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{{Short description|American cyclist (born 1971)}}
{{For|the Tasmanian politician|Lance Armstrong (politician)}}
{{for|the Australian politician|Lance Armstrong (politician)}}

{{pp-move}}
{{Infobox Cyclist
{{pp-blp|small=yes}}
| ridername = Lance Armstrong
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2024}}
| image = NIH-lancearm2.jpg
{{Infobox cyclist
| image_caption = Armstrong in 2003<br />speaking at the ] in ].
| fullname = Lance Edward Armstrong |name = Lance Armstrong
|image = Lance Armstrong (Tour Down Under 2009).jpg
| nickname = The Boss, Juan Pelota, The Texan,<ref>Gayle King Radio Show, Fed Ex http://www.oprah.com/media/20080601_oaf_20080619_oaf_gk</ref><br /> Mellow Johnny <small>(from ],<br />French for ])</small><ref>Lance Armstrong, Sally Jenkins: ''Every Second Counts'', Chapter 1, (ISBN 0-385-50871-9), Broadway Books 2003.</ref>
|caption = Armstrong before the ]
| dateofbirth = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1971|9|18}}
|fullname = Lance Edward Armstrong
|Dateofdeath =
|nickname = Le Boss<ref>{{cite book|last=Fotheringham|first=William|title=Cyclopedia: It's All about the Bike|year=2011|publisher=Chicago Review Press|isbn=978-1-56976-948-5|page=18}}</ref><br/>Big Tex<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/espn/news/story?id=5355649|title=Armstrong keeps passing tests|last=Reilly|first=Rick|date=July 5, 2010|publisher=]|access-date=May 12, 2013|archive-date=January 28, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128092650/http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/news/story?id=5355649|url-status=live}}</ref>
| height = {{height|m=1.77}}<ref name="tdf">TDF (2009). Astana - Lance Armstrong. Retrieved on 2009-07-04 from http://www.letour.fr/2009/TDF/RIDERS/us/coureurs/22.html.</ref>
|birth_name = Lance Edward Gunderson
| weight = <small>1993:</small> {{convert|79|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}<br /><small>1999:</small> {{convert|74|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}<br /><small>2009:</small> {{convert|75|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="tdf" />
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1971|9|18}}
| country = United States
|birth_place = ], U.S.
| currentteam = {{ct|RadioShack}}
|height = {{height|m=1.77}}<ref name="tdf"/>
| discipline = Road
|weight = {{convert|75|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="tdf"/>
| role = Rider
|discipline = Road
| ridertype = All-Rounder
|role = Rider
| amateuryears = 1990&ndash;1991<br />1991
|ridertype = All-rounder
| amateurteams = {{ct|DSC|1990}}<br />US National Team
|amateuryears1 = 1990–1991
| proyears = 1992&ndash;1996<br />1997<br />1998&ndash;2004<br />2005<br />2009<br />2010&ndash;
|amateurteam1 = {{UCI team code|DSC|1990}}
| proteams = ]<br />{{ct|COF|1997}}<br />{{ct|DSC|1998}}<br />{{ct|DSC|2005}}<br />{{ct|AST|2009}}<br />{{ct|RSH|2010}}
|amateuryears2 = 1991
| majorwins = ''']''' <br />
|amateurteam2 = ]
: ] General Classification
|proyears1 = 1992–1996
: (], ], ], ], ], ], ])
|proteam1 = ]
: 22 Individual Stages
|proyears2 = 1997
] ] (1993)<br />] ] (1993)<br />] (1995)<br />] (1996)<br />] (2001)<br />] (2002, 2003)
|proteam2 = {{UCI team code|COF|1997}}
| updated = July 26, 2008
|proyears3 = 1998–2005
| medaltemplates =
|proteam3 = {{UCI team code|DSC|1998}}
{{MedalCountry | {{USA}} }}
|proyears4 = 2009
{{MedalSport | Men's ]}}
|proteam4 = {{UCI team code|AST|2009}}
{{MedalCompetition|]}}
|proyears5 = 2010–2011
{{MedalGold | ] | ]}}
|proteam5 = {{UCI team code|RSH|2010}}
{{MedalCompetition|]}}
|majorwins = ''']'''
{{MedalBronze | ] | ]}}
:''']'''
::2 individual stages (], ])
''']'''
:] (1998)
:] (1995, 1996)
''']'''
:] (])
:{{nowrap|] (1993)}}
:] (1995)
:] (1996)
:] (1993)
|show-medals = yes
|medaltemplates =
{{Medal|Country|{{flagu|United States}}}}
{{Medal|Sport|Men's ]}}
{{Medal|Competition|]}}
{{Medal|Gold|]|]}}
{{Medal|Competition|Olympic Games}}
{{Medal|Disqualified|]|]}}
}} }}
'''Lance Edward Armstrong''' ('']'' '''Gunderson'''; born September 18, 1971)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/01/17/us/lance-armstrong-fast-facts/index.html|title=Lance Armstrong Fast Facts|website=CNN|date=January 17, 2013|access-date=July 10, 2017|archive-date=June 7, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607202844/https://www.cnn.com/2013/01/17/us/lance-armstrong-fast-facts/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> is an American former professional ]. He achieved international fame for winning the ] a record seven consecutive times from ] to ], but was stripped of his titles in 2012 after an investigation into ], called the ], found that Armstrong used ] over his career. As a result, Armstrong is currently banned for life from all sanctioned bicycling events.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Schrotenboer|first=Brent|title=Lance Armstrong's ban is partially lifted|date=September 7, 2016|work=USA Today|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/cycling/2016/09/07/lance-armstrong-cycling-ban-partially-lifted/89981404/|access-date=July 24, 2023|archive-date=July 24, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724170934/https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/cycling/2016/09/07/lance-armstrong-cycling-ban-partially-lifted/89981404/|url-status=live}}</ref>
'''Lance Edward Armstrong''' (born '''Lance Edward Gunderson''' on September 18, 1971) is an American professional ] who is best known for winning the ] a record seven consecutive times, after having survived ]. He is also the founder and chairman of the ] for cancer research and support. He currently rides for ] team {{ct|RadioShack}}.


At age 16, Armstrong began competing as a ] and was a national sprint-course triathlon champion in 1989 and 1990. In 1992, he began his career as a professional cyclist with the ] team. Armstrong had success between 1993 and 1996 with the ] in ], the ] in 1995, ] in 1995 and 1996, and a handful of stage victories in Europe, including stage 8 of the ] and stage 18 of the ]. In 1996, he was diagnosed with a potentially fatal ] ]. After recovering, Armstrong founded the Lance Armstrong Foundation (now the ]) to assist other cancer survivors.
In 1996 he was diagnosed with ], a ] that ] to his brain and lungs. His ] included brain and testicular surgery and extensive ], and his ] was originally poor. He went on to win the Tour de France each year from ] to ] and is the only person to win seven times, having broken the previous record of five wins, shared by ], ], ] and ].


Returning to cycling in 1998, Armstrong was a member of the ] team between 1998 and 2005 when he won his seven Tour de France titles. Armstrong retired from racing at the end of the 2005 Tour de France, but returned to competitive cycling with the ] in January 2009, finishing third in the ] later that year. Between 2010 and 2011, he raced with ], and retired for a second time in 2011.
In 1999, he was named the ] ] Athlete of the Year. In 2000 he won the ] in Sports.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fundacionprincipedeasturias.org/ing/04/premiados/trayectorias/trayectoria657.html|title=Lance Armstrong|accessdate=2008-09-15}}</ref> In 2002, '']'' magazine named him ]. He was also named ] for the years 2002–2005. He received ]'s ] for Best Male Athlete in 2003, 2004, 2005, and 2006, and won the ] Award in 2003. Armstrong retired from racing on July 24, 2005, at the end of the ], but returned to competitive cycling in January 2009, and finished third in the ].


Armstrong became the subject of ] after winning the 1999 Tour de France. For years, he denied involvement in doping. In 2012, a ] (USADA) ] concluded that Armstrong had used performance-enhancing drugs over the course of his career<ref name="Lance Armstrong"/> and named him as the ringleader of "the most sophisticated, professionalized and successful doping program that sport has ever seen".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cycling/19903716|title=Lance Armstrong: USADA report labels him 'a serial cheat'|publisher=BBC News|date=October 11, 2012|access-date=November 10, 2012|archive-date=October 11, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011003656/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cycling/19903716|url-status=live}}</ref> While maintaining his innocence, Armstrong chose not to contest the charges, citing the potential toll on his family.<ref name=NYTdropsfight/> He received a lifetime ban from all sports that follow the ], ending Armstrong's competitive cycling career.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.usada.org/media/sanction-armstrong8242012|title=Lance Armstrong Receives Lifetime Ban And Disqualification Of Competitive Results For Doping Violations Stemming From His Involvement In The United States Postal Service Pro-Cycling Team Doping Conspiracy, USADA|date=August 24, 2012|publisher=Usada.org|quote=the UCI recognized a decision from the U.S. Anti-Doping Agency|access-date=November 10, 2012|archive-date=December 5, 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121205103820/http://www.usada.org/media/sanction-armstrong8242012|url-status=live}}</ref> The ] (UCI) upheld USADA's decision<ref name="BBC-UCI"/> and decided that his stripped wins would not be allocated to other riders.{{refn|Other top riders in the 1999 to 2005 Tours also have been involved in doping scandals. Several riders were banned and some also had their results stripped; some subsequently admitted to doping. Those riders include ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ]. UCI stated that "a cloud of suspicion would remain hanging over that period." And so, while noting that their decision "might appear harsh for those who rode clean", UCI decided "with respect to Lance Armstrong" that those seven Tours would have no official winner, rather than being allocated to other riders.<ref name="UCI: no winner of the seven tours"/><ref name="auto1"/>|group=N}}<ref name="UCI: no winner of the seven tours">{{cite web|url=http://www.uci.ch/Modules/ENews/ENewsDetails2011.asp?id=ODg0NQ&MenuId=MTYzMDQ&LangId=1&BackLink=%2FTemplates%2FUCI%2FUCI8%2Flayout.asp%3FMenuID%3DMTYzMDQ%26LangId%3D1|title=Press release: UCI takes decisive action in wake of Lance Armstrong affair|date=October 26, 2012|publisher=]|access-date=February 18, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826024601/http://www.uci.ch/Modules/ENews/ENewsDetails2011.asp?id=ODg0NQ&MenuId=MTYzMDQ&LangId=1&BackLink=%2FTemplates%2FUCI%2FUCI8%2Flayout.asp%3FMenuID%3DMTYzMDQ&LangId=1|archive-date=August 26, 2013}}</ref> In January 2013, Armstrong publicly admitted his involvement in doping. In April 2018, Armstrong settled a civil lawsuit with the ] and agreed to pay {{USD}}5 million to the U.S. government after ] proceedings were commenced by ], a former team member.
== Career ==
=== Early career ===
Armstrong was born on September 18, 1971, in ], a northern suburb of ].<ref>{{cite book |last=Doeden |first=Matt |year=2006 |title=Lance Armstrong |publisher=Twenty-First Century Books |isbn=0822559595 |pages=7–8 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=9GcPDCo49V8C&pg=PA7 |accessdate=2009-09-28}}</ref>


==Early life==
At the age of 12, he began his sporting career as a ] at the City of Plano Swim Club and finished fourth in Texas state 1,500-meter freestyle. He stopped swimming after seeing a poster for a junior ] which he entered and won easily.
Armstrong was born Lance Edward Gunderson on September 18, 1971, at Methodist Hospital in ].<ref name="Bike Friendly Oak Cliff: BFOC interviews Lance Armstrong's mom, Linda Armstrong Kelly"/> His mother, Linda Armstrong Kelly (neé: Gayle Mooneyham), grew up in ].<ref name="Bike Friendly Oak Cliff: BFOC interviews Lance Armstrong's mom, Linda Armstrong Kelly"/> Armstrong was named after ], a ] wide receiver. His parents divorced in 1973 when Lance was two, and when his mother remarried Terry Keith Armstrong, Lance took his stepfather's surname.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Armstrong |first=Lance |title=It's Not About the Bike: My Journey Back to Life |publisher=G. P. Putnam's Sons |year=2000 |isbn=978-0399146114}}</ref> He attended ].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/from-the-archives/2020/05/28/from-celebrated-cyclist-to-disgraced-athlete-lance-armstrongs-career-began-in-north-texas/|publisher=]|title=From celebrated cyclist to disgraced athlete: Lance Armstrong's career began in North Texas|last=Hurley|first=Meagan|date=May 28, 2020|access-date=February 5, 2023|archive-date=February 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206223222/https://www.dallasnews.com/news/from-the-archives/2020/05/28/from-celebrated-cyclist-to-disgraced-athlete-lance-armstrongs-career-began-in-north-texas/|url-status=live}}</ref>


==Career==
In the 1987–1988 Tri-Fed/Texas ("Tri-Fed" was the former name of ]), Armstrong was the number one ranked triathlete in the 19-and-under group; second place was ], who became a US Postal Service cycling teammate and the 2002 ]. Armstrong's points total for 1987 as an amateur was better than the five professionals ranked that year. At 16, Armstrong became a professional triathlete and became national sprint-course triathlon champion in 1989 and 1990 at 18 and 19, respectively.
===Early career===
]]]


In the 1987–1988 Tri-Fed/Texas ("Tri-Fed" was the former name of ]), Armstrong was ranked the number-one triathlete in the 19-and-under group; second place was ], who became a US Postal Service cycling teammate and the 2002 ]. Armstrong's total points in 1987 as an amateur were better than those of five professionals ranked higher than he was that year. At 16, Lance Armstrong became a professional triathlete and became national sprint-course triathlon champion in 1989 and 1990 at 18 and 19, respectively.<ref name="Breaking Away: Lance Armstrong of the U.S. is the world cycling champ. Now he's going for an even bigger prize."/>
It became clear that his greatest talent was for bicycle racing after he won the U.S. amateur championship in 1991. Representing the U.S., he finished 14th in the ]. This performance earned him his first professional contract with Motorola, riding alongside ]. He won his first race with ], the Trophee Laigueglia in Italy, beating the favourite ]. Also in 1992, Armstrong competed in the ] race.


===Motorola: 1992–96===
In 1993, Armstrong won 10 one-day events and stage races. He became one of the youngest riders to win the ], and took his first stage win at the ] from ] to ]. He was in 97th place overall when he abandoned the race in the Alps after the 12th stage.
In 1992, Armstrong turned professional with the ], the successor of 7-Eleven team. In 1993, he won 10 one-day events and stage races, but his breakthrough victory was the ] held in Norway. Before his World Championships win, Armstrong took his first win at the ], in the stage from ] to ]. He was 97th in the general classification when he retired after stage 12. Armstrong collected the ] Triple Crown of Cycling: the Thrift Drug Classic in ], the K-Mart West Virginia Classic, and the ] ] in ]. He is alleged by another cyclist competing in the CoreStates Road Race to have bribed that cyclist so that he would not compete with Armstrong for the win.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/armstrong-bought-million-dollar-triple-crown-victory-claims-gaggioli|title=Armstrong bought "Million Dollar" Triple Crown victory, claims Gaggioli|date=December 13, 2013|publisher=Cyclingnews.com|access-date=August 4, 2014|archive-date=July 24, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724231741/http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/armstrong-bought-million-dollar-triple-crown-victory-claims-gaggioli|url-status=live}}</ref>


In 1994, Armstrong again won the Thrift Drug Classic and came second in the ] in the United States. His successes in Europe occurred when he placed second in ] and the ], where just two years before, Armstrong had finished in last place at his first all-pro event in Europe. He finished the year strongly at the World Championships in ], finishing in seventh place less than a minute behind winner ].{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}
He also collected the ] Triple Crown of Cycling: the Thrift Drug Classic in ], the K-Mart West Virginia Classic, and the ] ] in ]. Thrift Drug said it would award $1 million to a rider winning all three races, a feat previously unachieved. At the USPRO championship, Armstrong sat up on his bicycle on the final lap, took out a comb, combed his hair and smiled for the cameras.


In a 2016 speech to ] professor ]'s Introduction to Sports Governance class, Armstrong stated that he began doping in "late spring of 1995."<ref>{{YouTube|id= fshoz6cnKPY|title= "Lance Armstrong speaks at University of Colorado, Boulder, on March 1, 2016"}} (at 5m20sec)</ref>
In 1994, he again won the Thrift Drug Classic and came second in the Tour Du Pont in the United States. His successes in Europe were second placings in the ] and ].


He won the Clásica San Sebastián in 1995, and this time won the Tour Du Pont and took a handful of stage victories in Europe including the stage to ] in the Tour De France. He dedicated the win to teammate ] who died in a crash on the descent of the ] on the 15th stage, two days before. Armstrong won the Clásica de San Sebastián in 1995, followed by an overall victory in the penultimate ] and a handful of stage victories in Europe, including the stage to ] in the ], three days after the death of his teammate ], who crashed on the descent of the ] on the 15th stage.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Abt|first1=Samuel|title=CYCLING; Italian Rider Dies After High-Speed Crash|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/07/19/sports/cycling-italian-rider-dies-after-high-speed-crash.html|access-date=July 2, 2014|work=The New York Times|date=July 19, 1995|archive-date=July 16, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716121442/http://www.nytimes.com/1995/07/19/sports/cycling-italian-rider-dies-after-high-speed-crash.html|url-status=live}}</ref> After winning the stage, Armstrong pointed to the sky in honor of Casartelli.<ref name="Wheelmen">{{cite book|last1=Albergotti|first1=Reed|last2=O'Connell|first2=Vanessa|title=Wheelmen: Lance Armstrong, the Tour de France, and the greatest sports conspiracy ever|date=2013|publisher=Penguin Group (USA) Incorporated|location=New York|isbn=978-1592408481|page=72}}</ref>


Armstrong's successes were much the same in 1996. He became the first American to win the ] and again won the Tour DuPont. However, Armstrong was able to compete for only five days in the Tour de France. In the ], he finished sixth in the ] and twelfth in the road race.<ref name="SportsRef">{{cite Sports-Reference|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ar/lance-armstrong-1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418023604/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ar/lance-armstrong-1.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 18, 2020|title=Lance Armstrong Olympic Results|access-date=July 24, 2016}}</ref> In August 1996, following the ], Armstrong signed a two-year, $2 million deal with the French ].<ref name="cofidisdropped">{{cite news|title=Armstrong dropped by Cofidis|url=https://www.apnews.com/e3797dc34f9dbe7f8029feca81fbdbd1|access-date=October 23, 2019|work=]|date=October 10, 1997|archive-date=October 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023093629/https://www.apnews.com/e3797dc34f9dbe7f8029feca81fbdbd1|url-status=live}}</ref> Joining him in signing contracts with the French team were teammates ] and ]. Two months later, Armstrong was diagnosed with advanced testicular cancer.<ref name="Armstrong Acknowledges Cancer Battle"/>
Armstrong's successes were much the same in 1996. He became the first American to win the ] and again won the Tour Dupont. However, his performances began to suffer and he was only able to compete for five days in the Tour De France. At ] he was only able to finish 6th in the ] and 12th in the road race in the ].


=== Cancer === ===Cancer diagnosis, treatment, and recovery===
On October 2, 1996, at the age of 25, Armstrong was diagnosed with ] (advanced) testicular cancer (]).<ref name="Armstrong Acknowledges Cancer Battle"/> The cancer had ] to his lymph nodes, lungs, brain, and abdomen.<ref name="Our Founder-Livestrong">{{cite web|url=http://www.livestrong.org/Our-Founder|title=Our Founder|publisher=]|access-date=January 18, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106034558/http://www.livestrong.org/Our-Founder|archive-date=January 6, 2014}}</ref> Armstrong visited ] Jim Reeves in Austin, Texas, for diagnosis of his symptoms, including a headache, blurred vision, coughing up blood, and a swollen testicle.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kFiO6fhOkfAC&q=lance+armstrong+testicle&pg=PA66|title=Lance Armstrong: A Biography|last=Johanson|first=Paula|date=April 30, 2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9780313386909}}</ref> The next day, Armstrong had an ] to remove the diseased testicle.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.velonews.com/2011/02/news/inside-cycling-with-john-wilcockson-armstrong%E2%80%99s-25-year-journey-is-over_160347|title=Inside Cycling with John Wilcockson: Armstrong's 25-year journey is over {{!}} VeloNews.com|date=February 17, 2011|work=VeloNews.com|access-date=October 6, 2017|archive-date=October 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007115804/http://www.velonews.com/2011/02/news/inside-cycling-with-john-wilcockson-armstrong%E2%80%99s-25-year-journey-is-over_160347|url-status=live}}</ref> When Reeves was asked in a later interview what he thought Armstrong's chances of survival were, Reeves said, "Almost none. We told Lance initially 20 to 50% chance, mainly to give him hope. But with the kind of cancer he had, with the X-rays, the blood tests, almost no hope."<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1"/>
On October 2, 1996, at age 25, Armstrong was diagnosed with stage three ]. The cancer had ] to his ]s, ] and ]. On that first visit to a urologist in Austin, Texas, for his cancer symptoms he was already coughing up blood and had a large, painful testicular tumor. Immediate surgery and chemotherapy were required to save his life. Armstrong had an ] to remove his diseased testicle. After his surgery his doctor admitted that he had less than a 40% survival chance.<ref>Lance Armstrong, Sally Jenkins: ''It's Not About the Bike: My Journey Back to Life'' (ISBN 0-425-17961-3), Putnam 2000.
</ref>


The standard chemotherapeutic regimen for the treatment of this type of cancer is a cocktail of the drugs ] (], ], and ] (or ])). Armstrong, however, chose an alternative, ] (], ], and ]), to avoid the lung toxicity associated with the drug bleomycin.<ref name="Lance Armstrong 2000">Lance Armstrong, Sally Jenkins: ''It's Not About the Bike: My Journey Back to Life'', Chapter 5, (ISBN 0-425-17961-3), Putnam 2000.</ref> This decision may have saved his cycling career. His primary treatment was received at the ] (IU), ], Medical Center, where Dr. Lawrence Einhorn had pioneered the use of cisplatinum to treat testicular cancer. His primary oncologist there was Dr. Craig Nichols.<ref name="Lance Armstrong 2000"/> Also at IU, his brain tumors were surgically removed and found to contain extensive ] (dead tissue). His last chemotherapy treatment was received on December 13, 1996. After receiving a letter from Steven Wolff, an oncologist at Vanderbilt University,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livestrong.org/we-can-help/survivor-stories/barabara-and-steven-w|title=Barbara and Steven W.|publisher=]|access-date=January 18, 2014|archive-date=May 21, 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140521022131/http://www.livestrong.org/we-can-help/survivor-stories/barabara-and-steven-w|url-status=live}}</ref> Armstrong went to the ] medical center in ]{{sfn|Armstrong|Jenkins|2001|pp=94–95}} and decided to receive the rest of his treatment there. The standard treatment for Armstrong's cancer was a "cocktail" of the drugs ], ], and ] (or ]) (BEP). The first chemotherapy cycle that Armstrong underwent included BEP, but for the three remaining cycles, he was given an alternative, ] ], ], and ] (VIP), to avoid lung toxicity associated with bleomycin.{{sfn|Armstrong|Jenkins|2001|pp=108–109}} Armstrong credited this with saving his cycling career.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vq270S4pLQc|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/vq270S4pLQc|archive-date=October 30, 2021|title=Lance Armstrong & David Agus at TEDMED 2011|date=January 30, 2012 |publisher=]|access-date=January 18, 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref> At Indiana University, ] had pioneered the use of cisplatin to treat testicular cancer. Armstrong's primary oncologist there was Craig Nichols.<ref name="Lance Armstrong, Sally Jenkins: ''It's Not About the Bike: My Journey Back to Life'' ({{ISBN|0-425-17961-3}}), Putnam 2000"/> On October 25,{{sfn|Armstrong|Jenkins|2001|p=118}} his brain lesions, which were found to contain extensive ], were surgically removed by Scott A. Shapiro,<ref name="societyns"/> a professor of neurosurgery at Indiana University.


Armstrong's final chemotherapy treatment took place on December 13, 1996.{{sfn|Armstrong|Jenkins|2001|p=154}} In January 1997, Armstrong unexpectedly appeared at the first training camp of the Cofidis team at ], France, riding {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} with his new teammates before returning to the United States.<ref>{{cite web|title=Armstrong back in training|url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/results/archives/jan97/11a_1.html|website=cyclingnews.com|access-date=October 23, 2019|date=January 11, 1997|archive-date=August 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819025021/http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/results/archives/jan97/11a_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Armstrong update|url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/results/archives/jan97/13_1.html|website=cyclingnews.com|access-date=October 23, 2019|date=January 13, 1997|archive-date=August 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819011255/http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/results/archives/jan97/13_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In February 1997, he was declared cancer-free. In October, Cofidis announced that his contract would not be extended, after negotiations broke down over a new deal.<ref name=cofidisdropped/> A former boss at Subaru Montgomery offered him a contract with the US Postal team at a salary of $200,000 a year. By January 1998, Armstrong was engaged in serious training for racing, moving to Europe with the team.<ref name="Lance Armstrong, Sally Jenkins: ''It's Not About the Bike: My Journey Back to Life'' ({{ISBN|0-425-17961-3}}), Putnam 2000"/>
His cancer went into complete remission, and by January 1998 he was already engaged in serious training for racing, moving to Europe to race for the U.S. Postal team. A pivotal week (April, 1998) in his comeback was one he spent training in the very challenging Appalachian terrain around Boone, North Carolina, with his racing friend ].<ref name="Lance Armstrong 2000"/>


===US Postal/Discovery: 1998–2005===
=== Tour de France success ===
Before his cancer treatment, Armstrong had participated in four Tour de France races, winning two stages. In 1993, he won the eighth stage and in 1995; he took stage 18 which he dedicated to teammate ] who had crashed and died on stage 15. Armstrong dropped out of the 1996 Tour after the fifth stage after becoming ill, a few months before his diagnosis.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abt |first=Samuel |date=July 6, 1996 |title=Armstrong, Without Power, Withdraws From Tour de France |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/07/06/sports/IHT-armstrong-without-power-withdraws-from-tour-de-france.html |access-date=June 3, 2024 |website=]}}</ref>
], taking over the Yellow Jersey at ]]]
Before his cancer treatment, Armstrong had won two Tour de France stages. In 1993, he won the 8th stage and in ] he took stage 18 in honor of teammate ] who crashed and died on stage 15. Armstrong dropped out of the 1996 Tour on the 7th stage after becoming ill, a few months before his diagnosis.


], taking over the ] at ]]]
Armstrong's cycling comeback began in 1998 when he finished fourth in the ]. In 1999 he won the Tour de France, including four stages. He beat the second rider, ], by 7 minutes 37 seconds. However, the absence of ] (injury) and ] (drug allegations) meant Armstrong had not yet proven himself against the biggest names. Stage wins included the prologue, stage eight, an ] in ], an Alpine stage on stage nine, and the second individual time trial on stage 19.


Armstrong's cycling comeback began in 1998 and he entered the 1998 edition of ] but could not compete at such an elite level and abandoned the race.<ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite web
In 2000, Ullrich and Pantani returned to challenge Armstrong. The race that began a six-year rivalry between Ullrich and Armstrong ended in victory for Armstrong by 6 minutes 2 seconds over Ullrich. Armstrong took one stage in the 2000 Tour, the second individual time trial on stage 19. In 2001, Armstrong again took top honors, beating Ullrich by 6 minutes 44 seconds. In 2002, Ullrich did not participate due to suspension, and Armstrong won by seven minutes over ].
|title=In Post-Cancer Career, Armstrong Beats the Odds and Wins the Race
|work=]
|agency=International Herald Tribune
|author=Samuel Abt
|date=June 16, 1998
|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/06/16/sports/IHT-in-postcancer-career-armstrong-beats-the-odds-and-wins-race.html
|access-date=March 19, 2022
|archive-date=March 19, 2022
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319171721/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/06/16/sports/IHT-in-postcancer-career-armstrong-beats-the-odds-and-wins-race.html
|url-status=live
}}</ref> He then abandoned Europe with his fiancé and returned to ] where he contemplated retirement. Not long after returning to the United States, Armstrong entered seclusion near ] and Boone, ]<ref>{{cite web
|title=THE BEECH MOUNTAIN RIDE THAT INSPIRED LANCE ARMSTRONG'S COMEBACK FROM CANCER
|work=WNC Magazine
|author=Randy Johnson
|date=July 1, 2009
|url=https://wncmagazine.com/feature/life_cycle
|access-date=March 19, 2022
|archive-date=August 12, 2022
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812202230/https://wncmagazine.com/feature/life_cycle
|url-status=live
}}</ref> with former Tour de France rider ] as well as ] and trained in the ].<ref>{{cite web
|title=In The End, Armstrong Had Support From Start
|work=Chicago Tribune
|author=Philip Hersh
|date=July 25, 1999
|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1999-07-25-9907250173-story.html
|access-date=March 19, 2022
|archive-date=March 19, 2022
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319171528/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1999-07-25-9907250173-story.html
|url-status=live
}}</ref> In May 1998, Armstrong held his second charity race for cancer research in Austin, Texas: The Race for the Roses. ], Irish cycling legend ], and five time Tour champion ] were the most important cyclists at the event. LeMond said it was a good reason to get cyclists together, going on to say that life does not always deal the cards out equal and who knows if Armstrong will get back to the highest level, maybe he retires next year. During an interview, Armstrong said the rider he admires the most is ], saying that when he is riding well, he is the fiercest competitor in the bunch.


Armstrong then entered and won the ].<ref name="nytimes.com"/> During the ] Armstrong shocked the cycling world by finishing in the top five during one ITT, the top 10 in another and for the most part staying with the GC contenders in the mountains en route to finishing fourth overall. His credibility as a threat was confirmed when he finished fourth in both the road race and time trial at the ].<ref>{{cite web
The pattern returned in 2003, Armstrong taking first place and Ullrich second. Only 1 minute 1 second separated the two at the end of the final day in Paris. U.S. Postal won the ] on stage four, while Armstrong took stage 15, despite being knocked off on the ascent to ], the final climb, when a spectator's bag caught his right handlebar. Ullrich waited for him, which brought Ullrich fair-play honors.<ref>In his book "Every Second Counts" Armstrong casts doubt that Ullrich did, in fact, wait for him. He states that Ullrich only slowed when told to do so by other riders.{{cite web
|title=Rider Lance Armstrong
| title = Jan Ullrich wird zum "Ritter des Fair Play" (German for: Ullrich becomes "Knight of fairplay)
|website=procyclingstats.com
| publisher = Fair play in Sports
|date=February 24, 2022
| url = http://www.sportunterricht.de/fairplay/janullrich03.html
|url=https://www.procyclingstats.com/rider/lance-armstrong/1998
| accessdate=March 5, 2007}}</ref>
|access-date=February 24, 2022
|archive-date=February 24, 2022
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224224853/https://www.procyclingstats.com/rider/lance-armstrong/1998
|url-status=live
}}</ref> As a result of these efforts, Armstrong finished third in the voting for the ].<ref>This 3rd place result in the Vélo d'Or voting was later revoked</ref> In 1999, he won the Tour de France, including four stages. Armstrong beat the second place rider, ], by 7 minutes 37 seconds. However, the absence of ] (injury) and ] (drug allegations) meant Armstrong had not yet proven himself against the biggest names in the sport. Stage wins included the prologue, stage eight, an ] in ], an Alpine stage on stage nine, and the second individual time trial on stage 19.<ref>{{cite web|title=1999 Tour de France|url=http://bikeraceinfo.com/tdf/tdf1999.html|website=bikeraceinfo.com|access-date=July 17, 2017|archive-date=July 9, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709190833/http://bikeraceinfo.com/tdf/tdf1999.html|url-status=live}}</ref>


In 2000, Ullrich and Pantani returned to challenge Armstrong. The race began a six-year rivalry between Ullrich and Armstrong and ended in victory for Armstrong by 6 minutes 2 seconds over Ullrich. Armstrong took one stage in the 2000 Tour, the second individual time trial on stage 19. At the ], Armstrong raced to third place in the ]. In 2013, he was stripped of the bronze medal and third place title by the ] after he admitted to doping.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-01-17 |title=Lance Armstrong stripped of Sydney Olympics medal |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cycling/21062496 |access-date=2024-08-04 |work=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Olympics wipe Armstrong bronze – DW – 01/17/2013 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/armstrong-stripped-of-sydney-olympic-bronze/a-16529563 |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=dw.com |language=en}}</ref> In September that year, Armstrong returned his medal to Olympic officials.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Botelho |first=Greg |date=2013-09-12 |title=Lance Armstrong tweets that he's returned Olympic bronze medal |url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/09/12/sport/lance-armstrong-returns-olympic-medal/index.html |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>
In 2004, Armstrong finished first, 6 minutes 19 seconds ahead of German ]. Ullrich was fourth, a further 2 minutes 31 seconds behind. Armstrong won a personal best five individual stages, plus the team time trial. He became the first since ] in 1948 to win three consecutive mountain stages; 15, 16, and 17. The individual time trial on stage 16 up ] was won in style by Armstrong as he passed ] on the way despite setting out two minutes after the Italian. He won sprint finishes from Basso in stages 13 and 15 and made up a significant gap in the last 250m to nip Klöden at the line in stage 17. He won the final individual time trial, stage 19, to complete his personal record of stage wins.


In 2001, Armstrong again took top honors at the Tour de France, beating Ullrich by 6 minutes 44 seconds. In 2002, Ullrich did not participate due to suspension, and Armstrong won by seven minutes over ].<ref>{{cite web|title=2002 Tour de France results|url=http://bikeraceinfo.com/tdf/tdf2002.html|website=bikeraceinfo.com|access-date=July 17, 2017|archive-date=July 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170719160139/http://bikeraceinfo.com/tdf/tdf2002.html|url-status=live}}</ref> During stage eleven and twelve of this Tour is when the race was won as US Postal had ] ] lead Armstrong up both climbs, breaking the peloton in the process. Then, when Heras' work was done, Armstrong took off to claim the stage wins only having to contend with Beloki.
In 2005, Armstrong was beaten by ] in the Stage 1 time trial by 2 seconds, despite passing Ullrich on the road. His Discovery Channel team won the team time trial, while Armstrong won the final individual time trial. To complete his record-breaking feat, Armstrong crossed the line on the Champs-Élysées on July 24 to win his 7th consecutive Tour, finishing 4m 40s ahead of Basso, with Ullrich third.


]]]
On July 24, 2005, Armstrong officially announced his retirement from professional cycling after his 7th consecutive Tour de France win.<ref>http://www.roadcyclinguk.com/event-news/armstrong-retires/576.html</ref>


The pattern returned in 2003, Armstrong taking first place and Ullrich second. Only a minute and a second separated the two at the end of the final day in Paris. U.S. Postal won the ] on stage 4, and on stage 9, Armstrong nearly crashed out of the Tour while defending the yellow jersey. He was less than a minute ahead of Beloki and ] was on a solo attack threatening to overtake Armstrong in the standings. While traversing the ] Beloki crashed violently and hard, ending his Tour and sending him to the hospital with serious injuries.<ref>{{cite web
=== Comeback II ===
|title=Remembering Joseba Beloki's crash on a hot day in Gap
], Texas]]
|work=Velo News of Outside Magazine
==== Astana: 2009 ====
|author=Rob Arnold
{{seealso|2009 Astana season}}
|date=July 24, 2019
Armstrong announced on September 9, 2008 that he would return to pro cycling with the express goal of participating in the ].<ref>] via ], .</ref> "After talking with my children, my family and my closest friends, I have decided to return to professional cycling in order to raise awareness of the global cancer burden", Armstrong said on his livestrong.org website.<ref>], .</ref>
|url=https://www.velonews.com/events/tour-de-france/remembering-joseba-belokis-crash-on-a-hot-day-in-gap/
VeloNews reported that Armstrong will race for no salary or bonuses and will post his internally tested blood results online.<ref></ref>
|access-date=February 24, 2022
|archive-date=February 24, 2022
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224224854/https://www.velonews.com/events/tour-de-france/remembering-joseba-belokis-crash-on-a-hot-day-in-gap/
|url-status=live
}}</ref> Armstrong narrowly avoided the same fate by reacting in time to avoid Beloki, but to do so he went off the road and ended up on a foot trail which led downhill through a field. He survived upright on his bike nearly to the end, at which time he picked it up and carried it the rest of the way to the road at the bottom of the hairpin turn, essentially losing no time as a result. He could have been fined or penalized for taking a shortcut, but it was deemed unintentional.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Tour leader Armstrong cuts a corner
|work=The Guardian
|author=William Fotheringham
|date=July 14, 2003
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2003/jul/15/tourdefrance2003.tourdefrance3
|access-date=February 24, 2022
|archive-date=February 24, 2022
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224224853/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2003/jul/15/tourdefrance2003.tourdefrance3
|url-status=live
}}</ref> Armstrong maintained a gap of only +0:21 over Vinokourov, but Ullrich was emerging as the most likely rider to overthrow Armstrong. Armstrong then took stage 15—despite having been knocked off on the ascent to ], the final climb—when a spectator's bag caught his right handlebar. Ullrich waited for him, which brought Ullrich fair-play honors.<ref name="sportunterricht"/>


In 2004, Armstrong finished first, 6 minutes 19 seconds ahead of German ]. Ullrich was fourth, a further 2 minutes 31 seconds behind. Armstrong won a personal-best five individual stages, plus the team time trial. He became the first biker since ] in 1948 to win three consecutive mountain stages; 15, 16, and 17. The individual time trial on stage 16 up ] was won in style by Armstrong as he passed ] on the way despite having set out two minutes after the Italian. He won sprint finishes from Basso in stages 13 and 15 and made up a significant gap in the last 250 m to nip Klöden at the line in stage 17. He won the final individual time trial, stage 19, to complete his personal record of stage wins.<ref>{{cite web|title=2004 Tour de France results|url=http://bikeraceinfo.com/tdf/tdf2004.html|website=bikeraceinfo.com|access-date=July 17, 2017|archive-date=December 8, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208075426/http://bikeraceinfo.com/tdf/tdf2004.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
The announcement ended speculation that he would return with {{ct|AST|2009}} in the Tour of California, Paris-Nice, the Tour de Georgia and the Dauphiné-Libéré. Astana missed the 2008 Tour after ] was ejected from the 2007 Tour for testing positive.


]]]
Australian ] radio reported on September 24, 2008 that Armstrong would compete in the UCI ] through ] and surrounds in January 2009. UCI rules say a cyclist has to be in an anti-doping program for six months before an event, but the Tour Down Under allowed Armstrong to compete after he engaged ], a leading anti-doping scientist, to independently test him throughout his comeback races.<ref name="walker interview"/> The ], ], declared that Armstrong's participation would make the tour "the biggest sporting event in South Australian history."<ref name="rann comeback"/>
In 2005, Armstrong was beaten by American ] in the stage 1 time trial by two seconds, despite having passed Ullrich on the road. His Discovery Channel team won the team time trial, while Armstrong won the final individual time trial. In the mountain stages, Armstrong's lead was attacked multiple times mostly by Ivan Basso, but also by T-mobile leaders Jan Ullrich, Andreas Klöden and Alexandre Vinokourov and former teammate ]. But still, the American champion handled them well, maintained his lead and, on some occasions, increased it. To complete his record-breaking feat, he crossed the line on the Champs-Élysées on July 24 to win his seventh consecutive Tour, finishing 4m 40s ahead of Basso, with Ullrich third. Another record achieved that year was that Armstrong completed the tour at the highest pace in the race's history: his average speed over the whole tour was 41.7&nbsp;km/h (26&nbsp;mph).<ref name="Tour de France winners and their average speeds"/> In 2005, Armstrong announced he would retire after the ],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/farewell-tour-for-lance-armstrong/|title=Farewell Tour For Lance Armstrong|access-date=March 19, 2017|archive-date=March 20, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320051910/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/farewell-tour-for-lance-armstrong/|url-status=live}}</ref> citing his desire to spend more time with his family and his foundation.<ref name=":2">Armstrong, L., & Kreutz, E. (2009). ''Comeback 2.0: Up close and personal''. New York: Touchstone. {{ISBN|978-1-4391-7314-5}}</ref> During his retirement, Armstrong diverted his attention away from the happenings in professional cycling; however whilst at a conference, in ], Armstrong saw ]'s win on Alpe d'Huez and "felt a pang".<ref name=":2"/>


===Comeback===
In October 2008, Armstrong confirmed he would compete in the ], his first participation.<ref></ref>
====Astana Pro Team: 2009====
{{See also|2009 Astana season}}
On September 9, 2008, Armstrong announced that he would return to pro cycling with the express goal of participating in the ].<ref name="azcentral"/><ref name="coming out"/> ''VeloNews'' reported that Armstrong would race for no salary or bonuses and would post his internally tested blood results online.<ref name="coming out"/>


]]]
On January 17, Armstrong said at a press conference for the Tour Down Under that his comeback was motivated by spending most of his days spreading the Livestrong message and raising national awareness of cancer.<ref></ref><ref>{{cite news | last = Sharwood | first = Anthony | title = Mad about Lance Armstrong | work = ] | issue = 43 | date = February 2009 | pages = 38–41 | url = http://www.alphamagazine.com.au/features/article/lance-armstrong/ | accessdate = 2009-09-17}}</ref> Though his fitness levels had supposedly returned to peak condition,<ref name="walker interview"/> Armstrong placed 29th in the race.<ref></ref> Armstrong said he considered this a successful result, as the thousands of fans who flocked to Adelaide to see him compete &mdash; booking every hotel room in the city<ref name="walker interview"/> &mdash; added A$17 million to the South Australian economy, and the government rewarded his effort by pledging A$4.1 million towards the construction of a centre for cancer research.<ref name="cancer research centre"/>


Australian ] radio reported on September 24, 2008, that Armstrong would compete in the UCI ] through ] and surrounding areas in January 2009. UCI rules say a cyclist has to be in an anti-doping program for six months before an event, but UCI allowed Armstrong to compete.<ref name="Lance Armstrong given the all clear from UCI for Tour Down Under comeback"/> He had to retire from the 2009 Vuelta a Castilla y León during the first stage after crashing in a rider pileup in ], Spain, and breaking his ].<ref name="Armstrong breaks his collarbone"/> Armstrong flew back to ], for corrective surgery, which was successful, and was back training on a bicycle within four days of his operation.
Armstrong's stolen Trek bicycle was returned to the Sacramento police by an anonymous citizen on February 18, 2009. The time-trial bike was found four days after it disappeared from the Astana team truck after he used it before Stage 1 of the Tour of California. A police statement read, "The facts surrounding how the person came into possession of the bicycle are not being released at this time due to an ongoing investigation."<ref></ref>


On April 10, 2009, a controversy emerged between the French anti-doping agency ] and Armstrong and his team manager, ], stemming from a March 17, 2009, encounter with an AFLD anti-doping official who visited Armstrong after a training ride in ]. When the official arrived, Armstrong claims he asked—and was granted—permission to take a shower while Bruyneel checked the official's credentials. In late April, the AFLD cleared Armstrong of any wrongdoing.<ref name="Lance Armstrong cleared by French anti-doping agency"/> He returned to racing after his collarbone injury at the ] in ] on April 29.<ref name="Armstrong to return from injury"/>
In February 2009, Armstrong was confirmed to compete in the ] from 19–23 August 2009, before then participating in the Livestrong Global Cancer Summit from August 24-26th in Dublin.<ref></ref> The ] confirmed in early March that Armstrong will return to Europe to continue his comeback season with races at ] and the ].<ref></ref>
He had to retire from the 2009 Vuelta Castilla y León during the first stage after crashing in a rider pileup in ], Spain and breaking his ].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/cycling/7959765.stm|title=Armstrong breaks his collarbone |date=2009-03-23 |work=]|accessdate=2009-03-23}}</ref>


On July 7, in the fourth stage of the ], Armstrong narrowly failed to win the yellow jersey after his Astana team won the ]. His Astana team won the 39&nbsp;km lap of ] but Armstrong ended up just over two tenths of a second (0.22) outside ]'s overall lead.<ref name="Armstrong just misses Tour lead"/> Armstrong finished the 2009 Tour de France on the podium in third place. The only riders able to ] him were ] who was able to defeat him by +1:13 and his own Astana teammate ], who won the Tour by more than four minutes over Schleck.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}
Armstrong flew back to ] for corrective surgery, which was successful, and was back training on a bicycle within four days of his operation.<ref>http://eurosport.yahoo.com/25032009/3/armstrong-recovering-surgery-collarbone.html</ref> On April 10, 2009, a controversy emerged between the ] and Armstrong and his team manager, ], stemming from a March 17, 2009 encounter with an AFLD anti-doping official who visited Armstrong after a training ride in ]. When the official arrived, Armstrong claims he asked—and was granted—permission to take a shower while Bruyneel checked the official's credentials. In late April, the AFLD cleared Armstrong of any wrongdoing.<ref>http://eurosport.yahoo.com/10042009/3/french-want-tour-claims-armstrong.html</ref> Armstrong returned to racing after his collarbone injury at the ] in ] on 29 April.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/cycling/8023662.stm|title=Armstrong to return from injury |date=2009-04-28|work=]|accessdate=2009-04-28}}</ref>


====Team RadioShack: 2010–11====
On 7 July, in the fourth stage of the ], Armstrong narrowly failed to win the yellow jersey after his Astana team won the ]. His Astana team won the 39&nbsp;km lap of ] but Armstrong ended up just over two tenths of a second (0.22) outside of ]'s overall lead.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/cycling/8138996.stm|title=Armstrong just misses Tour lead |date=2009-07-07|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=2009-07-07}}</ref> Armstrong finished the 2009 Tour de France in third place overall, 5:24 behind the overall winner, his Astana teammate ].
] in his RadioShack jersey]]


On July 21, 2009, Armstrong announced that he would return to the Tour de France in 2010.<ref name="Armstrong Says He Will Return for 2010"/> ] was named as the main sponsor for Armstrong's 2010 team, named ].<ref name="espn-radioshack"/> He made his 2010 season debut at the ], where Armstrong finished 25th out of the 127 riders who completed the race. He made his European season debut at the ], finishing in seventh place overall. Armstrong was also set to compete in several classics such as the ], ], ], and the ], but bouts with gastroenteritis forced his withdrawal from three of the four races.<ref name="VeloNews.com – Bruyneel confirms Armstrong will race classics"/>
==== Team RadioShack: 2010 ====
On July 21, 2009, Armstrong reported that he plans to return to the Tour de France in 2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/22/sports/cycling/22tour.html?em|title=Armstrong Says He Will Return for 2010 |date=2009-07-21|work=NY Times Sport|accessdate=2009-07-22}}</ref> ] has been named as the main sponsor for Armstrong's team in 2010: ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/oly/tdf2009/news/story?id=4349772|title=Source: Lance's team lands sponsor |date=2009-07-23|work=ESPN.com|accessdate=2009-07-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://teamradioshack.com/getready/|title=Team RadioShack 2010 |date=2009-07-23|accessdate=2009-07-23}}</ref> Armstrong made his 2010 season debut at the ] where he finished 25th out of the 127 riders that completed the race. He made his European season debut at the ] finishing in 7th place overall. Armstrong was also set to compete in several classics such as the ], ], ], and the ], but bouts with gastroenteritis forced his withdrawal from three of the four races.<ref>http://velonews.competitor.com/2010/01/news/bruyneel-confirms-armstrong-will-race-classics_103190</ref>
Armstrong returned to the United States in mid-April to compete in the Tour of Gila and May's Amgen Tour of California, both as preparation for the Tour de France.


Armstrong returned to the United States in mid-April to compete in the Tour of Gila and May's ], both as preparation for the Tour de France. However, he crashed outside ] early in stage 5 of the Tour of California and had to withdraw from the race.<ref name="Lance Armstrong heading to local hospital after crash outside of Visalia"/> He showed fine shape after recovering from the Tour of California crash, placing second in the ] and third in the ].
=== Physical attributes ===
Armstrong has recorded ] of 83.8 mL/kg/min (VO<sub>2</sub> max),<ref>{{cite web
| title = How Fast Could Lance Armstrong Run a Marathon?
| publisher = Runner's World
| date = September 26, 2006
| url = http://www.runnersworld.com/article/0,7120,s6-243-297--10401-0,00.html
| accessdate=February 23, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| title = FAQ: VO2 Max
| publisher = Running for Fitness
| date =
| url = http://www.runningforfitness.org/faq/vo2.php
| accessdate=February 23, 2009}}</ref> much higher than the average person (40-50), but<!-- The Armstrong Media Blitz keeps changing the facts. Can we stick to the facts and not have to pull out the real dirt people? --> lower than some other ] winners, such as ] (88.0, although reports exist that Indurain tested at 92-94) and ] (92.5).<ref>{{cite web
| title = VO2 Max&nbsp;— a Measure of Athletic Fitness
| publisher = bbc.co.uk
| date = January 22, 2002
| url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A660223
| accessdate=August 13, 2006}}</ref> He has a ] of 32-34 beats per minute (bpm) with a maximum heart rate of 201 bpm.<ref>The Lance Armstrong Performance Program ISBN 1-57954-270-0</ref>


On June 28, Armstrong announced via Twitter that the ] would be his final Tour de France.<ref name="competitor"/> Armstrong put in an impressive performance in the Tour's prologue time trial, finishing fourth. Only time trial specialists were able to better Armstrong's time and he was the highest placed of the GC contenders with a young, relatively unknown rider, ], finishing one second behind him and Contador four seconds slower. In all eight of Armstrong's Tours since his comeback in 1999 he always had the requisite good luck early in the Tour and never got involved in crashes or ], which could cost him serious time. In 2010 his luck ran out early as he lost serious time due to the aftermath and ] splits caused by a crash on stage 3,<ref>{{cite web
=== Collaboration of sponsors ===
|title=A Rocky Ride for Armstrong on Another Day of Crashes
Armstrong revolutionized the support behind his well-funded teams, asking sponsors and suppliers to contribute and act as part of the team.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F06E3DA113BF93AA25757C0A9629C8B63|title=New York Times: CYCLING; Overhauling Lance Armstrong}}</ref> For example, rather than having the frame, handlebars, and tires designed and developed by separate companies with little interaction, his teams adopted a ] relationship with sponsors and suppliers named "F-One",<ref></ref> taking full advantage of the combined resources of several organizations working in close communication. The team, ], ], ], Bontrager (a Trek company), ], ] and ], collaborated for an array of products.
|work=]
|author=Juliet Macur
|date=July 6, 2010
|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/07/sports/cycling/07tour.html?smid=url-share
|access-date=February 28, 2022
|archive-date=February 28, 2022
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228151415/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/07/sports/cycling/07tour.html?smid=url-share
|url-status=live
}}</ref> and then another crash on stage 8. He rallied for the brutal Pyrenean stage 16, working as a key player in a successful break that included teammate ]. He finished his last tour in 23rd place, 39 minutes 20 seconds behind former winner ].<ref name="Contador wins Tour; Lance walks away"/> He was also a key rider in helping Team RadioShack win the team competition, beating Caisse d'Epargne by 9 minutes, 15 seconds.
In October, he announced the end of his international career after the ] in January 2011. He stated that after January 2011, he will race only in the U.S. with the ] domestic team.<ref name="cyclismactu"/>


On February 16, 2011, Armstrong announced his retirement from competitive cycling "for good" while still facing a US federal investigation into doping allegations.<ref name="bbcforgood"/><ref name="Armstrong Retires From Cycling"/>
== Family and personal life ==
] during the ]]]
Armstrong was born to Linda Mooneyham, a secretary, and Eddie Charles Gunderson, a route manager for '']''. He was named after ], a ] wide receiver. His father left his mother when Lance was two and has two other children from another relationship. His mother later married Terry Keith Armstrong, a wholesale salesman, who adopted Lance in 1974.<ref>{{cite web | first = William | last = Addams | title = Ancestry of Lance Armstrong | publisher = William Addams Reitwiesner Genealogical Services ( "WARGS") | url = http://www.wargs.com/other/armstrongl.html | accessdate = 2007-09-22 }}</ref> Linda has married and divorced three times. Armstrong refuses to meet his birth father and has described Terry Armstrong as deceitful.<ref>{{cite web | first = Todd | last = Balf |title = "I'm Not the Next Greg LeMond. I'm the First Lance Armstrong." | publisher = Outside Magazine | month = July | year = 1994 | url = http://outside.away.com/magazine/0794/947flanc_2.html | accessdate = 2008-01-09}}</ref>


===Collaboration of sponsors===
Armstrong met Kristin Richard in June 1997. They married on May 1, 1998 and have three children: Luke, born October 1999, and twins Isabelle and Grace, born November 2001. The pregnancy was possible through sperm Armstrong banked three years earlier, prior to chemotherapy and surgery.<ref>{{cite web | first = Sal | last = Ruibal | title = Cancer survivor Armstrong accepts new role | publisher = USA Today | date = May 22, 2002 | url = http://www.usatoday.com/sports/cycling/2002-05-22-cover-armstrong.htm | accessdate = 2008-01-09}}</ref> The couple filed for divorce in September 2003. At Armstrong's request, his children flew in for the Tour de France podium ceremony in 2005, where Luke helped his father hoist the trophy, while his daughters (in yellow dresses) held the stuffed lion mascot and bouquet of yellow flowers.
Armstrong improved the support behind his well-funded teams, asking sponsors and suppliers to contribute and act as part of the team.<ref name="CYCLING; Overhauling Lance Armstrong"/> For example, rather than having the frame, handlebars, and tires designed and developed by separate companies with little interaction, his teams adopted a ] relationship with sponsors and suppliers named "F-One",<ref name="Cyclingnews.com: Armstrong's 'F-One' group plots the hour"/> taking full advantage of the combined resources of several organizations working in close communication. The team, ], ], ], Bontrager (a Trek company), ], ], ], and ], collaborated for an array of products.{{citation needed|date=May 2014}}


==Doping allegations, investigation, and confession==
Armstrong began dating singer-songwriter ] in the autumn of 2003 and revealed their relationship in January 2004. The couple announced their ] in September 2005 and their split in February 2006. In October 2007, Armstrong and fashion designer ] ended a relationship after several months.<ref>{{cite web | first = Stephen M. | last = Silverman | title = Lance Armstrong, Tory Burch Break Up | publisher = People Magazine | date = October 3, 2007 | url = http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20130255,00.html | accessdate = 2008-01-09}}</ref> He dated American actress ] from May-July 2008. On July 30, 2008, a representative for Hudson announced the relationship had ended amicably.<ref>{{cite web | title = Report: Ashley Olsen Dating Lance Armstrong | publisher = FOXNews | date = October 31, 2007 | url = http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,306796,00.html | accessdate = 2008-06-17}}</ref>
{{Main|History of Lance Armstrong doping allegations|Lance Armstrong doping case}}
For much of his career, Armstrong faced persistent allegations of doping.<ref name="Index of Lance Armstrong doping allegations over the years"/> He denied all such allegations until January 2013, often claiming that he never had any positive test in the drug tests he had taken over his cycling career.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2012/08/23/sport/lance-armstrong-investigation/index.html|title=Lance Armstrong facing lifetime ban, loss of titles|publisher=CNN|date=August 25, 2012|access-date=January 19, 2013|archive-date=January 26, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126071140/http://edition.cnn.com/2012/08/23/sport/lance-armstrong-investigation/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>


Armstrong has been criticized for his disagreements with outspoken opponents of doping such as ]<ref name="Countdown to the Tour de France Jonathan Vaughters and his drugsfree team"/><ref name="They bust the addicts but the dealers ride on"/> and ].<ref name="Armstrong rounds on critics over drugs storm"/><ref name="The Times"/> Bassons was a rider for Festina at the time of the ] and was widely reported by teammates as being the only rider on the team not to be taking performance-enhancing drugs. Bassons wrote a number of articles for a French newspaper during the 1999 Tour de France which made references to doping in the ]. Subsequently, Armstrong had an altercation with Bassons during the 1999 Tour de France where Bassons said Armstrong rode up alongside on the Alpe d'Huez stage to tell him "it was a mistake to speak out the way I (Bassons) do and he (Armstrong) asked why I was doing it. I told him that I'm thinking of the next generation of riders. Then he said 'Why don't you leave, then?'".<ref name="Le coup de blues de Christophe Bassons – l'Humanite"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/oct/13/christophe-bassons-not-bitter-lance-armstrong|title=Mr Clean Christophe Bassons 'not bitter' towards Lance Armstrong|last=Willsher|first=Kim|date=October 13, 2012|work=The Guardian|access-date=July 24, 2017|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=May 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517021214/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/oct/13/christophe-bassons-not-bitter-lance-armstrong|url-status=live}}</ref>
In December 2008, Armstrong announced that his girlfriend, Anna Hansen, was pregnant with his child. The couple started dating in July 2008 after meeting through Armstrong's charity work. Although it was believed that Armstrong could no longer father children, after having undergone chemotherapy for testicular cancer, this child was conceived naturally.<ref> CNN.com, December 23, 2008</ref> The baby boy, Maxwell Edward "Max" Armstrong, was born on June 4, 2009 in ]. Armstrong announced the birth using the ] service ].<ref>{{cite web | first = Lance | last = Armstrong | title = Wassup, world? My name is... | publisher = Twitter| date = June 4, 2009 | url = http://twitter.com/lancearmstrong/status/2038590710 | accessdate = 2009-06-06}}</ref> Armstrong has become a popular Twitter user with approx. 2,000,000 followers or more.
<ref>{{cite web | title = Lance Armstrong Twitter Home Page| publisher = Twitter| date = July 13, 2009 | url = http://twitter.com/lancearmstrong | accessdate = 2009-07-13}}</ref>


Armstrong later confirmed the story, stating on the main evening news on ], a national television station: "His accusations aren't good for cycling, for his team, for me, for anybody. If he thinks cycling works like that, he's wrong and he would be better off going home."<ref name="cited"/> Kimmage, a professional cyclist in the 1980s who later became a sports journalist, referred to Armstrong as a "cancer in cycling".<ref name="The Times"/> He also asked Armstrong questions in relation to his "admiration for dopers" at a press conference at the Tour of California in 2009, provoking a scathing reaction from Armstrong.<ref name="The Times"/> This spat continued and is exemplified by Kimmage's articles in '']''.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022232421/http://www.independent.ie/sport/other-sports/cycling-big-reveal-of-cancer-jesus-3266380.html |date=October 22, 2012 }}, '']''; accessed May 20, 2014.</ref>
In April 2010, Armstrong using twitter announced that he was having a 5th child to be born in October 2010.


Armstrong continued to deny the use of illegal performance-enhancing drugs for four more years, describing himself as the most tested athlete in the world.<ref name="Pound Stunned By Attack"/> From his return to cycling in the fall of 2008 through March 2009, Armstrong claimed to have submitted to 24 unannounced drug tests by various anti-doping authorities.<ref name="Lance to Drug Tester: Your Papers, Please"/><ref name="Armstrong outraged by French misbehaviour claims"/>
Armstrong owns homes in ] and Aspen, Colorado, as well as a ranch in the ].<ref name="cloudy">{{cite news | title = Armstrong attempts to quell dispute over Hill Country swimming hole | agency = Associated Press | date = October 25, 2006 | url = http://www.dailytexanonline.com/media/storage/paper410/news/2006/10/25/StateLocal/Armstrong.Attempts.To.Quell.Dispute.Over.Hill.Country.Swimming.Hole-2400001.shtml?norewrite200610251211&sourcedomain=www.dailytexanonline.com | accessdate = 2006-10-25}}</ref> Armstrong is a fan of the ] ] ] program and is often seen on the sidelines supporting the team.


===Working with Michele Ferrari===
In regards to religion, he is ], quoted as saying, "at the end of the day, if there was indeed some body or presence standing there to judge me, I hoped I would be judged on whether I had lived a true life, not on whether I believed in a certain book, or whether I'd been baptized. If there was indeed a god at the end of my days, I hoped he didn't say, 'But you were never a Christian, so you're going the other way from heaven.' If so, I was going to reply, 'You know what? You're right. Fine.'"<ref>Lance Armstrong's book: ''It's Not About the Bike: My Journey Back to Life'', published by G.P Putnam's Sons 2000. pp. 116-118</ref>
Armstrong was criticized for working with controversial trainer ]. Ferrari claimed that he was introduced to Lance by ] in 1995.<ref name="cyclingnews"/> ] described himself as "devastated" on hearing of them working together, while Tour de France organizer ] said, "I am not happy the two names are mixed."<ref name="guardian"/> Following Ferrari's later-overturned conviction for "sporting fraud" and "abuse of the medical profession", Armstrong claimed that he suspended his professional relationship with Ferrari, saying that he had "zero tolerance for anyone convicted of using or facilitating the use of performance-enhancing drugs" and denying that Ferrari had ever "suggested, prescribed or provided me with any performance-enhancing drugs".<ref name="timesonline1"/>


Though Ferrari was banned from practicing medicine with cyclists by the ], according to Italian law enforcement authorities, Armstrong met with Ferrari as late as 2010 in a country outside Italy.<ref name="associated"/> According to '']'', "] reveals an intimate role played by Dr. Michele Ferrari in masterminding Armstrong's Tour de France success". According to the USADA report, Armstrong paid Ferrari over $1{{nbsp}}million from 1996 to 2006, countering Armstrong's claim that he severed his professional relationship with Ferrari in 2004. The report also includes numerous eyewitness accounts of Ferrari injecting Armstrong with ] on a number of occasions.<ref>{{cite web|author=Laura Weislo|url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/usada-lance-armstrong-paid-ferrari-more-than-dollar-1-million|title=USADA: Lance Armstrong Paid Ferrari More Than $1 Million|publisher=]|date=September 25, 2011|access-date=November 10, 2012|archive-date=November 12, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112211338/http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/usada-lance-armstrong-paid-ferrari-more-than-dollar-1-million|url-status=live}}</ref>
== Allegations of drug use ==
Armstrong has been criticised for his disagreements with outspoken opponents of ] such as ]<ref>http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/more_sport/cycling/article4232249.ece</ref><ref>http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/columnists/paul_kimmage/article2159415.ece</ref> and ].<ref>http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/article451832.ece</ref><ref name="timesonline.co.uk">http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/more_sport/article5750574.ece</ref> Bassons wrote a number of articles for a French newspaper during the 1999 Tour De France which made references to doping in the ]. Subsequently, Lance had an altercation with ] during the 1999 Tour De France where Bassons said Armstrong rode up alongside on the Alpe d'Huez stage to tell him "it was a mistake to speak out the way I do and he asked why I was doing it. I told him that I'm thinking of the next generation of riders. Then he said 'Why don't you leave, then?'<ref></ref> Armstrong confirmed the story. On the main evening news on TF1, a national television station, Armstrong said: "His accusations aren't good for cycling, for his team, for me, for anybody. If he thinks cycling works like that, he's wrong and he would be better off going home".<ref>Cited, ''L'Équipe'', 17 July 1999.</ref> Kimmage, a controversial journalist who referred to Armstrong as a 'cancer in cycling' also asked Lance questions in relation to his 'admiration for dopers' at a press conference at the Tour of California in 2009<ref name="timesonline.co.uk"/> provoking a scathing reaction from Armstrong. This spat continued and is exemplified by Kimmage's articles in '']''.<ref>Kimmage, Paul. , ''The Sunday Times'', 5 July 2009.</ref>


==={{lang|fr|L.A. Confidentiel}}: 2004===
Armstrong has continually denied using "illegal" performance-enhancing drugs and has described himself as "the most tested athlete in the world".<ref>{{cite news
{{Main|L.A. Confidentiel}}
|last = BBC News
In 2004, reporters ] and ] published a book alleging Armstrong had used performance-enhancing drugs ({{lang|fr|] – Les secrets de Lance Armstrong}}). Another figure in the book, ], claims he and other riders, including Armstrong, began using drugs in 1995 while members of the Motorola team, a claim denied by other team members.<ref name="Stop strong-arm tactics"/><ref name="2 Ex-Teammates of Cycling Star Admit Drug Use"/>
|year = 2006
|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/cycling/3535573.stm
|title = Pound Stunned By Attack
|accessdate = 2006-08-12
| date=March 5, 2004}}</ref> A 1999 urine sample showed traces of ] in an amount that was not in the positive range. A medical certificate showed he used an approved cream for ] which contained the substance.<ref name="velonews050823">{{cite web
|last = VeloNews Interactive, with wire services
|year = 2005
|url = http://www.velonews.com/news/fea/8740.0.html
|title = L'Equipe alleges Armstrong samples show EPO use in 99 Tour
|work = News & Features
|publisher = Inside Communications
|accessdate = 2006-07-26
}}- "Throughout his career only one test showed indications of the presence of doping products. In the 1999 Tour, a urine sample showed small traces of cortico-steroids. Armstrong was cleared, however, when his U.S. Postal team, produced a medical certificate showing that he used a cream to ease the pain of a saddle sore. Even that sample, however, was below the levels that would have triggered a positive result at the time."</ref>


Among the allegations in the book were claims by Armstrong's former {{lang|fr|]}} Emma O'Reilly that a backdated prescription for cortisone had been produced in 1999 to avoid a positive test. A 1999 urine sample at the Tour de France showed traces of ]. A medical certificate showed he used an approved cream for ] which contained the substance.<ref name="velonews050823"/> O'Reilly said she heard team officials worrying about Armstrong's positive test for steroids during the Tour. She said: "They were in a panic, saying: 'What are we going to do? What are we going to do?'".<ref name="Armstrong, Best of His Time, Now With an Asterisk"/>
On March 17, 2009, French Anti-doping Agency tested Armstrong for the 24th time in the last year and the test was negative for performance-enhancing drugs.<ref>{{Citation | last = Albergotti | first = Reed | title = Lance to Drug Tester: Your Papers, Please | newspaper = Wall Street Journal | year = 2009 | date = April 8, 2009 | url = http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123915747307299985.html}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | title = Armstrong outraged by French misbehaviour claims | newspaper = Agence French Presse | year = 2009 | date = April 7, 2009 | url = http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gpWQTJmkqpByIaAMzL_-ZAO8qiKg | accessdate = 2009-09-28}}</ref>
=== Specific allegations ===
* Armstrong has been criticized for working with controversial trainer ]. ] described himself as "devastated" on hearing of them working together, while ] organizer ] said, "I am not happy the two names are mixed."<ref> ]</ref> Following Ferrari's later-overturned conviction for "sporting fraud" and "abuse of the medical profession", Armstrong suspended his professional relationship with him, saying that he had "zero tolerance for anyone convicted of using or facilitating the use of performance-enhancing drugs" and denying that Ferrari had ever "suggested, prescribed or provided me with any performance-enhancing drugs."<ref> ]</ref>


According to O'Reilly, the solution was to obtain a pre-dated prescription for a steroid-based ointment used to treat saddle sores from one of the team's compliant doctors. O'Reilly said that she would have been aware if Armstrong had saddle sores as she would have been responsible for administering any treatment. O'Reilly said that Armstrong told her: "Now, Emma, you know enough to bring me down." O'Reilly said that she was also asked to dispose of used syringes for Armstrong and to pick up strange parcels for the team.<ref name="Lance Armstrong: the whistleblowers"/>
Ferrari was later absolved of all charges by an Italian appeals court of the sporting fraud charges as well as charges of abusing his medical license to write prescriptions. The court stated that it overturned his conviction "because the facts do not exist" to support the charges.<ref></ref>
* In 2004, reporters ] and ] published a book alleging Armstrong had used performance-enhancing drugs (''] - Les secrets de Lance Armstrong''). It contains allegations by Armstrong's former masseuse, Emma O'Reilly, who claimed Armstrong once asked her to dispose of used syringes and to give him makeup to conceal needle marks on his arms.<ref name="velonews050823"/> Another figure in the book, Steve Swart, claims he and other riders, including Armstrong, began using drugs in 1995 while members of the Motorola team, a claim denied by other team members.<ref>{{dead link|date=September 2009}}, ''The Scotsman'', June 20, 2004</ref> Allegations in the book were reprinted in the UK newspaper ''The Sunday Times'' in a story by deputy sports editor Alan English in June 2004. Armstrong sued for libel, and the paper settled out of court after a High Court judge in a pre-trial ruling stated that the article "meant accusation of guilt and not simply reasonable grounds to suspect."<ref></ref>


The newspaper's lawyers issued the statement: "The Sunday Times has confirmed to Mr. Armstrong that it never intended to accuse him of being guilty of taking any performance-enhancing drugs and sincerely apologised for any such impression." (See also<ref></ref> in ''The Guardian''). Armstrong later dropped similar lawsuits in France.<ref>, ''The Austin American-Statesman'', July 7, 2006</ref> Allegations in the book were reprinted in '']'' (UK) by deputy sports editor Alan English in June 2004. Armstrong sued for libel, and the paper settled out of court after a High Court judge in a pre-trial ruling stated that the article "meant accusation of guilt and not simply reasonable grounds to suspect".<ref name="guardian2"/> The newspaper's lawyers issued the statement: "The Sunday Times has confirmed to Mr. Armstrong that it never intended to accuse him of being guilty of taking any performance-enhancing drugs and sincerely apologized for any such impression." The same authors (Pierre Ballester and David Walsh) subsequently published ''L.A. Official'' and {{lang|fr|Le Sale Tour}} (''The Dirty Trick''), further pressing their claims that Armstrong used performance-enhancing drugs throughout his career.{{citation needed|date=May 2014}}
* On March 31, 2005, Mike Anderson filed a brief <ref>, by ''Mike Anderson'', March 31, 2005 - (warning: PDF-file, 2.8 MB)</ref> in Travis County District Court in Texas, as part of a legal battle following his termination in November 2004 as an employee of Armstrong. Anderson worked for Armstrong for two years as a personal assistant. In the brief, Anderson claimed that he discovered a box of Androstenone while cleaning a bathroom in Armstrong's apartment in ], Spain.<ref>{{dead link|date=September 2009}}, ''The Austin American-Statesman'', April 1, 2005</ref> Androstenine is not on the list of banned drugs. Anderson stated in a subsequent deposition that he had no direct knowledge of Armstrong using a banned substance.


Armstrong denied the claim and issued a counter-suit.<ref>{{dead link|date=September 2009}}, ''The Austin American-Statesman'', April 2, 2005</ref> The two men reached an out-of-court settlement in November 2005; the terms of the agreement were not disclosed.<ref>{{dead link|date=September 2009}}, ''The Austin American-Statesman'', November 5, 2005</ref> On March 31, 2005, Mike Anderson filed a brief<ref name="coxnewsweb"/> in Travis County District Court in Texas, as part of a legal battle following his termination in November 2004 as an employee of Armstrong. Anderson worked for Armstrong for two years as a personal assistant. In the brief, Anderson claimed that he discovered a box of 'androstenin' while cleaning a bathroom in Armstrong's apartment in ], Spain.<ref name="Papers: Lance had steroid in home"/> 'Androstenin' is not on the list of banned drugs. Anderson stated in a subsequent deposition that he had no direct knowledge of Armstrong using a banned substance. Armstrong denied the claim and issued a counter-suit.<ref name="Armstrong asks Austin court to sanction his former assistant"/> The two men reached an out-of-court settlement in November 2005; the terms of the agreement were not disclosed.<ref name="Lance Armstrong settles lawsuit with former assistant"/>
* On August 23, 2005, ''L'Équipe'', a major French daily sports newspaper, reported on its front page under the headline "le mensonge Armstrong" ("The Armstrong Lie") that 6 urine samples taken from the cyclist during the prologue and five stages of the 1999 Tour de France, frozen and stored since at "Laboratoire national de dépistage du dopage de Châtenay-Malabry" (LNDD), had tested positive for ] in recent retesting conducted as part of a research project into EPO testing methods.<ref></ref><ref></ref> For years, it had been impossible to detect the drug, called erythropoietin, which builds endurance by boosting the production of oxygen-carrying red blood cells. The world governing body of cycling, ] (UCI), did not begin using a urine test for EPO until 2001, two years after the samples were taken. This claim was based on an investigation in which they claimed to be able to match samples from the 1999 Tour that were used to hone the EPO test to Armstrong.<ref>, ''The Doping Journal, September 22, 2005</ref> To establish a link between Armstrong and the samples, Damien Ressiot<ref name="Andy Shen">{{cite web|url=http://velocitynation.com/content/interviews/2009/michael-ashenden|accessdate=2009-06-24|title=Interviews - Michael Ashenden|publisher=Velocity Nation|date=2009-02-04|author=Andy Shen}}</ref>, L'Equipe's reporter, matched the tracking numbers, with the indirect help of UCI and Lance Armstrong on the samples with those on Armstrong's record with the UCI during the 1999 Tour.


In November 2012, ''Times Newspapers'' republished all of Walsh's articles as well as the original "LA Confidential" article by Alan English in ''Lanced: The shaming of Lance Armstrong''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Lanced: The shaming of Lance Armstrong|author1=David Walsh|author2=Paul Kimmage|author3=John Follain|author4=Alex Butler|date=October 31, 2012|publisher=The Sunday Times}}</ref> ''The Times'' was said to be considering taking action to recoup money from Armstrong in relation to the settlement and court costs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.velonation.com/News/ID/13056/Sunday-Times-considering-legal-action-against-Armstrong.aspx|title=Sunday Times considering legal action against Armstrong|publisher=Velonation.com|access-date=January 19, 2013|archive-date=October 15, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015181240/http://www.velonation.com/News/ID/13056/Sunday-Times-considering-legal-action-against-Armstrong.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>
Armstrong immediately replied on his website, saying, "Unfortunately, the witch hunt continues and tomorrow's article is nothing short of tabloid journalism. The paper even admits in its own article that the science in question here is faulty and that I have no way to defend myself. They state: 'There will therefore be no counter-exam nor regulatory prosecutions, in a strict sense, since defendant's rights cannot be respected.' I will simply restate what I have said many times: I have never taken performance enhancing drugs."<ref></ref>


In December 2012 ''The Sunday Times'' filed suit against Armstrong for $1.5{{nbsp}}million. In its suit, the paper sought a return of the original settlement, plus interest and the cost of defending the original case.<ref>], "Sunday Times suing Armstrong", '']'', December 25, 2012, p. 15.</ref>
In October 2008, the ] gave Armstrong the opportunity to have samples taken during the 1998 and 1999 Tours de France retested.<ref></ref> Armstrong immediately refused, saying, "the samples have not been maintained properly." Head of AFLD Pierre Bordry stated: "Scientifically there is no problem to analyse these samples - everything is correct" and "If the analysis is clean it would have been very good for him. But he doesn't want to do it and that's his problem."<ref></ref>


In August 2013, Armstrong and ''The Sunday Times'' reached an undisclosed settlement.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Lance Armstrong settles with Sunday Times|date=August 25, 2013|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2013/aug/25/lance-armstrong-settles-sunday-times|work=The Guardian|access-date=August 26, 2013|archive-date=August 26, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826110717/http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2013/aug/25/lance-armstrong-settles-sunday-times|url-status=live}}</ref>
* In June 2006, French newspaper '']'' reported claims by Betsy and ] during a deposition that Armstrong had admitted using performance-enhancing drugs to his physician just after brain surgery in 1996. The Andreus' testimony was related to litigation between Armstrong and SCA Promotions, a Texas company attempting to withhold a $5-million bonus; this was settled out of court with SCA paying Armstrong and Tailwind Sports $7.5 million, to cover the $5-million bonus plus interest and lawyers' fees.


===Tour de France urine tests: 2005===
The testimony stated "And so the doctor asked him a few questions, not many, and then one of the questions he asked was... have you ever used any performance-enhancing drugs? And Lance said yes. And the doctor asked, what were they? And Lance said, growth hormone, cortisone, EPO, steroids and testosterone.
On August 23, 2005, {{lang|fr|L'Équipe}}, a major French daily sports newspaper, reported on its front page under the headline {{lang|fr|"le mensonge Armstrong"}} ('The Armstrong Lie') that six urine samples taken from the cyclist during the prologue and five stages of the ], frozen and stored since at "Laboratoire national de dépistage du dopage de Châtenay-Malabry" (LNDD), had tested positive for ] (EPO) in recent retesting conducted as part of a research project into EPO testing methods.<ref name="L'EQUIPE.FR Cyclisme – CYCLISME – Affaire Armstrong"/><ref name="AFP: No comment on Armstrong from US cycling, anti-doping groups"/>
"<ref name="npr.org"></ref>
Armstrong suggested Betsy Andreu may have been confused by possible mention of his ''post-operative treatment'' which included steroids and EPO that are taken to counteract wasting and red-blood-cell-destroying effects of intensive chemotherapy, but this is at odds with the fact that it was necessary for Armstrong to tell the doctor the list of drugs taken, and the use of the phrase "performance enhancing".<ref></ref>


Armstrong immediately replied on his website, saying, "Unfortunately, the witch hunt continues and tomorrow's article is nothing short of tabloid journalism. The paper even admits in its own article that the science in question here is faulty and that I have no way to defend myself. They state: 'There will therefore be no counter-exam nor regulatory prosecutions, in a strict sense, since defendant's rights cannot be respected'. I will simply restate what I have said many times: I have never taken performance enhancing drugs."<ref name="Litke: Suspicion Remains Lance's Opponent"/>
The Andreus' allegation was not supported by any of the eight other people present, including Armstrong's doctor Craig Nichols,<ref></ref> or his medical history. However, according to Greg LeMond (who has been ] with his own disputes with Armstrong), there exists a recorded conversation in which Stephanie McIlvain, Armstrong's contact at Oakley Inc., said of Armstrong's alleged admission 'You know, I was in that room. I heard it.' McIlvain has contradicted LeMond and denied the incident occurred in her sworn testimony.<ref name="npr.org"/>
* In July 2006, the '']'' published a story on the allegations raised in the SCA case.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.latimes.com/sports/cycling/la-sp-armstrong9jul09,0,5275381.story |title=Allegations Trail Armstrong Into Another Stage |last=Abrahamson |first=Abrahamson |publisher=] |date=2006-07-09 |accessdate=2009-07-10}}</ref> The report cited evidence at the trial including the results of the LNDD test and an analysis of these results by an expert witness.<ref></ref> From the ''LA Times'' article: "The results, Australian researcher Michael Ashenden testified in Dallas, show Armstrong's levels rising and falling, consistent with a series of injections during the Tour. Ashenden, a paid expert retained by SCA Promotions, told arbitrators the results painted a "compelling picture" that the world's most famous cyclist "used EPO in the '99 Tour."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2006/jul/09/sports/sp-armstrong9?pg=4 |title=Allegations Trail Armstrong Into Another Stage |last=Abrahamson |first=Alan |publisher=] |date=2006-07-09 |accessdate=2009-07-10}}</ref> Ashenden's finding were disputed by the Vrijman report, which pointed to procedural and privacy issues in dismissing the LNDD test results. The ''LA Times'' article also provided information on testimony given by Armstrong's former teammate, Swart, Andreu and his wife Betsy, and ] conversation between Andreu and ] regarding blood-doping in the ]. Vaughters signed a statement disavowing the comments and stating he had: "no personal knowledge that any team in the Tour de France, including Armstrong's Discovery team in 2005, engaged in any prohibited conduct whatsoever." Andreu signed a statement affirming the conversation took place as indicated on the instant messaging logs submitted to the court.


In October 2005, in response to calls from the International Olympic Committee and the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) for an independent investigation, the UCI appointed Dutch lawyer Emile Vrijman to investigate the handling of urine tests by the French national anti-doping laboratory, LNDD. Vrijman was head of the Dutch anti-doping agency for ten years; since then he has worked as a defense attorney defending high-profile athletes against doping charges.<ref name="California Western School of Law"/> Vrijman's report cleared Armstrong because of improper handling and testing.<ref name="Armstrong cleared in drug inquiry"/><ref name="UCI report clears Armstrong"/> The report said tests on urine samples were conducted improperly and fell so short of scientific standards that it was "completely irresponsible" to suggest they "constitute evidence of anything".<ref name="Max2006"/>
The SCA trial was settled out of court, and the ''LA Times'' reported: "Though no verdict or finding of facts was rendered, Armstrong called the outcome proof that the doping allegations were baseless." The ''L.A. Times''' article provides a review of the disputed positive EPO test, allegations and sworn testimony against Armstrong, but notes that: "They are filled with conflicting testimony, hearsay and circumstantial evidence admissible in arbitration hearings but questionable in more formal legal proceedings."<ref name="Andy Shen"/>


The recommendation of the commission's report was no disciplinary action against any rider on the basis of LNDD research. It also called upon the WADA and LNDD to submit themselves to an investigation by an outside independent authority.<ref name="Scholten c.s. Advocaten"/> The IOC Ethics Commission subsequently censured ], the President of WADA and a member of the IOC, for his statements in the media that suggested wrongdoing by Armstrong. In April 2009, anti-doping expert<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921131319/https://cyclingtips.com/2018/06/casting-a-critical-eye-on-corruption-in-sport-qa-with-anti-doping-expert-robin-parisotto/ |date=September 21, 2020 }} CyclingTips</ref> Michael Ashenden said "the LNDD absolutely had no way of knowing athlete identity from the sample they're given. They have a number on them, but that's never linked to an athlete's name. The only group that had both the number and the athlete's name is the federation, in this case it was the UCI." He added "There was only two conceivable ways that synthetic ] could've gotten into those samples. One, is that Lance Armstrong used EPO during the '99 Tour. The other way it could've got in the urine was if, as Lance Armstrong seems to believe, the laboratory spiked those samples. Now, that's an extraordinary claim, and there's never ever been any evidence the laboratory has ever spiked an athlete's sample, even during the Cold War, where you would've thought there was a real political motive to frame an athlete from a different country. There's never been any suggestion that it happened."<ref name="The possibility of tampering"/>
=== Handling of urine tests ===
In October 2005, in response to calls from the International Olympic Committee and the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) for an independent investigation, the UCI appointed Dutch lawyer ] to investigate the handling of urine tests by the French national anti-doping laboratory, LNDD. Vrijman was head of the Dutch anti-doping agency for ten years; since then he has worked as a defense attorney defending high-profile athletes against doping charges.<ref>{{cite web | title = California Western Alumni Professional News | publisher = California Western School of Law | url = http://www.cwsl.edu/main/default.asp?nav=alumni.asp&body=alumni/AlumProfessionalNews.asp | accessdate = 2008-01-09}}</ref> Vrijman's report cleared Armstrong because of improper handling and testing.<ref>{{cite news | title = Armstrong cleared in drug inquiry | publisher = BBC | date = May 31, 2006 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/cycling/5033672.stm | accessdate = 2008-01-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = UCI report clears Armstrong | agency = Associated Press | work = VeloNews | date = May 31, 2006 | url = http://www.velonews.com/news/fea/9932.0.html | accessdate = 2008-01-09 }}</ref> The report said tests on urine samples were conducted improperly and fell so short of scientific standards that it was "completely irresponsible" to suggest they "constitute evidence of anything."<ref>{{cite news | first = Arthur | last = Max | title = Report Exonorates Armstrong of Doping | agency = Associated Press | work = San Francisco Chronicle | date = May 31, 2006 | url = http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2006/05/31/sports/s045357D78.DTL&type=health | accessdate = 2008-01-09}}</ref> The recommendation of the commission's report was no disciplinary action against any rider on the basis of LNDD research. It also called upon the WADA and LNDD to submit themselves to an investigation by an outside independent authority.<ref>{{cite web | title = Independent Investigation&nbsp;— Analysis Samples from the 1999 Tour de France | publisher = Scholten c.s. Advocaten | work = VeloNews | url = http://www.velonews.com/media/report1999.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = 2008-01-09 }}</ref> The WADA rejected these conclusions.<ref>{{cite news | title = Wada boss slams Armstrong 'farce' | publisher = BBC | date = June 2, 2006 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/cycling/5043260.stm BBC | accessdate=January 5, 2010}}</ref> The IOC Ethics Commission subsequently censured ], the President of WADA and a member of the IOC, for his statements in the media that suggested wrongdoing by Armstrong.


===SCA Promotions case: 2005–2015===
In April 2009, Dr. Michael Ashenden said that "the LNDD absolutely had no way of knowing athlete identity from the sample they're given. They have a number on them, but that's never linked to an athlete's name. The only group that had both the number and the athlete's name is the federation, in this case it was the UCI." He added "There was only two conceivable ways that synthetic EPO could've gotten into those samples. One, is that Lance Armstrong used EPO during the '99 Tour. The other way it could've got in the urine was if, as Lance Armstrong seems to believe, the laboratory spiked those samples. Now, that's an extraordinary claim, and there's never ever been any evidence the laboratory has ever spiked an athlete's sample, even during the Cold War, where you would've thought there was a real political motive to frame an athlete from a different country. There's never been any suggestion that it happened."<ref></ref>
In June 2006, French newspaper {{lang|fr|]}} reported claims by Betsy and ] during a deposition that Armstrong had admitted to using performance-enhancing drugs to his physician just after brain surgery in 1996. The Andreus' testimony was related to litigation between Armstrong and SCA Promotions, a Texas company attempting to withhold a $5{{nbsp}}million bonus; this was settled out of court with SCA paying Armstrong and Tailwind Sports $7.5{{nbsp}}million, to cover the $5{{nbsp}}million bonus plus interest and lawyers' fees. The testimony stated "And so the doctor asked him a few questions, not many, and then one of the questions he asked was{{nbsp}} have you ever used any performance-enhancing drugs? And Lance said yes. And the doctor asked, what were they? And Lance said, ], ], ], ]s and ]."<ref name="npr.org"/>


Armstrong suggested Betsy Andreu may have been confused by possible mention of his post-operative treatment, which included steroids and EPO that are taken to counteract wasting and red-blood-cell-destroying effects of intensive chemotherapy.<ref name="Armstrong issues statement"/> The Andreus' allegation was not supported by any of the eight other people present, including Armstrong's doctor Craig Nichols,<ref name="Papers charge Armstrong admitted doping"/> or his medical history. According to Greg LeMond (who has been ] with his own disputes with Armstrong), he (LeMond) had a recorded conversation, the transcript of which was reviewed by ] (NPR), with Stephanie McIlvain (Armstrong's contact at Oakley Inc.) in which she said of Armstrong's alleged admission, "You know, I was in that room. I heard it." However, McIlvain has contradicted LeMond's allegations on the issue and denied under oath that the incident in question ever occurred in her sworn testimony.<ref name="npr.org"/>
== Armstrong's work outside of cycling ==
In 1997, Armstrong founded the ], which supports people affected by cancer. During his original retirement beginning after the 2005 season, he also maintained other interests. He was the ] of the ] for the ].


In July 2006, the '']'' published a story on the allegations raised in the SCA case.<ref name="trail"/> The report cited evidence at the trial, including the results of the LNDD test and an analysis of these results by an expert witness.<ref name="Evidence of a banned substance?"/> From the ''Los Angeles Times'' article: "The results, Australian researcher Michael Ashenden testified in Dallas, show Armstrong's levels rising and falling, consistent with a series of injections during the Tour. Ashenden, a paid expert retained by SCA Promotions, told arbitrators that the results painted a "compelling picture" that the world's most famous cyclist "used EPO in the '99 Tour"."<ref name="trail"/>
In 2007, Armstrong with ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ] founded ], a charity which helps professional athletes get involved in charitable causes and inspires non-athletes to volunteer and support the community.<ref></ref> In 2008 and 2009 he appeared on the PBS Kids show ''Arthur'' as himself. In these two appearances he taught biking skills and helped spread cancer awareness, respectively.


Ashenden's finding were disputed by the Vrijman report, which pointed to procedural and privacy issues in dismissing the LNDD test results. The ''Los Angeles Times'' article also provided information on testimony given by Armstrong's former teammate, Swart, Andreu and his wife Betsy, and ] conversation between Andreu and ] regarding blood-doping in the peloton. Vaughters signed a statement disavowing the comments and stating he had: "no personal knowledge that any team in the Tour de France, including Armstrong's Discovery team in 2005, engaged in any prohibited conduct whatsoever." Andreu signed a statement affirming the conversation took place as indicated on the instant messaging logs submitted to the court.<ref name="Andy Shen"/>
In August 2009, Armstrong headlined the inaugural charity ride "Pelotonia" in Columbus, Ohio, riding over 100 miles on Saturday with the large group of cyclists. He personally addressed the riders the Friday evening before the two-day ride and helped the ride raise millions for cancer research.


The SCA trial was settled out of court, and the ''Los Angeles Times'' reported: "Though no verdict or finding of facts was rendered, Armstrong called the outcome proof that the doping allegations were baseless." The ''Los Angeles Times'' article provides a review of the disputed positive EPO test, allegations and sworn testimony against Armstrong, but notes that, "They are filled with conflicting testimony, hearsay and circumstantial evidence admissible in arbitration hearings but questionable in more formal legal proceedings."<ref name="Andy Shen"/>
=== Marathon ===
Armstrong ran the 2006 ] with friends Robert McElligott and Lewis Miles. With Nike, he assembled a pace team of ], ], and ] to help him reach 3 hours. He struggled with ] and was on pace for a little above 3 hours but pushed through the last {{convert|5|mi|km}} to 2h 59m 36s, finishing 856th. He said the race was extremely difficult compared to the Tour de France. "For the level of condition that I have now, that was without a doubt the hardest physical thing I have ever done. I never felt a point where I hit the wall. It was really a gradual progression of fatigue and soreness."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thefinalsprint.com/2007/01/a-classic-case-of-too-much-too-soon/|title=Lance Armstrong: A Classic Case of Too Much, Too Soon?|publisher=TheFinalSprint.com|date=January 7, 2007|accessdate=2009-09-28}}</ref> The NYC Marathon had a dedicated camera on Armstrong throughout the event.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefinalsprint.com/2006/11/watch-the-nyc-marathon-online-live-or-ondemand/|title=Watch the NYC Marathon ONLINE&nbsp;— Live or OnDemand!|publisher=TheFinalSprint.com|date=November 2, 2006|accessdate=2009-09-28}}</ref> This camera, according to Armstrong, pushed him to continue through points in which he would have normally "stopped and stretched". He also helped raise $600,000 for his ] campaign during the run.


In October 2012, following the publication of the USADA reasoned decision, SCA Promotions announced its intention to recoup the monies paid to Armstrong totaling in excess of $7{{nbsp}}million. Armstrong's legal representative Tim Herman stated in June: "When SCA decided to settle the case, it settled the entire matter forever. No backs. No re-dos. No do-overs. SCA knowingly and independently waived any right to make further claims to any of the money it paid."<ref>{{cite news|last=Vertuno|first=Jim|title=Lance Armstrong Refund? SCA Promotions Demands Tour de France Bonus Money Be Returned|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/10/26/lance-armstrong-refund-tour-de-france-money_n_2027341.html|newspaper=Huffington Post|date=October 26, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030040833/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/10/26/lance-armstrong-refund-tour-de-france-money_n_2027341.html|archive-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> SCA's Jeff Dorough stated that on October 30, 2012, Armstrong was sent a formal request for the return of $12{{nbsp}}million in bonuses. It is alleged that Armstrong's legal team has offered a settlement of $1{{nbsp}}million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.velonation.com/News/ID/13274/Report-Armstrongs-lawyers-proposed-settlement-with-SCA-Promotions.aspx|title=Report: Armstrong's lawyers proposed settlement with SCA Promotions|publisher=Velonation.com|access-date=January 19, 2013|archive-date=November 15, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115095501/http://www.velonation.com/News/ID/13274/Report-Armstrongs-lawyers-proposed-settlement-with-SCA-Promotions.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://reader.roopstigo.com/view/roopster/story/615/#/chapter/1|title=The Soul of Sports: Reparation Tour|publisher=Reader.roopstigo.com|access-date=January 19, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115081909/http://reader.roopstigo.com/view/roopster/story/615/#/chapter/1|archive-date=January 15, 2013}}</ref>
With more dedication to marathon training, Armstrong ran the 2007 NYC Marathon in 2h 46m 43s finishing 232nd, a substantial improvement from his previous year.<ref></ref> On April 21, 2008, he ran the ] in 2h 50m 58s, finishing in the top 500.<ref>{{dead link|date=September 2009}}</ref>


On February 4, 2015, the arbitration panel decided 2–1 in SCA's favor and ordered Armstrong and Tailwind Sports Corp to pay SCA $10{{nbsp}}million. The panel's decision was referred to the Texas 116th Civil District Court in Dallas on February 16, 2015, for confirmation. Panel members Richard Faulkner and Richard Chernick sided with SCA; Ted Lyon sided with Armstrong. Armstrong's attorney Tim Herman stated that the panel's ruling was contrary to Texas law and expected that the court would overturn it. The panel's decision said, in part, about Armstrong that, "Perjury must never be profitable" and "it is almost certainly the most devious sustained deception ever perpetrated in world sporting history".<ref>Associated Press, "Armstrong must pay $10 mil. in fraud case", (wire service report), February 17, 2015</ref><ref>Macur, Juliet, " {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709095334/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/17/sports/cycling/lance-armstrongs-ugly-detour-from-redemption.html?_r=0 |date=July 9, 2017 }}", '']'', February 16, 2015</ref>
== Politics ==
] and Armstrong mountain biking at Prairie Chapel Ranch]]


On September 27, 2015, Armstrong and SCA agreed to a settlement. Armstrong issued a formal, public apology and agreed to pay SCA an undisclosed sum.<ref>Vertuno, Jim, " {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305141817/http://news.yahoo.com/armstrong-settles-case-promotions-company-144959969--spt.html|date=March 5, 2016}}", '']/]'', September 28, 2015</ref>
In the '']'', teammate ] hinted at Armstrong's running for ] after cycling. In the July 2005 issue of '']'', Armstrong hinted at running for governor, although "not in '06".<ref>{{cite web | title = Breaking Away | publisher = Outside Magazine | month = July | year = 2005 | url = http://outside.away.com/outside/features/200507/lance-armstrong-interview-3.html | accessdate = 2008-01-09}}</ref> Armstrong and former president ], a ] and fellow Texan, call themselves friends. Bush called Armstrong in France to congratulate him after his 2005 victory, and in August 2005, '']'' reported the President had invited Armstrong to his ] to go ].<ref>{{cite news | first = Tom | last = Baldwin | title = Can this bike ride be Bush's tour de force? | publisher = The Times | date = August 18, 2005 | url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,11069-1739689,00.html | accessdate = 2008-01-09}}</ref> In a 2003 interview with '']'', Armstrong said: "He's a personal friend, but we've all got the right not to agree with our friends."<ref></ref>


===Federal investigation: 2010–2012===
In August 2005, Armstrong hinted he had changed his mind about politics. In an interview with ] on ] on August 1, 2005, Armstrong pointed out that running for governor would require the commitment that led him to retire from cycling. Again, on August 16, 2005, Armstrong told a local Austin ] affiliate <ref>{{dead link|date=September 2009}}</ref> that he was no longer considering politics: <blockquote>"The biggest problem with politics or running for the governor—the governor's race here in Austin or in Texas—is that it would mimic exactly what I've done: a ton of stress and a ton of time away from my kids. Why would I want to go from pro cycling, which is stressful and a lot of time away, straight into politics?"{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}}</blockquote>
{{Main|Lance Armstrong doping case#2010–2012 federal inquiry}}
In a series of emails in May 2010, ] admitted to doping and accused Armstrong and others of the same.<ref>{{cite news|first=Nathaniel|last=Vinton|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/sports/more-sports/floyd-landis-outlines-elaborate-doping-system-letters-details-lance-armstrong-alleged-role-article-1.446089|title=Floyd Landis outlines elaborate doping system in letters, details Lance Armstrong's alleged role|work=]|date=May 20, 2010|access-date=February 19, 2014|archive-date=February 25, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225223525/http://www.nydailynews.com/sports/more-sports/floyd-landis-outlines-elaborate-doping-system-letters-details-lance-armstrong-alleged-role-article-1.446089|url-status=live}}</ref> Based on Landis' allegations, ] federal prosecutors led an investigation into possible crimes conducted by Armstrong and the U.S. Postal Service Cycling Team. The ] and federal agent ] were also involved in the investigation.<ref>{{cite news|first=Tom|last=Weir|url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/gameon/post/2010/07/lance-armstrong-doping-tour-de-france/1#.UwSMN_mSwuc|title=Doping probe about to heat up for Lance Armstrong|work=]|date=July 14, 2010|access-date=February 19, 2014|archive-date=May 12, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512030433/http://content.usatoday.com/communities/gameon/post/2010/07/lance-armstrong-doping-tour-de-france/1#.UwSMN_mSwuc|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Daniel|last=Friebe|url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/features/lance-armstrongs-new-nemesis-federal-agent-jeff-novitzky|title=Lance Armstrong's new nemesis: Federal agent Jeff Novitzky?|publisher=]|date=October 28, 2010|access-date=February 19, 2014|archive-date=February 26, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226234948/http://www.cyclingnews.com/features/lance-armstrongs-new-nemesis-federal-agent-jeff-novitzky|url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2010, Armstrong hired a criminal defense attorney to represent him in the investigation.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.statesman.com/news/news/local/lance-armstrong-in-race-to-preserve-reputation/nRwrb/|title=Lance Armstrong in race to preserve reputation|work=]|date=August 8, 2010|access-date=July 1, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714170957/http://www.statesman.com/news/news/local/lance-armstrong-in-race-to-preserve-reputation/nRwrb/|archive-date=July 14, 2014}}</ref> The hiring was first reported in July when Armstrong was competing in the ].<ref>{{cite news|first=Nathaniel|last=Vinton|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/sports/more-sports/lance-armstrong-hires-based-criminal-defense-attorney-bryan-daly-feds-grand-jury-probe-article-1.467176|title=Lance Armstrong hires L.A.-based criminal defense attorney Bryan D. Daly for feds' grand jury probe|work=]|date=July 21, 2010|access-date=February 24, 2014|archive-date=March 5, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305120338/http://www.nydailynews.com/sports/more-sports/lance-armstrong-hires-based-criminal-defense-attorney-bryan-daly-feds-grand-jury-probe-article-1.467176|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/cycling/lancearmstrong/7904158/Tour-de-France-2010-Lance-Armstrong-hires-defence-lawyer-for-upcoming-investigation.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/cycling/lancearmstrong/7904158/Tour-de-France-2010-Lance-Armstrong-hires-defence-lawyer-for-upcoming-investigation.html|archive-date=January 11, 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Tour de France 2010: Lance Armstrong hires defence lawyer for upcoming investigation|publisher=]|date=July 22, 2010|access-date=February 24, 2014|location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref>


On February 3, 2012, federal prosecutors officially dropped their criminal investigation with no charges.<ref name="cnn5"/><ref>{{cite news|first=Ian Austen|last=Juliet Macur|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/sports/cycling/federal-prosecutors-drop-lance-armstrong-investigation.html|title=Inquiry on Lance Armstrong Ends With No Charges|work=The New York Times|date=February 3, 2012|access-date=February 19, 2014|archive-date=January 24, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124085707/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/sports/cycling/federal-prosecutors-drop-lance-armstrong-investigation.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The closing of the case was announced "without an explanation" by U.S. Attorney André Birotte Jr. When Novitzky was asked to comment on it, he declined.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/olympics/cycling/story/_/id/7538482/federal-prosecutors-close-lance-armstrong-doping-case-press-charges|title=Feds won't charge Lance Armstrong|publisher=]|date=February 4, 2012|access-date=February 19, 2014|archive-date=February 17, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140217010441/http://espn.go.com/olympics/cycling/story/_/id/7538482/federal-prosecutors-close-lance-armstrong-doping-case-press-charges|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 2006, Armstrong began to clarify that he intends to be involved in politics as an activist for change in cancer policies. In a May 2006 interview with '']'', Armstrong is quoted: "I need to run for one office, the presidency of the Cancer Fighters' Union of the World."{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}} ''Sports Illustrated'' quoted Armstrong that he fears halving his influence with legislators if he chose one side in politics. His foundation lobbies on behalf of cancer patients before ].


In February 2013, a month after Armstrong admitted to doping, the Justice Department joined Landis' whistleblower lawsuit to recover government funding given to Armstrong's cycling team.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/sports/i-team/department-justice-joins-suit-armstrong-article-1.1270884|title=U.S. Department of Justice going after Lance Armstrong as government joins Floyd Landis' whistleblower lawsuit against disgraced cyclist|work=]|date=February 22, 2013|access-date=July 4, 2014|archive-date=February 22, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222210224/http://www.nydailynews.com/sports/i-team/department-justice-joins-suit-armstrong-article-1.1270884|url-status=live}}</ref>
== Teams and victories ==
{{main|Career accomplishments of Lance Armstrong}}


===USADA investigation and limited confession: 2011–2013===
== Filmography ==
{{Main|Lance Armstrong doping case#USADA investigation 2011–2012}}
* '']'' (]) (himself)
In June 2012, the ] (USADA) accused Armstrong of doping and trafficking of drugs, based on blood samples from 2009 and 2010, and testimony from witnesses including former teammates. Further, he was accused of putting pressure on teammates to take unauthorized performance-enhancing drugs as well.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/usada-s-armstrong-probe-produces-200-pages-26-witnesses-1.1203714|title=USADA's Armstrong probe produces 200 pages, 26 witnesses|work=CBC|publisher=CBC.ca|date=October 11, 2011|access-date=November 16, 2012|agency=The Associated Press|archive-date=December 1, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121201071520/http://www.cbc.ca/sports/cycling/story/2012/10/11/sp-lance-armstrong-usada-us-postal-service-team-travis-tygart-george-hincapie-tyler-hamilton.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2012, USADA formally charged him with running a massive doping ring. It also sought to ban him from participating in sports sanctioned by WADA for life. Armstrong chose not to appeal the findings, saying it would not be worth the toll on his family.<ref name=NYTdropsfight>{{cite news|last=Macur|first=Juliet|title=Armstrong Drops Fight Against Doping Charges|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/24/sports/cycling/lance-armstrong-ends-fight-against-doping-charges-losing-his-7-tour-de-france-titles.html|access-date=August 23, 2012|work=The New York Times|date=August 23, 2012|archive-date=August 24, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120824114759/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/24/sports/cycling/lance-armstrong-ends-fight-against-doping-charges-losing-his-7-tour-de-france-titles.html|url-status=live}}</ref> As a result, he was stripped of all of his achievements from August 1998 onward, including his seven Tour de France titles. He also received a lifetime ban from all sports that follow the ]. As nearly all national and international sporting federations, including UCI, follow the World Anti-Doping Code, this effectively ended his competitive cycling career.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/lance-armstrong-stripped-tour-de-france-titles-banned/story?id=17535635|title=Lance Armstrong Banned for Life|publisher=ABC News|access-date=November 14, 2019|archive-date=April 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411093614/https://abcnews.go.com/US/lance-armstrong-stripped-tour-de-france-titles-banned/story?id=17535635|url-status=live}}</ref> The ] (UCI) upheld USADA's decision<ref name="BBC-UCI"/> and decided that his stripped wins would not be allocated to other riders.{{refn|Other top riders in the 1999 to 2005 Tours have also been involved in doping scandals. Several riders were banned and some also had their results stripped; some subsequently admitted to doping. Those riders include ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ]. UCI stated that "a cloud of suspicion would remain hanging over that period." And so, while noting that their decision "might appear harsh for those who rode clean", UCI decided "with respect to Lance Armstrong" that those seven Tours would have no official winner, rather than being allocated to other riders.<ref name="UCI: no winner of the seven tours"/><ref name="auto1">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/cycling/lancearmstrong/9497344/Lance-Armstrong-who-may-get-his-Tour-de-France-titles.html|title=Lance Armstrong: who may get his Tour de France titles?|work=]|date=August 24, 2012|access-date=February 24, 2014|location=London|archive-date=March 31, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331174909/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/cycling/lancearmstrong/9497344/Lance-Armstrong-who-may-get-his-Tour-de-France-titles.html|url-status=live}}</ref>|group=N}}<ref name="UCI: no winner of the seven tours"/>
* '']'' (])
* '']'' (himself - voice) 2 episodes


After years of public denials, in a January 2013 interview with ], Armstrong reversed course and made a "limited confession" to doping.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2013/jan/18/lance-armstrong-admits-doping-oprah-winfrey|title=Lance Armstrong admits doping in Oprah Winfrey interview|newspaper=The Guardian|date=January 18, 2013|access-date=June 2, 2021|archive-date=July 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730224502/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2013/jan/18/lance-armstrong-admits-doping-oprah-winfrey|url-status=live}}</ref> While admitting wrongdoing in the interview, he also said it was "absolutely not" true that he was doping in 2009 or 2010, and claimed that the last time he "crossed the line" was in 2005.<ref>{{cite web|title=Full Transcript: Lance Armstrong on Oprah|date=January 23, 2013|url=http://armchairspectator.wordpress.com/2013/01/23/full-transcript-lance-armstrong-on-oprah|access-date=July 21, 2013|archive-date=May 29, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529232800/http://armchairspectator.wordpress.com/2013/01/23/full-transcript-lance-armstrong-on-oprah/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/sports/endurance/story/_/id/8855686/lance-armstrong-admits-doping-interview-oprah-winfrey|title=Armstrong admits doping in Oprah interview|date=January 18, 2013|website=ESPN.com|access-date=November 14, 2019|archive-date=October 28, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028170723/https://www.espn.com/sports/endurance/story/_/id/8855686/lance-armstrong-admits-doping-interview-oprah-winfrey|url-status=live}}</ref> He also denied pressuring team-mates into doping. In September 2013, he was asked by UCI's new president, ], to testify about his doping. Armstrong refused to testify until and unless he received complete amnesty, which Cookson said was most unlikely to happen.{{refn|In return for co-operating with USADA (during its investigation in 2012), Armstrong's teammates were given reduced bans in line with WADA guidelines allowing reduction of ban for "Significant Co-Operation". Armstrong made demands in return for testifying completely. Brian Cookson of the UCI said that it was most unlikely that the USADA would agree to Armstrong's demands. In response to that, Armstrong refused to testify.|group=N}}<ref>{{Cite news|title=UCI doping inquiry to press on without Lance Armstrong|date=January 7, 2014|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/cycling/10557218/UCI-doping-inquiry-to-press-on-without-Lance-Armstrong.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/cycling/10557218/UCI-doping-inquiry-to-press-on-without-Lance-Armstrong.html|archive-date=January 11, 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|work=]|access-date=March 4, 2014|location=London|first=Ben|last=Rumsby}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
== Accolades ==
* ] (USOC) SportsMan of the Year (1999, 2001, 2002, 2003)
* ] Male ] (2002, 2003, 2004, 2005)
* World's Most Outstanding Athlete Award, ] International Trophy (2000)
* ] Sportsman of the Year (2003)
* ] in Sports (2000)
* Sports Ethics Fellows by the Institute for International Sport (2003)
* ] (2003)
* ] (2000)
* Trophee de L'Academie des Sport (2004)
* '']'' Award by Velo Magazine in France (1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2004)
* ''Mendrisio d'Or'' Award in Switzerland (1999)
* ''Premio Coppi-Bici d'Oro'' Trophy by the ] foundation in conjunction with ] (1999, 2000)
* ''Marca Legend'' Award by ], a Spanish sports daily in Madrid (2004)
* ] Award (2003)
* ] for Best Male Athlete (2003, 2004, 2005, 2006)
* ESPY Award for GMC Professional Grade Play Award (2005)
* ESPY Award for Best Comeback Athlete (2000)
* ESPN/Intersport's ''ARETE Award'' for Courage in Sport (Professional Division) (1999)
* ]'s ] Athlete of the Year (1999)
* Favorite Athlete award at ] (])
* Presidential Delegation to the ]<ref>{{cite press release
|url=http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/02/20020208.html
|title=President Announces Delegation to Winter Olympics
|date=February 8, 2002
|publisher=]
|accessdate=2007-09-22}}</ref>
* ] magazine's ] (2002)
* VeloNews magazine's International Cyclist of the Year (2000, 2001, 2003, 2004)
* VeloNews magazine's North American Male Cyclist of the Year (1993, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2002, 2005)
* ]: '']'' (2000)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.williamhillmedia.com/sportsbook_history.asp#2000 |title=Previous William Hill Sportsbook of the Year Winners |accessdate=2007-03-03 |last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |date= |year= |month= |work= |publisher=William Hill Press Office |pages= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote=2000 Winner: It's Not About The Bike&nbsp;— Lance Armstrong }}</ref>
* ]: ] Elite Men's Cyclist (1996)
* Triathlon magazine's Rookie of the Year (1988)
* Pace car driver for the Indianapolis 500 (2006)
* An asteroid, 1994 JE<sub>9</sub> was named ] in honor of him.
* Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters, ] (2006)


After USADA's report, all of Armstrong's sponsors dropped him. He reportedly lost $75{{nbsp}}million of sponsorship income in a day.<ref>{{cite news|first=David|last=Wharton|url=https://www.latimes.com/sports/la-xpm-2013-jan-18-la-sp-sn-lance-armstrong-oprah-winfrey-part-2-20130118-story.html|title=Lance Armstrong on sponsors leaving: A $75-million day in losses|work=]|date=January 18, 2013|access-date=May 23, 2013|archive-date=July 1, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701060507/http://articles.latimes.com/2013/jan/18/sports/la-sp-sn-lance-armstrong-oprah-winfrey-part-2-20130118|url-status=live}}</ref> On May 28, 2013, Nike announced that it would be cutting all ties to Livestrong.<ref>{{cite news|first=Jim|last=Vertuno|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-22696817|title=Nike Cutting Ties to Livestrong|publisher=]|agency=Associated Press|date=May 28, 2013|access-date=May 29, 2013|archive-date=May 29, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529014220/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-22696817|url-status=live}}</ref> In the aftermath of Armstrong's fall from grace, a ] article wrote that, "The epic downfall of cycling's star, once an idolized icon of millions around the globe, stands out in the history of professional sports."<ref>{{cite news|title=Lance Armstrong's epic downfall – CNN.com|date=October 22, 2012|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2012/10/22/sport/lance-armstrong-controversy/|publisher=]|access-date=March 11, 2015|archive-date=August 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813222030/https://edition.cnn.com/2012/10/22/sport/lance-armstrong-controversy/|url-status=live}}</ref> In a 2015 interview with ], Armstrong stated that if it were still 1995, he would "probably do it again".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/mar/09/lance-armstrong-cycling-doping-scandal|title=Timeline: Lance Armstrong's journey from deity to disgrace|author=Fotheringham, William|work=]|date=March 9, 2015|access-date=May 1, 2018|archive-date=May 1, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501224645/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/mar/09/lance-armstrong-cycling-doping-scandal|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite interview|subject=Armstrong, Lance|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cycling/30984312|format=Streaming video|title=Armstrong on drugs, history and the future|interviewer=]|publisher=]|location=United Kingdom|date=January 27, 2015|access-date=May 1, 2018|archive-date=May 13, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180513173849/https://www.bbc.com/sport/cycling/30984312|url-status=live}}</ref>
== See also ==
* ]
* ]


===Whistleblower lawsuit: 2010–2018===
== References ==
In 2010, one of Armstrong's former teammates, the American ], whose ] victory was nullified after a positive doping test, sent a series of emails to cycling officials and sponsors admitting to, and detailing, his systematic use of performance-enhancing drugs during his career. The emails also claimed that other riders and cycling officials participated in doping, including Armstrong.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Reed Albergotti|author2=Vanessa O'Connell|url=http://wheelmenthebook.com/docs/LandisAdmitsDopingAllegesArmstrongUse.pdf|title=WSJ: Cyclist Floyd Landis Admits Doping, Alleges Use by Armstrong and Others|publisher=Dow Jones Newswires|access-date=October 17, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017223821/http://wheelmenthebook.com/docs/LandisAdmitsDopingAllegesArmstrongUse.pdf|archive-date=October 17, 2013}}</ref>
{{reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=

<ref name="walker interview">{{cite news | last = Walker | first = Jamie | title = Conscience clear, cycling's god is ready for his second coming | work = The Weekend Australian | date = 2009-01-17 | page = 48 | url = http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/the-long-road-ahead-for-armstrong/story-0-1111118582454 | accessdate = 2009-11-15}}</ref>
Landis filed a federal ] lawsuit against Armstrong under the federal ].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052748703946504575469622694037154|title=U.S. Mulls Joining Cycling Lawsuit|publisher=WSJ.com|date=September 4, 2010|access-date=October 17, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017103422/http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052748703946504575469622694037154|archive-date=October 17, 2013}}</ref> The False Claims Act allows citizens to sue on behalf of the government alleging the government has been defrauded. The existence of the lawsuit, initially filed under seal, was first revealed by '']'' in 2010. In the lawsuit, Landis alleged that Armstrong and team managers defrauded the US government when they accepted money from the US Postal Service. In January 2013, ] officials recommended joining the federal lawsuit aimed at clawing back money from Armstrong.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323596204578242250517426858|title=Justice Department Poised to Join Armstrong Whistleblower Lawsuit|publisher=WSJ.com|date=January 15, 2013|access-date=October 17, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018015606/http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323596204578242250517426858|archive-date=October 18, 2013}}</ref>
<ref name="rann comeback">{{cite news | last = Migliaccio | first = Val | last2 = Kelton | first2 = Greg | title = The 'king' rides Down Under | work = The Advertiser | date = 2008-09-25 | page = 3 | url = http://www.news.com.au/adelaidenow/story/0,,24395988-2682,00.html | accessdate = 2009-11-15 | archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5lHTYvHjB | archivedate = 2009-11-14}}</ref>

<ref name="cancer research centre">{{cite news | last = Kogoy | first = Peter | title = What's in a name? For Lance, a lot | work = The Australian | date = 2009-01-26 | page = 32 | url = http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/whats-in-a-name-for-lance-a-lot/story-e6frg6nf-1111118664694 | accessdate = 2009-11-15}}</ref>
In February, the US Department of Justice joined the whistleblower lawsuit, which also accused former Postal Service team director ] and Tailwind Sports, the firm that managed the US Postal Service team, of defrauding the US.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303759604579094042775552858|title=Armstrong Asks to Be Deposed for Multiple Suits at Once|publisher=WSJ.com|date=September 23, 2013|access-date=October 17, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018015604/http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303759604579094042775552858|archive-date=October 18, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887324503204578320143049680124|title=Justice Joins Suit Against Armstrong|publisher=WSJ.com|date=February 22, 2013|access-date=October 17, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018015646/http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887324503204578320143049680124|archive-date=October 18, 2013}}</ref>

In April 2014, documents from the AIC case were filed by lawyers representing Landis in relation to the whistleblower suit. In these documents, Armstrong stated under oath that Jose "Pepi" Marti, Dr Pedro Celaya, Dr Luis Garcia del Moral and Dr Michele Ferrari had all provided him with doping products in the period up until 2005. He also named people who had transported or acted as couriers, as well as people that were aware of his doping practices.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/report-armstrong-names-names-under-oath|title=Armstrong names names under oath|publisher=cyclingnews|date=April 10, 2014|access-date=April 11, 2014|archive-date=April 13, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413045515/http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/report-armstrong-names-names-under-oath|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/217380744/Weisel-Ross-Question|title=Weisel Ross Question|publisher=Scribd.com|access-date=August 4, 2014|archive-date=April 14, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140414024014/http://www.scribd.com/doc/217380744/Weisel-Ross-Question|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/217378724/Name-Names|title=Name Names|publisher=Scribd.com|date=April 10, 2014|access-date=August 4, 2014|archive-date=April 15, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415151419/http://www.scribd.com/doc/217378724/Name-Names|url-status=live}}</ref> One week later, the USADA banned Bruyneel from cycling for ten years and Celaya and Marti for eight years.<ref>{{cite news|agency=]|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/apr/22/johan-bruyneel-banned-10-years-lance-armstrong-coa/|title=Longtime Lance Armstrong coach banned 10 years for doping conspiracy|work=]|date=April 22, 2014|access-date=April 23, 2014|archive-date=April 22, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422214115/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/apr/22/johan-bruyneel-banned-10-years-lance-armstrong-coa/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In June 2014, US district judge Robert Wilkins denied Armstrong's request to dismiss the government lawsuit stating "The court denies without prejudice the defendants' motion to dismiss the government's action as time-barred."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/armstrong-fails-to-stop-us-federal-government-lawsuit-going-ahead|title=Armstrong fails to stop US federal government lawsuit going ahead|date=June 20, 2014|publisher=Cyclingnews.com|access-date=August 4, 2014|archive-date=August 8, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808120151/http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/armstrong-fails-to-stop-us-federal-government-lawsuit-going-ahead|url-status=live}}</ref>

In February 2017, the court determined that the federal government's {{USD}}100{{nbsp}}million civil lawsuit against Armstrong, started by Landis, would proceed to trial.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/cycling/2017/02/13/lance-armstrong-lawsuit-federal-judge-denies-request/97860084/|title=Lance Armstrong handed defeat by federal judge|work=]|date=February 13, 2017|access-date=March 25, 2017|archive-date=March 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325072923/http://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/cycling/2017/02/13/lance-armstrong-lawsuit-federal-judge-denies-request/97860084/|url-status=live}}</ref> The matter was settled in April 2018 when Armstrong agreed to pay the United States Government {{USD}}5{{nbsp}}million. During the proceedings it was revealed that the US Postal Service had paid {{USD}}31{{nbsp}}million in sponsorship to Armstrong and Tailwind Sports between 2001 and 2004. The Department of Justice accused Armstrong of violating his contract with the USPS and committing fraud when he denied using performance-enhancing drugs. It was reported that Landis would receive {{USD}}1.1{{nbsp}}million as a result of his whistleblower actions.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/04/19/us/lance-armstrong-settlement/index.html|title=Lance Armstrong to pay US government $5 million to settle lawsuit|author=Andone, Dakin|publisher=]|date=April 19, 2018|access-date=May 1, 2018|archive-date=May 1, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501225137/https://edition.cnn.com/2018/04/19/us/lance-armstrong-settlement/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Other lawsuits: 2010 to present===
In November 2013, Armstrong settled a lawsuit with Acceptance Insurance Company (AIC). AIC had sought to recover $3{{nbsp}}million it had paid Armstrong as bonuses for winning the Tour de France from 1999 to 2001. The suit was settled for an undisclosed sum one day before Armstrong was scheduled to give a deposition under oath.<ref>Schrotenboer, Brent, " {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106132608/https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/cycling/2014/04/09/lance-armstrong-named-names-written-answers-doping/7532825/ |date=January 6, 2018 }}", '']'', April 10, 2014</ref><ref>" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709090254/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/04/11/sports/11macur-amstrong-doc.html |date=July 9, 2017 }}", '']'', April 10, 2014</ref>

==Personal life==
] during the ]]]

Armstrong owns homes in ], and ], as well as a ranch in the ].<ref name="cloudy"/>

===Relationships and children===
Armstrong met Kristin Richard in June 1997. They married on May 1, 1998, and had three children: a son (born October 1999) and twin daughters (born November 2001). The pregnancies were made possible through sperm Armstrong banked three years earlier, before chemotherapy and surgery.<ref name="Cancer survivor Armstrong accepts new role"/> The couple divorced in 2003.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,1192564,00.html|title=Lance's Ex Felt Smothered By Marriage|last=Silverman|first=Stephen M.|date=May 9, 2006|publisher=]|access-date=May 12, 2013|archive-date=October 22, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022181016/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,1192564,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> At Armstrong's request, his children flew to Paris for the Tour de France podium ceremony in 2005, where his son Luke helped his father hoist the trophy, while his daughters (in yellow dresses) held the stuffed lion mascot and bouquet of yellow flowers.{{citation needed|date=May 2014}}

The same year that Lance and Kristin Armstrong were divorced, Lance began dating singer-songwriter ].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/sports/sportsnow/la-sp-sn-sheryl-crow-lance-armstrong-20130122,0,7726365.story|title=Sheryl Crow discusses Lance Armstrong's doping admission|last=Mitchell|first=Houston|date=January 22, 2013|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=May 12, 2013|archive-date=January 29, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130129054416/http://www.latimes.com/sports/sportsnow/la-sp-sn-sheryl-crow-lance-armstrong-20130122,0,7726365.story|url-status=live}}</ref> The couple announced their ] in September 2005 and their split in February 2006.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://people.com/celebrity/lance-armstrong-and-sheryl-crow-split/|title=Lance Armstrong and Sheryl Crow Split|first=Alicia|last=Dennis|work=]|date=February 3, 2006|access-date=January 22, 2013|archive-date=September 8, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908180414/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,1156475,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In July 2008, Armstrong began dating Anna Hansen after meeting through Armstrong's charity work. In December 2008, Armstrong announced that Hansen was pregnant with the couple's first child. Although it was believed that Armstrong could no longer father children due to having undergone chemotherapy for testicular cancer, the child was conceived naturally.<ref name="cnn"/> They have a son (born June 2009)<ref name="Wassup, world? My name is..."/> and a daughter (born October 2010).<ref name="twitter"/> They were married on August 9, 2022.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810140513/https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/lance-armstrong-anna-hansen-are-married-after-14-years-together/ |date=August 10, 2022 }} Us Weekly.</ref>

===Politics===
] and Armstrong mountain biking at the president's ]]]

In a '']'' article, teammate ] hinted that Armstrong would run for ] after cycling. In the July 2005 issue of '']'' magazine, Armstrong hinted at running for governor, although "not in '06".<ref name="Breaking Away"/> Armstrong and former president ], a ] and fellow Texan, call themselves friends. Bush called Armstrong in France to congratulate him after his 2005 victory. In August 2005, '']'' reported the President had invited Armstrong to his ] to go ].<ref name="Can this bike ride be Bush's tour de force?"/> In a 2003 interview with '']'', Armstrong said: "He's a personal friend, but we've all got the right not to agree with our friends."<ref name="Serena got the message, now it's Lance's turn as French cheers become jeers for US stars"/>

In August 2005, Armstrong hinted he had changed his mind about politics. In an interview with ] on ] on August 1, 2005, Armstrong pointed out that running for governor would require the commitment that led him to retire from cycling. Also, in August 2005, Armstrong said that he was no longer considering politics:

{{blockquote|The biggest problem with politics or running for the governor—the governor's race here in Austin or in Texas—is that it would mimic exactly what I've done: a ton of stress and a ton of time away from my kids. Why would I want to go from pro cycling, which is stressful and a lot of time away, straight into politics?<ref name="Armstrong rules out political career... for now"/>}}
Armstrong created a YouTube video in 2007 with former President ] to successfully pass ], a US$3 billion taxpayer bond initiative which created the Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas.<ref name=BushSrCancer>Livestrong Foundation Press Release: {{cite web|url=http://mediaroom.livestrong.org/manual-releses-en/2007/President-George-H--W--Bush-Endorses-Prop-15|title=President George H.W. Bush Endorses Prop 15|date=October 23, 2007|access-date=December 28, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228152526/http://mediaroom.livestrong.org/manual-releses-en/2007/President-George-H--W--Bush-Endorses-Prop-15|archive-date=December 28, 2013}}</ref>

]]]

Armstrong was co-chair of a California campaign committee to pass the ], a ballot measure defeated by California voters on June 5, 2012.<ref name="CCRA Leadership Team"/> Had it passed, the measure was projected to generate over $500 million annually for cancer research, smoking-cessation programs and tobacco law-enforcement by levying a $1-per-pack tax on tobacco products in California.<ref name="Prop 29 – The California Cancer Research Act"/>

Armstrong endorsed Democratic Congressman ] against Republican incumbent Senator ] in the 2018 election.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/blogs/in-the-know/in-the-know/403650-lance-armstrong-endorses-beto-orourke-in-texas-senate-race|title=Lance Armstrong endorses Beto O'Rourke in Texas Senate race|first=Avery|last=Anapol|date=August 26, 2018|website=The Hill|access-date=November 14, 2019|archive-date=June 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606124240/https://thehill.com/blogs/in-the-know/in-the-know/403650-lance-armstrong-endorses-beto-orourke-in-texas-senate-race|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Outside cycling===
In 1997, Armstrong founded the ], which supports people affected by cancer. The foundation raises awareness of cancer and has raised<ref name="It's not about the lab rats"/> more than $325 million from the sale of yellow ].<ref name="Doping scandal may hurt Lance Armstrong foundation"/> During his first retirement beginning after the 2005 season, he also maintained other interests. He was the ] of the ] for the ]. In 2007, Armstrong with ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ] founded ], a charity that helps professional athletes become involved in charitable causes and aims to inspire non-athletes to volunteer and support the community.<ref name="Athletes for Hope"/>

In August 2009, Armstrong headlined the inaugural charity ride "Pelotonia" in Columbus, Ohio, riding over 100 miles on Saturday with the large group of cyclists. He addressed the riders the Friday evening before the two-day ride and helped the ride raise millions for cancer research.<ref name="Cyclists hit the streets for second Pelotonia Tour"/> Armstrong ran the 2006 ] with two friends. He assembled a pace team of ], ], and ] to help him reach three hours. He finished in 2h 59m 36s, in 856th place. He said the race was extremely difficult compared to the Tour de France.<ref name="Lance Armstrong: A Classic Case of Too Much, Too Soon?"/> The NYC Marathon had a dedicated camera on Armstrong throughout the event which, according to Armstrong, pushed him to continue through points in which he would have normally "stopped and stretched".<ref name="thefinalsprint"/> He also helped raise $600,000 for his ] campaign during the run. Armstrong ran the 2007 NYC Marathon in 2h 46m 43s, finishing 232nd.<ref name="Results – The ING New York City Marathon"/> On April 21, 2008, he ran the ] in 2h 50m 58s, finishing in the top 500.<ref name="No pedals, he showed his mettle"/>

Armstrong made a return to triathlon in 2011 by competing in the off-road ] race series. At the Championships Armstrong led for a time before crashing out on the bike and finishing in 23rd place.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slowtwitch.com/News/Armstrong_and_Livestrong_will_partner_with_WTC_2567.html|title=Armstrong and Livestrong will partner with WTC|date=February 9, 2012|access-date=July 29, 2014|last=Carlson|first=Timothy|publisher=Slowttwich.com|archive-date=July 30, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730004641/http://www.slowtwitch.com/News/Armstrong_and_Livestrong_will_partner_with_WTC_2567.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slowtwitch.com/News/Weiss_Paterson_take_XTERRA_Worlds__2414.html|title=Weiss, Paterson take XTERRA Worlds|date=October 23, 2011|access-date=July 29, 2014|last=Carlson|first=Timothy|publisher=Slowttwich.com|archive-date=November 1, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101065244/http://www.slowtwitch.com/News/Weiss_Paterson_take_XTERRA_Worlds__2414.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The following year, in 2012, Armstrong began pursuing qualification into the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slowtwitch.com/News/Armstrong_and_Livestrong_will_partner_with_WTC_2567.html|title=Armstrong and Livestrong will partner with WTC|last=Carlson|first=Timothy|date=February 9, 2012|access-date=July 29, 2014|publisher=Slowtwitch.com|archive-date=July 30, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730004641/http://www.slowtwitch.com/News/Armstrong_and_Livestrong_will_partner_with_WTC_2567.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He was scheduled to next participate in Ironman France on June 24. However, the June suspension by USADA and eventual ban by WADA prohibited Armstrong from further racing Ironman branded events due to ] anti-doping policies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slowtwitch.com/News/It_s_Official_Lance_out_of_Ironman_2855.html|title=It's Official: Lance out of Ironman|last=Empfield|first=Dan|date=June 16, 2014|access-date=July 29, 2014|publisher=Slowtwitch.com|archive-date=July 30, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730010011/http://www.slowtwitch.com/News/It_s_Official_Lance_out_of_Ironman_2855.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In July 2011 and July 2013, Armstrong participated in the non-competitive ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.miamiherald.com/2013/07/23/3516307/lance-armstrong-finds-support.html|title=DES MOINES, Iowa: Lance Armstrong finds support in Iowa – Sports Wire…|website=]|access-date=February 1, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130727004131/http://www.miamiherald.com/2013/07/23/3516307/lance-armstrong-finds-support.html|archive-date=July 27, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ragbrai.com/?s=lance+armstrong|title=Lance Armstrong|publisher=Ragbrai|access-date=August 4, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808041829/http://ragbrai.com/?s=lance%2Barmstrong|archive-date=August 8, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ragbrai.com/about/ragbrai-history-%E2%80%93-2010s/|title=history – 2010s|publisher=Ragbrai|access-date=August 4, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808043338/http://ragbrai.com/about/ragbrai-history-%E2%80%93-2010s/|archive-date=August 8, 2014}}</ref>

===Business and investments===
{{Redirect|10/2|other uses|10/2 (disambiguation)}}

Outside of cycling, Armstrong is also an active businessman and investor. He owns a coffee shop called "Juan Pelota Cafe" in downtown Austin, Texas. The name is a joking reference to his testicular cancer, with the name "Juan" being considered by some a ] for "one" and "Pelota" being the Spanish word for "ball".<ref name="pelota"/> In the same building, Armstrong owns and operates a bike shop named "Mellow Johnny's", after another nickname of his derived from the Tour term "maillot jaune", which is French for yellow jersey, the jersey given to the leader of the ].{{sfn|Armstrong|Jenkins|2003|loc=chpt. 1}}

In 2001, Armstrong provided financial funding to launch ], a non-profit organization in Austin, Texas that provides counseling and support for children who have a parent with a serious or life-threatening disease.<ref>{{cite web|last=Tereshchuk|first=Julie|title=Melinda Garvey, Publisher|url=http://www.austinwomanmagazine.com/melinda-garvey-publisher|publisher=Austin Woman Magazine|access-date=June 12, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627172858/http://www.austinwomanmagazine.com/melinda-garvey-publisher|archive-date=June 27, 2013}}</ref>

A line of cycling clothing from ], 10//2, was named after the date (October 2, 1996) Armstrong was diagnosed with ].<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 28, 2005 |title=The 10//2 Collection From Lance Armstrong And Nike |url=https://investors.nike.com/investors/news-events-and-reports/investor-news/investor-news-details/2005/The-102-Collection-From-Lance-Armstrong-And-Nike/default.aspx |access-date=June 3, 2024 |website=nike.com}}</ref>

In 2008, Armstrong bought several million dollars of stock in the American bicycle component manufacturer ], and has served as their technical advisor.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lattman|first=Peter|title=Lehman's a Fan of Lance|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122230356936173641|publisher=WJS|access-date=January 17, 2013|archive-date=January 28, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128092651/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122230356936173641|url-status=live}}</ref> SRAM bought those shares back from him in preparation for a public offering. Armstrong owns a small share of ].<ref>{{cite web|last=Frothingham|first=Steve|title=Sponsors drop Lance Armstrong|url=http://www.bicycleretailer.com/industry-news/2012/10/17/nike-drops-armstrong-who-steps-down-livestrong#.UPeup2c1uuo|publisher=bicycleretailer.com|access-date=January 17, 2013|archive-date=December 26, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121226175912/http://www.bicycleretailer.com/industry-news/2012/10/17/nike-drops-armstrong-who-steps-down-livestrong#.UPeup2c1uuo|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2009, Armstrong invested $100,000 into ] firm ], which subsequently bought an early stake in ], among other investments. In 2019, Uber achieved an IPO of $82 billion and earned Armstrong an estimated $20–$30 million.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Here's How Much Lance Armstrong Made on Early Uber Investment|url=https://www.granfondoguide.com/Contents/Index/4345/heres-how-much-lance-armstrong-made-on-early-uber-investment|access-date=April 28, 2022|website=Gran Fondo Guide|archive-date=May 16, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516194117/https://www.granfondoguide.com/Contents/Index/4345/heres-how-much-lance-armstrong-made-on-early-uber-investment|url-status=live}}</ref> According to CNBC, Armstrong said "it saved our family".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Feiner|first=Lauren|date=December 6, 2018|title=Lance Armstrong says his investment in Uber 'saved our family'|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/12/06/lance-armstrong-says-his-investment-in-uber-saved-our-family.html|access-date=July 14, 2021|website=CNBC|archive-date=July 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714063811/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/12/06/lance-armstrong-says-his-investment-in-uber-saved-our-family.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Media==
In 2017, Armstrong started a podcast named "The Move", which provided daily coverage of the ] in 2018 and 2019.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.aspentimes.com/news/lance-armstrong-brings-back-tour-de-france-podcast-for-third-year-with-new-location/|title=Lance Armstrong brings back Tour de France podcast for third year with new location|access-date=December 8, 2020|archive-date=November 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126224617/https://www.aspentimes.com/news/lance-armstrong-brings-back-tour-de-france-podcast-for-third-year-with-new-location/|url-status=live}}</ref> He also appeared—without compensation—on NBC Sports Network's live Tour de France television broadcasts. The UCI indicated the podcast and NBC appearances did not violate the terms of his ban.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/tour-de-france-lance-armstrongs-nbc-presence-spurs-debate-about-his-place-in-cycling/|title=Tour de France: Lance Armstrong's NBC presence spurs debate about his place in cycling|access-date=December 8, 2020|archive-date=November 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128193639/https://www.cyclingnews.com/news/tour-de-france-lance-armstrongs-nbc-presence-spurs-debate-about-his-place-in-cycling/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Career achievements==
===Major results===
====Road====
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
;1990
:8th Overall ]
;1991
:1st ] ], National Junior Road Championships
;1992
:1st ] Overall ]
::1st Stage 2
:1st First Union Grand Prix
:1st Stage 6 ]
:1st Stage 4a Vuelta a Galicia
:1st Stage 2 Trittico Premondiale
:2nd ]
:8th ]
;1993
:1st ] ], ]
:1st ] ], National Road Championships
:1st ] Overall Kmart West Virginia Classic
::1st Prologue & Stage 1
:1st ] Overall Tour of America
:1st ]
:1st Thrift Drug Classic
:1st Stage 8 ]
:2nd Overall ]
::1st Stage 5
:3rd Overall ]
::1st Stage 3
:5th ]
:9th Overall ]
;1994
:1st Thrift Drug Classic
:2nd Overall ]
::1st Stage 7
:2nd ]
:2nd ]
:7th Overall ]
:7th ], ]
:9th ]
:9th ]
;1995
:1st ] Overall ]
::1st ] Mountains classification
::1st Stages 4, 5 (]) & 9
:1st ] Overall Kmart West Virginia Classic
::1st Stage 4
:1st ]
:1st Stage 18 ]
:1st Stage 5 ]
:5th ], National Road Championships
:6th ]
:10th Overall ]
:10th ]
;1996
:1st ] Overall ]
::1st Stages 2, 3b (]), 5, 6 & 12 (])
:1st ]
:2nd Overall ]
:2nd Overall ]
:2nd ]
:2nd ]
:4th Overall ]
:4th ]
:6th ], ]
:8th ]
:9th ] (with ]
;1998
:1st ] Overall ]
::1st Stage 1
:1st ] Overall ]
:1st ]
:1st Sprint 56K Criterium
:4th Overall ]
{{Hidden begin
|toggle = left
|title = Voided results from August 1998 onward
|titlestyle = background:lightgrey;}}
:<s>4th Overall ]</s>
:<s>4th ], ]</s>
;1999
:<s>1st ] Overall ]</s>
::<s>1st Prologue, Stages 8 (]), 9 & 19 (])</s>
:<s>1st Stage 4 ]</s>
:<s>1st Stage 4 (]) ]</s>
:<s>1st ]</s>
:<s>2nd ]</s>
:<s>7th Overall ]</s>
:<s>8th Overall ]</s>
::<s>1st Prologue </s>
;2000
:<s>1st ] Overall ]</s>
::<s>1st Stage 19 (])</s>
:<s>1st ]</s>
:<s>1st ]</s>
:<s>2nd ]</s>
:<s>3rd Overall ]</s>
::<s>1st Stage 3 (])</s>
:<s>3rd ] ], ]</s>
:<s>3rd ]</s>
:<s>4th ]</s>
:<s>5th ]</s>
:<s>7th ]</s>
;2001
:<s>1st ] Overall ]</s>
::<s>1st Stages 10, 11 (]), 13 & 18 (])</s>
:<s>1st ] Overall ]</s>
::<s>1st Stages 1 (]) & 8 (])</s>
:<s>2nd ]</s>
:<s>2nd ]</s>
;2002
:<s>1st ] Overall ]</s>
::<s>1st Prologue, Stages 11, 12 & 19 (])</s>
:<s>1st ] Overall ]</s>
::<s>1st Stage 6</s>
:<s>1st ] Overall ]</s>
:<s>1st ]</s>
:<s>2nd Overall ]</s>
:<s>3rd ]</s>
:<s>4th ]</s>
:<s>5th ]</s>
:<s>6th ]</s>
:<s>8th ] (with ])</s>
;2003
:<s>1st ] Overall ]</s>
::<s>1st Stages 4 (]) & 15</s>
:<s>1st ] Overall ]</s>
::<s>1st Stage 3 (])</s>
:<s>6th ] (with ])</s>
:<s>8th ]</s>
;2004
:<s>1st ] Overall ]</s>
::<s>1st Stages 4 (]), 13, 15, 16 (]), 17 & 19 (])</s>
:<s>1st ] Overall ]</s>
::<s>1st Stages 3 & 4 (])</s>
:<s>1st ]</s>
:<s>3rd Overall ]</s>
:<s>4th ] (with ])</s>
:<s>5th Overall ]</s>
::<s>1st Stage 4 (])</s>
:<s>6th Overall ]</s>
::<s>1st Stage 5</s>
;2005
:<s>1st ] Overall ]</s>
::<s>1st Stages 4 (]) & 20 (])</s>
:<s>4th Overall ]</s>
::<s>1st ] Points classification</s>
:<s>5th Overall ]</s>
;2009
:<s>1st ]</s>
:<s>2nd Overall ]</s>
:<s>3rd Overall ]</s>
::<s>1st Stage 4 (])</s>
:<s>7th Overall ]</s>
;2010
:<s>2nd Overall ]</s>
:<s>3rd Overall ]</s>
:<s>7th Overall ]</s>
{{hidden end}}

{{div col end}}

=====Grand Tour general classification results timeline=====
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
!scope="col"|]
!scope="col"|1993
!scope="col"|1994
!scope="col"|1995
!scope="col"|1996
!scope="col"|1998
!scope="col"|1999
!scope="col"|2000
!scope="col"|2001
!scope="col"|2002
!scope="col"|2003
!scope="col"|2004
!scope="col"|2005
!scope="col"|2006
!scope="col"|2007
!scope="col"|2008
!scope="col"|2009
!scope="col"|2010
|-style="text-align:center;"
!scope="row"|] ]
|]
|]
|]
|]
|]
|]
|]
|]
|]
|]
|]
|]
|]
|]
|]
|]
|]
|-style="text-align:center;"
!scope="row"|] ]
|]
|]
|]
|]
|]
|]
|]
|]
|]
|]
|]
|]
|]
|]
|]
|]
|]
|-style="text-align:center;"
!scope="row"|]/] ]
|]
|]
|]
|]
|style="background:#dddff;"|]
|]
|]
|]
|]
|]
|]
|]
|]
|]
|]
|]
|]
|}
{|class="wikitable"
|+ Legend
|-
!scope="row"|—
|Did not compete
|-
!scope="row"|]
|Did not finish
|-
!scope="row"|<del>No.</del>
|Voided result
|}

====Triathlon & Ironman====
;1989
:2nd Bud Light U.S. Triathlon Series (USTS)–Miami (Olympic Distance)
:1st National Sprint Course Triathlon
;1990
:1st National Sprint Course Triathlon
;2011
:5th XTERRA USA Championships
;2012
:1st ] Hawaii
:1st Ironman 70.3 Florida
:3rd Ironman 70.3 St. Croix
:7th Ironman 70.3 Texas
:2nd Ironman 70.3 Panama
:2nd Power of Four Mountain Bike Race

====Mountain Bike====
;2008
:<s>1st 12 Hours of Snowmass</s>
:<s>2nd ]</s>
;2009
:<s>1st Colorado Pro Cross-Country Championships</s>
:<s>1st Leadville Trail 100 Mountain Bike Race</s>

==Filmography==
*'']'' (2001), documentary
*'']'' (2004), cameo appearance
*'']'' (2006), cameo appearance
*'']'' (2013), documentary
*''Stop at Nothing: The Lance Armstrong Story'' (2014), documentary
*'']'' (2015), biographical drama film
*'']'' (2017), appearing as himself, acting as parody of an anonymous source
*'']: Lance'' (2020), documentary

==Accolades==
{{BLP sources section|date=August 2018}}<!--several of these are not cited-->
*] (USOC) SportsMan of the Year (1999, 2001, 2002, 2003)<ref name="USOC Athletes of the Year"/>
*] Male ] (2002, 2003, 2004, 2005)<ref name="AP Male Athlete of the Year"/>
*World's Most Outstanding Athlete Award, ] International Trophy (2000)<ref name="PLUS: AWARDS; Armstrong Wins Owens Trophy"/><ref name="Mayor Giuliani Welcomes Stuart Rankin, Grandson Of Jesse Owens, To City Hall"/>
*] Sportsman of the Year (2003)<ref name="First Edition Cycling News for December 22, 2003"/>
*] in Sports (2000)<ref name="Prince Of Asturias Awards"/>
*Sports Ethics Fellows by the Institute for International Sport (2003)<ref name="2003 Sports Ethics Fellows"/>
*''Mendrisio d'Or'' Award in Switzerland (1999){{importance inline|date=July 2020}}<ref name="Laureati del Mendrisio d'Oro e d'Argento dal 1972 al 2010"/>
*''Premio Coppi-Bici d'Oro'' Trophy by the ] foundation in conjunction with ] (1999, 2000)
*''Marca Legend'' Award by ], a Spanish sports daily in Madrid (2004)
*] for Best Male Athlete (2003, 2004, 2005, 2006)
*ESPY Award for GMC Professional Grade Play Award (2005)
*ESPY Award for Best Comeback Athlete (2000)
*ESPN/Intersport's ''ARETE Award'' for Courage in Sport (Professional Division) (1999)<ref name="Payton Epitomized Courage"/>
*]'s ] Athlete of the Year (1999)
*Favorite Athlete award at ] (])<ref name="All Winners"/><ref name="All Winners UK"/>
*Presidential Delegation to the ]<ref name="President Announces Delegation to Winter Olympics"/>
*'']'' magazine's ] (2002)<ref name="Tour de Lance"/>
*VeloNews magazine's International Cyclist of the Year (2000, 2001, 2003, 2004)
*VeloNews magazine's North American Male Cyclist of the Year (1993, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2002, 2005)
*]: '']'' (2000)<ref name="Previous William Hill Sportsbook of the Year Winners"/>
*Triathlon magazine's Rookie of the Year (1988)
*Pace car driver for the Indianapolis 500 (2006)<ref name="Indy 500 Pace Cars"/><ref name="Sources: Lance Armstrong To Drive Indy 500 Pace Car"/>
*An asteroid, 1994 JE<sub>9</sub> was named ] in honor of him.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=12373|title=JPL Small-Body Database Browser|work=NASA|date=May 11, 2009|access-date=November 30, 2012|archive-date=June 11, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611063812/http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=12373|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Six-mile Lance Armstrong Bikeway through downtown ], built by the city of Austin at a cost of $3.2 million.<ref>{{cite news|last=Parker|first=Richard|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/26/opinion/can-austin-keep-itself-weird.html|title=Can Austin Keep Itself Weird? (New York Times)|location=Austin (TX)|work=]|date=October 25, 2012|access-date=November 10, 2012|archive-date=November 2, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102120638/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/26/opinion/can-austin-keep-itself-weird.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://digitaltexan.net/2012/austin-local-news/austin-loves-dopers-lance-armstrong-bikeway/article39122|title=What happens to the Lance Armstrong Bikeway?|publisher=Digitaltexan.net|date=August 24, 2012|access-date=November 10, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523193329/http://digitaltexan.net/2012/austin-local-news/austin-loves-dopers-lance-armstrong-bikeway/article39122/|archive-date=May 23, 2013}}</ref>
*Mildred "Babe" Didrikson Zaharias Courage Award presented by the ] (1999)<ref name="asama"/>
*Samuel S. Beard Award for Greatest Public Service by an Individual 35 Years or Under, an award given out annually by ] (2001) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jeffersonawards.org/pastwinners/national|title=National Winners|publisher=Jefferson Awards|access-date=February 7, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124043935/http://jeffersonawards.org/pastwinners/national|archive-date=November 24, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>

'''Rescinded awards'''
*] Award (2003)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espnstar.com/other-sports/news/detail/item909987|title=Armstrong stripped of BBC prize|publisher=Espnstar.Com|date=December 17, 2012|access-date=January 19, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130122153026/http://www.espnstar.com/other-sports/news/detail/item909987/|archive-date=January 22, 2013}}</ref>
*Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters, ] (2006)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Halper |first=Daniel |date=November 20, 2012 |title=University Rescinds Honorary Degree Awarded to Lance Armstrong |url=http://www.weeklystandard.com/blogs/university-rescinds-honorary-degree-awarded-lance-armstrong_663723.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016131341/http://www.weeklystandard.com/blogs/university-rescinds-honorary-degree-awarded-lance-armstrong_663723.html |archive-date=October 16, 2015 |access-date=January 19, 2013 |publisher=The Weekly Standard}}</ref>
*Key to the city of ] (2012)<ref>{{cite news|last=Higgins|first=Alice|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/adelaide-lord-mayor-stephen-yarwood-says-lance-armstrong-can-keep-keys-to-city/story-e6frg6n6-1226501860714|title=Adelaide Lord Mayor Stephen Yarwood says Lance Armstrong can keep keys to the city|work=]|date=October 23, 2012|access-date=January 3, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.news.com.au/sport/more-sport/lance-armstrong-loses-key-to-city-of-adelaide/story-fndukor0-1226507115747|title=Lance Armstrong loses Keys to City of Adelaide|publisher=]|date=October 31, 2012|access-date=January 3, 2013|archive-date=July 27, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727002840/http://www.news.com.au/sport/more-sport/lance-armstrong-loses-key-to-city-of-adelaide/story-fndukor0-1226507115747|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*] Winner (2003)<ref name="Awards 2003"/>
*] Winner (2000)<ref name="Awards 2000"/>
*] Nominated (2002, 2004, 2005, 2006)
*] Nominated (2010)
*Grand Prix Serge-Kampf de l'Académie des sports (France, 2004)<ref name="Grand Prix De L'Académie Des Sports"/>
*] (France, 2005)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Cyclisme-sur-route/Actualites/Legion-d-honneur-retiree-a-armstrong/454583|title=Légion d'honneur retirée à Lance Armstrong|publisher=Lequipe.fr|access-date=August 4, 2014|archive-date=October 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005092718/https://www.lequipe.fr/Cyclisme-sur-route/Actualites/Legion-d-honneur-retiree-a-armstrong/454583|url-status=live}}</ref>
*'']'' Award by ''Velo'' magazine in France (1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2004)<ref name="VELO D'OR MONDIAL"/><ref name="velo">Armstrong's results have been removed by Velo magazine</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Sports}}
*]
*]
*]
*]

==Notes and references==
;Notes
{{reflist|group=N}}

;References
{{reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="2 Ex-Teammates of Cycling Star Admit Drug Use">{{cite news|title=2 Ex-Teammates of Cycling Star Admit Drug Use|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/12/sports/othersports/12cycling.html|author=Juliet Macur|work=The New York Times|date=September 12, 2006|access-date=October 20, 2010|archive-date=October 21, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021050703/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/12/sports/othersports/12cycling.html?|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="2003 Sports Ethics Fellows">{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalsport.org/nsd/past-fellows-2003.cfm|title=2003 Sports Ethics Fellows|access-date=August 27, 2012|author=Institute for International Sport|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021171442/http://www.internationalsport.org/nsd/past-fellows-2003.cfm|archive-date=October 21, 2013}}</ref>

<ref name="pelota">{{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/10/05/juan-pelota-lance-armstrong-coffee_n_1943828.html|title=Juan Pelota: Lance Armstrong's Austin Coffee Shop More Than Just A Pun|access-date=January 19, 2013|author=Ryan Grenoble|work=Huffington Post|date=October 5, 2012|archive-date=November 29, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121129104647/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/10/05/juan-pelota-lance-armstrong-coffee_n_1943828.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

<!-- <ref name="2006 Commencement Address">{{cite web|url=http://www.tufts.edu/home/feature/?p=commencement2006&p2=2|title=2006 Commencement Address|access-date=August 28, 2012|date=May 21, 2006|publisher=Tufts University}}</ref> -->

<ref name="AFP: No comment on Armstrong from US cycling, anti-doping groups">{{cite news|url=http://www.mywire.com/pubs/AFP/2005/08/23/977278?&pbl=27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107034352/http://www.mywire.com/pubs/AFP/2005/08/23/977278?&pbl=27|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 7, 2011|title=AFP: No comment on Armstrong from US cycling, anti-doping groups|publisher=MyWire|date=August 23, 2005|access-date=July 17, 2010}}</ref>

<ref name="All Winners">{{cite web|url=http://www.nick.com/kids-choice-awards/all-winners/|title=All Winners – Kids' Choice Awards|access-date=August 27, 2012|website=Nickelodeon|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614130647/http://www.nick.com/kids-choice-awards/all-winners|archive-date=June 14, 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="All Winners UK">{{cite web|url=http://kca.nick.co.uk/|title=Kids' Choice Awards|access-date=August 27, 2012|website=Nickelodeon|archive-date=February 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207213014/http://kca.nick.co.uk/|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Andy Shen">{{cite web|url=http://velocitynation.com/content/interviews/2009/michael-ashenden|access-date=June 24, 2009|title=Interviews – Michael Ashenden|publisher=Velocity Nation|date=February 4, 2009|first=Andy|last=Shen|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410061019/http://velocitynation.com/content/interviews/2009/michael-ashenden|archive-date=April 10, 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="AP Male Athlete of the Year">{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/2007-12-21-2365825514_x.htm|title=AP Male Athlete of the Year|date=December 21, 2007|work=]}}</ref>

<ref name="Armstrong Acknowledges Cancer Battle">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/10/09/sports/armstrong-acknowledges-cancer-battle.html|title=Armstrong Acknowledges Cancer Battle|work=The New York Times|author=Samuel Abt|date=October 9, 1996|access-date=January 27, 2012|archive-date=October 12, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012013213/http://www.nytimes.com/1996/10/09/sports/armstrong-acknowledges-cancer-battle.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Armstrong asks Austin court to sanction his former assistant">{{cite web|url=http://www.statesman.com/sports/content/shared/sports/tourdefrance/2005/2lancesuit.html|title=Armstrong asks Austin court to sanction his former assistant|publisher=Austin Statesman-American|date=April 2, 2005|author=Halliburton, Suzanne|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051202031923/http://www.statesman.com/sports/content/shared/sports/tourdefrance/2005/2lancesuit.html|archive-date=December 2, 2005}}</ref>

<ref name="Armstrong breaks his collarbone">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/cycling/7959765.stm|title=Armstrong breaks his collarbone|date=March 23, 2009|publisher=BBC News Online|access-date=March 23, 2009|archive-date=March 24, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324011947/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/cycling/7959765.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Armstrong cleared in drug inquiry">{{cite news|title=Armstrong cleared in drug inquiry|publisher=BBC|date=May 31, 2006|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/cycling/5033672.stm|access-date=January 9, 2008|archive-date=December 6, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206153836/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/cycling/5033672.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>

<!-- <ref name="Armstrong faces legal marathon">{{cite news|author=William Fotheringham|url=http://sport.guardian.co.uk/tourdefrance2005/story/0,,1536208,00.html|title=Armstrong faces legal marathon|publisher=Sport.guardian.co.uk|date=July 26, 2005|access-date=July 17, 2010|location=London}}</ref> -->

<ref name="Armstrong issues statement">{{cite web|url=http://www.velonews.com/news/fea/10091.0.html|title=Armstrong issues statement|publisher=VeloNews|date=June 23, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060705034015/http://www.velonews.com/news/fea/10091.0.html|archive-date=July 5, 2006}}</ref>

<ref name="Armstrong just misses Tour lead">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/cycling/8138996.stm|title=Armstrong just misses Tour lead|date=July 7, 2009|publisher=BBC News Online|access-date=July 7, 2009|archive-date=July 8, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090708012122/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/cycling/8138996.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Armstrong outraged by French misbehaviour claims">{{Cite news|title=Armstrong outraged by French misbehaviour claims|agency=]|date=April 7, 2009|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gpWQTJmkqpByIaAMzL_-ZAO8qiKg|access-date=September 28, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411055916/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gpWQTJmkqpByIaAMzL_-ZAO8qiKg|archive-date=April 11, 2009}}</ref>

<ref name="Armstrong Retires From Cycling">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/17/sports/17armstrong.html|title=Armstrong Retires From Cycling|date=February 16, 2011|work=The New York Times|access-date=February 16, 2011|first=Juliet|last=Macur|archive-date=August 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809202133/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/17/sports/17armstrong.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Armstrong rounds on critics over drugs storm">{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/article451832.ece|work=The Times|location=London|title=Armstrong rounds on critics over drugs storm|first=Jeremy|last=Whittle|date=July 1, 2004|access-date=May 7, 2010}}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

<ref name="Armstrong rules out political career... for now">{{cite web|url=http://velonews.competitor.com/2005/08/news/armstrong-rules-out-political-career-for-now_8694|title=Armstrong rules out political career ... for now|publisher=VeloNews via Agence France-Presse|date=August 14, 2005|access-date=July 23, 2012|archive-date=July 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722165907/http://velonews.competitor.com/2005/08/news/armstrong-rules-out-political-career-for-now_8694|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Armstrong Says He Will Return for 2010">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/22/sports/cycling/22tour.html|title=Armstrong Says He Will Return for 2010|date=July 21, 2009|work=The New York Times|access-date=July 22, 2009|first=Juliet|last=Macur|archive-date=August 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809202630/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/22/sports/cycling/22tour.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Armstrong to return from injury">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/cycling/8023662.stm|title=Armstrong to return from injury|date=April 28, 2009|publisher=BBC News Online|access-date=April 28, 2009|archive-date=April 30, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430012440/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/cycling/8023662.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Armstrong, Best of His Time, Now With an Asterisk">{{cite news|work=The New York Times|author=George Vecsey|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/25/sports/cycling/armstrong-best-of-his-time-now-with-an-asterisk-george-vecsey.html?pagewanted=all|title=Armstrong, Best of His Time, Now With an Asterisk|access-date=September 11, 2012|date=August 24, 2012|archive-date=August 27, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120827021242/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/25/sports/cycling/armstrong-best-of-his-time-now-with-an-asterisk-george-vecsey.html?pagewanted=all|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="asama">{{cite web|url=http://www.asama.org/awards-of-sport/medallion-series/courage|access-date=August 28, 2012|title=Mildred "Babe" Didrikson Zaharias Courage Award|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021175922/http://www.asama.org/awards-of-sport/medallion-series/courage/|archive-date=October 21, 2013}}</ref>

<ref name="associated">], "Lance has suspicious ties: source", '']'', April 17, 2011, p. 17.</ref>

<ref name="Athletes for Hope">{{cite web|url=http://www.athletesforhope.org/|title=Athletes for Hope|publisher=Athletes for Hope|access-date=July 17, 2010|archive-date=November 17, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101117041528/http://www.athletesforhope.org/|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Awards 2000">{{cite web|title=Awards 2000|publisher=Laureus World Sports Awards Ltd.|access-date=August 26, 2012|url=http://www.laureus.com/awards/2003|archive-date=August 26, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120826074041/http://www.laureus.com/awards/2003|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Awards 2003">{{cite web|title=Awards 2003|publisher=Laureus World Sports Awards Ltd.|access-date=August 26, 2012|url=http://www.laureus.com/awards/2000|archive-date=August 20, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820112805/http://www.laureus.com/awards/2000|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="azcentral">] via '']'', {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326093215/http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/sports/articles/2008/09/08/20080908armstrongON.html |date=March 26, 2014 }}.</ref>

<ref name="BBC-UCI">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cycling/20008520|title=Lance Armstrong: Governing body strips American of Tour wins|date=October 22, 2012|publisher=BBC News|access-date=October 22, 2012|archive-date=October 19, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019205751/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cycling/20008520|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="bbcforgood">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/cycling/9399280.stm|title=Lance Armstrong confirms retirement from cycling|publisher=BBC News Online|date=February 16, 2011|access-date=February 16, 2011|archive-date=January 30, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130050453/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/cycling/9399280.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Bike Friendly Oak Cliff: BFOC interviews Lance Armstrong's mom, Linda Armstrong Kelly">{{cite web|url=http://bikefriendlyoc.wordpress.com/2009/07/20/bfoc-interviews-lance-armstrongs-mom-linda-armstrong-kelly|title=Bike Friendly Oak Cliff: BFOC interviews Lance Armstrong's mom, Linda Armstrong Kelly|publisher=bikefriendlyoc.wordpress.com|date=July 20, 2009|access-date=January 8, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718090902/http://bikefriendlyoc.wordpress.com/2009/07/20/bfoc-interviews-lance-armstrongs-mom-linda-armstrong-kelly/|archive-date=July 18, 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="Breaking Away: Lance Armstrong of the U.S. is the world cycling champ. Now he's going for an even bigger prize.">{{cite magazine|title=Breaking Away: Lance Armstrong of the U.S. is the world cycling champ. Now he's going for an even bigger prize.|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1005369/2/index.htm|magazine=Sports Illustrated|date=July 4, 1994|access-date=October 9, 2011|archive-date=August 4, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804040400/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1005369/2/index.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="Breaking Away">{{cite web|title=Breaking Away|work=]|date=July 2005|url=http://outsideonline.com/outside/features/200507/lance-armstrong-interview-3.html|access-date=January 9, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100919001023/http://outsideonline.com/outside/features/200507/lance-armstrong-interview-3.html|archive-date=September 19, 2010}}</ref>

<ref name="California Western School of Law">{{cite web|title=California Western Alumni Professional News|publisher=California Western School of Law|url=http://www.cwsl.edu/main/default.asp?nav=alumni.asp&body=alumni/AlumProfessionalNews.asp|access-date=January 9, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211065355/http://www.cwsl.edu/main/default.asp?nav=alumni.asp&body=alumni%2FAlumProfessionalNews.asp|archive-date=December 11, 2007}}</ref>

<ref name="Can this bike ride be Bush's tour de force?">{{cite news|first=Tom|last=Baldwin|title=Can this bike ride be Bush's tour de force?|work=The Times|location=UK|date=August 18, 2005|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,11069-1739689,00.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20070311012113/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,11069-1739689,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 11, 2007|access-date=January 9, 2008}}</ref>

<ref name="Cancer survivor Armstrong accepts new role">{{cite news|first=Sal|last=Ruibal|title=Cancer survivor Armstrong accepts new role|work=USA Today|date=May 22, 2002|url=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/cycling/2002-05-22-cover-armstrong.htm|access-date=August 20, 2021|archive-date=February 12, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110212041059/http://www.usatoday.com/sports/cycling/2002-05-22-cover-armstrong.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="CCRA Leadership Team">{{cite web|url=http://californiansforacure.org/supporters/steering_committee|title=CCRA Leadership Team|publisher=Californiansforacure.org|access-date=July 6, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728080547/http://californiansforacure.org/supporters/steering_committee|archive-date=July 28, 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="cited">Cited, ''L'Équipe'', July 17, 1999.</ref>

<ref name="cloudy">{{cite news|title=Armstrong attempts to quell dispute over Hill Country swimming hole|agency=Associated Press|date=October 25, 2006|url=http://www.dailytexanonline.com/media/storage/paper410/news/2006/10/25/StateLocal/Armstrong.Attempts.To.Quell.Dispute.Over.Hill.Country.Swimming.Hole-2400001.shtml?norewrite200610251211&sourcedomain=www.dailytexanonline.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930211635/http://www.dailytexanonline.com/media/storage/paper410/news/2006/10/25/StateLocal/Armstrong.Attempts.To.Quell.Dispute.Over.Hill.Country.Swimming.Hole-2400001.shtml?norewrite200610251211&sourcedomain=www.dailytexanonline.com|archive-date=September 30, 2007|access-date=October 25, 2006}}</ref>

<ref name="cnn"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130919214406/http://www.cnn.com/2008/US/12/23/armstrong.baby/index.html |date=September 19, 2013 }} CNN.com, December 23, 2008</ref>

<ref name="cnn5">Frieden, Terry, " {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205104755/http://www.cnn.com/2012/02/03/sport/lance-armstrong/index.html?hpt=hp_t3 |date=February 5, 2012 }}", ], February 3, 2012.</ref>

<ref name="coming out">{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/topstories/2008-09-09-2518014136_x.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130205205330/http://www.usatoday.com/sports/topstories/2008-09-09-2518014136_x.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 5, 2013|title=Armstrong coming out of retirement for Tour|work=USA Today|agency=Associated Press|date=September 10, 2008|author=Vertuno, Jim|access-date=July 23, 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="competitor">{{cite web|url=http://velonews.competitor.com/2010/06/news/armstrong-this-will-be-my-final-tour_123714|title=VeloNews.com – Lance Armstrong: "This will be my final Tour de France"|work=Velonews|date=June 28, 2010|access-date=July 17, 2010|archive-date=July 16, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100716062805/http://velonews.competitor.com/2010/06/news/armstrong-this-will-be-my-final-tour_123714|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Contador wins Tour; Lance walks away">{{Cite news|url=https://www.espn.com/olympics/tdf2010/news/story?id=5408382|title=Contador wins Tour; Lance walks away|date=July 25, 2010|publisher=]|access-date=July 25, 2010|archive-date=July 26, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726150228/http://sports.espn.go.com/oly/tdf2010/news/story?id=5408382|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Countdown to the Tour de France Jonathan Vaughters and his drugsfree team">{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/more_sport/cycling/article4232249.ece|work=The Times|location=London|title=Countdown to the Tour de France Jonathan Vaughters and his drugsfree team|first=Paul|last=Kimmage|date=June 29, 2008|access-date=May 7, 2010|archive-date=September 25, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925154040/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/more_sport/cycling/article4232249.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="coxnewsweb"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060629041553/http://alt.coxnewsweb.com/statesman/sports/040105_lance.pdf |date=June 29, 2006 }}, by ''Mike Anderson'', March 31, 2005 – (warning: PDF-file, 2.8 MB)</ref>

<ref name="CYCLING; Overhauling Lance Armstrong">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/04/19/sports/cycling-overhauling-lance-armstrong.html|title=CYCLING; Overhauling Lance Armstrong|work=The New York Times|first=John|last=Markoff|date=April 19, 2004|access-date=May 7, 2010|archive-date=May 24, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524193544/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/04/19/sports/cycling-overhauling-lance-armstrong.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Cyclingnews.com: Armstrong's 'F-One' group plots the hour">{{cite web|url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/news.php?id=news/2005/jan05/jan27news|title=Cyclingnews.com: Armstrong's 'F-One' group plots the hour|access-date=July 17, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005110209/http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/news.php?id=news%2F2005%2Fjan05%2Fjan27news|archive-date=October 5, 2013}}</ref>

<ref name="cyclingnews"> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090728021254/http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/riders/2003/interviews/?id=ferrari03b|date=July 28, 2009}}, 2003, Tim Maloney/Cyclingnews European Editor</ref>

<ref name="cyclismactu">"Lance Armstrong au Tour Down Under" – cyclismactu du October 24, 2010; retrieved October 24, 2010.</ref>

<ref name="Cyclists hit the streets for second Pelotonia Tour">{{cite web|last=Binkley|first=Collin|title=Cyclists hit the streets for second Pelotonia Tour|url=http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/local/2010/08/21/pelotonia-2010.html|publisher=The Columbus Dispatch|access-date=December 17, 2011|archive-date=November 30, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130091527/http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/local/2010/08/21/pelotonia-2010.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Doping scandal may hurt Lance Armstrong foundation">{{cite news|url=http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/38540813/ns/40462050|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130104015127/http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/38540813/ns/40462050|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 4, 2013|title=Doping scandal may hurt Lance Armstrong foundation|publisher=msnbc.com|agency=]|date=August 3, 2010|access-date=July 23, 2012|author1=Fredrix, Emily|author2=Liedtke, Michael}}</ref>

<ref name="espn-radioshack">{{cite news|url=https://www.espn.com/olympics/tdf2009/news/story?id=4349772|title=Source: Lance's team lands sponsor|date=July 23, 2009|publisher=]|first=Bonnie|last=Ford|access-date=July 23, 2009|archive-date=July 26, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090726092856/http://sports.espn.go.com/oly/tdf2009/news/story?id=4349772|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Evidence of a banned substance?">{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/sports/la-070806-sp-armstrong-g,0,1296880.graphic|title=Evidence of a banned substance?|work=]|date=July 8, 2006|access-date=July 23, 2012|archive-date=October 15, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015122124/http://www.latimes.com/sports/la-070806-sp-armstrong-g,0,1296880.graphic|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="First Edition Cycling News for December 22, 2003">{{cite web|url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/news.php?id=news/2003/dec03/dec22news|title=First Edition Cycling News for December 22, 2003|author=Jeff Jones|publisher=Knapp Communications Pty Limited|date=December 22, 2003|access-date=August 30, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112111520/http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/news.php?id=news%2F2003%2Fdec03%2Fdec22news|archive-date=November 12, 2012}}</ref>

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<ref name="It's not about the lab rats">{{cite web|url=http://www.outsideonline.com/outdoor-adventure/athletes/lance-armstrong/Its-Not-About-the-Lab-Rats.html?page=all|title=It's not about the lab rats|first=Bill|last=Gifford|date=January 5, 2012|publisher=Outside Online|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128142357/http://www.outsideonline.com/outdoor-adventure/athletes/lance-armstrong/Its-Not-About-the-Lab-Rats.html?page=all|archive-date=January 28, 2013}}</ref>

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<ref name="Lance Armstrong given the all clear from UCI for Tour Down Under comeback">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/cycling/lancearmstrong/3160482/UCI-grant-Lance-Armstrong-the-all-clear-for-Tour-Down-Under-comeback-Cycling.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/cycling/lancearmstrong/3160482/UCI-grant-Lance-Armstrong-the-all-clear-for-Tour-Down-Under-comeback-Cycling.html|archive-date=January 11, 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Lance Armstrong given the all clear from UCI for Tour Down Under comeback|publisher=The Telegraph|date=October 8, 2008|location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

<ref name="Lance Armstrong heading to local hospital after crash outside of Visalia">{{cite web|url=http://www.visaliatimesdelta.com/article/20100520/NEWS01/100520013/Lance-Armstrong-heading-to-local-hospital-after-crash-outside-of-Visalia|title=Lance Armstrong heading to local hospital after crash outside of Visalia|date=May 20, 2010|access-date=May 20, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100523062339/http://www.visaliatimesdelta.com/article/20100520/NEWS01/100520013/Lance-Armstrong-heading-to-local-hospital-after-crash-outside-of-Visalia|archive-date=May 23, 2010}}</ref>

<ref name="Lance Armstrong settles lawsuit with former assistant">{{cite web|url=http://www.statesman.com/search/content/sports/stories/other/11/5lance.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070920204400/http://www.statesman.com/search/content/sports/stories/other/11/5lance.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 20, 2007|title=Lance Armstrong settles lawsuit with former assistant|publisher=Austin American-Statesman|date=November 5, 2005|author=Kreytak, Steven}}</ref>

<ref name="Lance Armstrong, Sally Jenkins: ''It's Not About the Bike: My Journey Back to Life'' ({{ISBN|0-425-17961-3}}), Putnam 2000">Lance Armstrong, Sally Jenkins: ''It's Not About the Bike: My Journey Back to Life'' ({{ISBN|0-425-17961-3}}), Putnam 2000.</ref>

<ref name="Lance Armstrong: A Classic Case of Too Much, Too Soon?">{{cite news|url=http://www.thefinalsprint.com/2007/01/a-classic-case-of-too-much-too-soon|title=Lance Armstrong: A Classic Case of Too Much, Too Soon?|publisher=TheFinalSprint.com|date=January 7, 2007|access-date=September 28, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090312061012/http://www.thefinalsprint.com/2007/01/a-classic-case-of-too-much-too-soon/|archive-date=March 12, 2009}}</ref>

<ref name="Lance Armstrong: the whistleblowers">{{cite news|author1=Conal Urquhart|author2=David Walsh|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/aug/26/lance-armstrong-doping-whistleblowers|title=Lance Armstrong: the whistleblowers|work=The Guardian|date=August 26, 2012|access-date=August 28, 2012|location=London|archive-date=January 19, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140119182505/http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/aug/26/lance-armstrong-doping-whistleblowers|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Lance Armstrong">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cycling/18655970|title=Lance Armstrong|publisher=BBC Sport|access-date=June 30, 2012|archive-date=June 30, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120630033434/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cycling/18655970|url-status=live}}</ref>

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<ref name="Litke: Suspicion Remains Lance's Opponent">{{cite web|url=http://velonews.competitor.com/2005/08/news/litke-suspicion-remains-lances-opponent_8749|title=Litke: Suspicion Remains Lance's Opponent|publisher=VeloNews|date=August 24, 2005|access-date=July 23, 2012|author=Litke, Jim|archive-date=October 21, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021172800/http://velonews.competitor.com/2005/08/news/litke-suspicion-remains-lances-opponent_8749|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Max2006">{{cite news|first=Arthur|last=Max|title=Report Exonorates Armstrong of Doping|agency=Associated Press|work=San Francisco Chronicle|date=May 31, 2006|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2006/05/31/sports/s045357D78.DTL|access-date=January 9, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071228170310/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fn%2Fa%2F2006%2F05%2F31%2Fsports%2Fs045357D78.DTL&type=health|archive-date=December 28, 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="Mayor Giuliani Welcomes Stuart Rankin, Grandson Of Jesse Owens, To City Hall">{{cite web|url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/om/html/2000a/pr046-00.html|title=Mayor Giuliani Welcomes Stuart Rankin, Grandson Of Jesse Owens, To City Hall|access-date=August 27, 2012|date=February 9, 2000|archive-date=May 22, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522134225/http://www.nyc.gov/html/om/html/2000a/pr046-00.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="No pedals, he showed his mettle">{{cite news|url=https://www.boston.com/sports/specials/marathon/articles/2008/04/22/no_pedals_he_showed_his_mettle|title=No pedals, he showed his mettle|work=The Boston Globe|date=April 22, 2008|access-date=July 23, 2012|author=Vega, Michael|archive-date=October 29, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029001652/http://www.boston.com/sports/specials/marathon/articles/2008/04/22/no_pedals_he_showed_his_mettle/|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="npr.org">{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5508863|title=Ex-Friends Say Armstrong Admitted Drug Use|newspaper=Npr.org|access-date=July 17, 2010|archive-date=August 12, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100812181232/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5508863|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Papers charge Armstrong admitted doping">{{cite web|url=http://velonews.competitor.com/2006/06/news/papers-charge-armstrong-admitted-doping_10088|title=Papers charge Armstrong admitted doping|work=VeloNews|date=June 23, 2006|access-date=July 23, 2012|archive-date=October 19, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019234336/http://velonews.competitor.com/2006/06/news/papers-charge-armstrong-admitted-doping_10088|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="Papers: Lance had steroid in home">{{cite web|url=http://www.statesman.com/sports/content/shared/sports/tourdefrance/2005/040105lance.html|title=Papers: Lance had steroid in home|work=Austin American-Statesman|date=April 1, 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051203160602/http://www.statesman.com/sports/content/shared/sports/tourdefrance/2005/040105lance.html|archive-date=December 3, 2005|author=Halliburton, Suzanne}}</ref>

<ref name="Payton Epitomized Courage">{{cite news|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1999/11/02/payton-epitomized-courage/|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|title=Payton Epitomized Courage|author=Fred Mitchell|date=November 2, 1999|access-date=August 28, 2012|archive-date=October 13, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013112943/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1999-11-02/sports/9911020068_1_connie-payton-payton-teammate-sports-awards|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="PLUS: AWARDS; Armstrong Wins Owens Trophy">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/01/19/sports/plus-awards-armstrong-wins-owens-trophy.html|title=Plus: Awards; Armstrong Wins Owens Trophy|date=January 19, 2000|access-date=August 27, 2012|work=The New York Times|archive-date=May 24, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524194945/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/01/19/sports/plus-awards-armstrong-wins-owens-trophy.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Pound Stunned By Attack">{{cite news|publisher=BBC News Online|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/cycling/3535573.stm|title=Pound Stunned By Attack|access-date=August 12, 2006|date=March 5, 2004|archive-date=February 21, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070221033049/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/cycling/3535573.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="President Announces Delegation to Winter Olympics">{{cite press release|url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/02/20020208.html|title=President Announces Delegation to Winter Olympics|date=February 8, 2002|publisher=]|access-date=September 22, 2007|archive-date=July 8, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708213831/http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/02/20020208.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

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<ref name="Prop 29 – The California Cancer Research Act">{{cite web|url=http://californiansforacure.org/facts/summary|title=Prop 29 – The California Cancer Research Act|publisher=Californiansforacure.org|access-date=July 6, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625061731/http://californiansforacure.org/facts/summary|archive-date=June 25, 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="Results – The ING New York City Marathon">{{cite web|author=Jud Santos|url=http://www.nycmarathon.org/results/index.php|title=Results – The ING New York City Marathon|date=October 10, 2007|access-date=July 17, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010035518/http://www.nycmarathon.org/results/index.php|archive-date=October 10, 2007}}</ref>

<ref name="Scholten c.s. Advocaten">{{cite web|title=Independent Investigation – Analysis Samples from the 1999 Tour de France|publisher=Scholten c.s. Advocaten|work=VeloNews|url=http://www.velonews.com/media/report1999.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071201220747/http://www.velonews.com/media/report1999.pdf|archive-date=December 1, 2007|access-date=January 9, 2008}}</ref>

<ref name="Serena got the message, now it's Lance's turn as French cheers become jeers for US stars">{{cite news|author1=Peter Beaumont|author2=Paul Webster in Paris|url=http://observer.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,6903,992329,00.html|title=Serena got the message, now it's Lance's turn as French cheers become jeers for US stars|work=The Observer|date=July 6, 2003|access-date=July 17, 2010|location=London|archive-date=July 24, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724043317/http://observer.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,6903,992329,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="societyns">{{cite web|url=http://societyns.org/society/bio.aspx?MemberID=12648|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101128072637/http://societyns.org/society/bio.aspx?MemberID=12648|archive-date=November 28, 2010|title=The Society of Neurological Surgeons|publisher=Societyns.org|access-date=November 10, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="Sources: Lance Armstrong To Drive Indy 500 Pace Car">{{cite web|url=http://www.theindychannel.com/sports/sources-lance-armstrong-to-drive-indy-500-pace-car|website=The Indy Channel|title=Sources: Lance Armstrong To Drive Indy 500 Pace Car|date=March 15, 2006|access-date=August 26, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021173540/http://www.theindychannel.com/sports/sources-lance-armstrong-to-drive-indy-500-pace-car|archive-date=October 21, 2013}}</ref>

<ref name="sportunterricht">In his book "Every Second Counts" Armstrong casts doubt that Ullrich did, in fact, wait for him. He states that Ullrich only slowed when told to do so by other riders.{{cite web|title=Jan Ullrich wird zum "Ritter des Fair Play"|trans-title=Ullrich becomes "Knight of fairplay"|work=Sport Unterricht|url=http://www.sportunterricht.de/fairplay/janullrich03.html|access-date=March 5, 2007|archive-date=July 18, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070718141558/http://www.sportunterricht.de/fairplay/janullrich03.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Stop strong-arm tactics">{{cite web|url=http://www.scotsman.com/sport/stop-strong-arm-tactics-1-1395113|title=Stop strong-arm tactics|work=The Scotsman|date=June 20, 2004|access-date=July 23, 2012|archive-date=December 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203075601/http://www.scotsman.com/sport/stop-strong-arm-tactics-1-1395113|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="tdf">{{cite web|url=http://www.letour.fr/2009/TDF/RIDERS/us/coureurs/22.html|title=Tour de France 2009 – Rider −22- Lance Armstrong|publisher=Letour.fr|access-date=November 10, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112190016/http://www.letour.fr/2009/TDF/RIDERS/us/coureurs/22.html|archive-date=January 12, 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="The possibility of tampering">{{cite web|url=http://velocitynation.com/content/interviews/2009/michael-ashenden|title=The possibility of tampering|publisher=Velocitynation.com|access-date=July 17, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410061019/http://velocitynation.com/content/interviews/2009/michael-ashenden|archive-date=April 10, 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="thefinalsprint">{{cite web|url=http://www.thefinalsprint.com/2006/11/watch-the-nyc-marathon-online-live-or-ondemand|title=Watch the NYC Marathon|publisher=TheFinalSprint.com|date=November 2, 2006|access-date=September 28, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080429215305/http://www.thefinalsprint.com/2006/11/watch-the-nyc-marathon-online-live-or-ondemand/|archive-date=April 29, 2008}}</ref>

<ref name="They bust the addicts but the dealers ride on">{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/columnists/paul_kimmage/article2159415.ece|work=The Times|location=London|title=They bust the addicts but the dealers ride on|first=Paul|last=Kimmage|date=July 29, 2007|access-date=May 7, 2010|archive-date=October 10, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010141359/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/columnists/paul_kimmage/article2159415.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="The Times">{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/more_sport/article5750574.ece|work=The Times|location=London|title=World in motion cycling divided by Paul Kimmage and Lance Armstrongs cancer row|date=February 17, 2009|access-date=May 7, 2010|first=Owen|last=Slot}}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

<ref name="timesonline1">{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, '']''; accessed May 20, 2014.</ref>

<ref name="Tour de France winners and their average speeds">{{cite web|url=http://velonews.competitor.com/2011/07/news/186088_186088|title=Tour de France winners and their average speeds|work=Velonews|date=July 24, 2011|access-date=July 6, 2012|archive-date=November 19, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131119111210/http://velonews.competitor.com/2011/07/news/186088_186088|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="Tour de Lance">{{cite magazine|title=Tour de Lance|author=Rick Reilly|magazine=Sports Illustrated|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1027723/index.htm|date=December 16, 2002|access-date=August 26, 2012|archive-date=October 25, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025213804/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1027723/index.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="trail">{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-jul-09-sp-armstrong9-story.html|title=Allegations Trail Armstrong Into Another Stage|last=Abrahamson|first=Alan|work=]|date=July 9, 2006|access-date=July 23, 2012|archive-date=June 19, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619055804/http://articles.latimes.com/2006/jul/09/sports/sp-armstrong9|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="twitter">{{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/lancearmstrong/status/27710013616|title=Olivia Marie Armstrong has arrived!|date=October 18, 2010|last=Armstrong|first=Lance|website=Twitter|access-date=August 20, 2021|archive-date=January 4, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104120750/https://twitter.com/lancearmstrong/status/27710013616|url-status=live}}</ref>

<!-- <ref name="U.S. Anti-Doping Agency says evidence against Lance Armstrong is 'overwhelming' and includes testimony from 15 teammates">{{cite news|last=O'KEEFFE|first=MICHAEL|title=U.S. Anti-Doping Agency says evidence against Lance Armstrong is 'overwhelming' and includes testimony from 15 teammates|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/sports/more-sports/usada-calls-evidence-lance-overwhelming-article-1.1179148?localLinksEnabled=false|work=The Daily News|access-date=October 10, 2012}}</ref> -->

<ref name="UCI report clears Armstrong">{{cite news|title=UCI report clears Armstrong|agency=Associated Press|work=VeloNews|date=May 31, 2006|url=http://www.velonews.com/news/fea/9932.0.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230103550/http://www.velonews.com/news/fea/9932.0.html|archive-date=December 30, 2007|access-date=January 9, 2008}}</ref>

<ref name="USOC Athletes of the Year">{{cite web|url=http://www.teamusa.org/About-the-USOC/Organization/Olympic-Movement/Olympic-Honors.aspx|title=USOC Athletes of the Year|access-date=August 30, 2012|publisher=United States Olympic Committee|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829003535/https://www2.teamusa.org/About-the-USOC/Organization/Olympic-Movement/Olympic-Honors.aspx|archive-date=August 29, 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="VELO D'OR MONDIAL">{{cite web|url=http://www.velo-club.net/article_arch.php?sid=20213|title=VELO D'OR MONDIAL|publisher=Velo-club.net|access-date=August 26, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120816072027/http://www.velo-club.net/article_arch.php?sid=20213|archive-date=August 16, 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="VeloNews.com – Bruyneel confirms Armstrong will race classics">{{cite news|first=Andrew|last=Hood|url=http://velonews.competitor.com/2010/01/news/bruyneel-confirms-armstrong-will-race-classics_103190|title=VeloNews.com – Bruyneel confirms Armstrong will race classics|work=Velonews|date=January 29, 2010|access-date=July 17, 2010|archive-date=April 6, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406011713/http://velonews.competitor.com/2010/01/news/bruyneel-confirms-armstrong-will-race-classics_103190|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="velonews050823">{{cite web|last=VeloNews Interactive, with wire services|year=2005|url=http://velonews.competitor.com/2005/08/tour-de-france/lequipe-alleges-armstrong-samples-show-epo-use-in-99-tour_8740|title=L'Équipe alleges Armstrong samples show EPO use in 99 Tour|work=Velonews|access-date=July 26, 2006|archive-date=May 23, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100523161740/http://velonews.competitor.com/2005/08/tour-de-france/lequipe-alleges-armstrong-samples-show-epo-use-in-99-tour_8740|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Wassup, world? My name is...">{{cite web|first=Lance|last=Armstrong|title=Wassup, world? My name is Max Armstrong and I just arrived. My Mommy is healthy and so am I! |via=Twitter|date=June 4, 2009|url=https://www.twitter.com/lancearmstrong/status/2038590710|access-date=August 20, 2021|archive-date=April 28, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428002150/https://twitter.com/lancearmstrong/status/2038590710|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book
|last1 = Armstrong
|first1 = Lance
|last2 = Jenkins
|first2 = Sally
|author2-link = Sally Jenkins
|title = ]
|year = 2001
|publisher = Yellow Jersey Press
|isbn = 0-224-06087-2
}}
*{{cite book
|last1 = Armstrong
|first1 = Lance
|last2 = Jenkins
|first2 = Sally
|author2-link = Sally Jenkins
|title = ]
|year = 2003
|publisher = ]
|isbn = 0-385-50871-9
}} }}


== Further reading == ==Further reading==
*{{cite book
* Lance Armstrong, Sally Jenkins: '']'' (ISBN 0-425-17961-3), Putnam 2000. Armstrong's own account of his battle with cancer and subsequent triumphant return to bike racing.
|last1 = Albergotti
* Lance Armstrong, Sally Jenkins: '']'' (ISBN 0-385-50871-9), Broadway Books 2003. Armstrong's account of his life after his first four Tour triumphs.
|first1 = Reed
* Linda Armstrong Kelly, Joni Rodgers: ''No Mountain High Enough: Raising Lance, Raising Me'' (ISBN 0-7679-1855-X), Broadway Books 2002. Armstrong's mother's account of raising a world class athlete and overcoming adversity.
|author1-link = Reed Albergotti
* Daniel Coyle: ''Lance Armstrong's War: One Man's Battle Against Fate, Fame, Love, Death, Scandal, and a Few Other Rivals on the Road to the Tour De France'' (ISBN 0-06-073497-3), Harper Collins 2005. Former writer for Outside magazine documents Armstrong's road to the Tour in 2004, teaching us about both Armstrong and the Tour.
|last2 = O'Connell
* Pierre Ballester, David Walsh: '']: Les secrets de Lance Armstrong'' (ISBN 2-84675-130-7), La Martinière {{fr icon}}. Various circumstantial evidence pointing to Armstrong doping.
|first2 = Vanessa
* Pierre Ballester, David Walsh: ''L.A. Officiel'' (ISBN 2-84675-204-4), La Martinière {{fr icon}}. Why Armstrong gave up trial against the authors after publication of L.A. Confidentiel.
|author2-link = Vanessa O'Connell
* Sharon Cook, Graciela Sholander: ''Dream It Do It: Inspiring Stories of Dreams Come True'' (ISBN 1-884587-30-5), Planning/Communications 2004. Chapter 4 details Armstrong's efforts to return to championship form following his cancer treatment.
|title = ]: Lance Armstrong, the Tour de France, and the Greatest Sports Conspiracy Ever
* John Wilcockson: ''23 Days in July'' (ISBN 0-7195-6717-3), John Murray 2004. An account of how Armstrong won his 6th Tour title in 2004.
|isbn = 978-1-59240-848-1
* John Wilcockson: ''The 2005 Tour De France: The Last Chapter of the Armstrong Era'' (ISBN 1-931382-68-9), Velo Press 2005. The story behind Armstrong's final Tour de France before his first retirement and his 7th consecutive victory.
|publisher = ]
* John Wilcokson: ''LANCE: The Making of the World's Greatest Champion'' (ISBN 9780306815874), Da Capo Press 2009. The story of what drives the 7-time Tour de France champion through the words of Armstrong's family, friends, rivals, and Armstrong himself.
|year = 2013}}
*{{cite book
|last1 = Armstrong Kelly
|first1 = Linda
|last2 = Rodgers
|first2 = Joni
|title = No Mountain High Enough: Raising Lance, Raising Me
|isbn = 0-7679-1855-X
|publisher = Broadway Books
|year = 2002
|url = https://archive.org/details/nomountainhighen00kell
}}
*{{cite book
|last1 = Ballester
|first1 = Pierre
|author1-link = Pierre Ballester
|last2 = Walsh
|first2 = David
|author2-link = David Walsh (journalist)
|title = ]: Les secrets de Lance Armstrong
|isbn = 2-84675-130-7
|publisher = ]
|language = fr
|year = 2004
}}
*{{cite book
|last1 = Ballester
|first1 = Pierre
|author1-link = Pierre Ballester
|last2 = Walsh
|first2 = David
|author2-link = David Walsh (journalist)
|title = L.A. Officiel
|isbn = 2-84675-204-4
|publisher = La Martinière
|language = fr
|year = 2006
}}
*{{cite book
|last1 = Coyle
|first1 = Daniel
|title = Lance Armstrong's War: One Man's Battle Against Fate, Fame, Love, Death, Scandal, and a Few Other Rivals on the Road to the Tour de France
|isbn = 0-06-073497-3
|publisher = HarperCollins
|year = 2005
|url = https://archive.org/details/lancearmstrongsw00coyl_0
}}
*{{cite book
|last1 = Wilcockson
|first1 = John
|author1-link = John Wilcockson
|title = 23 Days in July
|isbn = 0-7195-6717-3
|publisher = John Murray
|year = 2004
}}
*{{cite book
|last1 = Wilcockson
|first1 = John
|author1-link = John Wilcockson
|title = The 2005 Tour de France: The Last Chapter of the Armstrong Era
|isbn = 1-931382-68-9
|publisher = Velo Press
|year = 2005
|url = https://archive.org/details/2005tourdefrance00wilc
}}
*{{cite book
|last1 = Wilcockson
|first1 = John
|author1-link = John Wilcockson
|title = LANCE: The Making of the World's Greatest Champion
|isbn = 978-0-306-81587-4
|publisher = Da Capo Press
|year = 2009
|url = https://archive.org/details/lancemakingofwor00wilc_0
}}


== External links == ==External links==
{{Sister project links|wikt=no|voy=no|v=no|s=no|b=no|d=q2172|n=|species=no}}
{{wikiquote| Lance Armstrong}}
*{{official website}}
{{commons| Lance Armstrong}}
*
* {{official|http://www.lancearmstrong.com/}}
*{{Cycling Archives}}
*
*{{Olympics.com profile|lance-e-armstrong}}
*{{cyclingwebsite|300}}
*{{Olympedia}}
* {{imdb name|name=Lance Armstrong|id=0035790}}
*{{IMDb name}}
* {{twitter|LanceArmstrong}}
* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029113635/http://d3epuodzu3wuis.cloudfront.net/ReasonedDecision.pdf |date=October 29, 2012 }}
*
*Kimmage, Paul. , ''The Sunday Times'', July 5, 2009.
* oprah.com
*{{IMDb title|id= 3511812|title= Stop at Nothing – The Lance Armstrong Story}}


{{start box}} {{s-start}}
{{s-ach}} {{s-ach}}
{{succession box|title=] winner|before={{flagicon|GBR}} ]|after={{flagicon|USA}} ]|years=2000}}
{{succession box {{succession box
| before={{flagicon|ITA}} ] | |before = ]<br/>]
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|years = 1999<br/>2001–2003
| years=1999&nbsp;– 2001}}
|}}
{{succession box|title=]|before={{flagicon|GBR}} ] |after={{flagicon|USA}} ] |years=2000}}
{{Succession box|before={{flagicon|GER}} ]|title=]|years=2000|after={{flagicon|ESP}} ]}}
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{{Lance Armstrong|state=expanded}}
| before={{flagicon|USA}} ]
{{UCI Road World Champions – Men's road race}}
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{{Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year navbox}}
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{{Team RadioShack}}
{{World Road Racing Champions}}
{{Tour de France Yellow Jersey}}
{{APAthleteOTY}}
{{SI Sportsman of the Year}} {{SI Sportsman of the Year}}
{{Laureus World Sportsman of the Year}} {{Laureus World Sportsman of the Year}}
{{BBC Sports Personality World Sport Star of the Year}}
{{ESPYs}} {{ESPYs}}
{{Vélo d'Or}}

{{Prince of Asturias Award for Sports}}
<!-- Metadata: see ] -->
{{Authority control}}
{{Persondata
|NAME= Armstrong, Lance Edward
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=American professional ]
|DATE OF BIRTH= September 18, 1971
|PLACE OF BIRTH=]
|DATE OF DEATH=
|PLACE OF DEATH=}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Armstrong, Lance}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Armstrong, Lance}}

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Latest revision as of 03:17, 25 December 2024

American cyclist (born 1971) For the Australian politician, see Lance Armstrong (politician).

Lance Armstrong
Armstrong before the 2009 Tour Down Under
Personal information
Full nameLance Edward Armstrong
NicknameLe Boss
Big Tex
BornLance Edward Gunderson
(1971-09-18) September 18, 1971 (age 53)
Richardson, Texas, U.S.
Height1.77 m (5 ft 9+1⁄2 in)
Weight75 kg (165 lb)
Team information
DisciplineRoad
RoleRider
Rider typeAll-rounder
Amateur teams
1990–1991Subaru–Montgomery
1991US National Team
Professional teams
1992–1996Motorola
1997Cofidis
1998–2005U.S. Postal Service
2009Astana
2010–2011Team RadioShack
Major wins
Grand Tour
Tour de France
2 individual stages (1993, 1995)

Stage races

Tour de Luxembourg (1998)
Tour DuPont (1995, 1996)

One-day races and Classics

World Road Race Championships (1993)
National Road Race Championships (1993)
Clásica de San Sebastián (1995)
La Flèche Wallonne (1996)
Trofeo Laigueglia (1993)
Medal record
Representing  United States
Men's Cycling
World Championships
Gold medal – first place 1993 Oslo Elite Men's Road Race
Olympic Games
Disqualified 2000 Sydney Men's time trial

Lance Edward Armstrong ( Gunderson; born September 18, 1971) is an American former professional road racing cyclist. He achieved international fame for winning the Tour de France a record seven consecutive times from 1999 to 2005, but was stripped of his titles in 2012 after an investigation into doping allegations, called the Lance Armstrong doping case, found that Armstrong used performance-enhancing drugs over his career. As a result, Armstrong is currently banned for life from all sanctioned bicycling events.

At age 16, Armstrong began competing as a triathlete and was a national sprint-course triathlon champion in 1989 and 1990. In 1992, he began his career as a professional cyclist with the Motorola team. Armstrong had success between 1993 and 1996 with the World Championship in 1993, the Clásica de San Sebastián in 1995, Tour DuPont in 1995 and 1996, and a handful of stage victories in Europe, including stage 8 of the 1993 Tour de France and stage 18 of the 1995 Tour de France. In 1996, he was diagnosed with a potentially fatal metastatic testicular cancer. After recovering, Armstrong founded the Lance Armstrong Foundation (now the Livestrong Foundation) to assist other cancer survivors.

Returning to cycling in 1998, Armstrong was a member of the US Postal/Discovery team between 1998 and 2005 when he won his seven Tour de France titles. Armstrong retired from racing at the end of the 2005 Tour de France, but returned to competitive cycling with the Astana team in January 2009, finishing third in the 2009 Tour de France later that year. Between 2010 and 2011, he raced with Team Radio Shack, and retired for a second time in 2011.

Armstrong became the subject of doping allegations after winning the 1999 Tour de France. For years, he denied involvement in doping. In 2012, a United States Anti-Doping Agency (USADA) investigation concluded that Armstrong had used performance-enhancing drugs over the course of his career and named him as the ringleader of "the most sophisticated, professionalized and successful doping program that sport has ever seen". While maintaining his innocence, Armstrong chose not to contest the charges, citing the potential toll on his family. He received a lifetime ban from all sports that follow the World Anti-Doping Code, ending Armstrong's competitive cycling career. The International Cycling Union (UCI) upheld USADA's decision and decided that his stripped wins would not be allocated to other riders. In January 2013, Armstrong publicly admitted his involvement in doping. In April 2018, Armstrong settled a civil lawsuit with the United States Department of Justice and agreed to pay US$5 million to the U.S. government after whistleblower proceedings were commenced by Floyd Landis, a former team member.

Early life

Armstrong was born Lance Edward Gunderson on September 18, 1971, at Methodist Hospital in Richardson, Texas. His mother, Linda Armstrong Kelly (neé: Gayle Mooneyham), grew up in Oak Cliff. Armstrong was named after Lance Rentzel, a Dallas Cowboys wide receiver. His parents divorced in 1973 when Lance was two, and when his mother remarried Terry Keith Armstrong, Lance took his stepfather's surname. He attended Plano East Senior High School.

Career

Early career

Armstrong (center left) during the amateur race at the 1990 UCI Road World Championships

In the 1987–1988 Tri-Fed/Texas ("Tri-Fed" was the former name of USA Triathlon), Armstrong was ranked the number-one triathlete in the 19-and-under group; second place was Chann McRae, who became a US Postal Service cycling teammate and the 2002 USPRO national champion. Armstrong's total points in 1987 as an amateur were better than those of five professionals ranked higher than he was that year. At 16, Lance Armstrong became a professional triathlete and became national sprint-course triathlon champion in 1989 and 1990 at 18 and 19, respectively.

Motorola: 1992–96

In 1992, Armstrong turned professional with the Motorola Cycling Team, the successor of 7-Eleven team. In 1993, he won 10 one-day events and stage races, but his breakthrough victory was the World Road Race Championship held in Norway. Before his World Championships win, Armstrong took his first win at the Tour de France, in the stage from Châlons-sur-Marne to Verdun. He was 97th in the general classification when he retired after stage 12. Armstrong collected the Thrift Drug Triple Crown of Cycling: the Thrift Drug Classic in Pittsburgh, the K-Mart West Virginia Classic, and the CoreStates USPRO national championship in Philadelphia. He is alleged by another cyclist competing in the CoreStates Road Race to have bribed that cyclist so that he would not compete with Armstrong for the win.

In 1994, Armstrong again won the Thrift Drug Classic and came second in the Tour DuPont in the United States. His successes in Europe occurred when he placed second in Liège–Bastogne–Liège and the Clásica de San Sebastián, where just two years before, Armstrong had finished in last place at his first all-pro event in Europe. He finished the year strongly at the World Championships in Agrigento, finishing in seventh place less than a minute behind winner Luc Leblanc.

In a 2016 speech to University of Colorado, Boulder professor Roger A. Pielke Jr.'s Introduction to Sports Governance class, Armstrong stated that he began doping in "late spring of 1995."

Armstrong won the Clásica de San Sebastián in 1995, followed by an overall victory in the penultimate Tour DuPont and a handful of stage victories in Europe, including the stage to Limoges in the Tour de France, three days after the death of his teammate Fabio Casartelli, who crashed on the descent of the Col de Portet d'Aspet on the 15th stage. After winning the stage, Armstrong pointed to the sky in honor of Casartelli.

Armstrong's successes were much the same in 1996. He became the first American to win the La Flèche Wallonne and again won the Tour DuPont. However, Armstrong was able to compete for only five days in the Tour de France. In the 1996 Olympic Games, he finished sixth in the time trial and twelfth in the road race. In August 1996, following the Leeds Classic, Armstrong signed a two-year, $2 million deal with the French Cofidis Cycling Team. Joining him in signing contracts with the French team were teammates Frankie Andreu and Laurent Madouas. Two months later, Armstrong was diagnosed with advanced testicular cancer.

Cancer diagnosis, treatment, and recovery

On October 2, 1996, at the age of 25, Armstrong was diagnosed with stage three (advanced) testicular cancer (embryonal carcinoma). The cancer had spread to his lymph nodes, lungs, brain, and abdomen. Armstrong visited urologist Jim Reeves in Austin, Texas, for diagnosis of his symptoms, including a headache, blurred vision, coughing up blood, and a swollen testicle. The next day, Armstrong had an orchiectomy to remove the diseased testicle. When Reeves was asked in a later interview what he thought Armstrong's chances of survival were, Reeves said, "Almost none. We told Lance initially 20 to 50% chance, mainly to give him hope. But with the kind of cancer he had, with the X-rays, the blood tests, almost no hope."

After receiving a letter from Steven Wolff, an oncologist at Vanderbilt University, Armstrong went to the Indiana University medical center in Indianapolis and decided to receive the rest of his treatment there. The standard treatment for Armstrong's cancer was a "cocktail" of the drugs bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin (or Platinol) (BEP). The first chemotherapy cycle that Armstrong underwent included BEP, but for the three remaining cycles, he was given an alternative, vinblastine etoposide, ifosfamide, and cisplatin (VIP), to avoid lung toxicity associated with bleomycin. Armstrong credited this with saving his cycling career. At Indiana University, Lawrence Einhorn had pioneered the use of cisplatin to treat testicular cancer. Armstrong's primary oncologist there was Craig Nichols. On October 25, his brain lesions, which were found to contain extensive necrosis, were surgically removed by Scott A. Shapiro, a professor of neurosurgery at Indiana University.

Armstrong's final chemotherapy treatment took place on December 13, 1996. In January 1997, Armstrong unexpectedly appeared at the first training camp of the Cofidis team at Lille, France, riding 100 km (62 mi) with his new teammates before returning to the United States. In February 1997, he was declared cancer-free. In October, Cofidis announced that his contract would not be extended, after negotiations broke down over a new deal. A former boss at Subaru Montgomery offered him a contract with the US Postal team at a salary of $200,000 a year. By January 1998, Armstrong was engaged in serious training for racing, moving to Europe with the team.

US Postal/Discovery: 1998–2005

Before his cancer treatment, Armstrong had participated in four Tour de France races, winning two stages. In 1993, he won the eighth stage and in 1995; he took stage 18 which he dedicated to teammate Fabio Casartelli who had crashed and died on stage 15. Armstrong dropped out of the 1996 Tour after the fifth stage after becoming ill, a few months before his diagnosis.

Armstrong finishing third in Sète, taking over the yellow jersey at Grand Prix Midi Libre

Armstrong's cycling comeback began in 1998 and he entered the 1998 edition of Paris–Nice but could not compete at such an elite level and abandoned the race. He then abandoned Europe with his fiancé and returned to Texas where he contemplated retirement. Not long after returning to the United States, Armstrong entered seclusion near Beech Mountain and Boone, North Carolina with former Tour de France rider Bob Roll as well as Chris Carmichael and trained in the Appalachian Mountains. In May 1998, Armstrong held his second charity race for cancer research in Austin, Texas: The Race for the Roses. Greg LeMond, Irish cycling legend Sean Kelly, and five time Tour champion Miguel Induráin were the most important cyclists at the event. LeMond said it was a good reason to get cyclists together, going on to say that life does not always deal the cards out equal and who knows if Armstrong will get back to the highest level, maybe he retires next year. During an interview, Armstrong said the rider he admires the most is Laurent Jalabert, saying that when he is riding well, he is the fiercest competitor in the bunch.

Armstrong then entered and won the Tour of Luxembourg. During the 1998 Vuelta a España Armstrong shocked the cycling world by finishing in the top five during one ITT, the top 10 in another and for the most part staying with the GC contenders in the mountains en route to finishing fourth overall. His credibility as a threat was confirmed when he finished fourth in both the road race and time trial at the World Championships. As a result of these efforts, Armstrong finished third in the voting for the Vélo d'Or. In 1999, he won the Tour de France, including four stages. Armstrong beat the second place rider, Alex Zülle, by 7 minutes 37 seconds. However, the absence of Jan Ullrich (injury) and Marco Pantani (drug allegations) meant Armstrong had not yet proven himself against the biggest names in the sport. Stage wins included the prologue, stage eight, an individual time trial in Metz, an Alpine stage on stage nine, and the second individual time trial on stage 19.

In 2000, Ullrich and Pantani returned to challenge Armstrong. The race began a six-year rivalry between Ullrich and Armstrong and ended in victory for Armstrong by 6 minutes 2 seconds over Ullrich. Armstrong took one stage in the 2000 Tour, the second individual time trial on stage 19. At the Summer Olympics 2000, Armstrong raced to third place in the Men's road time trial. In 2013, he was stripped of the bronze medal and third place title by the IOC after he admitted to doping. In September that year, Armstrong returned his medal to Olympic officials.

In 2001, Armstrong again took top honors at the Tour de France, beating Ullrich by 6 minutes 44 seconds. In 2002, Ullrich did not participate due to suspension, and Armstrong won by seven minutes over Joseba Beloki. During stage eleven and twelve of this Tour is when the race was won as US Postal had Vuelta champ Roberto Heras lead Armstrong up both climbs, breaking the peloton in the process. Then, when Heras' work was done, Armstrong took off to claim the stage wins only having to contend with Beloki.

Armstrong riding the prologue of the 2004 Tour de France

The pattern returned in 2003, Armstrong taking first place and Ullrich second. Only a minute and a second separated the two at the end of the final day in Paris. U.S. Postal won the team time trial on stage 4, and on stage 9, Armstrong nearly crashed out of the Tour while defending the yellow jersey. He was less than a minute ahead of Beloki and Alexander Vinokourov was on a solo attack threatening to overtake Armstrong in the standings. While traversing the Côte de la Rochette Beloki crashed violently and hard, ending his Tour and sending him to the hospital with serious injuries. Armstrong narrowly avoided the same fate by reacting in time to avoid Beloki, but to do so he went off the road and ended up on a foot trail which led downhill through a field. He survived upright on his bike nearly to the end, at which time he picked it up and carried it the rest of the way to the road at the bottom of the hairpin turn, essentially losing no time as a result. He could have been fined or penalized for taking a shortcut, but it was deemed unintentional. Armstrong maintained a gap of only +0:21 over Vinokourov, but Ullrich was emerging as the most likely rider to overthrow Armstrong. Armstrong then took stage 15—despite having been knocked off on the ascent to Luz Ardiden, the final climb—when a spectator's bag caught his right handlebar. Ullrich waited for him, which brought Ullrich fair-play honors.

In 2004, Armstrong finished first, 6 minutes 19 seconds ahead of German Andreas Klöden. Ullrich was fourth, a further 2 minutes 31 seconds behind. Armstrong won a personal-best five individual stages, plus the team time trial. He became the first biker since Gino Bartali in 1948 to win three consecutive mountain stages; 15, 16, and 17. The individual time trial on stage 16 up Alpe d'Huez was won in style by Armstrong as he passed Ivan Basso on the way despite having set out two minutes after the Italian. He won sprint finishes from Basso in stages 13 and 15 and made up a significant gap in the last 250 m to nip Klöden at the line in stage 17. He won the final individual time trial, stage 19, to complete his personal record of stage wins.

Armstrong wearing the yellow jersey at the 2005 Tour de France

In 2005, Armstrong was beaten by American David Zabriskie in the stage 1 time trial by two seconds, despite having passed Ullrich on the road. His Discovery Channel team won the team time trial, while Armstrong won the final individual time trial. In the mountain stages, Armstrong's lead was attacked multiple times mostly by Ivan Basso, but also by T-mobile leaders Jan Ullrich, Andreas Klöden and Alexandre Vinokourov and former teammate Levi Leipheimer. But still, the American champion handled them well, maintained his lead and, on some occasions, increased it. To complete his record-breaking feat, he crossed the line on the Champs-Élysées on July 24 to win his seventh consecutive Tour, finishing 4m 40s ahead of Basso, with Ullrich third. Another record achieved that year was that Armstrong completed the tour at the highest pace in the race's history: his average speed over the whole tour was 41.7 km/h (26 mph). In 2005, Armstrong announced he would retire after the 2005 Tour de France, citing his desire to spend more time with his family and his foundation. During his retirement, Armstrong diverted his attention away from the happenings in professional cycling; however whilst at a conference, in 2008, Armstrong saw Carlos Sastre's win on Alpe d'Huez and "felt a pang".

Comeback

Astana Pro Team: 2009

See also: 2009 Astana season

On September 9, 2008, Armstrong announced that he would return to pro cycling with the express goal of participating in the 2009 Tour de France. VeloNews reported that Armstrong would race for no salary or bonuses and would post his internally tested blood results online.

Armstrong riding for Astana on Stage 17 of the 2009 Tour de France

Australian ABC radio reported on September 24, 2008, that Armstrong would compete in the UCI Tour Down Under through Adelaide and surrounding areas in January 2009. UCI rules say a cyclist has to be in an anti-doping program for six months before an event, but UCI allowed Armstrong to compete. He had to retire from the 2009 Vuelta a Castilla y León during the first stage after crashing in a rider pileup in Baltanás, Spain, and breaking his collarbone. Armstrong flew back to Austin, Texas, for corrective surgery, which was successful, and was back training on a bicycle within four days of his operation.

On April 10, 2009, a controversy emerged between the French anti-doping agency AFLD and Armstrong and his team manager, Johan Bruyneel, stemming from a March 17, 2009, encounter with an AFLD anti-doping official who visited Armstrong after a training ride in Beaulieu-sur-Mer. When the official arrived, Armstrong claims he asked—and was granted—permission to take a shower while Bruyneel checked the official's credentials. In late April, the AFLD cleared Armstrong of any wrongdoing. He returned to racing after his collarbone injury at the Tour of the Gila in New Mexico on April 29.

On July 7, in the fourth stage of the 2009 Tour de France, Armstrong narrowly failed to win the yellow jersey after his Astana team won the team time trial. His Astana team won the 39 km lap of Montpellier but Armstrong ended up just over two tenths of a second (0.22) outside Fabian Cancellara's overall lead. Armstrong finished the 2009 Tour de France on the podium in third place. The only riders able to drop him were Andy Schleck who was able to defeat him by +1:13 and his own Astana teammate Alberto Contador, who won the Tour by more than four minutes over Schleck.

Team RadioShack: 2010–11

Armstong riding in the 2010 Tour de France in his RadioShack jersey

On July 21, 2009, Armstrong announced that he would return to the Tour de France in 2010. RadioShack was named as the main sponsor for Armstrong's 2010 team, named Team RadioShack. He made his 2010 season debut at the Tour Down Under, where Armstrong finished 25th out of the 127 riders who completed the race. He made his European season debut at the 2010 Vuelta a Murcia, finishing in seventh place overall. Armstrong was also set to compete in several classics such as the Milan–San Remo, Amstel Gold Race, Liège–Bastogne–Liège, and the Tour of Flanders, but bouts with gastroenteritis forced his withdrawal from three of the four races.

Armstrong returned to the United States in mid-April to compete in the Tour of Gila and May's Tour of California, both as preparation for the Tour de France. However, he crashed outside Visalia early in stage 5 of the Tour of California and had to withdraw from the race. He showed fine shape after recovering from the Tour of California crash, placing second in the Tour of Switzerland and third in the Tour of Luxembourg.

On June 28, Armstrong announced via Twitter that the 2010 edition would be his final Tour de France. Armstrong put in an impressive performance in the Tour's prologue time trial, finishing fourth. Only time trial specialists were able to better Armstrong's time and he was the highest placed of the GC contenders with a young, relatively unknown rider, Geraint Thomas, finishing one second behind him and Contador four seconds slower. In all eight of Armstrong's Tours since his comeback in 1999 he always had the requisite good luck early in the Tour and never got involved in crashes or mechanicals, which could cost him serious time. In 2010 his luck ran out early as he lost serious time due to the aftermath and peloton splits caused by a crash on stage 3, and then another crash on stage 8. He rallied for the brutal Pyrenean stage 16, working as a key player in a successful break that included teammate Chris Horner. He finished his last tour in 23rd place, 39 minutes 20 seconds behind former winner Alberto Contador. He was also a key rider in helping Team RadioShack win the team competition, beating Caisse d'Epargne by 9 minutes, 15 seconds. In October, he announced the end of his international career after the Tour Down Under in January 2011. He stated that after January 2011, he will race only in the U.S. with the Radioshack domestic team.

On February 16, 2011, Armstrong announced his retirement from competitive cycling "for good" while still facing a US federal investigation into doping allegations.

Collaboration of sponsors

Armstrong improved the support behind his well-funded teams, asking sponsors and suppliers to contribute and act as part of the team. For example, rather than having the frame, handlebars, and tires designed and developed by separate companies with little interaction, his teams adopted a Formula One relationship with sponsors and suppliers named "F-One", taking full advantage of the combined resources of several organizations working in close communication. The team, Trek, Nike, AMD, Bontrager (a Trek company), Shimano, Sram, Giro, and Oakley, collaborated for an array of products.

Doping allegations, investigation, and confession

Main articles: History of Lance Armstrong doping allegations and Lance Armstrong doping case

For much of his career, Armstrong faced persistent allegations of doping. He denied all such allegations until January 2013, often claiming that he never had any positive test in the drug tests he had taken over his cycling career.

Armstrong has been criticized for his disagreements with outspoken opponents of doping such as Paul Kimmage and Christophe Bassons. Bassons was a rider for Festina at the time of the Festina affair and was widely reported by teammates as being the only rider on the team not to be taking performance-enhancing drugs. Bassons wrote a number of articles for a French newspaper during the 1999 Tour de France which made references to doping in the peloton. Subsequently, Armstrong had an altercation with Bassons during the 1999 Tour de France where Bassons said Armstrong rode up alongside on the Alpe d'Huez stage to tell him "it was a mistake to speak out the way I (Bassons) do and he (Armstrong) asked why I was doing it. I told him that I'm thinking of the next generation of riders. Then he said 'Why don't you leave, then?'".

Armstrong later confirmed the story, stating on the main evening news on TF1, a national television station: "His accusations aren't good for cycling, for his team, for me, for anybody. If he thinks cycling works like that, he's wrong and he would be better off going home." Kimmage, a professional cyclist in the 1980s who later became a sports journalist, referred to Armstrong as a "cancer in cycling". He also asked Armstrong questions in relation to his "admiration for dopers" at a press conference at the Tour of California in 2009, provoking a scathing reaction from Armstrong. This spat continued and is exemplified by Kimmage's articles in The Irish Independent.

Armstrong continued to deny the use of illegal performance-enhancing drugs for four more years, describing himself as the most tested athlete in the world. From his return to cycling in the fall of 2008 through March 2009, Armstrong claimed to have submitted to 24 unannounced drug tests by various anti-doping authorities.

Working with Michele Ferrari

Armstrong was criticized for working with controversial trainer Michele Ferrari. Ferrari claimed that he was introduced to Lance by Eddy Merckx in 1995. Greg LeMond described himself as "devastated" on hearing of them working together, while Tour de France organizer Jean-Marie Leblanc said, "I am not happy the two names are mixed." Following Ferrari's later-overturned conviction for "sporting fraud" and "abuse of the medical profession", Armstrong claimed that he suspended his professional relationship with Ferrari, saying that he had "zero tolerance for anyone convicted of using or facilitating the use of performance-enhancing drugs" and denying that Ferrari had ever "suggested, prescribed or provided me with any performance-enhancing drugs".

Though Ferrari was banned from practicing medicine with cyclists by the Italian Cycling Federation, according to Italian law enforcement authorities, Armstrong met with Ferrari as late as 2010 in a country outside Italy. According to Cycling News, "USADA reveals an intimate role played by Dr. Michele Ferrari in masterminding Armstrong's Tour de France success". According to the USADA report, Armstrong paid Ferrari over $1 million from 1996 to 2006, countering Armstrong's claim that he severed his professional relationship with Ferrari in 2004. The report also includes numerous eyewitness accounts of Ferrari injecting Armstrong with EPO on a number of occasions.

L.A. Confidentiel: 2004

Main article: L.A. Confidentiel

In 2004, reporters Pierre Ballester and David Walsh published a book alleging Armstrong had used performance-enhancing drugs (L.A. Confidentiel – Les secrets de Lance Armstrong). Another figure in the book, Steve Swart, claims he and other riders, including Armstrong, began using drugs in 1995 while members of the Motorola team, a claim denied by other team members.

Among the allegations in the book were claims by Armstrong's former soigneur Emma O'Reilly that a backdated prescription for cortisone had been produced in 1999 to avoid a positive test. A 1999 urine sample at the Tour de France showed traces of corticosteroid. A medical certificate showed he used an approved cream for saddle sores which contained the substance. O'Reilly said she heard team officials worrying about Armstrong's positive test for steroids during the Tour. She said: "They were in a panic, saying: 'What are we going to do? What are we going to do?'".

According to O'Reilly, the solution was to obtain a pre-dated prescription for a steroid-based ointment used to treat saddle sores from one of the team's compliant doctors. O'Reilly said that she would have been aware if Armstrong had saddle sores as she would have been responsible for administering any treatment. O'Reilly said that Armstrong told her: "Now, Emma, you know enough to bring me down." O'Reilly said that she was also asked to dispose of used syringes for Armstrong and to pick up strange parcels for the team.

Allegations in the book were reprinted in The Sunday Times (UK) by deputy sports editor Alan English in June 2004. Armstrong sued for libel, and the paper settled out of court after a High Court judge in a pre-trial ruling stated that the article "meant accusation of guilt and not simply reasonable grounds to suspect". The newspaper's lawyers issued the statement: "The Sunday Times has confirmed to Mr. Armstrong that it never intended to accuse him of being guilty of taking any performance-enhancing drugs and sincerely apologized for any such impression." The same authors (Pierre Ballester and David Walsh) subsequently published L.A. Official and Le Sale Tour (The Dirty Trick), further pressing their claims that Armstrong used performance-enhancing drugs throughout his career.

On March 31, 2005, Mike Anderson filed a brief in Travis County District Court in Texas, as part of a legal battle following his termination in November 2004 as an employee of Armstrong. Anderson worked for Armstrong for two years as a personal assistant. In the brief, Anderson claimed that he discovered a box of 'androstenin' while cleaning a bathroom in Armstrong's apartment in Girona, Spain. 'Androstenin' is not on the list of banned drugs. Anderson stated in a subsequent deposition that he had no direct knowledge of Armstrong using a banned substance. Armstrong denied the claim and issued a counter-suit. The two men reached an out-of-court settlement in November 2005; the terms of the agreement were not disclosed.

In November 2012, Times Newspapers republished all of Walsh's articles as well as the original "LA Confidential" article by Alan English in Lanced: The shaming of Lance Armstrong. The Times was said to be considering taking action to recoup money from Armstrong in relation to the settlement and court costs.

In December 2012 The Sunday Times filed suit against Armstrong for $1.5 million. In its suit, the paper sought a return of the original settlement, plus interest and the cost of defending the original case.

In August 2013, Armstrong and The Sunday Times reached an undisclosed settlement.

Tour de France urine tests: 2005

On August 23, 2005, L'Équipe, a major French daily sports newspaper, reported on its front page under the headline "le mensonge Armstrong" ('The Armstrong Lie') that six urine samples taken from the cyclist during the prologue and five stages of the 1999 Tour de France, frozen and stored since at "Laboratoire national de dépistage du dopage de Châtenay-Malabry" (LNDD), had tested positive for erythropoietin (EPO) in recent retesting conducted as part of a research project into EPO testing methods.

Armstrong immediately replied on his website, saying, "Unfortunately, the witch hunt continues and tomorrow's article is nothing short of tabloid journalism. The paper even admits in its own article that the science in question here is faulty and that I have no way to defend myself. They state: 'There will therefore be no counter-exam nor regulatory prosecutions, in a strict sense, since defendant's rights cannot be respected'. I will simply restate what I have said many times: I have never taken performance enhancing drugs."

In October 2005, in response to calls from the International Olympic Committee and the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) for an independent investigation, the UCI appointed Dutch lawyer Emile Vrijman to investigate the handling of urine tests by the French national anti-doping laboratory, LNDD. Vrijman was head of the Dutch anti-doping agency for ten years; since then he has worked as a defense attorney defending high-profile athletes against doping charges. Vrijman's report cleared Armstrong because of improper handling and testing. The report said tests on urine samples were conducted improperly and fell so short of scientific standards that it was "completely irresponsible" to suggest they "constitute evidence of anything".

The recommendation of the commission's report was no disciplinary action against any rider on the basis of LNDD research. It also called upon the WADA and LNDD to submit themselves to an investigation by an outside independent authority. The IOC Ethics Commission subsequently censured Dick Pound, the President of WADA and a member of the IOC, for his statements in the media that suggested wrongdoing by Armstrong. In April 2009, anti-doping expert Michael Ashenden said "the LNDD absolutely had no way of knowing athlete identity from the sample they're given. They have a number on them, but that's never linked to an athlete's name. The only group that had both the number and the athlete's name is the federation, in this case it was the UCI." He added "There was only two conceivable ways that synthetic EPO could've gotten into those samples. One, is that Lance Armstrong used EPO during the '99 Tour. The other way it could've got in the urine was if, as Lance Armstrong seems to believe, the laboratory spiked those samples. Now, that's an extraordinary claim, and there's never ever been any evidence the laboratory has ever spiked an athlete's sample, even during the Cold War, where you would've thought there was a real political motive to frame an athlete from a different country. There's never been any suggestion that it happened."

SCA Promotions case: 2005–2015

In June 2006, French newspaper Le Monde reported claims by Betsy and Frankie Andreu during a deposition that Armstrong had admitted to using performance-enhancing drugs to his physician just after brain surgery in 1996. The Andreus' testimony was related to litigation between Armstrong and SCA Promotions, a Texas company attempting to withhold a $5 million bonus; this was settled out of court with SCA paying Armstrong and Tailwind Sports $7.5 million, to cover the $5 million bonus plus interest and lawyers' fees. The testimony stated "And so the doctor asked him a few questions, not many, and then one of the questions he asked was  have you ever used any performance-enhancing drugs? And Lance said yes. And the doctor asked, what were they? And Lance said, growth hormone, cortisone, EPO, steroids and testosterone."

Armstrong suggested Betsy Andreu may have been confused by possible mention of his post-operative treatment, which included steroids and EPO that are taken to counteract wasting and red-blood-cell-destroying effects of intensive chemotherapy. The Andreus' allegation was not supported by any of the eight other people present, including Armstrong's doctor Craig Nichols, or his medical history. According to Greg LeMond (who has been embroiled with his own disputes with Armstrong), he (LeMond) had a recorded conversation, the transcript of which was reviewed by National Public Radio (NPR), with Stephanie McIlvain (Armstrong's contact at Oakley Inc.) in which she said of Armstrong's alleged admission, "You know, I was in that room. I heard it." However, McIlvain has contradicted LeMond's allegations on the issue and denied under oath that the incident in question ever occurred in her sworn testimony.

In July 2006, the Los Angeles Times published a story on the allegations raised in the SCA case. The report cited evidence at the trial, including the results of the LNDD test and an analysis of these results by an expert witness. From the Los Angeles Times article: "The results, Australian researcher Michael Ashenden testified in Dallas, show Armstrong's levels rising and falling, consistent with a series of injections during the Tour. Ashenden, a paid expert retained by SCA Promotions, told arbitrators that the results painted a "compelling picture" that the world's most famous cyclist "used EPO in the '99 Tour"."

Ashenden's finding were disputed by the Vrijman report, which pointed to procedural and privacy issues in dismissing the LNDD test results. The Los Angeles Times article also provided information on testimony given by Armstrong's former teammate, Swart, Andreu and his wife Betsy, and instant messaging conversation between Andreu and Jonathan Vaughters regarding blood-doping in the peloton. Vaughters signed a statement disavowing the comments and stating he had: "no personal knowledge that any team in the Tour de France, including Armstrong's Discovery team in 2005, engaged in any prohibited conduct whatsoever." Andreu signed a statement affirming the conversation took place as indicated on the instant messaging logs submitted to the court.

The SCA trial was settled out of court, and the Los Angeles Times reported: "Though no verdict or finding of facts was rendered, Armstrong called the outcome proof that the doping allegations were baseless." The Los Angeles Times article provides a review of the disputed positive EPO test, allegations and sworn testimony against Armstrong, but notes that, "They are filled with conflicting testimony, hearsay and circumstantial evidence admissible in arbitration hearings but questionable in more formal legal proceedings."

In October 2012, following the publication of the USADA reasoned decision, SCA Promotions announced its intention to recoup the monies paid to Armstrong totaling in excess of $7 million. Armstrong's legal representative Tim Herman stated in June: "When SCA decided to settle the case, it settled the entire matter forever. No backs. No re-dos. No do-overs. SCA knowingly and independently waived any right to make further claims to any of the money it paid." SCA's Jeff Dorough stated that on October 30, 2012, Armstrong was sent a formal request for the return of $12 million in bonuses. It is alleged that Armstrong's legal team has offered a settlement of $1 million.

On February 4, 2015, the arbitration panel decided 2–1 in SCA's favor and ordered Armstrong and Tailwind Sports Corp to pay SCA $10 million. The panel's decision was referred to the Texas 116th Civil District Court in Dallas on February 16, 2015, for confirmation. Panel members Richard Faulkner and Richard Chernick sided with SCA; Ted Lyon sided with Armstrong. Armstrong's attorney Tim Herman stated that the panel's ruling was contrary to Texas law and expected that the court would overturn it. The panel's decision said, in part, about Armstrong that, "Perjury must never be profitable" and "it is almost certainly the most devious sustained deception ever perpetrated in world sporting history".

On September 27, 2015, Armstrong and SCA agreed to a settlement. Armstrong issued a formal, public apology and agreed to pay SCA an undisclosed sum.

Federal investigation: 2010–2012

Main article: Lance Armstrong doping case § 2010–2012 federal inquiry

In a series of emails in May 2010, Floyd Landis admitted to doping and accused Armstrong and others of the same. Based on Landis' allegations, U.S. Justice Department federal prosecutors led an investigation into possible crimes conducted by Armstrong and the U.S. Postal Service Cycling Team. The Food and Drug Administration and federal agent Jeff Novitzky were also involved in the investigation. In June 2010, Armstrong hired a criminal defense attorney to represent him in the investigation. The hiring was first reported in July when Armstrong was competing in the 2010 Tour de France.

On February 3, 2012, federal prosecutors officially dropped their criminal investigation with no charges. The closing of the case was announced "without an explanation" by U.S. Attorney André Birotte Jr. When Novitzky was asked to comment on it, he declined.

In February 2013, a month after Armstrong admitted to doping, the Justice Department joined Landis' whistleblower lawsuit to recover government funding given to Armstrong's cycling team.

USADA investigation and limited confession: 2011–2013

Main article: Lance Armstrong doping case § USADA investigation 2011–2012

In June 2012, the United States Anti-Doping Agency (USADA) accused Armstrong of doping and trafficking of drugs, based on blood samples from 2009 and 2010, and testimony from witnesses including former teammates. Further, he was accused of putting pressure on teammates to take unauthorized performance-enhancing drugs as well. In October 2012, USADA formally charged him with running a massive doping ring. It also sought to ban him from participating in sports sanctioned by WADA for life. Armstrong chose not to appeal the findings, saying it would not be worth the toll on his family. As a result, he was stripped of all of his achievements from August 1998 onward, including his seven Tour de France titles. He also received a lifetime ban from all sports that follow the World Anti-Doping Code. As nearly all national and international sporting federations, including UCI, follow the World Anti-Doping Code, this effectively ended his competitive cycling career. The International Cycling Union (UCI) upheld USADA's decision and decided that his stripped wins would not be allocated to other riders.

After years of public denials, in a January 2013 interview with Oprah Winfrey, Armstrong reversed course and made a "limited confession" to doping. While admitting wrongdoing in the interview, he also said it was "absolutely not" true that he was doping in 2009 or 2010, and claimed that the last time he "crossed the line" was in 2005. He also denied pressuring team-mates into doping. In September 2013, he was asked by UCI's new president, Brian Cookson, to testify about his doping. Armstrong refused to testify until and unless he received complete amnesty, which Cookson said was most unlikely to happen.

After USADA's report, all of Armstrong's sponsors dropped him. He reportedly lost $75 million of sponsorship income in a day. On May 28, 2013, Nike announced that it would be cutting all ties to Livestrong. In the aftermath of Armstrong's fall from grace, a CNN article wrote that, "The epic downfall of cycling's star, once an idolized icon of millions around the globe, stands out in the history of professional sports." In a 2015 interview with BBC News, Armstrong stated that if it were still 1995, he would "probably do it again".

Whistleblower lawsuit: 2010–2018

In 2010, one of Armstrong's former teammates, the American Floyd Landis, whose 2006 Tour de France victory was nullified after a positive doping test, sent a series of emails to cycling officials and sponsors admitting to, and detailing, his systematic use of performance-enhancing drugs during his career. The emails also claimed that other riders and cycling officials participated in doping, including Armstrong.

Landis filed a federal whistleblower lawsuit against Armstrong under the federal False Claims Act. The False Claims Act allows citizens to sue on behalf of the government alleging the government has been defrauded. The existence of the lawsuit, initially filed under seal, was first revealed by The Wall Street Journal in 2010. In the lawsuit, Landis alleged that Armstrong and team managers defrauded the US government when they accepted money from the US Postal Service. In January 2013, US Justice Department officials recommended joining the federal lawsuit aimed at clawing back money from Armstrong.

In February, the US Department of Justice joined the whistleblower lawsuit, which also accused former Postal Service team director Johan Bruyneel and Tailwind Sports, the firm that managed the US Postal Service team, of defrauding the US.

In April 2014, documents from the AIC case were filed by lawyers representing Landis in relation to the whistleblower suit. In these documents, Armstrong stated under oath that Jose "Pepi" Marti, Dr Pedro Celaya, Dr Luis Garcia del Moral and Dr Michele Ferrari had all provided him with doping products in the period up until 2005. He also named people who had transported or acted as couriers, as well as people that were aware of his doping practices. One week later, the USADA banned Bruyneel from cycling for ten years and Celaya and Marti for eight years.

In June 2014, US district judge Robert Wilkins denied Armstrong's request to dismiss the government lawsuit stating "The court denies without prejudice the defendants' motion to dismiss the government's action as time-barred."

In February 2017, the court determined that the federal government's US$100 million civil lawsuit against Armstrong, started by Landis, would proceed to trial. The matter was settled in April 2018 when Armstrong agreed to pay the United States Government US$5 million. During the proceedings it was revealed that the US Postal Service had paid US$31 million in sponsorship to Armstrong and Tailwind Sports between 2001 and 2004. The Department of Justice accused Armstrong of violating his contract with the USPS and committing fraud when he denied using performance-enhancing drugs. It was reported that Landis would receive US$1.1 million as a result of his whistleblower actions.

Other lawsuits: 2010 to present

In November 2013, Armstrong settled a lawsuit with Acceptance Insurance Company (AIC). AIC had sought to recover $3 million it had paid Armstrong as bonuses for winning the Tour de France from 1999 to 2001. The suit was settled for an undisclosed sum one day before Armstrong was scheduled to give a deposition under oath.

Personal life

Armstrong (center) on the set of College GameDay during the 2006 UT football season

Armstrong owns homes in Austin, Texas, and Aspen, Colorado, as well as a ranch in the Texas Hill Country.

Relationships and children

Armstrong met Kristin Richard in June 1997. They married on May 1, 1998, and had three children: a son (born October 1999) and twin daughters (born November 2001). The pregnancies were made possible through sperm Armstrong banked three years earlier, before chemotherapy and surgery. The couple divorced in 2003. At Armstrong's request, his children flew to Paris for the Tour de France podium ceremony in 2005, where his son Luke helped his father hoist the trophy, while his daughters (in yellow dresses) held the stuffed lion mascot and bouquet of yellow flowers.

The same year that Lance and Kristin Armstrong were divorced, Lance began dating singer-songwriter Sheryl Crow. The couple announced their engagement in September 2005 and their split in February 2006.

In July 2008, Armstrong began dating Anna Hansen after meeting through Armstrong's charity work. In December 2008, Armstrong announced that Hansen was pregnant with the couple's first child. Although it was believed that Armstrong could no longer father children due to having undergone chemotherapy for testicular cancer, the child was conceived naturally. They have a son (born June 2009) and a daughter (born October 2010). They were married on August 9, 2022.

Politics

President George W. Bush and Armstrong mountain biking at the president's Prairie Chapel Ranch

In a New York Times article, teammate George Hincapie hinted that Armstrong would run for Governor of Texas after cycling. In the July 2005 issue of Outside magazine, Armstrong hinted at running for governor, although "not in '06". Armstrong and former president George W. Bush, a Republican and fellow Texan, call themselves friends. Bush called Armstrong in France to congratulate him after his 2005 victory. In August 2005, The Times reported the President had invited Armstrong to his Prairie Chapel Ranch to go mountain biking. In a 2003 interview with The Observer, Armstrong said: "He's a personal friend, but we've all got the right not to agree with our friends."

In August 2005, Armstrong hinted he had changed his mind about politics. In an interview with Charlie Rose on PBS on August 1, 2005, Armstrong pointed out that running for governor would require the commitment that led him to retire from cycling. Also, in August 2005, Armstrong said that he was no longer considering politics:

The biggest problem with politics or running for the governor—the governor's race here in Austin or in Texas—is that it would mimic exactly what I've done: a ton of stress and a ton of time away from my kids. Why would I want to go from pro cycling, which is stressful and a lot of time away, straight into politics?

Armstrong created a YouTube video in 2007 with former President George H. W. Bush to successfully pass Proposition 15, a US$3 billion taxpayer bond initiative which created the Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas.

Armstrong and Congresswoman Nancy Pelosi

Armstrong was co-chair of a California campaign committee to pass the California Cancer Research Act, a ballot measure defeated by California voters on June 5, 2012. Had it passed, the measure was projected to generate over $500 million annually for cancer research, smoking-cessation programs and tobacco law-enforcement by levying a $1-per-pack tax on tobacco products in California.

Armstrong endorsed Democratic Congressman Beto O'Rourke against Republican incumbent Senator Ted Cruz in the 2018 election.

Outside cycling

In 1997, Armstrong founded the Lance Armstrong Foundation, which supports people affected by cancer. The foundation raises awareness of cancer and has raised more than $325 million from the sale of yellow Livestrong bracelets. During his first retirement beginning after the 2005 season, he also maintained other interests. He was the pace car driver of the Chevrolet Corvette Z06 for the 2006 Indianapolis 500. In 2007, Armstrong with Andre Agassi, Muhammad Ali, Warrick Dunn, Jeff Gordon, Mia Hamm, Tony Hawk, Andrea Jaeger, Jackie Joyner-Kersee, Mario Lemieux, Alonzo Mourning, and Cal Ripken Jr. founded Athletes for Hope, a charity that helps professional athletes become involved in charitable causes and aims to inspire non-athletes to volunteer and support the community.

In August 2009, Armstrong headlined the inaugural charity ride "Pelotonia" in Columbus, Ohio, riding over 100 miles on Saturday with the large group of cyclists. He addressed the riders the Friday evening before the two-day ride and helped the ride raise millions for cancer research. Armstrong ran the 2006 New York City Marathon with two friends. He assembled a pace team of Alberto Salazar, Joan Benoit Samuelson, and Hicham El Guerrouj to help him reach three hours. He finished in 2h 59m 36s, in 856th place. He said the race was extremely difficult compared to the Tour de France. The NYC Marathon had a dedicated camera on Armstrong throughout the event which, according to Armstrong, pushed him to continue through points in which he would have normally "stopped and stretched". He also helped raise $600,000 for his LiveStrong campaign during the run. Armstrong ran the 2007 NYC Marathon in 2h 46m 43s, finishing 232nd. On April 21, 2008, he ran the Boston Marathon in 2h 50m 58s, finishing in the top 500.

Armstrong made a return to triathlon in 2011 by competing in the off-road XTERRA Triathlon race series. At the Championships Armstrong led for a time before crashing out on the bike and finishing in 23rd place. The following year, in 2012, Armstrong began pursuing qualification into the 2012 Ironman World Championship. He was scheduled to next participate in Ironman France on June 24. However, the June suspension by USADA and eventual ban by WADA prohibited Armstrong from further racing Ironman branded events due to World Triathlon Corporation anti-doping policies.

In July 2011 and July 2013, Armstrong participated in the non-competitive Register's Annual Great Bicycle Ride Across Iowa.

Business and investments

"10/2" redirects here. For other uses, see 10/2 (disambiguation).

Outside of cycling, Armstrong is also an active businessman and investor. He owns a coffee shop called "Juan Pelota Cafe" in downtown Austin, Texas. The name is a joking reference to his testicular cancer, with the name "Juan" being considered by some a homophone for "one" and "Pelota" being the Spanish word for "ball". In the same building, Armstrong owns and operates a bike shop named "Mellow Johnny's", after another nickname of his derived from the Tour term "maillot jaune", which is French for yellow jersey, the jersey given to the leader of the general classification.

In 2001, Armstrong provided financial funding to launch Wonders & Worries, a non-profit organization in Austin, Texas that provides counseling and support for children who have a parent with a serious or life-threatening disease.

A line of cycling clothing from Nike, 10//2, was named after the date (October 2, 1996) Armstrong was diagnosed with testicular cancer.

In 2008, Armstrong bought several million dollars of stock in the American bicycle component manufacturer SRAM Corporation, and has served as their technical advisor. SRAM bought those shares back from him in preparation for a public offering. Armstrong owns a small share of Trek Bicycle Corporation.

In 2009, Armstrong invested $100,000 into venture capital firm Lowercase Capital, which subsequently bought an early stake in Uber, among other investments. In 2019, Uber achieved an IPO of $82 billion and earned Armstrong an estimated $20–$30 million. According to CNBC, Armstrong said "it saved our family".

Media

In 2017, Armstrong started a podcast named "The Move", which provided daily coverage of the Tour de France in 2018 and 2019. He also appeared—without compensation—on NBC Sports Network's live Tour de France television broadcasts. The UCI indicated the podcast and NBC appearances did not violate the terms of his ban.

Career achievements

Major results

Road

1990
8th Overall Tour of Sweden
1991
1st Road race, National Junior Road Championships
1992
1st Overall Fitchburg Longsjo Classic
1st Stage 2
1st First Union Grand Prix
1st Stage 6 Settimana Bergamasca
1st Stage 4a Vuelta a Galicia
1st Stage 2 Trittico Premondiale
2nd Züri-Metzgete
8th Coppa Bernocchi
1993
1st Road race, UCI Road World Championships
1st Road race, National Road Championships
1st Overall Kmart West Virginia Classic
1st Prologue & Stage 1
1st Overall Tour of America
1st Trofeo Laigueglia
1st Thrift Drug Classic
1st Stage 8 Tour de France
2nd Overall Tour DuPont
1st Stage 5
3rd Overall Tour of Sweden
1st Stage 3
5th Wincanton Classic
9th Overall Paris–Nice
1994
1st Thrift Drug Classic
2nd Overall Tour DuPont
1st Stage 7
2nd Liège–Bastogne–Liège
2nd Clásica de San Sebastián
7th Overall Tour de Suisse
7th Road race, UCI Road World Championships
9th Trofeo Laigueglia
9th Züri-Metzgete
1995
1st Overall Tour DuPont
1st Mountains classification
1st Stages 4, 5 (ITT) & 9
1st Overall Kmart West Virginia Classic
1st Stage 4
1st Clásica de San Sebastián
1st Stage 18 Tour de France
1st Stage 5 Paris–Nice
5th Road race, National Road Championships
6th Liège–Bastogne–Liège
10th Overall Vuelta a Burgos
10th Züri-Metzgete
1996
1st Overall Tour DuPont
1st Stages 2, 3b (ITT), 5, 6 & 12 (ITT)
1st La Flèche Wallonne
2nd Overall Paris–Nice
2nd Overall Ronde van Nederland
2nd Liège–Bastogne–Liège
2nd Grand Prix Eddy Merckx
4th Overall Tour de Suisse
4th Wincanton Classic
6th Time trial, Olympic Games
8th E3 Prijs Vlaanderen
9th LuK Challenge Chrono (with Sean Yates
1998
1st Overall Tour de Luxembourg
1st Stage 1
1st Overall Rheinland-Pfalz Rundfahrt
1st Cascade Cycling Classic
1st Sprint 56K Criterium
4th Overall Ronde van Nederland
Voided results from August 1998 onward
4th Overall Vuelta a España
4th Road race, UCI Road World Road Championships
1999
1st Overall Tour de France
1st Prologue, Stages 8 (ITT), 9 & 19 (ITT)
1st Stage 4 Route du Sud
1st Stage 4 (ITT) Circuit de la Sarthe
1st RaboRonde Heerlen
2nd Amstel Gold Race
7th Overall Vuelta a Aragón
8th Overall Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré
1st Prologue
2000
1st Overall Tour de France
1st Stage 19 (ITT)
1st Grand Prix des Nations
1st Grand Prix Eddy Merckx
2nd Paris–Camembert
3rd Overall Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré
1st Stage 3 (ITT)
3rd Time trial, Olympic Games
3rd Classique des Alpes
4th Grand Prix Gippingen
5th Züri-Metzgete
7th GP Miguel Induráin
2001
1st Overall Tour de France
1st Stages 10, 11 (ITT), 13 & 18 (ITT)
1st Overall Tour de Suisse
1st Stages 1 (ITT) & 8 (ITT)
2nd Amstel Gold Race
2nd Classique des Alpes
2002
1st Overall Tour de France
1st Prologue, Stages 11, 12 & 19 (ITT)
1st Overall Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré
1st Stage 6
1st Overall Grand Prix du Midi Libre
1st Profronde van Stiphout
2nd Overall Critérium International
3rd Züri-Metzgete
4th Amstel Gold Race
5th Grand Prix Eddy Merckx
6th San Francisco Grand Prix
8th LuK Challenge Chrono (with Floyd Landis)
2003
1st Overall Tour de France
1st Stages 4 (TTT) & 15
1st Overall Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré
1st Stage 3 (ITT)
6th LuK Challenge Chrono (with Viatcheslav Ekimov)
8th Amstel Gold Race
2004
1st Overall Tour de France
1st Stages 4 (TTT), 13, 15, 16 (ITT), 17 & 19 (ITT)
1st Overall Tour de Georgia
1st Stages 3 & 4 (ITT)
1st Profronde van Stiphout
3rd Overall Critérium International
4th LuK Challenge Chrono (with George Hincapie)
5th Overall Volta ao Algarve
1st Stage 4 (ITT)
6th Overall Tour du Languedoc-Roussillon
1st Stage 5
2005
1st Overall Tour de France
1st Stages 4 (TTT) & 20 (ITT)
4th Overall Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré
1st Points classification
5th Overall Tour de Georgia
2009
1st Nevada City Classic
2nd Overall Tour of the Gila
3rd Overall Tour de France
1st Stage 4 (TTT)
7th Overall Tour of California
2010
2nd Overall Tour de Suisse
3rd Overall Tour de Luxembourg
7th Overall Vuelta a Murcia
Grand Tour general classification results timeline
Grand Tour 1993 1994 1995 1996 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Pink jersey Giro d'Italia 12
Yellow jersey Tour de France DNF DNF 36 DNF 1 1 1 1 1 1 1  3  23
Gold jersey/Red jersey Vuelta a España  4 
Legend
Did not compete
DNF Did not finish
No. Voided result

Triathlon & Ironman

1989
2nd Bud Light U.S. Triathlon Series (USTS)–Miami (Olympic Distance)
1st National Sprint Course Triathlon
1990
1st National Sprint Course Triathlon
2011
5th XTERRA USA Championships
2012
1st Ironman 70.3 Hawaii
1st Ironman 70.3 Florida
3rd Ironman 70.3 St. Croix
7th Ironman 70.3 Texas
2nd Ironman 70.3 Panama
2nd Power of Four Mountain Bike Race

Mountain Bike

2008
1st 12 Hours of Snowmass
2nd Leadville Trail 100 Mountain Bike Race
2009
1st Colorado Pro Cross-Country Championships
1st Leadville Trail 100 Mountain Bike Race

Filmography

Accolades

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Rescinded awards

See also

Notes and references

Notes
  1. Other top riders in the 1999 to 2005 Tours also have been involved in doping scandals. Several riders were banned and some also had their results stripped; some subsequently admitted to doping. Those riders include Jan Ullrich, Marco Pantani, Andreas Klöden, Joseba Beloki, Raimondas Rumšas, Alex Zülle, Ivan Basso, and Alexander Vinokourov. UCI stated that "a cloud of suspicion would remain hanging over that period." And so, while noting that their decision "might appear harsh for those who rode clean", UCI decided "with respect to Lance Armstrong" that those seven Tours would have no official winner, rather than being allocated to other riders.
  2. Other top riders in the 1999 to 2005 Tours have also been involved in doping scandals. Several riders were banned and some also had their results stripped; some subsequently admitted to doping. Those riders include Jan Ullrich, Marco Pantani, Andreas Klöden, Joseba Beloki, Raimondas Rumšas, Alex Zülle, Ivan Basso, and Alexander Vinokourov. UCI stated that "a cloud of suspicion would remain hanging over that period." And so, while noting that their decision "might appear harsh for those who rode clean", UCI decided "with respect to Lance Armstrong" that those seven Tours would have no official winner, rather than being allocated to other riders.
  3. In return for co-operating with USADA (during its investigation in 2012), Armstrong's teammates were given reduced bans in line with WADA guidelines allowing reduction of ban for "Significant Co-Operation". Armstrong made demands in return for testifying completely. Brian Cookson of the UCI said that it was most unlikely that the USADA would agree to Armstrong's demands. In response to that, Armstrong refused to testify.
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Bibliography

Further reading

External links

Awards and achievements
Preceded byUnited Kingdom Derek Birley William Hill Sports Book of the Year winner
2000
Succeeded byUnited States Laura Hillenbrand
Preceded byJonny Moseley
Rulon Gardner
USOC Sportsman of the Year
1999
2001–2003
Succeeded byRulon Gardner
Michael Phelps
Preceded byGermany Steffi Graf Prince of Asturias Award for Sports
2000
Succeeded bySpain Manuel Estiarte
Lance Armstrong
Main
Books
Films/TV
Other
UCI Road World Champions – Men's road race
1927–1938
1946–1959
1960–1979
1980–1999
2000–2019
2020–2039
Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year
Best Male Athlete ESPY Award winners
Sports Illustrated Sportsperson of the Year
Laureus World Sports Award for Sportsman of the Year
BBC Sports Personality World Sport Star of the Year
ESPY Awards
Cross-cutter
Individual
Former
Ceremonies
Vélo d'Or winners
Men's winners
Women's winners
  • Lance Armstrong won the award in 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003 and 2004, but his results were removed due to the doping case.
Laureates of the Prince or Princess of Asturias Award for Sports
Prince of Asturias Award for Sports
Princess of Asturias Award for Sports
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