known in the area.{{sfnm|1a1=Pernoud|1a2=Clin|1y=1986|1p=|2a1=Sullivan|2y=1996|2pp=}} Both were known as ] saints who strove against powerful enemies, were tortured and ] for their beliefs, and preserved their virtue to the death.{{sfnm|Barstow|1986|1p=|Dworkin|1987|2pp=|Sullivan|1996|3pp=}} Joan testified that she swore a vow of virginity to these voices.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=|Dworkin|1987|2p=}} When a young man from her village alleged that she had broken a promise of marriage, Joan stated that she had made him no promises,{{sfn|Warner|1981|pp=}} and his case was dismissed by an ecclesiastical court.{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=|3a1=Lowell|3y=1896|3p=|4a1=Warner|4y=1981|4p=}}
	According to Joan's later testimony, it was around this period that her visions told her that she must leave Domrémy to help the Dauphin.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=|Goldstone|2012|2p=|Sackville-West|1936|3p=}} At the beginning of 1428, the English had been ] and had nearly isolated it from the rest of Charles's territory by capturing many of the smaller bridge towns across the ] River.{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=|DeVries|1999|2p=}} The fate of Orléans was critical to the survival of the Armagnac kingdom because its strategic position along the Loire made it the last obstacle to an assault on the remainder of Charles's territory.{{sfnm|1a1=DeVries|1y=1999|1p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=}} In May 1428,{{sfn|Pernoud|Clin|1986|p=}} Joan asked a relative named Durand Laxart to take her to the nearby town of ], where she petitioned the garrison commander, ], for an armed escort to take her to the Armagnac court at ]. Baudricourt's sarcastic refusal did not deter her.{{sfn|DeVries|1999|pp= }} She returned the following January and was once more refused,{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=}} but she gained the support of two of Baudricourt's soldiers: ] and ].{{sfnm|Castor|2015|1p= |Lowell|1896|2pp=|Sackville-West|1936|3pp=}} Meanwhile, she was summoned to ] under safe-conduct by ], who was ill and thought Joan may be able to cure him. She offered no cures, but reprimanded the duke for living with his mistress.{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2pp=}}		During Joan's youth, a prophecy circulating in the French countryside, based on the visions of {{ill|Marie Robine of Avignon|fr|Marie Robine}}, promised an armed virgin would come forth to save France.{{sfnm|Barstow|1986|1p=|Taylor|2009|2p=|Warner|1981|3pp=}} Another prophecy, attributed to ], stated that a virgin carrying a banner would put an end to France's suffering.{{sfnm|Fraioli|2000|1p=|Harrison|2014|2p=|Taylor|2006|3p=|Warner|1981|4p=}} Joan implied she was this promised maiden, reminding the people around her that there was a saying that France would be destroyed by a woman but would be restored by a virgin.{{sfnm|DeVries|1999|1p=|Harrison|2014|2p=| Pernoud|1962|3p=}}{{efn|The woman in this saying is assumed to refer to Isabeau of Bavaria,{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=|Harrison|2014|2p=|Pernoud|1962|3p=}} but this is uncertain.{{sfnm|Adams|2010|1pp=|Fraioli|2000|2p=}}}} In May 1428,{{sfn|Pernoud|Clin|1986|p=}} she asked her uncle to take her to the nearby town of ], where she petitioned the garrison commander, ], for an armed escort to the Armagnac court at ]. Baudricourt harshly refused and sent her home.{{sfnm|DeVries|1999|1pp= |Harrison|2014|2pp=}} In July, Domrémy was raided by Burgundian forces{{sfnm|1a1=Lowell|1y=1896|1pp=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2pp=}} which set fire to the town, destroyed the crops, and forced Joan, her family and the other townspeople to flee.{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=|Richey|2003|2p=}} She returned to Vaucouleurs in January 1429. Her petition was refused again,{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=}} but by this time she had gained the support of two of Baudricourt's soldiers, ] and ].{{sfnm|Harrison|2014|1pp=,|Lowell|1896|2pp=|Sackville-West|1936|3pp=}} Meanwhile, she was summoned to ] under safe conduct by ], who had heard about Joan during her stay at Vaucouleurs. The duke was ill and thought she might have supernatural powers that could cure him. She offered no cures, but reprimanded him for living with his mistress.{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2pp=}}
	Baudricourt agreed to a third interview with Joan in February, around the time the English captured an Armagnac relief convoy for Orléans at the ]. Metz and Poulengy's enthusiastic support for her,{{sfnm|1a1=Castor|1y=2015|1p=|2a1=Lucie-Smith|2y=1976|2p=|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3p=}} as well as her personal conversations with Baudricourt,{{sfnm|Lowell|1896|1p=|Sackville-West|1936|2pp=}} convinced him to allow her to go to Chinon for an audience with the Dauphin.{{sfn|Sackville-West|1936|p=}} Joan traveled with a small escort of six soldiers.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=|Lowell|1896|2p=}} She chose to wear men's clothes,{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=|Lucie-Smith|1976|2p=|Warner|1981|3p=}} which were provided by her escorts and the people of Vaucouleurs.{{sfnm|1a1=Lowell|1y=1896|1p=|2a1=Lucie-Smith|2y=1976|2p=|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3pp=}}		Henry V's brothers, ], and ], had continued the English conquest of France.{{sfn|DeVries|1999|pp=}} Most of northern France, Paris, and parts of southwestern France were under Anglo-Burgundian control. The Burgundians controlled ], the traditional site for the coronation of French kings; Charles had not yet been ], and doing so at Reims would help legitimize his claim to the throne.{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=|Vale|1974|2p=}} In July 1428, the English had started to surround Orléans and had nearly isolated it from the rest of Charles's territory by capturing many of the smaller bridge towns on the ] River.{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1pp=|DeVries|1999|2p=}} Orléans was strategically important as the last obstacle to an assault on the remainder of Charles's territory.{{sfnm|1a1=DeVries|1y=1999|1p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=}} According to Joan's later testimony, it was around this period that her visions told her to leave Domrémy to help the Dauphin Charles.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=|Goldstone|2012|2pp=|Sackville-West|1936|3p=}}
			Baudricourt agreed to a third meeting with Joan in February 1429, around the time the English captured an Armagnac relief convoy at the ] during the ]. Their conversations,{{sfnm|Lowell|1896|1p=|Sackville-West|1936|2pp=}} along with Metz and Poulengy's support,{{sfnm|1a1=Castor|1y=2015|1p=|2a1=Lucie-Smith|2y=1976|2p=|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3p=}} convinced Baudricourt to allow her to go to Chinon for an audience with the Dauphin. Joan traveled with an escort of six soldiers.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=|Lowell|1896|2p=}} Before leaving, Joan put on men's clothes,{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=|Lucie-Smith|1976|2pp=|Warner|1981|3pp=}} which were provided by her escorts and the people of Vaucouleurs.{{sfnm|1a1=Lowell|1y=1896|1p=|2a1=Lucie-Smith|2y=1976|2p=|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3pp=}} She continued to wear men's clothes for the remainder of her life.{{sfn|Crane|1996|p=}}
	==Chinon==		==Chinon==
	] of 1429, from {{lang|fr|Les Vigiles de Charles VII}} by ]|alt=An illustration of one group of soldiers defending a castle from the attack of a second group of soldiers.]]		] by ] ({{Circa|1444|lk=no}}, ], Paris)|alt=Miniature of Charles the seventh of France.]]
	Joan's first meeting with Charles VII took place at the Royal Court in Chinon in late February or early March 1429.{{efn|Some historians put the time in February (e.g., {{harvnb|Castor|2015|p=}};{{harvnb|Vale|1974|p=}}). Others in March (e.g., {{harvnb|Pernoud|Clin|1986|p=}}). See {{harvnb|Lowell|1896|p=|ps=, footenote 1}} for a discussion of the ambiguity.}} She was aged seventeen{{sfn|Warner|1981|p=}} and Charles twenty-six.{{sfn|Gies|1981|p=}}{{efn|Witnesses at the rehabilitation trial who were not at Joan's first meeting with Charles report hearing that he had hidden himself in the crowd among members of the court, but Joan quickly identified and approached him.{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=}}}} Joan told him that she had come to raise the siege of Orléans and to lead him to Reims for his coronation.{{sfnm|Castor|2015|1p=|Gies|1981|2p=|Lowell|1896|3p= }} They had a private exchange that made a strong impression on Charles,{{efn|Some writers have argued that Joan eased his mind about the legitimacy of his birth,{{sfnm|DeVries|1999|1p=|Gies|1981|2p=|Sackville-West|1936|3pp=}} but others question this possibility.{{sfnm|1a1=Pernoud|1a2=Clin|1y=1986|1p=|2a=Vale|2y=1974|2p=}}}} but Charles and his council needed more assurance.{{sfn|Gies|1981|p=}} They sent her to ] to be examined by a council of theologians to verify her morality and ensure her ]. The council declared her a good person and a good Catholic.{{sfnm|Castor|2015|1p=|Gies|1981|2p=|Vale=1974|3p=}} The theologians at Poitiers did not render a decision on the source of Joan's inspiration, but agreed that sending her to Orléans could be useful to the king{{sfnm|DeVries|1999|1p=|Richey|2003|2p=|Sackville-West|1936|3p=}} and would test if her inspiration was of divine origin.{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=|Vale|1974|2p=}} Afterwards, she was sent on to Tours, where she was physically examined by women directed by Charles's mother-in-law ], who verified her virginity.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=|Lucie-Smith|1976|2p=|Sackville-West|1936|3p=}}{{efn|The examination of Joan's virginity was to establish if she was indeed the prophesied virgin{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=|Castor|2015|2p=|Gies|1981|3p=}} who would save France, to show the purity of her devotion,{{sfnm|1a1=Barker|1y=2009|1p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=}} and to ensure there was no chance she had consorted with the Devil.{{sfnm|Michelet|1855|1p=|Sackville-West|1936|2p=}}}} After her examinations, the dauphin commissioned plate armor for her, she received a banner of her own design, and had a sword brought for her from underneath the altar in the church at ].{{sfnm|1a1=DeVries|1y=1999|1pp=|2a1=Gies|2y=1981|2pp=|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3pp=}} Around this time, she began calling herself {{lang|fr|"Jeanne la Pucelle"}} (Joan the Maiden), emphasizing her virginity, which was a sign of her mission.{{sfn|Pernoud|Clin|1986|p=}}
			Charles VII met Joan for the first time at the Royal Court in Chinon in late February or early March 1429,{{sfnm|1a1=Vale|1y=1974|1p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=|3a=Lowell|3y=1896|3p=|ps=, fn 1}} when she was seventeen{{sfnm|Taylor|2009|1p=|Warner|1981|2p=}} and he was twenty-six.{{sfn|Gies|1981|p=}} She told him that she had come to raise the siege of Orléans and to lead him to Reims for his coronation.{{sfnm|Castor|2015|1p=|Gies|1981|2p=|Lowell|1896|3p= }} They had a private exchange that made a strong impression on Charles; ], Joan's confessor, later testified that Joan told him she had reassured the Dauphin that he was Charles VI's son and the legitimate king.{{sfnm|DeVries|1999|1p=|Gies|1981|2p=}}
	] (1429). Drawing by Clément de Fauquembergue. French National Archives{{sfn|Pernoud|Clin|1986|p= }}{{efn|Fauquembergue's drawing on the margin of a Parliament's register is the only known contemporary representation of Joan. This ] is fanciful, depicting her with long hair and a dress rather than with short hair and armor.{{sfnm|DeVries|1999|1p= |Maddox|2012|2p =}}}}|alt=Joan in dress facing left in profile, holding banner in right hand and sheathed sword in the left hand.]]
	Before Joan's arrival at Chinon, the Armagnac strategic situation was bad but not hopeless.{{sfn|Warner|1981|p=}} The Armagnac forces were prepared to survive a prolonged siege at Orléans.{{sfn|Gies|1981|pp=}} The Burgundians had recently withdrawn from the siege due to disagreements about territory,{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=}} and the English were unsure about continuing it.{{sfn|Vale|1974|p=}} But the Armagnac leadership's morale was despairing. {{sfn|DeVries|1999|p=}}
	The effect of Joan's presence on Armagnac morale was immediate.{{sfnm|Richey|2003|1p=|Warner|1981|2p=}} She effectively turned the longstanding Anglo-French conflict into a religious war,{{sfn|Vale|1974|p=}} inspiring devotion and the hope of divine assistance.{{sfn|Pernoud|Clin|1986|p=}} Before she had joined the siege, Joan had dictated a letter to the Duke of Bedford warning him that she was sent by God to drive him out of France.{{sfnm|1a1=Lucie-Smith|1y=1976|1pp=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2pp=|3a1=Richey|3y=2003|3pp=}}{{efn|Joan was illiterate and it is believed that she dictated her letters to scribes.{{sfn|Warner|1981|p=}}}} In the last week of April, Joan set out from ] as part of an army ladened with supplies for the relief of Orléans.{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=|DeVries|1999|2p=}}		Charles and his council needed more assurance,{{sfn|Gies|1981|p=}} sending Joan to ] to be examined by a council of theologians, who declared that she was a good person and a good Catholic.{{sfnm|Castor|2015|1p=|Gies|1981|2p=|Vale=1974|3p=}} They did not render a decision on the source of Joan's inspiration, but agreed that sending her to Orléans could be useful to the king{{sfnm|DeVries|1999|1p=|Richey|2003|2p=}} and would test whether her inspiration was of divine origin.{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=|Vale|1974|2p=}} Joan was then sent to Tours to be physically examined by women directed by Charles's mother-in-law ], who verified her virginity.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=|Lucie-Smith|1976|2p=}} This was to establish if she could indeed be the prophesied virgin savior of France,{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=|Gies|1981|2p=}} to show the purity of her devotion,{{sfnm|1a1=Barker|1y=2009|1p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=}} and to ensure she had not consorted with the Devil.{{sfnm|Michelet|1855|1p=|Sackville-West|1936|2p=}}
			The Dauphin, reassured by the results of these tests, commissioned ] for her. She designed her own banner and had a sword brought to her from under the altar in the church at ].{{sfnm|1a1=DeVries|1y=1999|1pp=|2a1=Gies|2y=1981|2pp=|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3pp=}} Around this time she began calling herself "Joan the Maiden", emphasizing her virginity as a sign of her mission.{{sfn|Pernoud|Clin|1986|p=}}
			Before Joan's arrival at Chinon, the Armagnac strategic situation was bad but not hopeless.{{sfnm|Warner|1981|1p=|Vale|1974|2p=}} The Armagnac forces were prepared to endure a prolonged siege at Orléans,{{sfn|Gies|1981|pp=}} the Burgundians had recently withdrawn from the siege due to disagreements about territory,{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=}} and the English were debating whether to continue.{{sfn|Vale|1974|p=}} Nonetheless, after almost a century of war, the Armagnacs were demoralized.{{sfn|DeVries|1999|p=}} Once Joan joined the Dauphin's cause, her personality began to raise their spirits,{{sfn|Richey|2003|p=}} inspiring devotion and the hope of divine assistance.{{sfnm|1a1=Harrison|1y=2014|1p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=}} Her belief in the divine origin of her mission turned the longstanding Anglo-French conflict over inheritance into a religious war.{{sfn|Vale|1974|p=}} Before beginning the journey to Orléans, Joan dictated a letter to the Duke of Bedford warning him that she was sent by God to drive him out of France.{{sfnm|1a1=Lucie-Smith|1y=1976|1pp=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2pp=|3a1=Richey|3y=2003|3pp=}}
	==Military campaigns==		==Military campaigns==
	===Orléans===		===Orléans===
			] (1887, ])|alt=Joan of Arc on horseback with armor and holding banner being greeted by the people of Orléans.]]
	{{See also|Siege of Orléans}}
			In the last week of April 1429, Joan set out from ] as part of an army carrying supplies for the relief of Orléans.{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=|DeVries|1999|2p=}} She arrived there on 29 April{{sfn|Barker|2009 |p=}} and met the commander ], the ] of Orléans.{{sfn|Richey|2003|p=}} Orléans was not completely cut off, and Dunois got her into the city, where she was greeted enthusiastically.{{sfnm|1a1=Barker|1y=2009|1pp=|2a1=Gies|2y=1981|2p=|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3pp=}} Joan was initially treated as a figurehead to raise morale,{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=|Warner|1981|2p=}} flying her banner on the battlefield.{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=|3a1=Warner|3y=1981|3p=}} She was not given any formal command{{sfnm|Richey|2003|1p=|DeVries|1999|2p=}} or included in military councils{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1pp=,|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=|3a1=Warner|3y=1981|3p=}} but quickly gained the support of the Armagnac troops. She always seemed to be present where the fighting was most intense, she frequently stayed with the front ranks, and she gave them a sense she was fighting for their salvation.{{sfnm|1a1=DeVries|1y=1996|1p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=|3a1=Richey|3y=2003|3p=}} Armagnac commanders would sometimes accept the advice she gave them, such as deciding what position to attack, when to continue an assault, and how to place artillery.{{sfnm|DeVries|1999|1pp=|Gies|1981|2p=}}
			On 4 May, the Armagnacs went on the offensive, attacking the outlying {{lang|fr|bastille de Saint-Loup}} (fortress of ]). Once Joan learned of the attack, she rode out with her banner to the site of the battle, a mile east of Orléans. She arrived as the Armagnac soldiers were retreating after a failed assault. Her appearance rallied the soldiers, who attacked again and took the fortress.{{sfnm|1a1=Barker|1y=2009|1p=|2a1=Gies|2y=1981|2pp=|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3pp=}} On 5 May, no combat occurred since it was ], a ]. She dictated another letter to the English warning them to leave France and had it tied to a ], which was fired by a crossbowman.{{sfnm|1a1=Harrison|1y=2014|1pp=|2a1=Richey|2y=2003|2p=|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3p=}}
			The Armagnacs resumed their offensive on 6 May, capturing ], which the English had deserted.{{sfnm|1a1=Barker|1y=2009|1p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=}} The Armagnac commanders wanted to stop, but Joan encouraged them to launch an ], an English fortress built around a monastery.{{sfnm|1a1=Barker|1y=2009|1p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=|3a1=Richey|3y=2003|3p=}} After its capture,{{sfnm|1a1=Barker|1y=2009|1p=|2a1=DeVries|2y=1999|2pp=| 3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3pp=}} the Armagnac commanders wanted to consolidate their gains, but Joan again argued for continuing the offensive.{{sfnm|1a1=DeVries|1y=1999|1p=|2a1=Gies|2y=1981|2p=|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3p=}} On the morning of 7 May, the Armagnacs attacked the main English stronghold, ''les Tourelles''. Joan was wounded by an arrow between the neck and shoulder while holding her banner in the trench on the south bank of the river but later returned to encourage the final assault that took the fortress.{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1pp=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=|3a1=Richey|3y=2003|3p=}} The English retreated from Orléans on 8 May, ending the siege.{{sfnm|1a1=Barker|1y=2009|1p=|2a1=DeVries|2y=1999|2p=|3a1=Gies|3y=1981|3p=}}
			At Chinon, Joan had declared that she was sent by God.{{sfnm|1a1=Pernoud|1a2=Clin|1y=1986|1p=|2a1=Warner|2y=1981|2p=}} At Poitiers, when she was asked to show a sign demonstrating this claim, she replied that it would be given if she were brought to Orléans. The lifting of the siege was interpreted by many people to be that sign.{{sfnm|1a1=Pernoud|1a2=Clin|1y=1986|1p=|2a1=Warner|2y=1981|2p=}} Prominent clergy such as {{ill|Jacques Gélu|fr}}, ],{{sfn|Fraioli|2000|pp=–}} and the theologian ]{{sfn|Michelet|1855|pp=}} wrote treatises in support of Joan after this victory.{{sfnm|Lang|1909|1pp= |Warner|1981|2p=}} In contrast, the English saw the ability of this peasant girl to defeat their armies as proof she was possessed by the devil.{{sfnm|Boyd|1986|1p=|DeVries|1996|2p=|Gies|1981|3p=|Seward|1982|4pp=}}
			===Loire Campaign===
	{{Infobox military person		{{Infobox military person
	|width_style = person		| width_style = person
	|name = ] Joan of Arc		| name = ] Joan of Arc
			| allegiance = ]
	|image = Jeanne d'Arc - Les vies des femmes célèbres.jpg
			| battles_label = Conflict
	|caption = Joan on horseback in a 1505 illustration
	|alt = See caption		| battles = ''']'''
			| module = {{OSM Location map
	|allegiance = ]
	|battles_label = Conflict
	|battles = ''']'''
	|module=
	{{OSM Location map
	| coord = {{coord|48|2}}		| coord = {{coord|48|2}}
	| zoom = 5		| zoom = 5
Line 102:		Line 106:
	| width = 235		| width = 235
	| height = 160		| height = 160
			|scalemark=0
	| title = Major battles and notable locations
			| title = Important locations
	| caption = {{legend|#165916|] and ]}}{{legend|navy|] and ]}}{{legend|#AD7F14|Campaign against Perrinet Gressard}}{{legend|#7A0101|]}}{{legend|black|Notable locations}}
			| caption = {{legend-line|#000000 dashed 2px|Joan's journey to ]}}{{legend|#4daf4a|] and ]}}{{legend-line|#332288 dashed 2px|]}}{{legend|#377eb8|Reims and the ]}}{{legend|#984ea3|Campaign against Perrinet Gressard}}{{legend|#e41a1c|]}}{{legend|black|Other locations}}
			|mark=Joan of Arc overlay file.png
			|mark-coord={{coord|48|2}}
			|mark-size=230
			|mark-dim=1.48
			|mark-title=none
	| shapeD = n-circle		| shape1 = circle
			| label1 = Domrémy
	| shape-colorD = navy
	| shape-outlineD = white		| label-pos1 = bottom
			| mark-coord1 = {{coord|48.44|5.68}}
	| label-colorD = navy
			| mark-title1 = ]- Joan's birthplace and childhood home
	| label-sizeD = 12
			| mark-description1 = ]
	| label-posD = left
	| label-offset-xD = 0		| shape-color1 = black
	| label-offset-yD = 0		| label-color1 = black
			|label-offset-x1 = 16
			|label-offset-y1 = -2
			|label-size1 = 8
			| mark-size1 = 7
	| label1 = Orléans		| shape2 = circle
			| label2 = Vaucouleurs
	| mark-coord1 = {{coord|47.90| 1.91}}
			| mark-coord2 = {{coord|48.60|5.67}}
	| mark-title1 = ]: 29 April 1429- 8 May 1429
			| mark-title2 = ]- Site of Joan's three meetings with ] to request being sent to ]'s Court: May and January 1428, February 1429.
	| mark-description1 = ]
			| mark-description2 = ]
	| shape-color1 = dark green
	| label-color1 = dark green		| shape-color2 = black
			| label-color2 = black
			|label-size2 = 8
	| label2 =
			|label-pos2 = top
	| mark-coord2 = {{coord|47.87| 2.12}}
			|label-offset-y2 = 2
	| mark-title2 = ]: on 11 June 1429
			|label-offset-x2 = 0
	| mark-description2 = ]
	| shape-color2 = dark green		| mark-size2 = 7
	| label-color2 = dark green
			| shape3 = circle
	| label3 =		| label3 =
	| mark-coord3 = {{coord|47.82|1.70}}		| mark-coord3 = {{coord|48.6936|6.1846}}
	| mark-title3 = ]: on 15–16 June 1429		| mark-title3 = ]- Joan meets Charles II, Duke of Lorraine: early winter 1429
	| mark-description3 = ]		| mark-description3 = ]
	| shape-color3 = dark green		| shape-color3 = black
	| label-color3 = dark green		| label-color3 = black
			| mark-size3 = 0
	| label4 =		| shape4 = circle
			| label4 = Chinon
	| mark-coord4 = {{coord|47.78|1.63}}
			| mark-coord4 = {{coord|47.168056|0.23611}}
	| mark-title4 = ]: on 16 June 1429
			| mark-title4 = ]- Joan meets ] at his court: March 1429
	| mark-description4 = ]
			| mark-description4 = ]
	| shape-color4 = dark green
	| label-color4 = dark green		| shape-color4 = black
			| label-color4 = black
			| label-size4=11
			| label-pos4=top
			|label-offset-x4= -18
			|label-offset-y4= 2
			| mark-size4 = 7
			| shape5 = circle
	| label5 =		| label5 =
	| mark-coord5 = {{coord|48.03|1.70}}		| mark-coord5 = {{coord|46.5803|0.3493}}
	| mark-title5 = ]: 18 June 1429		| mark-title5 = ]- Joan examined by theologians of ]'s court during March–April 1429
	| mark-description5 = SE of ]		| mark-description5 = ]
	| shape-color5 = dark green		| shape-color5 = black
	| label-color5 = dark green		| label-color5 = black
			| mark-size5 = 0
	| label6 = Reims		| shape6 = circle
			| label6 =
	| mark-coord6 = {{coord|49.26|4.03}}
			| mark-coord6 = {{coord|47.3971|0.6936}}
	| mark-title6 = Joan and Charles arrive at ]: 16 July 1429
			| mark-title6 = ]- Joan's virginity attested; Joan receives her armor, banner and sword: early April 1429.
	| mark-description6 = ]
			| mark-description6 = ]
	| shape-color6 = navy
	| label-color6 = navy		| shape-color6 = black
			| label-color6 = black
			| mark-size6 = 0
	| label7 = Paris		| shape7 = circle
	| mark-coord7 = {{coord|48.86|2.32}}		| label7 =
			| mark-coord7 = {{coord|47.59|1.33}}
	| mark-title7 = ]: 3–8 September 1429		| mark-title7 = ]- Joan joins the army to relieve the siege of Orléans: 24 April 1429.
	| mark-description7 = ]		| mark-description7 = ]
	| shape-color7 = navy		| shape-color7 = black
	| label-color7 = navy		| label-color7 = black
			| mark-size7 = 0
	| label8 =		| shape8 = circle
			| label8 = Orléans
	| mark-coord8 = {{coord|46.79|3.12}}
			|label-color8=black
	| mark-title8 = ]: October–November 1429
			|label-size8= 11
	| mark-description8 = ]
			|label-pos8= top
	| shape-color8 = hard brown
	| label-color8 = hard brown		|label-offset-x8= -20
			|label-offset-y8= 2
			| mark-coord8 = {{coord|47.90| 1.91}}
			| mark-title8 = ]: 29 April 1429- 8 May 1429
			| mark-description8 = ]
			| shape-color8 = #4daf4a
			| mark-size8 = 10
	| label9 =		| label9 =
			| shape9 = circle
	| mark-coord9 = {{coord|47.17|3.02}}
			| mark-coord9 = {{coord|47.87| 2.12}}
	| mark-title9 = ]: 24 November–25 December 1429
	| mark-description9 = ]		| mark-title9 = ]: on 11 June 1429
			| mark-description9 = ]
	| shape-color9 = hard brown
	| label-color9 = hard brown		| shape-color9 = #4daf4a
			| label-color9 = #4daf4a
			| mark-size9 = 0
			| label10 =
	| shape10 = circle		| shape10 = circle
			| mark-coord10 = {{coord|47.82|1.70}}
	| label10 =
			| mark-title10 = ]: on 15–16 June 1429
	| mark-coord10 = {{coord|48.5406|2.66}}
			| mark-description10 = ]
	| mark-title10 = ]- Liberated by Joan's forces: April 1430.
			| shape-color10 = #4daf4a
	| mark-description10 = ]
	| shape-color10 = dark red		| label-color10 = #4daf4a
	| label-color10 = dark red
	| mark-size10 = 0		| mark-size10 = 0
			| label11 =
	| shape11 = circle		| shape11 = circle
			| mark-coord11 = {{coord|47.78|1.63}}
	| label11 =
			| mark-title11 = ]: on 16 June 1429
	| mark-coord11 = {{coord|48.8788|2.7075}}
			| mark-description11 = ]
	| mark-title11 = ]- Site of battle against Franquet D'Arras: April 1430.
			| shape-color11 = #4daf4a
	| mark-description11 = ]
	| shape-color11 = dark red		| label-color11 = #4daf4a
	| label-color11 = dark red
	| mark-size11 = 0		| mark-size11 = 0
	| label12 =
	| mark-coord12 = {{coord|49.41|2.82}}
	| mark-title12 = ]: 14–23 May 1493
	| mark-description12 = ]
	| shape-color12 = dark red
	| label-color12 = dark red
	| label13 =		| label12 =
			| shape12 = circle
	| mark-coord13 = {{coord|49.4269|2.8217}}
			| mark-coord12 = {{coord|48.03|1.70}}
	| mark-title13 = ]- Site of Joan's capture by Burgundians: 23 May 1430.
			| mark-title12 = ]: 18 June 1429
	| mark-description13 = ]
			| mark-description12 = SE of ]
	| shape-color13 = dark red
	| label-color13 = dark red		| shape-color12 = #4daf4a
	| mark-size13 = 0		| label-color12 = #4daf4a
			| mark-size12 = 0
			| label13 = Reims
			| shape13 = circle
			|label-pos13 = top
			| mark-coord13 = {{coord|49.26|4.03}}
			| mark-title13 = Joan and Charles arrive at ]: 16 July 1429
			| mark-description13 = ]
			| shape-color13 = #377eb8
			| label-color13 = black
			| label-offset-x13 = 5
			| label-offset-y13 = 2
			| label-size13= 11
			| mark-size13 = 10
	| shape14 = circle		| shape14 = circle
	| label14 = Domrémy		| label14 = Paris
	| mark-coord14 = {{coord|48.44|5.68}}		| mark-coord14 = {{coord|48.86|2.32}}
	| mark-title14 = ]- Joan's birthplace and childhood home		| mark-title14 = ]: 3–8 September 1429
	| mark-description14 = ]		| mark-description14 = ]
	| shape-color14 = black		| shape-color14 = #377eb8
			| mark-size14 = 7
			| label-size14= 11
	| label-color14 = black		| label-color14 = black
			| label-pos14 = bottom
			|label-offset-x14= 10
			|label-offset-y14= 0
	| shape15 = circle		| shape15 = circle
	| label15 =		| label15 =
	| mark-coord15 = {{coord|48.60|5.67}}		| mark-coord15 = {{coord|46.79|3.12}}
			| mark-title15 = ]: October–November 1429
	| mark-title15 = ]- Site of Joan's three meetings with ] to request being sent to ]'s Court: May and January 1428, February 1429.
	| mark-description15 = ]		| mark-description15 = ]
	| shape-color15 = black		| shape-color15 = #984ea3
	| label-color15 = black		| label-color15 = #984ea3
	| mark-size15 = 0		| mark-size15 = 0
	| shape16 = circle		| shape16 = circle
			| mark-coord16 = {{coord|47.17|3.02}}
	| label16 =
			| mark-title16 = ]: 24 November–25 December 1429
	| mark-coord16 = {{coord|48.6936|6.1846}}
			| mark-description16 = ]
	| mark-title16 = ]- Joan meets Charles II, Duke of Lorraine: early winter 1429
			| shape-color16 = #984ea3
	| mark-description16 = ]
	| shape-color16 = black		| mark-size16 = 7
			|label16= La Charité
	| label-color16 = black
	| mark-size16 = 0		|label-size16= 8
			|label-color16=black
			|label-pos16 = right
			|label-offset-x16=0
			|label-offset-y16=0
	| shape17 = circle		| shape17 = circle
	| label17 = Chinon		| label17 =
	| mark-coord17 = {{coord|47.17|0.24}}		| mark-coord17 = {{coord|48.5406|2.66}}
	| mark-title17 = ]- Joan meets ] at his court: March 1429		| mark-title17 = ]- Liberated by Joan's forces: April 1430.
	| mark-description17 = ]		| mark-description17 = ]
	| shape-color17 = black		| shape-color17 = #e41a1c
	| label-color17 = black		| label-color17 = #e41a1c
			| mark-size17 = 0
	| shape18 = circle		| shape18 = circle
	| label18 =		| label18 =
	| mark-coord18 = {{coord|46.58|0.34}}		| mark-coord18 = {{coord|48.8788|2.7075}}
	| mark-title18 = ]- Joan examined by theologians of ]'s court during March–April 1429		| mark-title18 = ]- Site of battle against Franquet D'Arras: April 1430.
	| mark-description18 = ]		| mark-description18 = ]
	| shape-color18 = black		| shape-color18 = #e41a1c
	| label-color18 = black		| label-color18 = #e41a1c
	| mark-size18 = 0		| mark-size18 = 0
	| shape19 = circle		| label19 = Compiègne
			|label-color19=black
	| label19 =
			|label-size19=8
	| mark-coord19 = {{coord|47.39|0.69}}
			| mark-coord19 = {{coord|49.41|2.82}}
	| mark-title19 = ]- Joan's virginity attested; Joan receives her armor, banner and sword: early April 1429.
	| mark-description19 = ]		| mark-title19 = ]: 14–23 May 1493
			| mark-description19 = ]
	| shape-color19 = black
	| label-color19 = black		| shape-color19 = #e41a1c
	| mark-size19 = 0		|label-pos19 = top
			|label-offset-x19 = -10
			|label-offset-y19 = 0
			| mark-size19 = 7
	| shape20 = circle		| label20 =
			| mark-coord20 = {{coord|49.42133|2.82345}}
	| label20 =
			| mark-title20 = ]- Site of Joan's capture by Burgundians: 23 May 1430.
	| mark-coord20 = {{coord|47.59|1.33}}
			| mark-description20 = ]
	| mark-title20 = ]- Joan joins the army to relieve the siege of Orléans: 24 April 1429.
			| shape-color20 = #DB3123
	| mark-description20 = ]
	| shape-color20 = black		| label-color20 = #DB3123
	| label-color20 = black		| mark-size20 = 7
	| mark-size20 = 0
	| shape21 = circle		| shape21 = circle
	| label21 =		| label21 =
	| mark-coord21 = {{coord|49.6608|2.9133}}		| mark-coord21 = {{coord|49.6608|2.9133}}
	| mark-title21 = ]- Joan is imprisoned in the castle keep and attempts to escape: May–June 1430.		| mark-title21 = ]- Joan is imprisoned in the castle keep and attempts to escape: May–June 1430.
Line 281:		Line 340:
	| shape22 = circle		| shape22 = circle
	| label22 =		| label22 =
	| mark-coord22 = {{coord|50.00|3.31}}		| mark-coord22 = {{coord|50.00|3.31}}
	| mark-title22 = ]- Joan imprisoned here after her first escape attempt; Jumps from tower in another escape attempt: June–November 1430.		| mark-title22 = ]- Joan imprisoned here after her first escape attempt; Jumps from tower in another escape attempt: June–November 1430.
	| mark-description22 = ]		| mark-description22 = ]
	| shape-color22 = black		| shape-color22 = black
Line 290:		Line 349:
	| shape23 = circle		| shape23 = circle
	| label23 =		| label23 =
	| mark-coord23 = {{coord|50.292|2.78}}		| mark-coord23 = {{coord|50.292|2.78}}
	| mark-title23 = ]- Joan imprisoned here after her second escape attempt: November–December 1430		| mark-title23 = ]- Joan imprisoned here after her second escape attempt: November–December 1430
Line 300:		Line 359:
	| shape24 = circle		| shape24 = circle
	| label24 = Rouen		| label24 = Rouen
			| label-size24= 11
	| mark-coord24 = {{coord|49.44|1.09}}		| mark-coord24 = {{coord|49.44|1.09}}
	| mark-title24 = ]- Joan's final prison, place of trail and execution: 25 December 1430–30 May 1431.		| mark-title24 = ]- Joan's final prison, place of trail and execution: 25 December 1430–30 May 1431.
	| mark-description24 = ]		| mark-description24 = ]
	| shape-color24 = black		| shape-color24 = black
	| label-color24 = black		| label-color24 = black
			|label-pos24 = left
			|label-offset-x24= 7
			|label-offset-y24= 10
			|mark-size24=7
			}}
			}}
			After the success at Orléans, Joan insisted that the Armagnac forces should advance promptly toward Reims to crown the Dauphin.{{sfnm|1a1=Harrison|1y=2014|1pp=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=|3a1=Richey|3y=2003|3p=}} Charles allowed her to accompany the army under the command of ],{{sfnm|Lucie-Smith|1976|1p=|Richey|2003|2p=}} who collaboratively worked with Joan and regularly heeded her advice.{{sfnm|DeVries|1999|1p=|Gies|1981|2p=}} Before advancing toward Reims, the Armagnacs needed to recapture the bridge towns along the Loire: ], ], and ]. This would clear the way for Charles and his entourage, who would have to cross the Loire near Orléans to get from Chinon to Reims.{{sfnm|Castor|2015|1p=|Lucie-Smith|1976|2pp=|Lowell|1896|3p=}}
	}}}}
	Joan arrived at Orléans on 29 April 1429, meeting the commander ],{{sfn|Richey|2003|p=}} acting head of the ducal family of Orléans on behalf of his captive half-brother.{{sfn|DeVries|1999|pp=}} Because Orléans was not completely cut off, Dunois was able to get her into the city, where she was greeted with great enthusiasm.{{sfnm|1a1=Barker|1y=2009|1pp=|2a1=Gies|2y=1981|2p=|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3pp=}} Joan was initially treated as a figurehead to raise morale,{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=|Warner|1981|2p=}} flying her banner on the battlefield.{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=|3a1=Warner|3y=1981|3p=}}{{efn|Joan testified she preferred her banner to a sword and never killed anyone.{{sfn|Quicherat|1841a|p=|ps=: {{lang|li|Interrogata quem prædiligebat, ensem vel estandart sive vexillum: respondit quod prædiligebat l'estendard quam ensem, quadraginta vicibus.{{nbsp}}... et dixit quod nunquam interfecerat hominem.}} }}}} She was not given any formal command{{sfnm|Richey|2003|1p=|DeVries|1999|2p=}} and was excluded from military councils.{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1pp=,|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=|3a1=Warner|3y=1981|3p=|}} But she quickly gained the faith of the Armagnac troops, who believed she could bring them to victory.{{sfnm|1a1=DeVries|1y=1996|1p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=|3a1=Richey|3y=2003|3p=}} Over time, some of the Armagnac commanders would accept the advice she gave them.{{sfnm|DeVries|1999|1pp=|Gies|1981|2p=}}{{efn|At the rehabilitation trial, some of the commanders testified that she had an uncanny ability for performing tasks such as assembling the army and arranging the disposition of troops and artillery.{{sfnm|DeVries|1996|1p=|Pernoud|1962|2p=}}}}		The ] began on 11 June when the Armagnac forces led by Alençon and Joan arrived at Jargeau{{sfnm|DeVries|1999|1p=|Barker|2009|2p=}} and forced the English to withdraw inside the town's walls. Joan sent a message to the English to surrender; they refused{{sfnm|Burne|1956|1p=|DeVries|1999|2p=|Lucie-Smith|1976|3p=}} and she advocated for a direct assault on the walls the next day.{{sfnm|Burne|1956|1p=|Castor|2015|2p=|DeVries|1999|3p=}} By the end of the day, the town was taken. The Armagnac took few prisoners and many of the English who surrendered were killed.{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1pp=|DeVries|1999|2p=|Lucie-Smith|1976|3p=}} During this campaign, Joan continued to serve in the thick of battle. She began scaling a siege ladder with her banner in hand but before she could climb the wall, she was struck by a stone which split her helmet.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=|Lowell|1896|2p=}}
			Alençon and Joan's army advanced on ]. On 15 June, they took control of the town's bridge, and the English garrison withdrew to a castle on the Loire's north bank.{{sfn|Burne|1956|p=}} Most of the army continued on the south bank of the Loire to ].{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=|Burne|1956|2p=|Gies|1981|3pp=}}
	On 4 May, the Armagnacs went on the offensive, attacking the outlying {{lang|fr|bastille de Saint-Loup}} (fortress of ]). Joan was not informed of the attack. Once she learned of it, she rode out with her banner to the site of the battle a mile east of Orléans. She arrived just as the Armagnac soldiers were retreating after a failed assault. Her appearance rallied the soldiers, who launched another assault and took the fortress.{{sfnm|1a1=Barker|1y=2009|1p=|2a1=Gies|2y=1981|2pp=|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3pp=}} On 5 May, no combat occurred since it was ], a ] Joan deemed too holy for fighting. Instead, she told a scribe to record a letter to the English warning them to leave France. She had it tied to an arrow that was shot by a crossbowman.{{sfnm|1a1=Richey|1y=2003|1p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=}}
	The Armagnacs resumed their offensive on 6 May. They captured ], which the English had deserted.{{sfnm|1a1=Barker|1y=2009|1p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=}} Though the Armagnac commanders wanted to stop, Joan encouraged them to launch an assault against an English fortress built around a monastery called ].{{sfnm|1a1=Barker|1y=2009|1p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=|3a1=Richey|3y=2003|3p=}} It was successfully captured.{{sfnm|1a1=Barker|1y=2009|1p=|2a1=DeVries|2y=1999|2pp=| 3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3pp=}} After the capture of ''les Augustins'', the Armagnac commanders wanted to consolidate their gains,{{sfnm|1a1=DeVries|1y=1999|1p=|2a1=Gies|2y=1981|2p=|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3p=}} but Joan again argued for immediate offensive action. On the morning of 7 May, The Armagnacs attacked the main English stronghold, ''les Tourelles''. Joan was wounded by an arrow between the neck and shoulder while holding her banner in the trench outside the wall on the south bank of the river, but later returned to encourage the final assault that took the fortress.{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1pp=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=|3a1=Richey|3y=2003|3p=}} The English retreated from Orléans on 8 May, ending the siege.{{sfnm|1a1=Barker|1y=2009|1p=|2a1=DeVries|2y=1999|2pp=|3a1=Gies|3y=1981|3pp=}}		Meanwhile, the English army from Paris under the command of Sir ] had linked up with the garrison in Meung and traveled along the north bank of the Loire to relieve Beaugency.{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=|Burne|1956|2pp=}} Unaware of this, the English garrison at Beaugency surrendered on 18 June.{{sfn|Barker|2009|p=}} The main English army retreated toward Paris; Joan urged the Armagnacs to pursue them, and the two armies clashed at the ] later that day. The English had prepared their forces to ambush an Armagnac attack with hidden ],{{sfn|DeVries|1999|p=}} but the Armagnac vanguard detected and scattered them. A rout ensued that decimated the English army. Fastolf escaped with a small band of soldiers, but many of the English leaders were captured.{{sfn|Gies|1981|p=}} Joan arrived at the battlefield too late to participate in the decisive action,{{sfnm|DeVries|1999|1p=|Gies|1981|2p=}} but her encouragement to pursue the English had made the victory possible.{{sfnm|Burne|1956|1p=|Gies|1981|2p=|Harrison|2014|3pp=|Richey|2003|4p=}}
			===Coronation and siege of Paris===
	At Chinon, Joan had declared that she was sent by God.{{sfnm|1a1=Pernoud|1a2=Clin|1y=1986|1p=|2a1=Warner|2y=1981|2p=}} At Poitiers, when she was asked to show a sign demonstrating this claim, she replied a sign would be given if she were brought to Orléans. The lifting of the siege was interpreted by many people to be that sign.{{sfnm|1a1=Pernoud|1a2=Clin|1y=1986|1p=|2a1=Warner|2y=1981|2p=}} Prominent clergy such as Jacques Gelu, ],{{sfn|Fraioli|2000|pp=–}} and the theologian ]{{sfn|Michelet|1855|pp=}} wrote treatises in support of Joan immediately following this event.{{sfnm|Lang|1909|1pp= |Warner|1981|2p=}} In contrast, the English saw the ability of this peasant girl to defeat their armies as proof she was possessed by the Devil.{{sfnm|Boyd|1986|1p=|DeVries|1996|2p=|Gies|1981|3p=|Seward|1982|4pp=}}
			] in ]' ''Chronicon abbreviatum regum Francorum''; Joan of Arc stands holding a banner of France to his left. Unknown author (15th century).|alt=Miniature of coronation of King Charles the seventh of France]]
			After the destruction of the English army at Patay, some Armagnac leaders argued for an invasion of English-held Normandy, but Joan remained insistent that Charles must be crowned.{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=|Gies|1981|2pp=,}} The Dauphin agreed, and the army left ] on 29 June to ].{{sfnm|1a1=Michelet|1y=1855|1pp=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=}} The advance was nearly unopposed.{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=|Burne|1956|2p=}} The Burgundian-held town of ] surrendered on 3 July after three days of negotiations,{{sfnm|DeVries|1999|1p=|Gies|1981|2p=}} and other towns in the army's path returned to Armagnac allegiance without resistance.{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=|DeVries|1999|2p=}} ], which had a small garrison of English and Burgundian troops,{{sfnm|DeVries|1999|1p=|Michelet|1855|2p=}} was the only one to resist. After four days of negotiation, Joan ordered the soldiers to fill the city's moat with wood and directed the placement of artillery. Fearing an assault, Troyes negotiated a surrender.{{sfnm|1a1=DeVries|1y=1999|1p=|2a1=Michelet|2y=1855|2pp=|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3p=}}
			Reims opened its gates on 16 July 1429. Charles, Joan, and the army entered in the evening, and Charles's consecration took place the following morning.{{sfnm|DeVries|1999|1p=|Lucie-Smith|1976|2p=}} Joan was given a place of honor at the ceremony,{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=|Lucie-Smith|1976|2p=}} and announced that God's will had been fulfilled.{{sfnm|1a1=DeVries|1y=1999|1p=|2a1=Gies|2y=1981|2p=|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3p=}}
	===Loire Campaign===
	After the victory at Orléans, Joan insisted that the Armagnac forces should advance without delay toward Reims to coronate the Dauphin.{{sfnm|1a1=Lucie-Smith|1y=1976|1pp=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=|3a1=Richey|3y=2003|3p=}} Charles was persuaded and allowed her to accompany the army under the command of ],{{sfnm|Lucie-Smith|1976|1p=|Richey|2003|2p=}} who collaboratively worked with Joan and regularly heeded her advice.{{sfnm|DeVries|1999|1p=|Gies|1981|2p=}} Before advancing toward Reims, the Armagnacs needed to clear the way between Chinon and Orléans by recapturing the bridge-towns along the Loire: Jargeau, Meung-sur-Loire, and Beaugency.{{sfnm|Castor|2015|1p=|Lucie-Smith|1976|2pp=|Lowell|1896|3p=}}
	Political debates about strategy,{{sfnm|Lucie-Smith|1976|1pp=|Lowell|1896|2pp=|Richey|2003|3p=}} as well as the need to recruit additional soldiers,{{sfnm|Castor|2015|1p=|DeVries|1999|2p=|Gies|1981|3p=}} delayed the start of the campaign to clear the Loire towns. The Armagnac forces arrived at Jargeau on 11 June,{{sfnm|DeVries|1999|1p=|Barker|2009|2p=}} and forced the English to withdraw into the town's walls. Joan sent a message to the English to surrender, but they refused.{{sfnm|Burne|1956|1p=|DeVries|1999|2p=|Lucie-Smith|1976|3p=}} Joan advocated for a direct assault on the city walls, which was done the next day.{{sfnm|Burne|1956|1p=|Castor|2015|2p=|DeVries|1999|3p=}} Joan's helmet was struck by a stone while she was beneath the town's walls.{{sfnm|Castor|2015|1p=|Lowell|1896|2p=}} By the end of the day, the town was taken. The Armagnac took few prisoners and many of the English who did surrender were executed.{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1pp=|DeVries|1999|2p=|Lucie-Smith|1976|3p=}} The Armagnac army advanced on ]. On 15 June, they took control of the town's bridge, and the English garrison withdrew to a castle on the Loire's north bank.{{sfn|Burne|1956|p=}} Most of the army continued on the south bank of the Loire to ].{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=|Burne|1956|2p=|Gies|1981|3pp=}}		After the consecration, the royal court negotiated a truce of fifteen days with the Duke of Burgundy,{{sfn|Pernoud|Clin|1986|p=}} who promised he would try to arrange the transfer of Paris to the Armagnacs while continuing negotiations for a definitive peace. At the end of the truce, Burgundy reneged on his promise.{{sfnm|DeVries|1999|1p=|Lowell|1896|2pp=}} Joan and the Duke of Alençon favored a quick march on Paris,{{sfnm|1a1=Barker|1y=2009|1p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=|3a1=Richey|3y=2003|3p=}} but divisions in Charles's court and continued peace negotiations with Burgundy led to a slow advance.{{sfnm|DeVries|1999|1p=|Harrison|2014|2pp=|Lowell|1896|3pp=}}
			As the Armagnac army approached Paris, many of the towns along the way surrendered without a fight.{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=|DeVries|1999|2p=}} On 15 August, the English forces under the Duke of Bedford confronted the Armagnacs near ] in a fortified position that the Armagnac commanders thought was too strong to assault. Joan rode out in front of the English positions to try to provoke them to attack. They refused, resulting in a standoff.{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=|DeVries|1999|2pp=}} The English retreated the following day.{{sfn|DeVries|1999|p=}} The Armagnacs continued their advance and launched an ] on 8 September.{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=|DeVries|1999|2p=}} During the fighting, Joan was wounded in the leg by a crossbow bolt. She remained in a trench beneath the city walls until she was rescued after nightfall.{{sfnm|1a1=Barker|1y=2009|1p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=}} The Armagnacs had suffered 1,500 casualties.{{sfn|Barker|2009|p=}} The following morning, Charles ordered an end to the assault. Joan was displeased{{sfnm|1a1=DeVries|1y=1999|1pp=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=}} and argued that the attack should be continued. She and Alençon had made fresh plans to attack Paris, but Charles dismantled a bridge approaching Paris that was necessary for the attack and the Armagnac army had to retreat.{{sfnm|DeVries|1999|1p=|Gies|1981|2p=}}
	] hand over the city keys to the Dauphin and Joan.|alt=See caption]]
	In the meantime, the English army from Paris under the command of Sir ] had linked up with the garrison in Meung and traveled along the north bank of the Loire to relieve Beaugency.{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=|Burne|1956|2pp=}} Unaware of the approach of Fastolf's army, the English garrison at Beaugency surrendered on 18 June.{{sfn|Barker|2009|p=}} The main English army retreated toward Paris. Joan urged the Armagnacs to pursue, and the two armies clashed southwest of the village of Patay later that day. At the ], the English had prepared their forces to receive the Armagnac attack and ambush it with hidden ].{{sfn|DeVries|1999|p=}} Instead, the Armagnac vanguard detected the archers and scattered them. A rout ensued that decimated the English army. Fastolf escaped with a small band of soldiers, but many of the English leaders were captured.{{sfn|Gies|1981|p=}} Although Joan arrived at the battlefield too late to participate in the decisive action,{{sfnm|DeVries|1999|1p=|Gies|1981|2p=}} her encouragement to pursue the English had made the victory possible.{{sfnm|1a1=Burne|1y=1956|1p=|2a1=Gies|2y=1981|2p=|3a1=Lucie-Smith|3y=1976|3p=|4a1=Pernoud|4a2=Clin|4y=1986|4p=|5a1=Richey|5y=2003|5p=}}
			After the defeat at Paris, Joan's role in the French court diminished. Her aggressive independence did not agree with the court's emphasis on finding a diplomatic solution with Burgundy, and her role in the defeat at Paris reduced the court's faith in her.{{sfnm|DeVries|1999|1p=|Gies|1981|2p=|Harrison|2014|3p=}} Scholars at the ] argued that she failed to take Paris because her inspiration was not divine.{{sfn|Castor|2015|p=}} In September, Charles disbanded the army, and Joan was not allowed to work with the Duke of Alençon again.{{sfnm|1a1=Barker|1y=2009|1pp=|DeVries|1999|2p=|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3pp=}}
	===March to Reims and Siege of Paris===
	After the destruction of the English army at Patay, some Armagnac leaders argued for an invasion of English-held Normandy. But Joan remained insistent that Charles must be crowned.{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=|Gies|1981|2pp=,}} The Dauphin agreed, and the army left ] on 29 June to ].{{sfnm|1a1=Michelet|1y=1855|1pp=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=}} The advance was nearly unopposed.{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=|Burne|1956|2p=}} The Burgundian-held city of ] surrendered on 3 July after three days of negotiations.{{sfnm|DeVries|1999|1p=|Gies|1981|2p=}} Other towns in the army's path returned to Armagnac allegiance without resistance.{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=|DeVries|1999|2p=}} ], which had a small garrison of English and Burgundian troops,{{sfnm|DeVries|1999|1p=|Michelet|1855|2p=}} was the only one to put up opposition. After four days of negotiation, Joan directed the placement of artillery at points around the city and ordered the soldiers to fill the town's moat with wood. Fearing an assault, Troyes negotiated terms of surrender.{{sfnm|1a1=DeVries|1y=1999|1p=|2a1=Michelet|2y=1855|2p=|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3p=}} Reims opened its gates on 16 July 1429. Charles, Joan and the army entered in the evening, and Charles's consecration took place the following morning.{{sfnm|DeVries|1999|1p=|Lucie-Smith|1976|2p=}} Joan was accorded a place of honor at the ceremony,{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=|Lucie-Smith|1976|2p=}} announcing that God's will had been fulfilled.{{sfnm|1a1=DeVries|1y=1999|1p=|2a1=Gies|2y=1981|2p=|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3p=}}
			===Campaign against Perrinet Gressart===
	] of Charles VII at ], in the presence of Joan of Arc and armoured ] ({{nobr|15th century}})|alt=See caption]]
			], Nantes, France)|alt=A human figure on horseback, with the horse pointing left. The figure is wearing armor and carrying an orange banner. The horse is white and has red accessories.]]
	After the consecration, the royal court negotiated a truce of fifteen days with the Duke of Burgundy,{{sfn|Pernoud|Clin|1986|p=}} who promised he would try to arrange the transfer of Paris to the Armagnacs while continuing negotiations for a more definitive peace. At the end of the truce, the Duke of Burgundy reneged on his promise.{{sfnm|DeVries|1999|1p=|Lowell|1896|2pp=}} Joan and the Duke of Alençon favored a quick march on Paris,{{sfnm|1a1=Barker|1y=2009|1p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=|3a1=Richey|3y=2003|3p=}} but the divisions in Charles's court and continued peace negotiations with Burgundy led to a slow advance.{{sfnm|1a1=DeVries|1y=1999|1p=|2a1=Lowell|2y=1896|2pp=|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3p=}}
			In October, Joan was sent as part of a force to attack the territory of {{ill|Perrinet Gressart|fr}}, a mercenary who had served the Burgundians and English.{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1pp=|DeVries|1999|2p=}} The army ], which fell after Joan encouraged a direct assault on 4 November. The army then tried unsuccessfully to take ] in November and December and had to abandon their artillery during the retreat.{{sfnm|1a1=DeVries|1y=1999|1p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=}} This defeat further diminished Joan's reputation.{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=|Castor|2015|2p=|Lowell|1896|3p=|Richey|2003|4p=}}
	As the Armagnac army approached Paris, many of the towns along the way surrendered without a fight.{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=|DeVries|1999|2p=}} On 15 August, the English forces under the Duke of Bedford confronted them near ] in a fortified position that the Armagnac commanders thought were too strong to assault. Joan personally rode out in front of the English positions in an attempt to provoke them to attack. They refused, resulting in a standoff.{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=|DeVries|1999|2pp=}} The English retreated the following day.{{sfn|DeVries|1999|p=}} The Armagnacs continued their advance and launched an ] on 8 September.{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=|DeVries|1999|2p=}} During the fighting, Joan was wounded in the leg by a ]. She remained in a trench beneath Paris's walls until she was rescued after nightfall.{{sfnm|1a1=Barker|1y=2009|1p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=}} The following morning the assault on Paris was broken off. The Armagnacs had suffered 1,500 casualties.{{sfn|Barker|2009|p=}} In September, Charles disbanded the army, and Joan was not allowed to work with the Duke of Alençon again.{{sfnm|1a1=Barker|1y=2009|1pp=|DeVries|1999|2p=|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3p=}}		Joan returned to court at the end of December,{{sfn|Gies|1981|p=}} where she learned that she and her family had been ennobled by Charles as a reward for her services to him and the kingdom.{{sfnm|1a1=Lucie-Smith|1y=1976|1p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=}} Before the September attack on Paris, Charles had negotiated a four-month truce with the Burgundians,{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=|DeVries|1999|2p=|Lucie-Smith|1976|3p=}} which was extended until Easter 1430.{{sfnm|Lang|1909|1p=|Lowell|1896|2p=}} During this truce, the French court had no need for Joan.{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=|DeVries|1999|2p=|Harrison|2014|3pp=}}
			===Siege of Compiègne and capture===
	===Campaign against Perrinet Gressard===
			{{main|Siege of Compiègne}}
	In October, Joan was sent as part of a force to attack the territory of Perrinet Gressart, a mercenary who had served the Burgundians and English.{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=|DeVries|1999|2p=}} The army then ], which fell after Joan encouraged a direct assault on 4 November. The army then made an unsuccessful attempt to take ] in November and December.{{sfnm|1a1=DeVries|1y=1999|1p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=}} At the end of December Joan returned to court,{{sfn|Gies|1981|p=}} where she learned that she and her family had been ennobled by Charles as a reward for her services to him and the kingdom.{{sfnm|1a1=Lucie-Smith|1y=1976|1p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=}}{{efn|Biographers ] and ] state that when Joan's family was ennobled, the family name became "du Lys", after the fleur-de-lis of France.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=|Sackville-West|1936|2p=}} The historians ] and Marie-Véronique Clin are more cautious in their conclusions, but state that Joan's brothers, Jean and Pierre, called themselves by that name later in life. (See {{harvnb|Pernoud|Clin|1986|pp=, }})}}
			The Duke of Burgundy began to reclaim towns which had been ceded to him by treaty but had not submitted.{{sfn|Pernoud|Clin|1986|p=}} Compiègne was one such town{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=|DeVries|1999|2pp=}} of many in areas which the Armagnacs had recaptured over the previous few months.{{sfn|DeVries|1999|p=}} Joan set out with a company of volunteers at the end of March 1430 to relieve the town, which was under siege.{{sfnm|DeVries|1999|1p=|Gies|1981|2p=}} This expedition did not have the explicit permission of Charles, who was still observing the truce.{{sfnm|1a1=Lang|1y=1909|1p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2pp=|Vale|1974|p=}} Some writers suggest that Joan's expedition to Compiègne without documented permission from the court was a desperate and treasonable action,{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=|DeVries|1999|2p=}} but others have argued that she could not have launched the expedition without the financial support of the court.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=|Lightbody|1961|2p=}}
			In April, Joan arrived at ], which had expelled its Burgundian garrison.{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=}} As Joan advanced, her force grew as other commanders joined her.{{sfnm|1a1=DeVries|1y=1999|1pp=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=}} Joan's troops advanced to ] and defeated an Anglo-Burgundian force commanded by the mercenary Franquet d'Arras who was captured. Typically, he would have been ransomed or exchanged by the capturing force, but Joan allowed the townspeople to execute him after a trial.{{sfnm|1a1=DeVries|1y=1999|1p=|2a1=Gies|2y=1981|2pp=|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3p=}}
	==Capture==
	] in the ], Paris, {{circa}}1886–1890|alt=Joan in armor and surcoat being pulled off her horse by soldiers.]]
	Before the attack on Paris, Charles had negotiated a four-month truce with the Burgundians,{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=|DeVries|1999|2p=|Lucie-Smith|1976|3p=}} which was extended until Easter 1430.{{sfnm|Lang|1909|1p=|Lowell|1896|2p=}} During this truce, there was little for Joan to do.{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=|DeVries|1999|2p=}} In March, the Duke of Burgundy began to reclaim towns that had been ceded to him by treaty but had not submitted to him.{{sfn|Pernoud|Clin|1986|p=}} Many of these towns were in areas which the Armagnacs had recaptured over the previous few months.{{sfn|DeVries|1999|p=}} Compiègne was one of the towns that refused to submit, and it prepared for a siege.{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=|DeVries|1999|2pp=}} Joan set out with a company of volunteers to relieve the town.{{sfnm|DeVries|1999|1p=|Gies|1981|2p=}}{{efn|Joan set out without the explicit permission of Charles, who was still observing the truce.{{sfnm|1a1=Lang|1y=1909|1p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2pp=|Vale|1974|p=}} This may have been a desperate act that could be seen as treason,{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=|DeVries|1999|2p=}} but it has been argued that she could not have launched the expedition without funding from the court.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=|Lightbody|1961|2p=}} }}
	] in ]. ]]
	In April, Joan arrived at the town of ], which had expelled its Burgundian garrison.{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=}} As Joan advanced, her modest force became larger as other commanders joined her.{{sfnm|1a1=DeVries|1y=1999|1pp=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=}} Joan's troops advanced to ] and won a battle against an Anglo-Burgundian force commanded by the mercenary Franquet d'Arras. He was captured, and Joan consented to have him executed instead of ransomed.{{sfnm|1a1=DeVries|1y=1999|1p=|2a1=Gies|2y=1981|2p=|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3p=}} Joan's forces finally arrived at Compiègne on 14 May.{{sfnm|DeVries|1999|1p=|Gies|1981|2p=}} After a number of defensive forays against the Burgundian besiegers,{{sfnm|DeVries|1999|1p=}} Joan was forced to disband the majority of her force because it had become too difficult for the surrounding countryside to support.{{sfn|Gies|1981|p=}} Joan and about 400 of her remaining soldiers entered the city.{{sfn|Pernoud|Clin|1986|p=}}
			] ({{circa|1886–1890|lk=no}}, ], Paris)|alt=Joan in armor and surcoat being pulled off her horse by soldiers.]]
	On 23 May 1430, Joan accompanied an Armagnac force which ]d from Compiègne in an attempt to attack the Burgundian camp at ], northeast of the city. It was defeated and Joan was captured.{{sfnm|1a1=Barker|1y=2009|1p=|2a1=DeVries|2y=1999|2pp=}}{{efn|DeVries describes three different accounts of Joan's capture.{{sfn|DeVries|1999|p=}}}} She agreed to surrender to a pro-Burgundian nobleman named Lyonnel de Wandomme, a member of ]'s contingent.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=}}{{efn|Gies gives three sources for Joan's surrender to Wandomme, two of whom state that Joan offered him her ] and one that states she didn't.{{sfn|Gies|1981|p=}} Joan testified that she did not promise not to attempt to escape.{{sfn|Quicherat|1841a|p=|ps=: {{lang|li|... si evaderet, nullus posset eam reprehendere quod fidem suam fregisset vel violasset, quia nulli unquam fidem dederat.}} were to escape, no one could blame her for having broken or violating her faith , because she had never given her faith to anyone.]}}}} Luxembourg quickly moved her to his castle at ] near ].{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=}} After her first attempt to escape, she was transferred to ] Castle. She made another attempt to escape while there, jumping from a window of a {{convert|70|ft|m|adj=mid}} tower and landing in a dry moat.{{sfnm|Castor|2015|1p=|Gies|1981|2p=|Warner|1981|3p=}} In November, she was moved to the Burgundian town of ].{{sfn|Pernoud|Clin|1986|p=}}
			Joan reached Compiègne on 14 May.{{sfnm|DeVries|1999|1p=|Gies|1981|2p=}} After defensive forays against the Burgundian besiegers,{{sfnm|DeVries|1999|1p=}} she was forced to disband the majority of the army because it had become too difficult for the surrounding countryside to support.{{sfn|Gies|1981|p=}} Joan and about 400 of her remaining soldiers entered the town.{{sfn|Pernoud|Clin|1986|p=}}
	The English negotiated with their Burgundian allies to pay Joan's ransom and transfer her to their custody. Bishop ] of ], a partisan supporter of the Duke of Burgundy and the English crown,{{sfnm|1a1=Champion|1y=1920|1p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2pp=}} played a prominent part in these negotiations.{{sfnm|Castor|2015|pp=|Lucie-Smith|1976|p=}} The final agreement called for the English to pay the sum of 10,000 ] to obtain her from Luxembourg.{{sfnm|1a1=DeVries|1y=1999|1p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=|3a1=Lucie-Smith|3y=1976|3p=}} After the English paid the ransom, they moved Joan to Rouen, which served as their main headquarters in France.{{sfnm|1a1=Castor|1y=2015|1p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2pp=}}{{efn|Most biographers agree that there is little evidence that Charles tried to save Joan once she was transferred to the English,{{sfnm|1a1=France|1y=1909|1pp=|2a1=Gies|2y=1981|2pp=|3a1=DeVries|3y=1999|3p=|4a1=Lucie-Smith|4y=1976|4p=|5a1=Michelet|5y=1855|5p=|6a1=Pernoud|6a2=Clin|6y=1986|6pp=|7a1=Vale|7y=1974|7pp=|8a1=Warner|8y=1981|8p=}} though historian Pierre Champion argues that attempts were made.{{sfn|Champion|1920|p=389}}}}		On 23 May 1430, Joan accompanied an Armagnac force which ]d from Compiègne to attack the Burgundian camp at ], northeast of the town. The attack failed, and Joan was captured;{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=|DeVries|1999|2pp=|Harrison|2014|3pp=}} she agreed to surrender to a pro-Burgundian nobleman named Lyonnel de Wandomme, a member of ]'s contingent.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|pp=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=}} who quickly moved her to his castle at ], near Noyes.{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=}} After her first attempt to escape, she was transferred to ] Castle. She made another escape attempt while there, jumping from a window of a tower and landing in a dry moat; she was injured but survived.{{sfnm|Castor|2015|1p=|Gies|1981|2p=|Warner|1981|3p=}} In November, she was moved to the Burgundian town of ].{{sfn|Pernoud|Clin|1986|p=}}
			The English and Burgundians rejoiced that Joan had been removed as a military threat.{{sfn|Rankin|Quintal|1964|pp=}} The English negotiated with their Burgundian allies to pay Joan's ransom and transfer her to their custody. Bishop ] of ], a partisan supporter of the Duke of Burgundy and the English crown,{{sfnm|1a1=Champion|1y=1920|1p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2pp=}} played a prominent part in these negotiations,{{sfnm|Castor|2015|1pp=|Lucie-Smith|1976|2pp=}} which were completed in November.{{sfn|Taylor|2006|p=}} The final agreement called for the English to pay 10,000 ] to obtain her from Luxembourg.{{sfnm|1a1=DeVries|1y=1999|1p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=|3a1=Lucie-Smith|3y=1976|3p=}} After the English paid the ransom, they moved Joan to ], their main headquarters in France.{{sfnm|1a1=Castor|1y=2015|1p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2pp=}} There is no evidence that Charles tried to save Joan once she was transferred to the English.{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1pp=|2a1=DeVries|2y=1999|2p=|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3pp=|4a1=Vale|4y=1974|4pp=}}
	==Trial==
			==Trials and execution==
			=== Trial ===
	{{Main|Trial of Joan of Arc}}		{{Main|Trial of Joan of Arc}}
	], surviving remnant of the fortress where Joan was imprisoned during her trial. It has since become known as the "Joan of Arc Tower".|alt=See caption]]
	Joan was put on trial for ].{{sfnm|Hobbins|2005|1pp= |Sullivan|1999|2p=|Russell|1972|3p=|Taylor|2006|4p=}} on 9 January 1431 at Rouen.{{sfn|Hobbins|2005|p= }} Joan's captors downplayed the secular aspects of her trial by submitting her judgment to an ecclesiastical court, but the trial was politically motivated.{{sfnm|Peters|1989|1p=|Weiskopf|1996|2p=}} Both the English and Burgundians rejoiced that Joan had been removed as a military threat,{{sfn|Rankin|Quintal|1964|pp=}} fearing her because she appeared to have supernatural powers that undermined their morale.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1pp=|Hobbins|2005|2pp=|Taylor|2006|3p=}} In addition, she posed a political threat. Joan testified that her voices had instructed her to defeat the English and crown Charles, and her success was argued to be evidence Joan was acting on behalf of God.{{sfn|Elliot|2002|pp=}} If unchallenged, her testimony would invalidate the English claim to the rule of France{{sfn|Hobbins|2005|p=}} and undermine the ],{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1pp=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=}} which supported the dual monarchy ruled by an English king.{{sfnm|1a1=Pernoud|1a2=Clin|1y=1986|1p=|2a1=Hobbins|2a2=2005|2p=|3a1=Verger|3y=1972|3p=}}
			] (1909–1910, ], Washington, D.C.)|alt=Joan of Arc facing left addressing assessors, scribes. She has soldiers behind her]]
	The verdict was a foregone conclusion.{{sfnm|Hobbins|2005|1p= |Kelly|1993|2pp=|Sullivan|2011|3p=}}
	Joan's guilt could be used to compromise Charles's claims to legitimacy by showing that he had been consecrated by the act of a heretic.{{sfnm|1a1=Boyd|1y=1986|1p=|2a1=Hobbins|2y=2005|2pp=|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3p=|4a1=Taylor|4y=2006|4p=}} Cauchon served as the ordinary judge of the trial.{{sfn|Lightbody|1961|p=}} The English subsidized the trial's cost,{{sfnm|Sullivan|1999|1p=|Gies|1981|2p= |Lightbody|1961|3pp=}} including payment to Cauchon{{sfnm|Newhall|1934|1p=|Warner|1981|2p=}} and Jean Le Maître,{{sfn|Pernoud|Clin|1986|p=}} who represented the Inquisitor of France,{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=|Taylor|2006|2p=}} for their participation. Over two thirds of the clergy involved with the trial were associated with University of Paris.{{sfn|Hobbins|2005|p=}}; and most were pro-Burgundian and pro-English.{{sfnm|Pernoud|1962|1p=|Warner|1981|2p=}}{{efn|All but eight of the 131 clergy who participated in the trial were French.{{sfnm|Hobbins|2005|1p=|Taylor|2006|2p=}} }}
	Cauchon attempted to follow correct inquisitorial procedure,{{sfnm|1a1=Hobbins|1y=2005|1p= |2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=|3a1=Sullivan|3y=2011|3p=|4a1=Taylor|4y=2006|4p=}} but the trial had many irregularities.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=|Hobbins|2005|2p=|Peters|1989|3p=}} Joan should have been in the hands of the church during the trial and guarded by women.{{sfn|Taylor|2006|p=}} Instead, she was imprisoned by the English and guarded by ordinary soldiers under the service of the Duke of Bedford.{{sfn|Gies|1981|p=}} Contrary to ], Cauchon had not established Joan's ] before proceeding with the trial process.{{sfnm|Kelly|1993|1pp=,|Taylor|2006|2pp=}}		Joan was put on trial for ]{{sfnm|Hobbins|2005|1pp= |Sullivan|1999|2p=|Russell|1972|3p=|Taylor|2006|4p=}} in Rouen on 9 January 1431.{{sfn|Taylor|2006|p= }} She was accused of having ] by wearing men's clothes, of acting upon visions that were ]ic, and of refusing to submit her words and deeds to the church because she claimed she would be judged by God alone.{{sfn|Gies|1981|pp=|ps=; See {{harvnb|Hobbins|2005|pp=}} for a complete translation of the articles.}} Joan's captors downplayed the secular aspects of her trial by submitting her judgment to an ecclesiastical court, but the trial was politically motivated.{{sfnm|Peters|1989|1p=|Weiskopf|1996|2p=}} Joan testified that her visions had instructed her to defeat the English and crown Charles, and her success was argued to be evidence she was acting on behalf of God.{{sfn|Elliott|2002|pp=}} If unchallenged, her testimony would invalidate the English claim to the rule of France{{sfn|Hobbins|2005|p=}} and undermine the University of Paris,{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1pp=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=}} which supported the dual monarchy ruled by an English king.{{sfnm|1a1=Pernoud|1a2=Clin|1y=1986|1p=|2a1=Hobbins|2a2=2005|2p=|3a1=Verger|3y=1972|3pp=}}
	Joan was not read the charges against her until well after her interrogations began.{{sfn|Kelly|1993|p=}} The interrogation procedures were below inquisitorial standards,{{sfn|Peters|1989|p=}} subjecting Joan to lengthy interrogations{{sfn|Sullivan|1999|pp=}} without legal counsel.{{sfnm|Hobbins|2005|1p=|Taylor|2006|2p=}} There is evidence that the trial records were falsified.{{sfnm|1a1=Hobbins|1y=2005|1p=|2a1=Rankin|2a2=Quintal|2y=1964|2p=}}{{efn|One of the clerics at the trial, Jean Lohier, stepped down from the trial and challenged it because he felt the testimony was coerced and its intention was to entrap Joan.{{sfnm|Frank|1997|1p=|Kelly|1993|2p=}} Nicholas de Houppeville challenged Cauchon's right to judge the trial and was jailed.{{sfnm|1a1=Frank|1y=1997|1p=|2a1=Gies|2y=1981|2pp=|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3p=}}}}
			The verdict was a foregone conclusion.{{sfnm|Hobbins|2005|1p= |Kelly|1993|2pp=|Sullivan|2011|3p=}} Joan's guilt could be used to compromise Charles's claims to legitimacy by showing that he had been consecrated by the act of a heretic.{{sfnm|1a1=Hobbins|1y=2005|1pp=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=|4a1=Taylor|4y=2006|4p=}} Cauchon served as the ] judge of the trial.{{sfn|Lightbody|1961|p=}} The English subsidized the trial,{{sfnm|Sullivan|1999|1p=|Gies|1981|2p= |Lightbody|1961|3pp=}} including payments to Cauchon{{sfnm|Newhall|1934|1p=|Warner|1981|2p=}} and Jean Le Maître,{{sfn|Pernoud|Clin|1986|p=}} who represented the Inquisitor of France.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=|Taylor|2006|2p=}} All but 8 of the 131 clergy who participated in the trial were French{{sfnm|Hobbins|2005|1p=|Taylor|2006|2p=}} and two thirds were associated with the University of Paris,{{sfnm|Harrison|2014|1p=|Hobbins|2005|2p=}} but most were pro-Burgundian and pro-English.{{sfnm|Pernoud|1962|1p=|Warner|1981|2p=}}
	]'', by ], 1824, ], Rouen, France|alt=The Cardinal of Winchester in a chair looking down at Joan who is kneeling in supplication.]]
	During the trial, Joan showed remarkable control.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=|Taylor|2009|2p=}} She was able to induce her interrogators to ask questions sequentially rather than simultaneously, refer back to their records when appropriate, and end the sessions when she requested.{{sfn|Sullivan|1999|p=}} Witnesses at the trial were impressed by her prudence when answering the questions posed to her.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=|Sullivan|1999|2p=}} For example, in one exchange she was asked if she knew she was in God's grace. The question was meant as a scholarly trap, as church doctrine held that nobody could be certain of being in God's grace. If she answered positively, she would have been charged with heresy; if negatively, she would have confessed her own guilt. Joan avoided the trap by stating that if she was not in God's grace, she hoped God would put her there, and if she were in God's grace then she hoped she would remain so.{{sfnm|1a1=Barstow|1y=1986|1p=|2a1=Gies|2y=1981|2p=|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3p=}}{{efn|At the rehabilitation trial, court notary Boisguillaume testified that at the moment the court heard her reply, he was amazed.{{sfn|Quicherat|1845|p=|ps=: {{lang|la|Dequo responso interrogantes fuerunt multum stupefacti}} }}}} To convince her to submit, Joan was shown the instruments of torture. When Joan refused to be intimidated, Cauchon met with about a dozen assessors (clerical jurors) to vote whether she should be tortured. The majority decided against it.{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2pp=|3a1=Lucie-Smith|3y=1976|3p=}}
			] presiding at Joan of Arc's trial, unknown author (15th century, ])|alt=miniature of Pierre Couchon]]
	In early May, Cauchon asked the University of Paris to deliberate on twelve articles summarizing the accusation of heresy. It approved the charges.{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1pp=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=}} On 23 May, Joan formally admonished by the court.{{sfnm|1a1=Castor|1y=2015|1p=|2a1=Lowell|2y=1896|2p=|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3p= }} The next day, Joan was taken out to the churchyard of the abbey of Saint-Ouen for public condemnation. As Cauchon began to read Joan's sentence, she agreed to submit and signed an ].{{sfnm|Barstow|1986|1pp=|Castor|2015|2p=|Gies|1981|3p=|Lucie-Smith|1976|4p=|Sullivan|1999|5p=}}{{efn|The details of Joan's submission are unclear. Some biographers state that she did not explicitly agree to abjure but only to sign the document, {{sfnm|1a1=Lowell|1y=1896|1p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=|3a1=Michelet|3y=1855 |3p=}} which she could not read because she was illiterate.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1pp=|Warner|1981|2p=}} The abjuration was read aloud to her,{{sfnm|1a1=Castor|1y=2015|1p=|2a1=Gies|2y=1981|2p=|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3p=}} but its contents are unknown as the original document was replaced with a longer one in the official record.{{sfnm|1a1=Lucie-Smith|1y=1976|1p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=|3a1=Rankin|3a2=Quintal|3y=1964|3p=}} {{Harvnb|Quicherat|1841a|pp=}} provides the official record's text of the abjuration document, which is written in French. See {{Harvnb|Linder|2017}} for an English translation.}}
			Cauchon attempted to follow correct inquisitorial procedure,{{sfnm|1a1=Hobbins|1y=2005|1p= |2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=|3a1=Sullivan|3y=2011|3p=|4a1=Taylor|4y=2006|4p=}} but the trial had many irregularities.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=|Hobbins|2005|2p=|Peters|1989|3p=}} Joan should have been in the hands of the church during the trial and guarded by women,{{sfn|Taylor|2006|p=}} but instead was imprisoned by the English and guarded by male soldiers under the command of the Duke of Bedford.{{sfn|Gies|1981|p=}} Contrary to ], Cauchon had not established Joan's ] before proceeding with the trial.{{sfnm|Harrison|2014|1pp=|Kelly|1993|2pp=,|Taylor|2006|3pp=}} Joan was not read the charges against her until well after her interrogations began.{{sfn|Kelly|1993|p=}} The procedures were below inquisitorial standards,{{sfn|Peters|1989|p=}} subjecting Joan to lengthy interrogations{{sfn|Sullivan|1999|pp=}} without legal counsel.{{sfnm|Hobbins|2005|1p=|Taylor|2006|2pp=}} One of the trial clerics stepped down because he felt the testimony was coerced and its intention was to entrap Joan;{{sfnm|Frank|1997|1p=|Kelly|1993|2p=}} another challenged Cauchon's right to judge the trial and was jailed.{{sfnm|1a1=Frank|1y=1997|1p=|2a1=Gies|2y=1981|2pp=|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3p=}} There is evidence that the trial records were falsified.{{sfnm|1a1=Hobbins|1y=2005|1p=|2a1=Rankin|2a2=Quintal|2y=1964|2p=}}
			During the trial, Joan showed great control.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=|Taylor|2009|2p=}} She induced her interrogators to ask questions sequentially rather than simultaneously, refer back to their records when appropriate, and end the sessions when she requested.{{sfn|Sullivan|1999|p=}} Witnesses at the trial were impressed by her prudence when answering questions.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=|Sullivan|1999|2p=}} For example, in one exchange she was asked if she knew she was in God's grace. The question was meant as a scholarly trap, as church doctrine held that nobody could be certain of being in God's grace. If she answered positively, she would have been charged with heresy; if negatively, she would have confessed her own guilt. Joan avoided the trap by stating that if she was not in God's grace, she hoped God would put her there, and if she was in God's grace then she hoped she would remain so.{{sfnm|1a1=Barstow|1y=1986|1p=|2a1=Gies|2y=1981|2p=|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3p=}} One of the court notaries at her trial later testified that the interrogators were stunned by her answer.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=|Lucie-Smith|1976|2p=}} To convince her to submit, Joan was shown the instruments of torture. When she refused to be intimidated, Cauchon met with about a dozen assessors (clerical jurors) to vote on whether she should be tortured. The majority decided against it.{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2pp=|3a1=Lucie-Smith|3y=1976|3p=}}
	==Execution==
			In early May, Cauchon asked the University of Paris to deliberate on twelve articles summarizing the accusation of heresy. The university approved the charges.{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1pp=|2a1=Harrison|2y=2014|2p=|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3p=}} On 23 May, Joan was formally admonished by the court.{{sfnm|1a1=Castor|1y=2015|1p=|2a1=Lowell|2y=1896|2p=|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3p= }} The next day, she was taken out to the churchyard of the abbey of Saint-Ouen for public condemnation. As Cauchon began to read Joan's sentence, she agreed to submit. She was presented with an ] document, which included an agreement that she would not bear arms or wear men's clothing.{{sfn|Gies|1981|p=}} It was read aloud to her,{{sfnm|1a1=Castor|1y=2015|1p=|2a1=Gies|2y=1981|2p=|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3p=}} and she signed it.{{sfnm|Barstow|1986|1pp=|Castor|2015|2p=|Sullivan|1999|3p=}}{{efn|The details of Joan's abjuration are unclear because the original document, which may have been only eight lines long,{{sfn|Harrison|2014|pp=}} was replaced with a longer one in the official record.{{sfnm|1a1=Lucie-Smith|1y=1976|1p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=|3a1=Rankin|3a2=Quintal|3y=1964|3p=<!-- Link to 113 but display of 101 is correct due to OpenLibrary page mismatch.-->}} {{Harvnb|Quicherat|1841a|pp=}} provides the official text of the abjuration document in French. See {{Harvnb|Linder|2017}} for an English translation.}}
	Public heresy was a ],{{sfn|Megivern|1997|p=}} in which an unrepentant or relapsed heretic could be given over to the judgment of the secular courts and punished by death.{{sfn|Noonan|1998|p=}} Having signed the abjuration, Joan could not be put to death as an unrepentant heretic, but she could be put to death if she was convicted of relapsing into heresy again.{{sfnm|Kelly|2014|1p=|Noonan|1987|2pp=}}
			===Execution===
	] (1843)|alt=Joan tied to a wooden post at her execution as onlookers watch.]]
			Public heresy was a ],{{sfn|Megivern|1997|p=}} in which an unrepentant or relapsed heretic could be given over to the judgment of the secular courts and punished by death.{{sfn|Noonan|1998|p=}} Having signed the abjuration, Joan was no longer an unrepentant heretic but could be executed if convicted of relapsing into heresy.{{sfnm|Kelly|2014|1p=|Noonan|1987|2pp=}}
	As part of her abjuration, Joan was required to renounce wearing men's clothes.{{sfn|Noonan|1987|p=}} She exchanged her clothes for a woman's dress and allowed her head to be shaved.{{sfnm|Schibanoff|1996|1p=|Lucie-Smith|1976|2p=}} But she was kept in English custody instead of being transferred to an ecclesiastical prison.{{sfnm|Lightbody|1961|1p=|Lucie-Smith|1976|2p=}} She was returned to her cell and kept in chains.{{sfnm|Hotchkiss|2000|1pp=|Sackville-West|1936|p=}}
	Witnesses at the rehabilitation trial stated that Joan was subjected to mistreatment and rape attempts, including one by an English noble,{{sfnm|Crane|1996|1pp= |Gies|1981|2p=|Lucie-Smith|1976|3p=|Michelet|1855|4p=}} and that guards placed men's clothes in her cell, forcing her to wear them.{{sfnm|1a1=Hotchkiss|1y=2000|1p=|2a1=Lucie-Smith|2y=1976|2p= |3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3p=}} Cauchon was notified that Joan had resumed wearing male clothing. He sent clerics to admonish her to remain in submission, but the English prevented them from visiting her.{{sfnm|Lowell|1896|1p= |Lucie-Smith|1976|2p=|Sackville-West|1936|3pp=}}
			As part of her abjuration, Joan was required to renounce wearing men's clothes.{{sfn|Noonan|1987|p=}} She exchanged her clothes for a woman's dress and allowed her head to be shaved.{{sfnm|Schibanoff|1996|1p=|Lucie-Smith|1976|2p=}} She was returned to her cell and kept in chains{{sfn|Hotchkiss|2000|pp=}} instead of being transferred to an ecclesiastical prison.{{sfnm|Lightbody|1961|1p=|Lucie-Smith|1976|2p=}}
	On 28 May, Cauchon personally went to Joan's cell, along with a number of other clerics. According to the trial record, Joan said that she had gone back to wearing men's clothes because it was more fitting that she dress like a man while being held with male guards, and the judges had broken their promise to let her go to mass and to release her from her chains. She stated that if they fulfilled their promises and placed her in a decent prison, she would be obedient.{{sfnm|1a1=Bullough|1y=1974|1p= |2a1=Crane|2y=1996|2p= |3a1=Hobbins|3y=2005|3p=
	|4a1=Pernoud|4a2=Clin|4y=1986|4pp=|5a1=Sullivan|5y=1999|5pp=}} When Cauchon asked about her visions, Joan stated that they had blamed her for adjuring out of fear, but she would not deny them again. As Joan's abjuration had required her to deny her voices, this was sufficient to convict her of relapsing into heresy and to condemn her to death.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=|Hobbins|2005|2pp=|Sullivan|1999|3pp=}} The next day, forty-two assessors were summoned to decide Joan's fate. Two recommended that she be abandoned to the secular courts immediately. The remaining recommended that the abjuration be read to her again and explained.{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1pp=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2pp=}} In the end, all voted unanimously that Joan was a relapsed heretic, and she was to be abandoned to the secular power, the English, for punishment.{{sfnm|Hobbins|2005|1p=|Sackville-West|1936|2pp=|Sullivan|1999|3p=|Taylor|2006|4p=}}		Witnesses at the rehabilitation trial stated that Joan was subjected to mistreatment and rape attempts, including one by an English noble,{{sfnm|Crane|1996|1pp= |Gies|1981|2p=|Lucie-Smith|1976|3p=|Michelet|1855|4p=}} and that guards placed men's clothes in her cell, forcing her to wear them.{{sfnm|1a1=Hotchkiss|1y=2000|1p=|2a1=Lucie-Smith|2y=1976|2p= |3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3p=}} Cauchon was notified that Joan had resumed wearing male clothing. He sent clerics to admonish her to remain in submission, but the English prevented them from visiting her.{{sfnm|Lowell|1896|1p= |Lucie-Smith|1976|2p=}}
			])|alt= Joan in red dress being bound to a stake as a group of men look on]]
	On 30 May 1431, Joan was executed at the age of about nineteen years old. In the morning, she was allowed to receive the sacraments despite having been excommunicated.{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1pp=|2a1=Lucie-Smith|2y=1976|2pp=|3a1=Michelet|3y=1855|3pp=|4a1=Pernoud|4a2=Clin|4y=1986|4p=}} Afterwards, she was directly taken to Rouen's Vieux-Marché (Old Marketplace), where she was publicly read her sentence of condemnation.{{sfnm|Sullivan|1999|1p=|Taylor|2006|2p=}} At this point, she should have been turned over to the appropriate authority, the bailiff of Rouen, for secular sentencing but she was not. Instead, she was delivered directly to the English{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=|3a1=Sackville-West|3y=1936|3p=}}{{efn|{{harvnb|Lightbody|1961|pp=}} argues that the claim that Joan was executed without a secular sentence may have been due to the biases of the rehabilitation trial.}} and tied to a tall plastered pillar for ].{{sfnm|Lucie-Smith|1976|1pp=|Michelet|1855|2pp=|Sackville-West|1936|3p=}} She requested to view a cross as she died. She was given one fashioned from a stick by an English soldier, which she kissed and placed next to her chest.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=|Lowell|1896|2p=|Michelet|1855|3p=}} A processional ] was fetched from the church of Saint-Saveur. She embraced it before her hands were bound, and it was held before her eyes during her execution.{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1p=|2a1=Lucie-Smith|2y=1976|2pp=|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3p=}} After her death, her remains were cast into the ] River.{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1p=|2a1=Lowell|2y=1896|2p=|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3p=}}
			On 28 May, Cauchon went to Joan's cell, along with several other clerics. According to the trial record, Joan said that she had gone back to wearing men's clothes because it was more fitting that she dress like a man while being held with male guards, and that the judges had broken their promise to let her go to mass and to release her from her chains. She stated that if they fulfilled their promises and placed her in a decent prison, she would be obedient.{{sfnm|1a1=Bullough|1y=1974|1p= |2a1=Crane|2y=1996|2p= |3a1=Hobbins|3y=2005|3p=
	==Aftermath and rehabilitation trial==
			|4a1=Pernoud|4a2=Clin|4y=1986|4pp=|5a1=Sullivan|5y=1999|5pp=}} When Cauchon asked about her visions, Joan stated that the voices had blamed her for abjuring out of fear, and that she would not deny them again. As Joan's abjuration had required her to deny her visions, this was sufficient to convict her of relapsing into heresy and to condemn her to death.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=|Hobbins|2005|2pp=}} The next day, forty-two assessors were summoned to decide Joan's fate. Two recommended that she be abandoned to the secular courts immediately; the rest recommended that the abjuration be read to her again and explained.{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1pp=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2pp=}} In the end, they voted unanimously that Joan was a relapsed heretic and should be abandoned to the secular power, the English, for punishment.{{sfnm|Hobbins|2005|1p=|Sullivan|1999|3p=|Taylor|2006|4p=}}
			At about the age of nineteen, Joan was executed on 30 May 1431. In the morning, she was allowed to receive the ]s despite the court process requiring they be denied to heretics.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1pp=|Harrison|2014|2p=|Lucie-Smith|1976|3pp=}} She was then taken to Rouen's Vieux-Marché (Old Marketplace), where she was publicly read her sentence of condemnation.{{sfnm|Sullivan|1999|1p=|Taylor|2006|2p=}} At this point, she should have been turned over to the appropriate authority, the bailiff of Rouen, for secular sentencing, but instead was delivered directly to the English{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=}} and tied to a tall plastered pillar for ].{{sfnm|Lucie-Smith|1976|1pp=|Michelet|1855|2pp=}} She asked to view a cross as she died, and was given one by an English soldier made from a stick, which she kissed and placed next to her chest.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=|Lowell|1896|2p=|Michelet|1855|3p=}} A processional ] was fetched from the church of Saint-Saveur. She embraced it before her hands were bound, and it was held before her eyes during her execution.{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1p=|2a1=Lucie-Smith|2y=1976|2pp=|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3p=}} After her death, her remains were thrown into the ] River.{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1p=|2a1=Lowell|2y=1896|2p=|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3p=}}
			===Aftermath and rehabilitation trial===
	{{Main|Rehabilitation trial of Joan of Arc}}		{{Main|Rehabilitation trial of Joan of Arc}}
			]).{{efn|In the foreground of this allegorical work, Guillaume Bouillé, who opened the inquest, is handing Joan, who died twenty years previously but is symbolically present, the text of her rehabilitation. The figures in the background are ] (standing), the inquisitor; ], archbishop of Reims (enthroned in the center); and one of the other commissioners (enthroned), either ], bishop of Paris or ], bishop of Coutances.{{sfn|LGPC|2022}}}}|alt=A group of highly detailed and realistic painted plaster statues depicting four men wearing various ecclesiastical garments. They are arranged in a complex composition around a representation of Joan of Arc on a set of stairs.]]
	Joan's execution did not change the military situation. Her triumphs had raised Armagnac morale, and the English were not able to regain their momentum.{{sfnm
			The military situation was not changed by Joan's execution. Her triumphs had raised Armagnac morale, and the English were not able to regain momentum.{{sfnm
	|1a1=Allmand|1y=1988|1p=|2a1=Curry|2a2=Hoskins|2a3=Richardson|2a4=Spencer|2y=2015|2p=|3a1=Fuller|3y=1954|3pp=		|1a1=Allmand|1y=1988|1p=|2a1=Curry|2a2=Hoskins|2a3=Richardson|2a4=Spencer|2y=2015|2p=|3a1=Fuller|3y=1954|3pp=
	}} Charles retained legitimacy as the king of France,{{sfnm		}} Charles remained king of France,{{sfnm
	|1a1=Allmand|1y=1988|1p=|2a1=Fuller|2y=1954|2p=|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3p=}} despite a rival coronation held for the ten-year-old Henry VI of England at ] in Paris on 16 December 1431.{{sfn|Barker|2009|p=}} In 1435, the Burgundians agreed to abandon their alliance with England by signing the ].{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=|DeVries|1999|2p=|Fuller|1954|3p=}} The war ended twenty-two years after Joan's death with a French victory at the ] in 1453,{{sfnm|Allmand|1988|1p=|Burne|1956|2p=}} which led to the expulsion of the English from all of France except for ].{{sfnm|Castor|2015|1p=|Gies|1981|2p=}}		|1a1=Allmand|1y=1988|1p=|2a1=Fuller|2y=1954|2p=|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3p=}} despite a rival coronation held for the ten-year-old Henry VI of England at ] in Paris in 1431.{{sfn|Barker|2009|p=}} In 1435, the Burgundians signed the ], abandoning their alliance with England.{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=|DeVries|1999|2p=|Fuller|1954|3p=}} Twenty-two years after Joan's death, the war ended with a French victory at the ] in 1453,{{sfnm|Allmand|1988|1p=|Burne|1956|2p=}} and the English were expelled from all of France except ].{{sfnm|Castor|2015|1p=|Gies|1981|2p=}}
			Joan's execution created a political liability for Charles, implying that his consecration as the king of France had been achieved through the actions of a heretic.{{sfnm
	] granted permission for Joan's rehabilitation trial in 1455 after receiving a petition from her family.|alt=Calixtus III facing right making the sign of blessing.]]
			|Castor|2015|1p=|Gies|1981|2p=|Harrison|2014|3pp=|Vale|1974|4p=}} On 15 February 1450, a few months after he regained Rouen, Charles ordered Guillaume Bouillé, a theologian and ], to open an inquest.{{sfnm|Pernoud|1955|1pp=|Warner|1981|2p=}} In a brief investigation, Bouillé interviewed seven witnesses of Joan's trial and concluded that the judgment of Joan as a heretic was arbitrary. She had been a prisoner of war treated as a political prisoner, and was put to death without basis.{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2pp=}}
	Joan's execution had created a political liability for Charles, implying that his consecration as the king of France had been achieved through the actions of a heretic.{{sfnm
			Bouillé's report could not overturn the verdict but it opened the way for the later retrial.{{sfnm|Lightbody|1961|1p=|Pernoud|1955|2p=}}
	|Castor|2015|1p=|Gies|1981|2p=|Lightbody|1961|3pp=|Vale|1974|4p=}} On 15 February 1450, a few months after he regained Rouen, Charles had ordered Guillaume Bouillé, a theologian and ], to open an inquest.{{sfnm|Pernoud|1955|1pp=|Warner|1981|2p=}} In a brief investigation, Bouillé interviewed seven witnesses of Joan's trial and concluded that the judgment of Joan as a heretic was arbitrary. She had been a prisoner of war treated as a political prisoner, and was put to death without basis.{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2pp=}}
	Bouillé's report could not officially overturn the verdict but it opened the way for the later retrial.{{sfnm|Lightbody|1961|1p=|Pernoud|1955|2p=}}
	In 1452 a second inquest into Joan's trial was opened by ] ], papal legate and relative of Charles, and ], who had recently been appointed Inquisitor of France.{{sfnm		In 1452, a second inquest into Joan's trial was opened by ] ], papal legate and relative of Charles, and ], the recently appointed Inquisitor of France,{{sfnm
	|1a1=Castor|1y=2015|1pp=		|1a1=Castor|1y=2015|1pp=
	|2a1=Lightbody|2y=1961|2p=		|2a1=Lightbody|2y=1961|2p=
	|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3p=}} Around twenty witnesses were interviewed by Bréhal,{{sfnm		|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3p=}} who interviewed about 20 witnesses.{{sfnm
	|Castor|2015|1pp=		|Castor|2015|1pp=
	|Lucie-Smith|1976|2p=}} and the inquest was guided by twenty-seven articles describing how Joan's trial had been biased.{{efn|see {{harvnb|Pernoud|Clin|1986|pp=}} for a translation of the articles.}} Immediately after the inquest was completed, Guillaume d'Estouteville went to Orléans on 9 June and granted an ] (remission of temporal punishment for sin) to those who participated in the 8 May procession and ceremonies in Joan's honor that commemorated the lifting of the siege.{{sfnm		|Lucie-Smith|1976|2p=}} The inquest was guided by 27 articles describing how Joan's trial had been biased.{{sfn|Pernoud|Clin|1986|pp=}} Immediately after the inquest, d'Estouteville went to Orléans on 9 June and granted an ] to those who participated in the ceremonies in Joan's honor on 8 May commemorating the lifting of the siege.{{sfnm
	|Pernoud|1955|1p=		|Pernoud|1955|1p=
	|Warner|1981|2p=}}		|Warner|1981|2p=}}
	The inquest still lacked the authority to change the judgement of Joan's trial, but for the next two years d'Estouteville and Bréhal continued to work on the case.{{sfnm		For the next two years d'Estouteville and Bréhal worked on the case.{{sfnm
	|Lightbody|1961|1pp=		|Lightbody|1961|1pp=
	|Lowell|1896|2pp=		|Lowell|1896|2pp=
	|Murray|1902|3p=		|Murray|1902|3p=
	|Warner|1981|4p=		|Warner|1981|4p=
	}} Bréhal forwarded a petition from Joan's mother, Isabelle, and Joan's two brothers Jean and Pierre, to Pope Nicholas V in 1454.{{sfnm|Pernoud|1962|1p=|Warner|1981|2p=}} Bréhal submitted a summary of his findings to theologians and lawyers in France and Italy,{{sfnm|Lightbody|1961|1p=|Lowell|1896|2p=}} as well as a professor at the University of Vienna,{{sfn|Pernoud|1955|p=}} most of whom gave opinions favorable to Joan.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=|Lightbody|1961|2p=}} In early 1455, Pope Nicholas V died, and Callixtus III became pope. Callixtus granted permission for a rehabilitation trial and appointed three commissioners to oversee the affair: ], archbishop of Reims; ], bishop of Paris; and ], bishop of ]. In turn, they chose Bréhal to serve as Inquisitor.{{sfnm		}} Bréhal forwarded a petition from Joan's mother, Isabelle, and Joan's two brothers Jean and Pierre, to ] in 1454.{{sfnm|Pernoud|1962|1p=|Warner|1981|2p=}} Bréhal submitted a summary of his findings to theologians and lawyers in France and Italy,{{sfnm|Lightbody|1961|1p=|Lowell|1896|2p=}} as well as a professor at the ],{{sfn|Pernoud|1955|p=}} most of whom gave opinions favorable to Joan.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=|Lightbody|1961|2p=}} After Nicholas V died in early 1455, the new pope ] gave permission for a rehabilitation trial, and appointed three commissioners to oversee the process: ], archbishop of Reims; ], bishop of Paris; and ], bishop of ]. They chose Bréhal as Inquisitor.{{sfnm
	|Gies|1981|1p=		|Gies|1981|1p=
	|Lowell|1896|2p=		|Lowell|1896|2p=
Line 406:		Line 474:
	}}		}}
	The trial began on 7 November 1455 at ] when Joan's mother publicly delivered a formal request for her daughter's rehabilitation.{{sfnm		The rehabilitation trial began on 7 November 1455 at Notre Dame Cathedral when Joan's mother publicly delivered a formal request for her daughter's rehabilitation,{{sfnm
	|Gies|1981|1p=		|Gies|1981|1p=
	|Lowell|1896|2p=		|Lowell|1896|2p=
	|Pernoud|1955|3p=		|Pernoud|1955|3p=
	|Warner|1981|4p=		|Warner|1981|4p=
	}} During the course of the rehabilitation trial, the depositions of about 115 witnesses were processed.{{sfn|Pernoud|Clin|1986|p=}}		}} and ended on 7 July 1456 at ], having heard from about 115 witnesses.{{sfn|Pernoud|Clin|1986|p=}} The court found that the original trial was unjust and deceitful; Joan's abjuration, execution and their consequences were nullified.{{sfnm
	The trial came to an end on 7 July 1456 at ]. The court declared that the original trial was unjust and deceitful; Joan's abjuration, execution and their consequences were declared nullified.{{sfnm
	|Gies|1981|1p=		|Gies|1981|1p=
	|Lowell|1896|2p=		|Lowell|1896|2p=
	|Pernoud|1955|3pp=}} To emphasize the court's decision, one of the copies of the Articles of Accusation was formally torn up. The court decreed that a cross should be erected on the site of where Joan was burned.{{sfnm		|Pernoud|1955|3pp=}} In his summary of the trial, Bréhal suggested that Cauchon and the assessors who supported him might be guilty of malice and heresy.{{sfn|Napier|2017|p=|ps=; see {{harvnb|Bréhal|1456|loc=|ps=: {{lang|la|Unde, quatinus ille episcopus et alii in hoc ei faventes se a malicia manifesta contra ecclesiam romanam, aut etiam ab heresi, se debite excusare possent, non video.}} and others who favored him in this respect can excuse themselves from malice toward the Roman Church, or even from heresy, I cannot see.]}}}} To emphasize the court's decision, a copy of the Articles of Accusation was formally torn up. The court ordered that a cross should be erected on the site of Joan's execution.{{sfnm
	|Castor|2015|1p=		|Castor|2015|1p=
	|Gies|1981|2p=		|Gies|1981|2p=
			|Pernoud|1962|3p=}}
	|Pernoud|1962|3p=}}{{efn|In his final summary of the trial, the ''Recollectio'', Bréhal suggested that Cauchon and the assessors who supported him in prosecuting Joan could be guilty of heresy.{{sfn|Bréhal|1456|loc=|ps=: {{lang|la|Unde, quatinus ille episcopus et alii in hoc ei faventes se a malicia manifesta contra ecclesiam romanam , aut etiam ab heresi , se debite excusare possent, non video.}} and others who favored him in this respect can excuse themselves from malice toward the Roman Church, or even from heresy, I cannot see.]}}}}
	==Legacy==		==Visions==
	] featured in the ''Figaro Illustré'' magazine|alt=See caption]]
	Joan of Arc has become a semi-legendary figure and is one of the most-studied people in Middle Ages,{{sfn|DeVries|1996|p=|}} in part because her two trials have provided a wealth of primary source material.{{sfnm|Lightbody|1961|1pp=|Warner|1981|2pp=}}
			]
	===Early legacy===
			Joan's visions played an important role in her condemnation, and her admission that she had returned to heeding them led to her execution.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=|Hobbins|2005|2pp=|Taylor|2006|3p=}} Theologians of the era believed that visions could have a supernatural source.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1pp=|Taylor|2006|2pp=, }} The assessors at her trial focused on determining the specific source of Joan's visions,{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=|Sullivan|1996|2p=|Weiskopf|1996|3p=}} using an ecclesiastical form of {{lang|li|discretio spirituum}} (]).{{sfn|Sullivan|1999|p=}} Because she was accused of heresy, they sought to show that her visions were false.{{sfn|Taylor|2006|p=}} The rehabilitation trial nullified Joan's sentence, but did not declare her visions authentic.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=|Lightbody|1961|2p=|Warner|1981|3p= }} In 1894, ] pronounced that Joan's mission was divinely inspired.{{sfn|Kelly|1996|pp=}}
	Joan's legacy began to form before her death. Just after Charles's consecration at Reims in 1429, the poet ] wrote her last known poem, ''Ditié de Jehanne D'Arc'',{{efn|See {{harvnb|de Pizan|1497|pp=}} for an English translation.}} celebrating Joan as a supporter of Charles sent by ].{{sfnm|1a1=Kennedy|1a2=Varty|1y=1977|1p=|2a1=Warner|2y=1981|2p=}} As early as 1429, Orléans began holding a celebration in honor of the raising of the siege.{{sfn|Hamblin|2003|p=}} After Joan's execution, her role in the victory encouraged popular support for her rehabilition.{{sfn|Lightbody|1961|p=}} Eventually, Joan became a central part of the celebration, and a play was written, {{lang|fr|Mistère du siège d'Orléans}} (Mystery of the Siege of Orléans),{{sfnm|1a1=Hamblin|1y=2003|1p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=}}{{efn|The extant version of the mystery play is thought to have been written sometime in the mid 1400s.{{sfn|Hamblin|1984|pp=}} {{harvnb|Pernoud|Clin|1986|p=}} date a version to 1435, but one may have been written to celebrate the rehabilitation of Joan in July 1456.{{sfn|Hamblin|1984|p=}} }} which features her as the vehicle of the divine will that liberated Orléans.{{sfn|Hamblin|1988|pp=}} Her celebration by the city continues to this day.{{sfnm|1a1=Orléans|1y=2021|1p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2pp=|3a1=Warner|3y=1981|3p=}} Less than a decade after her rehabilitation trial, ] wrote a brief biography describing her as the maid who saved the kingdom of France.{{sfn|Taylor|2006|p=}} ] commissioned a full-length biography of her around 1500.{{sfn|Rankin|Quintal|1964|p=}}{{efn|See {{harvnb|Anon.|1500}} for an English translation.}} In 1630, ] wrote a biography calling her {{lang|fr|la Pucelle d'Orléans}} (The Maid of Orléans).{{sfn|Pernoud|Clin|1986|p=}}
			Modern scholars have discussed possible neurological and psychiatric causes for her visions.{{sfnm|Harrison|2014|1pp=|Henker|1984|2loc=|Schildkrout|2017|3loc=}} Her visions have been described as hallucinations arising from ]{{sfnm|1a1=d'Orsi|1a2=Tinuper|1y=2006|1loc=|2a1=Foote-Smith|2a2=Bayne|2y=1991|2loc=|3a1=Nicastro|3a2=Fabienne|3y=2016|3loc=}} or a temporal lobe ].{{sfn|Ratnasuriya|1986|p=}} Others have implicated ],{{sfn|Sherman|Zimmerman|2008|loc=}} ],{{sfn|Allen|1975|pp=}} ],{{sfn|Mackowiak|2007|p=}} or creative ] induced by her early childhood rearing.{{sfn|Henderson|1939|ps=, cited in {{harvnb|Ratnasuriya|1986|p=}}}} One of the ] at her 1903 canonization trial argued that her visions may have been manifestations of ].{{sfn|Kelly|1996|p=}} Other scholars argue that Joan created some of the visions' specific details in response to the demands of the interrogators at her trial.{{sfnm|Huizinga|1959|1pp=|Sullivan|1996|2pp=|Taylor|2009|3pp=–|Warner|1981|4pp=}}
	===Symbol of France===
	Joan's early legacy was closely associated with the ] of the monarchy to rule France.{{sfnm|Fraioli|2000|1p=|Mackinnon|1902|2p=|Wood|1988|3p=}} During the ], her reputation came into question because of her association with the monarchy and religion,{{sfnm|Lightbody|1961|1p=|Mock|2011|2p=}} and the festival in her honor held at Orléans was suspended in 1793.{{sfn|France|1909|pp=}} In 1803, ] authorized the renewal of the festival{{sfn|Warner|1981|p=}} and the creation of a new statue of Joan at Orléans, extolling her as representative of the genius of the French people in the face of national threat.{{sfnm|Conner|2004|1p=|Guillemin|1970|2p=}} Since that time, she's become a prominent symbol as defender of the French nation. After the French defeat in the ], Joan became a rallying point for a new crusade to reclaim Lorraine, the province of her birth.{{sfnm|Guillemin|1970|1p=|Matheson|2012|2p=}} The ] held a patriotic civic holiday in her honor,{{sfnm|Brown|2012|1p=|Mock|2011|2p=}} and a series of French warships have been named for her.{{sfn|Jordan|Caresse|2019|p=}} In World War I, her image was used to inspire victory.{{sfnm|Brown|2012|1p=|Gaehtgens|2018|2p=}} During World War II, all sides of the French cause appealed to her legacy.{{sfnm|Cohen|2014|1p=}} She was a symbol for ] in ],{{sfnm|Brown|2012|1p=|Cohen|2014|2p=}} a model for ]'s leadership of the ],{{sfnm|Cohen|2014|1p=| Dunn|2021|2p= }} and an example for the ].{{sfn|Mock|2011|p=}} More recently, her association with the monarchy and national liberation has made her a symbol for the French ], including the monarchist movement ]{{sfn|Dunn|2021|p= }} and the ].{{sfnm|Gildea|1996|1p=}} 165]|Margolis|1996|2p=}} Joan's image has been used by the entire spectrum of French politics.{{sfnm|Brown|2012|1p=|Mock|2011|2p=}} To the present day, Joan remains an important reference in political dialogue regarding French identity and unity.{{sfn|Mock|2011|p=}}
			Many of these explanations have been challenged;{{efn| For example, {{harvnb|Mackowiak|2007|pp=}} points out problems with assuming Joan had schizophrenia, ergot poisoning or temporal lobe issues; {{harvnb|Hughes|2005|loc= }} disputes the conjecture that she had epilepsy; {{harvnb|Nores|Yakovleff|1995|loc =}} argue against her visions being caused by tuberculosis; one of Joan's advocates at the canonization trial pointed out that her case did not meet the clinical descriptions of hysteria;{{sfn|Kelly|1996|p=}} and {{harvnb|Ratnasuriya|1986|pp=}} critiques diagnosing Joan as a creative psychopath.}} the trial records designed to demonstrate that Joan was guilty of heresy are unlikely to provide the objective descriptions of symptoms needed to support a medical diagnosis.{{sfn|de Toffol|2016|p=81|ps=: "it would seem very difficult to defend a medical diagnosis that was based on this available information . The format of the&nbsp;... interrogation does not allow one to gather the necessary facts about the symptoms&nbsp;... the orientation of the questions aimed at achieving a guilty verdict and the thinking of that era both serve to weaken the capacity to conclude a valid medical diagnosis."}}
	===Saint and martyr===
	{{See also|Canonization of Joan of Arc}}
	Joan is a ] ] in the ]. Joan was seen as religious figure in Orléans, where an annual ] was pronounced on her behalf until the 1800s.{{sfnm|Gildea|1996|1pp=|Warner|1981|2pp=}} In 1849, the Bishop of Orlėans ] delivered a panegyric that attracted international attention{{sfn|Taylor|2012|p=}} and, in 1869, he petitioned Rome to begin ] proceedings.{{sfnm|1a1=Gildea|1y=1996|p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2pp=|3a1=Taylor|3y=2012|3p=}} She was beatified by ] in 1909, and ] on 16 May 1920 by ].{{sfnm|1a1=Pernoud|1a2=Clin|1y=1986|1p=|2a1=Taylor|2y=2012|2p=}} Her ] is 30 May, the anniversary of her execution.{{sfn|Castor|2015|p=}} In an ] delivered on 2 March 1922, ] declared Joan a secondary patron saint of France.{{sfn|Pius XI|1922|p=|ps=:{{lang|li| Sanctam Ioannam Virginem Arcensem, uti Patronam minus principalem Galliae, libentissime declaramus et constituimus}} }}
			Joan's firm belief in the divinity of her visions strengthened her confidence, enabled her to trust herself,{{sfnm|DeVries|1999|1pp=|1ps=|Gies|1981|2p=|2ps=|Henderson|1939|3p=|3ps=, cited in {{harvnb|Ratnasuriya|1986|p=}}|Schildkrout|2017|4loc=|4ps=}} and gave her hope during her capture and trial.{{sfn|Sullivan|1999|p=}}
	During her trial, Joan stated that her visions told her she would undergo martyrdom.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1pp=, |Sullivan|1999|2p=}} She was not canonized as a ],{{sfnm|Chenu|1990|1p=|Ghezzi|1996|2p=|Sullivan|1996|3p=|Warner|1981|4p=}}{{efn|Benedict XV's ] ''Divina disponente'' ({{harvnb|Benedict XV|1920}}) canonizes Joan as a {{lang|li|Virgo}} , not ] .{{sfn|Sullivan|1999|p=}} For arguments given for not canonizing her as a martyr, see those made by the ] Augustine Caprara (summarized in {{harvnb|Kelly|1996|p=}}) during the inquisition that lead to her beatification in 1909, as well as those made by the Catholic theologian ] (summarized in {{harvnb|Guillemin|1970|p=}}).}}
	but since her death,{{sfnm|Lowell|1896|1p=|Meltzer|2001|2p=|Pernoud|1955|3pp=,|Taylor|2006|4p=}} Joan has been popularly revered as a ] who suffered for her modesty and purity,{{sfnm|Kelly|1996|1p=|Michelet|1855|2p=|McInerney|2003|3pp=–
	|Sullivan|1999|4pp=}}
	her country,{{sfnm|Kelly|1996|1p=|Guillemin|1970|2p=|Warner|1981|3p=}}
	and her faith.{{sfnm|1a1=Chenu|1y=1990|1pp=
	|2a1=Harrison|2a2=Swinny|2a3=Marvin|2y=1920|2p=}}
			==Clothing==
	Joan's legacy as a religious figure extends beyond the Catholic Church. She is ] as a visionary in the ] with a ] on 30 May.{{sfn|The Calendar|2021}} She is revered in the ] of the ] religion.{{sfn|Boal|2005|p=}}
			{{Main|Cross-dressing, gender identity, and sexuality of Joan of Arc}}
			Joan's ] was the topic of five of the articles of accusation against her during the trial.{{sfnm|Garber|1993|1p=|Schibanoff|1996|3pp=}} In the view of the assessors, it was the emblem of her heresy.{{sfnm|1a1=Hotchkiss|1y=2000|1p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=|3a1=Schibanoff|3y=1996|3p=}} Her final condemnation began when she was found to have resumed wearing men's clothes,{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1pp=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=|3a1=Schibanoff|3y=1996|3p=|4a1=Sullivan|4y=1999|4p=}} which was taken as a sign that she had relapsed into heresy.{{sfnm|Hotchkiss|2000|1p=|Schibanoff|1996|2p=}}
			], a gilded bronze statue by ] (1874, ])|alt=see caption]]
	===Heroic woman===
			From the time of her journey to Chinon to her abjuration, Joan usually wore men's clothes{{sfnm|Crane|2002|1pp=|Fraioli|2000|2p=}} and cropped her hair in a ].{{sfnm|Crane|1996|1p=|Schibanoff|1996|2pp=}} When she left Vaucouleurs to see the Dauphin in Chinon, Joan was said to have worn a black ], a black tunic, and a short black cap.{{sfn|Crane|1996|p=}} By the time she was captured, she had acquired more elaborate outfits. At her trial, she was accused of wearing ], a ], a coat of ], a doublet, hose joined to the doublet with twenty laces, tight boots, spurs, a ], ], a sword, a dagger, and a lance. She was also described as wearing furs, a golden ] over her armor, and sumptuous ]s made of precious cloth.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=|Lucie-Smith|1976|2p=}}
	{{multiple image|total_width=300|align=left
	|image1=Orléans Jeanne d'Arc place du Martroi.jpg
	|caption1=''Joan of Arc'' statue in ], by ], 1855
	|alt1=See caption
	|image2=Paris-statue-J d'arc 02.jpg
	|caption2= '']'', a gilded bronze equestrian statue exhibited at the ] in Paris, by ], 1874
	|alt2=See caption
	}}
	While Joan was alive, she was already being compared to biblical women heroes, such as ], ], and ].{{sfn|Fraioli|1981|pp=, }} She fulfilled the traditionally male role of a military leader,{{sfnm|Dworkin|1987|1pp=|Fraioli|1981|2p=|Sproles|1996|3p=|Taylor|2012|4p=|Warner|1981|5p=}} while maintaining her status as a brave and valiant woman.{{sfn|Dworkin|1987|p=}} Her claim of virginity, which signified her virtue and sincerity,{{sfnm|1a1=Dworkin|1y=1987|1pp=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2pp=|3a1=Meltzer|3y=2001|3p=}} was upheld by women of status from both the Armagnac and Burgundian-English sides of the Hundred Years' War: Yolande of Aragon, Charles's mother-in-law, and ], Duchess of Bedford.{{sfnm|1a1=Castor|1y=2015|1pp=,|2a1=Gies|2y=1981|2pp=, |3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3pp=,}} Joan has been described as representing the best qualities of both sexes: she heeded her inner experience,{{sfnm|Barstow|1985|1p=|Dworkin|1987|2p=}} fought for what she believed in,{{sfn|Barstow|1986|p=}} and encouraged others to do the same.{{sfn|Sexsmith|1990|p=}}
			During the trial proceedings, Joan is not recorded as giving a practical reason why she cross-dressed.{{sfnm|Hotchkiss|2000|1p=|Warner|1981|2p=}} She stated that it was her own choice to wear men's clothes,{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1pp=|Sackville-West|1936|2pp=}} and that she did so not at the request of men but by the command of God and his angels.{{sfnm|Crane|1996|1p=|Garber|1993|2p=|Lucie-Smith|1976|3pp=|Warner|1981|4pp=}} She stated she would return to wearing women's clothes when she fulfilled her calling.{{sfn|Sullivan|2011|p=}}
	===Cultural legacy===
	{{See also|Cultural depictions of Joan of Arc}}
	Joan remains a major cultural figure. In the nineteenth century, hundreds of work of art about her—including biographies, plays, and musical scores—were created in France, and her story became popular as an artistic subject in Europe and North America.{{sfn|Dunn|2021|p=}} She is the topic of thousands of books.{{sfn|Lightbody|1961|pp=}} Her legacy has become global, as her story inspires novels, plays, poems, operas, films, paintings, children's books, advertising, computer games, comics and popular culture across the world.{{sfn|Cohen|2014|p=}}
			Although Joan's cross-dressing was used to justify her execution, the church's position on it was not clear. In general, it was seen as a sin, but there was no agreement about its severity.{{sfn|Hotchkiss|2000|p=}} ] stated that a woman may wear a man's clothes to hide herself from enemies or if no other clothes were available,{{sfn|Sullivan|1999|p=}} and Joan did both, wearing them in enemy territory to get to Chinon,{{sfnm|Sackville-West|1936|1pp=|Schibanoff|1996|2p=}} and in her prison cell after her abjuration when her dress was taken from her.{{sfnm|1a1=Hotchkiss|1y=2000|1p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=}} Soon after the siege of Orléans was lifted, Jean Gerson said that Joan's male clothes and haircut were appropriate for her calling, as she was a warrior and men's clothes were more practical.{{sfnm|1a1=Crane|1y=1996|1p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=}}
	==Visions==
	]
	In Joan's time, theologians assumed that visions could have a supernatural source.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1pp=|Taylor|2006|2pp=, }} The assessors at her trial focused on determining the specific source of Joan's visions,{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=|Sullivan|1996|2p=|Weiskopf|1996|3p=}} using an ecclesiastical form of {{lang|li|discretio spirituum}} (]).{{sfn|Sullivan|1999|p=}} Because she was accused of heresy, they sought to show that her visions were false.{{sfn|Taylor|2006|p=}} The rehabilitation trial did not clarify the issue. Though it nullified Joan's sentence, it did not declare her visions authentic.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=|Lightbody|1961|2p=|Warner|1981|3p= }}{{efn|Although Bréhal, the inquisitor at the rehabilitation trial, did state that Joan "had very good reason always to trust her voices. For in very truth she was delivered, as they promised, from the prison of the body by martyrdom and a great victory: the victory of patience".{{sfn|Pernoud|1955|p=}}}} In 1894 ] declared that Joan's mission was divinely inspired, and by the end of her canonization trial in 1903, her visions were seen as part of that mission.{{sfn|Kelly|1996|pp=}}
			Cross-dressing may have helped her maintain her virginity by deterring rape:{{sfnm|Crane|1996|1pp=|Harrison|2014|2pp=}} witnesses at the nullification trial stated that Joan gave this as one of the reasons for returning to men's clothes after she had abjured wearing them.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=|Pernoud|1962|2pp=|Taylor|2009|3p=}} However, scholars have stated that when she was imprisoned, wearing men's clothes would only have been a minor deterrent to rape as she was shackled most of the time.{{sfnm|Hotchkiss|2000|1pp=|Schibanoff|1996|2p=}} For most of her active life, Joan did not cross-dress to hide her gender.{{sfnm|Bullough|1974|p=|Crane|1996|2p=|Sproles|1996|3p=|Warner|1981|4p=}} Rather, it may have functioned to emphasize her unique identity{{sfnm|Crane|2002|1p=|Warner|1981|2p=}} as {{lang|fr|La Pucelle}}, a model of virtue that transcends ] and inspires people.{{sfnm|Crane|1996|1pp=|Warner|1981|2pp=}}
	Contemporary scholars have suggested neurological and psychiatric causes as the source of her visions.{{sfnm|Henker|1984|1p=|Schildkrout|2017|2loc=}} Her visions have been conjectured to be hallucinations arising from ]{{sfnm|1a1=d'Orsi|1a2=Tinuper|1y=2006|2a1=Foote-Smith|2a2=Bayne|2y=1991|3a1=Nicastro|3a2=Fabienne|3y=2016}} or a temporal lobe ].{{sfn|Ratnasuriya|1986|p=}} Others have implicated ],{{sfn|Sherman|Zimmerman|2008}} ],{{sfn|Allen|1975}} and ].{{sfn|Mackowiak|2007|p=}} One of the Promotors of the Faith at her 1903 canonization trial suggested her voices may have been manifestations of ].{{sfn|Kelly|1996|p=}} It has been argued that Joan's visions were a product of creative ] induced by her early childhood rearing{{sfn|Henderson|1939|ps=, cited in {{harvnb|Ratnasuriya|1986}}}} or that they were partly an artifact produced by her interrogation during her trial.{{sfnm|Sullivan|1996|1pp=|Warner|1981|2pp=}}{{efn|The historian ] also argues that Joan's visions may not have been named until her trial.{{sfn|Huizinga|1959|pp=}}}} None of these explanations has strong support, and each has been challenged.{{efn|For example, {{harvnb|Mackowiak|2007|pp=}} points out problems with assuming Joan had schizophrenia, ergot poisoning or temporal lobe issues; {{harvnb|Hughes|2005}} disputes the conjecture that she had epilepsy; {{harvnb|Nores|Yakovleff|1995}} argue against her visions being caused by tuberculosis; one of Joan's advocates at the canonization trial pointed out that her case did not fulfill the clinical descriptions of hysteria;{{sfn|Kelly|1996|p=}} and {{harvnb|Ratnasuriya|1986|p=}} questions diagnosing Joan as a creative psychopath.}}
			==Legacy==
	Though the source of Joan's visions has not been conclusively identified, her belief that her visions came from God strengthened her confidence and resolve,{{sfnm
			Joan is one of the most studied people of the ],{{sfn|DeVries|1996|p=|}} partly because her two trials provided a wealth of documents.{{sfnm|Lightbody|1961|1pp=|Warner|1981|2pp=}} Her image, changing over time, has included being the savior of France, an obedient daughter of the ], an early feminist, and a symbol of freedom and independence.{{sfn|Sexsmith|1990|pp=, }}
	|DeVries|1999|1pp=|1ps=
	|Gies|1981|2p=|2ps=
	|Henderson|1939|3p=|3ps=, cited in {{harvnb|Ratnasuriya|1986|p=}}
	|Schildkrout|2017|4loc=|4ps=
	}} as well as providing hope during her capture and trial.{{sfn|Sullivan|1999|p=}}
			===Military leader and symbol of France===
	==Cross-dressing==
	] as Joan of Arc in armor, 1948|alt=See caption]]		] (1855, ])|alt=Joan of Arc on horseback, with sword in right hand ]]
			Joan's reputation as a military leader who helped drive the English from France began to form before her death. Just after Charles's coronation, ] wrote the poem ''Ditié de Jehanne D'Arc'', celebrating Joan as a supporter of Charles sent by ] and reflecting French optimism after the triumph at Orléans.{{sfnm|1a1=Kennedy|1a2=Varty|1y=1977|1p=|2a1=Warner|2y=1981|2p=|ps= . See {{harvnb|de Pizan|1497|pp=}} for an English translation.}} As early as 1429, Orléans began holding a celebration in honor of the raising of the siege on 8 May.{{sfn|Hamblin|2003|p=}}
	From the time of her journey to Chinon to her abjuration, Joan usually wore men's clothes.{{sfnm|Crane|2002|1pp=|Fraioli|2000|2p=}} She cropped her hair in a male fashion.{{sfnm|Crane|1996|1p=https://archive.org/details/performanceofsel0000cran/page/78|Schibanoff|1996|2pp=}} When she left Vaucouleurs to see the Dauphin in Chinon, Joan was said to have worn a black ], a black tunic, and a short black cap.{{sfn|Crane|1996|p=}} By the time of her capture, she had acquired a more elaborate outfit.{{efn|According to the trial record, she was accused of having "her hair her hair cropped short and round like a young fop's, she wore shirt, breeches, doublet, with hose joined together and fastened to the said doublet by 20 points, long leggings laced on the outside, a short mantle reaching to the knees, or therabouts, a close-cut cap, tightfitting boots, and buskins, long spurs, sword, dagger, breastplate, lance, and other arms in the style of a man-at-arms".{{sfn|Barrett|1932|p=}}}} During the trial proceedings, Joan is not recorded as giving a practical reason why she cross-dressed.{{sfnm|Hotchkiss|2000|1p=|Warner|1981|2p=}} She stated that it was her own choice to wear men's clothes,{{sfnm|Sackville-West|1936|1p=|Gies|1981|2p=}} and that she did so not at the request of men but by the command of God and his angels.{{sfnm|Crane|1996|1p=|Garber|1993|2p=|Lucie-Smith|1976|3p=|Warner|1981|4p=}} She stated she would return to wearing women's clothes when she fulfilled her calling.{{sfn|Sullivan|2011|p=}}
	Joan's cross-dressing became one of the principle articles in her accusation at her trial.{{sfnm|Garber|1993|1p=|Sackville-West|1936|2pp=|Schibanoff|1996|3p=}} In the view of the assessors, it was the emblem of her heresy.{{sfnm|1a1=Hotchkiss|1y=2000|1p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=|3a1=Schibanoff|3y=1996|3p=}} Joan's final condemnation began when she was found to have resumed wearing men's clothes,{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=|3a1=Schibanoff|3y=1996|3p=|4a1=Sullivan|4y=1999|4p=}} which was taken as an overt sign that she had relapsed by listening to her voices again.{{sfnm|Hotchkiss|2000|1p=|Schibanoff|1996|2p=}}		After Joan's execution, her role in the Orléans victory encouraged popular support for her rehabilitation.{{sfn|Lightbody|1961|p=}} Joan became a central part of the annual celebration, and by 1435, a play, {{lang|fr|Mistère du siège d'Orléans}} (Mystery of the Siege of Orléans),{{sfnm|1a1=Hamblin|1y=2003|1p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=|2ps=; also see {{harvnb|Hamblin|1984|pp=}}}} portrayed her as the vehicle of the divine will that liberated Orléans.{{sfn|Hamblin|1988|pp=}} The Orléans festival celebrating Joan continues in modern times.{{sfnm|1a1=Orléans|1y=2021|1p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2pp=|3a1=Warner|3y=1981|3p=}}
			Less than a decade after her rehabilitation trial, ] wrote a brief biography describing her as the maid who saved the kingdom of France.{{sfn|Taylor|2006|pp=}} ] commissioned a full-length biography of her {{Circa|1500|lk=no}}.{{sfnm|1a1=Harrison|1y=2014|1p=|1ps=|2a1=Rankin|2a2=Quintal|2y=1964|2p= |2ps=. See {{harvnb|Anon.|1500}} for an English translation.}}
	Though Joan's cross-dressing was used to justify her execution, the Church's position on it was not clear. In general, cross-dressing was seen as a sin, but there was not agreement about its severity.{{sfn|Hotchkiss|2000|p=}} Exceptions were allowed too.{{efn|For example, ] argued that a woman may wear man's clothes to hide herself from enemies or when other clothes are lacking.{{sfn|Aquinas|2022|loc= ST II-II, a. 2, ad 3}} Joan was in the former situation when she rode through enemy territory to get to Chinon,{{sfnm|Sackville-West|1936|1p=|Schibanoff|1996|2p=}} and she was in the latter situation after her abjuration when all she had available were men's clothes.{{sfnm|1a1=Hotchkiss|1y=2000|1p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=}}}} Soon after the siege of Orléans had been lifted, Jean Gerson claimed that Joan's male clothes and haircut were appropriate for her calling, as she exposed herself as a warrior and men's clothes were more practical.{{sfnm|1a1=Crane|1y=1996|1p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=}}
			Joan's early legacy was closely associated with the ] of the monarchy to rule France.{{sfnm|Fraioli|2000|1p=|Mackinnon|1902|2p=|Wood|1988|3p=}} During the ], her reputation came into question because of her association with the monarchy and religion,{{sfnm|Lightbody|1961|1p=|Mock|2011|2p=}} and the festival in her honor held at Orléans was suspended in 1793.{{sfn|France|1909|pp=}} In 1803, ] authorized its renewal{{sfn|Warner|1981|p=}} and the creation of a new statue of Joan at Orléans, stating, "The illustrious Joan&nbsp;... proved that there is no miracle which French genius cannot accomplish when national independence is threatened."{{sfnm|Conner|2004|1p=|Guillemin|1970|2p=}}
	Other reasons for Joan's cross-dressing have been suggested. It has been argued that it may have helped her maintain her virginity by deterring rape{{sfnm|Dworkin|1987|1pp=|Gies|1981|2p=|Hotchkiss|2000|3p=|Sackville-West|1936|4pp=, }}{{efn|Scholars have pointed out that when Joan was imprisoned, wearing men's clothes would have only been a minor deterrent to rape as she was shackled most of the time.{{sfnm|Hotchkiss|2000|1p=|Schibanoff|1996|2p=}}}} and signalling her unavailability as a sexual object.{{sfnm|Dworkin|1987|1p=|Schibanoff|1996|2p=}} For most of her active life, Joan did not cross-dress to hide her gender.{{sfnm|Bullough|1974|p=|Crane|1996|2p=|Sproles|1996|3p=|Warner|1981|4p=}} Rather, it may have functioned to emphasize her unique identity{{sfnm|Crane|2002|1p=|Warner|1981|2p=}} as {{lang|fr|La Pucelle}}, a role that was neither male nor female{{sfnm|Crane|1996|1pp=|Garber|1993|2p=|Warner|1981|3p=}} but a model of virtue that inspired people.{{sfnm|Crane|1996|1pp=|Warner|1981|2pp=}}
			Since then, she has become a prominent symbol as the defender of the French nation. After the French defeat in the ], Joan became a rallying point for a new crusade to reclaim Lorraine, the province of her birth.{{sfnm|Guillemin|1970|1p=|Maddox|2012|2p=}} The ] held a patriotic civic holiday in her honor{{sfnm|Brown|2012|1p=|Mock|2011|2p=}} on 8 May to celebrate her victory at Orléans.{{sfnm|Guillemin|1970|1p=|Sexsmith|1990|2p=}} During World War I, her image was used to inspire victory.{{sfnm|Brown|2012|1p=|Gaehtgens|2018|2p=}} In World War II, all sides of the French cause appealed to her legacy:{{sfnm|Cohen|2014|1p=}} she was a symbol for ] in ],{{sfnm|Brown|2012|1p=|Cohen|2014|2p=}} a model for ]'s leadership of the ],{{sfnm|Cohen|2014|1p=| Dunn|2021|2p= }} and an example for the ].{{sfn|Mock|2011|p=}} More recently, her association with the monarchy and national liberation has made her a symbol for the French far right, including the monarchist movement ]{{sfn|Dunn|2021|p= }} and the ].{{sfnm|Gildea|1996|1p=|Margolis|1996|2p=}} Joan's image has been used by the entire spectrum of French politics,{{sfnm|Brown|2012|1p=|Mock|2011|2p=}} and she is an important reference in political dialogue about French identity and unity.{{sfn|Mock|2011|p=}}
	== Alleged relics ==
	|1ps=: {{lang|fr|Tête casquée découverte en 1820 dans les démolitions des restes de l'ancienne église Saint-Eloi-Saint-Maurice, considérée parfois, mais à tort, comme représentant Jeanne d'Arc; c'est en réalité une tête de St Georges.}} |Warner|1981|2p=|2ps=}}{{efn|Playwright ] surmises that Joan was the model for the sculpture.{{sfn|Shaw|1932|p=}}}}<!--Monmarché says 1820 but see the image file page for the reference to the head in fact being found on 19 November 1827-->|alt=See caption]]
			===Saint and heroic woman===
	In 1867, a jar was found in a Paris pharmacy with the inscription "Remains found under the stake of Joan of Arc, virgin of Orleans." They consisted of a charred human rib, carbonized wood, a piece of linen, and a cat femur—explained as the practice of throwing black cats onto the pyre of witches. Beginning in 2006, a forensic study including ] and ] analyses was performed. The researchers determined that the remains came from the balm of an Egyptian ] from the sixth to the third century BC.{{sfnm|Butler|2007|1p=|Charlier et al.|2010|2pp=}}
			] (1903, in ''Figaro Illustré'' magazine)|alt=Joan of Arc depicted with short black hair in full body armor holding a flag and a sword; the breastplate reads "Jesus and Mary" in Latin]]
			Joan is a ] in the Roman Catholic Church. She was viewed as a religious figure in Orléans after the siege was lifted, and an annual ] was pronounced there on her behalf until the 1800s.{{sfnm|Gildea|1996|1pp=|Warner|1981|2pp=}} In 1849, the Bishop of Orlėans ] delivered an oration that attracted international attention{{sfn|Taylor|2012|p=}} and in 1869, petitioned Rome to begin ] proceedings.{{sfnm|1a1=Gildea|1y=1996|p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2pp=|3a1=Taylor|3y=2012|3p=}} She was beatified by ] in 1909, and ] on 16 May 1920 by ].{{sfnm|1a1=Pernoud|1a2=Clin|1y=1986|1p=|2a1=Taylor|2y=2012|2p=}} Her ] is 30 May, the anniversary of her execution.{{sfn|Castor|2015|p=}} In an ], ] declared Joan one of the ] of France on 2 March 1922.{{sfn|Pius XI|1922|p=|ps=:{{lang|li| Sanctam Ioannam Virginem Arcensem, uti Patronam minus principalem Galliae, libentissime declaramus et constituimus}} }}
			Joan was canonized as a ],{{sfn|Sullivan|1999|p=|ps=; see {{harvnb|Benedict XV|1920}} for the text of the papal bull canonizing Joan.}} not as a ]{{sfnm|Chenu|1990|1p=|Ghezzi|1996|2p=|Sullivan|1996|3p=|Warner|1981|4p=}} because she had been put to death by a canonically constituted court,{{sfn|Guillemin|1970|p=}} which executed her not for her faith in ],{{sfn|Harrison|2002|p=}} but for her private revelation.{{sfn|Kelly|1996|p=}} Nevertheless, she has been popularly venerated as a martyr since her death:{{sfnm|Lowell|1896|1p=|Meltzer|2001|2p=|Pernoud|1955|3pp=,|Taylor|2006|4p=}} one who suffered for her modesty and purity,{{sfnm|Kelly|1996|1p=|Michelet|1855|2p=|McInerney|2003|3pp=–
	In March 2016, a ring believed to have been worn by Joan was sold at auction to the ], a historical theme park, for £300,000.{{sfn|BBC|2016}} There is no conclusive proof that she owned the ring, but its unusual design matches Joan's own words about her own ring at her trial.{{sfn|Alberge|2015}} The ring was reportedly obtained by Cardinal ], who attended Joan's trial and execution in 1431.{{sfnm|Daley|2016|1p=|Willsher|2016|2p=}} ] later determined the ring should not have left the United Kingdom. The purchasers appealed to Queen ], and the ring was allowed to remain in France.{{sfn|Willsher|2016}}
			|Sullivan|1999|4pp=}}
			her country,{{sfnm|Kelly|1996|1p=|Guillemin|1970|2p=|Warner|1981|3p=}}
			and the strength of her convictions.{{sfn|Chenu|1990|pp=}} Joan is also ] in the ] with a ] on 30 May.{{sfn|The Calendar|2021}} She is revered in the ] of the ] religion.{{sfn|Boal|2005|p=}}
			During her lifetime, Joan was already being compared to biblical women heroes, such as ], ], and ].{{sfn|Fraioli|1981|pp=, }} Her claim of virginity, which signified her virtue and sincerity,{{sfnm|1a1=Dworkin|1y=1987|1pp=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2pp=|3a1=Meltzer|3y=2001|3p=}} was upheld by women of status from both the Armagnac and Burgundian-English sides of the Hundred Years' War: Yolande of Aragon, Charles's mother-in-law, and ], Duchess of Bedford.{{sfnm|1a1=Castor|1y=2015|1pp=,|2a1=Gies|2y=1981|2pp=, |3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3pp=,}}
			Joan has been described as a model of an autonomous woman who challenged traditions of masculinity and femininity{{sfnm|Dworkin|1987|1pp=|Sullivan|1996|2p=}} to be heard as an individual{{sfn|Barstow|1985|pp=}} in a patriarchal culture{{sfn|Barstow|1985|pp=}}—setting her own course by heeding the voices of her visions.{{sfn|Barstow|1986|pp=}} She fulfilled the traditionally male role of a military leader,{{sfnm|Dworkin|1987|1pp=|Fraioli|1981|2p=|Sproles|1996|3p=|Taylor|2012|4p=|Warner|1981|5p=}} while maintaining her status as a valiant woman.{{sfn|Dworkin|1987|p=}} Merging qualities associated with both genders,{{sfn|Barstow|1985|p=}} Joan has ] for many centuries. In the nineteenth century, hundreds of works of art about her—including biographies, plays, and musical scores—were created in France, and her story became popular as an artistic subject in Europe and North America.{{sfn|Dunn|2021|p=}} By the 1960s, she was the topic of thousands of books.{{sfn|Lightbody|1961|pp=}} Her legacy has become global, and inspires novels, plays, poems, operas, films, paintings, children's books, advertising, computer games, comics and popular culture across the world.{{sfn|Cohen|2014|p=}}
	==Revisionist theories==		==See also==
	{{Main|Alternative historical interpretations of Joan of Arc}}		* ]
			* ]
	The standard accounts of Joan's life have been challenged by ]. Claims include: that Joan of Arc was not actually burned at the stake;{{sfn|Brewer|1900||page=}} that she was secretly the half sister of King Charles VII;{{sfnm|Caze|1819|1p=|1ps=: "{{lang|fr|Si l'on veut en effet reconnaître que les révélations faites à Jeanne d'Arc sur le Roi et sur Charles d'Orléans, ałors prisonnier en Angleterre, étaient de la même nature,{{nbsp}}... qu'ils étaient ses frères et qu'elle était leur soeur, la cause des délais demandés par elle pour la manifestation du secret sur lequel les juges l'interrogeaient si fréquemment, devient facile à concevoir.}}" and about Charles d'Orléans, then a prisoner in England, were of the same nature,{{nbsp}}... that they were her brothers and that she was their sister, the cause of the delays requested by her for the manifestation of the secret about which the judges questioned her so frequently, becomes easy to imagine."]|Michaud-Fréjaville|2003|2p=|2ps=}} that she was a member of a pagan cult;{{sfn|Murray|1921|p=}} and that most of her story is a fabrication.{{sfn|Graeme|2009|p=}}
	==References==		==References==
	===Notes===		===Notes===
	{{notelist}}		{{notelist|32em}}
	===Citations===		===Citations===
	<!-- Please add new citations in the same format as existing citations. See ] or ask for help on the talk page. -->		<!-- Please add new citations in the same format as existing citations. See ] or ask for help on the talk page. -->
	{{Reflist|refs=		{{Reflist|32em|refs=
	}}		}}
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	===Sources===		===Sources===
	:'''Books'''		:'''Books'''
	{{refbegin|30em}}		{{refbegin|32em}}
	* {{cite book|last=Aberth|first=John|year=2000|title=From the Brink of the Apocalypse|url=https://archive.org/details/frombrinkofapoca0000aber/|url-access=registration|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-92715-4|oclc=1054385441}}		* {{cite book|last=Aberth|first=John|year=2000|title=From the Brink of the Apocalypse: Confronting Famine, War, Plague and Death in the Later Middle Ages|url=https://archive.org/details/frombrinkofapoca0000aber/|url-access=registration|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780415927154|oclc=1054385441}}
	* {{cite book|last=Allmand|first=Christopher|year=1988|title=The Hundred Years War: England and France at War c.1300-c. 1450|url=https://archive.org/details/hundredyearsware0000allm/|url-access=registration|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781139167789|oclc=1285662551}}		* {{cite book|last=Adams|first=Tracy|year=2010|title=The Life and Afterlife of Isabeau of Bavaria|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=9780801899263|oclc=1026404304}}
	* {{Cite book|last=Barker|first=Juliet|year=2009|title=Conquest: The English Kingdom of France, 1417-1450|publisher=Little, Brown|url=https://archive.org/details/conquestenglishk0000bark|url-access=registration|isbn=9781408702468|oclc=903613803}}		* {{cite book|last=Allmand|first=Christopher|year=1988|title=The Hundred Years War: England and France at War c. 1300–c. 1450|url=https://archive.org/details/hundredyearsware0000allm/|url-access=registration|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781139167789|oclc=1285662551}}
			* {{Cite book|last=Barker|first=Juliet|year=2009|title=Conquest: The English Kingdom of France, 1417–1450|publisher=Little, Brown|url=https://archive.org/details/conquestenglishk0000bark|url-access=registration|isbn=9781408702468|oclc=903613803}}
	* {{Cite book|last=Barstow|first=Anne Llewellyn|year=1986|title=Joan of Arc: Heretic, Mystic, Shaman|publisher=E. Mellen|url=https://archive.org/details/joanofarcheretic0000bars|url-access=registration|isbn=9780889465329|oclc=1244846182}}		* {{Cite book|last=Barstow|first=Anne Llewellyn|year=1986|title=Joan of Arc: Heretic, Mystic, Shaman|publisher=E. Mellen|url=https://archive.org/details/joanofarcheretic0000bars|url-access=registration|isbn=9780889465329|oclc=1244846182}}
	* {{cite book|last=Boal|first=Barbara|year=2005|chapter=The Cao Dai and the Hoa Hao|editor-last=Partridge|editor-first=Christopher|pages=208–209|title=Introduction to World Religions|publisher=Fortress|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontowo2005unse/page/208|chapter-url-access=registration|isbn=9780824510114|oclc=645341461}}		* {{cite book|last=Boal|first=Barbara|year=2005|chapter=The Cao Dai and the Hoa Hao|editor-last=Partridge|editor-first=Christopher|pages=208–209|title=Introduction to World Religions|publisher=Fortress|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontowo2005unse/page/208|chapter-url-access=registration|isbn=0800637143|oclc=58802408}}
	* {{cite book|last1=Brewer|first1=E. Cobham|year=1900|title=Dictionary of Phrase and Fable|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.501621|publisher=Cassell and Company|edition=New|oclc=896665214}}		* {{Cite book|last=Burne|first=Alfred Higgins|year=1999|orig-date=1956|title=The Agincourt War: A Military History of the Latter Part of the Hundred Years War from 1369 to 1453|publisher=Wordsworth Editions|url=https://archive.org/details/agincourtwarmili0000burn|url-access=registration|isbn=1840222115|oclc=1285475585|ref={{SfnRef|Burne|1956}}}}
	* {{Cite book|last=Burne|first=Alfred Higgins|year=1999|orig-date=1956|title=The Agincourt War: A Milistary history of the Latter Part of the Hundred Years War from 1369 to 1453|publisher=Wordsworth Editions|url=https://archive.org/details/agincourtwarmili0000burn|url-access=registration|isbn=1840222115|oclc=1285475585|ref={{SfnRef|Burne|1956}}}}
	* {{Cite book|last=Castor|first=Helen|year=2015|title=Joan of Arc: A History|publisher=Harper|url=https://archive.org/details/joanofarchistory0000cast_n6r7|url-access=registration|isbn=9780062384393|oclc=1256258941}}		* {{Cite book|last=Castor|first=Helen|year=2015|title=Joan of Arc: A History|publisher=Harper|url=https://archive.org/details/joanofarchistory0000cast_n6r7|url-access=registration|isbn=9780062384393|oclc=1256258941}}
			* {{cite book|author-last=Champion|author-first=Pierre|year=1932|orig-date=1920|contribution=Essay on the Trial of Jeanne d'Arc, Dramatis Personae, Biographical Sketches of the Trial Judges and Other Persons Involved in the Maid's Career, Trial and Death|translator1-last=Taylor|translator1-first=Coley|translator2-last=Kerr|translator2-first=Ruth H.|title=The Trial of Jeanne D'Arc|publisher=Gotham House|chapter-url=https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/basis/joanofarc-trial.asp|oclc=1314152|ref={{SfnRef|Champion|1920}}|access-date=25 November 2021|archive-date=14 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141114161015/https://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/joanofarc-trial.html|url-status=live}}
	* {{cite book|last=Caze|first=Pierre|year=1819|language=fr|title=La Verité sur Jeanne d'Arc ou éclaircissemens sur son origine|trans-title=The Truth about Joan of Arc or Clarification of Her Origins|volume=I|publisher=Rosa|location=Paris|oclc=220208170|url={{Google book|id=NAw6AAAAcAAJ|plainurl=yes}}}}
	* {{cite book|author-last=Champion|author-first=Pierre|year=1932|orig-date=1920|contribution=Essay on the Trial of Jeanne d'Arc, Dramatis Personae, Biographical Sketches of the Trial Judges and Other Persons Involved in the Maid's Career, Trial and Death|translator1-last=Taylor|translator1-first=Coley|translator2-last=Kerr|translator2-first=Ruth H.|title=The Trial of Jeanne D'Arc|publisher=Gotham house|chapter-url=https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/basis/joanofarc-trial.asp|oclc=1314152|ref={{SfnRef|Champion|1920}}|access-date=25 November 2021|archive-date=14 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141114161015/https://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/joanofarc-trial.html|url-status=live}}
	* {{cite book|last=Chenu|first=Bruno|year=1990|title=Book of Christian Martyrs|publisher=Crossroad|url=https://archive.org/details/bookofchristianm00chen|url-access=registration|isbn=9780824510114|oclc=645341461}}		* {{cite book|last=Chenu|first=Bruno|year=1990|title=Book of Christian Martyrs|publisher=Crossroad|url=https://archive.org/details/bookofchristianm00chen|url-access=registration|isbn=9780824510114|oclc=645341461}}
	* {{cite book|last=Cohen|first=Paul A.|year=2014|title=History and Popular Memory|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=9780231537292|oclc=964546561}}		* {{cite book|last=Cohen|first=Paul A.|year=2014|title=History and Popular Memory|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=9780231537292|oclc=964546561}}
	* {{cite book|last=Conner|first=Susan Punzel|year=2004|title=The Age of Napoleon|publisher=Greenwood|url=https://archive.org/details/ageofnapoleon0000conn|url-access=registration|isbn=9780313320149|oclc=56575944}}		* {{cite book|last=Conner|first=Susan Punzel|year=2004|title=The Age of Napoleon|publisher=Greenwood|url=https://archive.org/details/ageofnapoleon0000conn|url-access=registration|isbn=9780313320149|oclc=56575944}}
	* {{cite book|last=Crane|first=Susan|year=2002|title=The Performance of Self: Ritual, Clothing, and Identity during the Hundred Years War|publisher=University of Pennsylvania|url=https://archive.org/details/performanceofsel0000cran|url-access=registration|isbn=0812236580|oclc=843080228}}		* {{cite book|last=Crane|first=Susan|year=2002|title=The Performance of Self: Ritual, Clothing, and Identity during the Hundred Years War|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|url=https://archive.org/details/performanceofsel0000cran|url-access=registration|isbn=0812236580|oclc=843080228}}
	* {{cite book|last1=Curry|first1=Anne|last2=Hoskins|first2=Peter|last3=Richardson|first3=Thom|last4=Spencer|first4=Dan|year=2015|title=The Agincourt Companion: A Guide to the Legendary Battle and Warfare in the Medieval World|publisher=Andre Deutch|url=https://archive.org/details/agincourtcompani0000curr|url-access=registration|isbn=9780233004716|oclc= 921184232}}		* {{cite book|last1=Curry|first1=Anne|last2=Hoskins|first2=Peter|last3=Richardson|first3=Thom|last4=Spencer|first4=Dan|year=2015|title=The Agincourt Companion: A Guide to the Legendary Battle and Warfare in the Medieval World|publisher=Andre Deutch|url=https://archive.org/details/agincourtcompani0000curr|url-access=registration|isbn=9780233004716|oclc=921184232}}
	* {{cite book|last=DeVries|first=Kelly|year=1996|chapter=A Woman as Leader of Men: Joan of Arc's Military Career|title=Fresh Verdicts on Joan of Arc|editor1-last=Wheeler|editor1-first=Bonnie|editor2-last=Wood|editor2-first=Charles T.|pages=3–18|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/freshverdictsonj0000unse/page/31|chapter-url-access=registration|publisher=Garland|isbn=0815336640|oclc=847627589}}		* {{cite book|last=DeVries|first=Kelly|year=1996|chapter=A Woman as Leader of Men: Joan of Arc's Military Career|title=Fresh Verdicts on Joan of Arc|editor1-last=Wheeler|editor1-first=Bonnie|editor2-last=Wood|editor2-first=Charles T.|pages=3–18|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/freshverdictsonj0000unse/page/31|chapter-url-access=registration|publisher=Garland|isbn=0815336640|oclc=847627589}}
	* {{Cite book|last=DeVries|first=Kelly|year=1999|title=Joan of Arc: A Military Leader|publisher=Sutton Publishing|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053|url-access=registration|isbn=978-0-7509-1805-3|oclc=42957383}}		* {{Cite book|last=DeVries|first=Kelly|year=1999|title=Joan of Arc: A Military Leader|publisher=Sutton Publishing|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053|url-access=registration|isbn=9780750918053|oclc=42957383}}
	* {{cite book|last=Dunn|first=Susan|year=2021|title=The Deaths of Louis XVI: Regicide and the French Political Imagination|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9780691224916|oclc=1235966126}}		* {{cite book|last=Dunn|first=Susan|year=2021|title=The Deaths of Louis XVI: Regicide and the French Political Imagination|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9780691224916|oclc=1235966126}}
	* {{cite book|last=Dworkin|first=Andrea|year=2007|orig-year=1987|title=Intercourse|publisher=Basic Books|url=https://archive.org/details/intercourse0000dwor|url-access=registration|isbn=9780465017522|oclc=1153284259|ref={{SfnRef|Dworkin|1987}}}}		* {{cite book|last=Dworkin|first=Andrea|year=2007|orig-date=1987|title=Intercourse|publisher=Basic Books|url=https://archive.org/details/intercourse0000dwor|url-access=registration|isbn=9780465017522|oclc=1153284259|ref={{SfnRef|Dworkin|1987}}}}
	* {{Cite book|last=Fraioli|first=Deborah|year=2000|title=Joan of Arc: The Early Debate|publisher=Boydell Press|url=https://archive.org/details/joanofarcearlyde0000frai|url-access=registration|isbn=978-0-85115-880-8|oclc=48680250}}		* {{Cite book|last=Fraioli|first=Deborah|year=2000|title=Joan of Arc: The Early Debate|publisher=Boydell Press|url=https://archive.org/details/joanofarcearlyde0000frai|url-access=registration|isbn=9780851158808|oclc=48680250}}
			* {{Cite book|last=France|first=Anatole|year=1909|title=Jeanne d'Arc, Maid of Orleans, deliverer of France: Being the Story of her Life, her Achievements, and her Death, as Attested on Oath and Set Forth in the Original Documents|publisher=Heinemann|oclc=862867781|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/19488|access-date=28 August 2020|archive-date=14 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614141829/https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/19488|url-status=live|via=]}}
	* {{Cite book |last=Fraioli |first=Deborah |year=2005|title=Joan of Arc and the Hundred Years War|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=0313324581|oclc=1150093760}}
			* {{Cite book|last=Fuller|first=John Frederick Charles|year=1954|title=A Military History of the Western World: From the Earliest Times to the Battle of Lepanto|volume=I|url=https://archive.org/details/militaryhistoryo01full|url-access=registration|publisher=Funk & Wagnalls|isbn=|oclc=1150796947}}
	* {{Cite book|last=France|first=Anatole|year=1909|title=Jeanne d'Arc, Maid of Orleans, deliverer of France: Being the Story of her Life, her Achievements, and her Death, as Attested on Oath and Set Forth in the Original Documents|publisher=Heinemann|location=London|oclc=862867781|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/19488|access-date=28 August 2020|archive-date=14 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614141829/https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/19488|url-status=live|via=]}}
	* {{Cite book|last=Fuller|first=John Frederick Charles|year=1954|title=A Military History of the Western World:From the Earliest Times to the Battle of Lepanto|volume=I|url=https://archive.org/details/militaryhistoryo01full|url-access=registration|publisher=Funk & Wagnalls|isbn=|oclc=1150796947}}
	* {{cite book|last=Gaehtgens|first=Thomas|year=2018|title=Reims on Fire: War and Reconciliation Between France and Germany|publisher=Getty Research Institute|isbn=9781606065709|oclc=1028601667}}		* {{cite book|last=Gaehtgens|first=Thomas|year=2018|title=Reims on Fire: War and Reconciliation Between France and Germany|publisher=Getty Research Institute|isbn=9781606065709|oclc=1028601667}}
	* {{cite book|last=Garber|first=Marjorie B.|year=1993|title=Vested Interests: Cross-dressing and Cultural Anxiety|url=https://archive.org/details/vestedinterestsc00garb|url-access=registration|publisher=Harper Collins|isbn=0060975245|oclc= 1151664883}}		* {{cite book|last=Garber|first=Marjorie B.|year=1993|title=Vested Interests: Cross-dressing and Cultural Anxiety|url=https://archive.org/details/vestedinterestsc00garb|url-access=registration|publisher=Harper Collins|isbn=0060975245|oclc=1151664883}}
	* {{Cite book|last=Gies|first=Frances|year=1981|title=Joan of Arc: The Legend and the Reality|publisher=Harper & Row|url=https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies|url-access=registration|isbn=0690019424|oclc=1204328346}}		* {{Cite book|last=Gies|first=Frances|year=1981|title=Joan of Arc: The Legend and the Reality|publisher=Harper & Row|url=https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies|url-access=registration|isbn=0690019424|oclc=1204328346}}
	* {{cite book|last=Gildea|first=Robert|year=1996|title=The Past in French History|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=9780300067118|oclc=638739483}}		* {{cite book|last=Gildea|first=Robert|year=1996|title=The Past in French History|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=9780300067118|oclc=638739483}}
	* {{Cite book|last=Goldstone|first=Nancy Bazelon|year=2012|title=The Maid and the Queen: The Secret History of Joan of Arc|publisher=Viking|url=https://archive.org/details/maidqueensecreth0000gold|url-access=registration|isbn=9780670023332|oclc=1150263570}}		* {{Cite book|last=Goldstone|first=Nancy Bazelon|year=2012|title=The Maid and the Queen: The Secret History of Joan of Arc|publisher=Viking|url=https://archive.org/details/maidqueensecreth0000gold|url-access=registration|isbn=9780670023332|oclc=1150263570}}
	* {{cite book|last=Graeme|first=Donald|year=2009|title=Lies, Damned Lies, and History: A Catalogue of Historical Errors and Misunderstandings|publisher=History Press|url=https://archive.org/details/liesdamnedlieshi0000dona|url-access=registration|isbn=9780752452333|oclc=851997819}}		* {{cite book|last=Guillemin|first=Henri|year=1973|orig-date=1970|title=Joan, Maid of Orleans|publisher=Saturday Review Press|url=https://archive.org/details/joanmaidoforlean0000guil|url-access=registration|isbn=9780841502277|oclc=636407|ref={{SfnRef|Guillemin|1970}}}}
	* {{cite book|last=Guillemin|first=Henri|year=1973|orig-year=1970|title=Joan, Maid of Orleans|publisher=Saturday Review Press|url=https://archive.org/details/joanmaidoforlean0000guil|url-access=registration|isbn=9781107013360|oclc=1097164619|ref={{SfnRef|Guillemin|1970}}}}		* {{cite book|last=Hamblin|first=Vicki L.|year=2016|orig-date=2003|chapter= ''En L'honneur de la Pucelle'': Ritualizing Joan the Maid in Fifteenth-Century Orléans|title=Joan of Arc and Spirituality|editor1-last=Astell|editor1-first=Ann W.|editor2-last=Wheeler|editor2-first=Bonnie|pages=209–226|publisher=Palgrave|isbn=9781137069542|oclc=1083468869 |ref={{SfnRef|Hamblin|2003}}}}
	* {{cite book|last=Hamblin|first=Vicki L.|year=2016|orig-date=2003|chapter= ''En L'honneur de la Pucelle'':ritualizing Joan the Maid in Fifteenth-Century Orléans|title=Joan of Arc and Spirituality|editor1-last=Astell|editor1-first=Ann W.|editor2-last=Wheeler|editor2-first=Bonnie|pages=209–226|publisher=Palgrave|isbn=9781137069542|oclc=1083468869 |ref={{SfnRef|Hamblin|2003}}}}		* {{cite book|last=Harrison|first=Brian |year=2002|title=Abortion and Martyrdom: The Papers of the Solesmes Consultation and an Appeal to the Catholic Church|chapter=Aborted Infants as Martyrs: Are There Wider Implications?|editor-last=Nichols|editor-first=Aidan|publisher=Gracewing|isbn=9780852445433|oclc=49989918}}
	* {{cite book|editor1-last=Harrison|editor1-first=Frederic|editor2-last=Swinny|editor2-first=S. H.|editor3-last=Marvin|editor3-first=F. S.|year=1920|title=The New Calendar of Great Men: Biographies of the 559 Worthies of All Ages & Nations in the Positivist Calendar of Auguste Comte|url=https://archive.org/details/newcalendargreat00harriala|publisher=Macmillan and Co|oclc=1049894322}}		* {{Cite book |last=Harrison|first=Kathryn|year=2014|title=Joan of Arc: A Life Transfigured|publisher=Doubleday|url=https://archive.org/details/joanofarclifetra0000harr/|url-access=registration|isbn=9780385531207|oclc=1194440229}}
	* {{cite book|author-last=Henderson|author-first=David Kennedy|year=1939|title=Psychopathic States|publisher=W. W. Norton|oclc=912042868}}		* {{cite book|author-last=Henderson|author-first=David Kennedy|year=1939|title=Psychopathic States|publisher=W. W. Norton|oclc=912042868}}
	* {{cite book|author-last=Hobbins|author-first=Daniel|chapter=Introduction|editor-last=Hobbins|editor-first=Daniel|year=2005|title=The Trial of Joan of Arc|publisher=Harvard University Press|pages=1–32|url=https://archive.org/details/trialofjoanofarc00dani|url-access=registration|isbn=9780674038684|oclc=1036902468}}		* {{cite book|author-last=Hobbins|author-first=Daniel|chapter=Introduction|editor-last=Hobbins|editor-first=Daniel|year=2005|title=The Trial of Joan of Arc|publisher=Harvard University Press|pages=1–32|url=https://archive.org/details/trialofjoanofarc00dani|url-access=registration|isbn=9780674038684|oclc=1036902468}}
	* {{cite book|last=Hotchkiss|first=Valerie R.|year=2000|title=Clothes Make the Man: Female Cross Dressing in Medieval Europe|publisher=Garland|isbn=9780815337713|oclc= 980891132}}		* {{cite book|last=Hotchkiss|first=Valerie R.|year=2000|title=Clothes Make the Man: Female Cross Dressing in Medieval Europe|publisher=Garland|isbn=9780815337713|oclc=980891132}}
	* {{cite book|author-last=Huizinga|author-first=Johan|year=1959|title=Men and Ideas: History, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance; Essays|publisher=Meridian|url=https://archive.org/details/menideashistoryt00huiz|url-access=registration|oclc=1036539966}}		* {{cite book|author-last=Huizinga|author-first=Johan|year=1959|title=Men and Ideas: History, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance; Essays|publisher=Meridian|url=https://archive.org/details/menideashistoryt00huiz|url-access=registration|oclc=1036539966}}
	* {{cite book|last1=Jordan|first1=John|last2=Caresse|first2=Philippe|title=French Armoured Cruisers: 1887–1932|year=2019|publisher=Seaforth|isbn= 9781526741189|oclc=1112385464}}
	* {{cite book|last=Kelly|first=Henry Ansgar|year=1996|chapter=Joan of Arc's Last Trial: The Attack of the Devil's Advocates|title=Fresh Verdicts on Joan of Arc|editor1-last=Wheeler|editor1-first=Bonnie|editor2-last=Wood|editor2-first=Charles T.|pages=205–236|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/freshverdictsonj0000unse/page/205|chapter-url-access=registration|publisher=Garland|isbn=0815336640|oclc=847627589}}		* {{cite book|last=Kelly|first=Henry Ansgar|year=1996|chapter=Joan of Arc's Last Trial: The Attack of the Devil's Advocates|title=Fresh Verdicts on Joan of Arc|editor1-last=Wheeler|editor1-first=Bonnie|editor2-last=Wood|editor2-first=Charles T.|pages=205–236|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/freshverdictsonj0000unse/page/205|chapter-url-access=registration|publisher=Garland|isbn=0815336640|oclc=847627589}}
	* {{Cite book|last=Lace|first=William W.|year=1994|title=The Hundreds' Year War|publisher=Lucent Books|url=https://archive.org/details/hundredyearswar0000lace|url-access=registration|isbn=1560062339|oclc=1256248285}}
	* {{Cite book|last=Lang|first=Andrew|year=1909|title=The Maid of France: Being the Story of the Life and Death of Jeanne d'Arc|publisher=Longmans, Green|url=https://archive.org/details/maidoffrancebein00languoft|url-access=registration|isbn=|oclc=697990421}}		* {{Cite book|last=Lang|first=Andrew|year=1909|title=The Maid of France: Being the Story of the Life and Death of Jeanne d'Arc|publisher=Longmans, Green|url=https://archive.org/details/maidoffrancebein00languoft|url-access=registration|isbn=|oclc=697990421}}
	* {{cite book|last=Lightbody|first=Charles Wayland|year=1961|title=The Judgements of Joan: Joan of Arc, A Study in Cultural History|publisher=Harvard University Press|url=https://archive.org/details/judgementsofjoan0000ligh|url-access=registration|isbn=|oclc=1150088435}}		* {{cite book|last=Lightbody|first=Charles Wayland|year=1961|title=The Judgements of Joan: Joan of Arc, A Study in Cultural History|publisher=Harvard University Press|url=https://archive.org/details/judgementsofjoan0000ligh|url-access=registration|isbn=|oclc=1150088435}}
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	* {{Cite book |last=Lucie-Smith |first=Edward |title=Joan of Arc |year=1976 |publisher=Allen Lane |url=https://archive.org/details/joanofarc0000luci |url-access=registration |isbn=0713908572 |oclc=1280740196 }}		* {{Cite book |last=Lucie-Smith |first=Edward |title=Joan of Arc |year=1976 |publisher=Allen Lane |url=https://archive.org/details/joanofarc0000luci |url-access=registration |isbn=0713908572 |oclc=1280740196 }}
	* {{cite book|last=Mackinnon|first=James|year=1902|title=The Growth and Decline of the French Monarchy|publisher=Longmans|url=https://archive.org/details/growthdeclineoff00mackuoft|oclc=1017332942}}		* {{cite book|last=Mackinnon|first=James|year=1902|title=The Growth and Decline of the French Monarchy|publisher=Longmans|url=https://archive.org/details/growthdeclineoff00mackuoft|oclc=1017332942}}
	* {{cite book|last=Mackowiak|first=Philip A.|year=2007|title=Post Mortem: Solving History's Great Medical Mysteries|publisher=American College of Physicians|url=https://archive.org/details/postmortemsolvin0000mack/page/140|url-access=registration|isbn=9781930513891 |oclc=1285753937}}
	* {{cite book|last=Maddox|first=Margaret Joan|pages=417–450|year=2012|editor-last=Matheson|editor-first=Lister M.|chapter=Joan of Arc|title=Icons of the Middle Ages: Rulers, Rebels, and Saints|publisher=Greenwood|volume=2|isbn=9780313340802|oclc=728656735}}		* {{cite book|last=Maddox|first=Margaret Joan|pages=417–450|year=2012|editor-last=Matheson|editor-first=Lister M.|chapter=Joan of Arc|title=Icons of the Middle Ages: Rulers, Rebels, and Saints|publisher=Greenwood|volume=2|isbn=9780313340802|oclc=728656735}}
	* {{cite book|last=Margolis|first=Nadia|year=1996|chapter=The "Joan Phenomenon and the Right|editor1-last=Wheeler|editor1-first=Bonnie|editor2-last=Wood|editor2-first=Charles T.|title=Fresh Verdicts on Joan of Arc|pages=265–287|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/freshverdictsonj0000unse/page/265|chapter-url-access=registration|publisher=Garland|isbn=0815336640|oclc=847627589}}		* {{cite book|last=Mackowiak|first=Philip A.|year=2007|title=Post Mortem: Solving History's Great Medical Mysteries|publisher=American College of Physicians|url=https://archive.org/details/postmortemsolvin0000mack/page/140|url-access=registration|isbn=9781930513891 |oclc=1285753937}}
			* {{cite book|last=Margolis|first=Nadia|year=1996|chapter=The "Joan Phenomenon" and the Right|editor1-last=Wheeler|editor1-first=Bonnie|editor2-last=Wood|editor2-first=Charles T.|title=Fresh Verdicts on Joan of Arc|pages=265–287|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/freshverdictsonj0000unse/page/265|chapter-url-access=registration|publisher=Garland|isbn=0815336640|oclc=847627589}}
	* {{cite book|last=Matheson|first=Lister|year=2012|title=Icons of the Middle Ages: Rulers, Writers, Rebels, and Saints|publisher=Greenwood|isbn=9781573567800|oclc= 991308245}}
	* {{Cite book|last=McInerney|first=Maud Burnett|year=2003|title=Eloquent Virgins: The Rhetoric of Virginity from Thecla to Joan of Arc|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=Chicago|isbn=9781137064516|oclc=1083464793}}		* {{Cite book|last=McInerney|first=Maud Burnett|year=2003|title=Eloquent Virgins: The Rhetoric of Virginity from Thecla to Joan of Arc|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=9781137064516|oclc=1083464793}}
	* {{cite book|last=Megivern|first=James|year=1997|title=The Death Penalty: An Historical and Theological Survey|location=New York|url=https://archive.org/details/deathpenaltyhist1997megi/|url-access=registration|publisher=Paulist Press|isbn=9780809104871|oclc=1244600248}}		* {{cite book|last=Megivern|first=James|year=1997|title=The Death Penalty: An Historical and Theological Survey|url=https://archive.org/details/deathpenaltyhist1997megi/|url-access=registration|publisher=Paulist Press|isbn=9780809104871|oclc=1244600248}}
	* {{Cite book|last=Meltzer|first=Francoise|title=For Fear of the Fire: Joan of Arc and the Limits of Subjectivity|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|year=2001|isbn=978-0-226-51982-1|oclc=46240234}}		* {{Cite book|last=Meltzer|first=Francoise|title=For Fear of the Fire: Joan of Arc and the Limits of Subjectivity|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=2001|isbn=9780226519821|oclc=46240234}}
	* {{cite book|last=Mock|first=Steven|year=2011|title=Symbols of Defeat in the Construction of National Identity|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://archive.org/details/symbolsofdefeati0000mock|url-access=registration|isbn=9781107013360|oclc=1097164619}}		* {{cite book|last=Mock|first=Steven|year=2011|title=Symbols of Defeat in the Construction of National Identity|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://archive.org/details/symbolsofdefeati0000mock|url-access=registration|isbn=9781107013360|oclc=1097164619}}
			* {{Cite book|last=Michelet|first=Jules|year=1900|orig-date=1855|translator-last=Ketcham|translator-first=Henry|title=Joan of Arc, the Maid of Orleans. From Mitchelet's History of France|publisher=A. L. Burt|url=https://archive.org/details/joanofarcmaidofo00mich|url-access=registration|isbn=|oclc=1047498185|ref={{SfnRef|Michelet|1855}}}}
	* {{cite book|last=Monmarché|first=Georges|year=1958|language=fr|title=Val de Loire: Maine, Orléanais, Touraine, Anjou|trans-title=Loire Valley: Maine, Orléanais, Touraine, Anjou|publisher=Hachette|location=Toulouse|series=Les guides bleus |oclc= 257163813}}
			* {{Cite book|last=Murray|first=T. Douglas|year=1902|chapter=Introductory Note to the Rehabilitation|editor-last=Murray|editor-first=T. Douglas|title=Jeanne D'Arc, Maid of Orleans, Deliverer of France, Being the Story of Her Life, Her Achievements, and Her Death, As Attested on Oath and Set Forth in the Original Documents|publisher=William Heinemann|pages=371–376|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/57389/57389-0.txt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629192136/https://www.gutenberg.org/files/57389/57389-0.txt|archive-date=29 June 2018|via=]|oclc=903887215}}
	* {{cite book|last=Michaud-Fréjaville|first=François|year=2003|chapter=Person vs. Personage: Joan of Arc in Seventeenth-Century France|pages=39–58|title=Joan of Arc, a Saint for All Reasons: Studies in Myth and Politics|editor-last=Goy-Blanquet|editor-first=Dominique|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=9780754633303|oclc=974642249}}
			* {{cite book|last=Napier|first=Gordon|year=2017|title=Maleficium: Witchcraft and Witch Hunting in the West|publisher=Amberly|isbn=9781445665115|oclc=1000454943}}
	* {{Cite book|last=Michelet|location=New York|first=Jules|year=1900|orig-date=1855|translator-last=Ketcham|translator-first=Henry|title=Joan of Arc, the Maid of Orleans. From Mitchelet's History of France|publisher=A. L. Burt|url=https://archive.org/details/joanofarcmaidofo00mich|url-access=registration|isbn=|oclc=1047498185|ref={{SfnRef|Michelet|1855}}}}
	* {{cite book|last=Murray|first=Margaret A|year=1921|title=The Witch-cult in Western Europe|url=https://archive.org/details/x-witch-cult-in-western-europe/|url-access=registration|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=|oclc=1176037038}}		* {{Cite book|last=Pernoud|first=Régine|year=2007|title=The Retrial of Joan of Arc; The Evidence at the Trial For Her Rehabilitation 1450–1456|publisher=Harcourt, Brace and Company|orig-date=1955|url=https://archive.org/details/retrialofjoanofa00regi|url-access=registration|isbn=9781586171780|oclc=1338471|translator-last=Cohen|translator-first=|ref={{SfnRef|Pernoud|1955}}}}
			* {{cite book|last=Pernoud|first=Régine|year=1966|orig-date=1962|title=Joan of Arc By Herself and Her Witnesses|translator-last=Hyams|translator-first=Edward|publisher=Stein and Day|isbn=|oclc=1035912459|url=https://archive.org/details/joanofarcbyherse00pern|url-access=registration|ref={{SfnRef|Pernoud|1962}}}}
	* {{Cite book|last=Murray|first=T. Douglas|year=1902|chapter=Introductory Note to the Rehabilitation|editor-last=Murray|editor-first=T. Douglas|title=Jeanne D'Arc, Maid of Orleans, Deliverer of France, Being the Story of Her Life, Her Achievements, and Her Death, As Attested on Oath and Set Forth in the Original Documents|publisher=William Heinemann|location=London|pages=371–376|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/57389/57389-0.txt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629192136/https://www.gutenberg.org/files/57389/57389-0.txt|archive-date=29 June 2018|via=]}}
	* {{Cite book|last=Pernoud|first=Régine|year=2007|title=The Retrial of Joan of Arc; The Evidence at the Trial For Her Rehabilitation 1450–1456|location=San Francisco|publisher=Harcourt, Brace and Company|orig-year=1955|url=https://archive.org/details/retrialofjoanofa00regi|url-access=registration|isbn=9781586171780|oclc=1338471|translator-last=Cohen|translator-first=|ref={{SfnRef|Pernoud|1955}}}}		* {{cite book|last1=Pernoud|first1=Régine|first2=Marie-Véronique|last2=Clin|translator-last=duQuesnay Adams|translator-first=Jeremy|editor-last=Wheeler|editor-first=Bonnie|title=Joan of Arc: Her Story|year=1999|orig-date=1986|publisher=St. Martin's Press|url=https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/|url-access=registration|isbn=9780312214425|oclc=1035889959|ref={{SfnRef|Pernoud|Clin|1986}}}}
	* {{cite book|last=Pernoud|first=Régine|year=1966|orig-date=1962|title=Joan of Arc By Herself and Her Witnesses|translator-last=Hyams|translator-first=Edward|publisher=Stein and Day|isbn=|oclc=1035912459|location=New York|url=https://archive.org/details/joanofarcbyherse00pern|url-access=registration|ref={{SfnRef|Pernoud|1962}}}}		* {{cite book|last=Perroy|first=Edouard|year=1959|title=The Hundred Years War|publisher=Eyre & Spottiswoode|url=https://archive.org/details/hundredyearswar0000perr|url-access=registration|isbn=9780413213709|oclc=1149428397}}
			* {{cite book|last=Peters|first=Edward|year=1989|title=Inquisition|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520066304|oclc=970384852}}
	* {{cite book|last1=Pernoud|first1=Régine|first2=Marie-Véronique|last2=Clin|translator-last=duQuesnay Adams|translator-first=Jeremy|editor-last=Wheeler|editor-first=Bonnie|title=Joan of Arc: Her Story|year=1999|location=London|orig-date=1986|publisher=St. Martin's Press|url=https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/|url-access=registration|isbn=978-0-312-21442-5|oclc=1035889959|ref={{SfnRef|Pernoud|Clin|1986}}}}
			* {{cite book|author1-last=Rankin|author1-first=Daniel|author2-last=Quintal|author2-first=Claire|chapter=Authors' Comments|editor1-last=Rankin|editor1-first=Daniel|editor2-last=Quintal|editor2-first=Claire|year=1964|title=The First Biography of Joan of Arc with the Chronicle Record of a Contemporary Account|publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press|url=https://archive.org/details/firstbiographyof0000rank|url-access=registration|isbn=|oclc=1153286979}}
	* {{cite book|last=Peters|first=Edward|year=1989|title=Inquisition|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=9780520066304|oclc=970384852}}
	* {{cite book|author1-last=Rankin|location=Pittsburgh|author1-first=Daniel|author2-last=Quintal|author2-first=Claire|chapter=Authors' Comments|editor1-last=Rankin|editor1-first=Daniel|editor2-last=Quintal|editor2-first=Claire|year=1964|title=The First Biography of Joan of Arc with the Chronicle Record of a Contemporary Account|publisher=Pittsburgh University Press|url=https://archive.org/details/firstbiographyof0000rank|url-access=registration|isbn=|oclc=1153286979}}		* {{Cite book|last=Richey|first=Stephen W.|year=2003|title=Joan of Arc: The Warrior Saint|url=https://archive.org/details/joanofarcwarrior0000rich|url-access=registration|publisher=Praeger|isbn=9780275981037|oclc=52030963}}
	* {{Cite book|last=Richey|location=Westport|first=Stephen W.|year=2003|title=Joan of Arc: The Warrior Saint|url=https://archive.org/details/joanofarcwarrior0000rich|url-access=registration|publisher=Praeger|isbn=978-0-275-98103-7|oclc=52030963}}		* {{cite book|last=Russell|first=Jeffrey Burton|year=1972|title=Witchcraft in the Middle Ages|publisher=Cornell University Press|url=https://archive.org/details/witchcraftinmidd0000russ|url-access=registration|isbn=9780801406973|oclc=1151774229}}
	* {{cite book|last=Russell|first=Jeffrey Burton|year=1972|title=Witchcraft in the Middle Ages|publisher=Cornell University|location=Ithaca|url=https://archive.org/details/witchcraftinmidd0000russ|url-access=registration|isbn=9780801406973|oclc=1151774229}}		* {{cite book|last=Sackville-West|first=Victoria|year=1936|title=Saint Joan of Arc|url=https://archive.org/details/saintjoanofarcbo0000sack/|publisher=Cobden-Sanderson|url-access=registration|isbn=|oclc=1151167808}}
			* {{cite book|last=Schibanoff|first=Susan|year=1996|chapter=True Lies: Transvestism and Idolatry in the Trial of Joan of Arc|title=Fresh Verdicts on Joan of Arc|editor1-last=Wheeler|editor1-first=Bonnie|editor2-last=Wood|editor2-first=Charles T.|pages=31–60|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/freshverdictsonj0000unse/page/31|chapter-url-access=registration|publisher=Garland|isbn=0815336640|oclc=847627589}}
	* {{Cite book|last=Russell|first=Preston|year=2014|title=Lights of Madness: In Search of Joan of Arc|publisher=Frederic C. Beil, Pub|location=Savannah, GA|isbn=9781499040562|oclc=1124448651}}
	* {{cite book|last=Sackville-West|first=Victoria|year=1936|title=Saint Joan of Arc|url=https://archive.org/details/saintjoanofarcbo0000sack/|location=New York|publisher=Athenium|url-access=registration|isbn=|oclc=1151167808}}		* {{cite book|last=Seward|first=Desmond|year=1982|title=The Hundred Years War: The English in France|url=https://archive.org/details/hundredyearsware0000sewa/|publisher=Atheneum|url-access=registration|isbn=9780689706288|oclc=1280811695}}
	* {{cite book|last=Shaw|first=George Bernard|year=1991|orig-year=1932|title=Saint Joan|url=https://archive.org/details/saintjoan0000shaw/|url-access=registration|publisher=Longman|isbn=9780582077867|oclc=1195035218|ref={{SfnRef|Shaw|1932}}|location=Harlow}}		* {{cite book|last=Sullivan|first=Karen|year=1996|chapter='I Do Not Name to You the Voice of St. Michael': The Identification of Joan of Arc's Voices|editor1-last=Wheeler|editor1-first=Bonnie|editor2-last=Wood|editor2-first=Charles T.|title=Fresh Verdicts on Joan of Arc|pages=85–112|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/freshverdictsonj0000unse/page/85|chapter-url-access=registration|publisher=Garland|isbn=0815336640|oclc=847627589}}
	* {{cite book|last=Schibanoff|first=Susan|year=1996|chapter=True Lies: Transvestism and Idolatry in the Trial of Joan of Arc|title=Fresh Verdicts on Joan of Arc|editor1-last=Wheeler|editor1-first=Bonnie|location=New York|editor2-last=Wood|editor2-first=Charles T.|pages=31–60|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/freshverdictsonj0000unse/page/31|chapter-url-access=registration|publisher=Garland|isbn=0815336640|oclc=847627589}}		* {{cite book|last=Sullivan|first=Karen|year=1999|title=The Interrogation of Joan of Arc|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|url=https://archive.org/details/interrogationofj00sull|url-access=registration|isbn=9780816689866|oclc=236342924}}
	* {{cite book|last=Seward|first=Desmond|year=1982|title=The Hundred Years War: the English in France|location=New York|url=https://archive.org/details/hundredyearsware0000sewa/|publisher=Athenium|url-access=registration|isbn=9780689706288|oclc=1280811695}}		* {{cite book|editor-last=Taylor|editor-first=Craig|year=2006|title=Joan of Arc: La Pucelle (Selected Sources Translated and Annotated)|url=https://archive.org/details/joanofarclapucel00unse/|publisher=Manchester University Press|url-access=registration|isbn=9780719068478|oclc=1150142464}}
			* {{cite book|last=Taylor|first=Larissa|year=2009|title=The Virgin Warrior: The Life and Death of Joan of Arc|publisher=Yale University Press|type=eBook|isbn=9780300161298|oclc=794005335}}
	* {{cite book|last=Sullivan|first=Karen|year=1996|chapter="I Do Not Name to You the Voice of St. Michael": the Identification of Joan of Arc's Voices|editor1-last=Wheeler|editor1-first=Bonnie|editor2-last=Wood|location=New York|editor2-first=Charles T.|title=Fresh Verdicts on Joan of Arc|pages=85–112|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/freshverdictsonj0000unse/page/85|chapter-url-access=registration|publisher=Garland|isbn=0815336640|oclc=847627589}}
	* {{cite book|last=Sullivan|first=Karen|year=1999|title=The Interrogation of Joan of Arc|publisher=University of Minnesota|location=Minneapolis|url=https://archive.org/details/interrogationofj00sull|url-access=registration|isbn=9780816689866|oclc=236342924}}		* {{cite book|last=Tuchman|first=Barbara|year=1982|title=A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous 14th Century|url=https://archive.org/details/distantmirrorcal00tuch/|publisher=Knopf|url-access=registration|isbn=9780394400266|oclc=1033665932}}
	* {{cite book|editor-last=Taylor|editor-first=Craig|year=2006|title=Joan of Arc: La Pucelle (Selected Sources Translated and Annotated)|location=Manchester|url=https://archive.org/details/joanofarclapucel00unse/|publisher=Manchester University Press|url-access=registration|isbn=978-0-7190-6847-8|oclc=1150142464}}		* {{cite book|last=Vale|first=M. G. A.|year=1974|title=Charles VII|url=https://archive.org/details/charlesvii0000vale/|publisher=Eyre Methuen|url-access=registration|isbn=0413280802|oclc=1280787240}}
	* {{cite book|last=Taylor|first=Larissa|year=2009|title=The Virgin Warrior: The Life and Death of Joan of Arc|publisher=Yale University Press|location=Padstow|isbn=9780300161298|oclc=1059166401}}		* {{cite book|last=Verger|first=Jacques|year=1972|chapter=The University of Paris at the End of the Hundred Years' War|pages=47–78|title=Universities in Politics: Case Studies from the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern Period|editor1-last=Baldwin|editor1-first=John W.|editor2-last=Goldthwaite|editor2-first=Richard A.|publisher=Johns Hopkins Press|isbn=0801813727|oclc=1151833089}}
	* {{cite book|last=Tuchman|first=Barbara|year=1982|title=A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous 14th Century|url=https://archive.org/details/distantmirrorcal00tuch/|location=New York|publisher=Knopf|url-access=registration|isbn=9780394400266|oclc=1033665932}}		* {{Cite book|last=Warner|first=Marina|year=1981|title=Joan of Arc: The Image of Female Heroism|publisher=Knopf|url=https://archive.org/details/joanofarcimageof0000warn|url-access=registration|isbn=9780394411453|oclc=1150060458}}
	* {{cite book|last=Vale|first=M. G. A.|year=1974|title=Charles VII|url=https://archive.org/details/charlesvii0000vale/|location=London|publisher=Eyre Methuen|url-access=registration|isbn=0413280802|oclc=1280787240}}		* {{cite book|last=Weiskopf|first=Steven|year=1996|chapter=Readers of the Lost Arc: Secrecy, Specularity, and Speculation in the Trial of Joan of Arc|title=Fresh Verdicts on Joan of Arc|editor1-last=Wheeler|editor1-first=Bonnie|editor2-last=Wood|editor2-first=Charles T.|pages=113–132|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/freshverdictsonj0000unse/page/113|chapter-url-access=registration|publisher=Garland|isbn=0815336640|oclc=847627589}}
			* {{cite book|last=Wood|first=Charles|year=1988|title=Joan of Arc and Richard III: Sex, Saints, and Government in the Middle Ages|publisher=Oxford University Press|url=https://archive.org/details/joanofarcrichard0000wood|url-access=registration|isbn=9780198021094|oclc=519442443}}
	* {{cite book|last=Verger|first=Jacques|year=1972|chapter=The University of Paris at the End of the Hundred Years' War|pages=47–78|title=Universities in Politics: Case Studies from the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern Period|editor1-last=Baldwin|editor2-first=John W.|editor2-last=Goldthwwaite|editor1-first=Richard A.|publisher=Johns Hopkins Press|isbn=0801813727|oclc=1151833089}}
	* {{Cite book|last=Warner|first=Marina|year=1981|title=Joan of Arc: The Image of Female Heroism|publisher=Knopf|location=New York|url=https://archive.org/details/joanofarcimageof0000warn|url-access=registration|isbn=9780394411453|oclc=1150060458}}
	* {{cite book|last=Weiskopf|location=New York|first=Steven|year=1996|chapter=Readers of the Lost Arc: Secrecy, Specularity, and Speculation in the Trial of Joan of Arc|title=Fresh Verdicts on Joan of Arc|editor1-last=Wheeler|editor1-first=Bonnie|editor2-last=Wood|editor2-first=Charles T.|pages=113–132|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/freshverdictsonj0000unse/page/113|chapter-url-access=registration|publisher=Garland|isbn=0815336640|oclc=847627589}}
	* {{cite book|last=Wood|first=Charles|year=1988|title=Joan of Arc and Richard III : Sex, Saints, and Government in the Middle Ages|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|url=https://archive.org/details/growthdeclineoff00mackuoft|url-access=registration|isbn=9780198021094|oclc=519442443}}
	{{refend}}		{{refend}}
	:'''Journal articles, dissertations, and theses'''		:'''Journal articles, dissertations, and theses'''
	{{refbegin|30em}}		{{refbegin|32em}}
	*{{cite journal|last=Allen|first=Clifford |year=1975| title=The schizophrenia of Joan of Arc |journal=History of Medicine (London) |volume=6 |issue=3–4 |pages=4–9|pmid=11630627|url=https://www.medievalists.net/files/09012321.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228212724/https://www.medievalists.net/files/09012321.pdf|archive-date=28 December 2013}}		* {{cite journal|last=Allen|first=Clifford |year=1975| title=The schizophrenia of Joan of Arc |journal=History of Medicine (London) |volume=6 |issue=3–4 |pages=4–9|pmid=11630627|url=https://www.medievalists.net/files/09012321.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228212724/https://www.medievalists.net/files/09012321.pdf|archive-date=28 December 2013}}
	* {{cite journal|last=Barstow|first=Anne Llewellyn|year=1985|title=Mystical experience as a feminist weapon: Joan of Arc|journal=Women's Studies Quarterly|volume=13|issue=2|pages=26–29|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40003571|url-access=registration|jstor=40003571|access-date=25 January 2022|archive-date=25 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125005059/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40003571|url-status=live}}		* {{cite journal|last=Barstow|first=Anne Llewellyn|year=1985|title=Mystical experience as a feminist weapon: Joan of Arc|journal=Women's Studies Quarterly|volume=13|issue=2|pages=26–29|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40003571|url-access=registration|jstor=40003571|access-date=25 January 2022|archive-date=25 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125005059/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40003571|url-status=live}}
	* {{cite journal|last=Boyd|first=Beverly|year=1986|title=Wyclif, Joan of Arc, and Margery Kempe|journal=Mystics Quarterly|volume=12|issue=3|pages=112–118|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20716744|url-access=registration|jstor=20716744|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209003500/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20716744|url-status=live}}		* {{cite journal|last=Boyd|first=Beverly|year=1986|title=Wyclif, Joan of Arc, and Margery Kempe|journal=Mystics Quarterly|volume=12|issue=3|pages=112–118|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20716744|url-access=registration|jstor=20716744|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209003500/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20716744|url-status=live}}
	*{{cite journal|last=Brown|first=Frederick|year=2012|title=The battle for Joan|journal=The Hudson Review|volume=65|issue=3|pages=439–452|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43489248|url-access=registration|jstor=43489248|access-date=12 January 2022|archive-date=17 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217184249/https://www.jstor.org/stable/43489248|url-status=live}}		* {{cite journal|last=Brown|first=Frederick|year=2012|title=The battle for Joan|journal=The Hudson Review|volume=65|issue=3|pages=439–452|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43489248|url-access=registration|jstor=43489248|access-date=12 January 2022|archive-date=17 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217184249/https://www.jstor.org/stable/43489248|url-status=live}}
	* {{cite journal|last=Bullough|first=Vern L|year=1974|title=Transvestites in the Middle Ages|journal=American Journal of Sociology|volume=79|issue=6|pages=1381–1394|doi=10.1086/225706|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2777140|url-access=registration|jstor=2777140|s2cid=3466059|access-date=28 December 2021|archive-date=24 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224200319/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2777140|url-status=live}}		* {{cite journal|last=Bullough|first=Vern L.|year=1974|title=Transvestites in the Middle Ages|journal=American Journal of Sociology|volume=79|issue=6|pages=1381–1394|doi=10.1086/225706|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2777140|url-access=registration|jstor=2777140|pmid=12862078 |s2cid=3466059|access-date=28 December 2021|archive-date=24 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224200319/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2777140|url-status=live |issn = 0002-9602}}
			* {{Cite journal|last=Contamine|first=Philippe|year=2007|language=fr|title=Remarques critiques sur les étendards de Jeanne d'Arc|trans-title=Critical remarks on the banners of Joan of Arc|journal=Francia|volume=34|issue=1|pages=187–200|doi=10.11588/fr.2007.1.45032|url=https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/fr/article/view/45032|access-date=7 May 2021|archive-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507092851/https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/fr/article/view/45032|url-status=live}}
	* {{cite journal|last=Butler|first=Declan|year=2007|title=Joan of Arc's relics exposed as forgery |journal=Nature|volume=446 |issue=7136 |page= 593|doi=10.1038/446593a |pmid=17410145|bibcode=2007Natur.446..593B |doi-access=free }}
			* {{cite journal|last=Crane|first=Susan|year=1996|title=Clothing and gender definition: Joan of Arc|journal=Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies|volume=26|issue=2|pages=298–320|url=https://faculty.smu.edu/bwheeler/joan_of_arc/olr/08_clothingjoanofarc_crane.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705094811/https://faculty.smu.edu/bwheeler/joan_of_arc/olr/08_clothingjoanofarc_crane.pdf|archive-date=5 July 2016}}
	* {{Cite journal|last1=Charlier|first1=P.|last2=Poupon|first2=J.|last3=Eb|first3=A.|last4=De Mazancourt|first4=P.|last5=Gilbert|first5=T.|last6=Huynh-Charlier|first6=I.|last7=Loublier|first7=Y.|last8=Verhille|first8=A. M.|last9=Moulheirat|first9=C.|last10=Patou-Mathis|first10=M.|last11=Robbiola|first11=L.|last12=Montagut|first12=R.|last13=Masson|first13=F.|last14=Etcheberry|first14=A.|last15=Brun|first15=L.|last16=Willerslev|first16=E.|last17=Lorin de la Grandmaison|first17=G.|last18=Durigon|first18=M.|date=2010|title=The 'relics of Joan of Arc'" A forensic multidisciplinary analysis|journal=Forensic Science International|volume=194|issue=1–3|pages=e9–e15|doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.09.006|pmid=19913375|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/38089351|ref={{SfnRef|Charlier et al.|2010}}|access-date=29 December 2021|archive-date=21 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221152408/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/38089351_The_%27relics_of_Joan_of_Arc%27_A_forensic_multidisciplinary_analysis|url-status=live}}]:&nbsp; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221152415/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/38089351_The_%27relics_of_Joan_of_Arc%27_A_forensic_multidisciplinary_analysis |date=21 February 2022 }} {{free access}}
	* {{Cite journal|last=Contamine|first=Philippe|year=2007|language=fr|title=Remarques critiques sur les étendards de Jeanne d'Arc |journal=Francia|volume=34|issue=1|pages=187–200|doi=10.11588/fr.2007.1.45032|url=https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/fr/article/view/45032|access-date=7 May 2021|archive-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507092851/https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/fr/article/view/45032|url-status=live}} {{free access}}		* {{cite journal|last=Elliott|first=Dyan|year=2002|title=Seeing double: John Gerson, the discernment of spirits and Joan of Arc|journal=The American Historical Review|volume=107|issue=1|pages=26–54|doi=10.1086/532095|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/532095|url-access=registration|jstor=10.1086/532095|access-date=24 December 2021|archive-date=22 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222174713/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/532095|url-status=live}}
			* {{cite journal |last1=Foote-Smith|first1=Elizabeth|last2=Bayne|first2=Lydia|title=Joan of Arc |journal=Epilepsia |volume=32 |issue=6 |pages=810–815 |year=1991|doi=10.1111/j.1528-1157.1991.tb05537.x |pmid=1743152 |s2cid=221736116 }}
	* {{cite journal|last=Crane|first=Susan|year=1996|title=Clothing and gender definition: Joan of Arc|journal=Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies|volume=26|issue=2|pages=298–320|url=https://faculty.smu.edu/bwheeler/joan_of_arc/olr/08_clothingjoanofarc_crane.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705094811/https://faculty.smu.edu/bwheeler/joan_of_arc/olr/08_clothingjoanofarc_crane.pdf|archive-date=5 July 2016|jstor=43577195}}
	* {{cite thesis|last=Egan|first=Brendan|date=2019|title='Bore by discent and by title of right, justly to reigne in England and in Fraunce': Literature Directed at English Kings During the Hundred Years War|type=MA|publisher=University of Guelph|url=https://atrium.lib.uoguelph.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10214/16128/Egan_Brendan_201905_MA.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y}}
	* {{cite journal|last=Elliot|first=Dyson|year=2002|title=Seeing double: John Gerson, the discernment of spirits and Joan of Arc|journal=The American Historical Review|volume=107|issue=1|pages=26–54|doi=10.1086/532095|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/532095|url-access=registration|jstor=10.1086/532095|access-date=24 December 2021|archive-date=22 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222174713/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/532095|url-status=live}}
	*{{cite journal |last1=Foote-Smith|first1=Elizabeth|last2=Bayne|first2=Lydia|title=Joan of Arc |journal=Epilepsia |volume=32 |issue=6 |pages=810–815 |year=1991|doi=10.1111/j.1528-1157.1991.tb05537.x |pmid=1743152 |s2cid=221736116 }}
	* {{cite journal|last=Fraioli|first=Deborah|year=1981|title=The literary image of Joan of Arc: Prior influences|journal=Speculum|volume=56|issue=4|pages=811–930|doi=10.2307/2847364|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2847364|url-access=registration|jstor=2847364|s2cid=161962500|access-date=25 January 2022|archive-date=24 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124201754/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2847364|url-status=live}}		* {{cite journal|last=Fraioli|first=Deborah|year=1981|title=The literary image of Joan of Arc: Prior influences|journal=Speculum|volume=56|issue=4|pages=811–930|doi=10.2307/2847364|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2847364|url-access=registration|jstor=2847364|s2cid=161962500|access-date=25 January 2022|archive-date=24 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124201754/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2847364|url-status=live}}
	* {{cite journal|last=Frank|first=John P.|year=1997|title=The trial of Joan of Arc|journal=Litigation|volume=69|issue=5|pages=51–54|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29759909|url-access=registration|jstor=29759909|access-date=24 December 2021|archive-date=23 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223230005/https://www.jstor.org/stable/29759909|url-status=live}}		* {{cite journal|last=Frank|first=John P.|year=1997|title=The trial of Joan of Arc|journal=Litigation|volume=69|issue=5|pages=51–54|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29759909|url-access=registration|jstor=29759909|access-date=24 December 2021|archive-date=23 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223230005/https://www.jstor.org/stable/29759909|url-status=live}}
			* {{cite journal|last=Gibbons|first=Rachel|year=1996|title=Isabeau of Bavaria, Queen of France (1385–1422): The creation of a historical villainess|journal=Transactions of the Royal Historical Society|volume=6|pages=51–73|doi=10.2307/3679229 |jstor=3679229|s2cid=162409969 }}
	* {{cite thesis|last=Hamblin|first=Vicki L.|year=1984|type=PhD|title=The Fifteenth-century French ''Mistere du Siege D'Orléans'': An Annotated Edition (Portions in French Text)|publisher=University of Arizona|url=https://repository.arizona.edu/handle/10150/187687|access-date=9 January 2022|archive-date=8 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108210255/https://repository.arizona.edu/handle/10150/187687|url-status=live}}		* {{cite thesis|last=Hamblin|first=Vicki L.|year=1984|type=PhD|title=The Fifteenth-century French ''Mistere du Siege D'Orléans'': An Annotated Edition (Portions in French Text)|publisher=University of Arizona|url=https://repository.arizona.edu/handle/10150/187687|access-date=9 January 2022|archive-date=8 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108210255/https://repository.arizona.edu/handle/10150/187687|url-status=live}}
	* {{cite journal|last=Hamblin|first=Vicki L.|year=1988|title=The ''Mistère du siège d'Orléans'' as a representational drama|journal=The Rocky Mountain Review of Language and Literature|volume=42|issue=1/2|pages=61–68|doi=10.2307/1347436|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1347436|url-access=registration|jstor=1347436|s2cid=194274410|access-date=9 January 2022|archive-date=8 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108230259/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1347436|url-status=live}}		* {{cite journal|last=Hamblin|first=Vicki L.|year=1988|title=The ''Mistère du siège d'Orléans'' as a representational drama|journal=The Rocky Mountain Review of Language and Literature|volume=42|issue=1/2|pages=61–68|doi=10.2307/1347436|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1347436|url-access=registration|jstor=1347436|s2cid=194274410|access-date=9 January 2022|archive-date=8 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108230259/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1347436|url-status=live}}
	*{{cite journal |last=Henker|first= F. O. |year= 1984|title=Joan of Arc and DSM III |journal=Southern Medical Journal |volume=77 |issue=12 |pages=1488–1490|doi=10.1097/00007611-198412000-00003|pmid=6390693 |s2cid=44528365 }}		* {{cite journal |last=Henker|first= F. O. |year= 1984|title=Joan of Arc and DSM III |journal=Southern Medical Journal |volume=77 |issue=12 |pages=1488–1490|doi=10.1097/00007611-198412000-00003|pmid=6390693 |s2cid=44528365 }}
	*{{Cite journal| last = Hughes| first = J. R.| year = 2005| title = Did all those famous people really have epilepsy?| journal = Epilepsy & Behavior| volume = 6| issue = 2| pages = 115–39| doi = 10.1016/j.yebeh.2004.11.011|pmid = 15710295| s2cid = 10436691}}		* {{Cite journal| last = Hughes| first = J. R.| year = 2005| title = Did all those famous people really have epilepsy?| journal = Epilepsy & Behavior| volume = 6| issue = 2| pages = 115–139| doi = 10.1016/j.yebeh.2004.11.011|pmid = 15710295| s2cid = 10436691}}
	* {{cite journal|last=Kelly|first=Henry Ansgar|year=1993|title=The right to remain silent: Before and after Joan of Arc|journal=Speculum|volume=68|issue=4|pages=992–1026|doi=10.2307/2865494|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2865494|url-access=registration|jstor=2865494|s2cid=162858647|access-date=24 December 2021|archive-date=24 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224091933/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2865494|url-status=live}}		* {{cite journal|last=Kelly|first=Henry Ansgar|year=1993|title=The right to remain silent: Before and after Joan of Arc|journal=Speculum|volume=68|issue=4|pages=992–1026|doi=10.2307/2865494|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2865494|url-access=registration|jstor=2865494|s2cid=162858647|access-date=24 December 2021|archive-date=24 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224091933/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2865494|url-status=live}}
	* {{cite journal|last=Kelly|first=Henry Ansgar|year=2014|title=Inquisitorial deviations and cover-ups: The prosecutions of Margaret Porete and Guiard of Cressonessart, 1308–1310|journal=Speculum|volume=89|issue=4|pages=936–973|doi=10.1017/S003871341400164X|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43577195|url-access=registration|jstor=43577195|s2cid=170115473|access-date=28 December 2021|archive-date=27 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227215646/https://www.jstor.org/stable/43577195|url-status=live}}		* {{cite journal|last=Kelly|first=Henry Ansgar|year=2014|title=Inquisitorial deviations and cover-ups: The prosecutions of Margaret Porete and Guiard of Cressonessart, 1308–1310|journal=Speculum|volume=89|issue=4|pages=936–973|doi=10.1017/S003871341400164X|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43577195|url-access=registration|jstor=43577195|s2cid=170115473|access-date=28 December 2021|archive-date=27 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227215646/https://www.jstor.org/stable/43577195|url-status=live}}
	* {{cite book|contributor1-last=Kennedy|contributor1-first=Angus J.|contributor2-last=Varty|contributor2-first=Kenneth|contribution=Introduction|year=1977|last=de Pizan|first=Christine|title=Ditié de Jehanne D'Arc|url={{Google Books|id=qogHAQAAIAAJ|plainurl=yes}}|location=Oxford|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616120159/https://www.smu.edu/ijas/cdepisan/intro.html|archive-date=16 June 2008|publisher=Society for the Study of Mediæval Languages and Literature|isbn=9780950595504|oclc=1083468869}}		* {{cite book|contributor1-last=Kennedy|contributor1-first=Angus J.|contributor2-last=Varty|contributor2-first=Kenneth|contribution=Introduction|year=1977|last=de Pizan|first=Christine|title=Ditié de Jehanne D'Arc|url={{Google Books|id=qogHAQAAIAAJ|plainurl=yes}}|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616120159/https://www.smu.edu/ijas/cdepisan/intro.html|archive-date=16 June 2008|publisher=Society for the Study of Mediæval Languages and Literature|isbn=9780950595504|oclc=1083468869}}
	* {{cite journal|last=Newhall|first=Richard A.|year=1934|title=Payment to Pierre Cauchon for presiding at the trial of Jeanne d'Arc|journal=Speculum|volume=9|issue=1|pages=88–91|doi=10.2307/2846456|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2846456|url-access=registration|jstor=2846456|s2cid=162439379|access-date=24 December 2021|archive-date=22 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222070959/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2846456|url-status=live}}		* {{cite journal|last=Newhall|first=Richard A.|year=1934|title=Payment to Pierre Cauchon for presiding at the trial of Jeanne d'Arc|journal=Speculum|volume=9|issue=1|pages=88–91|doi=10.2307/2846456|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2846456|url-access=registration|jstor=2846456|s2cid=162439379|access-date=24 December 2021|archive-date=22 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222070959/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2846456|url-status=live}}
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	*{{cite journal |last1=d'Orsi|first1=Giuseppe|last2=Tinuper|first2=Paolo |title="I heard voices&nbsp;...": from semiology, an historical review, and a new hypothesis on the presumed epilepsy of Joan of Arc |journal=Epilepsy & Behavior |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=152–157 |date=2006 |pmid=16750938 |doi=10.1016/j.yebeh.2006.04.020 |s2cid=24961015}}		* {{cite journal |last1=d'Orsi|first1=Giuseppe|last2=Tinuper|first2=Paolo |title="I heard voices&nbsp;...": from semiology, an historical review, and a new hypothesis on the presumed epilepsy of Joan of Arc |journal=Epilepsy & Behavior |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=152–157 |date=2006 |pmid=16750938 |doi=10.1016/j.yebeh.2006.04.020 |s2cid=24961015}}
	*{{cite journal |last=Ratnasuriya|first=R. H.|year=1986|title=Joan of Arc, creative psychopath: is ther another explanation?|journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine|volume=79|issue=Part B |pages=247–250|doi=10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.12.043|pmid=26852074|s2cid=3841213|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/014107688607900413}}		* {{cite journal |last=Ratnasuriya|first=R. H.|year=1986|title=Joan of Arc, creative psychopath: Is there another explanation?|journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine|volume=79|issue=Part B |pages=247–250|doi=10.1177/014107688607900413|pmid=3517329|pmc=1290282 }}
	*{{cite journal |last=Schildkrout|first=Barbara|year=2017|title=Joan of Arc—Hearing voices|url=https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17080948|journal=American Journal of Psychiatry|volume=174|issue=12 |pages=1153–1154|doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17080948|pmid=29191033}}		* {{cite journal |last=Schildkrout|first=Barbara|year=2017|title=Joan of Arc{{snd}}Hearing voices|journal=American Journal of Psychiatry|volume=174|issue=12 |pages=1153–1154|doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17080948|pmid=29191033|doi-access=free}}
	* {{cite journal|last=Sexsmith|first=Dennis|year=1990|title=The Radicalization of Joan of Arc: Before and after the French Revoluion|journal=RACAR: Revue d'art canadienne/Canadian Art Review|volume=17|issue=2|pages=125–130|doi=10.7202/1073071ar|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42630458|url-access=registration|jstor=42630458|access-date=25 January 2022|archive-date=24 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124222722/https://www.jstor.org/stable/42630458|url-status=live}}		* {{cite journal|last=Sexsmith|first=Dennis|year=1990|title=The Radicalization of Joan of Arc: Before and after the French Revolution|journal=RACAR: Revue d'art canadienne / Canadian Art Review|volume=17|issue=2|pages=125–130|doi=10.7202/1073071ar|jstor=42630458|doi-access=free}}
	*{{cite journal |last1=Sherman|first1=Larry R.|last2=Zimmerman|first2=Michael R.|year=2008|title=Ergotism and its effects on society and religion|journal=Journal of Nutritional Immunology |volume=2|issue=3 |pages=127–136|doi=10.1300/J053v02n03_08}}		* {{cite journal |last1=Sherman|first1=Larry R.|last2=Zimmerman|first2=Michael R.|year=2008|title=Ergotism and its effects on society and religion|journal=Journal of Nutritional Immunology |volume=2|issue=3 |pages=127–136|doi=10.1300/J053v02n03_08}}
	* {{cite journal|last=Sizer|first=Michael|year=2007|title=The calamity of violence: Reading the Paris massacres of 1418|url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/w/wsfh/0642292.0035.002/--calamity-of-violence-reading-the-paris-massacres-of-1418?rgn=main;view=fulltext|oclc=990058151|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224130820/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/w/wsfh/0642292.0035.002?view=text;rgn=main|archive-date=24 February 2014|journal=Journal of the Western Society for French History|volume=35|pages=19–39}} {{free access}}		* {{cite journal|last=Sizer|first=Michael|year=2007|title=The calamity of violence: Reading the Paris massacres of 1418|url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/w/wsfh/0642292.0035.002/--calamity-of-violence-reading-the-paris-massacres-of-1418?rgn=main;view=fulltext|oclc=990058151|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224130820/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/w/wsfh/0642292.0035.002?view=text;rgn=main|archive-date=24 February 2014|journal=Journal of the Western Society for French History|volume=35|pages=19–39}}
	* {{cite journal|last=Sproles|first=Karyn Z|year=1996|title=Cross-dressing for (imaginary) battle: Vita Sackville-West's biography of Joan of Arc|journal=Biography|volume=19|issue=2|pages=158–177|doi=10.1353/bio.2010.0242|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23539706|url-access=registration|jstor=23539706|s2cid=161108684|access-date=25 January 2022|archive-date=24 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124204405/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23539706|url-status=live}}		* {{cite journal|last=Sproles|first=Karyn Z.|year=1996|title=Cross-dressing for (imaginary) battle: Vita Sackville-West's biography of Joan of Arc|journal=Biography|volume=19|issue=2|pages=158–177|doi=10.1353/bio.2010.0242|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23539706|url-access=registration|jstor=23539706|s2cid=161108684|access-date=25 January 2022|archive-date=24 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124204405/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23539706|url-status=live}}
	* {{cite journal|last=Sullivan|first=Winnifred Fallers|year=2011|title=Joan's two bodies: A study in political anthropology|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23347178|url-access=registration|journal=Social Research|volume=78|issue=2|pages=307–324|jstor=23347178|access-date=24 December 2021|archive-date=17 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217180858/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23347178|url-status=live}}		* {{cite journal|last=Sullivan|first=Winnifred Fallers|year=2011|title=Joan's two bodies: A study in political anthropology|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23347178|url-access=registration|journal=Social Research|volume=78|issue=2|pages=307–324|doi=10.1353/sor.2011.0038 |jstor=23347178|s2cid=140471170 |access-date=24 December 2021|archive-date=17 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217180858/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23347178|url-status=live}}
	*{{cite journal|last=Taylor|first=Larissa Juliet|year=2012|title=Joan of Arc, the church, and the papacy|journal=The Catholic Historical Review|volume=98|issue=2|pages=217–240|doi=10.1353/cat.2012.0129|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23240136|url-access=registration|jstor=23240136|s2cid=154958228|access-date=12 January 2022|archive-date=12 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112210827/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23240136|url-status=live}}		* {{cite journal|last=Taylor|first=Larissa Juliet|year=2012|title=Joan of Arc, the church, and the papacy|journal=The Catholic Historical Review|volume=98|issue=2|pages=217–240|doi=10.1353/cat.2012.0129|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23240136|url-access=registration|jstor=23240136|s2cid=154958228|access-date=12 January 2022|archive-date=12 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112210827/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23240136|url-status=live}}
			* {{cite journal|author-last=de Toffol|author-first=Bertrand|year=2016|title=Comment on "Joan of Arc: Sanctity, witchcraft, or epilepsy?"|journal=Epilepsy & Behavior|volume=61|pages=80–81|doi=10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.04.052|pmid=27337158 |s2cid=137295144 }}
	{{refend}}		{{refend}}
	:'''Online sources'''		:'''Online sources'''
	{{refbegin|30em}}		{{refbegin|32em}}
	* {{Cite news |last=Alberge|first=Dalya|date=27 December 2015|title=Hot property: ring worn by Joan of Arc up for auction |work=The Sunday Times |url=https://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/Arts/article1649700.ece|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073656/https://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/Arts/article1649700.ece|url-access=subscription}}
	* {{cite news |date=4 March 2016 |title=Joan of Arc ring returns to France after auction sale |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35728604 |work=BBC|department=News|archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305111332/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35728604|ref={{SfnRef|BBC|2016}} }}
	* {{cite web|title=The Calendar|date=2021|url=https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar|website=The Church of England|language=en|archive-date=9 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309204842/https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar|url-status=live|ref={{SfnRef|The Calendar|2021}}}}		* {{cite web|title=The Calendar|date=2021|url=https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar|website=The Church of England|language=en|archive-date=9 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309204842/https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar|url-status=live|ref={{SfnRef|The Calendar|2021}}}}
	* {{cite magazine|last=Daley|first=Jason|date=24 March 2016|title=French theme park "battles" British government to keep Joan of Arc's ring|magazine=Smithsonian Magazine|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/french-theme-park-battles-british-keep-joan-arcs-ring-180958556/|archive-date=21 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121233435/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/french-theme-park-battles-british-keep-joan-arcs-ring-180958556/|url-status=live }}
	* {{cite web|title=Bienvenue sur la site de Domremy-la-pucelle |website=Domremy la Pucelle: village Natal de Jaenne d'Arc |language=fr|url=https://www.domremy.fr/|date=2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416011007/https://www.domremy.fr/|archive-date=16 April 2021|ref={{SfnRef|DLP|2021}}}}		* {{cite web|title=Bienvenue sur la site de Domremy-la-pucelle |website=Domremy la Pucelle: village Natal de Jaenne d'Arc |language=fr|url=https://www.domremy.fr/|date=2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416011007/https://www.domremy.fr/|archive-date=16 April 2021|ref={{SfnRef|DLP|2021}}}}
	* {{cite web|last=Ghezzi|first=Burt|year=2021|orig-year=1996|title=Saint Joan of Arc, 1412–1431|website=Loyola Press|url=https://www.loyolapress.com/catholic-resources/saints/saints-stories-for-all-ages/saint-joan-of-arc-1412-1431/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114013658/https://www.loyolapress.com/catholic-resources/saints/saints-stories-for-all-ages/saint-joan-of-arc-1412-1431/|archive-date=14 January 2022|ref={{SfnRef|Ghezzi|1996}}}}		* {{cite web|last=Ghezzi|first=Burt|year=2021|orig-date=1996|title=Saint Joan of Arc, 1412–1431|website=Loyola Press|url=https://www.loyolapress.com/catholic-resources/saints/saints-stories-for-all-ages/saint-joan-of-arc-1412-1431/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114013658/https://www.loyolapress.com/catholic-resources/saints/saints-stories-for-all-ages/saint-joan-of-arc-1412-1431/|archive-date=14 January 2022|ref={{SfnRef|Ghezzi|1996}}}}
	* {{cite web |title=History of Burgundy: The Glorious Age of the Dukes of Burgundy |date=2012|website=Burgundy Today |url=https://www.burgundytoday.com/historic-places/history-of-burgundy/dukes-of-burgundy.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430025817/https://www.burgundytoday.com/historic-places/history-of-burgundy/dukes-of-burgundy.htm |archive-date=30 April 2012 |url-status=dead|ref={{SfnRef|Burgundy Today|2012}} }}
	* {{cite web|title=Joan of Arc Celebrations|year=2021|website=Metropolis of Orléans|url=https://www.orleans-metropole.fr/fetes-de-jeanne-d-arc/presentation#googtrans(fr%7Cen)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516055500/https://www.orleans-metropole.fr/fetes-de-jeanne-d-arc/presentation|archive-date=16 May 2021|url-status=live|ref={{SfnRef|Orléans|2021}}}}		* {{cite web|title=Joan of Arc Celebrations|year=2021|website=Metropolis of Orléans|url=https://www.orleans-metropole.fr/fetes-de-jeanne-d-arc/presentation#googtrans(fr%7Cen)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516055500/https://www.orleans-metropole.fr/fetes-de-jeanne-d-arc/presentation|archive-date=16 May 2021|url-status=live|ref={{SfnRef|Orléans|2021}}}}
	* {{cite web |last=Linder|first=Douglas O.|year=2017|title=Joan of Arc's Abjuration (May 24, 1431)|website=Famous Trials|url=https://www.famous-trials.com/the-trial-of-joan-of-arc-1431/2366-joan-of-arc-s-abjuration-may-24-1431|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702230448/https://www.famous-trials.com/the-trial-of-joan-of-arc-1431/2366-joan-of-arc-s-abjuration-may-24-1431 |archive-date=2 July 2017}}		* {{cite web |last=Linder|first=Douglas O.|year=2017|title=Joan of Arc's Abjuration (May 24, 1431)|website=Famous Trials|url=https://www.famous-trials.com/the-trial-of-joan-of-arc-1431/2366-joan-of-arc-s-abjuration-may-24-1431|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702230448/https://www.famous-trials.com/the-trial-of-joan-of-arc-1431/2366-joan-of-arc-s-abjuration-may-24-1431 |archive-date=2 July 2017}}
			* {{cite web|title=Groupe scuplté (grandeur nature): la réhabiitation de Jeanne d'Arc|trans-title=Group Sculpture (Life Size): The Rehabilitation of Joan of Arc|website=L'inventaire général du patrimoine culture, Conseil régional Hauts-de-France |url=https://inventaire.hautsdefrance.fr/dossier/groupe-sculpte-grandeur-nature-la-rehabilitation-de-jeanne-d-arc/b921bcb8-ea61-4d85-a171-81a6c23b70ce|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813105736/https://inventaire.hautsdefrance.fr/dossier/groupe-sculpte-grandeur-nature-la-rehabilitation-de-jeanne-d-arc/b921bcb8-ea61-4d85-a171-81a6c23b70ce|archive-date=13 August 2022|ref={{SfnRef|LGPC|2022}}}}
	* {{Cite news |last=Willsher|first=Kim|date=26 August 2016|title=Joan of Arc ring stays in France after appeal to Queen|newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/aug/26/joan-of-arc-ring-stays-in-france-after-appeal-to-queen| archive-date=27 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827202123/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/aug/26/joan-of-arc-ring-stays-in-france-after-appeal-to-queen}}
	{{refend}}		{{refend}}
	:'''Primary sources'''		:'''Primary sources'''
	{{refbegin|30em}}		{{refbegin|32em}}
	* {{cite web |last=Aquinas |first=Thomas|title=Summa Theologiae|url=https://www.newadvent.org/summa/3169.htm |website=newadvent.org |access-date=25 January 2022 |archive-date=27 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927041752/https://newadvent.org/summa/3169.htm |url-status=live|ref={{SfnRef|Aquinas|2022}}}}		* {{cite web|last=Benedict XV|title=Divina Disponente|year=2021|orig-date=1920|website=The Holy See|url=https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xv/la/bulls/documents/hf_ben-xv_bulls_19200516_divina-disponente.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225064159/https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xv/la/bulls/documents/hf_ben-xv_bulls_19200516_divina-disponente.html|archive-date=25 February 2021|ref={{SfnRef|Benedict XV|1920}}}}
	* {{Cite book|translator-last=Barrett|translator-first=Wilfred Philips|year=1932|title=The Trial of Jeanne d'Arc|url=https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/basis/joanofarc-trial.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818165959/https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/basis/joanofarc-trial.asp|archive-date=18 August 2016|publisher=Gotham house|location=New York|oclc=1314152|ref={{SfnRef|Barrett|1932}}}}
	* {{cite web|last=Benedict XV|title=Divina Disponente|year=2021|orig-year=1920|website=The Holy See|url=https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xv/la/bulls/documents/hf_ben-xv_bulls_19200516_divina-disponente.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225064159/https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xv/la/bulls/documents/hf_ben-xv_bulls_19200516_divina-disponente.html|archive-date=25 February 2021|ref={{SfnRef|Benedict XV|1920}}}}
	* {{cite book|contributor-last=Bréhal|contributor-first=Jean|contribution=Livre Quatrième: Texte de la Recollectio|trans-contribution= Book Four: Text of the ''Recollectio''|last1=Belon|first1=Marie-Joseph|last2=Balme|first2=François|year=1893|language=fr,la|title=Jean Bréhal, Grand Inquisiteur de France, et la Réhabilitation of Jeanne D'Arc|trans-title=Jean Bréhal, Grand Inquisitor of France, and the Rehabilitation of Joan of Arc|contribution-url=https://archive.org/details/jean-brehal-grand-inquisiteur-de-france/page/n205|publisher=P. Lethielleux|orig-date=1456|ref={{SfnRef|Bréhal|1456}}|oclc=1143025136}}		* {{cite book|contributor-last=Bréhal|contributor-first=Jean|contribution=Livre Quatrième: Texte de la Recollectio|trans-contribution= Book Four: Text of the ''Recollectio''|last1=Belon|first1=Marie-Joseph|last2=Balme|first2=François|year=1893|language=fr,la|title=Jean Bréhal, Grand Inquisiteur de France, et la Réhabilitation of Jeanne D'Arc|trans-title=Jean Bréhal, Grand Inquisitor of France, and the Rehabilitation of Joan of Arc|contribution-url=https://archive.org/details/jean-brehal-grand-inquisiteur-de-france/page/n205|publisher=P. Lethielleux|orig-date=1456|ref={{SfnRef|Bréhal|1456}}|oclc=1143025136}}
	* {{cite journal|author=Pius XI|year=1922|lang=latin|title=Galliam, Ecclesiae filiam|trans-title=France, Daughter of the Church|journal=Acta Apostolicae Sedia|volume=14|number=7| pages=185–187|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_acta-apostolicae-sedis_1922-04-03_14_7}}		* {{cite journal|author=Pius XI|year=1922|language=latin|title=Galliam, Ecclesiae filiam|trans-title=France, Daughter of the Church|journal=Acta Apostolicae Sedia|volume=14|number=7| pages=185–187|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_acta-apostolicae-sedis_1922-04-03_14_7}}
	* {{cite web|last=de Pizan|first=Christine|year=1977|orig-date=1493|title=Christine de Pisan: Ditié de Jehanne D'Arc|translator-last1=Kennedy|translator-first1=Angus J.|translator-last2=Varty|translator-first2=Kenneth|website=Jeanne dárc la pucelle|url=https://www.jeanne-darc.info/contemporary-chronicles-other-testimonies/christine-de-pizan-le-ditie-de-jehanne-darc/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101024201/https://www.jeanne-darc.info/contemporary-chronicles-other-testimonies/christine-de-pizan-le-ditie-de-jehanne-darc/|archive-date=1 November 2020|publisher=Society for the Study of Mediæval Languages and Literature|ref={{sfnRef|de Pizan|1497}}}}		* {{cite web|last=de Pizan|first=Christine|year=1977|orig-date=1493|title=Christine de Pisan: Ditié de Jehanne D'Arc|translator-last1=Kennedy|translator-first1=Angus J.|translator-last2=Varty|translator-first2=Kenneth|website=Jeanne dárc la pucelle|url=https://www.jeanne-darc.info/contemporary-chronicles-other-testimonies/christine-de-pizan-le-ditie-de-jehanne-darc/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101024201/https://www.jeanne-darc.info/contemporary-chronicles-other-testimonies/christine-de-pizan-le-ditie-de-jehanne-darc/|archive-date=1 November 2020|publisher=Society for the Study of Mediæval Languages and Literature|ref={{sfnRef|de Pizan|1497}}}}
	* {{Cite book |last=Quicherat |first=Jules |year=1841a|title=Procès de condamnation et de réhabilitation de Jeanne d'Arc, dite La Pucelle |trans-title=The Trials of the Condemnation and Rehabilitation of Joan of Arc, known as The Maid |volume=I|publisher=Renouard|isbn=|oclc= 310772260|url=https://archive.org/details/ProcesDeCondamnationV1|language=la,fr}}
	* {{Cite book |last=Quicherat |first=Jules |year=1841b|title=Procès de condamnation et de réhabilitation de Jeanne d'Arc, dite La Pucelle |trans-title=The Trials of the Condemnation and Rehabilitation of Joan of Arc, known as The Maid |volume=II|publisher=Renouard|isbn=|oclc=310772267|url=https://archive.org/details/ProcesDeCondamnationV2|ref=none|language=la,fr}}
	* {{Cite book |last=Quicherat |first=Jules |year=1845|title=Procès de condamnation et de réhabilitation de Jeanne d'Arc, dite La Pucelle |trans-title=The Trials of the Condemnation and Rehabilitation of Joan of Arc, known as The Maid |volume=III|publisher=Renouard|isbn=|oclc=162464167|url=https://archive.org/details/ProcesDeCondamnationV3|language=la,fr}}
	* {{Cite book |last=Quicherat |first=Jules |year=1847|title=Procès de condamnation et de réhabilitation de Jeanne d'Arc, dite La Pucelle |trans-title=The Trials of the Condemnation and Rehabilitation of Joan of Arc, known as The Maid |volume=IV|publisher=Renouard|isbn=|oclc=162464167|url=https://archive.org/details/procsdecondamna03frangoog|ref=none|language=la,fr}}
	* {{Cite book |last=Quicherat |first=Jules |year=1849|title=Procès de condamnation et de réhabilitation de Jeanne d'Arc, dite La Pucelle |trans-title=The Trials of the Condemnation and Rehabilitation of Joan of Arc, known as The Maid |volume=V|publisher=Renouard|isbn=|oclc=162464167|url=https://archive.org/details/ProcesDeCondamnationV5|ref=none|language=la,fr}}
	* {{Cite book|date=c. 1500|title=The First Biography of Joan of Arc with the Chronicle Record of a Contemporary Account|url=https://www.smu.edu/ijas/texts/joan.pdf|editor1-last=Rankin|editor1-first=Daniel|editor2-last=Quintal|editor2-first=Claire|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709132031/https://smu.edu/ijas/texts/joan.pdf|archive-date=9 July 2011 |ref={{SfnRef|Anon.|1500}}|isbn=|oclc=1153286979}}		* {{Cite book|date=c. 1500|title=The First Biography of Joan of Arc with the Chronicle Record of a Contemporary Account|url=https://www.smu.edu/ijas/texts/joan.pdf|editor1-last=Rankin|editor1-first=Daniel|editor2-last=Quintal|editor2-first=Claire|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709132031/https://smu.edu/ijas/texts/joan.pdf|archive-date=9 July 2011 |ref={{SfnRef|Anon.|1500}}|isbn=|oclc=1153286979}}
			{{refend}}
			:'''Transcripts of Joan of Arc's trial and the rehabilitation trial'''
			{{refbegin|32em}}
			* {{Cite book|translator-last=Barrett|translator-first=Wilfred Philips|year=1932|title=The Trial of Jeanne d'Arc|url=https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/basis/joanofarc-trial.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818165959/https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/basis/joanofarc-trial.asp|archive-date=18 August 2016|publisher=Gotham House|oclc=1314152|ref=none}} (English language translation of Joan's trial.)
			* {{Cite book |last=Quicherat |first=Jules |year=1841a|title=Procès de condamnation et de réhabilitation de Jeanne d'Arc, dite La Pucelle |trans-title=The Trials of the Condemnation and Rehabilitation of Joan of Arc, known as The Maid |volume=I|publisher=Renouard|isbn=|oclc=310772260|url=https://archive.org/details/ProcesDeCondamnationV1|language=la,fr}} (Latin text of Joan's trial.)
			* {{Cite book |last=Quicherat |first=Jules |year=1841b|title=Procès de condamnation et de réhabilitation de Jeanne d'Arc, dite La Pucelle |trans-title=The Trials of the Condemnation and Rehabilitation of Joan of Arc, known as The Maid |volume=II|publisher=Renouard|isbn=|oclc=310772267|url=https://archive.org/details/ProcesDeCondamnationV2|language=la,fr|ref=none}} (Latin text of the rehabilitation trial, volume I.)
			* {{Cite book |last=Quicherat |first=Jules |year=1845|title=Procès de condamnation et de réhabilitation de Jeanne d'Arc, dite La Pucelle |trans-title=The Trials of the Condemnation and Rehabilitation of Joan of Arc, known as The Maid |volume=III|publisher=Renouard|isbn=|oclc=162464167|url=https://archive.org/details/ProcesDeCondamnationV3|language=la,fr|ref=none}} (Latin text of the rehabilitation trial, volume II.)
	{{refend}}		{{refend}}
	==External links==		==External links==
	{{Sister project links}}
	<!--- Please add new links in alphabetical order. Please be careful: this list concentrates on sites with scholarly research value, and those which deal with the historical figure rather than characters that were only loosely based on her. --->		<!--- Please add new links in alphabetical order. Please be careful: this list concentrates on sites with scholarly research value, and those which deal with the historical figure rather than characters that were only loosely based on her. --->
	* from (with film clips)
	* at the Orleans Municipal Library (in French)
	* , BBC Radio 4 discussion with Anne Curry, Malcolm Vale & Matthew Bennett ('']'', 24 May 2007)		* , BBC Radio 4 discussion with Anne Curry, Malcolm Vale & Matthew Bennett ('']'', 24 May 2007)
	{{Joan of Arc}}		{{Joan of Arc}}
	{{Symbols of the French Republic}}		{{Symbols of the French Republic}}
	{{Catholic saints|state=collapsed}}		{{Catholic saints|state=collapsed}}
	{{Subject bar |portal1= Saints |portal2= Biography |portal3= Catholicism |portal4= France}}
	{{Authority control}}		{{Authority control}}
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			|portal1 = Saints
			|portal2 = Biography
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Revision as of 15:36, 24 December 2024

French folk heroine and saint (1412–1431) Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see Jeanne d'Arc (disambiguation), Joan of Arc (disambiguation), and Jehanne (disambiguation).

Saint Joan of Arc
Historiated initial depicting Joan of Arc
Virgin
Born	c. 1412 Domrémy, Duchy of Bar, Kingdom of France
Died	30 May 1431 (aged approx. 19) Rouen, English-held Normandy
Venerated in	Roman Catholic Church Anglican Communion
Beatified	18 April 1909 by Pope Pius X
Canonized	16 May 1920 by Pope Benedict XV
Feast	30 May
Patronage	France
Signature

Joan of Arc (French: Jeanne d'Arc [ʒan daʁk]; Middle French: Jehanne Darc [ʒəˈãnə ˈdark]; c. 1412 – 30 May 1431) is a patron saint of France, honored as a defender of the French nation for her role in the siege of Orléans and her insistence on the coronation of Charles VII of France during the Hundred Years' War. Claiming to be acting under divine guidance, she became a military leader who transcended gender roles and gained recognition as a savior of France.

Joan was born to a propertied peasant family at Domrémy in northeast France. In 1428, she requested to be taken to Charles VII, later testifying that she was guided by visions from the archangel Michael, Saint Margaret, and Saint Catherine to help him save France from English domination. Convinced of her devotion and purity, Charles sent Joan, who was about seventeen years old, to the siege of Orléans as part of a relief army. She arrived at the city in April 1429, wielding her banner and bringing hope to the demoralized French army. Nine days after her arrival, the English abandoned the siege. Joan encouraged the French to aggressively pursue the English during the Loire Campaign, which culminated in another decisive victory at Patay, opening the way for the French army to advance on Reims unopposed, where Charles was crowned as the King of France with Joan at his side. These victories boosted French morale, paving the way for their final triumph in the Hundred Years' War several decades later.

After Charles's coronation, Joan participated in the unsuccessful siege of Paris in September 1429 and the failed siege of La Charité in November. Her role in these defeats reduced the court's faith in her. In early 1430, Joan organized a company of volunteers to relieve Compiègne, which had been besieged by the Burgundians—French allies of the English. She was captured by Burgundian troops on 23 May. After trying unsuccessfully to escape, she was handed to the English in November. She was put on trial by Bishop Pierre Cauchon on accusations of heresy, which included blaspheming by wearing men's clothes, acting upon visions that were demonic, and refusing to submit her words and deeds to the judgment of the church. She was declared guilty and burned at the stake on 30 May 1431, aged about nineteen.

In 1456, an inquisitorial court reinvestigated Joan's trial and overturned the verdict, declaring that it was tainted by deceit and procedural errors. Joan has been described as an obedient daughter of the Roman Catholic Church, an early feminist, and a symbol of freedom and independence. She is popularly revered as a martyr. After the French Revolution, she became a national symbol of France. In 1920, Joan of Arc was canonized by Pope Benedict XV and, two years later, was declared one of the patron saints of France. She is portrayed in numerous cultural works, including literature, music, paintings, sculptures, and theater.

Name

Joan of Arc's name was written in a variety of ways. There is no standard spelling of her name before the sixteenth century; her last name was usually written as "Darc" without an apostrophe, but there are variants such as "Tarc", "Dart" or "Day". Her father's name was written as "Tart" at her trial. She was called "Jeanne d'Ay de Domrémy" in Charles VII's 1429 letter granting her a coat of arms. Joan may never have heard herself called "Jeanne d'Arc". The first written record of her being called by this name is in 1455, 24 years after her death.

She was not taught to read and write in her childhood, and so dictated her letters. She may later have learned to sign her name, as some of her letters are signed, and she may even have learned to read. Joan referred to herself in the letters as Jeanne la Pucelle ("Joan the Maiden") or as la Pucelle ("the Maiden"), emphasizing her virginity, and she signed "Jehanne". In the sixteenth century, she became known as the "Maid of Orleans".

Birth and historical background

Joan of Arc was born c. 1412 in Domrémy, a small village in the Meuse valley now in the Vosges department in the north-east of France. Her date of birth is unknown and her statements about her age were vague. Her parents were Jacques d'Arc and Isabelle Romée. Joan had three brothers and a sister. Her father was a peasant farmer with about 50 acres (20 ha) of land, and he supplemented the family income as a village official, collecting taxes and heading the local watch.

She was born during the Hundred Years' War between England and France, which had begun in 1337 over the status of English territories in France and English claims to the French throne. Nearly all the fighting had taken place in France, devastating its economy. At the time of Joan's birth, France was divided politically. The French king Charles VI had recurring bouts of mental illness and was often unable to rule; his brother Louis, Duke of Orléans, and his cousin John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy, quarreled over the regency of France. In 1407, the Duke of Burgundy ordered the assassination of the Duke of Orléans, precipitating a civil war. Charles of Orléans succeeded his father as duke at the age of thirteen and was placed in the custody of Bernard, Count of Armagnac; his supporters became known as "Armagnacs", while supporters of the Duke of Burgundy became known as "Burgundians". The future French king Charles VII had assumed the title of Dauphin (heir to the throne) after the deaths of his four older brothers and was associated with the Armagnacs.

Henry V of England exploited France's internal divisions when he invaded in 1415. The Burgundians took Paris in 1418. In 1419, the Dauphin offered a truce to negotiate peace with the Duke of Burgundy, but the duke was assassinated by Charles's Armagnac partisans during the negotiations. The new duke of Burgundy, Philip the Good, allied with the English. Charles VI accused the Dauphin of murdering the Duke of Burgundy and declared him unfit to inherit the French throne. During a period of illness, Charles's wife Isabeau of Bavaria stood in for him and signed the Treaty of Troyes, which gave their daughter Catherine of Valois in marriage to Henry V, granted the succession of the French throne to their heirs, and effectively disinherited the Dauphin. This caused rumors that the Dauphin was not King Charles VI's son, but the offspring of an adulterous affair between Isabeau and the murdered duke of Orléans. In 1422, Henry V and Charles VI died within two months of each other; the 9-month-old Henry VI of England was the nominal heir of the Anglo-French dual monarchy as agreed in the treaty, but the Dauphin also claimed the French throne.

Early life

In her youth, Joan did household chores, spun wool, helped her father in the fields and looked after their animals. Her mother provided Joan's religious education. Much of Domrémy lay in the Duchy of Bar, whose precise feudal status was unclear; though surrounded by pro-Burgundian lands, its people were loyal to the Armagnac cause. By 1419, the war had affected the area, and in 1425, Domrémy was attacked and cattle were stolen. This led to a sentiment among villagers that the English must be expelled from France to achieve peace. Joan had her first vision after this raid.

Joan later testified that when she was thirteen, c. 1425, a figure she identified as Saint Michael surrounded by angels appeared to her in the garden. After this vision, she said she wept because she wanted them to take her with them. Throughout her life, she had visions of St. Michael, a patron saint of the Domrémy area who was seen as a defender of France. She stated that she had these visions frequently and that she often had them when the church bells were rung. Her visions also included St. Margaret and St. Catherine; although Joan never specified, they were probably Margaret of Antioch and Catherine of Alexandria—those most known in the area. Both were known as virgin saints who strove against powerful enemies, were tortured and martyred for their beliefs, and preserved their virtue to the death. Joan testified that she swore a vow of virginity to these voices. When a young man from her village alleged that she had broken a promise of marriage, Joan stated that she had made him no promises, and his case was dismissed by an ecclesiastical court.

During Joan's youth, a prophecy circulating in the French countryside, based on the visions of Marie Robine of Avignon [fr], promised an armed virgin would come forth to save France. Another prophecy, attributed to Merlin, stated that a virgin carrying a banner would put an end to France's suffering. Joan implied she was this promised maiden, reminding the people around her that there was a saying that France would be destroyed by a woman but would be restored by a virgin. In May 1428, she asked her uncle to take her to the nearby town of Vaucouleurs, where she petitioned the garrison commander, Robert de Baudricourt, for an armed escort to the Armagnac court at Chinon. Baudricourt harshly refused and sent her home. In July, Domrémy was raided by Burgundian forces which set fire to the town, destroyed the crops, and forced Joan, her family and the other townspeople to flee. She returned to Vaucouleurs in January 1429. Her petition was refused again, but by this time she had gained the support of two of Baudricourt's soldiers, Jean de Metz and Bertrand de Poulengy. Meanwhile, she was summoned to Nancy under safe conduct by Charles II, Duke of Lorraine, who had heard about Joan during her stay at Vaucouleurs. The duke was ill and thought she might have supernatural powers that could cure him. She offered no cures, but reprimanded him for living with his mistress.

Henry V's brothers, John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford, and Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, had continued the English conquest of France. Most of northern France, Paris, and parts of southwestern France were under Anglo-Burgundian control. The Burgundians controlled Reims, the traditional site for the coronation of French kings; Charles had not yet been crowned, and doing so at Reims would help legitimize his claim to the throne. In July 1428, the English had started to surround Orléans and had nearly isolated it from the rest of Charles's territory by capturing many of the smaller bridge towns on the Loire River. Orléans was strategically important as the last obstacle to an assault on the remainder of Charles's territory. According to Joan's later testimony, it was around this period that her visions told her to leave Domrémy to help the Dauphin Charles.

Baudricourt agreed to a third meeting with Joan in February 1429, around the time the English captured an Armagnac relief convoy at the Battle of the Herrings during the Siege of Orléans. Their conversations, along with Metz and Poulengy's support, convinced Baudricourt to allow her to go to Chinon for an audience with the Dauphin. Joan traveled with an escort of six soldiers. Before leaving, Joan put on men's clothes, which were provided by her escorts and the people of Vaucouleurs. She continued to wear men's clothes for the remainder of her life.

Chinon

Charles VII met Joan for the first time at the Royal Court in Chinon in late February or early March 1429, when she was seventeen and he was twenty-six. She told him that she had come to raise the siege of Orléans and to lead him to Reims for his coronation. They had a private exchange that made a strong impression on Charles; Jean Pasquerel, Joan's confessor, later testified that Joan told him she had reassured the Dauphin that he was Charles VI's son and the legitimate king.

Charles and his council needed more assurance, sending Joan to Poitiers to be examined by a council of theologians, who declared that she was a good person and a good Catholic. They did not render a decision on the source of Joan's inspiration, but agreed that sending her to Orléans could be useful to the king and would test whether her inspiration was of divine origin. Joan was then sent to Tours to be physically examined by women directed by Charles's mother-in-law Yolande of Aragon, who verified her virginity. This was to establish if she could indeed be the prophesied virgin savior of France, to show the purity of her devotion, and to ensure she had not consorted with the Devil.

The Dauphin, reassured by the results of these tests, commissioned plate armor for her. She designed her own banner and had a sword brought to her from under the altar in the church at Sainte-Catherine-de-Fierbois. Around this time she began calling herself "Joan the Maiden", emphasizing her virginity as a sign of her mission.

Before Joan's arrival at Chinon, the Armagnac strategic situation was bad but not hopeless. The Armagnac forces were prepared to endure a prolonged siege at Orléans, the Burgundians had recently withdrawn from the siege due to disagreements about territory, and the English were debating whether to continue. Nonetheless, after almost a century of war, the Armagnacs were demoralized. Once Joan joined the Dauphin's cause, her personality began to raise their spirits, inspiring devotion and the hope of divine assistance. Her belief in the divine origin of her mission turned the longstanding Anglo-French conflict over inheritance into a religious war. Before beginning the journey to Orléans, Joan dictated a letter to the Duke of Bedford warning him that she was sent by God to drive him out of France.

Military campaigns

Orléans

In the last week of April 1429, Joan set out from Blois as part of an army carrying supplies for the relief of Orléans. She arrived there on 29 April and met the commander Jean de Dunois, the Bastard of Orléans. Orléans was not completely cut off, and Dunois got her into the city, where she was greeted enthusiastically. Joan was initially treated as a figurehead to raise morale, flying her banner on the battlefield. She was not given any formal command or included in military councils but quickly gained the support of the Armagnac troops. She always seemed to be present where the fighting was most intense, she frequently stayed with the front ranks, and she gave them a sense she was fighting for their salvation. Armagnac commanders would sometimes accept the advice she gave them, such as deciding what position to attack, when to continue an assault, and how to place artillery.

On 4 May, the Armagnacs went on the offensive, attacking the outlying bastille de Saint-Loup (fortress of Saint Loup). Once Joan learned of the attack, she rode out with her banner to the site of the battle, a mile east of Orléans. She arrived as the Armagnac soldiers were retreating after a failed assault. Her appearance rallied the soldiers, who attacked again and took the fortress. On 5 May, no combat occurred since it was Ascension Thursday, a feast day. She dictated another letter to the English warning them to leave France and had it tied to a bolt, which was fired by a crossbowman.

The Armagnacs resumed their offensive on 6 May, capturing Saint-Jean-le-Blanc, which the English had deserted. The Armagnac commanders wanted to stop, but Joan encouraged them to launch an assault on les Augustins, an English fortress built around a monastery. After its capture, the Armagnac commanders wanted to consolidate their gains, but Joan again argued for continuing the offensive. On the morning of 7 May, the Armagnacs attacked the main English stronghold, les Tourelles. Joan was wounded by an arrow between the neck and shoulder while holding her banner in the trench on the south bank of the river but later returned to encourage the final assault that took the fortress. The English retreated from Orléans on 8 May, ending the siege.

At Chinon, Joan had declared that she was sent by God. At Poitiers, when she was asked to show a sign demonstrating this claim, she replied that it would be given if she were brought to Orléans. The lifting of the siege was interpreted by many people to be that sign. Prominent clergy such as Jacques Gélu [fr], Archbishop of Embrun, and the theologian Jean Gerson wrote treatises in support of Joan after this victory. In contrast, the English saw the ability of this peasant girl to defeat their armies as proof she was possessed by the devil.

Loire Campaign

Joan of Arc
Allegiance	Kingdom of France
Conflict	Hundred Years' War
Important locations Rouen Compiègne La Charité Paris Reims Orléans Chinon Vaucouleurs Domrémy    Joan's journey to Chinon  Orléans and Loire Campaign  March to Reims  Reims and the Siege of Paris  Campaign against Perrinet Gressard  Compiègne  Other locations

After the success at Orléans, Joan insisted that the Armagnac forces should advance promptly toward Reims to crown the Dauphin. Charles allowed her to accompany the army under the command of John II, Duke of Alençon, who collaboratively worked with Joan and regularly heeded her advice. Before advancing toward Reims, the Armagnacs needed to recapture the bridge towns along the Loire: Jargeau, Meung-sur-Loire, and Beaugency. This would clear the way for Charles and his entourage, who would have to cross the Loire near Orléans to get from Chinon to Reims.

The campaign to clear the Loire towns began on 11 June when the Armagnac forces led by Alençon and Joan arrived at Jargeau and forced the English to withdraw inside the town's walls. Joan sent a message to the English to surrender; they refused and she advocated for a direct assault on the walls the next day. By the end of the day, the town was taken. The Armagnac took few prisoners and many of the English who surrendered were killed. During this campaign, Joan continued to serve in the thick of battle. She began scaling a siege ladder with her banner in hand but before she could climb the wall, she was struck by a stone which split her helmet.

Alençon and Joan's army advanced on Meung-sur-Loire. On 15 June, they took control of the town's bridge, and the English garrison withdrew to a castle on the Loire's north bank. Most of the army continued on the south bank of the Loire to besiege the castle at Beaugency.

Meanwhile, the English army from Paris under the command of Sir John Fastolf had linked up with the garrison in Meung and traveled along the north bank of the Loire to relieve Beaugency. Unaware of this, the English garrison at Beaugency surrendered on 18 June. The main English army retreated toward Paris; Joan urged the Armagnacs to pursue them, and the two armies clashed at the Battle of Patay later that day. The English had prepared their forces to ambush an Armagnac attack with hidden archers, but the Armagnac vanguard detected and scattered them. A rout ensued that decimated the English army. Fastolf escaped with a small band of soldiers, but many of the English leaders were captured. Joan arrived at the battlefield too late to participate in the decisive action, but her encouragement to pursue the English had made the victory possible.

Coronation and siege of Paris

After the destruction of the English army at Patay, some Armagnac leaders argued for an invasion of English-held Normandy, but Joan remained insistent that Charles must be crowned. The Dauphin agreed, and the army left Gien on 29 June to march on Reims. The advance was nearly unopposed. The Burgundian-held town of Auxerre surrendered on 3 July after three days of negotiations, and other towns in the army's path returned to Armagnac allegiance without resistance. Troyes, which had a small garrison of English and Burgundian troops, was the only one to resist. After four days of negotiation, Joan ordered the soldiers to fill the city's moat with wood and directed the placement of artillery. Fearing an assault, Troyes negotiated a surrender.

Reims opened its gates on 16 July 1429. Charles, Joan, and the army entered in the evening, and Charles's consecration took place the following morning. Joan was given a place of honor at the ceremony, and announced that God's will had been fulfilled.

After the consecration, the royal court negotiated a truce of fifteen days with the Duke of Burgundy, who promised he would try to arrange the transfer of Paris to the Armagnacs while continuing negotiations for a definitive peace. At the end of the truce, Burgundy reneged on his promise. Joan and the Duke of Alençon favored a quick march on Paris, but divisions in Charles's court and continued peace negotiations with Burgundy led to a slow advance.

As the Armagnac army approached Paris, many of the towns along the way surrendered without a fight. On 15 August, the English forces under the Duke of Bedford confronted the Armagnacs near Montépilloy in a fortified position that the Armagnac commanders thought was too strong to assault. Joan rode out in front of the English positions to try to provoke them to attack. They refused, resulting in a standoff. The English retreated the following day. The Armagnacs continued their advance and launched an assault on Paris on 8 September. During the fighting, Joan was wounded in the leg by a crossbow bolt. She remained in a trench beneath the city walls until she was rescued after nightfall. The Armagnacs had suffered 1,500 casualties. The following morning, Charles ordered an end to the assault. Joan was displeased and argued that the attack should be continued. She and Alençon had made fresh plans to attack Paris, but Charles dismantled a bridge approaching Paris that was necessary for the attack and the Armagnac army had to retreat.

After the defeat at Paris, Joan's role in the French court diminished. Her aggressive independence did not agree with the court's emphasis on finding a diplomatic solution with Burgundy, and her role in the defeat at Paris reduced the court's faith in her. Scholars at the University of Paris argued that she failed to take Paris because her inspiration was not divine. In September, Charles disbanded the army, and Joan was not allowed to work with the Duke of Alençon again.

Campaign against Perrinet Gressart

In October, Joan was sent as part of a force to attack the territory of Perrinet Gressart [fr], a mercenary who had served the Burgundians and English. The army besieged Saint-Pierre-le-Moûtier, which fell after Joan encouraged a direct assault on 4 November. The army then tried unsuccessfully to take La-Charité-sur-Loire in November and December and had to abandon their artillery during the retreat. This defeat further diminished Joan's reputation.

Joan returned to court at the end of December, where she learned that she and her family had been ennobled by Charles as a reward for her services to him and the kingdom. Before the September attack on Paris, Charles had negotiated a four-month truce with the Burgundians, which was extended until Easter 1430. During this truce, the French court had no need for Joan.

Siege of Compiègne and capture

Main article: Siege of Compiègne

The Duke of Burgundy began to reclaim towns which had been ceded to him by treaty but had not submitted. Compiègne was one such town of many in areas which the Armagnacs had recaptured over the previous few months. Joan set out with a company of volunteers at the end of March 1430 to relieve the town, which was under siege. This expedition did not have the explicit permission of Charles, who was still observing the truce. Some writers suggest that Joan's expedition to Compiègne without documented permission from the court was a desperate and treasonable action, but others have argued that she could not have launched the expedition without the financial support of the court.

In April, Joan arrived at Melun, which had expelled its Burgundian garrison. As Joan advanced, her force grew as other commanders joined her. Joan's troops advanced to Lagny-sur-Marne and defeated an Anglo-Burgundian force commanded by the mercenary Franquet d'Arras who was captured. Typically, he would have been ransomed or exchanged by the capturing force, but Joan allowed the townspeople to execute him after a trial.

Joan reached Compiègne on 14 May. After defensive forays against the Burgundian besiegers, she was forced to disband the majority of the army because it had become too difficult for the surrounding countryside to support. Joan and about 400 of her remaining soldiers entered the town.

On 23 May 1430, Joan accompanied an Armagnac force which sortied from Compiègne to attack the Burgundian camp at Margny, northeast of the town. The attack failed, and Joan was captured; she agreed to surrender to a pro-Burgundian nobleman named Lyonnel de Wandomme, a member of Jean de Luxembourg's contingent. who quickly moved her to his castle at Beaulieu-les-Fontaines, near Noyes. After her first attempt to escape, she was transferred to Beaurevoir Castle. She made another escape attempt while there, jumping from a window of a tower and landing in a dry moat; she was injured but survived. In November, she was moved to the Burgundian town of Arras.

The English and Burgundians rejoiced that Joan had been removed as a military threat. The English negotiated with their Burgundian allies to pay Joan's ransom and transfer her to their custody. Bishop Pierre Cauchon of Beauvais, a partisan supporter of the Duke of Burgundy and the English crown, played a prominent part in these negotiations, which were completed in November. The final agreement called for the English to pay 10,000 livres tournois to obtain her from Luxembourg. After the English paid the ransom, they moved Joan to Rouen, their main headquarters in France. There is no evidence that Charles tried to save Joan once she was transferred to the English.

Trials and execution

Trial

Main article: Trial of Joan of Arc

Joan was put on trial for heresy in Rouen on 9 January 1431. She was accused of having blasphemed by wearing men's clothes, of acting upon visions that were demonic, and of refusing to submit her words and deeds to the church because she claimed she would be judged by God alone. Joan's captors downplayed the secular aspects of her trial by submitting her judgment to an ecclesiastical court, but the trial was politically motivated. Joan testified that her visions had instructed her to defeat the English and crown Charles, and her success was argued to be evidence she was acting on behalf of God. If unchallenged, her testimony would invalidate the English claim to the rule of France and undermine the University of Paris, which supported the dual monarchy ruled by an English king.

The verdict was a foregone conclusion. Joan's guilt could be used to compromise Charles's claims to legitimacy by showing that he had been consecrated by the act of a heretic. Cauchon served as the ordinary judge of the trial. The English subsidized the trial, including payments to Cauchon and Jean Le Maître, who represented the Inquisitor of France. All but 8 of the 131 clergy who participated in the trial were French and two thirds were associated with the University of Paris, but most were pro-Burgundian and pro-English.

Cauchon attempted to follow correct inquisitorial procedure, but the trial had many irregularities. Joan should have been in the hands of the church during the trial and guarded by women, but instead was imprisoned by the English and guarded by male soldiers under the command of the Duke of Bedford. Contrary to canon law, Cauchon had not established Joan's infamy before proceeding with the trial. Joan was not read the charges against her until well after her interrogations began. The procedures were below inquisitorial standards, subjecting Joan to lengthy interrogations without legal counsel. One of the trial clerics stepped down because he felt the testimony was coerced and its intention was to entrap Joan; another challenged Cauchon's right to judge the trial and was jailed. There is evidence that the trial records were falsified.

During the trial, Joan showed great control. She induced her interrogators to ask questions sequentially rather than simultaneously, refer back to their records when appropriate, and end the sessions when she requested. Witnesses at the trial were impressed by her prudence when answering questions. For example, in one exchange she was asked if she knew she was in God's grace. The question was meant as a scholarly trap, as church doctrine held that nobody could be certain of being in God's grace. If she answered positively, she would have been charged with heresy; if negatively, she would have confessed her own guilt. Joan avoided the trap by stating that if she was not in God's grace, she hoped God would put her there, and if she was in God's grace then she hoped she would remain so. One of the court notaries at her trial later testified that the interrogators were stunned by her answer. To convince her to submit, Joan was shown the instruments of torture. When she refused to be intimidated, Cauchon met with about a dozen assessors (clerical jurors) to vote on whether she should be tortured. The majority decided against it.

In early May, Cauchon asked the University of Paris to deliberate on twelve articles summarizing the accusation of heresy. The university approved the charges. On 23 May, Joan was formally admonished by the court. The next day, she was taken out to the churchyard of the abbey of Saint-Ouen for public condemnation. As Cauchon began to read Joan's sentence, she agreed to submit. She was presented with an abjuration document, which included an agreement that she would not bear arms or wear men's clothing. It was read aloud to her, and she signed it.

Execution

Public heresy was a capital crime, in which an unrepentant or relapsed heretic could be given over to the judgment of the secular courts and punished by death. Having signed the abjuration, Joan was no longer an unrepentant heretic but could be executed if convicted of relapsing into heresy.

As part of her abjuration, Joan was required to renounce wearing men's clothes. She exchanged her clothes for a woman's dress and allowed her head to be shaved. She was returned to her cell and kept in chains instead of being transferred to an ecclesiastical prison. Witnesses at the rehabilitation trial stated that Joan was subjected to mistreatment and rape attempts, including one by an English noble, and that guards placed men's clothes in her cell, forcing her to wear them. Cauchon was notified that Joan had resumed wearing male clothing. He sent clerics to admonish her to remain in submission, but the English prevented them from visiting her.

On 28 May, Cauchon went to Joan's cell, along with several other clerics. According to the trial record, Joan said that she had gone back to wearing men's clothes because it was more fitting that she dress like a man while being held with male guards, and that the judges had broken their promise to let her go to mass and to release her from her chains. She stated that if they fulfilled their promises and placed her in a decent prison, she would be obedient. When Cauchon asked about her visions, Joan stated that the voices had blamed her for abjuring out of fear, and that she would not deny them again. As Joan's abjuration had required her to deny her visions, this was sufficient to convict her of relapsing into heresy and to condemn her to death. The next day, forty-two assessors were summoned to decide Joan's fate. Two recommended that she be abandoned to the secular courts immediately; the rest recommended that the abjuration be read to her again and explained. In the end, they voted unanimously that Joan was a relapsed heretic and should be abandoned to the secular power, the English, for punishment.

At about the age of nineteen, Joan was executed on 30 May 1431. In the morning, she was allowed to receive the sacraments despite the court process requiring they be denied to heretics. She was then taken to Rouen's Vieux-Marché (Old Marketplace), where she was publicly read her sentence of condemnation. At this point, she should have been turned over to the appropriate authority, the bailiff of Rouen, for secular sentencing, but instead was delivered directly to the English and tied to a tall plastered pillar for execution by burning. She asked to view a cross as she died, and was given one by an English soldier made from a stick, which she kissed and placed next to her chest. A processional crucifix was fetched from the church of Saint-Saveur. She embraced it before her hands were bound, and it was held before her eyes during her execution. After her death, her remains were thrown into the Seine River.

Aftermath and rehabilitation trial

Main article: Rehabilitation trial of Joan of Arc

The military situation was not changed by Joan's execution. Her triumphs had raised Armagnac morale, and the English were not able to regain momentum. Charles remained king of France, despite a rival coronation held for the ten-year-old Henry VI of England at Notre-Dame cathedral in Paris in 1431. In 1435, the Burgundians signed the Treaty of Arras, abandoning their alliance with England. Twenty-two years after Joan's death, the war ended with a French victory at the Battle of Castillon in 1453, and the English were expelled from all of France except Calais.

Joan's execution created a political liability for Charles, implying that his consecration as the king of France had been achieved through the actions of a heretic. On 15 February 1450, a few months after he regained Rouen, Charles ordered Guillaume Bouillé, a theologian and former rector of the University of Paris, to open an inquest. In a brief investigation, Bouillé interviewed seven witnesses of Joan's trial and concluded that the judgment of Joan as a heretic was arbitrary. She had been a prisoner of war treated as a political prisoner, and was put to death without basis. Bouillé's report could not overturn the verdict but it opened the way for the later retrial.

In 1452, a second inquest into Joan's trial was opened by Cardinal Guillaume d'Estouteville, papal legate and relative of Charles, and Jean Bréhal, the recently appointed Inquisitor of France, who interviewed about 20 witnesses. The inquest was guided by 27 articles describing how Joan's trial had been biased. Immediately after the inquest, d'Estouteville went to Orléans on 9 June and granted an indulgence to those who participated in the ceremonies in Joan's honor on 8 May commemorating the lifting of the siege.

For the next two years d'Estouteville and Bréhal worked on the case. Bréhal forwarded a petition from Joan's mother, Isabelle, and Joan's two brothers Jean and Pierre, to Pope Nicholas V in 1454. Bréhal submitted a summary of his findings to theologians and lawyers in France and Italy, as well as a professor at the University of Vienna, most of whom gave opinions favorable to Joan. After Nicholas V died in early 1455, the new pope Callixtus III gave permission for a rehabilitation trial, and appointed three commissioners to oversee the process: Jean Juvénal des Ursins, archbishop of Reims; Guillaume Chartier, bishop of Paris; and Richard Olivier de Longueil, bishop of Coutances. They chose Bréhal as Inquisitor.

The rehabilitation trial began on 7 November 1455 at Notre Dame Cathedral when Joan's mother publicly delivered a formal request for her daughter's rehabilitation, and ended on 7 July 1456 at Rouen Cathedral, having heard from about 115 witnesses. The court found that the original trial was unjust and deceitful; Joan's abjuration, execution and their consequences were nullified. In his summary of the trial, Bréhal suggested that Cauchon and the assessors who supported him might be guilty of malice and heresy. To emphasize the court's decision, a copy of the Articles of Accusation was formally torn up. The court ordered that a cross should be erected on the site of Joan's execution.

Visions

Joan's visions played an important role in her condemnation, and her admission that she had returned to heeding them led to her execution. Theologians of the era believed that visions could have a supernatural source. The assessors at her trial focused on determining the specific source of Joan's visions, using an ecclesiastical form of discretio spirituum (discernment of spirits). Because she was accused of heresy, they sought to show that her visions were false. The rehabilitation trial nullified Joan's sentence, but did not declare her visions authentic. In 1894, Pope Leo XIII pronounced that Joan's mission was divinely inspired.

Modern scholars have discussed possible neurological and psychiatric causes for her visions. Her visions have been described as hallucinations arising from epilepsy or a temporal lobe tuberculoma. Others have implicated ergot poisoning, schizophrenia, delusional disorder, or creative psychopathy induced by her early childhood rearing. One of the Promoters of the Faith at her 1903 canonization trial argued that her visions may have been manifestations of hysteria. Other scholars argue that Joan created some of the visions' specific details in response to the demands of the interrogators at her trial.

Many of these explanations have been challenged; the trial records designed to demonstrate that Joan was guilty of heresy are unlikely to provide the objective descriptions of symptoms needed to support a medical diagnosis.

Joan's firm belief in the divinity of her visions strengthened her confidence, enabled her to trust herself, and gave her hope during her capture and trial.

Clothing

Main article: Cross-dressing, gender identity, and sexuality of Joan of Arc

Joan's cross-dressing was the topic of five of the articles of accusation against her during the trial. In the view of the assessors, it was the emblem of her heresy. Her final condemnation began when she was found to have resumed wearing men's clothes, which was taken as a sign that she had relapsed into heresy.

From the time of her journey to Chinon to her abjuration, Joan usually wore men's clothes and cropped her hair in a male fashion. When she left Vaucouleurs to see the Dauphin in Chinon, Joan was said to have worn a black doublet, a black tunic, and a short black cap. By the time she was captured, she had acquired more elaborate outfits. At her trial, she was accused of wearing breeches, a mantle, a coat of mail, a doublet, hose joined to the doublet with twenty laces, tight boots, spurs, a breastplate, buskins, a sword, a dagger, and a lance. She was also described as wearing furs, a golden surcoat over her armor, and sumptuous riding habits made of precious cloth.

During the trial proceedings, Joan is not recorded as giving a practical reason why she cross-dressed. She stated that it was her own choice to wear men's clothes, and that she did so not at the request of men but by the command of God and his angels. She stated she would return to wearing women's clothes when she fulfilled her calling.

Although Joan's cross-dressing was used to justify her execution, the church's position on it was not clear. In general, it was seen as a sin, but there was no agreement about its severity. Thomas Aquinas stated that a woman may wear a man's clothes to hide herself from enemies or if no other clothes were available, and Joan did both, wearing them in enemy territory to get to Chinon, and in her prison cell after her abjuration when her dress was taken from her. Soon after the siege of Orléans was lifted, Jean Gerson said that Joan's male clothes and haircut were appropriate for her calling, as she was a warrior and men's clothes were more practical.

Cross-dressing may have helped her maintain her virginity by deterring rape: witnesses at the nullification trial stated that Joan gave this as one of the reasons for returning to men's clothes after she had abjured wearing them. However, scholars have stated that when she was imprisoned, wearing men's clothes would only have been a minor deterrent to rape as she was shackled most of the time. For most of her active life, Joan did not cross-dress to hide her gender. Rather, it may have functioned to emphasize her unique identity as La Pucelle, a model of virtue that transcends gender roles and inspires people.

Legacy

Joan is one of the most studied people of the Middle Ages, partly because her two trials provided a wealth of documents. Her image, changing over time, has included being the savior of France, an obedient daughter of the Roman Catholic Church, an early feminist, and a symbol of freedom and independence.

Military leader and symbol of France

Joan's reputation as a military leader who helped drive the English from France began to form before her death. Just after Charles's coronation, Christine de Pizan wrote the poem Ditié de Jehanne D'Arc, celebrating Joan as a supporter of Charles sent by Divine Providence and reflecting French optimism after the triumph at Orléans. As early as 1429, Orléans began holding a celebration in honor of the raising of the siege on 8 May.

After Joan's execution, her role in the Orléans victory encouraged popular support for her rehabilitation. Joan became a central part of the annual celebration, and by 1435, a play, Mistère du siège d'Orléans (Mystery of the Siege of Orléans), portrayed her as the vehicle of the divine will that liberated Orléans. The Orléans festival celebrating Joan continues in modern times.

Less than a decade after her rehabilitation trial, Pope Pius II wrote a brief biography describing her as the maid who saved the kingdom of France. Louis XII commissioned a full-length biography of her c. 1500.

Joan's early legacy was closely associated with the divine right of the monarchy to rule France. During the French Revolution, her reputation came into question because of her association with the monarchy and religion, and the festival in her honor held at Orléans was suspended in 1793. In 1803, Napoleon Bonaparte authorized its renewal and the creation of a new statue of Joan at Orléans, stating, "The illustrious Joan ... proved that there is no miracle which French genius cannot accomplish when national independence is threatened."

Since then, she has become a prominent symbol as the defender of the French nation. After the French defeat in the Franco-Prussian War, Joan became a rallying point for a new crusade to reclaim Lorraine, the province of her birth. The Third Republic held a patriotic civic holiday in her honor on 8 May to celebrate her victory at Orléans. During World War I, her image was used to inspire victory. In World War II, all sides of the French cause appealed to her legacy: she was a symbol for Philippe Pétain in Vichy France, a model for Charles de Gaulle's leadership of the Free French, and an example for the Communist resistance. More recently, her association with the monarchy and national liberation has made her a symbol for the French far right, including the monarchist movement Action Française and the National Front Party. Joan's image has been used by the entire spectrum of French politics, and she is an important reference in political dialogue about French identity and unity.

Saint and heroic woman

Joan is a saint in the Roman Catholic Church. She was viewed as a religious figure in Orléans after the siege was lifted, and an annual panegyric was pronounced there on her behalf until the 1800s. In 1849, the Bishop of Orlėans Félix Dupanloup delivered an oration that attracted international attention and in 1869, petitioned Rome to begin beatification proceedings. She was beatified by Pope Pius X in 1909, and canonized on 16 May 1920 by Pope Benedict XV. Her feast day is 30 May, the anniversary of her execution. In an apostolic letter, Pope Pius XI declared Joan one of the patron saints of France on 2 March 1922.

Joan was canonized as a Virgin, not as a Christian martyr because she had been put to death by a canonically constituted court, which executed her not for her faith in Christ, but for her private revelation. Nevertheless, she has been popularly venerated as a martyr since her death: one who suffered for her modesty and purity, her country, and the strength of her convictions. Joan is also remembered as a visionary in the Church of England with a commemoration on 30 May. She is revered in the pantheon of the Cao Dai religion.

During her lifetime, Joan was already being compared to biblical women heroes, such as Esther, Judith, and Deborah. Her claim of virginity, which signified her virtue and sincerity, was upheld by women of status from both the Armagnac and Burgundian-English sides of the Hundred Years' War: Yolande of Aragon, Charles's mother-in-law, and Anne of Burgundy, Duchess of Bedford.

Joan has been described as a model of an autonomous woman who challenged traditions of masculinity and femininity to be heard as an individual in a patriarchal culture—setting her own course by heeding the voices of her visions. She fulfilled the traditionally male role of a military leader, while maintaining her status as a valiant woman. Merging qualities associated with both genders, Joan has inspired numerous artistic and cultural works for many centuries. In the nineteenth century, hundreds of works of art about her—including biographies, plays, and musical scores—were created in France, and her story became popular as an artistic subject in Europe and North America. By the 1960s, she was the topic of thousands of books. Her legacy has become global, and inspires novels, plays, poems, operas, films, paintings, children's books, advertising, computer games, comics and popular culture across the world.

See also

• Alternative historical interpretations of Joan of Arc
• Jeanne Hachette

References

Notes

1. This historiated initial from the Archives Nationales has been dated to the second half of the 15th century, but it may be an art forgery.
2. Her birthday is sometimes given as 6 January. This is based on a letter by Perceval de Boulainvilliers [fr], a councillor of Charles VII, stating that Joan was born on the feast of the Epiphany, but his letter is filled with literary tropes that make it questionable as a statement of fact. There is no other evidence of her being born on Epiphany.
3. Fauquembergue's doodle on the margin of a Parliament's register is the only known contemporary representation of Joan. It is an artist's impression depicting her with long hair and a dress rather than with her hair cut short and in armor.
4. The woman in this saying is assumed to refer to Isabeau of Bavaria, but this is uncertain.
5. The details of Joan's abjuration are unclear because the original document, which may have been only eight lines long, was replaced with a longer one in the official record. Quicherat 1841a, pp. 446–448 provides the official text of the abjuration document in French. See Linder 2017 for an English translation.
6. In the foreground of this allegorical work, Guillaume Bouillé, who opened the inquest, is handing Joan, who died twenty years previously but is symbolically present, the text of her rehabilitation. The figures in the background are Jean Bréhal (standing), the inquisitor; Jean Juvénal des Ursins, archbishop of Reims (enthroned in the center); and one of the other commissioners (enthroned), either Guillaume Chartier (bishop), bishop of Paris or Richard Olivier de Longueil, bishop of Coutances.
7. For example, Mackowiak 2007, pp. 138–139 points out problems with assuming Joan had schizophrenia, ergot poisoning or temporal lobe issues; Hughes 2005, abstract disputes the conjecture that she had epilepsy; Nores & Yakovleff 1995, abstract argue against her visions being caused by tuberculosis; one of Joan's advocates at the canonization trial pointed out that her case did not meet the clinical descriptions of hysteria; and Ratnasuriya 1986, pp. 234–235 critiques diagnosing Joan as a creative psychopath.

Citations

1. Contamine 2007, p. 199: Cette miniature du XV siècle, très soignée (l'étendard correspond exactement à la description que Jeanne d'Arc elle-même en donnera lors de son procès) ... Mais c'est précisément cette exactitude, et cette coïncidence, trop belle pour être vraie, qui éveillent—ou plutôt auraient dû éveiller—les soupçons ...
2. ^ The Calendar 2021.
3. ^ Pernoud & Clin 1986, pp. 220–221.
4. Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 81.
5. Gies 1981, p. 21.
6. ^ Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 220.
7. Lucie-Smith 1976, p. 268; Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 247.
8. Barker 2009, p. xviii.
9. Gies 1981, p. 10; Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 55; Warner 1981, p. 278.
10. DLP 2021: Domrémy-La-Pucelle est situé en Lorraine, dans l'ouest du département des Vosges ... dans la vallée de la Meuse. ; Gies 1981, p. 10.
11. Gies 1981, p. 10.
12. Lucie-Smith 1976, p. 6.
13. Harrison 2014, p. 23; Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 55; Warner 1981, p. 278.
14. Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 265.
15. DeVries 1999, p. 36; Lucie-Smith 1976, p. 8; Taylor 2009, p. 24.
16. Gies 1981, p. 1.
17. Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 221.
18. Lowell 1896, pp. 19–20; Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 221.
19. Aberth 2000, p. 50.
20. Aberth 2000, pp. 61; Perroy 1959, p. 69.
21. Aberth 2000, pp. 85–86.
22. Seward 1982, pp. 143–144.
23. ^ Barker 2009, p. 5.
24. Seward 1982, p. 144.
25. Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 168; Vale 1974, p. 21.
26. Vale 1974, pp. 22, 25.
27. DeVries 1999, pp. 19–22; Tuchman 1982, pp. 583–585.
28. Barker 2009, p. 29; Sizer 2007.
29. Barker 2009, pp. 26–27; Burne 1956, p. 142.
30. Barker 2009, p. 29.
31. Gibbons 1996, p. 71.
32. Barker 2009, pp. 28–29.
33. Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 189.
34. Curry et al. 2015, p. 105.
35. Pernoud & Clin 1986, pp. 240–241.
36. DeVries 1999, p. 31; Maddox 2012, p. 442.
37. Gies 1981, p. 21.
38. Lowell 1896, p. 15.
39. Castor 2015, p. 89; Lowell 1896, pp. 15–16; Sackville-West 1936, pp. 24–25.
40. Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 171.
41. Gies 1981, p. 20; Lowell 1896, pp. 21–22.
42. Gies 1981, p. 20; Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 266.
43. Lowell 1896, pp. 28–29.
44. Harrison 2014, p. 34–35; Sackville-West 1936, pp. 53–54; Taylor 2009, pp. 26–27.
45. Barstow 1986, p. 22; Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 113.
46. Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 113; Sackville-West 1936, p. 58; Sullivan 1996, p. 88.
47. Barstow 1986, p. 26; Lucie-Smith 1976, p. 18; Warner 1981, p. 132.
48. Barstow 1986, p. 26; Lucie-Smith 1976, p. 18.
49. Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 113; Sullivan 1996, pp. 88–89.
50. Barstow 1986, p. 26; Dworkin 1987, pp. 115–117; Sullivan 1996, pp. 102–104.
51. Gies 1981, p. 24; Dworkin 1987, p. 107.
52. Warner 1981, pp. 25–26.
53. Gies 1981, p. 33; Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 119; Lowell 1896, p. 24; Warner 1981, p. 14.
54. Barstow 1986, p. 64; Taylor 2009, p. 34; Warner 1981, pp. 25–26.
55. Fraioli 2000, p. 60; Harrison 2014, p. 7; Taylor 2006, p. 19; Warner 1981, p. 26.
56. DeVries 1999, p. ; Harrison 2014, p. 9; Pernoud 1962, p. 44.
57. Gies 1981, p. 31; Harrison 2014, p. 6; Pernoud 1962, p. 44.
58. Adams 2010, pp. 47–49; Fraioli 2000, p. 58.
59. Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 17.
60. DeVries 1999, pp. 40–41; Harrison 2014, pp. 56–57.
61. Lowell 1896, pp. 33–34; Pernoud & Clin 1986, pp. 16–17.
62. Barker 2009, p. 103; Richey 2003, p. 26.
63. Gies 1981, p. 34; Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 18.
64. Harrison 2014, pp. 56, 68; Lowell 1896, pp. 42–43; Sackville-West 1936, pp. 88–90.
65. Gies 1981; Pernoud & Clin 1986, pp. 18–19.
66. DeVries 1999, pp. 27–28.
67. Barker 2009, p. 67; Vale 1974, p. 56.
68. Barker 2009, pp. 97–98; DeVries 1999, p. 29.
69. DeVries 1999, p. 29; Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 10.
70. Gies 1981, p. 30; Goldstone 2012, pp. 99–100; Sackville-West 1936, p. 70.
71. Lowell 1896, p. 47; Sackville-West 1936, pp. 96–97.
72. Castor 2015, p. 89; Lucie-Smith 1976, p. 36; Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 20.
73. Gies 1981, p. 36; Lowell 1896, p. 48.
74. Gies 1981, p. 35; Lucie-Smith 1976, pp. 32–33; Warner 1981, pp. 143–144.
75. Lowell 1896, p. 47; Lucie-Smith 1976, p. 33; Pernoud & Clin 1986, pp. 19–20.
76. Crane 1996, p. 298.
77. Vale 1974, p. 46; Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 22, fn 1
78. Taylor 2009, p. 29; Warner 1981, p. 4.
79. Gies 1981, p. 40.
80. Castor 2015, p. 91; Gies 1981, p. 50; Lowell 1896, p. 57.
81. DeVries 1999, p. 48; Gies 1981, p. 51.
82. Gies 1981, p. 53.
83. Castor 2015, p. 96; Gies 1981, p. 53.
84. DeVries 1999, p. 50; Richey 2003, p. 34.
85. Barker 2009, p. 108; Vale 1974, p. 56.
86. Gies 1981, p. 54; Lucie-Smith 1976, p. 76.
87. Barker 2009, p. 107; Gies 1981, p. 55.
88. Barker 2009, p. 107; Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 31.
89. Michelet 1855, p. 55; Sackville-West 1936, p. 138.
90. DeVries 1999, pp. 50–51; Gies 1981, pp. 59–60; Pernoud & Clin 1986, pp. 36–37.
91. Warner 1981, p. 54; Vale 1974, p. 55.
92. Gies 1981, pp. 43–44.
93. Barker 2009, p. 108.
94. ^ Vale 1974, p. 55.
95. DeVries 1999, p. 29.
96. Richey 2003, p. 39.
97. Harrison 2014, p. 103–104; Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 31.
98. Lucie-Smith 1976, pp. 78–79; Pernoud & Clin 1986, pp. 34–35; Richey 2003, pp. 34–35.
99. Barker 2009, p. 110; DeVries 1999, p. 71.
100. Barker 2009, p. 114.
101. Richey 2003, p. 50.
102. Barker 2009, pp. 114–115; Gies 1981, p. 72; Pernoud & Clin 1986, pp. 40–41.
103. Barker 2009, p. 118; Warner 1981, p. 64.
104. Gies 1981, p. 168; Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 114; Warner 1981, p. 68.
105. Richey 2003, p. 39; DeVries 1999, p. 76.
106. Gies 1981, pp. 71, 75; Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 39; Warner 1981, p. 64.
107. DeVries 1996, p. 4; Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 230; Richey 2003, p. 40.
108. DeVries 1999, pp. 103–104; Gies 1981, p. 86.
109. Barker 2009, p. 116; Gies 1981, pp. 74–75; Pernoud & Clin 1986, pp. 43–44.
110. Harrison 2014, pp. 150–151; Richey 2003, p. 57; Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 44.
111. Barker 2009, p. 117; Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 45.
112. Barker 2009, p. 117; Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 45; Richey 2003, p. 58.
113. Barker 2009, p. 118; DeVries 1999, pp. 82–85; Pernoud & Clin 1986, pp. 45–46.
114. DeVries 1999, p. 85; Gies 1981, p. 78; Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 46.
115. Gies 1981, pp. 79–78; Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 47; Richey 2003, p. 61.
116. Barker 2009, p. 119; DeVries 1999, p. 91; Gies 1981, p. 81.
117. Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 22; Warner 1981, p. 63.
118. Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 56; Warner 1981, p. 63.
119. Fraioli 2000, pp. 87–88.
120. Michelet 1855, pp. 80–81.
121. Lang 1909, pp. 146–147; Warner 1981, p. 63.
122. Boyd 1986, p. 116; DeVries 1996, p. 10; Gies 1981, p. 87; Seward 1982, pp. 213–214.
123. Harrison 2014, pp. 169–170; Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 157; Richey 2003, p. 66.
124. Lucie-Smith 1976, p. 128; Richey 2003, p. 66.
125. DeVries 1999, p. 102; Gies 1981, p. 90.
126. Castor 2015, p. 114; Lucie-Smith 1976, pp. 127–128; Lowell 1896, p. 116.
127. DeVries 1999, p. 101; Barker 2009, p. 120.
128. Burne 1956, p. 250; DeVries 1999, p. 104; Lucie-Smith 1976, p. 131.
129. Burne 1956, p. 250; Castor 2015, p. 115; DeVries 1999, p. 105.
130. Barker 2009, pp. 120–121; DeVries 1999, p. 104; Lucie-Smith 1976, p. 132.
131. Gies 1981, p. 93; Lowell 1896, p. 126.
132. Burne 1956, p. 252.
133. Barker 2009, p. 121; Burne 1956, p. 252; Gies 1981, pp. 94–91.
134. Barker 2009, p. 122; Burne 1956, pp. 253–254.
135. Barker 2009, p. 122.
136. DeVries 1999, p. 118.
137. Gies 1981, p. 98.
138. DeVries 1999, p. 120; Gies 1981, p. 98.
139. Burne 1956, p. 256; Gies 1981, p. 100; Harrison 2014, pp. 176–177; Richey 2003, p. 75.
140. Barker 2009, p. 126; Gies 1981, pp. 101–103, 105.
141. Michelet 1855, pp. 86–87; Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 62.
142. Barker 2009, p. 126; Burne 1956, p. 261.
143. DeVries 1999, p. 128; Gies 1981, p. 106.
144. Barker 2009, p. 126; DeVries 1999, p. 130.
145. DeVries 1999, p. 130; Michelet 1855, p. 87.
146. DeVries 1999, p. 130; Michelet 1855, pp. 89–90; Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 63.
147. DeVries 1999, p. 133; Lucie-Smith 1976, p. 159.
148. Barker 2009, p. 126; Lucie-Smith 1976, p. 162.
149. DeVries 1999, p. 134; Gies 1981, p. 112; Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 66.
150. Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 72.
151. DeVries 1999, p. 140; Lowell 1896, pp. 163–164.
152. Barker 2009, p. 128; Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 72; Richey 2003, p. 78.
153. DeVries 1999, p. 147; Harrison 2014, pp. 200–201; Lowell 1896, pp. 163–164.
154. Barker 2009, p. 130; DeVries 1999, p. 142.
155. Barker 2009, p. 132; DeVries 1999, pp. 142–143.
156. DeVries 1999, p. 144.
157. Barker 2009, p. 134; DeVries 1999, p. 150.
158. Barker 2009, p. 136; Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 77.
159. Barker 2009, p. 136.
160. DeVries 1999, pp. 152–153; Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 78.
161. DeVries 1999, p. 152; Gies 1981, p. 126.
162. DeVries 1999, p. 156; Gies 1981, p. 130; Harrison 2014, p. 209.
163. Castor 2015, p. 143.
164. Barker 2009, pp. 136–137; DeVries 1999, p. 153; Pernoud & Clin 1986, pp. 78–79.
165. Barker 2009, pp. 137–138; DeVries 1999, p. 157.
166. DeVries 1999, p. 157; Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 81.
167. Barker 2009, p. 137; Castor 2015, p. 149; Lowell 1896, p. 191; Richey 2003, p. 81.
168. Gies 1981, p. 134.
169. Lucie-Smith 1976, p. 193; Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 81.
170. Barker 2009, p. 132; DeVries 1999, p. 145; Lucie-Smith 1976, p. 174.
171. Lang 1909, p. 199; Lowell 1896, p. 193.
172. Barker 2009, p. 138; DeVries 1999, p. 165; Harrison 2014, pp. 212–214.
173. Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 84.
174. Barker 2009, p. 146; DeVries 1999, pp. 167–168.
175. DeVries 1999, p. 166.
176. DeVries 1999, p. 168; Gies 1981, p. 136.
177. Lang 1909, p. 226; Pernoud & Clin 1986, pp. 84–85; Vale 1974.
178. Barker 2009, p. 146; DeVries 1999, p. 168.
179. Gies 1981, p. 136; Lightbody 1961, p. 152.
180. Gies 1981, p. 136; Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 85.
181. DeVries 1999, pp. 168–169; Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 86.
182. DeVries 1999, p. 169; Gies 1981, pp. 137–138; Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 85.
183. DeVries 1999, p. 169; Gies 1981, p. 138.
184. DeVries 1999, p. 171.
185. Gies 1981, p. 139.
186. Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 86.
187. Barker 2009, p. 146; DeVries 1999, pp. 174–177; Harrison 2014, pp. 227–228.
188. Gies 1981; Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 88.
189. Gies 1981, p. 142; Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 92.
190. Castor 2015, p. 163; Gies 1981, p. 149; Warner 1981, p. 113.
191. Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 97.
192. Rankin & Quintal 1964, pp. 111–112.
193. Champion 1920, p. 405; Pernoud & Clin 1986, pp. 208–209.
194. Castor 2015, pp. 162–163; Lucie-Smith 1976, pp. 210–211.
195. Taylor 2006, p. 22.
196. DeVries 1999, p. 183; Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 97; Lucie-Smith 1976, p. 212.
197. Castor 2015, p. 164; Pernoud & Clin 1986, pp. 100–101.
198. Gies 1981, pp. 143–144; DeVries 1999, p. 168; Pernoud & Clin 1986, pp. 97–98; Vale 1974, pp. 58–59.
199. Hobbins 2005, pp. 14–15; Sullivan 1999, p. xviii; Russell 1972, p. 262; Taylor 2006, p. 22.
200. Taylor 2006, p. 24.
201. Gies 1981, pp. 207–208; See Hobbins 2005, pp. 157–164 for a complete translation of the articles.
202. Peters 1989, p. 69; Weiskopf 1996, p. 118.
203. Elliott 2002, pp. 46–47.
204. Hobbins 2005, p. 20.
205. Gies 1981, pp. 146–147; Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 107.
206. Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 4; Hobbins 2005, p. 3; Verger 1972, pp. 53–54.
207. Hobbins 2005, p. 8; Kelly 1993, pp. 1023–1024; Sullivan 2011, p. 313.
208. Hobbins 2005, pp. 20–21; Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 106.
209. Lightbody 1961, p. 102.
210. Sullivan 1999, p. xiii; Gies 1981, p. 156; Lightbody 1961, pp. 102–103.
211. Newhall 1934, p. 89; Warner 1981, p. 47.
212. Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 214.
213. Gies 1981, p. 156; Taylor 2006, p. 23.
214. Hobbins 2005, p. 4; Taylor 2006, p. 23.
215. Harrison 2014, p. 253; Hobbins 2005, p. 23.
216. Pernoud 1962, p. 166; Warner 1981, p. 48.
217. Hobbins 2005, p. 18; Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 108; Sullivan 2011, p. 311; Taylor 2006, p. 29.
218. Gies 1981, p. 157; Hobbins 2005, p. 7; Peters 1989, p. 69.
219. Taylor 2006, p. 26.
220. Gies 1981, p. 154.
221. Harrison 2014, pp. 234–255; Kelly 1993, pp. 1018, 1022; Taylor 2006, pp. 24–25.
222. Kelly 1993, p. 1022.
223. Peters 1989, p. 69.
224. Sullivan 1999, pp. 88–89.
225. Hobbins 2005, p. 7; Taylor 2006, pp. 25, fn 79.
226. Frank 1997, p. 54; Kelly 1993, p. 1018.
227. Frank 1997, p. 54; Gies 1981, pp. 156–157; Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 126.
228. Hobbins 2005, p. 7; Rankin & Quintal 1964, p. 101.
229. Gies 1981, p. 160; Taylor 2009, p. 160.
230. Sullivan 1999, p. 102.
231. Gies 1981, p. 160; Sullivan 1999, p. 102.
232. Barstow 1986, p. 93; Gies 1981, p. 166; Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 112.
233. Gies 1981, p. 166; Lucie-Smith 1976, p. 238.
234. Gies 1981, p. 206; Pernoud & Clin 1986, pp. 127–128; Lucie-Smith 1976, p. 256.
235. Gies 1981, pp. 208–209; Harrison 2014, p. 288; Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 129.
236. Castor 2015, p. 186; Lowell 1896, p. 318; Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 129.
237. Gies 1981, p. 212.
238. Castor 2015, p. 190; Gies 1981, p. 214; Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 131.
239. Barstow 1986, pp. 115–116; Castor 2015, p. 190; Sullivan 1999, p. 131.
240. Harrison 2014, pp. 290–291.
241. Lucie-Smith 1976, p. 266–267; Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 130–131; Rankin & Quintal 1964, p. 101.
242. Megivern 1997, p. 128.
243. Noonan 1998, p. 703.
244. Kelly 2014, p. 949; Noonan 1987, pp. 204–205.
245. Noonan 1987, p. 203.
246. Schibanoff 1996, p. 37; Lucie-Smith 1976, p. 271.
247. Hotchkiss 2000, pp. 64–65.
248. Lightbody 1961, p. 138 fn3; Lucie-Smith 1976, p. 269.
249. Crane 1996, pp. 302–303; Gies 1981, p. 216; Lucie-Smith 1976, p. 273; Michelet 1855, p. 222.
250. Hotchkiss 2000, p. 66; Lucie-Smith 1976, p. 272; Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 132.
251. Lowell 1896, p. 329; Lucie-Smith 1976, p. 273.
252. Bullough 1974, p. 1389; Crane 1996, p. 302; Hobbins 2005, p. 24; Pernoud & Clin 1986, pp. 132–133; Sullivan 1999, pp. 132–133.
253. Gies 1981, p. 217; Hobbins 2005, pp. 24–25.
254. Gies 1981, pp. 218–219; Pernoud & Clin 1986, pp. 134–135.
255. Hobbins 2005, p. 198; Sullivan 1999; Taylor 2006, p. 139.
256. Gies 1981, pp. 219–220; Harrison 2014, p. 296; Lucie-Smith 1976, pp. 279–280.
257. Sullivan 1999, p. 148; Taylor 2006, p. 225.
258. Gies 1981, p. 223; Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 135.
259. Lucie-Smith 1976, pp. 281–282; Michelet 1855, pp. 228–229.
260. Gies 1981, p. 223; Lowell 1896, p. 341; Michelet 1855, p. 238.
261. Gies 1981, p. 223; Lucie-Smith 1976, pp. 282–283; Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 136.
262. Gies 1981, p. 223; Lowell 1896, p. 341; Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 137.
263. LGPC 2022.
264. Allmand 1988, p. 57; Curry et al. 2015, p. 106; Fuller 1954, pp. 496–497.
265. Allmand 1988, p. 57; Fuller 1954, p. 490; Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 166.
266. Barker 2009, p. 229.
267. Barker 2009, p. 228; DeVries 1999, p. 186; Fuller 1954, p. 494.
268. Allmand 1988, p. 36; Burne 1956, p. 342.
269. Castor 2015, p. 230; Gies 1981, p. 231.
270. Castor 2015, p. 224; Gies 1981, p. 230; Harrison 2014, pp. 313–314; Vale 1974, p. 62.
271. Pernoud 1955, pp. 3–4; Warner 1981, p. 189.
272. Gies 1981, p. 230; Pernoud & Clin 1986, pp. 149–155.
273. Lightbody 1961, p. 121; Pernoud 1955, p. 318.
274. Castor 2015, pp. 228–229; Lightbody 1961, p. 122; Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 151.
275. Castor 2015, pp. 228–229; Lucie-Smith 1976, p. 4.
276. Pernoud & Clin 1986, pp. 152–155.
277. Pernoud 1955, p. 34; Warner 1981, p. 190.
278. Lightbody 1961, pp. 122–123; Lowell 1896, pp. 350–351; Murray 1902, p. 372; Warner 1981, p. 190.
279. Pernoud 1962, p. 264; Warner 1981, p. 190.
280. Lightbody 1961, p. 128; Lowell 1896, p. 350.
281. Pernoud 1955, p. 37.
282. Gies 1981, p. 235; Lightbody 1961, p. 122.
283. Gies 1981, p. 124; Lowell 1896, p. 351; Murray 1902, p. 373.
284. Gies 1981, p. 235; Lowell 1896, p. 351; Pernoud 1955, p. 37; Warner 1981, p. 190.
285. Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 156.
286. Gies 1981, p. 236; Lowell 1896, p. 355; Pernoud 1955, pp. 287–288.
287. Napier 2017, p. 67; see Bréhal 1456, pt I, ch. VIII (p. 104-105) : Unde, quatinus ille episcopus et alii in hoc ei faventes se a malicia manifesta contra ecclesiam romanam, aut etiam ab heresi, se debite excusare possent, non video. and others who favored him in this respect can excuse themselves from malice toward the Roman Church, or even from heresy, I cannot see.]
288. Castor 2015, p. 241; Gies 1981, p. 237; Pernoud 1962, p. 268.
289. Gies 1981, p. 217; Hobbins 2005, pp. 24–25; Taylor 2006, p. 33.
290. Gies 1981, pp. 24; Taylor 2006, pp. 13, 27.
291. Gies 1981, p. 24; Sullivan 1996, p. 86; Weiskopf 1996, p. 127.
292. Sullivan 1999, p. 32.
293. Taylor 2006, p. 29.
294. Gies 1981, p. 236; Lightbody 1961, p. 140; Warner 1981, p. 190.
295. Kelly 1996, pp. 220–223.
296. Harrison 2014, pp. 35–36; Henker 1984, abstract; Schildkrout 2017, §6.
297. d'Orsi & Tinuper 2006, abstract; Foote-Smith & Bayne 1991, abstract; Nicastro & Fabienne 2016, abstract.
298. Ratnasuriya 1986, p. 235.
299. Sherman & Zimmerman 2008, abstract.
300. Allen 1975, pp. 4–7.
301. Mackowiak 2007, p. 140.
302. Henderson 1939, cited in Ratnasuriya 1986, p. 234
303. Kelly 1996, p. 220.
304. Huizinga 1959, pp. 223–224; Sullivan 1996, pp. 104–105; Taylor 2009, pp. 37–38; Warner 1981, pp. 130–131.
305. Kelly 1996, p. 222.
306. de Toffol 2016, p. 81: "it would seem very difficult to defend a medical diagnosis that was based on this available information . The format of the ... interrogation does not allow one to gather the necessary facts about the symptoms ... the orientation of the questions aimed at achieving a guilty verdict and the thinking of that era both serve to weaken the capacity to conclude a valid medical diagnosis."
307. DeVries 1999, pp. 38–39; Gies 1981, p. 28; Henderson 1939, cited in Ratnasuriya 1986, p. 234; Schildkrout 2017, §8.
308. Sullivan 1999, p. 140.
309. Garber 1993, p. 215; Schibanoff 1996.
310. Hotchkiss 2000, p. 66; Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 117; Schibanoff 1996, p. 31.
311. Gies 1981, pp. 217–218; Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 132; Schibanoff 1996, p. 31; Sullivan 1999, p. 132.
312. Hotchkiss 2000, p. 66; Schibanoff 1996, p. 38.
313. Crane 2002, pp. 74; Fraioli 2000, p. 28, fn18.
314. Crane 1996, p. 307; Schibanoff 1996, pp. 42.
315. Crane 1996, p. 307.
316. Gies 1981, p. 192; Lucie-Smith 1976, p. 34.
317. Hotchkiss 2000, p. 67; Warner 1981, p. 144.
318. Gies 1981, pp. 35–37; Sackville-West 1936, pp. 91–92.
319. Crane 1996, p. 298; Garber 1993, p. 216; Lucie-Smith 1976, pp. 32–33; Warner 1981, pp. 144–146.
320. Sullivan 2011, p. 316.
321. Hotchkiss 2000, p. 61.
322. Sullivan 1999, p. 42.
323. Sackville-West 1936, pp. 92–93; Schibanoff 1996, p. 41.
324. Hotchkiss 2000, p. 66; Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 132.
325. Crane 1996, p. 301; Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 184.
326. Crane 1996, pp. 302–303; Harrison 2014, pp. 251–252.
327. Gies 1981, p. 216; Pernoud 1962, pp. 219–220; Taylor 2009, p. LXVII.
328. Hotchkiss 2000, pp. 64–65; Schibanoff 1996, p. 58.
329. Bullough 1974; Crane 1996, p. 310; Sproles 1996, p. 163; Warner 1981, p. 147.
330. Crane 2002, p. 78; Warner 1981, p. 142.
331. Crane 1996, pp. 305–306; Warner 1981, pp. 146–147.
332. DeVries 1996, p. 3.
333. Lightbody 1961, pp. 16–17; Warner 1981, pp. 4–6.
334. Sexsmith 1990, pp. 125, 129.
335. Kennedy & Varty 1977, p. 1; Warner 1981, p. 25. See de Pizan 1497, pp. 41–50 for an English translation.
336. Hamblin 2003, p. 209.
337. Lightbody 1961, p. 118.
338. Hamblin 2003, p. 217; Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 243; also see Hamblin 1984, pp. 9–10
339. Hamblin 1988, pp. 63–64.
340. Orléans 2021; Pernoud & Clin 1986, pp. 242–245; Warner 1981, p. 192.
341. Taylor 2006, pp. 350–352.
342. Harrison 2014, p. 316; Rankin & Quintal 1964, p. 3. See Anon. 1500 for an English translation.
343. Fraioli 2000, p. 56; Mackinnon 1902, p. 78; Wood 1988, p. 150.
344. Lightbody 1961, p. 15; Mock 2011, p. 39.
345. France 1909, pp. lix–lx.
346. Warner 1981, p. 256.
347. Conner 2004, p. 89; Guillemin 1970, p. 249.
348. Guillemin 1970, p. 250; Maddox 2012, p. 444.
349. Brown 2012, p. 450; Mock 2011, p. 144.
350. Guillemin 1970, p. 255; Sexsmith 1990, p. 129.
351. Brown 2012, p. 449; Gaehtgens 2018, p. 45.
352. Cohen 2014, p. 130.
353. Brown 2012, p. 452; Cohen 2014, p. 130.
354. Cohen 2014, p. 138; Dunn 2021, p. 62.
355. Mock 2011, p. 220.
356. Dunn 2021, p. 62.
357. Gildea 1996, p. 165; Margolis 1996, p. 265.
358. Brown 2012, p. 439; Mock 2011, p. 3.
359. Mock 2011, p. 145.
360. Gildea 1996, pp. 155–156; Warner 1981, pp. 311–312, fn 24.
361. Taylor 2012, p. 238.
362. Gildea 1996; Pernoud & Clin 1986, pp. 244–245; Taylor 2012, p. 238.
363. Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 245; Taylor 2012, p. 240.
364. Castor 2015, p. 244.
365. Pius XI 1922, p. 187:Sanctam Ioannam Virginem Arcensem, uti Patronam minus principalem Galliae, libentissime declaramus et constituimus
366. Sullivan 1999, p. 162; see Benedict XV 1920 for the text of the papal bull canonizing Joan.
367. Chenu 1990, p. 98; Ghezzi 1996; Sullivan 1996, p. 106 fn8; Warner 1981, p. 264.
368. Guillemin 1970, p. 256.
369. Harrison 2002, p. 105.
370. Kelly 1996, p. 210.
371. Lowell 1896, p. 842; Meltzer 2001, p. 192; Pernoud 1955, pp. 6, 252; Taylor 2006, p. 29 fn86.
372. Kelly 1996, p. 210; Michelet 1855, p. 249; McInerney 2003, pp. 210–211; Sullivan 1999, pp. 30–31.
373. Kelly 1996, p. 210; Guillemin 1970, p. 249; Warner 1981, p. 268.
374. Chenu 1990, pp. 98–99.
375. Boal 2005, p. 208.
376. Fraioli 1981, pp. 811, 813–814.
377. Dworkin 1987, pp. 126–127; Pernoud & Clin 1986, pp. 30–31; Meltzer 2001, p. 94.
378. Castor 2015, pp. 97, 168; Gies 1981, pp. 54, 154; Pernoud & Clin 1986, pp. 30–31, 105.
379. Dworkin 1987, pp. 123–125; Sullivan 1996, p. 103.
380. ^ Barstow 1985, pp. 24–29.
381. Barstow 1986, pp. 127–129.
382. Dworkin 1987, pp. 104–105; Fraioli 1981, p. 817; Sproles 1996, p. 162; Taylor 2012, p. 217; Warner 1981, p. 216.
383. Dworkin 1987, p. 104.
384. Barstow 1985, p. 29.
385. Dunn 2021, p. 38.
386. Lightbody 1961, pp. 16–17.
387. Cohen 2014, p. 110.

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Journal articles, dissertations, and theses

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Online sources

• "The Calendar". The Church of England. 2021. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021.
• "Bienvenue sur la site de Domremy-la-pucelle [Welcome to the Domremy-La-Pucelle Website]". Domremy la Pucelle: village Natal de Jaenne d'Arc (in French). 2021. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021.
• Ghezzi, Burt (2021) . "Saint Joan of Arc, 1412–1431". Loyola Press. Archived from the original on 14 January 2022.
• "Joan of Arc Celebrations". Metropolis of Orléans. 2021. Archived from the original on 16 May 2021.
• Linder, Douglas O. (2017). "Joan of Arc's Abjuration (May 24, 1431)". Famous Trials. Archived from the original on 2 July 2017.
• "Groupe scuplté (grandeur nature): la réhabiitation de Jeanne d'Arc" [Group Sculpture (Life Size): The Rehabilitation of Joan of Arc]. L'inventaire général du patrimoine culture, Conseil régional Hauts-de-France . Archived from the original on 13 August 2022.

Primary sources

• Benedict XV (2021) . "Divina Disponente". The Holy See. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021.
• Bréhal, Jean (1893) . "Livre Quatrième: Texte de la Recollectio" [Book Four: Text of the Recollectio]. Jean Bréhal, Grand Inquisiteur de France, et la Réhabilitation of Jeanne D'Arc [Jean Bréhal, Grand Inquisitor of France, and the Rehabilitation of Joan of Arc]. By Belon, Marie-Joseph; Balme, François (in French and Latin). P. Lethielleux. OCLC 1143025136.
• Pius XI (1922). "Galliam, Ecclesiae filiam" [France, Daughter of the Church]. Acta Apostolicae Sedia (in Latin). 14 (7): 185–187.
• de Pizan, Christine (1977) . "Christine de Pisan: Ditié de Jehanne D'Arc". Jeanne dárc la pucelle. Translated by Kennedy, Angus J.; Varty, Kenneth. Society for the Study of Mediæval Languages and Literature. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020.
• Rankin, Daniel; Quintal, Claire, eds. (c. 1500). The First Biography of Joan of Arc with the Chronicle Record of a Contemporary Account (PDF). OCLC 1153286979. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 July 2011.

Transcripts of Joan of Arc's trial and the rehabilitation trial

• The Trial of Jeanne d'Arc. Translated by Barrett, Wilfred Philips. Gotham House. 1932. OCLC 1314152. Archived from the original on 18 August 2016. (English language translation of Joan's trial.)
• Quicherat, Jules (1841a). Procès de condamnation et de réhabilitation de Jeanne d'Arc, dite La Pucelle [The Trials of the Condemnation and Rehabilitation of Joan of Arc, known as The Maid] (in Latin and French). Vol. I. Renouard. OCLC 310772260. (Latin text of Joan's trial.)
• Quicherat, Jules (1841b). Procès de condamnation et de réhabilitation de Jeanne d'Arc, dite La Pucelle [The Trials of the Condemnation and Rehabilitation of Joan of Arc, known as The Maid] (in Latin and French). Vol. II. Renouard. OCLC 310772267. (Latin text of the rehabilitation trial, volume I.)
• Quicherat, Jules (1845). Procès de condamnation et de réhabilitation de Jeanne d'Arc, dite La Pucelle [The Trials of the Condemnation and Rehabilitation of Joan of Arc, known as The Maid] (in Latin and French). Vol. III. Renouard. OCLC 162464167. (Latin text of the rehabilitation trial, volume II.)

External links

• "The Siege of Orleans", BBC Radio 4 discussion with Anne Curry, Malcolm Vale & Matthew Bennett (In Our Time, 24 May 2007)

v t e Joan of Arc
Life and background	Maid of Lorraine prophecies Hundred Years' War Loire Campaign Siege of Orléans Jargeau Meung-sur-Loire Beaugency Siege of Saint-Pierre-le-Moûtier Name Trial Retrial Canonization
Family and contemporaries	Jacques d'Arc (father) Isabelle Romée (mother) Pierre d'Arc (brother) Charles VII of France Pierronne André de Lohéac Gilles de Rais Guy XIV de Laval Jean II, Duke of Alençon Jean V de Bueil Richard Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick
Cultural depictions	Poetry The Tale of Joan of Arc (1429) Joan of Arc (1796) Paintings Joan of Arc Kissing the Sword of Deliverance (1863) Joan of Arc (1879) Statues Jeanne d'Arc (Frémiet) New York City Paris Portland, Oregon Washington, D.C. Jeanne au Sacre Plays The Maid of Orleans (1801) Saint Joan (1923) The Lark (1952) The Trial of Joan of Arc at Rouen, 1431 (1952) I, Joan (2022) Films Joan of Arc (1900) Joan the Woman (1916) The Passion of Joan of Arc (1928) Saint Joan the Maid (1929) Joan of Arc (1935) Joan of Arc (1948) Daughters of Destiny (1954) Joan of Arc at the Stake (1954) Saint Joan (1957) The Trial of Joan of Arc (1962) Joan the Maid (1994) The Messenger: The Story of Joan of Arc (1999) The Silence of Joan (2011) Jeannette: The Childhood of Joan of Arc (2017) Joan of Arc (2019) Television Saint Joan (1967) Joan of Arc (1999 miniseries) Operas Giovanna d'Arco (1845) The Maid of Orleans (1881) Szenen aus dem Leben der Heiligen Johanna (written 1943) The Triumph of St. Joan (1950) The Survival of St. Joan (1970) Das Mädchen aus Domrémy (1976)
Related	March to Reims (initiated) National symbols of France Cross-dressing, gender identity, and sexuality Alternative historical interpretations

v t e National symbols of France
Coat of arms Fleur-de-lis Fasces Armorial Cockade Diplomatic emblem Flag ensign Gallic rooster Great Seal Joan of Arc Liberté, égalité, fraternité Marianne

v t e Saints of the Catholic Church
Dicastery for the Causes of Saints Stages of canonization: Servant of God   →   Venerable   →   Blessed   →   Saint
Virgin Mary	Mother of God (Theotokos) Immaculate Conception Perpetual virginity Assumption Marian apparition Titles of Mary Joseph (husband)
Apostles	Andrew Barnabas Bartholomew James of Alphaeus James the Great John Jude Matthew Matthias Paul Peter Philip Simon Thomas
Archangels	Gabriel Michael  in the Catholic Church Raphael
Confessors	Anatolius Anthony of Kiev Athanasius the Confessor Chariton the Confessor Dominic Edward the Confessor Francis of Assisi Francis Borgia Homobonus Lazarus Zographos Louis Bertrand Maximus the Confessor Michael of Synnada Paphnutius the Confessor Paul I of Constantinople Peter Claver Salonius Sergius of Radonezh Theophanes the Confessor Pio of Pietrelcina
Disciples	Apollos Mary of Bethany Mary Magdalene Priscilla and Aquila Silvanus Stephen Timothy Titus Seventy disciples
Doctors of the Church	Gregory the Great Ambrose Augustine of Hippo Jerome John Chrysostom Basil of Caesarea Gregory of Nazianzus Athanasius of Alexandria Cyril of Alexandria Cyril of Jerusalem John of Damascus Bede the Venerable Ephrem the Syrian Thomas Aquinas Bonaventure Anselm of Canterbury Isidore of Seville Peter Chrysologus Leo the Great Peter Damian Bernard of Clairvaux Hilary of Poitiers Alphonsus Liguori Francis de Sales Peter Canisius John of the Cross Robert Bellarmine Albertus Magnus Anthony of Padua Lawrence of Brindisi Teresa of Ávila Catherine of Siena Thérèse of Lisieux John of Ávila Hildegard of Bingen Gregory of Narek Irenaeus
Evangelists	Matthew Mark Luke John
Church Fathers	Alexander of Alexandria Alexander of Jerusalem Ambrose of Milan Anatolius Athanasius of Alexandria Augustine of Hippo Caesarius of Arles Caius Cappadocian Fathers Clement of Alexandria Clement of Rome Cyprian of Carthage Cyril of Alexandria Cyril of Jerusalem Damasus I Desert Fathers Desert Mothers Dionysius of Alexandria Dionysius of Corinth Dionysius Ephrem the Syrian Epiphanius of Salamis Fulgentius of Ruspe Gregory the Great Gregory of Nazianzus Gregory of Nyssa Hilary of Poitiers Hippolytus of Rome Ignatius of Antioch Irenaeus of Lyons Isidore of Seville Jerome of Stridonium John Chrysostom John of Damascus Maximus the Confessor Melito of Sardis Quadratus of Athens Papias of Hierapolis Peter Chrysologus Polycarp of Smyrna Theophilus of Antioch Victorinus of Pettau Vincent of Lérins Zephyrinus
Martyrs	Abda and Abdisho Boris and Gleb Charles de Foucauld Canadian Martyrs Carthusian Martyrs Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala Christina of Persia Devasahayam Pillai Dismas the Good Thief Forty Martyrs of England and Wales Four Crowned Martyrs Gerard of Csanád Great Martyr The Holy Innocents Irish Martyrs John Fisher Korean Martyrs Lorenzo Ruiz Martyrs of Lübeck Luigi Versiglia Martyrology Martyrs of Albania Martyrs of Algeria Martyrs of Cajonos Martyrs of Compiègne Martyrs of Drina Martyrs of China Martyrs of Gorkum Martyrs of Japan 21 Martyrs of Libya Martyrs of La Rioja Martyrs of Damascus Martyrs of Laos Martyrs of Natal Martyrs of Otranto Martyrs of Prague Martyrs of Sandomierz Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War Martyrs of Zenta Maximilian Kolbe Óscar Romero Pedro Calungsod Perpetua and Felicity Peter Chanel Pietro Parenzo Philomena Saints of the Cristero War Stephen Teresa Benedicta of the Cross Titus Brandsma 17 Thomasian Martyrs Thomas Becket Thomas More Three Martyrs of Chimbote Ulma Family Uganda Martyrs Vietnamese Martyrs Valentine of Rome Victor and Corona Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia
Missionaries	Augustine of Canterbury Boniface Damien of Molokai Evermode of Ratzeburg Francis Xavier François de Laval Gregory the Illuminator Junípero Serra Nino of Georgia Patrick of Ireland Remigius
Patriarchs	Adam Abel Abraham Isaac Jacob Joseph Joseph (father of Jesus) David Noah Solomon Matriarchs
Popes	Adeodatus I Adeodatus II Adrian III Agapetus I Agatho Alexander I Anacletus Anastasius I Anicetus Anterus Benedict II Boniface I Boniface IV Caius Callixtus I Celestine I Celestine V Clement I Cornelius Damasus I Dionysius Eleuterus Eugene I Eusebius Eutychian Evaristus Fabian Felix I Felix III Felix IV Gelasius I Gregory I Gregory II Gregory III Gregory VII Hilarius Hormisdas Hyginus Innocent I John I John XXIII John Paul II Julius I Leo I Leo II Leo III Leo IV Leo IX Linus Lucius I Marcellinus Marcellus I Mark Martin I Miltiades Nicholas I Paschal I Paul I Paul VI Peter Pius I Pius V Pius X Pontian Sergius I Silverius Simplicius Siricius Sixtus I Sixtus II Sixtus III Soter Stephen I Stephen IV Sylvester I Symmachus Telesphorus Urban I Victor I Vitalian Zachary Zephyrinus Zosimus
Prophets	Agabus Amos Anna Baruch ben Neriah David Elijah Ezekiel Habakkuk Haggai Hosea Isaiah Jeremiah Job Joel John the Baptist Jonah Judas Barsabbas Malachi Melchizedek Micah Moses Nahum Obadiah Samuel Seven Maccabees and their mother Simeon Zechariah (prophet) Zechariah (NT) Zephaniah
Virgins	Agatha of Sicily Agnes of Rome Angela of the Cross Æthelthryth Bernadette Soubirous Catherine of Bologna Brigid of Kildare Catherine Labouré Catherine of Siena Cecilia Clare of Assisi Eulalia of Mérida Euphemia Faustina Kowalska Faustina and Liberata of Como Genevieve Hiltrude of Liessies Joan of Arc Kateri Tekakwitha Lucy of Syracuse Maria Goretti María de las Maravillas de Jesús Narcisa de Jesús Patricia of Naples Rosalia Rose of Lima Teresa of the Andes Teresa of Calcutta Trasilla and Emiliana Ubaldesca Taccini Josephine Bakhita
See also	Calendar of saints Four Holy Marshals Fourteen Holy Helpers Martyr of charity Military saints Athleta Christi Miles Christianus Church Militant Seven Champions Virtuous pagan
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