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| {{ |
{{Short description|Person or group with influence in royal or political succession}} | ||
| {{Other uses}} | {{Other uses}} | ||
| {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}} | ||
| {{Monarchism|Concepts}} | {{Monarchism|Concepts}} | ||
| A '''kingmaker''' is a person or group that has great influence on a |
A '''kingmaker''' is a person or group that has great influence on a monarchy or royal in their political succession, without themselves being a viable candidate. Kingmakers may use political, monetary, religious, and military means to influence the succession. Originally, the term applied to the activities of ]—"Warwick the Kingmaker"—during the ] (1455–1487) in ].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/8568319.stm|title=What is a 'kingmaker'?|date=15 March 2010|via=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hicks |first=Michael |title=Warwick the Kingmaker |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vfCqZl_7ZDwC |access-date=12 February 2009 |year=2002 |orig-year=1998 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-631-23593-4 }}</ref> | ||
| == Examples == | == Examples == | ||
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| * The ] in the ] | * The ] in the ] | ||
| * ] in ] | * ] in ] | ||
| * ] in the ] | |||
| * ] in the ]<ref>{{cite book|publisher=Türkiye Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi|year=1937|title=Ülkü|page=352|language=tr}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Peter B. Golden|year=2010|title=Central Asia in World History|page=42}}</ref> | * ] in the ]<ref>{{cite book|publisher=Türkiye Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi|year=1937|title=Ülkü|page=352|language=tr}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Peter B. Golden|year=2010|title=Central Asia in World History|page=42}}</ref> | ||
| * ] in the ] | * ] in the ] | ||
| * ] in the ] | * ] in the ] | ||
| * ] in the |
* ] in the late ] – ] who appointed a series of ] | ||
| * ], ], and ] in the ] | * ], ], and ] in the ] | ||
| * ], ]<ref>{{cite book|title=Reform in the Ottoman Empire, 1856-1876|page=397|year=1963|author=Roderic H. Davison}}</ref> in the ] | * ], ]<ref>{{cite book|title=Reform in the Ottoman Empire, 1856-1876|page=397|year=1963|author=Roderic H. Davison}}</ref> in the ] | ||
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| * ] – wealthiest peer in England during the ], who overthrew ] and then restored him over his successor ] | * ] – wealthiest peer in England during the ], who overthrew ] and then restored him over his successor ] | ||
| * ]<ref>{{Cite web|title=وارونه نویسی در تاریخ|trans-title=Inversion in history|url=http://ensani.ir/fa/article/75962/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87-%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE|access-date=2021-10-26|website=پرتال جامع علوم انسانی|language=fa}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Amanat|first=Abbas|title=EBRĀHĪM KALĀNTAR ŠĪRĀZĪ|date=2020-08-30|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-iranica-online/ebrahim-kalantar-sirazi-COM_8768?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-iranica-online&s.q=EBR%C4%80H%C4%AAM+KAL%C4%80NTAR+%C5%A0%C4%AAR%C4%80Z%C4%AA|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica Online|publisher=Brill|language=en|access-date=2021-10-26}}</ref> – the ''kalantar'' (lord mayor) of ] and later the ] of ] who enthroned four kings from two different dynasties: ], ], ] and ]. | * ]<ref>{{Cite web|title=وارونه نویسی در تاریخ|trans-title=Inversion in history|url=http://ensani.ir/fa/article/75962/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87-%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE|access-date=2021-10-26|website=پرتال جامع علوم انسانی|language=fa}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Amanat|first=Abbas|title=EBRĀHĪM KALĀNTAR ŠĪRĀZĪ|date=2020-08-30|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-iranica-online/ebrahim-kalantar-sirazi-COM_8768?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-iranica-online&s.q=EBR%C4%80H%C4%AAM+KAL%C4%80NTAR+%C5%A0%C4%AAR%C4%80Z%C4%AA|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica Online|publisher=Brill|language=en|access-date=2021-10-26}}</ref> – the ''kalantar'' (lord mayor) of ] and later the ] of ] who enthroned four kings from two different dynasties: ], ], ] and ]. | ||
| * ] – dubbed the kingmaker of the Hashemites after inviting the then ] to Jordan and would rebrand his tribal army of ] to become the first ] against rebels and ] in the 1920s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lieber |first=Dov |title=How Jordan's 'sheikh of sheikhs' negotiated with Zionists, founded a kingdom |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/how-jordans-sheikh-of-sheikhs-negotiated-with-zionists-founded-a-kingdom/ |access-date=2023-10-20 |website=www.timesofisrael.com |language=en-US}}</ref> | |||
| * ] – a pre-eminent political and ideological leader of ] during the ] under whose influence were all the major political leaders of the Indian freedom struggle including ] and ] | * ] – a pre-eminent political and ideological leader of ] during the ] under whose influence were all the major political leaders of the Indian freedom struggle including ] and ] | ||
| * ] – orchestrated the gubernatorial and presidential elections of ] (1928–1940)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tititudorancea.com/z/kingmaker.htm |title=Kingmaker |publisher=Tititudorancea.com |date=2009-05-19 |access-date=2012-04-14}}</ref> | * ] – orchestrated the gubernatorial and presidential elections of ] (1928–1940)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tititudorancea.com/z/kingmaker.htm |title=Kingmaker |publisher=Tititudorancea.com |date=2009-05-19 |access-date=2012-04-14}}</ref> | ||
| * ] – accompanied ] in the ] and later helped him attain power | * ] – accompanied ] in the ] and later helped him attain power | ||
| * ] – instrumental in |
* ] – instrumental in bringing ] and ] as Prime Ministers of ] in 1964 and 1966, respectively<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kamaraj.com/ |title=The King Maker Kamaraj, Former Chief Minister of Tamilnadu and Former President of All India Congress Committee |publisher=Kamaraj.com |access-date=2012-04-14}}</ref> | ||
| * ] – The 'kingmaker' who rose to prominence in the Indian national scene during the post-] of ] ]. He was the General Secretary in charge of the ], a body of High Command in the ruling ] government. Moopanar, who decided the fate of ] in the ] of ], was more than any other responsible for the elevation of ] to the Premiership on the ], Indira Gandhi. He was the longest serving General Secretary of ] (1980–1988), and served with |
* ] – The 'kingmaker' who rose to prominence in the Indian national scene during the post-] of ] ]. He was the General Secretary in charge of the ], a body of High Command in the ruling ] government. Moopanar, who decided the fate of ] in the ] of ], was more than any other responsible for the elevation of ] to the Premiership on the ], Indira Gandhi. He was the longest serving General Secretary of ] (1980–1988), and served with Indira Gandhi, ] and Rajiv Gandhi.{{Cn|date=September 2024}} | ||
| * ] – described as a kingmaker in ] with the election of ]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.zeenews.com/news534020.html|title=Zee news}}</ref> | * ] – described as a kingmaker in ] with the election of ]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.zeenews.com/news534020.html|title=Zee news}}</ref> | ||
| * ] – described as a kingmaker for the ] in the United States<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2009/05/gop-kingmaker-leans-toward-mitt-022736|title=GOP kingmaker leans toward Mitt|first=Kenneth P.|last=Vogel|date=19 May 2009|website=POLITICO}}</ref> | * ] – described as a kingmaker for the ] in the United States<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2009/05/gop-kingmaker-leans-toward-mitt-022736|title=GOP kingmaker leans toward Mitt|first=Kenneth P.|last=Vogel|date=19 May 2009|website=POLITICO}}</ref> | ||
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| * ] – described as a kingmaker in ]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nyasatimes.com/national/3424.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090515133533/http://www.nyasatimes.com/national/3424.html|url-status=dead|title=''Nyasa Times''|archivedate=15 May 2009}}</ref> | * ] – described as a kingmaker in ]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nyasatimes.com/national/3424.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090515133533/http://www.nyasatimes.com/national/3424.html|url-status=dead|title=''Nyasa Times''|archivedate=15 May 2009}}</ref> | ||
| * ] – an influential politician who became an ideological leader of ] and the first ] of ]; widely regarded as the founder of ]. | * ] – an influential politician who became an ideological leader of ] and the first ] of ]; widely regarded as the founder of ]. | ||
| * ] – ] who was highly instrumental in the ] of ], ], as Pope John Paul II | * ] – ] who was highly instrumental in the ] of ], ], as Pope John Paul II{{Cn|date=September 2024}} | ||
| * ] – ] Marshal, leader of the Afghan ] community, and founder of ] known for frequently backing the winning factions and political parties of ]'s wars and elections.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://jamestown.org/program/the-return-of-the-kingmaker-afghanistans-general-dostum-ends-his-exile/|title = The Return of the Kingmaker: Afghanistan's General Dostum Ends his Exile| newspaper=Jamestown }}</ref> | * ] – ] Marshal, leader of the Afghan ] community, and founder of ] known for frequently backing the winning factions and political parties of ]'s wars and elections.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://jamestown.org/program/the-return-of-the-kingmaker-afghanistans-general-dostum-ends-his-exile/|title = The Return of the Kingmaker: Afghanistan's General Dostum Ends his Exile| newspaper=Jamestown }}</ref> | ||
| * ] – a media tycoon in ownership of ] and the ] who has consistently backed every winning ] since the ] | * ] – a media tycoon in ownership of ] and the ] who has consistently backed every winning ] since the ]{{Cn|date=September 2024}} | ||
| * ], hedge fund manager, has had long-standing influence in the ]. In the 2022 election cycle Soros gave $128 million to the Democratic party.{{Cn|date=September 2024}} | |||
| * ] – a Las Vegas gambling entrepreneur, had tremendous influence in the American and Israeli political spectrums and often made large donations especially to ]’s political campaigns and ] | |||
| * ], businessman, has donated close to $150 million to presidential candidate ] and various other Republican candidates in the ].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://time.com/7177802/elon-musk-donald-trump-2024-election/|title = How Elon Musk Became a Kingmaker| newspaper=Time Magazine}}</ref> | |||
| * ] – described as a kingmaker in the ] as the leader of the ] following a ]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8440502.stm |title=Nick Clegg 'will not be a post-election king-maker' |publisher=BBC News |date=2010-01-05 |access-date=2012-04-14}}</ref> | * ] – described as a kingmaker in the ] as the leader of the ] following a ]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8440502.stm |title=Nick Clegg 'will not be a post-election king-maker' |publisher=BBC News |date=2010-01-05 |access-date=2012-04-14}}</ref> | ||
| * ] as ] and Chairman of the ] was the leading figure in the ]. As such, he controlled a large bloc of delegates at ]s and provided crucial support to the ]'s presidential nominees, including ], ], ], and ].<ref>{{cite web|title=Richard J. Daley: Kingmaker Book Chronicles Daley's Iron Grip on Chicago |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-63177527.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924161635/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-63177527.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|publisher=The Wisconsin State Journal|date=2 July 2000|access-date=10 May 2016}}</ref> | * ] as ] and Chairman of the ] was the leading figure in the ]. As such, he controlled a large bloc of delegates at ]s and provided crucial support to the ]'s presidential nominees, including ], ], ], and ].<ref>{{cite web|title=Richard J. Daley: Kingmaker Book Chronicles Daley's Iron Grip on Chicago |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-63177527.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924161635/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-63177527.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|publisher=The Wisconsin State Journal|date=2 July 2000|access-date=10 May 2016}}</ref> | ||
| * ], ]'s kingmaker according to '']'' |
* ], ]'s kingmaker according to '']'' in February 2016.{{Cn|date=September 2024}} | ||
| * ] and its leader ] became regarded as a kingmaker after the ] resulted in a hung parliament in the ].<ref>{{cite news |title=Arlene Foster: DUP leader emerges as the kingmaker, but who is she?|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=9 June 2017|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/06/09/dup-leader-arlene-foster-emerges-kingmaker/|last1=Sawer|first1=Patrick}}</ref> | * ] and its leader ] became regarded as a kingmaker after the ] resulted in a hung parliament in the ].<ref>{{cite news |title=Arlene Foster: DUP leader emerges as the kingmaker, but who is she?|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=9 June 2017|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/06/09/dup-leader-arlene-foster-emerges-kingmaker/|last1=Sawer|first1=Patrick}}</ref> | ||
| * ] and his party ], ]'s kingmaker after both the ] and ] elections.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=11925764|title = Kiwis react to Winston Peters, the kingmaker| date=11 August 2023 }}</ref> | * ] and his party ], ]'s kingmaker after both the ] and ] elections.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=11925764|title = Kiwis react to Winston Peters, the kingmaker| date=11 August 2023 }}</ref> | ||
| * ] and his party ] in the ]. | * ] and his party ] in the ].{{Cn|date=September 2024}} | ||
| * ] and his party the ], ]'s kingmaker according to '']''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kingmaker brings ultra-nationalism to Erdogan's Islamist mix|newspaper=Financial Times |date=30 June 2018 |url=https://www.ft.com/content/bb04bb2e-7b91-11e8-bc55-50daf11b720d |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/bb04bb2e-7b91-11e8-bc55-50daf11b720d |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live}}</ref> | * ] and his party the ], ]'s kingmaker according to '']''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kingmaker brings ultra-nationalism to Erdogan's Islamist mix|newspaper=Financial Times |date=30 June 2018 |url=https://www.ft.com/content/bb04bb2e-7b91-11e8-bc55-50daf11b720d |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/bb04bb2e-7b91-11e8-bc55-50daf11b720d |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
| * Albanian parties are said to be ]'s kingmaker.<ref>{{cite web|title=Albaner als Königsmacher|date=16 July 2020|url=https://www.fr.de/politik/albaner-koenigsmacher-13834857.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Week in Review: The Show Must Go On|date=15 July 2020|url=https://balkaninsight.com/2020/07/16/week-in-review-the-show-must-go-on/}}</ref> | * ] are said to be ]'s kingmaker.<ref>{{cite web|title=Albaner als Königsmacher|date=16 July 2020|url=https://www.fr.de/politik/albaner-koenigsmacher-13834857.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Week in Review: The Show Must Go On|date=15 July 2020|url=https://balkaninsight.com/2020/07/16/week-in-review-the-show-must-go-on/}}</ref> | ||
| * ] in the Middle East.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Middle East's Newest Kingmakers|url=http://www.vocativ.com/world/iraq-world/middle-easts-newest-kingmakers/|quote=the Kurds in Iraq, Syria and Turkey now have a chance to become the Middle East's most unlikely power brokers|website=vocativ.com|access-date=10 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605103949/http://www.vocativ.com/world/iraq-world/middle-easts-newest-kingmakers/|archive-date=5 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> | * ] in the Middle East.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Middle East's Newest Kingmakers|url=http://www.vocativ.com/world/iraq-world/middle-easts-newest-kingmakers/|quote=the Kurds in Iraq, Syria and Turkey now have a chance to become the Middle East's most unlikely power brokers|website=vocativ.com|access-date=10 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605103949/http://www.vocativ.com/world/iraq-world/middle-easts-newest-kingmakers/|archive-date=5 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> | ||
| * Turkey, ]'s kingmaker.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/21/world/middleeast/libya-turkey-russia-hifter.html|title=In Stunning Reversal, Turkey Emerges as Libya Kingmaker|newspaper=The New York Times|date=22 May 2020|last1=Walsh|first1=Declan}}</ref> | * ], ]'s kingmaker.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/21/world/middleeast/libya-turkey-russia-hifter.html|title=In Stunning Reversal, Turkey Emerges as Libya Kingmaker|newspaper=The New York Times|date=22 May 2020|last1=Walsh|first1=Declan}}</ref> | ||
| * ] system of ] in ], ] | |||
| * ] after the ].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-12-18/ghana-s-hung-parliament-sets-president-up-for-tough-second-term|title=Ghana's Hung Parliament Sets President Up for Tough Term|newspaper=Bloomberg |date=18 December 2020|via=www.bloomberg.com}}</ref> | * ] after the ].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-12-18/ghana-s-hung-parliament-sets-president-up-for-tough-second-term|title=Ghana's Hung Parliament Sets President Up for Tough Term|newspaper=Bloomberg |date=18 December 2020|via=www.bloomberg.com}}</ref> | ||
| * ] and ] after the ].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chazan|first=Guy|date=2021-09-27|title=Greens and FDP emerge as kingmakers in bid to succeed Merkel|work=Financial Times|url=https://www.ft.com/content/35d5f827-2c04-42b0-b8e2-fff3ed8f88da |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/35d5f827-2c04-42b0-b8e2-fff3ed8f88da |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription|access-date=2021-09-29}}</ref> | * ] and ] after the ].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chazan|first=Guy|date=2021-09-27|title=Greens and FDP emerge as kingmakers in bid to succeed Merkel|work=Financial Times|url=https://www.ft.com/content/35d5f827-2c04-42b0-b8e2-fff3ed8f88da |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/35d5f827-2c04-42b0-b8e2-fff3ed8f88da |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription|access-date=2021-09-29}}</ref> | ||
| * ] in |
* ] in ] after ] and selection of ] ]{{Cn|date=September 2024}} | ||
| * ] (LR) were widely regarded as kingmakers in the French ] after the ] resulted in a hung parliament, leaving them effectively holding the ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/news/les-republicains-faiseurs-de-rois/|title=The French Republicans: kingmakers?|date=20 June 2022|website=www.euractiv.com}}</ref> | * ] (LR) were widely regarded as kingmakers in the French ] after the ] resulted in a hung parliament, leaving them effectively holding the ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/news/les-republicains-faiseurs-de-rois/|title=The French Republicans: kingmakers?|date=20 June 2022|website=www.euractiv.com}}</ref> | ||
| * ] in the ]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/05/15/sinan-ogan-the-unexpected-kingmaker-in-turkey-s-presidential-election_6026725_4.html|title=Sinan Ogan, the unexpected kingmaker in Turkey's presidential election|website=] |date=15 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/turkey-runoff-potential-kingmaker-draws-red-line-kurdish-consessions-2023-05-15/|title=For Turkey runoff, potential kingmaker draws red line at Kurdish concessions|website=] |date=15 May 2023}}</ref> | * ] in the ]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/05/15/sinan-ogan-the-unexpected-kingmaker-in-turkey-s-presidential-election_6026725_4.html|title=Sinan Ogan, the unexpected kingmaker in Turkey's presidential election|website=] |date=15 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/turkey-runoff-potential-kingmaker-draws-red-line-kurdish-consessions-2023-05-15/|title=For Turkey runoff, potential kingmaker draws red line at Kurdish concessions|website=] |date=15 May 2023}}</ref> | ||
| * ] and ] when their party, ] won seats in the ], meaning that in order to pass legislation, ] or ] would need their support. | |||
| * ] and ] participated in ] and ] respectively, the latter caused the first time that no party held an absolute majority in the Legislative Yuan.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Sean |last1=Lin |title=ELECTION 2024/TPP's Ko registers presidential candidacy, names lawmaker Wu as running mate |url=https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202311240006 |access-date=24 November 2023 |agency=Central News Agency |date=24 November 2023 |archive-date=24 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124041155/https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202311240006 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=No party gets legislative majority; small TPP to play key role |url=https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202401130019 |access-date=13 January 2024 |agency=Focus Taiwan |date=13 January 2024}}</ref> | |||
| * ] was an instrumental in bringing ] to power in the back-to-back elections in ], ] and ] which were held in ].{{Cn|date=September 2024}} | |||
| * ] and ] ] ended up being third behind the ] candidates and ] in the ], ] and ]. His support was crucial for the election of ] in 2016 and Maia Sandu in 2020 respectively and was therefore described as kingmaker.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pro-EU candidate Sandu leads in first round of Moldova's presidential elections |url=https://www.intellinews.com/pro-eu-candidate-sandu-leads-in-first-round-of-moldova-s-presidential-elections-195564/|author=Iulian Ernst |access-date=25 October 2024 |agency=] |date=November 2, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Populist Moldova Mayor Becomes Kingmaker in Presidential Run-off |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2020/11/11/populist-moldova-mayor-becomes-kingmaker-in-presidential-run-off/|author=Madalin Necsutu |access-date=25 October 2024 |agency=] |date=November 11, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Moldova election: Could pro-EU candidate Maia Sandu oust Putin's pick Igor Dodon on Sunday? |url=https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2020/11/13/moldova-election-could-pro-eu-candidate-maia-sandu-oust-putin-s-pick-igor-dodon-on-sunday|author= Orlando Crowcroft |access-date=25 October 2024 |agency=] |date=November 13, 2020}}</ref> | |||
| == In game theory == | == In game theory == | ||
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| {{Unreferenced section|date=January 2016}} | {{Unreferenced section|date=January 2016}} | ||
| The term |
The term ''kingmaker'', though always unofficial, has tended to gain more importance in places of power struggle—e.g., politics, sports organizations etc. Consequently, bestowal of such a title is looked upon significantly and more often as a means of indirect gratification for individuals wanting to silently dictate the affairs of the organization. The term is also occasionally used in a pejorative sense during elections where a small number of independent political candidate(s) who hold a sizeable sway in the "vote bank" can most likely decide the course of an outcome. | ||
| As well as referring to an individual, the term can also be applied to institutions or think tanks whose opinions are held in great regard by the interested organization. The influence of the religious orders like the Roman Catholic Church in running the affairs of the state during medieval times (through the king) is a well-known example. Kingdoms and empires in the Indian sub-continent often relied on their religious heads. Besides religious orders, even countries can fit into this terminology when they can dictate the affairs of the other country (either directly or indirectly). In current political scenarios across the world the term can expand its scope to include powerful ] groups, whose role is often seen as a defining factor on major issues. | As well as referring to an individual, the term can also be applied to institutions or think tanks whose opinions are held in great regard by the interested organization. The influence of the religious orders like the Roman Catholic Church in running the affairs of the state during medieval times (through the king) is a well-known example. Kingdoms and empires in the Indian sub-continent often relied on their religious heads. Besides religious orders, even countries can fit into this terminology when they can dictate the affairs of the other country (either directly or indirectly). In current political scenarios across the world the term can expand its scope to include powerful ] groups, whose role is often seen as a defining factor on major issues. | ||
| Line 72: | Line 80: | ||
| Citizens of ]n sub-national monarchies often use the word ''kingmaker'' to refer to the members of the electoral colleges that choose their sovereigns because they also usually officiate during the coronation rituals and rites of purification, the word in this particular case taking on a literal meaning i.e. a ''maker'' of the king. | Citizens of ]n sub-national monarchies often use the word ''kingmaker'' to refer to the members of the electoral colleges that choose their sovereigns because they also usually officiate during the coronation rituals and rites of purification, the word in this particular case taking on a literal meaning i.e. a ''maker'' of the king. | ||
| The term |
The term ''kingmaker'' is also used to describe situations in multi-player games where a player is either unable to win or has claimed an unassailable lead, but, in either case, plays a strong role in determining the outcome for other players. | ||
| == In fiction == | == In fiction == | ||
| Line 81: | Line 89: | ||
| * The character ] from the '']'' series of novels tests the ability of aspirants before they can be proclaimed king of the ]. | * The character ] from the '']'' series of novels tests the ability of aspirants before they can be proclaimed king of the ]. | ||
| * Ser Criston Cole, a character from ]’s '']'' series, is commonly referred to as "the kingmaker". In the story in which he appears The Dance of Dragons (The Blacks and the Greens,) the king dies while his eldest child and designated heir is absent from the castle, and Ser Criston, the head of the king's bodyguard, immediately plots with other like-minded individuals to crown the king's second child, because the king's younger child is male, whereas the heir is female. This triggers a nationwide civil war. The Dance of Dragons draws inspiration from both ] and ], events in British history that each contained kingmaker figures (Henry of Blois and Richard Neville, respectively.) | * Ser Criston Cole, a character from ]’s '']'' series, is commonly referred to as "the kingmaker". In the story in which he appears The Dance of Dragons (The Blacks and the Greens,) the king dies while his eldest child and designated heir is absent from the castle, and Ser Criston, the head of the king's bodyguard, immediately plots with other like-minded individuals to crown the king's second child, because the king's younger child is male, whereas the heir is female. This triggers a nationwide civil war. The Dance of Dragons draws inspiration from both ] and ], events in British history that each contained kingmaker figures (Henry of Blois and Richard Neville, respectively.) | ||
| * Minato Yoko, a character from ], considers herself a kingmaker, wanting to see who has what it takes to take the Forbidden Fruit, a fruit of great power that can essentially make a person a king. Likewise, another character, Mitsuzane Kureshima, also has traits of a kingmaker, hanging around with and manipulating events so as to put the ruler in his favor. | * Minato Yoko, a character from '']'', considers herself a kingmaker, wanting to see who has what it takes to take the Forbidden Fruit, a fruit of great power that can essentially make a person a king. Likewise, another character, Mitsuzane Kureshima, also has traits of a kingmaker, hanging around with and manipulating events so as to put the ruler in his favor. | ||
| * Harry Leong, the ultra-rich, secretive billionaire from '']'', is revealed to be one of the kingmakers in the government of Singapore. | * Harry Leong, the ultra-rich, secretive billionaire from '']'', is revealed to be one of the kingmakers in the government of Singapore. | ||
| * One of the villains in the NBC TV series '']'' went under the alias ''The Kingmaker''. | * One of the villains in the NBC TV series '']'' went under the alias ''The Kingmaker''. | ||
| * Uhtred of Bebbanburg, from Bernard Cornwell's '']'' and the Netflix |
* Uhtred of Bebbanburg, from Bernard Cornwell's '']'' and the Netflix adaptation '']'', was considered a kingmaker during the succession of King Edward of Wessex after the death of Alfred the Great. | ||
| * In the TV series '']'', ]' uncle, Shiv Dutt, acts as a kingmaker, deposing a king and installing another king in his place. | |||
| == References == | == References == | ||
Latest revision as of 16:42, 24 December 2024
Person or group with influence in royal or political succession For other uses, see Kingmaker (disambiguation).
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A kingmaker is a person or group that has great influence on a monarchy or royal in their political succession, without themselves being a viable candidate. Kingmakers may use political, monetary, religious, and military means to influence the succession. Originally, the term applied to the activities of Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick—"Warwick the Kingmaker"—during the Wars of the Roses (1455–1487) in England.
Examples
- The prophet Samuel of the Hebrew Bible, in the transition from the period of the biblical judges to the institution of a Kingdom of Israel under Saul, and again in the transition from Saul to David
- Chanakya in the Maurya Empire
- The Praetorian Guard in the Roman Empire
- Yeon Gaesomun in Goguryeo
- John Axouch in the Byzantine Empire
- Tonyukuk in the Second Turkic Khaganate
- Sayyid brothers in the Mughal Empire
- Vidyaranya in the Vijayanagara Empire
- Ricimer in the late Western Roman Empire – magister militum who appointed a series of puppet emperors
- Nogai, Mamai, and Edigu in the Golden Horde
- Janissaries, Midhat Pasha in the Ottoman Empire
- Godwin, Earl of Wessex in late Anglo-Saxon England
- Baron Carl Otto Mörner in the House of Bernadotte (King of Sweden)
- Henry of Blois, Bishop of Winchester during The Anarchy
- Wiremu Tamihana in the Māori King Movement
- Hato Hasbún in El Salvador
- Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick – wealthiest peer in England during the Wars of the Roses, who overthrew King Henry VI and then restored him over his successor King Edward IV
- Hajji Ebrahim Shirazi – the kalantar (lord mayor) of Shiraz and later the grand vizier of Qajar Iran who enthroned four kings from two different dynasties: Jafar Khan, Lotf Ali Khan, Agha Mohammad Khan and Fath-Ali Shah.
- Mithqal Al-Fayez – dubbed the kingmaker of the Hashemites after inviting the then Sharif Abdullah bin Hussein to Jordan and would rebrand his tribal army of Bani Sakher to become the first Arab Army of Transjordan against rebels and Wahhabis in the 1920s.
- Mahatma Gandhi – a pre-eminent political and ideological leader of India during the Indian independence movement under whose influence were all the major political leaders of the Indian freedom struggle including Jawaharlal Nehru and Vallabhbhai Patel
- James Farley – orchestrated the gubernatorial and presidential elections of Franklin D. Roosevelt (1928–1940)
- Che Guevara – accompanied Fidel Castro in the Revolution and later helped him attain power
- K. Kamaraj – instrumental in bringing Lal Bahadur Shastri and Indira Gandhi as Prime Ministers of India in 1964 and 1966, respectively
- G. K. Moopanar – The 'kingmaker' who rose to prominence in the Indian national scene during the post-Emergency days of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. He was the General Secretary in charge of the Congress Working Committee, a body of High Command in the ruling Indian National Congress government. Moopanar, who decided the fate of Indian National Congress chief ministers in the states of India, was more than any other responsible for the elevation of Rajiv Gandhi to the Premiership on the assassination of his mother, Indira Gandhi. He was the longest serving General Secretary of All India Congress Committee (1980–1988), and served with Indira Gandhi, Sanjay Gandhi and Rajiv Gandhi.
- Girija Prasad Koirala – described as a kingmaker in Nepal with the election of Madhav Kumar Nepal
- Fred Malek – described as a kingmaker for the Republican Party in the United States
- David Axelrod – former Chicago Tribune reporter described by U.S. News & World Report as a "reporter turned kingmaker" with respect to Barack Obama's 2008 presidential campaign.
- Bakili Muluzi – described as a kingmaker in Malawi
- Muhammad Ali Jinnah – an influential politician who became an ideological leader of All-India Muslim League and the first Governor-General of Pakistan; widely regarded as the founder of Pakistan.
- Stefan Cardinal Wyszyński – Primate of Poland who was highly instrumental in the 1978 papal election of Karol Wojtyła, Archbishop of Kraków, as Pope John Paul II
- Abdul Rashid Dostum – Afghan Army Marshal, leader of the Afghan Uzbek community, and founder of Junbish-e Milli known for frequently backing the winning factions and political parties of Afghanistan's wars and elections.
- Rupert Murdoch – a media tycoon in ownership of News Corp and the Fox Corporation who has consistently backed every winning Prime Minister of the United Kingdom since the 1979 general election
- George Soros, hedge fund manager, has had long-standing influence in the Democratic Party. In the 2022 election cycle Soros gave $128 million to the Democratic party.
- Elon Musk, businessman, has donated close to $150 million to presidential candidate Donald Trump and various other Republican candidates in the 2024 presidential election.
- Nick Clegg – described as a kingmaker in the 2010 general election as the leader of the Liberal Democrats following a hung parliament
- Richard J. Daley as Mayor of Chicago and Chairman of the Cook County Democratic Party was the leading figure in the Illinois Democratic Party. As such, he controlled a large bloc of delegates at Democratic National Conventions and provided crucial support to the Democratic Party's presidential nominees, including Adlai Stevenson, John F. Kennedy, Lyndon Johnson, and Hubert Humphrey.
- Jarosław Kaczyński, Poland's kingmaker according to The Financial Times in February 2016.
- Democratic Unionist Party and its leader Arlene Foster became regarded as a kingmaker after the June 2017 general election resulted in a hung parliament in the UK Parliament.
- Winston Peters and his party New Zealand First, New Zealand's kingmaker after both the 1996 and 2017 elections.
- Avigdor Lieberman and his party Yisrael Beiteinu in the September 2019 Israeli legislative election.
- Devlet Bahçeli and his party the Nationalist Movement Party, Turkey's kingmaker according to The Financial Times.
- Albanian parties are said to be Northern Macedonia's kingmaker.
- Kurds in the Middle East.
- Turkey, Libya's kingmaker.
- Adat Perpatih system of customary laws in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
- Andrew Asiamah Amoako after the 2020 Ghanaian general election.
- Alliance 90/The Greens and Free Democratic Party after the 2021 German federal election.
- Asif Ali Zardari in Pakistan after No-confidence motion against Imran Khan and selection of Chief Minister of Punjab (Pakistan) Hamza Shahbaz
- The Republicans (LR) were widely regarded as kingmakers in the French National Assembly after the June 2022 parliamentary elections resulted in a hung parliament, leaving them effectively holding the balance of power.
- Sinan Oğan in the 2023 Turkish presidential election
- Ahn Cheol-soo and Chun Jung-bae when their party, People Party won seats in the 2016 South Korean legislative election, meaning that in order to pass legislation, Saenuri Party or Democratic Party would need their support.
- Ko Wen-je and TPP participated in 2024 Taiwanese presidential election and legislative election respectively, the latter caused the first time that no party held an absolute majority in the Legislative Yuan.
- Amit Shah was an instrumental in bringing Narendra Modi to power in the back-to-back elections in 2014, 2019 and 2024 which were held in India.
- Renato Usatîi and Dumitru Ciubașenco of the same party ended up being third behind the socialist candidates and Maia Sandu in the 2016, 2020 and 2024. His support was crucial for the election of Igor Dodon in 2016 and Maia Sandu in 2020 respectively and was therefore described as kingmaker.
In game theory
 | This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
In game theory, a kingmaker is a player who lacks sufficient resources or position to win at a given game, but possesses enough remaining resources to decide which of the remaining viable players will eventually win.
Contemporary usage
| This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
The term kingmaker, though always unofficial, has tended to gain more importance in places of power struggle—e.g., politics, sports organizations etc. Consequently, bestowal of such a title is looked upon significantly and more often as a means of indirect gratification for individuals wanting to silently dictate the affairs of the organization. The term is also occasionally used in a pejorative sense during elections where a small number of independent political candidate(s) who hold a sizeable sway in the "vote bank" can most likely decide the course of an outcome.
As well as referring to an individual, the term can also be applied to institutions or think tanks whose opinions are held in great regard by the interested organization. The influence of the religious orders like the Roman Catholic Church in running the affairs of the state during medieval times (through the king) is a well-known example. Kingdoms and empires in the Indian sub-continent often relied on their religious heads. Besides religious orders, even countries can fit into this terminology when they can dictate the affairs of the other country (either directly or indirectly). In current political scenarios across the world the term can expand its scope to include powerful lobbying groups, whose role is often seen as a defining factor on major issues.
Citizens of West African sub-national monarchies often use the word kingmaker to refer to the members of the electoral colleges that choose their sovereigns because they also usually officiate during the coronation rituals and rites of purification, the word in this particular case taking on a literal meaning i.e. a maker of the king.
The term kingmaker is also used to describe situations in multi-player games where a player is either unable to win or has claimed an unassailable lead, but, in either case, plays a strong role in determining the outcome for other players.
In fiction
| This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
- The character Leon Fortunato from the Left Behind series of novels is often described as a kingmaker.
- Marcus Jefferson Wall, the antagonist of much of the Matador series by Steve Perry is called the Kingmaker, and controls the President of the Galactic Federation
- The character Mayvar Kingmaker from the Saga of the Exiles series of novels tests the ability of aspirants before they can be proclaimed king of the Tanu.
- Ser Criston Cole, a character from George R. R. Martin’s A Song of Ice and Fire series, is commonly referred to as "the kingmaker". In the story in which he appears The Dance of Dragons (The Blacks and the Greens,) the king dies while his eldest child and designated heir is absent from the castle, and Ser Criston, the head of the king's bodyguard, immediately plots with other like-minded individuals to crown the king's second child, because the king's younger child is male, whereas the heir is female. This triggers a nationwide civil war. The Dance of Dragons draws inspiration from both The Anarchy and The War of the Roses, events in British history that each contained kingmaker figures (Henry of Blois and Richard Neville, respectively.)
- Minato Yoko, a character from Kamen Rider Gaim, considers herself a kingmaker, wanting to see who has what it takes to take the Forbidden Fruit, a fruit of great power that can essentially make a person a king. Likewise, another character, Mitsuzane Kureshima, also has traits of a kingmaker, hanging around with and manipulating events so as to put the ruler in his favor.
- Harry Leong, the ultra-rich, secretive billionaire from Crazy Rich Asians, is revealed to be one of the kingmakers in the government of Singapore.
- One of the villains in the NBC TV series The Blacklist went under the alias The Kingmaker.
- Uhtred of Bebbanburg, from Bernard Cornwell's The Saxon Stories and the Netflix adaptation The Last Kingdom, was considered a kingmaker during the succession of King Edward of Wessex after the death of Alfred the Great.
- In the TV series Porus, Porus' uncle, Shiv Dutt, acts as a kingmaker, deposing a king and installing another king in his place.
References
- "What is a 'kingmaker'?". 15 March 2010 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
- Hicks, Michael (2002) . Warwick the Kingmaker. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-631-23593-4. Retrieved 12 February 2009.
- Ülkü (in Turkish). Türkiye Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi. 1937. p. 352.
- Peter B. Golden (2010). Central Asia in World History. p. 42.
- Roderic H. Davison (1963). Reform in the Ottoman Empire, 1856-1876. p. 397.
- "وارونه نویسی در تاریخ" [Inversion in history]. پرتال جامع علوم انسانی (in Persian). Retrieved 26 October 2021.
- Amanat, Abbas (30 August 2020), "EBRĀHĪM KALĀNTAR ŠĪRĀZĪ", Encyclopaedia Iranica Online, Brill, retrieved 26 October 2021
- Lieber, Dov. "How Jordan's 'sheikh of sheikhs' negotiated with Zionists, founded a kingdom". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
- "Kingmaker". Tititudorancea.com. 19 May 2009. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
- "The King Maker Kamaraj, Former Chief Minister of Tamilnadu and Former President of All India Congress Committee". Kamaraj.com. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
- "Zee news".
- Vogel, Kenneth P. (19 May 2009). "GOP kingmaker leans toward Mitt". POLITICO.
- "Obama's Power Players: Axelrod Helps Refine the President's Message", U.S. News & World Report, 19 May 2009.
- "Nyasa Times". Archived from the original on 15 May 2009.
- "The Return of the Kingmaker: Afghanistan's General Dostum Ends his Exile". Jamestown.
- "How Elon Musk Became a Kingmaker". Time Magazine.
- "Nick Clegg 'will not be a post-election king-maker'". BBC News. 5 January 2010. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
- "Richard J. Daley: Kingmaker Book Chronicles Daley's Iron Grip on Chicago". The Wisconsin State Journal. 2 July 2000. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 10 May 2016.
- Sawer, Patrick (9 June 2017). "Arlene Foster: DUP leader emerges as the kingmaker, but who is she?". The Telegraph.
- "Kiwis react to Winston Peters, the kingmaker". 11 August 2023.
- "Kingmaker brings ultra-nationalism to Erdogan's Islamist mix". Financial Times. 30 June 2018. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022.
- "Albaner als Königsmacher". 16 July 2020.
- "Week in Review: The Show Must Go On". 15 July 2020.
- "The Middle East's Newest Kingmakers". vocativ.com. Archived from the original on 5 June 2016. Retrieved 10 May 2016.
the Kurds in Iraq, Syria and Turkey now have a chance to become the Middle East's most unlikely power brokers
- Walsh, Declan (22 May 2020). "In Stunning Reversal, Turkey Emerges as Libya Kingmaker". The New York Times.
- "Ghana's Hung Parliament Sets President Up for Tough Term". Bloomberg. 18 December 2020 – via www.bloomberg.com.
- Chazan, Guy (27 September 2021). "Greens and FDP emerge as kingmakers in bid to succeed Merkel". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
- "The French Republicans: kingmakers?". www.euractiv.com. 20 June 2022.
- "Sinan Ogan, the unexpected kingmaker in Turkey's presidential election". Le Monde. 15 May 2023.
- "For Turkey runoff, potential kingmaker draws red line at Kurdish concessions". Reuters. 15 May 2023.
- Lin, Sean (24 November 2023). "ELECTION 2024/TPP's Ko registers presidential candidacy, names lawmaker Wu as running mate". Central News Agency. Archived from the original on 24 November 2023. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
- "No party gets legislative majority; small TPP to play key role". Focus Taiwan. 13 January 2024. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
- Iulian Ernst (2 November 2020). "Pro-EU candidate Sandu leads in first round of Moldova's presidential elections". bne IntelliNews. Retrieved 25 October 2024.
- Madalin Necsutu (11 November 2020). "Populist Moldova Mayor Becomes Kingmaker in Presidential Run-off". BIRN. Retrieved 25 October 2024.
- Orlando Crowcroft (13 November 2020). "Moldova election: Could pro-EU candidate Maia Sandu oust Putin's pick Igor Dodon on Sunday?". Euronews. Retrieved 25 October 2024.