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{{Short description|Model of tablet computer}}
{{Infobox computing device {{Infobox computing device
| name=Linus Write-Top | name=Linus Write-Top
| type=] | type=]
| image= | image=File:Linus Write-Top.jpg
| developer={{ubl|Ralph Sklarew|]}} | developer={{ubl|Ralph Sklarew|]}}
| units sold=About 1,500 | units sold=About 1,500
Line 15: Line 16:
| graphics=], 640 × 200 pixels | graphics=], 640 × 200 pixels
}} }}
The '''Linus Write-Top''' is an early ] first released by '''Linus Technologies, Inc.''', of ], in July 1988. It was the first tablet computer released to the public with support for ] and ] software.<ref name=bitter />{{rp|15}}<ref>{{cite book | last=Delbourg-Delphis | first=Marylène | date=2024 | url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Beyond_Eureka/g2z8EAAAQBAJ | title=Beyond Eureka!: The Rocky Roads to Innovating | publisher=Georgetown University Press | page=168 | isbn=9781647124229 | via=Google Books}}</ref> The Write-Top is ] with software for the ] and runs an ]–compatible ]. Although innovative, the Write-Top was a commercial flop, and Linus Technologies folded less than two years after its introduction.<ref name=bitter>{{cite journal | last=Atkinson | first=Paul | date=Autumn 2008 | url=https://watermark.silverchair.com/desi.2008.24.4.3.pdf | title=A Bitter Pill to Swallow: The Rise and Fall of the Tablet Computer | work=Design Issues | publisher=MIT Press | pages=3–25 | volume=24 | number=4 | doi=10.1162/desi.2008.24.4.3}}</ref> The '''Linus Write-Top''' is an early ] first released by '''Linus Technologies, Inc.''', of ], in July 1988. It was the first tablet computer released to the public with support for ] and ] software.<ref name=bitter />{{rp|15}}<ref>{{cite book | last=Delbourg-Delphis | first=Marylène | date=2024 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2z8EAAAQBAJ | title=Beyond Eureka!: The Rocky Roads to Innovating | publisher=Georgetown University Press | page=168 | isbn=9781647124229 | via=Google Books}}</ref> The Write-Top is ] with software for the ] and runs an ]–compatible ]. Although innovative, the Write-Top was a commercial flop, and Linus Technologies folded less than two years after its introduction.<ref name=bitter>{{cite journal | last=Atkinson | first=Paul | date=Autumn 2008 | title=A Bitter Pill to Swallow: The Rise and Fall of the Tablet Computer | journal=Design Issues | publisher=MIT Press | pages=3–25 | volume=24 | number=4 | doi=10.1162/desi.2008.24.4.3}}</ref>


==Development== ==Development==
]
Linus Technologies, Inc., was established in 1985 in ], by Ralph Sklarew, ], and Arthur Rodbell. The company was founded chiefly to market the Write-Top, which was largely the brainchild of Sklarew and Nadeau. Before founding Linus, Sklarew had worked as a developer of ] systems for institutions such as ] and has founded a company that marketed such systems for chemical plants in 1977. Nadeau, meanwhile, was a professor of English at ] who was next-door neighbors with Sklarew in Virginia. In the early 1980s, Sklarew discovered that Nadeau had been working on a prototype for an ] reader in his home and expressed interest in developing the concept further into a commercial product. The two developed a system for digitizing handwriting for the ] programmed in ], eventually delivering a prototype to venture capitalists.<ref name=hamilton />{{rp|21}} Development stalled for a year and a half until the duo met Arthur Rodbell, who had experience in raising seed capital and marketing for various companies.<ref name=hamilton>{{cite journal | last=Hamilton | first=Patricia | date=January 1989 | url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/229571217/ | title=Handwriting goes high tech | work=D&B Reports | publisher=Dun and Bradstreet, Inc. | volume=37 | issue=1 | pages=20–23 | via=ProQuest}}</ref>{{rp|22}} In late 1984, the three raised $11&nbsp;million in funding from Venture First of ], and in early 1985, Linus Technologies was founded.<ref name=bitter />{{rp|15}}<ref name=hamilton />{{rp|22}} In 1986, the company hired Richard Mier, the recently departed vice president of marketing of ], to become Linus' president and ].<ref name=hamilton />{{rp|22}} Linus Technologies, Inc., was established in 1985 in ], by Ralph Sklarew, ], and Arthur Rodbell. The company was founded chiefly to market the Write-Top, which was largely the brainchild of Sklarew and Nadeau. Before founding Linus, Sklarew had worked as a developer of ] systems for institutions such as ] and has founded a company that marketed such systems for chemical plants in 1977. Nadeau, meanwhile, was a professor of English at ] who was next-door neighbors with Sklarew in Virginia. In the early 1980s, Sklarew discovered that Nadeau had been working on a prototype for an ] reader in his home and expressed interest in developing the concept further into a commercial product. The two developed a system for digitizing handwriting for the ] programmed in ], eventually delivering a prototype to venture capitalists.<ref name=hamilton />{{rp|21}} Development stalled for a year and a half until the duo met Arthur Rodbell, who had experience in raising seed capital and marketing for various companies.<ref name=hamilton>{{cite journal | last=Hamilton | first=Patricia | date=January 1989 | url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/229571217/ | title=Handwriting goes high tech | journal=D&B Reports | publisher=Dun and Bradstreet, Inc. | volume=37 | issue=1 | pages=20–23 | via=ProQuest}}</ref>{{rp|22}} In late 1984, the three raised $11&nbsp;million in funding from Venture First of ], and in early 1985, Linus Technologies was founded.<ref name=bitter />{{rp|15}}<ref name=hamilton />{{rp|22}} In 1986, the company hired Richard Mier, the recently departed vice president of marketing of ], to become Linus' president and ].<ref name=hamilton />{{rp|22}}


Sklarew, Nadeau, and others spent several years developing the Write-Top,<ref name=hamilton />{{rp|22}} with the final execution rendered by the industrial designer Peter H. Muller of Inter4m. Originally devised as a single-piece device, the final Write-Top was ultimately built out of two pieces, the system unit and the pen-enabled display; however, the two can be latched together to approximate a self-contained tablet.<ref name=bitter />{{rp|15}}<ref name=computer>{{cite book | last=Atkinson | first=Paul | date=2010 | url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Computer/D5H_OsxEywwC | title=Computer | publisher=Reaktion Books | pages=115–116 | isbn=9781861897374 | via=Google Books}}</ref> The Write-Top was publicly unveiled in March 1988.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Lazar | first=Jerry | date=March 14, 1988 | url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A6284156/GPS?u=wikipedia | title=Linus trains computers to read handwriting | work=Computer Systems News | publisher=UBM LLC | issue=357 | page=24 | via=Gale}}</ref> Sklarew, Nadeau, and others spent several years developing the Write-Top,<ref name=hamilton />{{rp|22}} with the final execution rendered by the industrial designer Peter H. Muller of Inter4m. Originally devised as a single-piece device, the final Write-Top was ultimately built out of two pieces, the system unit and the pen-enabled display; however, the two can be latched together to approximate a self-contained tablet.<ref name=bitter />{{rp|15}}<ref name=computer>{{cite book | last=Atkinson | first=Paul | date=2010 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D5H_OsxEywwC | title=Computer | publisher=Reaktion Books | pages=115–116 | isbn=9781861897374 | via=Google Books}}</ref>


==Specifications== ==Specifications==
The Write-Top measures {{convert|11|by|11|by|3.5|in|mm}} and weighs roughly {{convert|9|lb|kg}} (when equipped with several options).<ref name=mathews /> The Write-Top runs the ]–compatible ] microprocessor, clocked at 7.16&nbsp;MHz, and contains 640&nbsp;KB of ], upgradable to 2&nbsp;MB with an optional, proprietary SRAM card.<ref name=pcw>{{cite journal | last=Bridges | first=Linda | date=May 31, 1988 | url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A6729733/GPS?u=wikipedia | title=Linus designs write-top machine as electronic pen for busy users | work=PC Week | publisher=Ziff-Davis | volume=5 | issue=22 | page=19 | via=Gale}}</ref> Besides containing the ], the system unit includes a ], a ], an ] port, a removable ] drive, a port for an optional exernal ] drive, and a slot for an optional 1200-baud ].<ref name=mathews /><ref name=pcm /> The pen-capable screen unit houses a monochrome ] ] ], measuring 8&nbsp;inches by 5&nbsp;inches and capable of displaying ] graphics at a resolution of 640&nbsp;by 200&nbsp;pixels.<ref name=mathews /><ref name=hamilton /> Aside from using natural light to evenly illuminate the display, the LCD also features a ].<ref name=pcm>{{cite journal | last=Muchmore | first=Michael W. | date=June 28, 1988 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-9qzy8Z8SKEC&pg=PA52 | title=Write on Portable's LCD Screen, Your Handwriting Becomes ASCII | work=PC Magazine | publisher=Ziff-Davis | volume=7 | issue=12 | page=52 | via=Google Books}}</ref> The Write-Top comes shipped with the ] 3.30 operating system on floppy.<ref name=pcworld />{{rp|88}} The Write-Top measures {{convert|11|by|11|by|3.5|in|mm}} and weighs roughly {{convert|9|lb|kg}} (when equipped with several options).<ref name=mathews /> The Write-Top runs the ]–compatible ] microprocessor, clocked at 7.16&nbsp;MHz, and contains 640&nbsp;KB of ], upgradable to 2&nbsp;MB with an optional, proprietary SRAM card.<ref name=pcw>{{cite journal | last=Bridges | first=Linda | date=May 31, 1988 | url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A6729733/GPS?u=wikipedia | title=Linus designs write-top machine as electronic pen for busy users | journal=PC Week | publisher=Ziff-Davis | volume=5 | issue=22 | page=19 | via=Gale}}</ref> Besides containing the ], the system unit includes a ], a ], an ] port, a removable ] drive, a port for an optional exernal ] drive, and a slot for an optional 1200-baud ].<ref name=mathews /><ref name=pcm /> The pen-capable screen unit houses a monochrome ] ] ], measuring 8&nbsp;inches by 5&nbsp;inches and capable of displaying ] graphics at a resolution of 640&nbsp;by 200&nbsp;pixels.<ref name=mathews /><ref name=hamilton /> Aside from using natural light to evenly illuminate the display, the LCD also features a ].<ref name=pcm>{{cite journal | last=Muchmore | first=Michael W. | date=June 28, 1988 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-9qzy8Z8SKEC&pg=PA52 | title=Write on Portable's LCD Screen, Your Handwriting Becomes ASCII | journal=PC Magazine | publisher=Ziff-Davis | volume=7 | issue=12 | page=52 | via=Google Books}}</ref> The Write-Top comes shipped with the ] 3.30 operating system on floppy.<ref name=pcworld />{{rp|88}}


As a tablet computer, the Write-Top features no built-in physical keyboard.<ref name=ps>{{cite journal | last=Hawkins | first=William J. | date=December 1988 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qP9fvo9OLIwC&pg=PA28 | title=Electronic Newsfront | work=Popular Science | publisher=Times Mirror Magazines | volume=233 | issue=6 | pages=28–30 | via=Google Books}}</ref>{{rp|28}} Instead, overlaid on top of the LCD is a glass layer that allows the computer to be controlled using a ] of nearly any material, including a ].<ref name=mathews>{{cite journal | last=Mathews | first=Renee | date=April 4, 1988 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6D4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA22 | title=Linus Write-Top Lets Users Write on Display Screen | work=InfoWorld | publisher=IDG Publications | volume=10 | issue=14 | page=22 | via=Google Books}}</ref> To input text into a given application, the Write-Top features a ] called Your-Write that ] (either as single letters or a sequence of words{{efn|Letterforms cannot overlap or connect with each other, as in ].<ref name=mm>{{cite journal | last=Harbeson | first=Peter J. | date=July 1989 | url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/213156418/ | title=Breaking the Keyboard Barrier | work=Manager's Magazine | publisher=LIMRA International | volume=64 | issue=7 | page=24 | via=ProQuest}}</ref>}}) via a field at the bottom of the screen and interprets it as textual information, outputting ] text into the currently open application.<ref name=pcworld /> The software reserves a number of specialized symbols representing commands such as deletion of the word at the position of the text cursor and ]. Users can also select blocks of text using the pen and move them around freely by hand.<ref name=pcm /> When loaded into the operating system, Your-Write occupies 40&nbsp;KB of RAM. The user must provide multiple samples of their handwriting for training the algorithm when loading Your-Write; in order to generate a robust dataset of the user's handwriting, this training module takes approximately 30&nbsp;minutes to complete.<ref name=pcworld />{{rp|88}} As a tablet computer, the Write-Top features no built-in physical keyboard.<ref name=ps>{{cite journal | last=Hawkins | first=William J. | date=December 1988 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qP9fvo9OLIwC&pg=PA28 | title=Electronic Newsfront | journal=Popular Science | publisher=Times Mirror Magazines | volume=233 | issue=6 | pages=28–30 | via=Google Books}}</ref>{{rp|28}} Instead, overlaid on top of the LCD is a glass layer that allows the computer to be controlled using a ] of nearly any material, including a ].<ref name=mathews>{{cite journal | last=Mathews | first=Renee | date=April 4, 1988 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6D4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA22 | title=Linus Write-Top Lets Users Write on Display Screen | journal=InfoWorld | publisher=IDG Publications | volume=10 | issue=14 | page=22 | via=Google Books}}</ref> To input text into a given application, the Write-Top features a ] called Your-Write that ] (either as single letters or a sequence of words{{efn|Letterforms cannot overlap or connect with each other, as in ].<ref name=mm>{{cite journal | last=Harbeson | first=Peter J. | date=July 1989 | url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/213156418/ | title=Breaking the Keyboard Barrier | journal=Manager's Magazine | publisher=LIMRA International | volume=64 | issue=7 | page=24 | via=ProQuest}}</ref>}}) via a field at the bottom of the screen and interprets it as textual information, outputting ] text into the currently open application.<ref name=pcworld /> The software reserves a number of specialized symbols representing commands such as deletion of the word at the position of the text cursor and ]. Users can also select blocks of text using the pen and move them around freely by hand.<ref name=pcm /> When loaded into the operating system, Your-Write occupies 40&nbsp;KB of RAM. The user must provide multiple samples of their handwriting for training the algorithm when loading Your-Write; in order to generate a robust dataset of the user's handwriting, this training module takes approximately 30&nbsp;minutes to complete.<ref name=pcworld />{{rp|88}}


Linus also shipped with the computer an 80-column ] called Just-Write, which is specifically optimized for Your-Write.<ref name=pcworld>{{cite journal | last=Hogan | first=Mike | date=August 1988 | url=https://archive.org/details/pc_world-1988_08/page/n89/ | title=Linus Write-Top: The Write Stuff | work=PC World | publisher=IDG Publications | volume=6 | issue=8 | pages=88–90 | via=the Internet Archive}}</ref>{{rp|88}} Besides Your-Write and Just-Write, Linus also sold separately Code-Write, a ] for programmers wanting to create software with the same handwriting recognition algorithm as Your-Right.<ref name=pcm />{{efn|Third-party developers intereseted in developing for the Write-Top had to pay Linus $5000 in licensing and patent fees.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Hallisey | first=Jane | date=November 1988 | url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A7688058/GPS?u=wikipedia | title=Write On! | work=PC/Computing | publisher=Ziff-Davis | volume=1 | issue=4 | page=62 | via=Gale}}</ref>}} Besides these titles by Linus, the Write-Top is ] with the vast majority of IBM PC software.<ref name=pcworld />{{rp|88}}<ref name=ps /> Linus also shipped with the computer an 80-column ] called Just-Write, which is specifically optimized for Your-Write.<ref name=pcworld>{{cite journal | last=Hogan | first=Mike | date=August 1988 | url=https://archive.org/details/pc_world-1988_08/page/n89/ | title=Linus Write-Top: The Write Stuff | journal=PC World | publisher=IDG Publications | volume=6 | issue=8 | pages=88–90 | via=the Internet Archive}}</ref>{{rp|88}} Besides Your-Write and Just-Write, Linus also sold separately Code-Write, a ] for programmers wanting to create software with the same handwriting recognition algorithm as Your-Right.<ref name=pcm />{{efn|Third-party developers intereseted in developing for the Write-Top had to pay Linus $5000 in licensing and patent fees.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Hallisey | first=Jane | date=November 1988 | url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A7688058/GPS?u=wikipedia | title=Write On! | journal=PC/Computing | publisher=Ziff-Davis | volume=1 | issue=4 | page=62 | via=Gale}}</ref>}} Besides these titles by Linus, the Write-Top is ] with the vast majority of IBM PC software.<ref name=pcworld />{{rp|88}}<ref name=ps />


==Release and reception== ==Release and reception==
Following ] approval in late June 1988, the Linus Write-Top was released to the public in July 1988, supported by a ] network of 25 retailers.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Chartock | first=David S. | date=June 13, 1988 | url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A6761407/GPS?u=wikipedia | title=Linus plans tiered Write-Top channel strategy | work=Computer & Software News | publisher= Lebhar-Friedman | volume=6 | issue=24 | page=43 | via=Gale}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Roman | first=Susan | date=July 18, 1988 | url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A6859405/GPS?u=wikipedia | title=Handwriting gets translated | work=MIS Week | publisher=Condé Nast | volume=9 | issue=29 | pages=1 ''et seq''. | via=Gale}}</ref> The company marekted the Write-Top as a professional's tool rather than a mass-market product, aiming the tablet computer at real estate appriasers, ], medical professionals, and construction managers, among other workforces.<ref name=hamilton />{{rp|23}} The Write-Top was publicly unveiled in March 1988.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Lazar | first=Jerry | date=March 14, 1988 | url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A6284156/GPS?u=wikipedia | title=Linus trains computers to read handwriting | journal=Computer Systems News | publisher=UBM LLC | issue=357 | page=24 | via=Gale}}</ref> Following ] approval in late June 1988, the Linus Write-Top was released to the public in July 1988, supported by a ] network of 25 retailers.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Chartock | first=David S. | date=June 13, 1988 | url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A6761407/GPS?u=wikipedia | title=Linus plans tiered Write-Top channel strategy | journal=Computer & Software News | publisher= Lebhar-Friedman | volume=6 | issue=24 | page=43 | via=Gale}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Roman | first=Susan | date=July 18, 1988 | url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A6859405/GPS?u=wikipedia | title=Handwriting gets translated | journal=MIS Week | publisher=Condé Nast | volume=9 | issue=29 | pages=1 ''et seq'' | via=Gale}}</ref> The company marekted the Write-Top as a professional's tool rather than a mass-market product, aiming the tablet computer at real estate appriasers, ], medical professionals, and construction managers, among other workforces.<ref name=hamilton />{{rp|23}}


By January 1989, the company had sold 1000 units of the Write-Top and had secured at least one third-party software developer: ], whose Electronic Medical Systems subsidiary developed Your-Write compatible software for hospital personnel.<ref name=hamilton />{{rp|23}} The computer was warmly received in the press and by users, with Peter J. Harbeson of ''Manager's Magazine'' writing that it "may be the most exciting new technology for sales and management professionals since the invention of the laptop".<ref name=mm /> Many more felt thattablet's $3,000 asking price was too high, however, especially when coupled with the rather lacking pen-capable software library for the IBM PC.<ref name=hamilton />{{rp|23}} In mid-February 1990, by which point 1,500 units of the Write-Top were sold, Linus went bankrupt and dissolved. In a post-mortem interview with '']'', Sklarew said that "We were a little too early with not enough staying power", with the majority of the company's time spent educating corporate buyers on the pen computing paradigm.<ref name=usatoday>{{cite journal | last=Rebello | first=Kathy | date=February 22, 1990 | url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/306303477/ | title=New PCs can kiss keyboards goodbye | work=USA Today | publisher=Gannett Company | page=6B | via=ProQuest}}</ref> By January 1989, the company had sold 1000 units of the Write-Top and had secured at least one third-party software developer, ], whose Electronic Medical Systems subsidiary developed Your-Write compatible software for hospital personnel.<ref name=hamilton />{{rp|23}} The computer was warmly received in the press and by users, with Peter J. Harbeson of ''Manager's Magazine'' writing that it "may be the most exciting new technology for sales and management professionals since the invention of the laptop".<ref name=mm /> Many more felt that the tablet's $3,000 asking price was too high, however, especially when coupled with the rather lacking pen-capable software library for the IBM PC.<ref name=hamilton />{{rp|23}} In mid-February 1990, by which point 1,500 units of the Write-Top were sold, Linus went bankrupt and dissolved. In a post-mortem interview with '']'', Sklarew said that "We were a little too early with not enough staying power", with the majority of the company's time spent educating corporate buyers on the pen computing paradigm.<ref name=usatoday>{{cite journal | last=Rebello | first=Kathy | date=February 22, 1990 | url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/306303477/ | title=New PCs can kiss keyboards goodbye | journal=USA Today | publisher=Gannett Company | page=6B | via=ProQuest}}</ref>


Following the collapse of Linus, the Write-Top patents were sold to ], then a subsidiary of ].<ref name=bitter />{{rp|15}} Grid had introduced their own tablet computer, the ], in 1989, to much greater commercial success than the Write-Top.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Barrometro | first=Pam | date=January 8, 2024 | url=https://www.techradar.com/pro/key-tech-anniversaries-to-watch-out-for-in-2024 | title=Key tech anniversaries to watch out for in 2024 | work=TechRadar Pro | publisher=Future Publishing | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301023204/https://www.techradar.com/pro/key-tech-anniversaries-to-watch-out-for-in-2024 | archivedate=March 1, 2024}}</ref> Following the collapse of Linus, the Write-Top patents were sold to ], then a subsidiary of ].<ref name=bitter />{{rp|15}} Grid had introduced their own tablet computer, the ], in 1989, to much greater commercial success than the Write-Top.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Barrometro | first=Pam | date=January 8, 2024 | url=https://www.techradar.com/pro/key-tech-anniversaries-to-watch-out-for-in-2024 | title=Key tech anniversaries to watch out for in 2024 | journal=TechRadar Pro | publisher=Future Publishing | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301023204/https://www.techradar.com/pro/key-tech-anniversaries-to-watch-out-for-in-2024 | archivedate=March 1, 2024}}</ref>


==Notes== ==Notes==
Line 41: Line 43:
==References== ==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}} {{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal | last=Linderholm | first=Owen | date=October 1988 | url=https://archive.org/details/apc-1988_10/page/79/ | title=Linus Write-Top | journal=Australian Personal Computer | publisher=Australia Post Publications | volume=9 | issue=10 | pages=79–92 | via=the Internet Archive}}


==External links== ==External links==

Latest revision as of 00:47, 25 December 2024

Model of tablet computer
Linus Write-Top
Developer
ManufacturerLinus Technologies
TypeTablet computer
Release dateJuly 1988; 36 years ago (1988-07)
Lifespan1988–1990
DiscontinuedFebruary 1990; 34 years ago (1990-02)
Units soldAbout 1,500
Media3.5-inch floppy disks (5.25-inch floppy disks optional, external)
CPUNEC V20 at 7.16 MHz
Memory640 KB – 2 MB static RAM
Display9.4-inch monochrome transflective STN LCD
GraphicsCGA, 640 × 200 pixels

The Linus Write-Top is an early tablet computer first released by Linus Technologies, Inc., of Reston, Virginia, in July 1988. It was the first tablet computer released to the public with support for pen input and handwriting recognition software. The Write-Top is compatible with software for the IBM PC and runs an Intel 8088–compatible microprocessor. Although innovative, the Write-Top was a commercial flop, and Linus Technologies folded less than two years after its introduction.

Development

Brochure and spec sheet for the Linus Write-Top, from 1988

Linus Technologies, Inc., was established in 1985 in Reston, Virginia, by Ralph Sklarew, Robert Nadeau, and Arthur Rodbell. The company was founded chiefly to market the Write-Top, which was largely the brainchild of Sklarew and Nadeau. Before founding Linus, Sklarew had worked as a developer of environmental monitoring systems for institutions such as NASA and has founded a company that marketed such systems for chemical plants in 1977. Nadeau, meanwhile, was a professor of English at George Mason University who was next-door neighbors with Sklarew in Virginia. In the early 1980s, Sklarew discovered that Nadeau had been working on a prototype for an electronic book reader in his home and expressed interest in developing the concept further into a commercial product. The two developed a system for digitizing handwriting for the IBM PC programmed in GW-BASIC, eventually delivering a prototype to venture capitalists. Development stalled for a year and a half until the duo met Arthur Rodbell, who had experience in raising seed capital and marketing for various companies. In late 1984, the three raised $11 million in funding from Venture First of Winston-Salem, North Carolina, and in early 1985, Linus Technologies was founded. In 1986, the company hired Richard Mier, the recently departed vice president of marketing of Atari Corporation, to become Linus' president and CEO.

Sklarew, Nadeau, and others spent several years developing the Write-Top, with the final execution rendered by the industrial designer Peter H. Muller of Inter4m. Originally devised as a single-piece device, the final Write-Top was ultimately built out of two pieces, the system unit and the pen-enabled display; however, the two can be latched together to approximate a self-contained tablet.

Specifications

The Write-Top measures 11 by 11 by 3.5 inches (279 by 279 by 89 mm) and weighs roughly 9 pounds (4.1 kg) (when equipped with several options). The Write-Top runs the Intel 8088–compatible NEC V20 microprocessor, clocked at 7.16 MHz, and contains 640 KB of static RAM, upgradable to 2 MB with an optional, proprietary SRAM card. Besides containing the motherboard, the system unit includes a serial port, a parallel port, an PC keyboard port, a removable 3.5-inch floppy disk drive, a port for an optional exernal 5.25-inch floppy disk drive, and a slot for an optional 1200-baud modem. The pen-capable screen unit houses a monochrome transflective STN LCD, measuring 8 inches by 5 inches and capable of displaying CGA graphics at a resolution of 640 by 200 pixels. Aside from using natural light to evenly illuminate the display, the LCD also features a backlight. The Write-Top comes shipped with the MS-DOS 3.30 operating system on floppy.

As a tablet computer, the Write-Top features no built-in physical keyboard. Instead, overlaid on top of the LCD is a glass layer that allows the computer to be controlled using a stylus of nearly any material, including a mechanical pencil. To input text into a given application, the Write-Top features a terminate-and-stay-resident program called Your-Write that takes the user's handwriting (either as single letters or a sequence of words) via a field at the bottom of the screen and interprets it as textual information, outputting ASCII text into the currently open application. The software reserves a number of specialized symbols representing commands such as deletion of the word at the position of the text cursor and copying and pasting. Users can also select blocks of text using the pen and move them around freely by hand. When loaded into the operating system, Your-Write occupies 40 KB of RAM. The user must provide multiple samples of their handwriting for training the algorithm when loading Your-Write; in order to generate a robust dataset of the user's handwriting, this training module takes approximately 30 minutes to complete.

Linus also shipped with the computer an 80-column word processor called Just-Write, which is specifically optimized for Your-Write. Besides Your-Write and Just-Write, Linus also sold separately Code-Write, a software development kit for programmers wanting to create software with the same handwriting recognition algorithm as Your-Right. Besides these titles by Linus, the Write-Top is compatible with the vast majority of IBM PC software.

Release and reception

The Write-Top was publicly unveiled in March 1988. Following FCC Class B approval in late June 1988, the Linus Write-Top was released to the public in July 1988, supported by a value-added reseller network of 25 retailers. The company marekted the Write-Top as a professional's tool rather than a mass-market product, aiming the tablet computer at real estate appriasers, actuaries, medical professionals, and construction managers, among other workforces.

By January 1989, the company had sold 1000 units of the Write-Top and had secured at least one third-party software developer, Baxter International, whose Electronic Medical Systems subsidiary developed Your-Write compatible software for hospital personnel. The computer was warmly received in the press and by users, with Peter J. Harbeson of Manager's Magazine writing that it "may be the most exciting new technology for sales and management professionals since the invention of the laptop". Many more felt that the tablet's $3,000 asking price was too high, however, especially when coupled with the rather lacking pen-capable software library for the IBM PC. In mid-February 1990, by which point 1,500 units of the Write-Top were sold, Linus went bankrupt and dissolved. In a post-mortem interview with USA Today, Sklarew said that "We were a little too early with not enough staying power", with the majority of the company's time spent educating corporate buyers on the pen computing paradigm.

Following the collapse of Linus, the Write-Top patents were sold to Grid Systems, then a subsidiary of Tandy Corporation. Grid had introduced their own tablet computer, the GridPad 1900, in 1989, to much greater commercial success than the Write-Top.

Notes

  1. Letterforms cannot overlap or connect with each other, as in cursive writing.
  2. Third-party developers intereseted in developing for the Write-Top had to pay Linus $5000 in licensing and patent fees.

References

  1. ^ Atkinson, Paul (Autumn 2008). "A Bitter Pill to Swallow: The Rise and Fall of the Tablet Computer". Design Issues. 24 (4). MIT Press: 3–25. doi:10.1162/desi.2008.24.4.3.
  2. Delbourg-Delphis, Marylène (2024). Beyond Eureka!: The Rocky Roads to Innovating. Georgetown University Press. p. 168. ISBN 9781647124229 – via Google Books.
  3. ^ Hamilton, Patricia (January 1989). "Handwriting goes high tech". D&B Reports. 37 (1). Dun and Bradstreet, Inc.: 20–23 – via ProQuest.
  4. Atkinson, Paul (2010). Computer. Reaktion Books. pp. 115–116. ISBN 9781861897374 – via Google Books.
  5. ^ Mathews, Renee (April 4, 1988). "Linus Write-Top Lets Users Write on Display Screen". InfoWorld. 10 (14). IDG Publications: 22 – via Google Books.
  6. Bridges, Linda (May 31, 1988). "Linus designs write-top machine as electronic pen for busy users". PC Week. 5 (22). Ziff-Davis: 19 – via Gale.
  7. ^ Muchmore, Michael W. (June 28, 1988). "Write on Portable's LCD Screen, Your Handwriting Becomes ASCII". PC Magazine. 7 (12). Ziff-Davis: 52 – via Google Books.
  8. ^ Hogan, Mike (August 1988). "Linus Write-Top: The Write Stuff". PC World. 6 (8). IDG Publications: 88–90 – via the Internet Archive.
  9. ^ Hawkins, William J. (December 1988). "Electronic Newsfront". Popular Science. 233 (6). Times Mirror Magazines: 28–30 – via Google Books.
  10. ^ Harbeson, Peter J. (July 1989). "Breaking the Keyboard Barrier". Manager's Magazine. 64 (7). LIMRA International: 24 – via ProQuest.
  11. Hallisey, Jane (November 1988). "Write On!". PC/Computing. 1 (4). Ziff-Davis: 62 – via Gale.
  12. Lazar, Jerry (March 14, 1988). "Linus trains computers to read handwriting". Computer Systems News (357). UBM LLC: 24 – via Gale.
  13. Chartock, David S. (June 13, 1988). "Linus plans tiered Write-Top channel strategy". Computer & Software News. 6 (24). Lebhar-Friedman: 43 – via Gale.
  14. Roman, Susan (July 18, 1988). "Handwriting gets translated". MIS Week. 9 (29). Condé Nast: 1 et seq – via Gale.
  15. Rebello, Kathy (February 22, 1990). "New PCs can kiss keyboards goodbye". USA Today. Gannett Company: 6B – via ProQuest.
  16. Barrometro, Pam (January 8, 2024). "Key tech anniversaries to watch out for in 2024". TechRadar Pro. Future Publishing. Archived from the original on March 1, 2024.

Further reading

  • Linderholm, Owen (October 1988). "Linus Write-Top". Australian Personal Computer. 9 (10). Australia Post Publications: 79–92 – via the Internet Archive.

External links

  • Linus Write-Top at OldComputers.net, featuring photographs and more information
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