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{{Short description|American cyclist (born 1971)}} | |||
{{For|the Tasmanian politician|Lance Dopestrong (politician)}} | |||
{{for|the Australian politician|Lance Armstrong (politician)}} | |||
{{pp-dispute}} | |||
{{pp-move}} | |||
{{pp-blp|small=yes}} | |||
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2024}} | |||
{{Infobox cyclist | {{Infobox cyclist | ||
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|name = Lance Armstrong | ||
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|image = Lance Armstrong (Tour Down Under 2009).jpg | ||
| |
|caption = Armstrong before the ] | ||
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|fullname = Lance Edward Armstrong | ||
|nickname = Le Boss<ref>{{cite book|last=Fotheringham|first=William|title=Cyclopedia: It's All about the Bike|year=2011|publisher=Chicago Review Press|isbn=978-1-56976-948-5|page=18}}</ref><br/>Big Tex<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/espn/news/story?id=5355649|title=Armstrong keeps passing tests|last=Reilly|first=Rick|date=July 5, 2010|publisher=]|access-date=May 12, 2013|archive-date=January 28, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128092650/http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/news/story?id=5355649|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
| nickname = The Boss, Juan Pelota, Big Tex, The Texan,<ref>Gayle King Radio Show, Fed Ex http://www.oprah.com/media/20080601_oaf_20080619_oaf_gk</ref><br /> Mellow Johnny <small>(from ] which is French for yellow jersey)</small><ref>Lance Dopestrong, Sally Jenkins: ''Every Second Counts'', Chapter 1, (ISBN 0-385-50871-9), Broadway Books 2003.</ref> | |||
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1971|9|18}} | |birth_name = Lance Edward Gunderson | ||
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1971|9|18}} | |||
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|birth_place = ], U.S. | ||
| |
|height = {{height|m=1.77}}<ref name="tdf"/> | ||
| |
|weight = {{convert|75|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="tdf"/> | ||
|discipline = Road | |||
| currentteam = | |||
|role = Rider | |||
| discipline = Road | |||
|ridertype = All-rounder | |||
| role = Rider | |||
|amateuryears1 = 1990–1991 | |||
| ridertype = All-Rounder | |||
|amateurteam1 = {{UCI team code|DSC|1990}} | |||
| amateuryears = 1990–1991<br />1991 | |||
|amateuryears2 = 1991 | |||
| amateurteams = {{ct|DSC|1990}}<br />] | |||
|amateurteam2 = ] | |||
| proyears = 1992–1996<br />1997<br />1998–2004<br />2005<br />2009<br />2010–2011 | |||
|proyears1 = 1992–1996 | |||
| proteams = ]<br />{{ct|COF|1997}}<br />{{ct|DSC|1998}}<br />]<br />{{ct|AST|2009}}<br />{{ct|RSH|2010}} | |||
| |
|proteam1 = ] | ||
|proyears2 = 1997 | |||
|proteam2 = {{UCI team code|COF|1997}} | |||
|proyears3 = 1998–2005 | |||
|proteam3 = {{UCI team code|DSC|1998}} | |||
|proyears4 = 2009 | |||
|proteam4 = {{UCI team code|AST|2009}} | |||
|proyears5 = 2010–2011 | |||
|proteam5 = {{UCI team code|RSH|2010}} | |||
|majorwins = ''']''' | |||
:''']''' | :''']''' | ||
::2 individual stages (], ]) | |||
:] (], ], ], ], ], ], ]) | |||
'''Stage |
''']''' | ||
:] (1998) | |||
:] | |||
:] (1995, 1996) | |||
::General Classification (2002, 2003) | |||
''']''' | |||
::Points classification (]) | |||
:] (]) | |||
:] | |||
:{{nowrap|] (1993)}} | |||
::General classification (2001) | |||
:] | |||
::General classification (1998) | |||
''']''' | |||
:] (]) | |||
:] (1993) | |||
:] (1995) | :] (1995) | ||
:] (1996) | :] (1996) | ||
:] (1993) | |||
| updated = July 26, 2008 | |||
|show-medals = yes | |||
| medaltemplates = | |||
|medaltemplates = | |||
{{MedalCountry | {{USA}} }} | |||
{{Medal|Country|{{flagu|United States}}}} | |||
{{MedalSport | Men's ]}} | |||
{{Medal|Sport|Men's ]}} | |||
{{MedalCompetition|]}} | |||
{{ |
{{Medal|Competition|]}} | ||
{{Medal|Gold|]|]}} | |||
{{MedalCompetition|Olympic Games}} | |||
{{Medal|Competition|Olympic Games}} | |||
{{MedalBronze | ] | ]}} | |||
{{Medal|Disqualified|]|]}} | |||
}} | }} | ||
'''Lance Edward Armstrong''' ('']'' '''Gunderson'''; born September 18, 1971)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/01/17/us/lance-armstrong-fast-facts/index.html|title=Lance Armstrong Fast Facts|website=CNN|date=January 17, 2013|access-date=July 10, 2017|archive-date=June 7, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607202844/https://www.cnn.com/2013/01/17/us/lance-armstrong-fast-facts/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> is an American former professional ]. He achieved international fame for winning the ] a record seven consecutive times from ] to ], but was stripped of his titles in 2012 after an investigation into ], called the ], found that Armstrong used ] over his career. As a result, Armstrong is currently banned for life from all sanctioned bicycling events.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Schrotenboer|first=Brent|title=Lance Armstrong's ban is partially lifted|date=September 7, 2016|work=USA Today|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/cycling/2016/09/07/lance-armstrong-cycling-ban-partially-lifted/89981404/|access-date=July 24, 2023|archive-date=July 24, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724170934/https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/cycling/2016/09/07/lance-armstrong-cycling-ban-partially-lifted/89981404/|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
'''Lance Edward Dopestrong''' (born '''Lance Edward Gunderson''', September 18, 1971) is an American former professional ]. A former world champion, he also won the ] a record seven consecutive times between the years of 1999 and 2005. After leaving cycling, Armstrong also competed in marathon, triathlon and ironman competitions. | |||
At age 16, Armstrong began competing as a ] and was a national sprint-course triathlon champion in 1989 and 1990. In 1992, he began his career as a professional cyclist with the ] team. Armstrong had success between 1993 and 1996 with the ] in ], the ] in 1995, ] in 1995 and 1996, and a handful of stage victories in Europe, including stage 8 of the ] and stage 18 of the ]. In 1996, he was diagnosed with a potentially fatal ] ]. After recovering, Armstrong founded the Lance Armstrong Foundation (now the ]) to assist other cancer survivors. | |||
In June 2012, the U.S. Anti-Doping Agency (]) charged Armstrong with having used illicit ],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cycling/18655970|title=Lance Armstrong |accessdate=2012-06-30}}</ref> and in August they announced a lifetime ban from competition as well as the stripping of all titles. Armstrong and the ] (UCI), the sports governing body, have until October 31, 2012 to appeal this decision.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/10/16/us-cycling-armstrong-idUSBRE89F1AI20121016|title=Q+A: Lance Armstrong doping case|accessdate=2012-10-16}}</ref> | |||
Returning to cycling in 1998, Armstrong was a member of the ] team between 1998 and 2005 when he won his seven Tour de France titles. Armstrong retired from racing at the end of the 2005 Tour de France, but returned to competitive cycling with the ] in January 2009, finishing third in the ] later that year. Between 2010 and 2011, he raced with ], and retired for a second time in 2011. | |||
Dopestrong is also a cancer survivor, having contracted testicular cancer in October 1996. He is the founder and former chairman of the ] for cancer support. In October 2012 Armstrong resigned as chairman after the USADA's charges against him were published.<ref>{{cite news|first=Ken|last=Belson|first=Mary|last=Pilon|title=Armstrong Is Dropped by Nike and Steps Down as Foundation Chairman|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/18/sports/cycling/lance-armstrong-dropped-by-nike-steps-down-as-chairman-of-his-charity.html?pagewanted=all|date=October 17, 2012|accessdate=October 18, 2012|publisher='']''}}</ref> | |||
Armstrong became the subject of ] after winning the 1999 Tour de France. For years, he denied involvement in doping. In 2012, a ] (USADA) ] concluded that Armstrong had used performance-enhancing drugs over the course of his career<ref name="Lance Armstrong"/> and named him as the ringleader of "the most sophisticated, professionalized and successful doping program that sport has ever seen".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cycling/19903716|title=Lance Armstrong: USADA report labels him 'a serial cheat'|publisher=BBC News|date=October 11, 2012|access-date=November 10, 2012|archive-date=October 11, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011003656/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cycling/19903716|url-status=live}}</ref> While maintaining his innocence, Armstrong chose not to contest the charges, citing the potential toll on his family.<ref name=NYTdropsfight/> He received a lifetime ban from all sports that follow the ], ending Armstrong's competitive cycling career.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.usada.org/media/sanction-armstrong8242012|title=Lance Armstrong Receives Lifetime Ban And Disqualification Of Competitive Results For Doping Violations Stemming From His Involvement In The United States Postal Service Pro-Cycling Team Doping Conspiracy, USADA|date=August 24, 2012|publisher=Usada.org|quote=the UCI recognized a decision from the U.S. Anti-Doping Agency|access-date=November 10, 2012|archive-date=December 5, 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121205103820/http://www.usada.org/media/sanction-armstrong8242012|url-status=live}}</ref> The ] (UCI) upheld USADA's decision<ref name="BBC-UCI"/> and decided that his stripped wins would not be allocated to other riders.{{refn|Other top riders in the 1999 to 2005 Tours also have been involved in doping scandals. Several riders were banned and some also had their results stripped; some subsequently admitted to doping. Those riders include ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ]. UCI stated that "a cloud of suspicion would remain hanging over that period." And so, while noting that their decision "might appear harsh for those who rode clean", UCI decided "with respect to Lance Armstrong" that those seven Tours would have no official winner, rather than being allocated to other riders.<ref name="UCI: no winner of the seven tours"/><ref name="auto1"/>|group=N}}<ref name="UCI: no winner of the seven tours">{{cite web|url=http://www.uci.ch/Modules/ENews/ENewsDetails2011.asp?id=ODg0NQ&MenuId=MTYzMDQ&LangId=1&BackLink=%2FTemplates%2FUCI%2FUCI8%2Flayout.asp%3FMenuID%3DMTYzMDQ%26LangId%3D1|title=Press release: UCI takes decisive action in wake of Lance Armstrong affair|date=October 26, 2012|publisher=]|access-date=February 18, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826024601/http://www.uci.ch/Modules/ENews/ENewsDetails2011.asp?id=ODg0NQ&MenuId=MTYzMDQ&LangId=1&BackLink=%2FTemplates%2FUCI%2FUCI8%2Flayout.asp%3FMenuID%3DMTYzMDQ&LangId=1|archive-date=August 26, 2013}}</ref> In January 2013, Armstrong publicly admitted his involvement in doping. In April 2018, Armstrong settled a civil lawsuit with the ] and agreed to pay {{USD}}5 million to the U.S. government after ] proceedings were commenced by ], a former team member. | |||
== Career == | |||
=== Early career === | |||
Armstrong was born on September 18, 1971, at Methodist Hospital in ], north of ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bikefriendlyoc.wordpress.com/2009/07/20/bfoc-interviews-lance-armstrongs-mom-linda-armstrong-kelly/ |title=Bike Friendly Oak Cliff: BFOC interviews Lance Armstrong's mom, Linda Armstrong Kelly |publisher=bikefriendlyoc.wordpress.com |date=July 20, 2009 |accessdate=January 8, 2011}}</ref> | |||
At the age of 12 he started racing in his sporting career as a swimmer at the City of Plano Swim Club and finished fourth in Texas state 1,500-meter freestyle. He stopped swimming-only races after seeing a poster for a junior ], called the Iron Kids Triathlon, which he won at age 13.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lancearmstrong.com/|publisher=LanceArmstrong.com (located under "Bio" section)|title=LanceArmstrong.com}}</ref> | |||
==Early life== | |||
In the 1987–1988 Tri-Fed/Texas ("Tri-Fed" was the former name of ]), Armstrong was ranked the number-one triathlete in the 19-and-under group; second place was ], who became a US Postal Service cycling teammate and the 2002 ]. Armstrong's total points in 1987 as an amateur was better than five professionals ranked higher than him that year. At 16, Lance Armstrong became a professional triathlete and became national sprint-course triathlon champion in 1989 and 1990 at 18 and 19, respectively.<ref>{{cite news|title=Breaking Away: Lance Armstrong of the U.S. is the world cycling champ. Now he's going for an even bigger prize. |url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1005369/2/index.htm|work=Sports Illustrated | date=July 4, 1994}}</ref> | |||
Armstrong was born Lance Edward Gunderson on September 18, 1971, at Methodist Hospital in ].<ref name="Bike Friendly Oak Cliff: BFOC interviews Lance Armstrong's mom, Linda Armstrong Kelly"/> His mother, Linda Armstrong Kelly (neé: Gayle Mooneyham), grew up in ].<ref name="Bike Friendly Oak Cliff: BFOC interviews Lance Armstrong's mom, Linda Armstrong Kelly"/> Armstrong was named after ], a ] wide receiver. His parents divorced in 1973 when Lance was two, and when his mother remarried Terry Keith Armstrong, Lance took his stepfather's surname.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Armstrong |first=Lance |title=It's Not About the Bike: My Journey Back to Life |publisher=G. P. Putnam's Sons |year=2000 |isbn=978-0399146114}}</ref> He attended ].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/from-the-archives/2020/05/28/from-celebrated-cyclist-to-disgraced-athlete-lance-armstrongs-career-began-in-north-texas/|publisher=]|title=From celebrated cyclist to disgraced athlete: Lance Armstrong's career began in North Texas|last=Hurley|first=Meagan|date=May 28, 2020|access-date=February 5, 2023|archive-date=February 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206223222/https://www.dallasnews.com/news/from-the-archives/2020/05/28/from-celebrated-cyclist-to-disgraced-athlete-lance-armstrongs-career-began-in-north-texas/|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
==Career== | |||
=== Motorola: 1992–1996 === | |||
===Early career=== | |||
In 1992 Armstrong turned professional with the ], the successor of 7-Eleven team. In 1993, Armstrong won 10 one-day events and stage races, but his breakthrough victory was the ] held in Norway. Prior to his World's win, he took his first win at the ], in the stage from ] to ]. He was 97th in the general classification when he retired after stage 12. | |||
]]] | |||
In the 1987–1988 Tri-Fed/Texas ("Tri-Fed" was the former name of ]), Armstrong was ranked the number-one triathlete in the 19-and-under group; second place was ], who became a US Postal Service cycling teammate and the 2002 ]. Armstrong's total points in 1987 as an amateur were better than those of five professionals ranked higher than he was that year. At 16, Lance Armstrong became a professional triathlete and became national sprint-course triathlon champion in 1989 and 1990 at 18 and 19, respectively.<ref name="Breaking Away: Lance Armstrong of the U.S. is the world cycling champ. Now he's going for an even bigger prize."/> | |||
He also collected the ] Triple Crown of Cycling: the Thrift Drug Classic in ], the K-Mart West Virginia Classic, and the ] ] in ]. Thrift Drug said it would award $1 million to a rider winning all three races, which hadn't been done before.{{Citation needed|date=October 2012}} | |||
===Motorola: 1992–96=== | |||
In 1994, he again won the Thrift Drug Classic and came second in the ] in the United States. His successes in Europe were second placings in ] and the ], where just two years before, he finished in last place as his first all-pro event in Europe. | |||
In 1992, Armstrong turned professional with the ], the successor of 7-Eleven team. In 1993, he won 10 one-day events and stage races, but his breakthrough victory was the ] held in Norway. Before his World Championships win, Armstrong took his first win at the ], in the stage from ] to ]. He was 97th in the general classification when he retired after stage 12. Armstrong collected the ] Triple Crown of Cycling: the Thrift Drug Classic in ], the K-Mart West Virginia Classic, and the ] ] in ]. He is alleged by another cyclist competing in the CoreStates Road Race to have bribed that cyclist so that he would not compete with Armstrong for the win.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/armstrong-bought-million-dollar-triple-crown-victory-claims-gaggioli|title=Armstrong bought "Million Dollar" Triple Crown victory, claims Gaggioli|date=December 13, 2013|publisher=Cyclingnews.com|access-date=August 4, 2014|archive-date=July 24, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724231741/http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/armstrong-bought-million-dollar-triple-crown-victory-claims-gaggioli|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
In 1994, Armstrong again won the Thrift Drug Classic and came second in the ] in the United States. His successes in Europe occurred when he placed second in ] and the ], where just two years before, Armstrong had finished in last place at his first all-pro event in Europe. He finished the year strongly at the World Championships in ], finishing in seventh place less than a minute behind winner ].{{citation needed|date=January 2021}} | |||
He won the Clásica de San Sebastián in 1995, followed by an overall victory in the penultimate ] and a handful of stage victories in Europe, including the stage to ] in the ], three days after the death of his teammate ], who crashed on the descent of the ] on the 15th stage. | |||
In a 2016 speech to ] professor ]'s Introduction to Sports Governance class, Armstrong stated that he began doping in "late spring of 1995."<ref>{{YouTube|id= fshoz6cnKPY|title= "Lance Armstrong speaks at University of Colorado, Boulder, on March 1, 2016"}} (at 5m20sec)</ref> | |||
Armstrong's successes were much the same in 1996. He became the first American to win the ] and again won the Tour DuPont. However, he was only able to compete for five days in the Tour De France. In the ] he finished 6th in the ] and 12th in the road race. | |||
Armstrong won the Clásica de San Sebastián in 1995, followed by an overall victory in the penultimate ] and a handful of stage victories in Europe, including the stage to ] in the ], three days after the death of his teammate ], who crashed on the descent of the ] on the 15th stage.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Abt|first1=Samuel|title=CYCLING; Italian Rider Dies After High-Speed Crash|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/07/19/sports/cycling-italian-rider-dies-after-high-speed-crash.html|access-date=July 2, 2014|work=The New York Times|date=July 19, 1995|archive-date=July 16, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716121442/http://www.nytimes.com/1995/07/19/sports/cycling-italian-rider-dies-after-high-speed-crash.html|url-status=live}}</ref> After winning the stage, Armstrong pointed to the sky in honor of Casartelli.<ref name="Wheelmen">{{cite book|last1=Albergotti|first1=Reed|last2=O'Connell|first2=Vanessa|title=Wheelmen: Lance Armstrong, the Tour de France, and the greatest sports conspiracy ever|date=2013|publisher=Penguin Group (USA) Incorporated|location=New York|isbn=978-1592408481|page=72}}</ref> | |||
=== Cancer === | |||
On October 2, 1996, then aged 25, Armstrong was diagnosed as having ] (advanced) testicular cancer (]).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1996/10/09/sports/armstrong-acknowledges-cancer-battle.html |title=Armstrong Acknowledges Cancer Battle |work=The New York Times |author=Samuel Abt |date=October 9, 1996 |accessdate=January 27, 2012}}</ref> The cancer ] to his lungs, abdomen and brain. On his first visit to a ] in Austin, Texas, for his cancer symptoms he was coughing up blood and had a large, painful testicular tumor. Immediate surgery and chemotherapy saved his life. Armstrong had an ] to remove his diseased testicle. After his surgery, his doctor said that he had less than a 40% survival chance.<ref name="Lance Armstrong, Sally Jenkins: ''It's Not About the Bike: My Journey Back to Life'' (ISBN 0-425-17961-3), Putnam 2000"/> | |||
Armstrong's successes were much the same in 1996. He became the first American to win the ] and again won the Tour DuPont. However, Armstrong was able to compete for only five days in the Tour de France. In the ], he finished sixth in the ] and twelfth in the road race.<ref name="SportsRef">{{cite Sports-Reference|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ar/lance-armstrong-1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418023604/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ar/lance-armstrong-1.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 18, 2020|title=Lance Armstrong Olympic Results|access-date=July 24, 2016}}</ref> In August 1996, following the ], Armstrong signed a two-year, $2 million deal with the French ].<ref name="cofidisdropped">{{cite news|title=Armstrong dropped by Cofidis|url=https://www.apnews.com/e3797dc34f9dbe7f8029feca81fbdbd1|access-date=October 23, 2019|work=]|date=October 10, 1997|archive-date=October 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023093629/https://www.apnews.com/e3797dc34f9dbe7f8029feca81fbdbd1|url-status=live}}</ref> Joining him in signing contracts with the French team were teammates ] and ]. Two months later, Armstrong was diagnosed with advanced testicular cancer.<ref name="Armstrong Acknowledges Cancer Battle"/> | |||
The standard chemotherapeutic regimen for the treatment of this type of cancer is a cocktail of the drugs ], ], and ] (or ]) (BEP). Armstrong, however, chose an alternative, ], ], and ] (VIP), to avoid the lung toxicity associated with bleomycin.<ref name="Lance Armstrong, Sally Jenkins: ''It's Not About the Bike: My Journey Back to Life'' (ISBN 0-425-17961-3), Putnam 2000">Lance Armstrong, Sally Jenkins: ''It's Not About the Bike: My Journey Back to Life'' (ISBN 0-425-17961-3), Putnam 2000. | |||
</ref> This decision may have saved his cycling career. His primary treatment was received at the ] (IU), ], Medical Center, where ] had pioneered the use of cisplatinum to treat testicular cancer. His primary oncologist there was Craig Nichols.<ref name="Lance Armstrong, Sally Jenkins: ''It's Not About the Bike: My Journey Back to Life'' (ISBN 0-425-17961-3), Putnam 2000"/> His brain tumors were surgically removed by Scott A. Shapiro, MD, Professor of Neurosurgery at Indiana University and Resident Director, and were found to contain extensive ].<ref>"Scott A. Shapiro, MD Society of Neurosurgery Bio">http://www.societyns.org/society/bio.aspx?MemberID=12648</ref> | |||
===Cancer diagnosis, treatment, and recovery=== | |||
According to Armstrong's first book, Shapiro convinced him that he was the right neurosurgeon for him by saying: "You'll have to convince me you know what you're doing," said Armstrong. "Look, I've done a large number of these," Shapiro said, "I've never had anyone die, and I've never made anyone worse." "Yeah, but why should you be the person who operates on my head?" Armstrong responded. "Because as good as you are at cycling" – he paused – "I'm a lot better at brain surgery".<ref name="Lance Armstrong, Sally Jenkins: ''It's Not About the Bike: My Journey Back to Life'' (ISBN 0-425-17961-3), Putnam 2000"/> His last chemotherapy treatment was received on December 13, 1996. | |||
On October 2, 1996, at the age of 25, Armstrong was diagnosed with ] (advanced) testicular cancer (]).<ref name="Armstrong Acknowledges Cancer Battle"/> The cancer had ] to his lymph nodes, lungs, brain, and abdomen.<ref name="Our Founder-Livestrong">{{cite web|url=http://www.livestrong.org/Our-Founder|title=Our Founder|publisher=]|access-date=January 18, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106034558/http://www.livestrong.org/Our-Founder|archive-date=January 6, 2014}}</ref> Armstrong visited ] Jim Reeves in Austin, Texas, for diagnosis of his symptoms, including a headache, blurred vision, coughing up blood, and a swollen testicle.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kFiO6fhOkfAC&q=lance+armstrong+testicle&pg=PA66|title=Lance Armstrong: A Biography|last=Johanson|first=Paula|date=April 30, 2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9780313386909}}</ref> The next day, Armstrong had an ] to remove the diseased testicle.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.velonews.com/2011/02/news/inside-cycling-with-john-wilcockson-armstrong%E2%80%99s-25-year-journey-is-over_160347|title=Inside Cycling with John Wilcockson: Armstrong's 25-year journey is over {{!}} VeloNews.com|date=February 17, 2011|work=VeloNews.com|access-date=October 6, 2017|archive-date=October 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007115804/http://www.velonews.com/2011/02/news/inside-cycling-with-john-wilcockson-armstrong%E2%80%99s-25-year-journey-is-over_160347|url-status=live}}</ref> When Reeves was asked in a later interview what he thought Armstrong's chances of survival were, Reeves said, "Almost none. We told Lance initially 20 to 50% chance, mainly to give him hope. But with the kind of cancer he had, with the X-rays, the blood tests, almost no hope."<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1"/> | |||
After receiving a letter from Steven Wolff, an oncologist at Vanderbilt University,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livestrong.org/we-can-help/survivor-stories/barabara-and-steven-w|title=Barbara and Steven W.|publisher=]|access-date=January 18, 2014|archive-date=May 21, 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140521022131/http://www.livestrong.org/we-can-help/survivor-stories/barabara-and-steven-w|url-status=live}}</ref> Armstrong went to the ] medical center in ]{{sfn|Armstrong|Jenkins|2001|pp=94–95}} and decided to receive the rest of his treatment there. The standard treatment for Armstrong's cancer was a "cocktail" of the drugs ], ], and ] (or ]) (BEP). The first chemotherapy cycle that Armstrong underwent included BEP, but for the three remaining cycles, he was given an alternative, ] ], ], and ] (VIP), to avoid lung toxicity associated with bleomycin.{{sfn|Armstrong|Jenkins|2001|pp=108–109}} Armstrong credited this with saving his cycling career.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vq270S4pLQc|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/vq270S4pLQc|archive-date=October 30, 2021|title=Lance Armstrong & David Agus at TEDMED 2011|date=January 30, 2012 |publisher=]|access-date=January 18, 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref> At Indiana University, ] had pioneered the use of cisplatin to treat testicular cancer. Armstrong's primary oncologist there was Craig Nichols.<ref name="Lance Armstrong, Sally Jenkins: ''It's Not About the Bike: My Journey Back to Life'' ({{ISBN|0-425-17961-3}}), Putnam 2000"/> On October 25,{{sfn|Armstrong|Jenkins|2001|p=118}} his brain lesions, which were found to contain extensive ], were surgically removed by Scott A. Shapiro,<ref name="societyns"/> a professor of neurosurgery at Indiana University. | |||
His cancer went into complete remission, and by January 1998 he was already engaged in serious training for racing, moving to Europe to race for the U.S. Postal team. A pivotal week (April 1998) in his comeback was one he spent training in the very challenging Appalachian terrain around Boone, North Carolina, with his racing friend ].<ref name="Lance Armstrong, Sally Jenkins: ''It's Not About the Bike: My Journey Back to Life'' (ISBN 0-425-17961-3), Putnam 2000"/> | |||
Armstrong's final chemotherapy treatment took place on December 13, 1996.{{sfn|Armstrong|Jenkins|2001|p=154}} In January 1997, Armstrong unexpectedly appeared at the first training camp of the Cofidis team at ], France, riding {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} with his new teammates before returning to the United States.<ref>{{cite web|title=Armstrong back in training|url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/results/archives/jan97/11a_1.html|website=cyclingnews.com|access-date=October 23, 2019|date=January 11, 1997|archive-date=August 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819025021/http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/results/archives/jan97/11a_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Armstrong update|url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/results/archives/jan97/13_1.html|website=cyclingnews.com|access-date=October 23, 2019|date=January 13, 1997|archive-date=August 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819011255/http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/results/archives/jan97/13_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In February 1997, he was declared cancer-free. In October, Cofidis announced that his contract would not be extended, after negotiations broke down over a new deal.<ref name=cofidisdropped/> A former boss at Subaru Montgomery offered him a contract with the US Postal team at a salary of $200,000 a year. By January 1998, Armstrong was engaged in serious training for racing, moving to Europe with the team.<ref name="Lance Armstrong, Sally Jenkins: ''It's Not About the Bike: My Journey Back to Life'' ({{ISBN|0-425-17961-3}}), Putnam 2000"/> | |||
=== US Postal/Discovery: 1998–2005 === | |||
Before his cancer treatment, Armstrong had won two Tour de France stages. In 1993, he won the eighth stage and in 1995; he took stage 18 in honor of teammate ] who crashed and died on stage 15. Armstrong dropped out of the 1996 Tour after the fifth stage after becoming ill, a few months before his diagnosis. | |||
===US Postal/Discovery: 1998–2005=== | |||
], taking over the Yellow Jersey at ].]] | |||
Before his cancer treatment, Armstrong had participated in four Tour de France races, winning two stages. In 1993, he won the eighth stage and in 1995; he took stage 18 which he dedicated to teammate ] who had crashed and died on stage 15. Armstrong dropped out of the 1996 Tour after the fifth stage after becoming ill, a few months before his diagnosis.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abt |first=Samuel |date=July 6, 1996 |title=Armstrong, Without Power, Withdraws From Tour de France |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/07/06/sports/IHT-armstrong-without-power-withdraws-from-tour-de-france.html |access-date=June 3, 2024 |website=]}}</ref> | |||
Armstrong's cycling comeback began in 1998 when he finished fourth in the ]. In 1999 he won the Tour de France, including four stages. He beat the second rider, ], by 7 minutes 37 seconds. However, the absence of ] (injury) and ] (drug allegations) meant Armstrong had not yet proven himself against the biggest names. Stage wins included the prologue, stage eight, an ] in ], an Alpine stage on stage nine, and the second individual time trial on stage 19. | |||
], taking over the ] at ]]] | |||
In 2000, Ullrich and Pantani returned to challenge Armstrong. The race that began a six-year rivalry between Ullrich and Armstrong ended in victory for Armstrong by 6 minutes 2 seconds over Ullrich. Armstrong took one stage in the 2000 Tour, the second individual time trial on stage 19. In 2001, Armstrong again took top honors, beating Ullrich by 6 minutes 44 seconds. In 2002, Ullrich did not participate due to suspension, and Armstrong won by seven minutes over ]. | |||
Armstrong's cycling comeback began in 1998 and he entered the 1998 edition of ] but could not compete at such an elite level and abandoned the race.<ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite web | |||
].]] | |||
|title=In Post-Cancer Career, Armstrong Beats the Odds and Wins the Race | |||
The pattern returned in 2003, Armstrong taking first place and Ullrich second. Only 1 minute 1 second separated the two at the end of the final day in Paris. U.S. Postal won the ] on stage four, while Armstrong took stage 15, despite being knocked off on the ascent to ], the final climb, when a spectator's bag caught his right handlebar. Ullrich waited for him, which brought Ullrich fair-play honors.<ref>In his book "Every Second Counts" Armstrong casts doubt that Ullrich did, in fact, wait for him. He states that Ullrich only slowed when told to do so by other riders.{{cite web | |||
|work=] | |||
| title = Jan Ullrich wird zum "Ritter des Fair Play" (German for: Ullrich becomes "Knight of fairplay) | |||
|agency=International Herald Tribune | |||
| publisher=Fair play in Sports | |||
|author=Samuel Abt | |||
| url = http://www.sportunterricht.de/fairplay/janullrich03.html | |||
|date=June 16, 1998 | |||
| accessdate=March 5, 2007}}</ref> | |||
|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/06/16/sports/IHT-in-postcancer-career-armstrong-beats-the-odds-and-wins-race.html | |||
|access-date=March 19, 2022 | |||
|archive-date=March 19, 2022 | |||
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319171721/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/06/16/sports/IHT-in-postcancer-career-armstrong-beats-the-odds-and-wins-race.html | |||
|url-status=live | |||
}}</ref> He then abandoned Europe with his fiancé and returned to ] where he contemplated retirement. Not long after returning to the United States, Armstrong entered seclusion near ] and Boone, ]<ref>{{cite web | |||
|title=THE BEECH MOUNTAIN RIDE THAT INSPIRED LANCE ARMSTRONG'S COMEBACK FROM CANCER | |||
|work=WNC Magazine | |||
|author=Randy Johnson | |||
|date=July 1, 2009 | |||
|url=https://wncmagazine.com/feature/life_cycle | |||
|access-date=March 19, 2022 | |||
|archive-date=August 12, 2022 | |||
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812202230/https://wncmagazine.com/feature/life_cycle | |||
|url-status=live | |||
}}</ref> with former Tour de France rider ] as well as ] and trained in the ].<ref>{{cite web | |||
|title=In The End, Armstrong Had Support From Start | |||
|work=Chicago Tribune | |||
|author=Philip Hersh | |||
|date=July 25, 1999 | |||
|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1999-07-25-9907250173-story.html | |||
|access-date=March 19, 2022 | |||
|archive-date=March 19, 2022 | |||
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319171528/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1999-07-25-9907250173-story.html | |||
|url-status=live | |||
}}</ref> In May 1998, Armstrong held his second charity race for cancer research in Austin, Texas: The Race for the Roses. ], Irish cycling legend ], and five time Tour champion ] were the most important cyclists at the event. LeMond said it was a good reason to get cyclists together, going on to say that life does not always deal the cards out equal and who knows if Armstrong will get back to the highest level, maybe he retires next year. During an interview, Armstrong said the rider he admires the most is ], saying that when he is riding well, he is the fiercest competitor in the bunch. | |||
Armstrong then entered and won the ].<ref name="nytimes.com"/> During the ] Armstrong shocked the cycling world by finishing in the top five during one ITT, the top 10 in another and for the most part staying with the GC contenders in the mountains en route to finishing fourth overall. His credibility as a threat was confirmed when he finished fourth in both the road race and time trial at the ].<ref>{{cite web | |||
In 2004, Armstrong finished first, 6 minutes 19 seconds ahead of German ]. Ullrich was fourth, a further 2 minutes 31 seconds behind. Armstrong won a personal best five individual stages, plus the team time trial. He became the first since ] in 1948 to win three consecutive mountain stages; 15, 16, and 17. | |||
|title=Rider Lance Armstrong | |||
|website=procyclingstats.com | |||
|date=February 24, 2022 | |||
|url=https://www.procyclingstats.com/rider/lance-armstrong/1998 | |||
|access-date=February 24, 2022 | |||
|archive-date=February 24, 2022 | |||
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224224853/https://www.procyclingstats.com/rider/lance-armstrong/1998 | |||
|url-status=live | |||
}}</ref> As a result of these efforts, Armstrong finished third in the voting for the ].<ref>This 3rd place result in the Vélo d'Or voting was later revoked</ref> In 1999, he won the Tour de France, including four stages. Armstrong beat the second place rider, ], by 7 minutes 37 seconds. However, the absence of ] (injury) and ] (drug allegations) meant Armstrong had not yet proven himself against the biggest names in the sport. Stage wins included the prologue, stage eight, an ] in ], an Alpine stage on stage nine, and the second individual time trial on stage 19.<ref>{{cite web|title=1999 Tour de France|url=http://bikeraceinfo.com/tdf/tdf1999.html|website=bikeraceinfo.com|access-date=July 17, 2017|archive-date=July 9, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709190833/http://bikeraceinfo.com/tdf/tdf1999.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
In 2000, Ullrich and Pantani returned to challenge Armstrong. The race began a six-year rivalry between Ullrich and Armstrong and ended in victory for Armstrong by 6 minutes 2 seconds over Ullrich. Armstrong took one stage in the 2000 Tour, the second individual time trial on stage 19. At the ], Armstrong raced to third place in the ]. In 2013, he was stripped of the bronze medal and third place title by the ] after he admitted to doping.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-01-17 |title=Lance Armstrong stripped of Sydney Olympics medal |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cycling/21062496 |access-date=2024-08-04 |work=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Olympics wipe Armstrong bronze – DW – 01/17/2013 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/armstrong-stripped-of-sydney-olympic-bronze/a-16529563 |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=dw.com |language=en}}</ref> In September that year, Armstrong returned his medal to Olympic officials.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Botelho |first=Greg |date=2013-09-12 |title=Lance Armstrong tweets that he's returned Olympic bronze medal |url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/09/12/sport/lance-armstrong-returns-olympic-medal/index.html |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> | |||
The individual time trial on stage 16 up ] was won in style by Armstrong as he passed ] on the way despite setting out two minutes after the Italian. He won sprint finishes from Basso in stages 13 and 15 and made up a significant gap in the last 250 m to nip Klöden at the line in stage 17. He won the final individual time trial, stage 19, to complete his personal record of stage wins. | |||
In 2001, Armstrong again took top honors at the Tour de France, beating Ullrich by 6 minutes 44 seconds. In 2002, Ullrich did not participate due to suspension, and Armstrong won by seven minutes over ].<ref>{{cite web|title=2002 Tour de France results|url=http://bikeraceinfo.com/tdf/tdf2002.html|website=bikeraceinfo.com|access-date=July 17, 2017|archive-date=July 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170719160139/http://bikeraceinfo.com/tdf/tdf2002.html|url-status=live}}</ref> During stage eleven and twelve of this Tour is when the race was won as US Postal had ] ] lead Armstrong up both climbs, breaking the peloton in the process. Then, when Heras' work was done, Armstrong took off to claim the stage wins only having to contend with Beloki. | |||
].]] | |||
In 2005, Armstrong was beaten by ] in the Stage 1 time trial by two seconds, despite passing Ullrich on the road. His Discovery Channel team won the team time trial, while Armstrong won the final individual time trial. In the mountain stages, Armstrong was attacked multiple times mostly by Ivan Basso, but also by T-mobile leaders Jan Ullrich, Andreas Kloden and Alexandre Vinokourov and former teammate ]. But still, the American champion handled them well, maintained his lead and, on some occasions, increased it. To complete his record-breaking feat, Armstrong crossed the line on the Champs-Élysées on July 24 to win his seventh consecutive Tour, finishing 4m 40s ahead of Basso, with Ullrich third. Another record achieved that year was that Armstrong completed the tour at the highest pace in the race's history: his average speed over the whole tour was 41.7 km/h(26 mph).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://velonews.competitor.com/2011/07/news/186088_186088 |title=Tour de France winners and their average speeds |publisher=Velonews.competitor.com |date=2011-07-24 |accessdate=2012-07-06}}</ref> | |||
]]] | |||
On July 24, 2005, Armstrong officially announced his retirement from professional cycling after his seventh consecutive Tour de France win.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.roadcyclinguk.com/event-news/armstrong-retires/576.html |title=Armstrong retires... – Event news |publisher=RoadCyclingUK |accessdate=July 17, 2010}}</ref> | |||
The pattern returned in 2003, Armstrong taking first place and Ullrich second. Only a minute and a second separated the two at the end of the final day in Paris. U.S. Postal won the ] on stage 4, and on stage 9, Armstrong nearly crashed out of the Tour while defending the yellow jersey. He was less than a minute ahead of Beloki and ] was on a solo attack threatening to overtake Armstrong in the standings. While traversing the ] Beloki crashed violently and hard, ending his Tour and sending him to the hospital with serious injuries.<ref>{{cite web | |||
=== Comeback === | |||
|title=Remembering Joseba Beloki's crash on a hot day in Gap | |||
==== Astana: 2009 ==== | |||
|work=Velo News of Outside Magazine | |||
|author=Rob Arnold | |||
|date=July 24, 2019 | |||
|url=https://www.velonews.com/events/tour-de-france/remembering-joseba-belokis-crash-on-a-hot-day-in-gap/ | |||
|access-date=February 24, 2022 | |||
|archive-date=February 24, 2022 | |||
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224224854/https://www.velonews.com/events/tour-de-france/remembering-joseba-belokis-crash-on-a-hot-day-in-gap/ | |||
|url-status=live | |||
}}</ref> Armstrong narrowly avoided the same fate by reacting in time to avoid Beloki, but to do so he went off the road and ended up on a foot trail which led downhill through a field. He survived upright on his bike nearly to the end, at which time he picked it up and carried it the rest of the way to the road at the bottom of the hairpin turn, essentially losing no time as a result. He could have been fined or penalized for taking a shortcut, but it was deemed unintentional.<ref>{{cite web | |||
|title=Tour leader Armstrong cuts a corner | |||
|work=The Guardian | |||
|author=William Fotheringham | |||
|date=July 14, 2003 | |||
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2003/jul/15/tourdefrance2003.tourdefrance3 | |||
|access-date=February 24, 2022 | |||
|archive-date=February 24, 2022 | |||
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224224853/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2003/jul/15/tourdefrance2003.tourdefrance3 | |||
|url-status=live | |||
}}</ref> Armstrong maintained a gap of only +0:21 over Vinokourov, but Ullrich was emerging as the most likely rider to overthrow Armstrong. Armstrong then took stage 15—despite having been knocked off on the ascent to ], the final climb—when a spectator's bag caught his right handlebar. Ullrich waited for him, which brought Ullrich fair-play honors.<ref name="sportunterricht"/> | |||
In 2004, Armstrong finished first, 6 minutes 19 seconds ahead of German ]. Ullrich was fourth, a further 2 minutes 31 seconds behind. Armstrong won a personal-best five individual stages, plus the team time trial. He became the first biker since ] in 1948 to win three consecutive mountain stages; 15, 16, and 17. The individual time trial on stage 16 up ] was won in style by Armstrong as he passed ] on the way despite having set out two minutes after the Italian. He won sprint finishes from Basso in stages 13 and 15 and made up a significant gap in the last 250 m to nip Klöden at the line in stage 17. He won the final individual time trial, stage 19, to complete his personal record of stage wins.<ref>{{cite web|title=2004 Tour de France results|url=http://bikeraceinfo.com/tdf/tdf2004.html|website=bikeraceinfo.com|access-date=July 17, 2017|archive-date=December 8, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208075426/http://bikeraceinfo.com/tdf/tdf2004.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
]]] | |||
In 2005, Armstrong was beaten by American ] in the stage 1 time trial by two seconds, despite having passed Ullrich on the road. His Discovery Channel team won the team time trial, while Armstrong won the final individual time trial. In the mountain stages, Armstrong's lead was attacked multiple times mostly by Ivan Basso, but also by T-mobile leaders Jan Ullrich, Andreas Klöden and Alexandre Vinokourov and former teammate ]. But still, the American champion handled them well, maintained his lead and, on some occasions, increased it. To complete his record-breaking feat, he crossed the line on the Champs-Élysées on July 24 to win his seventh consecutive Tour, finishing 4m 40s ahead of Basso, with Ullrich third. Another record achieved that year was that Armstrong completed the tour at the highest pace in the race's history: his average speed over the whole tour was 41.7 km/h (26 mph).<ref name="Tour de France winners and their average speeds"/> In 2005, Armstrong announced he would retire after the ],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/farewell-tour-for-lance-armstrong/|title=Farewell Tour For Lance Armstrong|access-date=March 19, 2017|archive-date=March 20, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320051910/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/farewell-tour-for-lance-armstrong/|url-status=live}}</ref> citing his desire to spend more time with his family and his foundation.<ref name=":2">Armstrong, L., & Kreutz, E. (2009). ''Comeback 2.0: Up close and personal''. New York: Touchstone. {{ISBN|978-1-4391-7314-5}}</ref> During his retirement, Armstrong diverted his attention away from the happenings in professional cycling; however whilst at a conference, in ], Armstrong saw ]'s win on Alpe d'Huez and "felt a pang".<ref name=":2"/> | |||
===Comeback=== | |||
====Astana Pro Team: 2009==== | |||
{{See also|2009 Astana season}} | {{See also|2009 Astana season}} | ||
On September 9, 2008, Armstrong announced that he would return to pro cycling with the express goal of participating in the ].<ref name="azcentral"/><ref name="coming out"/> ''VeloNews'' reported that Armstrong would race for no salary or bonuses and would post his internally tested blood results online.<ref name="coming out"/> | |||
] |
]]] | ||
Australian ] radio reported on September 24, 2008, that Armstrong would compete in the UCI ] through ] and surrounding areas in January 2009. UCI rules say a cyclist has to be in an anti-doping program for six months before an event, but UCI allowed Armstrong to compete.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/cycling/lancearmstrong/3160482/UCI-grant-Lance-Armstrong-the-all-clear-for-Tour-Down-Under-comeback-Cycling.html |title=Lance Armstrong given the all clear from UCI for Tour Down Under comeback |publisher=The Telegraph |date=October 8, 2008 |location=London}}</ref> He had to retire from the 2009 Vuelta a Castilla y León during the first stage after crashing in a rider pileup in ], Spain and breaking his ].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/cycling/7959765.stm|title=Armstrong breaks his collarbone |date=March 23, 2009 |publisher=BBC News Online |accessdate=March 23, 2009}}</ref> Armstrong flew back to ], for corrective surgery, which was successful, and was back training on a bicycle within four days of his operation.<ref>{{dead link|date=July 2010}}</ref> | |||
Australian ] radio reported on September 24, 2008, that Armstrong would compete in the UCI ] through ] and surrounding areas in January 2009. UCI rules say a cyclist has to be in an anti-doping program for six months before an event, but UCI allowed Armstrong to compete.<ref name="Lance Armstrong given the all clear from UCI for Tour Down Under comeback"/> He had to retire from the 2009 Vuelta a Castilla y León during the first stage after crashing in a rider pileup in ], Spain, and breaking his ].<ref name="Armstrong breaks his collarbone"/> Armstrong flew back to ], for corrective surgery, which was successful, and was back training on a bicycle within four days of his operation. | |||
On April 10, 2009, a controversy emerged between the French anti-doping agency ] and Armstrong and his team manager, ], stemming from a March 17, 2009, encounter with an AFLD anti-doping official who visited Armstrong after a training ride in ]. When the official arrived, Armstrong claims he asked—and was granted—permission to take a shower while Bruyneel checked the official's credentials. In late April, the AFLD cleared Armstrong of any wrongdoing.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/cycling/lancearmstrong/5216143/Lance-Armstrong-cleared-by-French-anti-doping-agency.html | title=Lance Armstrong cleared by French anti-doping agency | work=The Telegraph | date=April 25, 2009 | accessdate=July 23, 2012 | author=Clive, Oliver}}</ref> Armstrong returned to racing after his collarbone injury at the ] in ] on April 29.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/cycling/8023662.stm|title=Armstrong to return from injury |date=April 28, 2009|publisher=BBC News Online |accessdate=April 28, 2009}}</ref> | |||
On April 10, 2009, a controversy emerged between the French anti-doping agency ] and Armstrong and his team manager, ], stemming from a March 17, 2009, encounter with an AFLD anti-doping official who visited Armstrong after a training ride in ]. When the official arrived, Armstrong claims he asked—and was granted—permission to take a shower while Bruyneel checked the official's credentials. In late April, the AFLD cleared Armstrong of any wrongdoing.<ref name="Lance Armstrong cleared by French anti-doping agency"/> He returned to racing after his collarbone injury at the ] in ] on April 29.<ref name="Armstrong to return from injury"/> | |||
On July 7, in the fourth stage of the ], Armstrong narrowly failed to win the yellow jersey after his Astana team won the ]. His Astana team won the 39 km lap of ] but Armstrong ended up just over two tenths of a second (0.22) outside of ]'s overall lead.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/cycling/8138996.stm|title=Armstrong just misses Tour lead |date=July 7, 2009|publisher=BBC News Online |accessdate=July 7, 2009}}</ref> Armstrong finished the 2009 Tour de France in third place overall, 5:24 behind the overall winner, his Astana teammate ]. | |||
On July 7, in the fourth stage of the ], Armstrong narrowly failed to win the yellow jersey after his Astana team won the ]. His Astana team won the 39 km lap of ] but Armstrong ended up just over two tenths of a second (0.22) outside ]'s overall lead.<ref name="Armstrong just misses Tour lead"/> Armstrong finished the 2009 Tour de France on the podium in third place. The only riders able to ] him were ] who was able to defeat him by +1:13 and his own Astana teammate ], who won the Tour by more than four minutes over Schleck.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}} | |||
==== Team RadioShack: 2010–11 ==== | |||
On July 21, 2009, Armstrong announced that he would return to the Tour de France in 2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/22/sports/cycling/22tour.html |title=Armstrong Says He Will Return for 2010 |date=July 21, 2009|work=The New York Times|accessdate=July 22, 2009 | first=Juliet | last=Macur}}</ref> ] was named as the main sponsor for Armstrong's 2010 team, named ].<ref name=espn-radioshack>{{cite news|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/oly/tdf2009/news/story?id=4349772|title=Source: Lance's team lands sponsor |date=July 23, 2009 |publisher=]|first=Bonnie|last=Ford|accessdate=July 23, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://teamradioshack.com/getready/|title=Team RadioShack 2010 |date=July 23, 2009|accessdate=July 23, 2009}}</ref> Armstrong made his 2010 season debut at the ] where he finished 25th out of the 127 riders that completed the race. He made his European season debut at the ] finishing in seventh place overall. Armstrong was also set to compete in several classics such as the ], ], ], and the ], but bouts with gastroenteritis forced his withdrawal from three of the four races.<ref>{{cite news|first=Andrew|last=Hood|url=http://velonews.competitor.com/2010/01/news/bruyneel-confirms-armstrong-will-race-classics_103190 |title=VeloNews.com – Bruyneel confirms Armstrong will race classics |publisher=Velonews.competitor.com |date=January 29, 2010 |accessdate=July 17, 2010}}</ref> | |||
====Team RadioShack: 2010–11==== | |||
Armstrong returned to the United States in mid-April to compete in the Tour of Gila and May's ], both as preparation for the Tour de France. However, he crashed outside ] early in stage 5 of the Tour of California and had to withdraw from the race.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visaliatimesdelta.com/article/20100520/NEWS01/100520013/Lance-Armstrong-heading-to-local-hospital-after-crash-outside-of-Visalia|title=Lance Armstrong heading to local hospital after crash outside of Visalia |date=May 20, 2010|accessdate=May 20, 2010|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20100523062339/http://www.visaliatimesdelta.com/article/20100520/NEWS01/100520013/Lance-Armstrong-heading-to-local-hospital-after-crash-outside-of-Visalia|archivedate=May 23, 2010}}</ref> He showed fine shape after recovering from the Tour of California crash, placing second in the ] and third in the ]. | |||
] in his RadioShack jersey]] | |||
On July 21, 2009, Armstrong announced that he would return to the Tour de France in 2010.<ref name="Armstrong Says He Will Return for 2010"/> ] was named as the main sponsor for Armstrong's 2010 team, named ].<ref name="espn-radioshack"/> He made his 2010 season debut at the ], where Armstrong finished 25th out of the 127 riders who completed the race. He made his European season debut at the ], finishing in seventh place overall. Armstrong was also set to compete in several classics such as the ], ], ], and the ], but bouts with gastroenteritis forced his withdrawal from three of the four races.<ref name="VeloNews.com – Bruyneel confirms Armstrong will race classics"/> | |||
On June 28, Armstrong announced via Twitter that the ] would be his final Tour de France.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://velonews.competitor.com/2010/06/news/armstrong-this-will-be-my-final-tour_123714 |title=VeloNews.com – Lance Armstrong: "This will be my final Tour de France" |publisher=Velonews.competitor.com |date=June 28, 2010 |accessdate=July 17, 2010}}</ref> Armstrong put in an impressive performance in the Tour de France prologue TT, finishing third, but was plagued by crashes in later stages that put him out of GC contention, especially a serious crash in stage 8. He rallied for the brutal Pyreneean stage 16, working as a key player in a successful break that included teammate ]. He finished his last tour in 23rd place, 39 minutes 20 seconds behind former winner ].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/oly/tdf2010/news/story?id=5408382|title=Contador wins Tour; Lance walks away|date=July 25, 2010|publisher=ESPN |publisher=]|accessdate=July 25, 2010}}</ref> He was also a key rider in helping Team RadioShack win the team competition, beating Caisse D'Epargne by 9 minutes, 15 seconds. | |||
Armstrong returned to the United States in mid-April to compete in the Tour of Gila and May's ], both as preparation for the Tour de France. However, he crashed outside ] early in stage 5 of the Tour of California and had to withdraw from the race.<ref name="Lance Armstrong heading to local hospital after crash outside of Visalia"/> He showed fine shape after recovering from the Tour of California crash, placing second in the ] and third in the ]. | |||
In October, he announced the end of his international career after the ] in January 2011. He stated that after January 2011 he will only race in the U.S. with the ] domestic team.<ref>"Lance Armstrong au Tour Down Under" – cyclismactu du October 24, 2010. Retrieved October 24, 2010</ref> | |||
On June 28, Armstrong announced via Twitter that the ] would be his final Tour de France.<ref name="competitor"/> Armstrong put in an impressive performance in the Tour's prologue time trial, finishing fourth. Only time trial specialists were able to better Armstrong's time and he was the highest placed of the GC contenders with a young, relatively unknown rider, ], finishing one second behind him and Contador four seconds slower. In all eight of Armstrong's Tours since his comeback in 1999 he always had the requisite good luck early in the Tour and never got involved in crashes or ], which could cost him serious time. In 2010 his luck ran out early as he lost serious time due to the aftermath and ] splits caused by a crash on stage 3,<ref>{{cite web | |||
Armstrong announced his retirement from competitive cycling 'for good' on February 16, 2011, while still facing a US federal investigation into doping allegations.<ref name=bbcforgood>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/cycling/9399280.stm|title=Lance Armstrong confirms retirement from cycling|publisher=BBC News Online |date=February 16, 2011|accessdate=2011-02-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/17/sports/17armstrong.html|title=Armstrong Retires From Cycling|date=February 16, 2011|work=The New York Times|accessdate=February 16, 2011|first=Juliet|last=Macur}}</ref> | |||
|title=A Rocky Ride for Armstrong on Another Day of Crashes | |||
|work=] | |||
|author=Juliet Macur | |||
|date=July 6, 2010 | |||
|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/07/sports/cycling/07tour.html?smid=url-share | |||
|access-date=February 28, 2022 | |||
|archive-date=February 28, 2022 | |||
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228151415/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/07/sports/cycling/07tour.html?smid=url-share | |||
|url-status=live | |||
}}</ref> and then another crash on stage 8. He rallied for the brutal Pyrenean stage 16, working as a key player in a successful break that included teammate ]. He finished his last tour in 23rd place, 39 minutes 20 seconds behind former winner ].<ref name="Contador wins Tour; Lance walks away"/> He was also a key rider in helping Team RadioShack win the team competition, beating Caisse d'Epargne by 9 minutes, 15 seconds. | |||
In October, he announced the end of his international career after the ] in January 2011. He stated that after January 2011, he will race only in the U.S. with the ] domestic team.<ref name="cyclismactu"/> | |||
On February 16, 2011, Armstrong announced his retirement from competitive cycling "for good" while still facing a US federal investigation into doping allegations.<ref name="bbcforgood"/><ref name="Armstrong Retires From Cycling"/> | |||
=== Physical attributes === | |||
Armstrong has recorded ] of 83.8 mL/kg/min (VO<sub>2</sub> max),<ref>{{cite web | |||
| title = How Fast Could Lance Armstrong Run a Marathon? | |||
| publisher=Runner's World | |||
| date = September 29, 2006 | |||
| url = http://www.runnersworld.com/article/0,7120,s6-243-297--10401-0,00.html | |||
| accessdate=February 23, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | |||
| title = FAQ: VO2 Max | |||
| publisher=Running for Fitness | |||
| url = http://www.runningforfitness.org/faq/vo2.php | |||
| accessdate=February 23, 2009}}</ref> much higher than the average person (40–50), but lower than some other ] winners, such as ] (88.0, although reports exist that Indurain tested at 92–94) and ] (92.5).<ref>{{cite web | |||
| title = VO2 Max — a Measure of Athletic Fitness | |||
|publisher=BBC | |||
| date = January 22, 2002 | |||
| url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A660223 | |||
| accessdate=August 13, 2006}}</ref> At his peak, he had a ] of 32–34 beats per minute (bpm) with a maximum heart rate of 201 bpm.<ref>The Lance Armstrong Performance Program ISBN 1-57954-270-0</ref> | |||
=== |
===Collaboration of sponsors=== | ||
Armstrong |
Armstrong improved the support behind his well-funded teams, asking sponsors and suppliers to contribute and act as part of the team.<ref name="CYCLING; Overhauling Lance Armstrong"/> For example, rather than having the frame, handlebars, and tires designed and developed by separate companies with little interaction, his teams adopted a ] relationship with sponsors and suppliers named "F-One",<ref name="Cyclingnews.com: Armstrong's 'F-One' group plots the hour"/> taking full advantage of the combined resources of several organizations working in close communication. The team, ], ], ], Bontrager (a Trek company), ], ], ], and ], collaborated for an array of products.{{citation needed|date=May 2014}} | ||
==Doping allegations, investigation, and confession== | |||
== Family and personal life == | |||
{{Main|History of Lance Armstrong doping allegations|Lance Armstrong doping case}} | |||
Armstrong was born to Linda Gayle (née Mooneyham), a secretary, and Eddie Charles Gunderson, a route manager for '']''. His great-grandfather was the son of ] immigrants.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wargs.com/other/armstrongl.html |title=Ancestry of Lance Armstrong |publisher=Wargs.com |date= |accessdate=2012-07-06}}</ref> He was named after ], a ] wide receiver. His father left his mother when Lance was two and has two other children from another relationship. His mother later married Terry Keith Armstrong, a wholesale salesman, who adopted Lance in 1974. Armstrong refuses to meet his birth father.<ref>{{cite web | first = Todd | last = Balf |title = I'm Not the Next Greg LeMond. I'm the First Lance Armstrong. | work=] | month = July | year = 1994 | url = http://outsideonline.com/magazine/0794/947flanc_2.html | accessdate =January 9, 2008}}</ref> | |||
For much of his career, Armstrong faced persistent allegations of doping.<ref name="Index of Lance Armstrong doping allegations over the years"/> He denied all such allegations until January 2013, often claiming that he never had any positive test in the drug tests he had taken over his cycling career.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2012/08/23/sport/lance-armstrong-investigation/index.html|title=Lance Armstrong facing lifetime ban, loss of titles|publisher=CNN|date=August 25, 2012|access-date=January 19, 2013|archive-date=January 26, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126071140/http://edition.cnn.com/2012/08/23/sport/lance-armstrong-investigation/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
Armstrong has been criticized for his disagreements with outspoken opponents of doping such as ]<ref name="Countdown to the Tour de France Jonathan Vaughters and his drugsfree team"/><ref name="They bust the addicts but the dealers ride on"/> and ].<ref name="Armstrong rounds on critics over drugs storm"/><ref name="The Times"/> Bassons was a rider for Festina at the time of the ] and was widely reported by teammates as being the only rider on the team not to be taking performance-enhancing drugs. Bassons wrote a number of articles for a French newspaper during the 1999 Tour de France which made references to doping in the ]. Subsequently, Armstrong had an altercation with Bassons during the 1999 Tour de France where Bassons said Armstrong rode up alongside on the Alpe d'Huez stage to tell him "it was a mistake to speak out the way I (Bassons) do and he (Armstrong) asked why I was doing it. I told him that I'm thinking of the next generation of riders. Then he said 'Why don't you leave, then?'".<ref name="Le coup de blues de Christophe Bassons – l'Humanite"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/oct/13/christophe-bassons-not-bitter-lance-armstrong|title=Mr Clean Christophe Bassons 'not bitter' towards Lance Armstrong|last=Willsher|first=Kim|date=October 13, 2012|work=The Guardian|access-date=July 24, 2017|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=May 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517021214/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/oct/13/christophe-bassons-not-bitter-lance-armstrong|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
] during the ].]] | |||
Armstrong met Kristin Richard in June 1997. They married on May 1, 1998 and had three children: Luke David, born October 1999, and twins Isabelle Rose and Grace Elisabeth, born November 2001. The pregnancy was possible through sperm Armstrong banked three years earlier, prior to chemotherapy and surgery.<ref>{{cite news | first = Sal | last = Ruibal | title = Cancer survivor Armstrong accepts new role |work=USA Today | date = May 22, 2002 | url = http://www.usatoday.com/sports/cycling/2002-05-22-cover-armstrong.htm | accessdate =January 9, 2008}}</ref> The couple filed for divorce in September 2003. At Armstrong's request, his children flew in for the Tour de France podium ceremony in 2005, where Luke helped his father hoist the trophy, while his daughters (in yellow dresses) held the stuffed lion mascot and bouquet of yellow flowers. | |||
Armstrong later confirmed the story, stating on the main evening news on ], a national television station: "His accusations aren't good for cycling, for his team, for me, for anybody. If he thinks cycling works like that, he's wrong and he would be better off going home."<ref name="cited"/> Kimmage, a professional cyclist in the 1980s who later became a sports journalist, referred to Armstrong as a "cancer in cycling".<ref name="The Times"/> He also asked Armstrong questions in relation to his "admiration for dopers" at a press conference at the Tour of California in 2009, provoking a scathing reaction from Armstrong.<ref name="The Times"/> This spat continued and is exemplified by Kimmage's articles in '']''.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022232421/http://www.independent.ie/sport/other-sports/cycling-big-reveal-of-cancer-jesus-3266380.html |date=October 22, 2012 }}, '']''; accessed May 20, 2014.</ref> | |||
Armstrong began dating singer-songwriter ] in late 2003 and revealed their relationship in January 2004. The couple announced their ] in September 2005 and their split in February 2006. | |||
Armstrong continued to deny the use of illegal performance-enhancing drugs for four more years, describing himself as the most tested athlete in the world.<ref name="Pound Stunned By Attack"/> From his return to cycling in the fall of 2008 through March 2009, Armstrong claimed to have submitted to 24 unannounced drug tests by various anti-doping authorities.<ref name="Lance to Drug Tester: Your Papers, Please"/><ref name="Armstrong outraged by French misbehaviour claims"/> | |||
In December 2008, Armstrong announced that his girlfriend, Anna Hansen, was pregnant with his child. The couple started dating in July 2008 after meeting through Armstrong's charity work. Although it was believed that Armstrong could no longer father children, after having undergone chemotherapy for testicular cancer, this child was conceived naturally.<ref> CNN.com, December 23, 2008</ref> The baby boy, Maxwell Edward Armstrong, was born in 2009 in ]. Armstrong announced the birth via Twitter.<ref>{{cite web | first = Lance | last = Armstrong | title = Wassup, world? My name is... | publisher=Twitter| date = June 4, 2009 | url = http://twitter.com/lancearmstrong/status/2038590710 | accessdate =June 6, 2009}}</ref> Armstrong has become a popular Twitter user, with precisely 3,385,486 followers on April 10, 2012. | |||
<ref>{{cite web | title = Lance Armstrong Twitter Home Page| publisher=Twitter| date = June 11, 2010 | url = http://twitter.com/lancearmstrong | accessdate =July 13, 2009}}</ref> In April 2010, Armstrong, using Twitter, announced that Anna Hansen was having his fifth child. Olivia Marie Armstrong was born in October 2010.<ref>http://twitter.com/#!/lancearmstrong/status/27710013616</ref> | |||
===Working with Michele Ferrari=== | |||
Armstrong owns homes in ], and Aspen, Colorado, as well as a ranch in the ].<ref name="cloudy">{{cite news | title = Armstrong attempts to quell dispute over Hill Country swimming hole | agency=Associated Press | date = October 25, 2006 | url = http://www.dailytexanonline.com/media/storage/paper410/news/2006/10/25/StateLocal/Armstrong.Attempts.To.Quell.Dispute.Over.Hill.Country.Swimming.Hole-2400001.shtml?norewrite200610251211&sourcedomain=www.dailytexanonline.com | archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070930211635/http://www.dailytexanonline.com/media/storage/paper410/news/2006/10/25/StateLocal/Armstrong.Attempts.To.Quell.Dispute.Over.Hill.Country.Swimming.Hole-2400001.shtml?norewrite200610251211&sourcedomain=www.dailytexanonline.com | archivedate = September 30, 2007 | accessdate =October 25, 2006}}</ref> | |||
Armstrong was criticized for working with controversial trainer ]. Ferrari claimed that he was introduced to Lance by ] in 1995.<ref name="cyclingnews"/> ] described himself as "devastated" on hearing of them working together, while Tour de France organizer ] said, "I am not happy the two names are mixed."<ref name="guardian"/> Following Ferrari's later-overturned conviction for "sporting fraud" and "abuse of the medical profession", Armstrong claimed that he suspended his professional relationship with Ferrari, saying that he had "zero tolerance for anyone convicted of using or facilitating the use of performance-enhancing drugs" and denying that Ferrari had ever "suggested, prescribed or provided me with any performance-enhancing drugs".<ref name="timesonline1"/> | |||
Though Ferrari was banned from practicing medicine with cyclists by the ], according to Italian law enforcement authorities, Armstrong met with Ferrari as late as 2010 in a country outside Italy.<ref name="associated"/> According to '']'', "] reveals an intimate role played by Dr. Michele Ferrari in masterminding Armstrong's Tour de France success". According to the USADA report, Armstrong paid Ferrari over $1{{nbsp}}million from 1996 to 2006, countering Armstrong's claim that he severed his professional relationship with Ferrari in 2004. The report also includes numerous eyewitness accounts of Ferrari injecting Armstrong with ] on a number of occasions.<ref>{{cite web|author=Laura Weislo|url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/usada-lance-armstrong-paid-ferrari-more-than-dollar-1-million|title=USADA: Lance Armstrong Paid Ferrari More Than $1 Million|publisher=]|date=September 25, 2011|access-date=November 10, 2012|archive-date=November 12, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112211338/http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/usada-lance-armstrong-paid-ferrari-more-than-dollar-1-million|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
== Allegations of doping == | |||
For much of the second phase of his career, Armstrong has faced persistent allegations of doping.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/features/index-of-lance-armstrong-doping-allegations-over-the-years|title=Index of Lance Armstrong doping allegations over the years|first=Laura|last=Weislo|date=August 23, 2012|accessdate=August 24, 2012|work=Cyclingnews|publisher=Future Publishing Limited}}</ref> A number of high-profile cyclists and journalists have alleged that he cheated although Armstrong retains respect and prestige in some circles.<ref>Roberts, Selena, and David Epstein, "The Case Against Lance Armstrong", '']'', January 24, 2011, pp. 56–66.</ref> | |||
==={{lang|fr|L.A. Confidentiel}}: 2004=== | |||
Armstrong has been criticised for his disagreements with outspoken opponents of ] such as ]<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/more_sport/cycling/article4232249.ece |work=The Times | location=London | title=Countdown to the Tour de France Jonathan Vaughters and his drugsfree team | first=Paul | last=Kimmage | date=June 29, 2008 | accessdate=May 7, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/columnists/paul_kimmage/article2159415.ece |work=The Times | location=London | title=They bust the addicts but the dealers ride on | first=Paul | last=Kimmage | date=July 29, 2007 | accessdate=May 7, 2010}}</ref> and ], the only cyclist in his team to come clean of drugs during the infamous ].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/article451832.ece |work=The Times | location=London | title=Armstrong rounds on critics over drugs storm | first=Jeremy | last=Whittle | date=July 1, 2004 | accessdate=May 7, 2010}}</ref><ref name="timesonline.co.uk">{{cite news| url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/more_sport/article5750574.ece |work=The Times | location=London | title=World in motion cycling divided by Paul Kimmage and Lance Armstrongs cancer row | date=February 17, 2009 | accessdate=May 7, 2010 | first=Owen | last=Slot}}</ref> Bassons wrote a number of articles for a French newspaper during the 1999 Tour de France which made references to doping in the ]. Subsequently, Armstrong had an altercation with Bassons during the 1999 Tour de France where Bassons said Armstrong rode up alongside on the Alpe d'Huez stage to tell him "it was a mistake to speak out the way I (Bassons) do and he (Armstrong) asked why I was doing it. I told him that I'm thinking of the next generation of riders. Then he said 'Why don't you leave, then?'"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.humanite.fr/node/379945 |title=Le coup de blues de Christophe Bassons – l'Humanite |publisher=Humanite.fr |date=July 17, 1999 |accessdate=July 23, 2012}}</ref> Armstrong confirmed the story. On the main evening news on ], a national television station, Armstrong said: "His accusations aren't good for cycling, for his team, for me, for anybody. If he thinks cycling works like that, he's wrong and he would be better off going home".<ref>Cited, ''L'Équipe'', July 17, 1999.</ref> Kimmage, a professional cyclist in the 1980s who later became a sports journalist, referred to Armstrong as a "cancer in cycling".<ref name="timesonline.co.uk"/> He also asked Armstrong questions in relation to his "admiration for dopers" at a press conference at the Tour of California in 2009, provoking a scathing reaction from Armstrong.<ref name="timesonline.co.uk"/> This spat continued and is exemplified by Kimmage's articles in '']''.<ref>Kimmage, Paul. , ''The Sunday Times'', July 5, 2009.</ref>{{dead link|date=August 2012}} | |||
{{Main|L.A. Confidentiel}} | |||
In 2004, reporters ] and ] published a book alleging Armstrong had used performance-enhancing drugs ({{lang|fr|] – Les secrets de Lance Armstrong}}). Another figure in the book, ], claims he and other riders, including Armstrong, began using drugs in 1995 while members of the Motorola team, a claim denied by other team members.<ref name="Stop strong-arm tactics"/><ref name="2 Ex-Teammates of Cycling Star Admit Drug Use"/> | |||
Among the allegations in the book were claims by Armstrong's former {{lang|fr|]}} Emma O'Reilly that a backdated prescription for cortisone had been produced in 1999 to avoid a positive test. A 1999 urine sample at the Tour de France showed traces of ]. A medical certificate showed he used an approved cream for ] which contained the substance.<ref name="velonews050823"/> O'Reilly said she heard team officials worrying about Armstrong's positive test for steroids during the Tour. She said: "They were in a panic, saying: 'What are we going to do? What are we going to do?'".<ref name="Armstrong, Best of His Time, Now With an Asterisk"/> | |||
Armstrong has continually denied using illegal performance-enhancing drugs and has described himself as the most tested athlete in the world.<ref>{{cite news | |||
|publisher = BBC News Online | |||
|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/cycling/3535573.stm | |||
|title = Pound Stunned By Attack | |||
|accessdate =August 12, 2006 | |||
| date=March 5, 2004}}</ref> A 1999 urine sample showed traces of ]. A medical certificate showed he used an approved cream for ] which contained the substance.<ref name="velonews050823">{{cite web |last = VeloNews Interactive, with wire services |year = 2005 |url = http://velonews.competitor.com/2005/08/tour-de-france/lequipe-alleges-armstrong-samples-show-epo-use-in-99-tour_8740 |title = L'Equipe alleges Armstrong samples show ] use in 99 Tour |publisher=Inside Communications |accessdate =July 26, 2006}}</ref> Emma O' Reilly, Armstrong's masseuse said she heard team officials worrying about Armstrong's positive test for steroids during the Tour. She said: "They were in a panic, saying: 'What are we going to do? What are we going to do?'".<ref>{{cite news | |||
|work = The New York Times | |||
| author = George Vecsey | |||
|url = http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/25/sports/cycling/armstrong-best-of-his-time-now-with-an-asterisk-george-vecsey.html?pagewanted=all | |||
|title = Armstrong, Best of His Time, Now With an Asterisk | |||
|accessdate =September 11, 2012 | |||
| date=August 24, 2012}}</ref> According to O'Reilly the solution was to get one of their compliant doctors to issue a pre-dated prescription for a steroid-based ointment to combat saddle sores. O'Reilly said she would have known if Armstrong had saddle sores as she would have administered any treatment for it. O'Reilly said that Armstrong told her: "Now, Emma, you know enough to bring me down." O'Reilly said on other occasions she was asked to dispose of used syringes for Armstrong and pick up strange parcels for the team.<ref>{{cite web|author=Conal Urquhart and David Walsh |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2012/aug/26/lance-armstrong-doping-whistleblowers |title=Lance Armstrong: the whistleblowers |work=The Guardian |date= |accessdate=2012-08-28}}</ref> | |||
According to O'Reilly, the solution was to obtain a pre-dated prescription for a steroid-based ointment used to treat saddle sores from one of the team's compliant doctors. O'Reilly said that she would have been aware if Armstrong had saddle sores as she would have been responsible for administering any treatment. O'Reilly said that Armstrong told her: "Now, Emma, you know enough to bring me down." O'Reilly said that she was also asked to dispose of used syringes for Armstrong and to pick up strange parcels for the team.<ref name="Lance Armstrong: the whistleblowers"/> | |||
From his return to cycling in the fall of 2008 through March 2009, Armstrong submitted to 24 unannounced drug tests by various anti-doping authorities. All of the tests were negative for performance-enhancing drugs.<ref>{{Cite news | last = Albergotti | first = Reed | title = Lance to Drug Tester: Your Papers, Please | newspaper=The Wall Street Journal | date = April 8, 2009 | url = http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123915747307299985.html | postscript = <!--None-->}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | title = Armstrong outraged by French misbehaviour claims | agency=] | date = April 7, 2009 | url = http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gpWQTJmkqpByIaAMzL_-ZAO8qiKg | accessdate =September 28, 2009 | postscript = <!--None-->}}</ref> | |||
Allegations in the book were reprinted in '']'' (UK) by deputy sports editor Alan English in June 2004. Armstrong sued for libel, and the paper settled out of court after a High Court judge in a pre-trial ruling stated that the article "meant accusation of guilt and not simply reasonable grounds to suspect".<ref name="guardian2"/> The newspaper's lawyers issued the statement: "The Sunday Times has confirmed to Mr. Armstrong that it never intended to accuse him of being guilty of taking any performance-enhancing drugs and sincerely apologized for any such impression." The same authors (Pierre Ballester and David Walsh) subsequently published ''L.A. Official'' and {{lang|fr|Le Sale Tour}} (''The Dirty Trick''), further pressing their claims that Armstrong used performance-enhancing drugs throughout his career.{{citation needed|date=May 2014}} | |||
U.S. federal prosecutors pursued allegations of doping by Armstrong from 2010–2012. The effort convened a grand jury to investigate doping charges, including taking statements under oath from Armstrong's former team members and other associates; met with officials from France, Belgium, Spain, and Italy; and requested samples from the ]. The investigation was led by federal agent ], who also investigated suspicions of steroid use by baseball players ] and ]. The probe was terminated on February 3, 2012 with no charges filed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://customwire.ap.org/dynamic/stories/C/CYC_DOPING_ARMSTRONG|title=Prosecutors close Armstrong inquiry, no charges|accessdate=February 3, 2012}}</ref> | |||
On March 31, 2005, Mike Anderson filed a brief<ref name="coxnewsweb"/> in Travis County District Court in Texas, as part of a legal battle following his termination in November 2004 as an employee of Armstrong. Anderson worked for Armstrong for two years as a personal assistant. In the brief, Anderson claimed that he discovered a box of 'androstenin' while cleaning a bathroom in Armstrong's apartment in ], Spain.<ref name="Papers: Lance had steroid in home"/> 'Androstenin' is not on the list of banned drugs. Anderson stated in a subsequent deposition that he had no direct knowledge of Armstrong using a banned substance. Armstrong denied the claim and issued a counter-suit.<ref name="Armstrong asks Austin court to sanction his former assistant"/> The two men reached an out-of-court settlement in November 2005; the terms of the agreement were not disclosed.<ref name="Lance Armstrong settles lawsuit with former assistant"/> | |||
=== Specific allegations === | |||
Armstrong was criticized for working with controversial trainer ]. ] described himself as "devastated" on hearing of them working together, while ] organizer ] said, "I am not happy the two names are mixed."<ref> ]</ref> Following Ferrari's later-overturned conviction for "sporting fraud" and "abuse of the medical profession", Armstrong suspended his professional relationship with him, saying that he had "zero tolerance for anyone convicted of using or facilitating the use of performance-enhancing drugs" and denying that Ferrari had ever "suggested, prescribed or provided me with any performance-enhancing drugs."<ref> ]</ref> Ferrari was later absolved of all charges by an Italian appeals court of the sporting fraud charges as well as charges of abusing his medical license to write prescriptions. The court stated that it overturned his conviction "because the facts do not exist" to support the charges.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/news.php?id=news/2006/may06/may27news |title=www.cyclingnews.com – The World Centre of Cycling |publisher=Future Publishing Limited |accessdate=October 20, 2010}}</ref> Ferrari, however, is still banned from practicing medicine with cyclists by the Italian Cycling Federation. According to Italian law enforcement authorities, Armstrong met with Ferrari as recently as 2010 in a country outside of Italy.<ref>], "Lance has suspicious ties: source", '']'', April 17, 2011, p. 17.</ref> | |||
In November 2012, ''Times Newspapers'' republished all of Walsh's articles as well as the original "LA Confidential" article by Alan English in ''Lanced: The shaming of Lance Armstrong''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Lanced: The shaming of Lance Armstrong|author1=David Walsh|author2=Paul Kimmage|author3=John Follain|author4=Alex Butler|date=October 31, 2012|publisher=The Sunday Times}}</ref> ''The Times'' was said to be considering taking action to recoup money from Armstrong in relation to the settlement and court costs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.velonation.com/News/ID/13056/Sunday-Times-considering-legal-action-against-Armstrong.aspx|title=Sunday Times considering legal action against Armstrong|publisher=Velonation.com|access-date=January 19, 2013|archive-date=October 15, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015181240/http://www.velonation.com/News/ID/13056/Sunday-Times-considering-legal-action-against-Armstrong.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
In 2004, reporters ] and ] published a book alleging Armstrong had used performance-enhancing drugs (''] – Les secrets de Lance Armstrong''). It contains allegations by Armstrong's former masseuse, Emma O'Reilly, who claimed Armstrong once asked her to dispose of used syringes and to give him makeup to conceal needle marks on his arms.{{Citation needed|date=June 2012}} Another figure in the book, Steve Swart, claims he and other riders, including Armstrong, began using drugs in 1995 while members of the Motorola team, a claim denied by other team members.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.scotsman.com/sport/stop-strong-arm-tactics-1-1395113 | title=Stop strong-arm tactics | publisher=Scotsman.com | date=June 20, 2004 | accessdate=July 23, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=2 Ex-Teammates of Cycling Star Admit Drug Use|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/12/sports/othersports/12cycling.html| author=Juliet Macur|newspaper=The New York Times|date=September 12, 2006|accessdate=October 20, 2010}}</ref> Allegations in the book were reprinted in the UK newspaper ''The Sunday Times'' in a story by deputy sports editor Alan English in June 2004. Armstrong sued for libel, and the paper settled out of court after a High Court judge in a pre-trial ruling stated that the article "meant accusation of guilt and not simply reasonable grounds to suspect."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://sport.guardian.co.uk/tourdefrance2006/story/0,,1810152,00.html |title=''The Guardian'' |publisher=Sport.guardian.co.uk |date= July 1, 2006|accessdate=July 17, 2010 | location=London}}</ref> The newspaper's lawyers issued the statement: "The Sunday Times has confirmed to Mr. Armstrong that it never intended to accuse him of being guilty of taking any performance-enhancing drugs and sincerely apologized for any such impression." (See also<ref>{{cite news|author=William Fotheringham |url=http://sport.guardian.co.uk/tourdefrance2005/story/0,,1536208,00.html |title=Armstrong faces legal marathon |publisher=Sport.guardian.co.uk |date= July 26, 2005|accessdate=July 17, 2010 | location=London}}</ref> in ''The Guardian''). The same authors (Pierre Ballester and David Walsh) subsequently published "L.A. Official" and "Le Sale Tour" (The Dirty Trick), further pressing their claims that Armstrong used performance-enhancing drugs throughout his career. | |||
In December 2012 ''The Sunday Times'' filed suit against Armstrong for $1.5{{nbsp}}million. In its suit, the paper sought a return of the original settlement, plus interest and the cost of defending the original case.<ref>], "Sunday Times suing Armstrong", '']'', December 25, 2012, p. 15.</ref> | |||
On March 31, 2005, Mike Anderson filed a brief<ref>, by ''Mike Anderson'', March 31, 2005 – (warning: PDF-file, 2.8 MB)</ref> in Travis County District Court in Texas, as part of a legal battle following his termination in November 2004 as an employee of Armstrong. Anderson worked for Armstrong for two years as a personal assistant. In the brief, Anderson claimed that he discovered a box of ] while cleaning a bathroom in Armstrong's apartment in ], Spain.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.statesman.com/sports/content/shared/sports/tourdefrance/2005/040105lance.html | title=Papers: Lance had steroid in home | publisher=Austin American Statesman | date=April 1, 2005 | archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20051203160602/http://www.statesman.com/sports/content/shared/sports/tourdefrance/2005/040105lance.html |archivedate= December 3, 2005 | author=Halliburton, Suzanne}}</ref> Androstenone is not on the list of banned drugs. Anderson stated in a subsequent deposition that he had no direct knowledge of Armstrong using a banned substance. Armstrong denied the claim and issued a counter-suit.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.statesman.com/sports/content/shared/sports/tourdefrance/2005/2lancesuit.html | title=Armstrong asks Austin court to sanction his former assistant | publisher=Austin Statesman-American | date=April 2, 2005 | author=Halliburton, Suzanne|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20051202031923/http://www.statesman.com/sports/content/shared/sports/tourdefrance/2005/2lancesuit.html |archivedate=December 2, 2005}}</ref> The two men reached an out-of-court settlement in November 2005; the terms of the agreement were not disclosed.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.statesman.com/search/content/sports/stories/other/11/5lance.html | title=Lance Armstrong settles lawsuit with former assistant | publisher=Austin American-Statesman | date=November 5, 2005 | author=Kreytak, Steven|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070920204400/http://www.statesman.com/search/content/sports/stories/other/11/5lance.html|archivedate=September 20, 2007}}</ref> | |||
In August 2013, Armstrong and ''The Sunday Times'' reached an undisclosed settlement.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Lance Armstrong settles with Sunday Times|date=August 25, 2013|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2013/aug/25/lance-armstrong-settles-sunday-times|work=The Guardian|access-date=August 26, 2013|archive-date=August 26, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826110717/http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2013/aug/25/lance-armstrong-settles-sunday-times|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
In June 2006, French newspaper '']'' reported claims by Betsy and ] during a deposition that Armstrong had admitted using performance-enhancing drugs to his physician just after brain surgery in 1996. The Andreus' testimony was related to litigation between Armstrong and SCA Promotions, a Texas company attempting to withhold a $5-million bonus; this was settled out of court with SCA paying Armstrong and Tailwind Sports $7.5 million, to cover the $5-million bonus plus interest and lawyers' fees. The testimony stated "And so the doctor asked him a few questions, not many, and then one of the questions he asked was... have you ever used any performance-enhancing drugs? And Lance said yes. And the doctor asked, what were they? And Lance said, ], ], ], ]s and ]."<ref name="npr.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5508863 |title=Ex-Friends Say Armstrong Admitted Drug Use |publisher=Npr.org |accessdate=July 17, 2010}}</ref> Armstrong suggested Betsy Andreu may have been confused by possible mention of his ''post-operative treatment'' which included steroids and EPO that are taken to counteract wasting and red-blood-cell-destroying effects of intensive chemotherapy.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.velonews.com/news/fea/10091.0.html | title=Armstrong issues statement | publisher=VeloNews | date=June 23, 2006 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20060705034015/http://www.velonews.com/news/fea/10091.0.html |archivedate = July 5, 2006}}</ref> The Andreus' allegation was not supported by any of the eight other people present, including Armstrong's doctor Craig Nichols,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://velonews.competitor.com/2006/06/news/papers-charge-armstrong-admitted-doping_10088 | title=Papers charge Armstrong admitted doping | publisher=VeloNews | date=June 23, 2006 | accessdate=July 23, 2012}}</ref> or his medical history. According to Greg LeMond (who has been ] with his own disputes with Armstrong), he (LeMond) had a recorded conversation,<ref>, ] file</ref> the transcript of which was reviewed by ] (NPR), with Stephanie McIlvain (Armstrong's contact at Oakley Inc.) in which she said of Armstrong's alleged admission 'You know, I was in that room. I heard it.' However, McIlvain has contradicted LeMond allegations on the issue and denied under oath that the incident in question ever occurred in her sworn testimony.<ref name="npr.org"/> | |||
===Tour de France urine tests: 2005=== | |||
In July 2006, the '']'' published a story on the allegations raised in the SCA case.<ref name="trail">{{cite news |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2006/jul/09/sports/sp-armstrong9 |title=Allegations Trail Armstrong Into Another Stage |last=Abrahamson |first=Alan |work=] |date=July 9, 2006 |accessdate=July 23, 2012}}</ref> The report cited evidence at the trial including the results of the LNDD test and an analysis of these results by an expert witness.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.latimes.com/sports/la-070806-sp-armstrong-g,0,1296880.graphic | title=Evidence of a banned substance? | work=] | date=July 8, 2006 | accessdate=July 23, 2012}}</ref> From the ''Los Angeles Times'' article: "The results, Australian researcher Michael Ashenden testified in Dallas, show Armstrong's levels rising and falling, consistent with a series of injections during the Tour. Ashenden, a paid expert retained by SCA Promotions, told arbitrators the results painted a "compelling picture" that the world's most famous cyclist "used EPO in the '99 Tour."<ref name="trail"/> Ashenden's finding were disputed by the Vrijman report, which pointed to procedural and privacy issues in dismissing the LNDD test results. The ''Los Angeles Times'' article also provided information on testimony given by Armstrong's former teammate, Swart, Andreu and his wife Betsy, and ] conversation between Andreu and ] regarding blood-doping in the peloton. Vaughters signed a statement disavowing the comments and stating he had: "no personal knowledge that any team in the Tour de France, including Armstrong's Discovery team in 2005, engaged in any prohibited conduct whatsoever." Andreu signed a statement affirming the conversation took place as indicated on the instant messaging logs submitted to the court. The SCA trial was settled out of court, and the ''Los Angeles Times'' reported: "Though no verdict or finding of facts was rendered, Armstrong called the outcome proof that the doping allegations were baseless." The ''Los Angeles Times'' article provides a review of the disputed positive EPO test, allegations and sworn testimony against Armstrong, but notes that: "They are filled with conflicting testimony, hearsay and circumstantial evidence admissible in arbitration hearings but questionable in more formal legal proceedings."<ref name="Andy Shen">{{cite web|url=http://velocitynation.com/content/interviews/2009/michael-ashenden|accessdate=June 24, 2009|title=Interviews – Michael Ashenden|publisher=Velocity Nation|date=February 4, 2009|author=Andy Shen}}</ref> | |||
On August 23, 2005, {{lang|fr|L'Équipe}}, a major French daily sports newspaper, reported on its front page under the headline {{lang|fr|"le mensonge Armstrong"}} ('The Armstrong Lie') that six urine samples taken from the cyclist during the prologue and five stages of the ], frozen and stored since at "Laboratoire national de dépistage du dopage de Châtenay-Malabry" (LNDD), had tested positive for ] (EPO) in recent retesting conducted as part of a research project into EPO testing methods.<ref name="L'EQUIPE.FR Cyclisme – CYCLISME – Affaire Armstrong"/><ref name="AFP: No comment on Armstrong from US cycling, anti-doping groups"/> | |||
Armstrong immediately replied on his website, saying, "Unfortunately, the witch hunt continues and tomorrow's article is nothing short of tabloid journalism. The paper even admits in its own article that the science in question here is faulty and that I have no way to defend myself. They state: 'There will therefore be no counter-exam nor regulatory prosecutions, in a strict sense, since defendant's rights cannot be respected'. I will simply restate what I have said many times: I have never taken performance enhancing drugs."<ref name="Litke: Suspicion Remains Lance's Opponent"/> | |||
On May 20, 2010, former U.S. Postal teammate ] accused Armstrong of doping in 2002 and 2003, and claimed that U.S. Postal team director Johan Bruyneel had bribed former ] president ] to keep quiet about a positive Armstrong test in 2002.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hart |first=Simon |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/cycling/lancearmstrong/7746819/Floyd-Landis-puts-Lance-Armstrong-at-the-centre-of-new-drug-allegations.html |title=Floyd Landis puts Lance Armstrong at the centre of new drug allegations |publisher=Telegraph |date=May 20, 2010 |accessdate=July 17, 2010 | location=London}}</ref><ref name="Cossins">{{cite web|url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/kimmage-landis-allegations-will-decide-the-sports-future|title=Kimmage: Landis allegations will decide the sport's future|author=Peter Cossins|publisher=Future Publishing Limited|date=May 21, 2010}}</ref> Landis admitted there was no documentation that supports these claims.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/oly/cycling/news/story?id=5203604|title=Landis admits doping, accuses Lance|author=Bonnie D. Ford|publisher=]|date=May 20, 2010|accessdate=May 21, 2010}}</ref> However, in July 2010 the president of the UCI, Pat McQuaid, revealed that Armstrong made two donations to the UCI: $25,000 in 2002, used by the juniors anti-doping program, and $100,000 in 2005, to buy a blood testing machine, and documentation of those payments does exist.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/mcquaid-reveals-armstrong-made-two-donations-to-the-uci|title=McQuaid reveals Armstrong made two donations to the UCI|author=Stephen Farrand|publisher=Future Publishing Limited|date=July 10, 2010|accessdate=July 12, 2010}}</ref> Landis also maintains that he witnessed Armstrong receiving multiple blood transfusions, and dispensing testosterone patches to his teammates on the United States Postal Service Team.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Nightline/floyd-landis-nightline-interview/story?id=11226456&page=2 |title=Floyd Landis Nightline Interview |publisher=ABC News |accessdate=October 3, 2010}}</ref> On May 25, 2010, The International Cycling Union disputed comments from Floyd Landis, "Due to the controversy following the statements made by Floyd Landis, the International Cycling Union wishes to stress that none of the tests revealed the presence of EPO in the samples taken from riders at the 2001 Tour of Switzerland," the UCI said in a statement. "The UCI has all the documentation to prove this fact." According to ESPN, "Landis claimed that Armstrong tested positive while winning in 2002, a timeline Armstrong himself said left him 'confused,' because he did not compete in the event in 2002."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/oly/cycling/news/story?id=5218887 |title=International Cycling Union refutes Floyd Landis' claims about 2001 Tour de Suisse |publisher=ESPN |date=May 25, 2010 |accessdate=October 3, 2010}}</ref> | |||
In October 2005, in response to calls from the International Olympic Committee and the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) for an independent investigation, the UCI appointed Dutch lawyer Emile Vrijman to investigate the handling of urine tests by the French national anti-doping laboratory, LNDD. Vrijman was head of the Dutch anti-doping agency for ten years; since then he has worked as a defense attorney defending high-profile athletes against doping charges.<ref name="California Western School of Law"/> Vrijman's report cleared Armstrong because of improper handling and testing.<ref name="Armstrong cleared in drug inquiry"/><ref name="UCI report clears Armstrong"/> The report said tests on urine samples were conducted improperly and fell so short of scientific standards that it was "completely irresponsible" to suggest they "constitute evidence of anything".<ref name="Max2006"/> | |||
In May 2011, former Armstrong teammate ] told ] that he and Armstrong had together taken EPO before and during the 1999, 2000, and 2001 Tours de France. Armstrong's attorney, Mark Fabiani, responded that Hamilton was lying.<ref name="60minutesEPO">{{cite web | url=http://www.cbsnews.com/2100-18560_162-20064858.html | title=Ex-teammate: I saw Lance Armstrong inject EPO | publisher=CBS News | work=60 Minutes | date=May 20, 2011 | accessdate=July 23, 2012}}</ref> The accompanying '']'' investigation alleged that two other former Armstrong teammates, ] and ], have told federal investigators that they witnessed Armstrong taking banned substances, including EPO, or supplied Armstrong with such substances.<ref name="60minutesEPO"/> Fabiani stated in response that, "We have no way of knowing what happened in the grand jury and so can't comment on these anonymously sourced reports."<ref>], "Report says Hincapie told feds Armstrong used PEDs", '']'', May 22, 2011, p. 16.</ref> Hamilton further claimed that Armstrong tested positive for EPO during the 2001 ]; ''60 Minutes'' reported that the ] intervened to conceal those test results, and that donations from Armstrong totaling US$125,000 may have played into said actions.<ref name="60minutesEPO"/> Martial Saugy, chief of the Swiss anti-doping agency, later confirmed that they found four urine samples suspicious of EPO use at the 2001 race, but said there was no "positive test" and claimed not to know whether the suspicious results belonged to Armstrong. As a result, Armstrong's lawyers demanded an apology from ''60 Minutes''.<ref>Risling, Greg, "", ], June 1, 2011.</ref> Instead of apologizing, CBS News chairman ] said CBS News stands by its report as "truthful, accurate and fair", and added that the suspicious tests which Saugy confirmed to exist have been linked to Armstrong "by a number of international officials".<ref>Tim Maloy, "", ], June 1, 2011.</ref> | |||
The recommendation of the commission's report was no disciplinary action against any rider on the basis of LNDD research. It also called upon the WADA and LNDD to submit themselves to an investigation by an outside independent authority.<ref name="Scholten c.s. Advocaten"/> The IOC Ethics Commission subsequently censured ], the President of WADA and a member of the IOC, for his statements in the media that suggested wrongdoing by Armstrong. In April 2009, anti-doping expert<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921131319/https://cyclingtips.com/2018/06/casting-a-critical-eye-on-corruption-in-sport-qa-with-anti-doping-expert-robin-parisotto/ |date=September 21, 2020 }} CyclingTips</ref> Michael Ashenden said "the LNDD absolutely had no way of knowing athlete identity from the sample they're given. They have a number on them, but that's never linked to an athlete's name. The only group that had both the number and the athlete's name is the federation, in this case it was the UCI." He added "There was only two conceivable ways that synthetic ] could've gotten into those samples. One, is that Lance Armstrong used EPO during the '99 Tour. The other way it could've got in the urine was if, as Lance Armstrong seems to believe, the laboratory spiked those samples. Now, that's an extraordinary claim, and there's never ever been any evidence the laboratory has ever spiked an athlete's sample, even during the Cold War, where you would've thought there was a real political motive to frame an athlete from a different country. There's never been any suggestion that it happened."<ref name="The possibility of tampering"/> | |||
On February 2, 2012, U.S. federal prosecutors officially dropped their criminal investigation with no charges.<ref>Frieden, Terry, "", ], February 3, 2012.</ref> | |||
===SCA Promotions case: 2005–2015=== | |||
Interviewed for "]" on the ] News channel, Hamilton again insisted that he and Armstrong had routinely doped together. Dismissing the fact that Armstrong had passed numerous drug tests, Hamilton said that he himself had also passed hundreds of drug tests while doped.<ref></ref> | |||
In June 2006, French newspaper {{lang|fr|]}} reported claims by Betsy and ] during a deposition that Armstrong had admitted to using performance-enhancing drugs to his physician just after brain surgery in 1996. The Andreus' testimony was related to litigation between Armstrong and SCA Promotions, a Texas company attempting to withhold a $5{{nbsp}}million bonus; this was settled out of court with SCA paying Armstrong and Tailwind Sports $7.5{{nbsp}}million, to cover the $5{{nbsp}}million bonus plus interest and lawyers' fees. The testimony stated "And so the doctor asked him a few questions, not many, and then one of the questions he asked was{{nbsp}} have you ever used any performance-enhancing drugs? And Lance said yes. And the doctor asked, what were they? And Lance said, ], ], ], ]s and ]."<ref name="npr.org"/> | |||
Armstrong suggested Betsy Andreu may have been confused by possible mention of his post-operative treatment, which included steroids and EPO that are taken to counteract wasting and red-blood-cell-destroying effects of intensive chemotherapy.<ref name="Armstrong issues statement"/> The Andreus' allegation was not supported by any of the eight other people present, including Armstrong's doctor Craig Nichols,<ref name="Papers charge Armstrong admitted doping"/> or his medical history. According to Greg LeMond (who has been ] with his own disputes with Armstrong), he (LeMond) had a recorded conversation, the transcript of which was reviewed by ] (NPR), with Stephanie McIlvain (Armstrong's contact at Oakley Inc.) in which she said of Armstrong's alleged admission, "You know, I was in that room. I heard it." However, McIlvain has contradicted LeMond's allegations on the issue and denied under oath that the incident in question ever occurred in her sworn testimony.<ref name="npr.org"/> | |||
On October 10, 2012, the U.S. Anti-Doping Agency said Armstrong was part of “the most sophisticated, professionalized and successful doping program that sport has ever seen,” in advance of issuing its long-awaited report detailing the evidence it acquired.<ref>{{cite web|last=O’KEEFFE|first=MICHAEL|title=U.S. Anti-Doping Agency says evidence against Lance Armstrong is ‘overwhelming’ and includes testimony from 15 teammates|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/sports/more-sports/usada-calls-evidence-lance-overwhelming-article-1.1179148?localLinksEnabled=false|publisher=The Daily News|accessdate=10 October 2012}}</ref> | |||
In July 2006, the '']'' published a story on the allegations raised in the SCA case.<ref name="trail"/> The report cited evidence at the trial, including the results of the LNDD test and an analysis of these results by an expert witness.<ref name="Evidence of a banned substance?"/> From the ''Los Angeles Times'' article: "The results, Australian researcher Michael Ashenden testified in Dallas, show Armstrong's levels rising and falling, consistent with a series of injections during the Tour. Ashenden, a paid expert retained by SCA Promotions, told arbitrators that the results painted a "compelling picture" that the world's most famous cyclist "used EPO in the '99 Tour"."<ref name="trail"/> | |||
=== 1999 Tour de France urine tests === | |||
Ashenden's finding were disputed by the Vrijman report, which pointed to procedural and privacy issues in dismissing the LNDD test results. The ''Los Angeles Times'' article also provided information on testimony given by Armstrong's former teammate, Swart, Andreu and his wife Betsy, and ] conversation between Andreu and ] regarding blood-doping in the peloton. Vaughters signed a statement disavowing the comments and stating he had: "no personal knowledge that any team in the Tour de France, including Armstrong's Discovery team in 2005, engaged in any prohibited conduct whatsoever." Andreu signed a statement affirming the conversation took place as indicated on the instant messaging logs submitted to the court.<ref name="Andy Shen"/> | |||
On August 23, 2005, ''L'Équipe'', a major French daily sports newspaper, reported on its front page under the headline "le mensonge Armstrong" ("The Armstrong Lie") that 6 urine samples taken from the cyclist during the prologue and five stages of the 1999 Tour de France, frozen and stored since at "Laboratoire national de dépistage du dopage de Châtenay-Malabry" (LNDD), had tested positive for ] (EPO) in recent retesting conducted as part of a research project into EPO testing methods.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lequipe.fr/Cyclisme/DOPAGE_ARMSTRONG.html |title=L'EQUIPE.FR Cyclisme – CYCLISME – Affaire Armstrong |work=L'Équipe |location=France |accessdate=July 17, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Aug 23, 2005 |url=http://www.mywire.com/pubs/AFP/2005/08/23/977278?&pbl=27 |title=AFP: No comment on Armstrong from US cycling, anti-doping groups |publisher=MyWire |date=August 23, 2005 |accessdate=July 17, 2010}}{{dead link|date=September 2012}}</ref> Armstrong immediately replied on his website, saying, "Unfortunately, the witch hunt continues and tomorrow's article is nothing short of tabloid journalism. The paper even admits in its own article that the science in question here is faulty and that I have no way to defend myself. They state: 'There will therefore be no counter-exam nor regulatory prosecutions, in a strict sense, since defendant's rights cannot be respected.' I will simply restate what I have said many times: I have never taken performance enhancing drugs."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://velonews.competitor.com/2005/08/news/litke-suspicion-remains-lances-opponent_8749 | title=Litke: Suspicion Remains Lance's Opponent | publisher=VeloNews | date=August 24, 2005 | accessdate=July 23, 2012 | author=Litke, Jim}}</ref> In October 2008, the ] gave Armstrong the opportunity to have samples taken during the 1998 and 1999 Tours de France retested.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/oly/cycling/news/story?id=3620228 |title=Agency challenges Armstrong to have urine samples retested |publisher=ESPN |date=October 2, 2008 |accessdate=July 17, 2010}}</ref> Armstrong immediately refused, saying, "the samples have not been maintained properly." Head of AFLD Pierre Bordry stated: "Scientifically there is no problem to analyze these samples – everything is correct" and "If the analysis is clean it would have been very good for him. But he doesn't want to do it and that's his problem."<ref>{{cite news|last=Slater |first=Matt |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/cycling/7648910.stm |title=Doping boss rues Armstrong stance |publisher=BBC News Online |date=October 2, 2008 |accessdate=July 17, 2010}}</ref> | |||
<!-- This appears to be duplicated below, but I haven't checked the references. To prevent them from being lost, I am putting this text for deletion inside a comment instead --~~~~: However, according to the results of an investigative report by Emile Vrijman (a Dutch lawyer and the former head of the Dutch anti-doping agency, which he headed for ten years), who was appointed by the UCI to head an independent investigations into the LNDD lab's findings, it was determined that the analysis of the urine samples were conducted improperly and that they "did not satisfy any standard for doping control testing."<ref name="California Western School of Law">{{cite web | title = California Western Alumni Professional News | publisher=California Western School of Law | url = http://www.cwsl.edu/main/default.asp?nav=alumni.asp&body=alumni/AlumProfessionalNews.asp | accessdate =January 9, 2008}}</ref><ref name="Scholten c.s. Advocaten">{{cite web | title = Independent Investigation — Analysis Samples from the 1999 Tour de France | publisher=Scholten c.s. Advocaten | work=VeloNews | url = http://www.velonews.com/media/report1999.pdf | archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071201220747/http://www.velonews.com/media/report1999.pdf | archivedate = December 1, 2007 | format = PDF | accessdate =January 9, 2008 }}</ref> Vrijman's report went on to state that handling and testing of the samples fell so far short of scientific standards, and that "the process that generated those results and the subsequent reports was so deficient" that it was "completely irresponsible" to suggest that the results could "constitute evidence of anything," and cleared Armstrong of any wrongdoing.<ref name="Scholten c.s. Advocaten"/><ref name="Armstrong cleared in drug inquiry">{{cite news | title = Armstrong cleared in drug inquiry |publisher=BBC | date = May 31, 2006 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/cycling/5033672.stm | accessdate =January 9, 2008}}</ref><ref name="UCI report clears Armstrong">{{cite news | title = UCI report clears Armstrong | agency=Associated Press | work=VeloNews | date = May 31, 2006 | url = http://www.velonews.com/news/fea/9932.0.html | archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071230103550/http://www.velonews.com/news/fea/9932.0.html | archivedate = December 30, 2007 | accessdate =January 9, 2008 }}</ref><ref name="Max2006">{{cite news | first = Arthur | last = Max | title = Report Exonorates Armstrong of Doping | agency=Associated Press | work=San Francisco Chronicle | date = May 31, 2006 | url = http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2006/05/31/sports/s045357D78.DTL | accessdate =January 9, 2008 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071228170310/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2006/05/31/sports/s045357D78.DTL&type=health <!-- Bot retrieved archive |archivedate = December 28, 2007}}</ref> But WADA rejected these conclusions stating "The Vrijman report is so lacking in professionalism and objectivity that it borders on farcical.".<ref name="Wadaboss2006">{{cite news | title = Wada boss slams Armstrong 'farce' |publisher=BBC | date = June 2, 2006 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/cycling/5043260.stm BBC | accessdate=January 5, 2010}}</ref> --> | |||
The SCA trial was settled out of court, and the ''Los Angeles Times'' reported: "Though no verdict or finding of facts was rendered, Armstrong called the outcome proof that the doping allegations were baseless." The ''Los Angeles Times'' article provides a review of the disputed positive EPO test, allegations and sworn testimony against Armstrong, but notes that, "They are filled with conflicting testimony, hearsay and circumstantial evidence admissible in arbitration hearings but questionable in more formal legal proceedings."<ref name="Andy Shen"/> | |||
In October 2005, in response to calls from the International Olympic Committee and the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) for an independent investigation, the UCI appointed Dutch lawyer Emile Vrijman to investigate the handling of urine tests by the French national anti-doping laboratory, LNDD. Vrijman was head of the Dutch anti-doping agency for ten years; since then he has worked as a defense attorney defending high-profile athletes against doping charges.<ref name="California Western School of Law">{{cite web | title = California Western Alumni Professional News | publisher=California Western School of Law | url = http://www.cwsl.edu/main/default.asp?nav=alumni.asp&body=alumni/AlumProfessionalNews.asp | accessdate =January 9, 2008}}</ref> Vrijman's report cleared Armstrong because of improper handling and testing.<ref name="Armstrong cleared in drug inquiry">{{cite news | title = Armstrong cleared in drug inquiry |publisher=BBC | date = May 31, 2006 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/cycling/5033672.stm | accessdate =January 9, 2008}}</ref><ref name="UCI report clears Armstrong">{{cite news | title = UCI report clears Armstrong | agency=Associated Press | work=VeloNews | date = May 31, 2006 | url = http://www.velonews.com/news/fea/9932.0.html | archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071230103550/http://www.velonews.com/news/fea/9932.0.html | archivedate = December 30, 2007 | accessdate =January 9, 2008 }}</ref> The report said tests on urine samples were conducted improperly and fell so short of scientific standards that it was "completely irresponsible" to suggest they "constitute evidence of anything."<ref name="Max2006">{{cite news | first = Arthur | last = Max | title = Report Exonorates Armstrong of Doping | agency=Associated Press | work=San Francisco Chronicle | date = May 31, 2006 | url = http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2006/05/31/sports/s045357D78.DTL&type=health | accessdate =January 9, 2008 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071228170310/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2006/05/31/sports/s045357D78.DTL&type=health <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = December 28, 2007}}</ref> The recommendation of the commission's report was no disciplinary action against any rider on the basis of LNDD research. It also called upon the WADA and LNDD to submit themselves to an investigation by an outside independent authority.<ref name="Scholten c.s. Advocaten">{{cite web | title = Independent Investigation — Analysis Samples from the 1999 Tour de France | publisher=Scholten c.s. Advocaten | work=VeloNews | url = http://www.velonews.com/media/report1999.pdf | archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071201220747/http://www.velonews.com/media/report1999.pdf | archivedate = December 1, 2007 | format = PDF | accessdate =January 9, 2008 }}</ref> The WADA rejected these conclusions stating "The Vrijman report is so lacking in professionalism and objectivity that it borders on farcical."<ref name="Wadaboss2006">{{cite news | title = Wada boss slams Armstrong 'farce' |publisher=BBC | date = June 2, 2006 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/cycling/5043260.stm | accessdate=January 5, 2010}}</ref> The IOC Ethics Commission subsequently censured ], the President of WADA and a member of the IOC, for his statements in the media that suggested wrongdoing by Armstrong. | |||
In October 2012, following the publication of the USADA reasoned decision, SCA Promotions announced its intention to recoup the monies paid to Armstrong totaling in excess of $7{{nbsp}}million. Armstrong's legal representative Tim Herman stated in June: "When SCA decided to settle the case, it settled the entire matter forever. No backs. No re-dos. No do-overs. SCA knowingly and independently waived any right to make further claims to any of the money it paid."<ref>{{cite news|last=Vertuno|first=Jim|title=Lance Armstrong Refund? SCA Promotions Demands Tour de France Bonus Money Be Returned|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/10/26/lance-armstrong-refund-tour-de-france-money_n_2027341.html|newspaper=Huffington Post|date=October 26, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030040833/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/10/26/lance-armstrong-refund-tour-de-france-money_n_2027341.html|archive-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> SCA's Jeff Dorough stated that on October 30, 2012, Armstrong was sent a formal request for the return of $12{{nbsp}}million in bonuses. It is alleged that Armstrong's legal team has offered a settlement of $1{{nbsp}}million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.velonation.com/News/ID/13274/Report-Armstrongs-lawyers-proposed-settlement-with-SCA-Promotions.aspx|title=Report: Armstrong's lawyers proposed settlement with SCA Promotions|publisher=Velonation.com|access-date=January 19, 2013|archive-date=November 15, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115095501/http://www.velonation.com/News/ID/13274/Report-Armstrongs-lawyers-proposed-settlement-with-SCA-Promotions.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://reader.roopstigo.com/view/roopster/story/615/#/chapter/1|title=The Soul of Sports: Reparation Tour|publisher=Reader.roopstigo.com|access-date=January 19, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115081909/http://reader.roopstigo.com/view/roopster/story/615/#/chapter/1|archive-date=January 15, 2013}}</ref> | |||
In April 2009, Dr. Michael Ashenden said that "the LNDD absolutely had no way of knowing athlete identity from the sample they're given. They have a number on them, but that's never linked to an athlete's name. The only group that had both the number and the athlete's name is the federation, in this case it was the UCI." He added "There was only two conceivable ways that synthetic ] could've gotten into those samples. One, is that Lance Armstrong used EPO during the '99 Tour. The other way it could've got in the urine was if, as Lance Armstrong seems to believe, the laboratory spiked those samples. Now, that's an extraordinary claim, and there's never ever been any evidence the laboratory has ever spiked an athlete's sample, even during the Cold War, where you would've thought there was a real political motive to frame an athlete from a different country. There's never been any suggestion that it happened."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://velocitynation.com/content/interviews/2009/michael-ashenden |title=The possibility of tampering |publisher=Velocitynation.com |accessdate=July 17, 2010}}</ref> | |||
On February 4, 2015, the arbitration panel decided 2–1 in SCA's favor and ordered Armstrong and Tailwind Sports Corp to pay SCA $10{{nbsp}}million. The panel's decision was referred to the Texas 116th Civil District Court in Dallas on February 16, 2015, for confirmation. Panel members Richard Faulkner and Richard Chernick sided with SCA; Ted Lyon sided with Armstrong. Armstrong's attorney Tim Herman stated that the panel's ruling was contrary to Texas law and expected that the court would overturn it. The panel's decision said, in part, about Armstrong that, "Perjury must never be profitable" and "it is almost certainly the most devious sustained deception ever perpetrated in world sporting history".<ref>Associated Press, "Armstrong must pay $10 mil. in fraud case", (wire service report), February 17, 2015</ref><ref>Macur, Juliet, " {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709095334/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/17/sports/cycling/lance-armstrongs-ugly-detour-from-redemption.html?_r=0 |date=July 9, 2017 }}", '']'', February 16, 2015</ref> | |||
Dr. Michael Ashenden's statements are at odds with the findings of the Vrijman report. "According to Mr. Ressiot, the manner in which the LNDD had structured the results table of its report – i.e. listing the sequence of each of the batches, as well as the exact number of urine samples per batch, in the same (chronological) order as the stages of the 1999 Tour de France they were collected at – was already sufficient to allow him to determine the exact stage these urine samples referred to and subsequently the identity of the riders who were tested at that stage." The Vrijman report also says "Le Monde of July 21 and 23, 1999 reveal that the press knew the contents of original doping forms of the 1999 Tour de France".<ref name="Scholten c.s. Advocaten"/> | |||
On September 27, 2015, Armstrong and SCA agreed to a settlement. Armstrong issued a formal, public apology and agreed to pay SCA an undisclosed sum.<ref>Vertuno, Jim, " {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305141817/http://news.yahoo.com/armstrong-settles-case-promotions-company-144959969--spt.html|date=March 5, 2016}}", '']/]'', September 28, 2015</ref> | |||
=== 2012 USADA charges === | |||
In June 2012, the ] (USADA) officially charged Armstrong with doping and trafficking of drugs, based on blood samples from 2009 and 2010, and testimonies from other cyclists. Armstrong, denying all doping use in a statement,<ref>{{cite news| url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cycling/18435771| title=Lance Armstrong: US Anti-Doping Agency charges 'spiteful' | |||
| date=June 14, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/13062012/2/statement-lance-armstrong.html|title=Armstrong statement regarding USADA Charges|publisher=Yahoo |date=June 12, 2012|accessdate=June 12, 2012}}</ref> was suspended from competition in cycling and triathlon.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/armstrong-charged-with-doping-by-usada|title=Armstrong charged with doping by USADA|work=Cycling news|publisher=Future Publishing Limited|date=June 12, 2012|accessdate=June 12, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://velonews.competitor.com/2012/06/news/usada-levels-doping-charges-at-armstrong_223773|title=USADA levels doping charges at Armstrong|work=VeloNews|publisher=Competitor Group, Inc.|date=June 12, 2012|accessdate=June 12, 2012}}</ref> Armstrong was charged in a letter from USADA, along with five others including former team manager ].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://online.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/armstrongcharging0613.pdf|title=Letter from USADA to Lance Armstrong, Johan Bruyneel, Dr Pedro Celaya, Dr Luis Garcia del Moral, Pepe Marti, and Dr Michele Ferrari|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=June 12, 2012|accessdate=June 12, 2012}}</ref> USADA says Armstrong used banned substances, including the blood-booster EPO and steroids, as well as blood transfusions dating back to 1996.<ref name=UCIasksUSADA2012>{{cite web|title=UCI asks USADA to explain case against Armstrong|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5iybhcWx8kmongfqB0I0ZVpi1dgAg?docId=1d1a5d83ff964ab7952035ee433f87c4 | publisher=Google hosted news |accessdate=August 24, 2012}}</ref> | |||
===Federal investigation: 2010–2012=== | |||
On July 9, 2012, Armstrong filed a lawsuit in federal court in ] against the USADA, which a judge threw out later the same day because the pleading was publicity-seeking, self-aggrandizing and too long.<ref>{{cite web|title=Judge dismisses Lance Armstrong's suit, says he can refile|url=http://www.usatoday.com/sports/cycling/story/2012-07-09/lance-armstrong-lawsuit-usada-doping-case/56109090/1|work=USA Today|accessdate=July 9, 2012}}</ref> The following day, Armstrong filed a revised lawsuit against the U.S. Anti-Doping Agency, once again asking to stop the agency from stripping his seven Tour de France titles and banning him from sport for life if he fails to submit to arbitration over alleged doping violations.<ref>{{cite web|last=Shipley|first=Amy|title=Lance Armstrong refiles USADA suit; team members decline arbitration, receive lifetime bans|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/three-lance-armstrong-team-members-decline-arbitration-receive-lifetime-bans/2012/07/10/gJQAV4R3aW_story.html|publisher=washingtonpost.com|accessdate=July 11, 2012}}</ref> Also on July 10, the USADA announced lifetime bans against three of his former U.S. Postal Service cycling team associates: ], a team doctor, ], a consulting doctor, and Jose "Pepe" Marti, team trainer.<ref>{{cite web|last=Stokes|first=Shane|title=Michele Ferrari, Pepe Marti and Luis Garcia del Moral receive lifetime bans|url=http://www.velonation.com/News/ID/12354/Michelle-Ferrari-Pepe-Marti-and-Luis-Garcia-del-Moral-receive-lifetime-bans.aspx|publisher=Velonation.com|accessdate=August 21, 2012}}</ref> | |||
{{Main|Lance Armstrong doping case#2010–2012 federal inquiry}} | |||
Armstrong's lawsuit claimed that USADA did not have jurisdiction and that his right to due process was being violated. U.S. District Judge Sam Sparks issued his ruling on August 20, 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=Motion to dismiss-Case 1:12-cv-00606-SS|url=https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B9YzclxcT0NHb3NoUHl2ZGQ4aVU/edit|accessdate=August 28, 2012}}</ref> He ruled in favor of USADA. However he questioned the timing and motivation of the USADA's investigation of Armstrong, and their apparent "single minded determination to force Armstrong to arbitrate" but also noting "in direct conflict with UCI's equally evident desire not to proceed against him". Applying ] to the ], the ], and various governing documents of the USADA, USOC, and U.S. Cycling, Sparks upheld the USADA's authority to investigate Armstrong and initiate arbitration against him, and that Armstrong's right to due process could not be violated by the USADA before any proceedings had actually occurred.<ref>{{cite news|last=Schrotenboer|first=Brent|title=Texas judge dismisses Lance Armstrong case against USADA|url=http://www.usatoday.com/sports/cycling/story/2012-08-20/lance-armstrong-case-dismissed-by-austin-judge/57162006/1|accessdate=August 20, 2012|newspaper=USA Today|date=August 20, 2012}}</ref> | |||
In a series of emails in May 2010, ] admitted to doping and accused Armstrong and others of the same.<ref>{{cite news|first=Nathaniel|last=Vinton|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/sports/more-sports/floyd-landis-outlines-elaborate-doping-system-letters-details-lance-armstrong-alleged-role-article-1.446089|title=Floyd Landis outlines elaborate doping system in letters, details Lance Armstrong's alleged role|work=]|date=May 20, 2010|access-date=February 19, 2014|archive-date=February 25, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225223525/http://www.nydailynews.com/sports/more-sports/floyd-landis-outlines-elaborate-doping-system-letters-details-lance-armstrong-alleged-role-article-1.446089|url-status=live}}</ref> Based on Landis' allegations, ] federal prosecutors led an investigation into possible crimes conducted by Armstrong and the U.S. Postal Service Cycling Team. The ] and federal agent ] were also involved in the investigation.<ref>{{cite news|first=Tom|last=Weir|url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/gameon/post/2010/07/lance-armstrong-doping-tour-de-france/1#.UwSMN_mSwuc|title=Doping probe about to heat up for Lance Armstrong|work=]|date=July 14, 2010|access-date=February 19, 2014|archive-date=May 12, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512030433/http://content.usatoday.com/communities/gameon/post/2010/07/lance-armstrong-doping-tour-de-france/1#.UwSMN_mSwuc|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Daniel|last=Friebe|url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/features/lance-armstrongs-new-nemesis-federal-agent-jeff-novitzky|title=Lance Armstrong's new nemesis: Federal agent Jeff Novitzky?|publisher=]|date=October 28, 2010|access-date=February 19, 2014|archive-date=February 26, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226234948/http://www.cyclingnews.com/features/lance-armstrongs-new-nemesis-federal-agent-jeff-novitzky|url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2010, Armstrong hired a criminal defense attorney to represent him in the investigation.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.statesman.com/news/news/local/lance-armstrong-in-race-to-preserve-reputation/nRwrb/|title=Lance Armstrong in race to preserve reputation|work=]|date=August 8, 2010|access-date=July 1, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714170957/http://www.statesman.com/news/news/local/lance-armstrong-in-race-to-preserve-reputation/nRwrb/|archive-date=July 14, 2014}}</ref> The hiring was first reported in July when Armstrong was competing in the ].<ref>{{cite news|first=Nathaniel|last=Vinton|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/sports/more-sports/lance-armstrong-hires-based-criminal-defense-attorney-bryan-daly-feds-grand-jury-probe-article-1.467176|title=Lance Armstrong hires L.A.-based criminal defense attorney Bryan D. Daly for feds' grand jury probe|work=]|date=July 21, 2010|access-date=February 24, 2014|archive-date=March 5, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305120338/http://www.nydailynews.com/sports/more-sports/lance-armstrong-hires-based-criminal-defense-attorney-bryan-daly-feds-grand-jury-probe-article-1.467176|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/cycling/lancearmstrong/7904158/Tour-de-France-2010-Lance-Armstrong-hires-defence-lawyer-for-upcoming-investigation.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/cycling/lancearmstrong/7904158/Tour-de-France-2010-Lance-Armstrong-hires-defence-lawyer-for-upcoming-investigation.html|archive-date=January 11, 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Tour de France 2010: Lance Armstrong hires defence lawyer for upcoming investigation|publisher=]|date=July 22, 2010|access-date=February 24, 2014|location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref> | |||
On February 3, 2012, federal prosecutors officially dropped their criminal investigation with no charges.<ref name="cnn5"/><ref>{{cite news|first=Ian Austen|last=Juliet Macur|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/sports/cycling/federal-prosecutors-drop-lance-armstrong-investigation.html|title=Inquiry on Lance Armstrong Ends With No Charges|work=The New York Times|date=February 3, 2012|access-date=February 19, 2014|archive-date=January 24, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124085707/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/04/sports/cycling/federal-prosecutors-drop-lance-armstrong-investigation.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The closing of the case was announced "without an explanation" by U.S. Attorney André Birotte Jr. When Novitzky was asked to comment on it, he declined.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/olympics/cycling/story/_/id/7538482/federal-prosecutors-close-lance-armstrong-doping-case-press-charges|title=Feds won't charge Lance Armstrong|publisher=]|date=February 4, 2012|access-date=February 19, 2014|archive-date=February 17, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140217010441/http://espn.go.com/olympics/cycling/story/_/id/7538482/federal-prosecutors-close-lance-armstrong-doping-case-press-charges|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
Three days later, Armstrong, while publicly maintaining his innocence, decided to not officially challenge the USADA charges.<ref name=NYTdropsfight>{{cite news|last=Macur|first=Juliet|title=Armstrong Drops Fight Against Doping Charges|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/24/sports/cycling/lance-armstrong-ends-fight-against-doping-charges-losing-his-7-tour-de-france-titles.html|accessdate=August 23, 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=August 23, 2012}}</ref> ''The New York Times'' reported that, "according to the WADA Code", Armstrong's failure to contest such serious charges of anti-doping rules violations means that he forfeits all awards and prizes earned after August 1, 1998, including his Tour titles, and is banned from any sport that uses the World Anti-Doping Code.<ref name=NYTdropsfight/><ref name="WADA Code Article 8">{{cite web | url=http://www.wada-ama.org/Documents/World_Anti-Doping_Program/WADP-The-Code/WADA_Anti-Doping_CODE_2009_EN.pdf | title=World Anti-Doping Code – Right to a Fair Hearing | publisher=World Anti-Doping Agency | date=2009 | accessdate=September 4, 2012 | pages=48–49 | quote="the right of each party to present evidence, including the right to call and question witnesses... The right to a hearing may be waived either expressly or by the ''Athlete's'' ... failure to challenge an ''Anti-Doping Organization's'' assertion that an anti-doping rule violation has occurred".}}</ref><ref name=indiatimes2012>{{cite news|title= Lance Armstrong to lose seven Tour de France titles|date=August 24, 2012|accessadte=August 24, 2012|work=The Times of India |author=]|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/cycling/Lance-Armstrong-to-lose-seven-Tour-de-France-titles/articleshow/15627586.cms}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usada.org/media/sanction-armstrong8242012|title=Lance Armstrong Receives Lifetime Ban And Disqualification Of Competitive Results For Doping Violations Stemming From His Involvement In The United States Postal Service Pro-Cycling Team Doping Conspiracy|date=August 24, 2012|accessdate=August 24, 2012|publisher=USADA}}</ref> | |||
In February 2013, a month after Armstrong admitted to doping, the Justice Department joined Landis' whistleblower lawsuit to recover government funding given to Armstrong's cycling team.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/sports/i-team/department-justice-joins-suit-armstrong-article-1.1270884|title=U.S. Department of Justice going after Lance Armstrong as government joins Floyd Landis' whistleblower lawsuit against disgraced cyclist|work=]|date=February 22, 2013|access-date=July 4, 2014|archive-date=February 22, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222210224/http://www.nydailynews.com/sports/i-team/department-justice-joins-suit-armstrong-article-1.1270884|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
==== Interpretation and reaction ==== | |||
* The ] (FFC) issued a statement in support of the USADA decision, stating that "Armstrong's refusal to contest USADA's accusations sounds like an admission of his guilt with regards to breaches of anti-doping regulation." The FFC wants the vacated positions to not be reassigned. The FFC also announced they want "...reimbursement of Lance Armstrong's prizes obtained during the Tour de France and other competitions for an amount assessed at 2.95 million Euros for the development of cycling among the youth and the prevention of doping."<ref>{{cite news|title=French Cycling Federation praises USADA's actions in Armstrong case|date=August 30, 2012|accessdate=September 5, 2012|publisher=Future Publishing Limited|publisher=cyclingnews.com|url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/french-cycling-federation-praises-usadas-actions-in-armstrong-case|accessdate=August 30, 2012}}</ref> | |||
===USADA investigation and limited confession: 2011–2013=== | |||
* The UCI, the ruling body which oversees the Tour de France, requested on August 24, 2012 a "reasoned decision" from USADA, explaining why the USADA thinks the UCI should strip Armstrong of his titles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uci.ch/Modules/ENews/ENewsDetails.asp?source=SiteSearch&id=ODYzOA&MenuId=MTI1ODA&CharValList=&CharTextList=&CharFromList=&CharToList=&txtSiteSearch=armstrong&LangId=1|title=Press Release: UCI's statement on Lance Armstrong's decision|publisher=UCI Press Services|date=August 24, 2012|accessdate=August 24, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cycling/19433990 |title=Lance Armstrong: USADA will reveal doping evidence |author=Slater, Matt |work=] |date=2012-08-31 |accessdate=2012-09-03}}</ref> The UCI has stated it will have no further comment on the matter until it receives the requested decision from the USADA.<ref name=UCIstatement>{{cite web|url=http://msn.foxsports.com/cycling/story/uci-statement-on-lance-armstrong-082412 |title=UCI statement on Lance Armstrong – News | FOX Sports on MSN |publisher=Msn.foxsports.com |date=2012-08-24 |accessdate=2012-08-28}}</ref> On September 2, 2012, ], UCI President, clarified that the UCI is still waiting to see the evidence from the USADA, but would have "no problems" banning Armstrong if that was supported. <ref name="McQuaidStatement">{{cite web | url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/mcquaid-says-uci-not-afraid-to-sanction-lance-armstrong | title=McQuaid says UCI not afraid to sanction Lance Armstrong | publisher=Cycling News | date=September 2, 2012 | accessdate=September 5, 2012 | author=Benson, Daniel | quote=Pat McQuaid has for the first time gone on record stating that the UCI could ban Lance Armstrong if USADA follow through and provides the relevant evidence to back their lifetime ban of the former cyclist.}}</ref> Five days later, reiterating that they are still waiting to receive the case file from the USADA, McQuaid added that the UCI is not considering appealing the case, and has no intention to do so "unless the USADA's decision and case file give serious reasons to do otherwise."<ref name="McQuaidWontAppeal">{{cite web | url=http://www.cnbc.com/id/48942724 | title=UCI not considering CAS appeal in Armstrong case: McQuaid | publisher=CNBC | date=September 7, 2012 | accessdate=September 9, 2012 | author=Osmond, Ed | Quote=The International Cycling Union (UCI) has no intention of appealing against the U.S. Anti-Doping Agency's decision to strip Lance Armstrong of his seven Tour de France titles but is still waiting to receive USADA's case file, UCI president Pat McQuaid said on Friday... "And unless the USADA's decision and case file give serious reasons to do otherwise, the UCI has no intention to appeal to CAS (Court of Arbitration for Sport) or not to recognize the USADA's sanctions on Lance Armstrong."}}</ref> | |||
{{Main|Lance Armstrong doping case#USADA investigation 2011–2012}} | |||
In June 2012, the ] (USADA) accused Armstrong of doping and trafficking of drugs, based on blood samples from 2009 and 2010, and testimony from witnesses including former teammates. Further, he was accused of putting pressure on teammates to take unauthorized performance-enhancing drugs as well.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/usada-s-armstrong-probe-produces-200-pages-26-witnesses-1.1203714|title=USADA's Armstrong probe produces 200 pages, 26 witnesses|work=CBC|publisher=CBC.ca|date=October 11, 2011|access-date=November 16, 2012|agency=The Associated Press|archive-date=December 1, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121201071520/http://www.cbc.ca/sports/cycling/story/2012/10/11/sp-lance-armstrong-usada-us-postal-service-team-travis-tygart-george-hincapie-tyler-hamilton.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2012, USADA formally charged him with running a massive doping ring. It also sought to ban him from participating in sports sanctioned by WADA for life. Armstrong chose not to appeal the findings, saying it would not be worth the toll on his family.<ref name=NYTdropsfight>{{cite news|last=Macur|first=Juliet|title=Armstrong Drops Fight Against Doping Charges|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/24/sports/cycling/lance-armstrong-ends-fight-against-doping-charges-losing-his-7-tour-de-france-titles.html|access-date=August 23, 2012|work=The New York Times|date=August 23, 2012|archive-date=August 24, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120824114759/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/24/sports/cycling/lance-armstrong-ends-fight-against-doping-charges-losing-his-7-tour-de-france-titles.html|url-status=live}}</ref> As a result, he was stripped of all of his achievements from August 1998 onward, including his seven Tour de France titles. He also received a lifetime ban from all sports that follow the ]. As nearly all national and international sporting federations, including UCI, follow the World Anti-Doping Code, this effectively ended his competitive cycling career.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/lance-armstrong-stripped-tour-de-france-titles-banned/story?id=17535635|title=Lance Armstrong Banned for Life|publisher=ABC News|access-date=November 14, 2019|archive-date=April 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411093614/https://abcnews.go.com/US/lance-armstrong-stripped-tour-de-france-titles-banned/story?id=17535635|url-status=live}}</ref> The ] (UCI) upheld USADA's decision<ref name="BBC-UCI"/> and decided that his stripped wins would not be allocated to other riders.{{refn|Other top riders in the 1999 to 2005 Tours have also been involved in doping scandals. Several riders were banned and some also had their results stripped; some subsequently admitted to doping. Those riders include ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ]. UCI stated that "a cloud of suspicion would remain hanging over that period." And so, while noting that their decision "might appear harsh for those who rode clean", UCI decided "with respect to Lance Armstrong" that those seven Tours would have no official winner, rather than being allocated to other riders.<ref name="UCI: no winner of the seven tours"/><ref name="auto1">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/cycling/lancearmstrong/9497344/Lance-Armstrong-who-may-get-his-Tour-de-France-titles.html|title=Lance Armstrong: who may get his Tour de France titles?|work=]|date=August 24, 2012|access-date=February 24, 2014|location=London|archive-date=March 31, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331174909/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/cycling/lancearmstrong/9497344/Lance-Armstrong-who-may-get-his-Tour-de-France-titles.html|url-status=live}}</ref>|group=N}}<ref name="UCI: no winner of the seven tours"/> | |||
After years of public denials, in a January 2013 interview with ], Armstrong reversed course and made a "limited confession" to doping.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2013/jan/18/lance-armstrong-admits-doping-oprah-winfrey|title=Lance Armstrong admits doping in Oprah Winfrey interview|newspaper=The Guardian|date=January 18, 2013|access-date=June 2, 2021|archive-date=July 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730224502/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2013/jan/18/lance-armstrong-admits-doping-oprah-winfrey|url-status=live}}</ref> While admitting wrongdoing in the interview, he also said it was "absolutely not" true that he was doping in 2009 or 2010, and claimed that the last time he "crossed the line" was in 2005.<ref>{{cite web|title=Full Transcript: Lance Armstrong on Oprah|date=January 23, 2013|url=http://armchairspectator.wordpress.com/2013/01/23/full-transcript-lance-armstrong-on-oprah|access-date=July 21, 2013|archive-date=May 29, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529232800/http://armchairspectator.wordpress.com/2013/01/23/full-transcript-lance-armstrong-on-oprah/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/sports/endurance/story/_/id/8855686/lance-armstrong-admits-doping-interview-oprah-winfrey|title=Armstrong admits doping in Oprah interview|date=January 18, 2013|website=ESPN.com|access-date=November 14, 2019|archive-date=October 28, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028170723/https://www.espn.com/sports/endurance/story/_/id/8855686/lance-armstrong-admits-doping-interview-oprah-winfrey|url-status=live}}</ref> He also denied pressuring team-mates into doping. In September 2013, he was asked by UCI's new president, ], to testify about his doping. Armstrong refused to testify until and unless he received complete amnesty, which Cookson said was most unlikely to happen.{{refn|In return for co-operating with USADA (during its investigation in 2012), Armstrong's teammates were given reduced bans in line with WADA guidelines allowing reduction of ban for "Significant Co-Operation". Armstrong made demands in return for testifying completely. Brian Cookson of the UCI said that it was most unlikely that the USADA would agree to Armstrong's demands. In response to that, Armstrong refused to testify.|group=N}}<ref>{{Cite news|title=UCI doping inquiry to press on without Lance Armstrong|date=January 7, 2014|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/cycling/10557218/UCI-doping-inquiry-to-press-on-without-Lance-Armstrong.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/cycling/10557218/UCI-doping-inquiry-to-press-on-without-Lance-Armstrong.html|archive-date=January 11, 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|work=]|access-date=March 4, 2014|location=London|first=Ben|last=Rumsby}}{{cbignore}}</ref> | |||
* The World Anti Doping Agency (WADA)'s official statement indicates that it also awaits delivery of the USADA decision before making any comment on the matter.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://playtrue.wada-ama.org/news/wada-statement-on-lance-armstrongs-decision-not-to-seek-arbitration/ |title=WADA statement on Lance Armstrong's decision not to seek arbitration |date=2012-08-24 |accessdate=2012-09-03 |publisher=] (WADA) }}</ref> The president of the WADA, John Fahey, believes Armstrong's decision not to appeal the USADA pursuant to its process indicates there was "substance to those charges".<ref>{{cite news |title=Lance Armstrong's record will be 'obliterated' says WADA chief |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2012/aug/24/lance-armstrong-wada |date=2012-08-24 |accessdate=2012-09-03 |work=] |agency=]}}</ref> | |||
After USADA's report, all of Armstrong's sponsors dropped him. He reportedly lost $75{{nbsp}}million of sponsorship income in a day.<ref>{{cite news|first=David|last=Wharton|url=https://www.latimes.com/sports/la-xpm-2013-jan-18-la-sp-sn-lance-armstrong-oprah-winfrey-part-2-20130118-story.html|title=Lance Armstrong on sponsors leaving: A $75-million day in losses|work=]|date=January 18, 2013|access-date=May 23, 2013|archive-date=July 1, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701060507/http://articles.latimes.com/2013/jan/18/sports/la-sp-sn-lance-armstrong-oprah-winfrey-part-2-20130118|url-status=live}}</ref> On May 28, 2013, Nike announced that it would be cutting all ties to Livestrong.<ref>{{cite news|first=Jim|last=Vertuno|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-22696817|title=Nike Cutting Ties to Livestrong|publisher=]|agency=Associated Press|date=May 28, 2013|access-date=May 29, 2013|archive-date=May 29, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529014220/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-22696817|url-status=live}}</ref> In the aftermath of Armstrong's fall from grace, a ] article wrote that, "The epic downfall of cycling's star, once an idolized icon of millions around the globe, stands out in the history of professional sports."<ref>{{cite news|title=Lance Armstrong's epic downfall – CNN.com|date=October 22, 2012|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2012/10/22/sport/lance-armstrong-controversy/|publisher=]|access-date=March 11, 2015|archive-date=August 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813222030/https://edition.cnn.com/2012/10/22/sport/lance-armstrong-controversy/|url-status=live}}</ref> In a 2015 interview with ], Armstrong stated that if it were still 1995, he would "probably do it again".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/mar/09/lance-armstrong-cycling-doping-scandal|title=Timeline: Lance Armstrong's journey from deity to disgrace|author=Fotheringham, William|work=]|date=March 9, 2015|access-date=May 1, 2018|archive-date=May 1, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501224645/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/mar/09/lance-armstrong-cycling-doping-scandal|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite interview|subject=Armstrong, Lance|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cycling/30984312|format=Streaming video|title=Armstrong on drugs, history and the future|interviewer=]|publisher=]|location=United Kingdom|date=January 27, 2015|access-date=May 1, 2018|archive-date=May 13, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180513173849/https://www.bbc.com/sport/cycling/30984312|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
*Armstrong resigned as director of the ] and was dropped by sponsors ]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10000872396390444868204578062313532317222.html|title=Nike Drops Lance Armstrong|last=O'Connell|first=Vanessa|coauthors=Reed Albergotti|date=17 October 2012|work=]|accessdate=17 October 2012}}</ref> and ] on 17 October 2012.<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cycling/19978608 | title = Lance Armstrong dropped by Nike over doping evidence | date = 17 October 2012 | accessdate = 17 October 2012 | publisher = BBC Sport}}</ref>] the same day said it would not renew its relationship with Armstrong at the end of 2012, but will continue to support the racer's cancer charity.<ref>{{cite web|title=Anheuser-Busch follows Nike in dropping Armstrong sponsorship|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/10/17/us-cycling-armstrong-anheuser-idUSBRE89G1J120121017|publisher=Reuters|accessdate=17 October 2012}}</ref> | |||
===Whistleblower lawsuit: 2010–2018=== | |||
== Outside of cycling == | |||
In 2010, one of Armstrong's former teammates, the American ], whose ] victory was nullified after a positive doping test, sent a series of emails to cycling officials and sponsors admitting to, and detailing, his systematic use of performance-enhancing drugs during his career. The emails also claimed that other riders and cycling officials participated in doping, including Armstrong.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Reed Albergotti|author2=Vanessa O'Connell|url=http://wheelmenthebook.com/docs/LandisAdmitsDopingAllegesArmstrongUse.pdf|title=WSJ: Cyclist Floyd Landis Admits Doping, Alleges Use by Armstrong and Others|publisher=Dow Jones Newswires|access-date=October 17, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017223821/http://wheelmenthebook.com/docs/LandisAdmitsDopingAllegesArmstrongUse.pdf|archive-date=October 17, 2013}}</ref> | |||
In 1997, Armstrong founded the ], which supports people affected by cancer. The foundation raises awareness of cancer and has raised<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.outsideonline.com/outdoor-adventure/athletes/lance-armstrong/Its-Not-About-the-Lab-Rats.html?page=all |title=It's not about the lab rats |first=Bill |last=Gifford | date=5 January 2012|publisher=Outside Online}}</ref> more than $325 million from the sale of yellow Livestrong bracelets.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/38540813/ns/40462050 | title=Doping scandal may hurt Lance Armstrong foundation | publisher=msnbc.com | agency = ] | date=August 3, 2010 | accessdate=July 23, 2012 | author=Fredrix, Emily and Liedtke, Michael}}</ref> During his original retirement beginning after the 2005 season, he also maintained other interests. He was the ] of the ] for the ]. | |||
Landis filed a federal ] lawsuit against Armstrong under the federal ].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052748703946504575469622694037154|title=U.S. Mulls Joining Cycling Lawsuit|publisher=WSJ.com|date=September 4, 2010|access-date=October 17, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017103422/http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052748703946504575469622694037154|archive-date=October 17, 2013}}</ref> The False Claims Act allows citizens to sue on behalf of the government alleging the government has been defrauded. The existence of the lawsuit, initially filed under seal, was first revealed by '']'' in 2010. In the lawsuit, Landis alleged that Armstrong and team managers defrauded the US government when they accepted money from the US Postal Service. In January 2013, ] officials recommended joining the federal lawsuit aimed at clawing back money from Armstrong.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323596204578242250517426858|title=Justice Department Poised to Join Armstrong Whistleblower Lawsuit|publisher=WSJ.com|date=January 15, 2013|access-date=October 17, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018015606/http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323596204578242250517426858|archive-date=October 18, 2013}}</ref> | |||
In 2007, Armstrong with ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ] founded ], a charity which helps professional athletes get involved in charitable causes and inspires non-athletes to volunteer and support the community.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.athletesforhope.org/ |title=Athletes for Hope |publisher=Athletes for Hope |accessdate=July 17, 2010}}</ref> In 2008 and 2009 he appeared on the PBS Kids show ''Arthur'' as himself. In these two appearances he taught biking skills and helped spread cancer awareness, respectively. | |||
In February, the US Department of Justice joined the whistleblower lawsuit, which also accused former Postal Service team director ] and Tailwind Sports, the firm that managed the US Postal Service team, of defrauding the US.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303759604579094042775552858|title=Armstrong Asks to Be Deposed for Multiple Suits at Once|publisher=WSJ.com|date=September 23, 2013|access-date=October 17, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018015604/http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303759604579094042775552858|archive-date=October 18, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887324503204578320143049680124|title=Justice Joins Suit Against Armstrong|publisher=WSJ.com|date=February 22, 2013|access-date=October 17, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018015646/http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887324503204578320143049680124|archive-date=October 18, 2013}}</ref> | |||
In August 2009, Armstrong headlined the inaugural charity ride "Pelotonia" in Columbus, Ohio, riding over 100 miles on Saturday with the large group of cyclists. He personally addressed the riders the Friday evening before the two-day ride and helped the ride raise millions for cancer research.<ref>{{cite web|last=Binkley|first=Collin|title=Cyclists hit the streets for second Pelotonia Tour|url=http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/local/2010/08/21/pelotonia-2010.html|publisher=The Columbus Dispatch|accessdate=December 17, 2011}}</ref> | |||
In April 2014, documents from the AIC case were filed by lawyers representing Landis in relation to the whistleblower suit. In these documents, Armstrong stated under oath that Jose "Pepi" Marti, Dr Pedro Celaya, Dr Luis Garcia del Moral and Dr Michele Ferrari had all provided him with doping products in the period up until 2005. He also named people who had transported or acted as couriers, as well as people that were aware of his doping practices.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/report-armstrong-names-names-under-oath|title=Armstrong names names under oath|publisher=cyclingnews|date=April 10, 2014|access-date=April 11, 2014|archive-date=April 13, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413045515/http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/report-armstrong-names-names-under-oath|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/217380744/Weisel-Ross-Question|title=Weisel Ross Question|publisher=Scribd.com|access-date=August 4, 2014|archive-date=April 14, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140414024014/http://www.scribd.com/doc/217380744/Weisel-Ross-Question|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/217378724/Name-Names|title=Name Names|publisher=Scribd.com|date=April 10, 2014|access-date=August 4, 2014|archive-date=April 15, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415151419/http://www.scribd.com/doc/217378724/Name-Names|url-status=live}}</ref> One week later, the USADA banned Bruyneel from cycling for ten years and Celaya and Marti for eight years.<ref>{{cite news|agency=]|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/apr/22/johan-bruyneel-banned-10-years-lance-armstrong-coa/|title=Longtime Lance Armstrong coach banned 10 years for doping conspiracy|work=]|date=April 22, 2014|access-date=April 23, 2014|archive-date=April 22, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422214115/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/apr/22/johan-bruyneel-banned-10-years-lance-armstrong-coa/|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
=== Marathon === | |||
Armstrong ran the 2006 ] with friends Robert McElligott and Lewis Miles. With Nike, he assembled a pace team of ], ], and ] to help him reach 3 hours. He struggled with ] and was on pace for a little above 3 hours but pushed through the last {{convert|5|mi|km}} to 2h 59m 36s, finishing 856th. He said the race was extremely difficult compared to the Tour de France. "For the level of condition that I have now, that was without a doubt the hardest physical thing I have ever done. I never felt a point where I hit the wall. It was really a gradual progression of fatigue and soreness."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thefinalsprint.com/2007/01/a-classic-case-of-too-much-too-soon/|title=Lance Armstrong: A Classic Case of Too Much, Too Soon?|publisher=TheFinalSprint.com|date=January 7, 2007|accessdate=September 28, 2009}}</ref> The NYC Marathon had a dedicated camera on Armstrong throughout the event.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefinalsprint.com/2006/11/watch-the-nyc-marathon-online-live-or-ondemand/|title=Watch the NYC Marathon ONLINE — Live or OnDemand!|publisher=TheFinalSprint.com|date=November 2, 2006|accessdate=September 28, 2009}}</ref> This camera, according to Armstrong, pushed him to continue through points in which he would have normally "stopped and stretched". He also helped raise $600,000 for his ] campaign during the run. | |||
In June 2014, US district judge Robert Wilkins denied Armstrong's request to dismiss the government lawsuit stating "The court denies without prejudice the defendants' motion to dismiss the government's action as time-barred."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/armstrong-fails-to-stop-us-federal-government-lawsuit-going-ahead|title=Armstrong fails to stop US federal government lawsuit going ahead|date=June 20, 2014|publisher=Cyclingnews.com|access-date=August 4, 2014|archive-date=August 8, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808120151/http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/armstrong-fails-to-stop-us-federal-government-lawsuit-going-ahead|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
Armstrong ran the 2007 NYC Marathon in 2h 46m 43s finishing 232nd.<ref>{{cite web|author=Jud Santos |url=http://www.nycmarathon.org/results/index.php |title=Results – The ING New York City Marathon |publisher=Web.archive.org |date=October 10, 2007 |accessdate=July 17, 2010 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071010035518/http://www.nycmarathon.org/results/index.php |archivedate = October 10, 2007}}</ref> On April 21, 2008, he ran the ] in 2h 50m 58s, finishing in the top 500.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.boston.com/sports/specials/marathon/articles/2008/04/22/no_pedals_he_showed_his_mettle/ | title=No pedals, he showed his mettle | work=The Boston Globe | date=April 22, 2008 | accessdate=July 23, 2012 | author=Vega, Michael}}</ref> | |||
In February 2017, the court determined that the federal government's {{USD}}100{{nbsp}}million civil lawsuit against Armstrong, started by Landis, would proceed to trial.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/cycling/2017/02/13/lance-armstrong-lawsuit-federal-judge-denies-request/97860084/|title=Lance Armstrong handed defeat by federal judge|work=]|date=February 13, 2017|access-date=March 25, 2017|archive-date=March 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325072923/http://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/cycling/2017/02/13/lance-armstrong-lawsuit-federal-judge-denies-request/97860084/|url-status=live}}</ref> The matter was settled in April 2018 when Armstrong agreed to pay the United States Government {{USD}}5{{nbsp}}million. During the proceedings it was revealed that the US Postal Service had paid {{USD}}31{{nbsp}}million in sponsorship to Armstrong and Tailwind Sports between 2001 and 2004. The Department of Justice accused Armstrong of violating his contract with the USPS and committing fraud when he denied using performance-enhancing drugs. It was reported that Landis would receive {{USD}}1.1{{nbsp}}million as a result of his whistleblower actions.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/04/19/us/lance-armstrong-settlement/index.html|title=Lance Armstrong to pay US government $5 million to settle lawsuit|author=Andone, Dakin|publisher=]|date=April 19, 2018|access-date=May 1, 2018|archive-date=May 1, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501225137/https://edition.cnn.com/2018/04/19/us/lance-armstrong-settlement/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
=== Triathlon === | |||
Armstrong made his return to triathlon in the inaugural Ironman 70.3 Panama race, on February 12, 2012. He raced in the Professional category, finishing with a time of 3:50:55, second overall to Bevan Docherty.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/news/article.cfm?c_id=4&objectid=10785234 |title=Docherty steals victory from Lance Armstrong|work=The New Zealand Herald|accessdate=February 12, 2010}}</ref> Armstrong's splits were 19:22 for the 1.2 mile swim, 2:10:18 for the 56 mile bike, and 1:17:01 for the run.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tracking.ironmanlive.com/newathlete.php?rid=1143239874&race=/events/ironman70.3/panama70.3/&bib=24&beta= | |||
|title=Lance Armstrong|publisher=ironman.com|accessdate=February 12, 2010}}</ref> He also entered half-Ironman distance races in Texas (7th<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chron.com/sports/cycling/article/Lance-Armstrong-surrenders-lead-finishes-seventh-3451071.php |title=Lance Armstrong surrenders lead, finishes seventh in Memorial Hermann Ironman 70.3 Texas triathlon|work=The Houston Chronicle|accessdate=April 3, 2012}}</ref>) and St. Croix (3rd<ref>{{cite web|url=http://triathlon.competitor.com/2012/05/news/potts-wins-ironman-70-3-st-croix-armstrong-third_52960 |title=Potts And Naeth Win Ironman 70.3 St. Croix, Armstrong Third|publisher=Triathlete.com|accessdate=May 6, 2012}}</ref>) before breaking through with victories at Ironman 70.3 Florida and Ironman 70.3 Hawaii in overall times of 3:45:38<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usatoday.com/sports/cycling/story/2012-05-20/lance-armstrong-wins-triathlon/55094568/1 |title=Lance Armstrong wins Ironman 70.3 in Florida|work=USA Today|accessdate=May 20, 2012}}</ref> and 3:50:58,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://triathlete-europe.competitor.com/2012/06/02/armstrong-corbin-set-course-records-at-70-3-hawaii/?utm_medium=whats-hot |title=Armstrong, Corbin Set Course Records At 70.3 Hawaii|accessdate=June 2, 2012}}</ref> respectively. | |||
===Other lawsuits: 2010 to present=== | |||
== Politics == | |||
In November 2013, Armstrong settled a lawsuit with Acceptance Insurance Company (AIC). AIC had sought to recover $3{{nbsp}}million it had paid Armstrong as bonuses for winning the Tour de France from 1999 to 2001. The suit was settled for an undisclosed sum one day before Armstrong was scheduled to give a deposition under oath.<ref>Schrotenboer, Brent, " {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106132608/https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/cycling/2014/04/09/lance-armstrong-named-names-written-answers-doping/7532825/ |date=January 6, 2018 }}", '']'', April 10, 2014</ref><ref>" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709090254/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/04/11/sports/11macur-amstrong-doc.html |date=July 9, 2017 }}", '']'', April 10, 2014</ref> | |||
] and Armstrong mountain biking at the president's ].]] | |||
==Personal life== | |||
In '']'', teammate ] hinted that Armstrong would run for ] after cycling. In the July 2005 issue of '']'' magazine, Armstrong hinted at running for governor, although "not in '06".<ref>{{cite web | title = Breaking Away | work=] | month = July | year = 2005 | url = http://outsideonline.com/outside/features/200507/lance-armstrong-interview-3.html | accessdate =January 9, 2008}}</ref> Armstrong and former president ], a ] and fellow Texan, call themselves friends. Bush called Armstrong in France to congratulate him after his 2005 victory in August 2005, '']'' reported the President had invited Armstrong to his ] to go ].<ref>{{cite news | first = Tom | last = Baldwin | title = Can this bike ride be Bush's tour de force? |work=The Times |location=UK | date = August 18, 2005 | url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,11069-1739689,00.html | accessdate =January 9, 2008 }}</ref> In a 2003 interview with '']'', Armstrong said: "He's a personal friend, but we've all got the right not to agree with our friends."<ref>{{cite news|author=Peter Beaumont and Paul Webster in Paris |url=http://observer.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,6903,992329,00.html |title=Serena got the message, now it's Lance's turn as French cheers become jeers for US stars |work=The Observer |date= July 6, 2003|accessdate=July 17, 2010 | location=London}}</ref> | |||
] during the ]]] | |||
Armstrong owns homes in ], and ], as well as a ranch in the ].<ref name="cloudy"/> | |||
In August 2005, Armstrong hinted he had changed his mind about politics. In an interview with ] on ] on August 1, 2005, Armstrong pointed out that running for governor would require the commitment that led him to retire from cycling. Also, in August 2005, Armstrong said that he was no longer considering politics: | |||
===Relationships and children=== | |||
{{quote|The biggest problem with politics or running for the governor—the governor's race here in Austin or in Texas—is that it would mimic exactly what I've done: a ton of stress and a ton of time away from my kids. Why would I want to go from pro cycling, which is stressful and a lot of time away, straight into politics?|<ref>{{cite web | url=http://velonews.competitor.com/2005/08/news/armstrong-rules-out-political-career-for-now_8694 | title=Armstrong rules out political career... for now | publisher=VeloNews via Agence France Presse | date=August 14, 2005 | accessdate=July 23, 2012}}</ref>}} | |||
Armstrong met Kristin Richard in June 1997. They married on May 1, 1998, and had three children: a son (born October 1999) and twin daughters (born November 2001). The pregnancies were made possible through sperm Armstrong banked three years earlier, before chemotherapy and surgery.<ref name="Cancer survivor Armstrong accepts new role"/> The couple divorced in 2003.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,1192564,00.html|title=Lance's Ex Felt Smothered By Marriage|last=Silverman|first=Stephen M.|date=May 9, 2006|publisher=]|access-date=May 12, 2013|archive-date=October 22, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022181016/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,1192564,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> At Armstrong's request, his children flew to Paris for the Tour de France podium ceremony in 2005, where his son Luke helped his father hoist the trophy, while his daughters (in yellow dresses) held the stuffed lion mascot and bouquet of yellow flowers.{{citation needed|date=May 2014}} | |||
The same year that Lance and Kristin Armstrong were divorced, Lance began dating singer-songwriter ].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/sports/sportsnow/la-sp-sn-sheryl-crow-lance-armstrong-20130122,0,7726365.story|title=Sheryl Crow discusses Lance Armstrong's doping admission|last=Mitchell|first=Houston|date=January 22, 2013|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=May 12, 2013|archive-date=January 29, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130129054416/http://www.latimes.com/sports/sportsnow/la-sp-sn-sheryl-crow-lance-armstrong-20130122,0,7726365.story|url-status=live}}</ref> The couple announced their ] in September 2005 and their split in February 2006.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://people.com/celebrity/lance-armstrong-and-sheryl-crow-split/|title=Lance Armstrong and Sheryl Crow Split|first=Alicia|last=Dennis|work=]|date=February 3, 2006|access-date=January 22, 2013|archive-date=September 8, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908180414/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,1156475,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
Armstrong was co-chair of a California campaign committee to pass the ], a ballot measure defeated by California voters on June 5, 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://californiansforacure.org/supporters/steering_committee |title=CCRA Leadership Team |publisher=Californiansforacure.org |date= |accessdate=2012-07-06}}</ref> Had it passed, the measure was projected to generate over $500 million annually for cancer research, smoking-cessation programs and tobacco law-enforcement by levying a $1-per-pack tax on tobacco products in California.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://californiansforacure.org/facts/summary |title=Prop 29 – The California Cancer Research Act |publisher=Californiansforacure.org |date= |accessdate=2012-07-06}}</ref> | |||
In July 2008, Armstrong began dating Anna Hansen after meeting through Armstrong's charity work. In December 2008, Armstrong announced that Hansen was pregnant with the couple's first child. Although it was believed that Armstrong could no longer father children due to having undergone chemotherapy for testicular cancer, the child was conceived naturally.<ref name="cnn"/> They have a son (born June 2009)<ref name="Wassup, world? My name is..."/> and a daughter (born October 2010).<ref name="twitter"/> They were married on August 9, 2022.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810140513/https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/lance-armstrong-anna-hansen-are-married-after-14-years-together/ |date=August 10, 2022 }} Us Weekly.</ref> | |||
== Victories == | |||
{{main|List of career achievements by Lance Armstrong}} | |||
== |
===Politics=== | ||
] and Armstrong mountain biking at the president's ]]] | |||
* '']'' (himself, 2006, cameo) | |||
* '']'' (himself, 2004, cameo) | |||
* '']'' (himself, 2001, documentary) | |||
In a '']'' article, teammate ] hinted that Armstrong would run for ] after cycling. In the July 2005 issue of '']'' magazine, Armstrong hinted at running for governor, although "not in '06".<ref name="Breaking Away"/> Armstrong and former president ], a ] and fellow Texan, call themselves friends. Bush called Armstrong in France to congratulate him after his 2005 victory. In August 2005, '']'' reported the President had invited Armstrong to his ] to go ].<ref name="Can this bike ride be Bush's tour de force?"/> In a 2003 interview with '']'', Armstrong said: "He's a personal friend, but we've all got the right not to agree with our friends."<ref name="Serena got the message, now it's Lance's turn as French cheers become jeers for US stars"/> | |||
== Accolades == | |||
* ] (USOC) SportsMan of the Year (1999, 2001, 2002, 2003)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.teamusa.org/About-the-USOC/Organization/Olympic-Movement/Olympic-Honors.aspx|title=USOC Athletes of the Year |accessdate=August 30, 2012|publisher=United States Olympic Committee}}</ref> | |||
* ] Male ] (2002, 2003, 2004, 2005)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usatoday.com/sports/2007-12-21-2365825514_x.htm|title=AP Male Athlete of the Year|date=December 21, 2007|publisher= Gannett Co. Inc.}}</ref> | |||
* World's Most Outstanding Athlete Award, ] International Trophy (2000)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2000/01/19/sports/plus-awards-armstrong-wins-owens-trophy.html|title=PLUS: AWARDS; Armstrong Wins Owens Trophy|date=January 19, 2000|accessdate=August 27, 2012|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|http://www.nyc.gov/html/om/html/2000a/pr046-00.html|title=Mayor Giuliani Welcomes Stuart Rankin, Grandson Of Jesse Owens, To City Hall|accessdate=August 27, 2012|date=Februray 9, 2000}}</ref> | |||
* ] Sportsman of the Year (2003)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/news.php?id=news/2003/dec03/dec22news|title=First Edition Cycling News for December 22, 2003|author= Jeff Jones|publisher= Knapp Communications Pty Limited|date=December 22, 2003|accessdate=August 30, 2012}}</ref> | |||
* ] in Sports (2000)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fpa.es/en/tratarAplicacionPremiado.do?paginaActual=2&idCategoria=6|title=Prince Of Asturias Awards – The Prince of Asturias Foundation|accessdate=August 27, 2012|publisher=Prince Of Asturias Foundation}}</ref> | |||
* Sports Ethics Fellows by the Institute for International Sport (2003)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalsport.org/nsd/past-fellows-2003.cfm|title=2003 Sports Ethics Fellows|accessdate=August 27, 2012|author=Institute for International Sport}}</ref> | |||
* ] (2003)<ref>{{cite web|title=Awards 2000|publisher= Laureus World Sports Awards Ltd.|accessdate=August 26, 2012|url=http://www.laureus.com/awards/2003}}</ref> | |||
* ] (2000)<ref>{{cite web|title=Awards 2003|publisher= Laureus World Sports Awards Ltd.|accessdate=August 26, 2012|url=http://www.laureus.com/awards/2000}}</ref> | |||
* Trophee de L'Academie des Sport (2004)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.academie-sports.com/prix/grand-prix-academie-sports-prix-serge-kampf|title=Grand Prix De L'Académie Des Sports – Prix Serge Kampf|publisher=LMC France|author=Academie des Sports|accessdate=August 27, 2012}}</ref> | |||
* '']'' Award by ''Velo'' magazine in France (1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2004)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.velo-club.net/article_arch.php?sid=20213|title=VELO D'OR MONDIAL|publisher= Velo-club.net |accessdate=August 26, 2012}}</ref> | |||
* ''Mendrisio d'Or'' Award in Switzerland (1999){{importance-inline}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vcmendrisio.ch/site/?page_id=62|title=Laureati del Mendrisio d'Oro e d'Argento dal 1972 al 2010|pbulisher=Velo Club Mendriso|accessdate=August 28, 2012}}</ref> | |||
* ''Premio Coppi-Bici d'Oro'' Trophy by the ] foundation in conjunction with ] (1999, 2000) | |||
* ''Marca Legend'' Award by ], a Spanish sports daily in Madrid (2004) | |||
* ] Award (2003)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/2427004/Wilkinson-and-Redgrave-scoop-top-BBC-awards.html|title=Wilkinson and Redgrave scoop top BBC awards|work=]|publisher=Telegraph Media Group|date=December 15, 2003|first=Charlie|last=Norton|accessdate=August 27, 2012 | location=London}}</ref> | |||
* ] for Best Male Athlete (2003, 2004, 2005, 2006) | |||
* ESPY Award for GMC Professional Grade Play Award (2005) | |||
* ESPY Award for Best Comeback Athlete (2000) | |||
* ESPN/Intersport's ''ARETE Award'' for Courage in Sport (Professional Division) (1999)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1999-11-02/sports/9911020068_1_connie-payton-payton-teammate-sports-awards|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|title=Payton Epitomized Courage|author=Fred Mitchell|date=November 2, 1999|accessdate=August 28, 2012}}</ref> | |||
* ]'s ] Athlete of the Year (1999) | |||
* Favorite Athlete award at ] (])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nick.com/kids-choice-awards/all-winners/|title=All Winners – Kids' Choice Awards|accessdate=August 27, 2012|publisher=Viacom International Inc.}}</ref> | |||
* Presidential Delegation to the ]<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/02/20020208.html|title=President Announces Delegation to Winter Olympics|date=February 8, 2002 | |||
|publisher=]|accessdate=September 22, 2007}}</ref> | |||
* '']'' magazine's ] (2002)<ref>{{cite web|title =Tour de Lance|author=Rick Reilly|work=Sports Illustrated|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1027723/index.htm }}</ref> | |||
* VeloNews magazine's International Cyclist of the Year (2000, 2001, 2003, 2004) | |||
* VeloNews magazine's North American Male Cyclist of the Year (1993, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2002, 2005) | |||
* ]: '']'' (2000)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.williamhillmedia.com/sportsbook_history.asp#2000 |title=Previous William Hill Sportsbook of the Year Winners |accessdate=March 3, 2007 |publisher=William Hill Press Office |quote=2000 Winner: It's Not About The Bike — Lance Armstrong }}</ref> | |||
* ]: ] Elite Men's Cyclist (1996) | |||
* Triathlon magazine's Rookie of the Year (1988) | |||
* Pace car driver for the Indianapolis 500 (2006)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indymotorspeedway.com/v1/500pace.htm|accessdate=August 26, 2012|title=Indy 500 Pace Cars|publisher=IndySpeedway.com }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theindychannel.com/sports/8003299/detail.html|publisher=Scripps TV Station Group|title=Sources: Lance Armstrong To Drive Indy 500 Pace Car|date=March 15, 2006|accessdate=August 26, 2012}}</ref> | |||
* An asteroid, 1994 JE<sub>9</sub> was named ] in honor of him. | |||
* Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters, ] (2006)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tufts.edu/home/feature/?p=commencement2006&p2=2|title=2006 Commencement Address|accessdate=August 28, 2012|date=May 21, 2006|publisher=Tufts University}}</ref> | |||
* Mildred "Babe" Didrikson Zaharias Courage Award presented by the ] (1999)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asama.org/awards-of-sport/medallion-series/courage/|accessdate=August 28, 2012|title=Mildred "Babe" Didrikson Zaharias Courage Award}}</ref> | |||
In August 2005, Armstrong hinted he had changed his mind about politics. In an interview with ] on ] on August 1, 2005, Armstrong pointed out that running for governor would require the commitment that led him to retire from cycling. Also, in August 2005, Armstrong said that he was no longer considering politics: | |||
== See also == | |||
{{blockquote|The biggest problem with politics or running for the governor—the governor's race here in Austin or in Texas—is that it would mimic exactly what I've done: a ton of stress and a ton of time away from my kids. Why would I want to go from pro cycling, which is stressful and a lot of time away, straight into politics?<ref name="Armstrong rules out political career... for now"/>}} | |||
Armstrong created a YouTube video in 2007 with former President ] to successfully pass ], a US$3 billion taxpayer bond initiative which created the Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas.<ref name=BushSrCancer>Livestrong Foundation Press Release: {{cite web|url=http://mediaroom.livestrong.org/manual-releses-en/2007/President-George-H--W--Bush-Endorses-Prop-15|title=President George H.W. Bush Endorses Prop 15|date=October 23, 2007|access-date=December 28, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228152526/http://mediaroom.livestrong.org/manual-releses-en/2007/President-George-H--W--Bush-Endorses-Prop-15|archive-date=December 28, 2013}}</ref> | |||
]]] | |||
Armstrong was co-chair of a California campaign committee to pass the ], a ballot measure defeated by California voters on June 5, 2012.<ref name="CCRA Leadership Team"/> Had it passed, the measure was projected to generate over $500 million annually for cancer research, smoking-cessation programs and tobacco law-enforcement by levying a $1-per-pack tax on tobacco products in California.<ref name="Prop 29 – The California Cancer Research Act"/> | |||
Armstrong endorsed Democratic Congressman ] against Republican incumbent Senator ] in the 2018 election.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/blogs/in-the-know/in-the-know/403650-lance-armstrong-endorses-beto-orourke-in-texas-senate-race|title=Lance Armstrong endorses Beto O'Rourke in Texas Senate race|first=Avery|last=Anapol|date=August 26, 2018|website=The Hill|access-date=November 14, 2019|archive-date=June 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606124240/https://thehill.com/blogs/in-the-know/in-the-know/403650-lance-armstrong-endorses-beto-orourke-in-texas-senate-race|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
===Outside cycling=== | |||
In 1997, Armstrong founded the ], which supports people affected by cancer. The foundation raises awareness of cancer and has raised<ref name="It's not about the lab rats"/> more than $325 million from the sale of yellow ].<ref name="Doping scandal may hurt Lance Armstrong foundation"/> During his first retirement beginning after the 2005 season, he also maintained other interests. He was the ] of the ] for the ]. In 2007, Armstrong with ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ] founded ], a charity that helps professional athletes become involved in charitable causes and aims to inspire non-athletes to volunteer and support the community.<ref name="Athletes for Hope"/> | |||
In August 2009, Armstrong headlined the inaugural charity ride "Pelotonia" in Columbus, Ohio, riding over 100 miles on Saturday with the large group of cyclists. He addressed the riders the Friday evening before the two-day ride and helped the ride raise millions for cancer research.<ref name="Cyclists hit the streets for second Pelotonia Tour"/> Armstrong ran the 2006 ] with two friends. He assembled a pace team of ], ], and ] to help him reach three hours. He finished in 2h 59m 36s, in 856th place. He said the race was extremely difficult compared to the Tour de France.<ref name="Lance Armstrong: A Classic Case of Too Much, Too Soon?"/> The NYC Marathon had a dedicated camera on Armstrong throughout the event which, according to Armstrong, pushed him to continue through points in which he would have normally "stopped and stretched".<ref name="thefinalsprint"/> He also helped raise $600,000 for his ] campaign during the run. Armstrong ran the 2007 NYC Marathon in 2h 46m 43s, finishing 232nd.<ref name="Results – The ING New York City Marathon"/> On April 21, 2008, he ran the ] in 2h 50m 58s, finishing in the top 500.<ref name="No pedals, he showed his mettle"/> | |||
Armstrong made a return to triathlon in 2011 by competing in the off-road ] race series. At the Championships Armstrong led for a time before crashing out on the bike and finishing in 23rd place.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slowtwitch.com/News/Armstrong_and_Livestrong_will_partner_with_WTC_2567.html|title=Armstrong and Livestrong will partner with WTC|date=February 9, 2012|access-date=July 29, 2014|last=Carlson|first=Timothy|publisher=Slowttwich.com|archive-date=July 30, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730004641/http://www.slowtwitch.com/News/Armstrong_and_Livestrong_will_partner_with_WTC_2567.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slowtwitch.com/News/Weiss_Paterson_take_XTERRA_Worlds__2414.html|title=Weiss, Paterson take XTERRA Worlds|date=October 23, 2011|access-date=July 29, 2014|last=Carlson|first=Timothy|publisher=Slowttwich.com|archive-date=November 1, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101065244/http://www.slowtwitch.com/News/Weiss_Paterson_take_XTERRA_Worlds__2414.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The following year, in 2012, Armstrong began pursuing qualification into the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slowtwitch.com/News/Armstrong_and_Livestrong_will_partner_with_WTC_2567.html|title=Armstrong and Livestrong will partner with WTC|last=Carlson|first=Timothy|date=February 9, 2012|access-date=July 29, 2014|publisher=Slowtwitch.com|archive-date=July 30, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730004641/http://www.slowtwitch.com/News/Armstrong_and_Livestrong_will_partner_with_WTC_2567.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He was scheduled to next participate in Ironman France on June 24. However, the June suspension by USADA and eventual ban by WADA prohibited Armstrong from further racing Ironman branded events due to ] anti-doping policies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slowtwitch.com/News/It_s_Official_Lance_out_of_Ironman_2855.html|title=It's Official: Lance out of Ironman|last=Empfield|first=Dan|date=June 16, 2014|access-date=July 29, 2014|publisher=Slowtwitch.com|archive-date=July 30, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730010011/http://www.slowtwitch.com/News/It_s_Official_Lance_out_of_Ironman_2855.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
In July 2011 and July 2013, Armstrong participated in the non-competitive ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.miamiherald.com/2013/07/23/3516307/lance-armstrong-finds-support.html|title=DES MOINES, Iowa: Lance Armstrong finds support in Iowa – Sports Wire…|website=]|access-date=February 1, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130727004131/http://www.miamiherald.com/2013/07/23/3516307/lance-armstrong-finds-support.html|archive-date=July 27, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ragbrai.com/?s=lance+armstrong|title=Lance Armstrong|publisher=Ragbrai|access-date=August 4, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808041829/http://ragbrai.com/?s=lance%2Barmstrong|archive-date=August 8, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ragbrai.com/about/ragbrai-history-%E2%80%93-2010s/|title=history – 2010s|publisher=Ragbrai|access-date=August 4, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808043338/http://ragbrai.com/about/ragbrai-history-%E2%80%93-2010s/|archive-date=August 8, 2014}}</ref> | |||
===Business and investments=== | |||
{{Redirect|10/2|other uses|10/2 (disambiguation)}} | |||
Outside of cycling, Armstrong is also an active businessman and investor. He owns a coffee shop called "Juan Pelota Cafe" in downtown Austin, Texas. The name is a joking reference to his testicular cancer, with the name "Juan" being considered by some a ] for "one" and "Pelota" being the Spanish word for "ball".<ref name="pelota"/> In the same building, Armstrong owns and operates a bike shop named "Mellow Johnny's", after another nickname of his derived from the Tour term "maillot jaune", which is French for yellow jersey, the jersey given to the leader of the ].{{sfn|Armstrong|Jenkins|2003|loc=chpt. 1}} | |||
In 2001, Armstrong provided financial funding to launch ], a non-profit organization in Austin, Texas that provides counseling and support for children who have a parent with a serious or life-threatening disease.<ref>{{cite web|last=Tereshchuk|first=Julie|title=Melinda Garvey, Publisher|url=http://www.austinwomanmagazine.com/melinda-garvey-publisher|publisher=Austin Woman Magazine|access-date=June 12, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627172858/http://www.austinwomanmagazine.com/melinda-garvey-publisher|archive-date=June 27, 2013}}</ref> | |||
A line of cycling clothing from ], 10//2, was named after the date (October 2, 1996) Armstrong was diagnosed with ].<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 28, 2005 |title=The 10//2 Collection From Lance Armstrong And Nike |url=https://investors.nike.com/investors/news-events-and-reports/investor-news/investor-news-details/2005/The-102-Collection-From-Lance-Armstrong-And-Nike/default.aspx |access-date=June 3, 2024 |website=nike.com}}</ref> | |||
In 2008, Armstrong bought several million dollars of stock in the American bicycle component manufacturer ], and has served as their technical advisor.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lattman|first=Peter|title=Lehman's a Fan of Lance|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122230356936173641|publisher=WJS|access-date=January 17, 2013|archive-date=January 28, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128092651/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122230356936173641|url-status=live}}</ref> SRAM bought those shares back from him in preparation for a public offering. Armstrong owns a small share of ].<ref>{{cite web|last=Frothingham|first=Steve|title=Sponsors drop Lance Armstrong|url=http://www.bicycleretailer.com/industry-news/2012/10/17/nike-drops-armstrong-who-steps-down-livestrong#.UPeup2c1uuo|publisher=bicycleretailer.com|access-date=January 17, 2013|archive-date=December 26, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121226175912/http://www.bicycleretailer.com/industry-news/2012/10/17/nike-drops-armstrong-who-steps-down-livestrong#.UPeup2c1uuo|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
In 2009, Armstrong invested $100,000 into ] firm ], which subsequently bought an early stake in ], among other investments. In 2019, Uber achieved an IPO of $82 billion and earned Armstrong an estimated $20–$30 million.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Here's How Much Lance Armstrong Made on Early Uber Investment|url=https://www.granfondoguide.com/Contents/Index/4345/heres-how-much-lance-armstrong-made-on-early-uber-investment|access-date=April 28, 2022|website=Gran Fondo Guide|archive-date=May 16, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516194117/https://www.granfondoguide.com/Contents/Index/4345/heres-how-much-lance-armstrong-made-on-early-uber-investment|url-status=live}}</ref> According to CNBC, Armstrong said "it saved our family".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Feiner|first=Lauren|date=December 6, 2018|title=Lance Armstrong says his investment in Uber 'saved our family'|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/12/06/lance-armstrong-says-his-investment-in-uber-saved-our-family.html|access-date=July 14, 2021|website=CNBC|archive-date=July 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714063811/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/12/06/lance-armstrong-says-his-investment-in-uber-saved-our-family.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
==Media== | |||
In 2017, Armstrong started a podcast named "The Move", which provided daily coverage of the ] in 2018 and 2019.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.aspentimes.com/news/lance-armstrong-brings-back-tour-de-france-podcast-for-third-year-with-new-location/|title=Lance Armstrong brings back Tour de France podcast for third year with new location|access-date=December 8, 2020|archive-date=November 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126224617/https://www.aspentimes.com/news/lance-armstrong-brings-back-tour-de-france-podcast-for-third-year-with-new-location/|url-status=live}}</ref> He also appeared—without compensation—on NBC Sports Network's live Tour de France television broadcasts. The UCI indicated the podcast and NBC appearances did not violate the terms of his ban.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/tour-de-france-lance-armstrongs-nbc-presence-spurs-debate-about-his-place-in-cycling/|title=Tour de France: Lance Armstrong's NBC presence spurs debate about his place in cycling|access-date=December 8, 2020|archive-date=November 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128193639/https://www.cyclingnews.com/news/tour-de-france-lance-armstrongs-nbc-presence-spurs-debate-about-his-place-in-cycling/|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
==Career achievements== | |||
===Major results=== | |||
====Road==== | |||
{{div col|colwidth=25em}} | |||
;1990 | |||
:8th Overall ] | |||
;1991 | |||
:1st ] ], National Junior Road Championships | |||
;1992 | |||
:1st ] Overall ] | |||
::1st Stage 2 | |||
:1st First Union Grand Prix | |||
:1st Stage 6 ] | |||
:1st Stage 4a Vuelta a Galicia | |||
:1st Stage 2 Trittico Premondiale | |||
:2nd ] | |||
:8th ] | |||
;1993 | |||
:1st ] ], ] | |||
:1st ] ], National Road Championships | |||
:1st ] Overall Kmart West Virginia Classic | |||
::1st Prologue & Stage 1 | |||
:1st ] Overall Tour of America | |||
:1st ] | |||
:1st Thrift Drug Classic | |||
:1st Stage 8 ] | |||
:2nd Overall ] | |||
::1st Stage 5 | |||
:3rd Overall ] | |||
::1st Stage 3 | |||
:5th ] | |||
:9th Overall ] | |||
;1994 | |||
:1st Thrift Drug Classic | |||
:2nd Overall ] | |||
::1st Stage 7 | |||
:2nd ] | |||
:2nd ] | |||
:7th Overall ] | |||
:7th ], ] | |||
:9th ] | |||
:9th ] | |||
;1995 | |||
:1st ] Overall ] | |||
::1st ] Mountains classification | |||
::1st Stages 4, 5 (]) & 9 | |||
:1st ] Overall Kmart West Virginia Classic | |||
::1st Stage 4 | |||
:1st ] | |||
:1st Stage 18 ] | |||
:1st Stage 5 ] | |||
:5th ], National Road Championships | |||
:6th ] | |||
:10th Overall ] | |||
:10th ] | |||
;1996 | |||
:1st ] Overall ] | |||
::1st Stages 2, 3b (]), 5, 6 & 12 (]) | |||
:1st ] | |||
:2nd Overall ] | |||
:2nd Overall ] | |||
:2nd ] | |||
:2nd ] | |||
:4th Overall ] | |||
:4th ] | |||
:6th ], ] | |||
:8th ] | |||
:9th ] (with ] | |||
;1998 | |||
:1st ] Overall ] | |||
::1st Stage 1 | |||
:1st ] Overall ] | |||
:1st ] | |||
:1st Sprint 56K Criterium | |||
:4th Overall ] | |||
{{Hidden begin | |||
|toggle = left | |||
|title = Voided results from August 1998 onward | |||
|titlestyle = background:lightgrey;}} | |||
:<s>4th Overall ]</s> | |||
:<s>4th ], ]</s> | |||
;1999 | |||
:<s>1st ] Overall ]</s> | |||
::<s>1st Prologue, Stages 8 (]), 9 & 19 (])</s> | |||
:<s>1st Stage 4 ]</s> | |||
:<s>1st Stage 4 (]) ]</s> | |||
:<s>1st ]</s> | |||
:<s>2nd ]</s> | |||
:<s>7th Overall ]</s> | |||
:<s>8th Overall ]</s> | |||
::<s>1st Prologue </s> | |||
;2000 | |||
:<s>1st ] Overall ]</s> | |||
::<s>1st Stage 19 (])</s> | |||
:<s>1st ]</s> | |||
:<s>1st ]</s> | |||
:<s>2nd ]</s> | |||
:<s>3rd Overall ]</s> | |||
::<s>1st Stage 3 (])</s> | |||
:<s>3rd ] ], ]</s> | |||
:<s>3rd ]</s> | |||
:<s>4th ]</s> | |||
:<s>5th ]</s> | |||
:<s>7th ]</s> | |||
;2001 | |||
:<s>1st ] Overall ]</s> | |||
::<s>1st Stages 10, 11 (]), 13 & 18 (])</s> | |||
:<s>1st ] Overall ]</s> | |||
::<s>1st Stages 1 (]) & 8 (])</s> | |||
:<s>2nd ]</s> | |||
:<s>2nd ]</s> | |||
;2002 | |||
:<s>1st ] Overall ]</s> | |||
::<s>1st Prologue, Stages 11, 12 & 19 (])</s> | |||
:<s>1st ] Overall ]</s> | |||
::<s>1st Stage 6</s> | |||
:<s>1st ] Overall ]</s> | |||
:<s>1st ]</s> | |||
:<s>2nd Overall ]</s> | |||
:<s>3rd ]</s> | |||
:<s>4th ]</s> | |||
:<s>5th ]</s> | |||
:<s>6th ]</s> | |||
:<s>8th ] (with ])</s> | |||
;2003 | |||
:<s>1st ] Overall ]</s> | |||
::<s>1st Stages 4 (]) & 15</s> | |||
:<s>1st ] Overall ]</s> | |||
::<s>1st Stage 3 (])</s> | |||
:<s>6th ] (with ])</s> | |||
:<s>8th ]</s> | |||
;2004 | |||
:<s>1st ] Overall ]</s> | |||
::<s>1st Stages 4 (]), 13, 15, 16 (]), 17 & 19 (])</s> | |||
:<s>1st ] Overall ]</s> | |||
::<s>1st Stages 3 & 4 (])</s> | |||
:<s>1st ]</s> | |||
:<s>3rd Overall ]</s> | |||
:<s>4th ] (with ])</s> | |||
:<s>5th Overall ]</s> | |||
::<s>1st Stage 4 (])</s> | |||
:<s>6th Overall ]</s> | |||
::<s>1st Stage 5</s> | |||
;2005 | |||
:<s>1st ] Overall ]</s> | |||
::<s>1st Stages 4 (]) & 20 (])</s> | |||
:<s>4th Overall ]</s> | |||
::<s>1st ] Points classification</s> | |||
:<s>5th Overall ]</s> | |||
;2009 | |||
:<s>1st ]</s> | |||
:<s>2nd Overall ]</s> | |||
:<s>3rd Overall ]</s> | |||
::<s>1st Stage 4 (])</s> | |||
:<s>7th Overall ]</s> | |||
;2010 | |||
:<s>2nd Overall ]</s> | |||
:<s>3rd Overall ]</s> | |||
:<s>7th Overall ]</s> | |||
{{hidden end}} | |||
{{div col end}} | |||
=====Grand Tour general classification results timeline===== | |||
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" | |||
|- | |||
!scope="col"|] | |||
!scope="col"|1993 | |||
!scope="col"|1994 | |||
!scope="col"|1995 | |||
!scope="col"|1996 | |||
!scope="col"|1998 | |||
!scope="col"|1999 | |||
!scope="col"|2000 | |||
!scope="col"|2001 | |||
!scope="col"|2002 | |||
!scope="col"|2003 | |||
!scope="col"|2004 | |||
!scope="col"|2005 | |||
!scope="col"|2006 | |||
!scope="col"|2007 | |||
!scope="col"|2008 | |||
!scope="col"|2009 | |||
!scope="col"|2010 | |||
|-style="text-align:center;" | |||
!scope="row"|] ] | |||
|] | |||
|] | |||
|] | |||
|] | |||
|] | |||
|] | |||
|] | |||
|] | |||
|] | |||
|] | |||
|] | |||
|] | |||
|] | |||
|] | |||
|] | |||
|] | |||
|] | |||
|-style="text-align:center;" | |||
!scope="row"|] ] | |||
|] | |||
|] | |||
|] | |||
|] | |||
|] | |||
|] | |||
|] | |||
|] | |||
|] | |||
|] | |||
|] | |||
|] | |||
|] | |||
|] | |||
|] | |||
|] | |||
|] | |||
|-style="text-align:center;" | |||
!scope="row"|]/] ] | |||
|] | |||
|] | |||
|] | |||
|] | |||
|style="background:#dddff;"|] | |||
|] | |||
|] | |||
|] | |||
|] | |||
|] | |||
|] | |||
|] | |||
|] | |||
|] | |||
|] | |||
|] | |||
|] | |||
|} | |||
{|class="wikitable" | |||
|+ Legend | |||
|- | |||
!scope="row"|— | |||
|Did not compete | |||
|- | |||
!scope="row"|] | |||
|Did not finish | |||
|- | |||
!scope="row"|<del>No.</del> | |||
|Voided result | |||
|} | |||
====Triathlon & Ironman==== | |||
;1989 | |||
:2nd Bud Light U.S. Triathlon Series (USTS)–Miami (Olympic Distance) | |||
:1st National Sprint Course Triathlon | |||
;1990 | |||
:1st National Sprint Course Triathlon | |||
;2011 | |||
:5th XTERRA USA Championships | |||
;2012 | |||
:1st ] Hawaii | |||
:1st Ironman 70.3 Florida | |||
:3rd Ironman 70.3 St. Croix | |||
:7th Ironman 70.3 Texas | |||
:2nd Ironman 70.3 Panama | |||
:2nd Power of Four Mountain Bike Race | |||
====Mountain Bike==== | |||
;2008 | |||
:<s>1st 12 Hours of Snowmass</s> | |||
:<s>2nd ]</s> | |||
;2009 | |||
:<s>1st Colorado Pro Cross-Country Championships</s> | |||
:<s>1st Leadville Trail 100 Mountain Bike Race</s> | |||
==Filmography== | |||
*'']'' (2001), documentary | |||
*'']'' (2004), cameo appearance | |||
*'']'' (2006), cameo appearance | |||
*'']'' (2013), documentary | |||
*''Stop at Nothing: The Lance Armstrong Story'' (2014), documentary | |||
*'']'' (2015), biographical drama film | |||
*'']'' (2017), appearing as himself, acting as parody of an anonymous source | |||
*'']: Lance'' (2020), documentary | |||
==Accolades== | |||
{{BLP sources section|date=August 2018}}<!--several of these are not cited--> | |||
*] (USOC) SportsMan of the Year (1999, 2001, 2002, 2003)<ref name="USOC Athletes of the Year"/> | |||
*] Male ] (2002, 2003, 2004, 2005)<ref name="AP Male Athlete of the Year"/> | |||
*World's Most Outstanding Athlete Award, ] International Trophy (2000)<ref name="PLUS: AWARDS; Armstrong Wins Owens Trophy"/><ref name="Mayor Giuliani Welcomes Stuart Rankin, Grandson Of Jesse Owens, To City Hall"/> | |||
*] Sportsman of the Year (2003)<ref name="First Edition Cycling News for December 22, 2003"/> | |||
*] in Sports (2000)<ref name="Prince Of Asturias Awards"/> | |||
*Sports Ethics Fellows by the Institute for International Sport (2003)<ref name="2003 Sports Ethics Fellows"/> | |||
*''Mendrisio d'Or'' Award in Switzerland (1999){{importance inline|date=July 2020}}<ref name="Laureati del Mendrisio d'Oro e d'Argento dal 1972 al 2010"/> | |||
*''Premio Coppi-Bici d'Oro'' Trophy by the ] foundation in conjunction with ] (1999, 2000) | |||
*''Marca Legend'' Award by ], a Spanish sports daily in Madrid (2004) | |||
*] for Best Male Athlete (2003, 2004, 2005, 2006) | |||
*ESPY Award for GMC Professional Grade Play Award (2005) | |||
*ESPY Award for Best Comeback Athlete (2000) | |||
*ESPN/Intersport's ''ARETE Award'' for Courage in Sport (Professional Division) (1999)<ref name="Payton Epitomized Courage"/> | |||
*]'s ] Athlete of the Year (1999) | |||
*Favorite Athlete award at ] (])<ref name="All Winners"/><ref name="All Winners UK"/> | |||
*Presidential Delegation to the ]<ref name="President Announces Delegation to Winter Olympics"/> | |||
*'']'' magazine's ] (2002)<ref name="Tour de Lance"/> | |||
*VeloNews magazine's International Cyclist of the Year (2000, 2001, 2003, 2004) | |||
*VeloNews magazine's North American Male Cyclist of the Year (1993, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2002, 2005) | |||
*]: '']'' (2000)<ref name="Previous William Hill Sportsbook of the Year Winners"/> | |||
*Triathlon magazine's Rookie of the Year (1988) | |||
*Pace car driver for the Indianapolis 500 (2006)<ref name="Indy 500 Pace Cars"/><ref name="Sources: Lance Armstrong To Drive Indy 500 Pace Car"/> | |||
*An asteroid, 1994 JE<sub>9</sub> was named ] in honor of him.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=12373|title=JPL Small-Body Database Browser|work=NASA|date=May 11, 2009|access-date=November 30, 2012|archive-date=June 11, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611063812/http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=12373|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
*Six-mile Lance Armstrong Bikeway through downtown ], built by the city of Austin at a cost of $3.2 million.<ref>{{cite news|last=Parker|first=Richard|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/26/opinion/can-austin-keep-itself-weird.html|title=Can Austin Keep Itself Weird? (New York Times)|location=Austin (TX)|work=]|date=October 25, 2012|access-date=November 10, 2012|archive-date=November 2, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102120638/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/26/opinion/can-austin-keep-itself-weird.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://digitaltexan.net/2012/austin-local-news/austin-loves-dopers-lance-armstrong-bikeway/article39122|title=What happens to the Lance Armstrong Bikeway?|publisher=Digitaltexan.net|date=August 24, 2012|access-date=November 10, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523193329/http://digitaltexan.net/2012/austin-local-news/austin-loves-dopers-lance-armstrong-bikeway/article39122/|archive-date=May 23, 2013}}</ref> | |||
*Mildred "Babe" Didrikson Zaharias Courage Award presented by the ] (1999)<ref name="asama"/> | |||
*Samuel S. Beard Award for Greatest Public Service by an Individual 35 Years or Under, an award given out annually by ] (2001) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jeffersonawards.org/pastwinners/national|title=National Winners|publisher=Jefferson Awards|access-date=February 7, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124043935/http://jeffersonawards.org/pastwinners/national|archive-date=November 24, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> | |||
'''Rescinded awards''' | |||
*] Award (2003)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espnstar.com/other-sports/news/detail/item909987|title=Armstrong stripped of BBC prize|publisher=Espnstar.Com|date=December 17, 2012|access-date=January 19, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130122153026/http://www.espnstar.com/other-sports/news/detail/item909987/|archive-date=January 22, 2013}}</ref> | |||
*Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters, ] (2006)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Halper |first=Daniel |date=November 20, 2012 |title=University Rescinds Honorary Degree Awarded to Lance Armstrong |url=http://www.weeklystandard.com/blogs/university-rescinds-honorary-degree-awarded-lance-armstrong_663723.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016131341/http://www.weeklystandard.com/blogs/university-rescinds-honorary-degree-awarded-lance-armstrong_663723.html |archive-date=October 16, 2015 |access-date=January 19, 2013 |publisher=The Weekly Standard}}</ref> | |||
*Key to the city of ] (2012)<ref>{{cite news|last=Higgins|first=Alice|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/adelaide-lord-mayor-stephen-yarwood-says-lance-armstrong-can-keep-keys-to-city/story-e6frg6n6-1226501860714|title=Adelaide Lord Mayor Stephen Yarwood says Lance Armstrong can keep keys to the city|work=]|date=October 23, 2012|access-date=January 3, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.news.com.au/sport/more-sport/lance-armstrong-loses-key-to-city-of-adelaide/story-fndukor0-1226507115747|title=Lance Armstrong loses Keys to City of Adelaide|publisher=]|date=October 31, 2012|access-date=January 3, 2013|archive-date=July 27, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727002840/http://www.news.com.au/sport/more-sport/lance-armstrong-loses-key-to-city-of-adelaide/story-fndukor0-1226507115747|url-status=dead}}</ref> | |||
*] Winner (2003)<ref name="Awards 2003"/> | |||
*] Winner (2000)<ref name="Awards 2000"/> | |||
*] Nominated (2002, 2004, 2005, 2006) | |||
*] Nominated (2010) | |||
*Grand Prix Serge-Kampf de l'Académie des sports (France, 2004)<ref name="Grand Prix De L'Académie Des Sports"/> | |||
*] (France, 2005)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Cyclisme-sur-route/Actualites/Legion-d-honneur-retiree-a-armstrong/454583|title=Légion d'honneur retirée à Lance Armstrong|publisher=Lequipe.fr|access-date=August 4, 2014|archive-date=October 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005092718/https://www.lequipe.fr/Cyclisme-sur-route/Actualites/Legion-d-honneur-retiree-a-armstrong/454583|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
*'']'' Award by ''Velo'' magazine in France (1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2004)<ref name="VELO D'OR MONDIAL"/><ref name="velo">Armstrong's results have been removed by Velo magazine</ref> | |||
==See also== | |||
{{Portal|Sports}} | |||
*] | *] | ||
*] | |||
*] | *] | ||
*] | *] | ||
==Notes and references== | |||
== References == | |||
;Notes | |||
{{reflist|3}} | |||
{{reflist|group=N}} | |||
;References | |||
{{reflist|30em|refs= | |||
<ref name="2 Ex-Teammates of Cycling Star Admit Drug Use">{{cite news|title=2 Ex-Teammates of Cycling Star Admit Drug Use|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/12/sports/othersports/12cycling.html|author=Juliet Macur|work=The New York Times|date=September 12, 2006|access-date=October 20, 2010|archive-date=October 21, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021050703/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/12/sports/othersports/12cycling.html?|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="2003 Sports Ethics Fellows">{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalsport.org/nsd/past-fellows-2003.cfm|title=2003 Sports Ethics Fellows|access-date=August 27, 2012|author=Institute for International Sport|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021171442/http://www.internationalsport.org/nsd/past-fellows-2003.cfm|archive-date=October 21, 2013}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="pelota">{{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/10/05/juan-pelota-lance-armstrong-coffee_n_1943828.html|title=Juan Pelota: Lance Armstrong's Austin Coffee Shop More Than Just A Pun|access-date=January 19, 2013|author=Ryan Grenoble|work=Huffington Post|date=October 5, 2012|archive-date=November 29, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121129104647/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/10/05/juan-pelota-lance-armstrong-coffee_n_1943828.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
<!-- <ref name="2006 Commencement Address">{{cite web|url=http://www.tufts.edu/home/feature/?p=commencement2006&p2=2|title=2006 Commencement Address|access-date=August 28, 2012|date=May 21, 2006|publisher=Tufts University}}</ref> --> | |||
<ref name="AFP: No comment on Armstrong from US cycling, anti-doping groups">{{cite news|url=http://www.mywire.com/pubs/AFP/2005/08/23/977278?&pbl=27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107034352/http://www.mywire.com/pubs/AFP/2005/08/23/977278?&pbl=27|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 7, 2011|title=AFP: No comment on Armstrong from US cycling, anti-doping groups|publisher=MyWire|date=August 23, 2005|access-date=July 17, 2010}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="All Winners">{{cite web|url=http://www.nick.com/kids-choice-awards/all-winners/|title=All Winners – Kids' Choice Awards|access-date=August 27, 2012|website=Nickelodeon|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614130647/http://www.nick.com/kids-choice-awards/all-winners|archive-date=June 14, 2012}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="All Winners UK">{{cite web|url=http://kca.nick.co.uk/|title=Kids' Choice Awards|access-date=August 27, 2012|website=Nickelodeon|archive-date=February 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207213014/http://kca.nick.co.uk/|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Andy Shen">{{cite web|url=http://velocitynation.com/content/interviews/2009/michael-ashenden|access-date=June 24, 2009|title=Interviews – Michael Ashenden|publisher=Velocity Nation|date=February 4, 2009|first=Andy|last=Shen|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410061019/http://velocitynation.com/content/interviews/2009/michael-ashenden|archive-date=April 10, 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="AP Male Athlete of the Year">{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/2007-12-21-2365825514_x.htm|title=AP Male Athlete of the Year|date=December 21, 2007|work=]}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Armstrong Acknowledges Cancer Battle">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/10/09/sports/armstrong-acknowledges-cancer-battle.html|title=Armstrong Acknowledges Cancer Battle|work=The New York Times|author=Samuel Abt|date=October 9, 1996|access-date=January 27, 2012|archive-date=October 12, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012013213/http://www.nytimes.com/1996/10/09/sports/armstrong-acknowledges-cancer-battle.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Armstrong asks Austin court to sanction his former assistant">{{cite web|url=http://www.statesman.com/sports/content/shared/sports/tourdefrance/2005/2lancesuit.html|title=Armstrong asks Austin court to sanction his former assistant|publisher=Austin Statesman-American|date=April 2, 2005|author=Halliburton, Suzanne|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051202031923/http://www.statesman.com/sports/content/shared/sports/tourdefrance/2005/2lancesuit.html|archive-date=December 2, 2005}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Armstrong breaks his collarbone">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/cycling/7959765.stm|title=Armstrong breaks his collarbone|date=March 23, 2009|publisher=BBC News Online|access-date=March 23, 2009|archive-date=March 24, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324011947/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/cycling/7959765.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Armstrong cleared in drug inquiry">{{cite news|title=Armstrong cleared in drug inquiry|publisher=BBC|date=May 31, 2006|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/cycling/5033672.stm|access-date=January 9, 2008|archive-date=December 6, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206153836/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/cycling/5033672.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
<!-- <ref name="Armstrong faces legal marathon">{{cite news|author=William Fotheringham|url=http://sport.guardian.co.uk/tourdefrance2005/story/0,,1536208,00.html|title=Armstrong faces legal marathon|publisher=Sport.guardian.co.uk|date=July 26, 2005|access-date=July 17, 2010|location=London}}</ref> --> | |||
<ref name="Armstrong issues statement">{{cite web|url=http://www.velonews.com/news/fea/10091.0.html|title=Armstrong issues statement|publisher=VeloNews|date=June 23, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060705034015/http://www.velonews.com/news/fea/10091.0.html|archive-date=July 5, 2006}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Armstrong just misses Tour lead">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/cycling/8138996.stm|title=Armstrong just misses Tour lead|date=July 7, 2009|publisher=BBC News Online|access-date=July 7, 2009|archive-date=July 8, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090708012122/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/cycling/8138996.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Armstrong outraged by French misbehaviour claims">{{Cite news|title=Armstrong outraged by French misbehaviour claims|agency=]|date=April 7, 2009|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gpWQTJmkqpByIaAMzL_-ZAO8qiKg|access-date=September 28, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411055916/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gpWQTJmkqpByIaAMzL_-ZAO8qiKg|archive-date=April 11, 2009}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Armstrong Retires From Cycling">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/17/sports/17armstrong.html|title=Armstrong Retires From Cycling|date=February 16, 2011|work=The New York Times|access-date=February 16, 2011|first=Juliet|last=Macur|archive-date=August 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809202133/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/17/sports/17armstrong.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Armstrong rounds on critics over drugs storm">{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/article451832.ece|work=The Times|location=London|title=Armstrong rounds on critics over drugs storm|first=Jeremy|last=Whittle|date=July 1, 2004|access-date=May 7, 2010}}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Armstrong rules out political career... for now">{{cite web|url=http://velonews.competitor.com/2005/08/news/armstrong-rules-out-political-career-for-now_8694|title=Armstrong rules out political career ... for now|publisher=VeloNews via Agence France-Presse|date=August 14, 2005|access-date=July 23, 2012|archive-date=July 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722165907/http://velonews.competitor.com/2005/08/news/armstrong-rules-out-political-career-for-now_8694|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Armstrong Says He Will Return for 2010">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/22/sports/cycling/22tour.html|title=Armstrong Says He Will Return for 2010|date=July 21, 2009|work=The New York Times|access-date=July 22, 2009|first=Juliet|last=Macur|archive-date=August 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809202630/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/22/sports/cycling/22tour.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Armstrong to return from injury">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/cycling/8023662.stm|title=Armstrong to return from injury|date=April 28, 2009|publisher=BBC News Online|access-date=April 28, 2009|archive-date=April 30, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430012440/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/cycling/8023662.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Armstrong, Best of His Time, Now With an Asterisk">{{cite news|work=The New York Times|author=George Vecsey|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/25/sports/cycling/armstrong-best-of-his-time-now-with-an-asterisk-george-vecsey.html?pagewanted=all|title=Armstrong, Best of His Time, Now With an Asterisk|access-date=September 11, 2012|date=August 24, 2012|archive-date=August 27, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120827021242/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/25/sports/cycling/armstrong-best-of-his-time-now-with-an-asterisk-george-vecsey.html?pagewanted=all|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="asama">{{cite web|url=http://www.asama.org/awards-of-sport/medallion-series/courage|access-date=August 28, 2012|title=Mildred "Babe" Didrikson Zaharias Courage Award|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021175922/http://www.asama.org/awards-of-sport/medallion-series/courage/|archive-date=October 21, 2013}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="associated">], "Lance has suspicious ties: source", '']'', April 17, 2011, p. 17.</ref> | |||
<ref name="Athletes for Hope">{{cite web|url=http://www.athletesforhope.org/|title=Athletes for Hope|publisher=Athletes for Hope|access-date=July 17, 2010|archive-date=November 17, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101117041528/http://www.athletesforhope.org/|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Awards 2000">{{cite web|title=Awards 2000|publisher=Laureus World Sports Awards Ltd.|access-date=August 26, 2012|url=http://www.laureus.com/awards/2003|archive-date=August 26, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120826074041/http://www.laureus.com/awards/2003|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Awards 2003">{{cite web|title=Awards 2003|publisher=Laureus World Sports Awards Ltd.|access-date=August 26, 2012|url=http://www.laureus.com/awards/2000|archive-date=August 20, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820112805/http://www.laureus.com/awards/2000|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="azcentral">] via '']'', {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326093215/http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/sports/articles/2008/09/08/20080908armstrongON.html |date=March 26, 2014 }}.</ref> | |||
<ref name="BBC-UCI">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cycling/20008520|title=Lance Armstrong: Governing body strips American of Tour wins|date=October 22, 2012|publisher=BBC News|access-date=October 22, 2012|archive-date=October 19, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019205751/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cycling/20008520|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="bbcforgood">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/cycling/9399280.stm|title=Lance Armstrong confirms retirement from cycling|publisher=BBC News Online|date=February 16, 2011|access-date=February 16, 2011|archive-date=January 30, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130050453/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/cycling/9399280.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Bike Friendly Oak Cliff: BFOC interviews Lance Armstrong's mom, Linda Armstrong Kelly">{{cite web|url=http://bikefriendlyoc.wordpress.com/2009/07/20/bfoc-interviews-lance-armstrongs-mom-linda-armstrong-kelly|title=Bike Friendly Oak Cliff: BFOC interviews Lance Armstrong's mom, Linda Armstrong Kelly|publisher=bikefriendlyoc.wordpress.com|date=July 20, 2009|access-date=January 8, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718090902/http://bikefriendlyoc.wordpress.com/2009/07/20/bfoc-interviews-lance-armstrongs-mom-linda-armstrong-kelly/|archive-date=July 18, 2011}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Breaking Away: Lance Armstrong of the U.S. is the world cycling champ. Now he's going for an even bigger prize.">{{cite magazine|title=Breaking Away: Lance Armstrong of the U.S. is the world cycling champ. Now he's going for an even bigger prize.|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1005369/2/index.htm|magazine=Sports Illustrated|date=July 4, 1994|access-date=October 9, 2011|archive-date=August 4, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804040400/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1005369/2/index.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Breaking Away">{{cite web|title=Breaking Away|work=]|date=July 2005|url=http://outsideonline.com/outside/features/200507/lance-armstrong-interview-3.html|access-date=January 9, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100919001023/http://outsideonline.com/outside/features/200507/lance-armstrong-interview-3.html|archive-date=September 19, 2010}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="California Western School of Law">{{cite web|title=California Western Alumni Professional News|publisher=California Western School of Law|url=http://www.cwsl.edu/main/default.asp?nav=alumni.asp&body=alumni/AlumProfessionalNews.asp|access-date=January 9, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211065355/http://www.cwsl.edu/main/default.asp?nav=alumni.asp&body=alumni%2FAlumProfessionalNews.asp|archive-date=December 11, 2007}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Can this bike ride be Bush's tour de force?">{{cite news|first=Tom|last=Baldwin|title=Can this bike ride be Bush's tour de force?|work=The Times|location=UK|date=August 18, 2005|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,11069-1739689,00.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20070311012113/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,11069-1739689,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 11, 2007|access-date=January 9, 2008}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Cancer survivor Armstrong accepts new role">{{cite news|first=Sal|last=Ruibal|title=Cancer survivor Armstrong accepts new role|work=USA Today|date=May 22, 2002|url=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/cycling/2002-05-22-cover-armstrong.htm|access-date=August 20, 2021|archive-date=February 12, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110212041059/http://www.usatoday.com/sports/cycling/2002-05-22-cover-armstrong.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="CCRA Leadership Team">{{cite web|url=http://californiansforacure.org/supporters/steering_committee|title=CCRA Leadership Team|publisher=Californiansforacure.org|access-date=July 6, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728080547/http://californiansforacure.org/supporters/steering_committee|archive-date=July 28, 2012}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="cited">Cited, ''L'Équipe'', July 17, 1999.</ref> | |||
<ref name="cloudy">{{cite news|title=Armstrong attempts to quell dispute over Hill Country swimming hole|agency=Associated Press|date=October 25, 2006|url=http://www.dailytexanonline.com/media/storage/paper410/news/2006/10/25/StateLocal/Armstrong.Attempts.To.Quell.Dispute.Over.Hill.Country.Swimming.Hole-2400001.shtml?norewrite200610251211&sourcedomain=www.dailytexanonline.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930211635/http://www.dailytexanonline.com/media/storage/paper410/news/2006/10/25/StateLocal/Armstrong.Attempts.To.Quell.Dispute.Over.Hill.Country.Swimming.Hole-2400001.shtml?norewrite200610251211&sourcedomain=www.dailytexanonline.com|archive-date=September 30, 2007|access-date=October 25, 2006}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="cnn"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130919214406/http://www.cnn.com/2008/US/12/23/armstrong.baby/index.html |date=September 19, 2013 }} CNN.com, December 23, 2008</ref> | |||
<ref name="cnn5">Frieden, Terry, " {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205104755/http://www.cnn.com/2012/02/03/sport/lance-armstrong/index.html?hpt=hp_t3 |date=February 5, 2012 }}", ], February 3, 2012.</ref> | |||
<ref name="coming out">{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/topstories/2008-09-09-2518014136_x.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130205205330/http://www.usatoday.com/sports/topstories/2008-09-09-2518014136_x.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 5, 2013|title=Armstrong coming out of retirement for Tour|work=USA Today|agency=Associated Press|date=September 10, 2008|author=Vertuno, Jim|access-date=July 23, 2012}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="competitor">{{cite web|url=http://velonews.competitor.com/2010/06/news/armstrong-this-will-be-my-final-tour_123714|title=VeloNews.com – Lance Armstrong: "This will be my final Tour de France"|work=Velonews|date=June 28, 2010|access-date=July 17, 2010|archive-date=July 16, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100716062805/http://velonews.competitor.com/2010/06/news/armstrong-this-will-be-my-final-tour_123714|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Contador wins Tour; Lance walks away">{{Cite news|url=https://www.espn.com/olympics/tdf2010/news/story?id=5408382|title=Contador wins Tour; Lance walks away|date=July 25, 2010|publisher=]|access-date=July 25, 2010|archive-date=July 26, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726150228/http://sports.espn.go.com/oly/tdf2010/news/story?id=5408382|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Countdown to the Tour de France Jonathan Vaughters and his drugsfree team">{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/more_sport/cycling/article4232249.ece|work=The Times|location=London|title=Countdown to the Tour de France Jonathan Vaughters and his drugsfree team|first=Paul|last=Kimmage|date=June 29, 2008|access-date=May 7, 2010|archive-date=September 25, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925154040/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/more_sport/cycling/article4232249.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="coxnewsweb"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060629041553/http://alt.coxnewsweb.com/statesman/sports/040105_lance.pdf |date=June 29, 2006 }}, by ''Mike Anderson'', March 31, 2005 – (warning: PDF-file, 2.8 MB)</ref> | |||
<ref name="CYCLING; Overhauling Lance Armstrong">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/04/19/sports/cycling-overhauling-lance-armstrong.html|title=CYCLING; Overhauling Lance Armstrong|work=The New York Times|first=John|last=Markoff|date=April 19, 2004|access-date=May 7, 2010|archive-date=May 24, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524193544/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/04/19/sports/cycling-overhauling-lance-armstrong.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Cyclingnews.com: Armstrong's 'F-One' group plots the hour">{{cite web|url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/news.php?id=news/2005/jan05/jan27news|title=Cyclingnews.com: Armstrong's 'F-One' group plots the hour|access-date=July 17, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005110209/http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/news.php?id=news%2F2005%2Fjan05%2Fjan27news|archive-date=October 5, 2013}}</ref> | |||
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<ref name="cyclismactu">"Lance Armstrong au Tour Down Under" – cyclismactu du October 24, 2010; retrieved October 24, 2010.</ref> | |||
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<ref name="Lance Armstrong, Sally Jenkins: ''It's Not About the Bike: My Journey Back to Life'' ({{ISBN|0-425-17961-3}}), Putnam 2000">Lance Armstrong, Sally Jenkins: ''It's Not About the Bike: My Journey Back to Life'' ({{ISBN|0-425-17961-3}}), Putnam 2000.</ref> | |||
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<ref name="sportunterricht">In his book "Every Second Counts" Armstrong casts doubt that Ullrich did, in fact, wait for him. He states that Ullrich only slowed when told to do so by other riders.{{cite web|title=Jan Ullrich wird zum "Ritter des Fair Play"|trans-title=Ullrich becomes "Knight of fairplay"|work=Sport Unterricht|url=http://www.sportunterricht.de/fairplay/janullrich03.html|access-date=March 5, 2007|archive-date=July 18, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070718141558/http://www.sportunterricht.de/fairplay/janullrich03.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
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<ref name="timesonline1">{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, '']''; accessed May 20, 2014.</ref> | |||
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<ref name="Tour de Lance">{{cite magazine|title=Tour de Lance|author=Rick Reilly|magazine=Sports Illustrated|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1027723/index.htm|date=December 16, 2002|access-date=August 26, 2012|archive-date=October 25, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025213804/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1027723/index.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="trail">{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-jul-09-sp-armstrong9-story.html|title=Allegations Trail Armstrong Into Another Stage|last=Abrahamson|first=Alan|work=]|date=July 9, 2006|access-date=July 23, 2012|archive-date=June 19, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619055804/http://articles.latimes.com/2006/jul/09/sports/sp-armstrong9|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="twitter">{{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/lancearmstrong/status/27710013616|title=Olivia Marie Armstrong has arrived!|date=October 18, 2010|last=Armstrong|first=Lance|website=Twitter|access-date=August 20, 2021|archive-date=January 4, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104120750/https://twitter.com/lancearmstrong/status/27710013616|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
<!-- <ref name="U.S. Anti-Doping Agency says evidence against Lance Armstrong is 'overwhelming' and includes testimony from 15 teammates">{{cite news|last=O'KEEFFE|first=MICHAEL|title=U.S. Anti-Doping Agency says evidence against Lance Armstrong is 'overwhelming' and includes testimony from 15 teammates|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/sports/more-sports/usada-calls-evidence-lance-overwhelming-article-1.1179148?localLinksEnabled=false|work=The Daily News|access-date=October 10, 2012}}</ref> --> | |||
<ref name="UCI report clears Armstrong">{{cite news|title=UCI report clears Armstrong|agency=Associated Press|work=VeloNews|date=May 31, 2006|url=http://www.velonews.com/news/fea/9932.0.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230103550/http://www.velonews.com/news/fea/9932.0.html|archive-date=December 30, 2007|access-date=January 9, 2008}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="USOC Athletes of the Year">{{cite web|url=http://www.teamusa.org/About-the-USOC/Organization/Olympic-Movement/Olympic-Honors.aspx|title=USOC Athletes of the Year|access-date=August 30, 2012|publisher=United States Olympic Committee|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829003535/https://www2.teamusa.org/About-the-USOC/Organization/Olympic-Movement/Olympic-Honors.aspx|archive-date=August 29, 2012}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="VELO D'OR MONDIAL">{{cite web|url=http://www.velo-club.net/article_arch.php?sid=20213|title=VELO D'OR MONDIAL|publisher=Velo-club.net|access-date=August 26, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120816072027/http://www.velo-club.net/article_arch.php?sid=20213|archive-date=August 16, 2012}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="VeloNews.com – Bruyneel confirms Armstrong will race classics">{{cite news|first=Andrew|last=Hood|url=http://velonews.competitor.com/2010/01/news/bruyneel-confirms-armstrong-will-race-classics_103190|title=VeloNews.com – Bruyneel confirms Armstrong will race classics|work=Velonews|date=January 29, 2010|access-date=July 17, 2010|archive-date=April 6, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406011713/http://velonews.competitor.com/2010/01/news/bruyneel-confirms-armstrong-will-race-classics_103190|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="velonews050823">{{cite web|last=VeloNews Interactive, with wire services|year=2005|url=http://velonews.competitor.com/2005/08/tour-de-france/lequipe-alleges-armstrong-samples-show-epo-use-in-99-tour_8740|title=L'Équipe alleges Armstrong samples show EPO use in 99 Tour|work=Velonews|access-date=July 26, 2006|archive-date=May 23, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100523161740/http://velonews.competitor.com/2005/08/tour-de-france/lequipe-alleges-armstrong-samples-show-epo-use-in-99-tour_8740|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Wassup, world? My name is...">{{cite web|first=Lance|last=Armstrong|title=Wassup, world? My name is Max Armstrong and I just arrived. My Mommy is healthy and so am I! |via=Twitter|date=June 4, 2009|url=https://www.twitter.com/lancearmstrong/status/2038590710|access-date=August 20, 2021|archive-date=April 28, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428002150/https://twitter.com/lancearmstrong/status/2038590710|url-status=live}}</ref>}} | |||
==Bibliography== | |||
*{{cite book | |||
|last1 = Armstrong | |||
|first1 = Lance | |||
|last2 = Jenkins | |||
|first2 = Sally | |||
|author2-link = Sally Jenkins | |||
|title = ] | |||
|year = 2001 | |||
|publisher = Yellow Jersey Press | |||
|isbn = 0-224-06087-2 | |||
}} | |||
*{{cite book | |||
|last1 = Armstrong | |||
|first1 = Lance | |||
|last2 = Jenkins | |||
|first2 = Sally | |||
|author2-link = Sally Jenkins | |||
|title = ] | |||
|year = 2003 | |||
|publisher = ] | |||
|isbn = 0-385-50871-9 | |||
}} | |||
==Further reading== | |||
*{{cite book | |||
|last1 = Albergotti | |||
|first1 = Reed | |||
|author1-link = Reed Albergotti | |||
|last2 = O'Connell | |||
|first2 = Vanessa | |||
|author2-link = Vanessa O'Connell | |||
|title = ]: Lance Armstrong, the Tour de France, and the Greatest Sports Conspiracy Ever | |||
|isbn = 978-1-59240-848-1 | |||
|publisher = ] | |||
|year = 2013}} | |||
*{{cite book | |||
|last1 = Armstrong Kelly | |||
|first1 = Linda | |||
|last2 = Rodgers | |||
|first2 = Joni | |||
|title = No Mountain High Enough: Raising Lance, Raising Me | |||
|isbn = 0-7679-1855-X | |||
|publisher = Broadway Books | |||
|year = 2002 | |||
|url = https://archive.org/details/nomountainhighen00kell | |||
}} | |||
*{{cite book | |||
|last1 = Ballester | |||
|first1 = Pierre | |||
|author1-link = Pierre Ballester | |||
|last2 = Walsh | |||
|first2 = David | |||
|author2-link = David Walsh (journalist) | |||
|title = ]: Les secrets de Lance Armstrong | |||
|isbn = 2-84675-130-7 | |||
|publisher = ] | |||
|language = fr | |||
|year = 2004 | |||
}} | |||
*{{cite book | |||
|last1 = Ballester | |||
|first1 = Pierre | |||
|author1-link = Pierre Ballester | |||
|last2 = Walsh | |||
|first2 = David | |||
|author2-link = David Walsh (journalist) | |||
|title = L.A. Officiel | |||
|isbn = 2-84675-204-4 | |||
|publisher = La Martinière | |||
|language = fr | |||
|year = 2006 | |||
}} | |||
*{{cite book | |||
|last1 = Coyle | |||
|first1 = Daniel | |||
|title = Lance Armstrong's War: One Man's Battle Against Fate, Fame, Love, Death, Scandal, and a Few Other Rivals on the Road to the Tour de France | |||
|isbn = 0-06-073497-3 | |||
|publisher = HarperCollins | |||
|year = 2005 | |||
|url = https://archive.org/details/lancearmstrongsw00coyl_0 | |||
}} | |||
*{{cite book | |||
|last1 = Wilcockson | |||
|first1 = John | |||
|author1-link = John Wilcockson | |||
|title = 23 Days in July | |||
|isbn = 0-7195-6717-3 | |||
|publisher = John Murray | |||
|year = 2004 | |||
}} | |||
*{{cite book | |||
|last1 = Wilcockson | |||
|first1 = John | |||
|author1-link = John Wilcockson | |||
|title = The 2005 Tour de France: The Last Chapter of the Armstrong Era | |||
|isbn = 1-931382-68-9 | |||
|publisher = Velo Press | |||
|year = 2005 | |||
|url = https://archive.org/details/2005tourdefrance00wilc | |||
}} | |||
*{{cite book | |||
|last1 = Wilcockson | |||
|first1 = John | |||
|author1-link = John Wilcockson | |||
|title = LANCE: The Making of the World's Greatest Champion | |||
|isbn = 978-0-306-81587-4 | |||
|publisher = Da Capo Press | |||
|year = 2009 | |||
|url = https://archive.org/details/lancemakingofwor00wilc_0 | |||
}} | |||
==External links== | |||
== Further reading == | |||
{{Sister project links|wikt=no|voy=no|v=no|s=no|b=no|d=q2172|n=|species=no}} | |||
* Lance Armstrong, Sally Jenkins: '']'' (ISBN 0-425-17961-3), Putnam 2000. Armstrong's own account of his battle with cancer and subsequent triumphant return to bike racing. | |||
*{{official website}} | |||
* Lance Armstrong, Sally Jenkins: '']'' (ISBN 0-385-50871-9), Broadway Books 2003. Armstrong's account of his life after his first four Tour triumphs. | |||
* | |||
* Linda Armstrong Kelly, ]: ''No Mountain High Enough: Raising Lance, Raising Me'' (ISBN 0-7679-1855-X), Broadway Books 2002. Armstrong's mother's account of raising a world class athlete and overcoming adversity. | |||
*{{Cycling Archives}} | |||
* Daniel Coyle: ''Lance Armstrong's War: One Man's Battle Against Fate, Fame, Love, Death, Scandal, and a Few Other Rivals on the Road to the Tour De France'' (ISBN 0-06-073497-3), Harper Collins 2005. Former writer for ''Outside'' magazine documents Armstrong's road to the Tour in 2004, teaching us about both Armstrong and the Tour. | |||
*{{Olympics.com profile|lance-e-armstrong}} | |||
* Pierre Ballester, David Walsh: '']: Les secrets de Lance Armstrong'' (ISBN 2-84675-130-7), La Martinière {{fr icon}}. Various circumstantial evidence pointing to Armstrong doping. | |||
*{{Olympedia}} | |||
* Pierre Ballester, David Walsh: ''L.A. Officiel'' (ISBN 2-84675-204-4), La Martinière {{fr icon}}. Why Armstrong gave up trial against the authors after publication of L.A. Confidentiel. | |||
*{{IMDb name}} | |||
* Sharon Cook, Graciela Sholander: ''Dream It Do It: Inspiring Stories of Dreams Come True'' (ISBN 1-884587-30-5), Planning/Communications 2004. Chapter 4 details Armstrong's efforts to return to championship form following his cancer treatment. | |||
* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029113635/http://d3epuodzu3wuis.cloudfront.net/ReasonedDecision.pdf |date=October 29, 2012 }} | |||
* John Wilcockson: ''23 Days in July'' (ISBN 0-7195-6717-3), John Murray 2004. An account of how Armstrong won his 6th Tour title in 2004. | |||
*Kimmage, Paul. , ''The Sunday Times'', July 5, 2009. | |||
* John Wilcockson: ''The 2005 Tour De France: The Last Chapter of the Armstrong Era'' (ISBN 1-931382-68-9), Velo Press 2005. The story behind Armstrong's final Tour de France before his first retirement and his seventh consecutive victory. | |||
* oprah.com | |||
* John Wilcokson: ''LANCE: The Making of the World's Greatest Champion'' (ISBN 9780306815874), Da Capo Press 2009. The story of what drives the 7-time Tour de France champion through the words of Armstrong's family, friends, rivals, and Armstrong himself. | |||
*{{IMDb title|id= 3511812|title= Stop at Nothing – The Lance Armstrong Story}} | |||
== External links == | |||
{{wikiquote| Lance Armstrong}} | |||
{{commons| Lance Armstrong}} | |||
* {{official website|http://www.lancearmstrong.com/}} | |||
* | |||
*{{cycling archives|300}} | |||
* {{IMDb name|0035790|Lance Armstrong}} | |||
{{s-start}} | {{s-start}} | ||
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{{Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year navbox}} | {{Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year navbox}} | ||
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{{SI Sportsman of the Year}} | {{SI Sportsman of the Year}} | ||
{{Laureus World Sportsman of the Year}} | {{Laureus World Sportsman of the Year}} | ||
{{BBC Sports Personality World Sport Star of the Year}} | |||
{{ESPYs}} | {{ESPYs}} | ||
{{Vélo d'Or}} | {{Vélo d'Or}} | ||
{{Prince of Asturias Award for Sports}} | |||
{{Authority control|LCCN=n/96/026176}} | |||
{{Authority control}} | |||
<!-- Metadata: see ] --> | |||
{{Persondata | |||
|NAME= Armstrong, Lance Edward | |||
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES= | |||
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=American professional road racing cyclist | |||
|DATE OF BIRTH= September 18, 1971 | |||
|PLACE OF BIRTH=Dallas, Texas | |||
|DATE OF DEATH= | |||
|PLACE OF DEATH=}} | |||
{{DEFAULTSORT:Armstrong, Lance}} | {{DEFAULTSORT:Armstrong, Lance}} | ||
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Latest revision as of 03:17, 25 December 2024
American cyclist (born 1971) For the Australian politician, see Lance Armstrong (politician).
Armstrong before the 2009 Tour Down Under | |||||||||||||||||||||
Personal information | |||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Full name | Lance Edward Armstrong | ||||||||||||||||||||
Nickname | Le Boss Big Tex | ||||||||||||||||||||
Born | Lance Edward Gunderson (1971-09-18) September 18, 1971 (age 53) Richardson, Texas, U.S. | ||||||||||||||||||||
Height | 1.77 m (5 ft 9+1⁄2 in) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Weight | 75 kg (165 lb) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Team information | |||||||||||||||||||||
Discipline | Road | ||||||||||||||||||||
Role | Rider | ||||||||||||||||||||
Rider type | All-rounder | ||||||||||||||||||||
Amateur teams | |||||||||||||||||||||
1990–1991 | Subaru–Montgomery | ||||||||||||||||||||
1991 | US National Team | ||||||||||||||||||||
Professional teams | |||||||||||||||||||||
1992–1996 | Motorola | ||||||||||||||||||||
1997 | Cofidis | ||||||||||||||||||||
1998–2005 | U.S. Postal Service | ||||||||||||||||||||
2009 | Astana | ||||||||||||||||||||
2010–2011 | Team RadioShack | ||||||||||||||||||||
Major wins | |||||||||||||||||||||
Grand Tour
| |||||||||||||||||||||
Medal record
|
Lance Edward Armstrong (né Gunderson; born September 18, 1971) is an American former professional road racing cyclist. He achieved international fame for winning the Tour de France a record seven consecutive times from 1999 to 2005, but was stripped of his titles in 2012 after an investigation into doping allegations, called the Lance Armstrong doping case, found that Armstrong used performance-enhancing drugs over his career. As a result, Armstrong is currently banned for life from all sanctioned bicycling events.
At age 16, Armstrong began competing as a triathlete and was a national sprint-course triathlon champion in 1989 and 1990. In 1992, he began his career as a professional cyclist with the Motorola team. Armstrong had success between 1993 and 1996 with the World Championship in 1993, the Clásica de San Sebastián in 1995, Tour DuPont in 1995 and 1996, and a handful of stage victories in Europe, including stage 8 of the 1993 Tour de France and stage 18 of the 1995 Tour de France. In 1996, he was diagnosed with a potentially fatal metastatic testicular cancer. After recovering, Armstrong founded the Lance Armstrong Foundation (now the Livestrong Foundation) to assist other cancer survivors.
Returning to cycling in 1998, Armstrong was a member of the US Postal/Discovery team between 1998 and 2005 when he won his seven Tour de France titles. Armstrong retired from racing at the end of the 2005 Tour de France, but returned to competitive cycling with the Astana team in January 2009, finishing third in the 2009 Tour de France later that year. Between 2010 and 2011, he raced with Team Radio Shack, and retired for a second time in 2011.
Armstrong became the subject of doping allegations after winning the 1999 Tour de France. For years, he denied involvement in doping. In 2012, a United States Anti-Doping Agency (USADA) investigation concluded that Armstrong had used performance-enhancing drugs over the course of his career and named him as the ringleader of "the most sophisticated, professionalized and successful doping program that sport has ever seen". While maintaining his innocence, Armstrong chose not to contest the charges, citing the potential toll on his family. He received a lifetime ban from all sports that follow the World Anti-Doping Code, ending Armstrong's competitive cycling career. The International Cycling Union (UCI) upheld USADA's decision and decided that his stripped wins would not be allocated to other riders. In January 2013, Armstrong publicly admitted his involvement in doping. In April 2018, Armstrong settled a civil lawsuit with the United States Department of Justice and agreed to pay US$5 million to the U.S. government after whistleblower proceedings were commenced by Floyd Landis, a former team member.
Early life
Armstrong was born Lance Edward Gunderson on September 18, 1971, at Methodist Hospital in Richardson, Texas. His mother, Linda Armstrong Kelly (neé: Gayle Mooneyham), grew up in Oak Cliff. Armstrong was named after Lance Rentzel, a Dallas Cowboys wide receiver. His parents divorced in 1973 when Lance was two, and when his mother remarried Terry Keith Armstrong, Lance took his stepfather's surname. He attended Plano East Senior High School.
Career
Early career
In the 1987–1988 Tri-Fed/Texas ("Tri-Fed" was the former name of USA Triathlon), Armstrong was ranked the number-one triathlete in the 19-and-under group; second place was Chann McRae, who became a US Postal Service cycling teammate and the 2002 USPRO national champion. Armstrong's total points in 1987 as an amateur were better than those of five professionals ranked higher than he was that year. At 16, Lance Armstrong became a professional triathlete and became national sprint-course triathlon champion in 1989 and 1990 at 18 and 19, respectively.
Motorola: 1992–96
In 1992, Armstrong turned professional with the Motorola Cycling Team, the successor of 7-Eleven team. In 1993, he won 10 one-day events and stage races, but his breakthrough victory was the World Road Race Championship held in Norway. Before his World Championships win, Armstrong took his first win at the Tour de France, in the stage from Châlons-sur-Marne to Verdun. He was 97th in the general classification when he retired after stage 12. Armstrong collected the Thrift Drug Triple Crown of Cycling: the Thrift Drug Classic in Pittsburgh, the K-Mart West Virginia Classic, and the CoreStates USPRO national championship in Philadelphia. He is alleged by another cyclist competing in the CoreStates Road Race to have bribed that cyclist so that he would not compete with Armstrong for the win.
In 1994, Armstrong again won the Thrift Drug Classic and came second in the Tour DuPont in the United States. His successes in Europe occurred when he placed second in Liège–Bastogne–Liège and the Clásica de San Sebastián, where just two years before, Armstrong had finished in last place at his first all-pro event in Europe. He finished the year strongly at the World Championships in Agrigento, finishing in seventh place less than a minute behind winner Luc Leblanc.
In a 2016 speech to University of Colorado, Boulder professor Roger A. Pielke Jr.'s Introduction to Sports Governance class, Armstrong stated that he began doping in "late spring of 1995."
Armstrong won the Clásica de San Sebastián in 1995, followed by an overall victory in the penultimate Tour DuPont and a handful of stage victories in Europe, including the stage to Limoges in the Tour de France, three days after the death of his teammate Fabio Casartelli, who crashed on the descent of the Col de Portet d'Aspet on the 15th stage. After winning the stage, Armstrong pointed to the sky in honor of Casartelli.
Armstrong's successes were much the same in 1996. He became the first American to win the La Flèche Wallonne and again won the Tour DuPont. However, Armstrong was able to compete for only five days in the Tour de France. In the 1996 Olympic Games, he finished sixth in the time trial and twelfth in the road race. In August 1996, following the Leeds Classic, Armstrong signed a two-year, $2 million deal with the French Cofidis Cycling Team. Joining him in signing contracts with the French team were teammates Frankie Andreu and Laurent Madouas. Two months later, Armstrong was diagnosed with advanced testicular cancer.
Cancer diagnosis, treatment, and recovery
On October 2, 1996, at the age of 25, Armstrong was diagnosed with stage three (advanced) testicular cancer (embryonal carcinoma). The cancer had spread to his lymph nodes, lungs, brain, and abdomen. Armstrong visited urologist Jim Reeves in Austin, Texas, for diagnosis of his symptoms, including a headache, blurred vision, coughing up blood, and a swollen testicle. The next day, Armstrong had an orchiectomy to remove the diseased testicle. When Reeves was asked in a later interview what he thought Armstrong's chances of survival were, Reeves said, "Almost none. We told Lance initially 20 to 50% chance, mainly to give him hope. But with the kind of cancer he had, with the X-rays, the blood tests, almost no hope."
After receiving a letter from Steven Wolff, an oncologist at Vanderbilt University, Armstrong went to the Indiana University medical center in Indianapolis and decided to receive the rest of his treatment there. The standard treatment for Armstrong's cancer was a "cocktail" of the drugs bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin (or Platinol) (BEP). The first chemotherapy cycle that Armstrong underwent included BEP, but for the three remaining cycles, he was given an alternative, vinblastine etoposide, ifosfamide, and cisplatin (VIP), to avoid lung toxicity associated with bleomycin. Armstrong credited this with saving his cycling career. At Indiana University, Lawrence Einhorn had pioneered the use of cisplatin to treat testicular cancer. Armstrong's primary oncologist there was Craig Nichols. On October 25, his brain lesions, which were found to contain extensive necrosis, were surgically removed by Scott A. Shapiro, a professor of neurosurgery at Indiana University.
Armstrong's final chemotherapy treatment took place on December 13, 1996. In January 1997, Armstrong unexpectedly appeared at the first training camp of the Cofidis team at Lille, France, riding 100 km (62 mi) with his new teammates before returning to the United States. In February 1997, he was declared cancer-free. In October, Cofidis announced that his contract would not be extended, after negotiations broke down over a new deal. A former boss at Subaru Montgomery offered him a contract with the US Postal team at a salary of $200,000 a year. By January 1998, Armstrong was engaged in serious training for racing, moving to Europe with the team.
US Postal/Discovery: 1998–2005
Before his cancer treatment, Armstrong had participated in four Tour de France races, winning two stages. In 1993, he won the eighth stage and in 1995; he took stage 18 which he dedicated to teammate Fabio Casartelli who had crashed and died on stage 15. Armstrong dropped out of the 1996 Tour after the fifth stage after becoming ill, a few months before his diagnosis.
Armstrong's cycling comeback began in 1998 and he entered the 1998 edition of Paris–Nice but could not compete at such an elite level and abandoned the race. He then abandoned Europe with his fiancé and returned to Texas where he contemplated retirement. Not long after returning to the United States, Armstrong entered seclusion near Beech Mountain and Boone, North Carolina with former Tour de France rider Bob Roll as well as Chris Carmichael and trained in the Appalachian Mountains. In May 1998, Armstrong held his second charity race for cancer research in Austin, Texas: The Race for the Roses. Greg LeMond, Irish cycling legend Sean Kelly, and five time Tour champion Miguel Induráin were the most important cyclists at the event. LeMond said it was a good reason to get cyclists together, going on to say that life does not always deal the cards out equal and who knows if Armstrong will get back to the highest level, maybe he retires next year. During an interview, Armstrong said the rider he admires the most is Laurent Jalabert, saying that when he is riding well, he is the fiercest competitor in the bunch.
Armstrong then entered and won the Tour of Luxembourg. During the 1998 Vuelta a España Armstrong shocked the cycling world by finishing in the top five during one ITT, the top 10 in another and for the most part staying with the GC contenders in the mountains en route to finishing fourth overall. His credibility as a threat was confirmed when he finished fourth in both the road race and time trial at the World Championships. As a result of these efforts, Armstrong finished third in the voting for the Vélo d'Or. In 1999, he won the Tour de France, including four stages. Armstrong beat the second place rider, Alex Zülle, by 7 minutes 37 seconds. However, the absence of Jan Ullrich (injury) and Marco Pantani (drug allegations) meant Armstrong had not yet proven himself against the biggest names in the sport. Stage wins included the prologue, stage eight, an individual time trial in Metz, an Alpine stage on stage nine, and the second individual time trial on stage 19.
In 2000, Ullrich and Pantani returned to challenge Armstrong. The race began a six-year rivalry between Ullrich and Armstrong and ended in victory for Armstrong by 6 minutes 2 seconds over Ullrich. Armstrong took one stage in the 2000 Tour, the second individual time trial on stage 19. At the Summer Olympics 2000, Armstrong raced to third place in the Men's road time trial. In 2013, he was stripped of the bronze medal and third place title by the IOC after he admitted to doping. In September that year, Armstrong returned his medal to Olympic officials.
In 2001, Armstrong again took top honors at the Tour de France, beating Ullrich by 6 minutes 44 seconds. In 2002, Ullrich did not participate due to suspension, and Armstrong won by seven minutes over Joseba Beloki. During stage eleven and twelve of this Tour is when the race was won as US Postal had Vuelta champ Roberto Heras lead Armstrong up both climbs, breaking the peloton in the process. Then, when Heras' work was done, Armstrong took off to claim the stage wins only having to contend with Beloki.
The pattern returned in 2003, Armstrong taking first place and Ullrich second. Only a minute and a second separated the two at the end of the final day in Paris. U.S. Postal won the team time trial on stage 4, and on stage 9, Armstrong nearly crashed out of the Tour while defending the yellow jersey. He was less than a minute ahead of Beloki and Alexander Vinokourov was on a solo attack threatening to overtake Armstrong in the standings. While traversing the Côte de la Rochette Beloki crashed violently and hard, ending his Tour and sending him to the hospital with serious injuries. Armstrong narrowly avoided the same fate by reacting in time to avoid Beloki, but to do so he went off the road and ended up on a foot trail which led downhill through a field. He survived upright on his bike nearly to the end, at which time he picked it up and carried it the rest of the way to the road at the bottom of the hairpin turn, essentially losing no time as a result. He could have been fined or penalized for taking a shortcut, but it was deemed unintentional. Armstrong maintained a gap of only +0:21 over Vinokourov, but Ullrich was emerging as the most likely rider to overthrow Armstrong. Armstrong then took stage 15—despite having been knocked off on the ascent to Luz Ardiden, the final climb—when a spectator's bag caught his right handlebar. Ullrich waited for him, which brought Ullrich fair-play honors.
In 2004, Armstrong finished first, 6 minutes 19 seconds ahead of German Andreas Klöden. Ullrich was fourth, a further 2 minutes 31 seconds behind. Armstrong won a personal-best five individual stages, plus the team time trial. He became the first biker since Gino Bartali in 1948 to win three consecutive mountain stages; 15, 16, and 17. The individual time trial on stage 16 up Alpe d'Huez was won in style by Armstrong as he passed Ivan Basso on the way despite having set out two minutes after the Italian. He won sprint finishes from Basso in stages 13 and 15 and made up a significant gap in the last 250 m to nip Klöden at the line in stage 17. He won the final individual time trial, stage 19, to complete his personal record of stage wins.
In 2005, Armstrong was beaten by American David Zabriskie in the stage 1 time trial by two seconds, despite having passed Ullrich on the road. His Discovery Channel team won the team time trial, while Armstrong won the final individual time trial. In the mountain stages, Armstrong's lead was attacked multiple times mostly by Ivan Basso, but also by T-mobile leaders Jan Ullrich, Andreas Klöden and Alexandre Vinokourov and former teammate Levi Leipheimer. But still, the American champion handled them well, maintained his lead and, on some occasions, increased it. To complete his record-breaking feat, he crossed the line on the Champs-Élysées on July 24 to win his seventh consecutive Tour, finishing 4m 40s ahead of Basso, with Ullrich third. Another record achieved that year was that Armstrong completed the tour at the highest pace in the race's history: his average speed over the whole tour was 41.7 km/h (26 mph). In 2005, Armstrong announced he would retire after the 2005 Tour de France, citing his desire to spend more time with his family and his foundation. During his retirement, Armstrong diverted his attention away from the happenings in professional cycling; however whilst at a conference, in 2008, Armstrong saw Carlos Sastre's win on Alpe d'Huez and "felt a pang".
Comeback
Astana Pro Team: 2009
See also: 2009 Astana seasonOn September 9, 2008, Armstrong announced that he would return to pro cycling with the express goal of participating in the 2009 Tour de France. VeloNews reported that Armstrong would race for no salary or bonuses and would post his internally tested blood results online.
Australian ABC radio reported on September 24, 2008, that Armstrong would compete in the UCI Tour Down Under through Adelaide and surrounding areas in January 2009. UCI rules say a cyclist has to be in an anti-doping program for six months before an event, but UCI allowed Armstrong to compete. He had to retire from the 2009 Vuelta a Castilla y León during the first stage after crashing in a rider pileup in Baltanás, Spain, and breaking his collarbone. Armstrong flew back to Austin, Texas, for corrective surgery, which was successful, and was back training on a bicycle within four days of his operation.
On April 10, 2009, a controversy emerged between the French anti-doping agency AFLD and Armstrong and his team manager, Johan Bruyneel, stemming from a March 17, 2009, encounter with an AFLD anti-doping official who visited Armstrong after a training ride in Beaulieu-sur-Mer. When the official arrived, Armstrong claims he asked—and was granted—permission to take a shower while Bruyneel checked the official's credentials. In late April, the AFLD cleared Armstrong of any wrongdoing. He returned to racing after his collarbone injury at the Tour of the Gila in New Mexico on April 29.
On July 7, in the fourth stage of the 2009 Tour de France, Armstrong narrowly failed to win the yellow jersey after his Astana team won the team time trial. His Astana team won the 39 km lap of Montpellier but Armstrong ended up just over two tenths of a second (0.22) outside Fabian Cancellara's overall lead. Armstrong finished the 2009 Tour de France on the podium in third place. The only riders able to drop him were Andy Schleck who was able to defeat him by +1:13 and his own Astana teammate Alberto Contador, who won the Tour by more than four minutes over Schleck.
Team RadioShack: 2010–11
On July 21, 2009, Armstrong announced that he would return to the Tour de France in 2010. RadioShack was named as the main sponsor for Armstrong's 2010 team, named Team RadioShack. He made his 2010 season debut at the Tour Down Under, where Armstrong finished 25th out of the 127 riders who completed the race. He made his European season debut at the 2010 Vuelta a Murcia, finishing in seventh place overall. Armstrong was also set to compete in several classics such as the Milan–San Remo, Amstel Gold Race, Liège–Bastogne–Liège, and the Tour of Flanders, but bouts with gastroenteritis forced his withdrawal from three of the four races.
Armstrong returned to the United States in mid-April to compete in the Tour of Gila and May's Tour of California, both as preparation for the Tour de France. However, he crashed outside Visalia early in stage 5 of the Tour of California and had to withdraw from the race. He showed fine shape after recovering from the Tour of California crash, placing second in the Tour of Switzerland and third in the Tour of Luxembourg.
On June 28, Armstrong announced via Twitter that the 2010 edition would be his final Tour de France. Armstrong put in an impressive performance in the Tour's prologue time trial, finishing fourth. Only time trial specialists were able to better Armstrong's time and he was the highest placed of the GC contenders with a young, relatively unknown rider, Geraint Thomas, finishing one second behind him and Contador four seconds slower. In all eight of Armstrong's Tours since his comeback in 1999 he always had the requisite good luck early in the Tour and never got involved in crashes or mechanicals, which could cost him serious time. In 2010 his luck ran out early as he lost serious time due to the aftermath and peloton splits caused by a crash on stage 3, and then another crash on stage 8. He rallied for the brutal Pyrenean stage 16, working as a key player in a successful break that included teammate Chris Horner. He finished his last tour in 23rd place, 39 minutes 20 seconds behind former winner Alberto Contador. He was also a key rider in helping Team RadioShack win the team competition, beating Caisse d'Epargne by 9 minutes, 15 seconds. In October, he announced the end of his international career after the Tour Down Under in January 2011. He stated that after January 2011, he will race only in the U.S. with the Radioshack domestic team.
On February 16, 2011, Armstrong announced his retirement from competitive cycling "for good" while still facing a US federal investigation into doping allegations.
Collaboration of sponsors
Armstrong improved the support behind his well-funded teams, asking sponsors and suppliers to contribute and act as part of the team. For example, rather than having the frame, handlebars, and tires designed and developed by separate companies with little interaction, his teams adopted a Formula One relationship with sponsors and suppliers named "F-One", taking full advantage of the combined resources of several organizations working in close communication. The team, Trek, Nike, AMD, Bontrager (a Trek company), Shimano, Sram, Giro, and Oakley, collaborated for an array of products.
Doping allegations, investigation, and confession
Main articles: History of Lance Armstrong doping allegations and Lance Armstrong doping caseFor much of his career, Armstrong faced persistent allegations of doping. He denied all such allegations until January 2013, often claiming that he never had any positive test in the drug tests he had taken over his cycling career.
Armstrong has been criticized for his disagreements with outspoken opponents of doping such as Paul Kimmage and Christophe Bassons. Bassons was a rider for Festina at the time of the Festina affair and was widely reported by teammates as being the only rider on the team not to be taking performance-enhancing drugs. Bassons wrote a number of articles for a French newspaper during the 1999 Tour de France which made references to doping in the peloton. Subsequently, Armstrong had an altercation with Bassons during the 1999 Tour de France where Bassons said Armstrong rode up alongside on the Alpe d'Huez stage to tell him "it was a mistake to speak out the way I (Bassons) do and he (Armstrong) asked why I was doing it. I told him that I'm thinking of the next generation of riders. Then he said 'Why don't you leave, then?'".
Armstrong later confirmed the story, stating on the main evening news on TF1, a national television station: "His accusations aren't good for cycling, for his team, for me, for anybody. If he thinks cycling works like that, he's wrong and he would be better off going home." Kimmage, a professional cyclist in the 1980s who later became a sports journalist, referred to Armstrong as a "cancer in cycling". He also asked Armstrong questions in relation to his "admiration for dopers" at a press conference at the Tour of California in 2009, provoking a scathing reaction from Armstrong. This spat continued and is exemplified by Kimmage's articles in The Irish Independent.
Armstrong continued to deny the use of illegal performance-enhancing drugs for four more years, describing himself as the most tested athlete in the world. From his return to cycling in the fall of 2008 through March 2009, Armstrong claimed to have submitted to 24 unannounced drug tests by various anti-doping authorities.
Working with Michele Ferrari
Armstrong was criticized for working with controversial trainer Michele Ferrari. Ferrari claimed that he was introduced to Lance by Eddy Merckx in 1995. Greg LeMond described himself as "devastated" on hearing of them working together, while Tour de France organizer Jean-Marie Leblanc said, "I am not happy the two names are mixed." Following Ferrari's later-overturned conviction for "sporting fraud" and "abuse of the medical profession", Armstrong claimed that he suspended his professional relationship with Ferrari, saying that he had "zero tolerance for anyone convicted of using or facilitating the use of performance-enhancing drugs" and denying that Ferrari had ever "suggested, prescribed or provided me with any performance-enhancing drugs".
Though Ferrari was banned from practicing medicine with cyclists by the Italian Cycling Federation, according to Italian law enforcement authorities, Armstrong met with Ferrari as late as 2010 in a country outside Italy. According to Cycling News, "USADA reveals an intimate role played by Dr. Michele Ferrari in masterminding Armstrong's Tour de France success". According to the USADA report, Armstrong paid Ferrari over $1 million from 1996 to 2006, countering Armstrong's claim that he severed his professional relationship with Ferrari in 2004. The report also includes numerous eyewitness accounts of Ferrari injecting Armstrong with EPO on a number of occasions.
L.A. Confidentiel: 2004
Main article: L.A. ConfidentielIn 2004, reporters Pierre Ballester and David Walsh published a book alleging Armstrong had used performance-enhancing drugs (L.A. Confidentiel – Les secrets de Lance Armstrong). Another figure in the book, Steve Swart, claims he and other riders, including Armstrong, began using drugs in 1995 while members of the Motorola team, a claim denied by other team members.
Among the allegations in the book were claims by Armstrong's former soigneur Emma O'Reilly that a backdated prescription for cortisone had been produced in 1999 to avoid a positive test. A 1999 urine sample at the Tour de France showed traces of corticosteroid. A medical certificate showed he used an approved cream for saddle sores which contained the substance. O'Reilly said she heard team officials worrying about Armstrong's positive test for steroids during the Tour. She said: "They were in a panic, saying: 'What are we going to do? What are we going to do?'".
According to O'Reilly, the solution was to obtain a pre-dated prescription for a steroid-based ointment used to treat saddle sores from one of the team's compliant doctors. O'Reilly said that she would have been aware if Armstrong had saddle sores as she would have been responsible for administering any treatment. O'Reilly said that Armstrong told her: "Now, Emma, you know enough to bring me down." O'Reilly said that she was also asked to dispose of used syringes for Armstrong and to pick up strange parcels for the team.
Allegations in the book were reprinted in The Sunday Times (UK) by deputy sports editor Alan English in June 2004. Armstrong sued for libel, and the paper settled out of court after a High Court judge in a pre-trial ruling stated that the article "meant accusation of guilt and not simply reasonable grounds to suspect". The newspaper's lawyers issued the statement: "The Sunday Times has confirmed to Mr. Armstrong that it never intended to accuse him of being guilty of taking any performance-enhancing drugs and sincerely apologized for any such impression." The same authors (Pierre Ballester and David Walsh) subsequently published L.A. Official and Le Sale Tour (The Dirty Trick), further pressing their claims that Armstrong used performance-enhancing drugs throughout his career.
On March 31, 2005, Mike Anderson filed a brief in Travis County District Court in Texas, as part of a legal battle following his termination in November 2004 as an employee of Armstrong. Anderson worked for Armstrong for two years as a personal assistant. In the brief, Anderson claimed that he discovered a box of 'androstenin' while cleaning a bathroom in Armstrong's apartment in Girona, Spain. 'Androstenin' is not on the list of banned drugs. Anderson stated in a subsequent deposition that he had no direct knowledge of Armstrong using a banned substance. Armstrong denied the claim and issued a counter-suit. The two men reached an out-of-court settlement in November 2005; the terms of the agreement were not disclosed.
In November 2012, Times Newspapers republished all of Walsh's articles as well as the original "LA Confidential" article by Alan English in Lanced: The shaming of Lance Armstrong. The Times was said to be considering taking action to recoup money from Armstrong in relation to the settlement and court costs.
In December 2012 The Sunday Times filed suit against Armstrong for $1.5 million. In its suit, the paper sought a return of the original settlement, plus interest and the cost of defending the original case.
In August 2013, Armstrong and The Sunday Times reached an undisclosed settlement.
Tour de France urine tests: 2005
On August 23, 2005, L'Équipe, a major French daily sports newspaper, reported on its front page under the headline "le mensonge Armstrong" ('The Armstrong Lie') that six urine samples taken from the cyclist during the prologue and five stages of the 1999 Tour de France, frozen and stored since at "Laboratoire national de dépistage du dopage de Châtenay-Malabry" (LNDD), had tested positive for erythropoietin (EPO) in recent retesting conducted as part of a research project into EPO testing methods.
Armstrong immediately replied on his website, saying, "Unfortunately, the witch hunt continues and tomorrow's article is nothing short of tabloid journalism. The paper even admits in its own article that the science in question here is faulty and that I have no way to defend myself. They state: 'There will therefore be no counter-exam nor regulatory prosecutions, in a strict sense, since defendant's rights cannot be respected'. I will simply restate what I have said many times: I have never taken performance enhancing drugs."
In October 2005, in response to calls from the International Olympic Committee and the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) for an independent investigation, the UCI appointed Dutch lawyer Emile Vrijman to investigate the handling of urine tests by the French national anti-doping laboratory, LNDD. Vrijman was head of the Dutch anti-doping agency for ten years; since then he has worked as a defense attorney defending high-profile athletes against doping charges. Vrijman's report cleared Armstrong because of improper handling and testing. The report said tests on urine samples were conducted improperly and fell so short of scientific standards that it was "completely irresponsible" to suggest they "constitute evidence of anything".
The recommendation of the commission's report was no disciplinary action against any rider on the basis of LNDD research. It also called upon the WADA and LNDD to submit themselves to an investigation by an outside independent authority. The IOC Ethics Commission subsequently censured Dick Pound, the President of WADA and a member of the IOC, for his statements in the media that suggested wrongdoing by Armstrong. In April 2009, anti-doping expert Michael Ashenden said "the LNDD absolutely had no way of knowing athlete identity from the sample they're given. They have a number on them, but that's never linked to an athlete's name. The only group that had both the number and the athlete's name is the federation, in this case it was the UCI." He added "There was only two conceivable ways that synthetic EPO could've gotten into those samples. One, is that Lance Armstrong used EPO during the '99 Tour. The other way it could've got in the urine was if, as Lance Armstrong seems to believe, the laboratory spiked those samples. Now, that's an extraordinary claim, and there's never ever been any evidence the laboratory has ever spiked an athlete's sample, even during the Cold War, where you would've thought there was a real political motive to frame an athlete from a different country. There's never been any suggestion that it happened."
SCA Promotions case: 2005–2015
In June 2006, French newspaper Le Monde reported claims by Betsy and Frankie Andreu during a deposition that Armstrong had admitted to using performance-enhancing drugs to his physician just after brain surgery in 1996. The Andreus' testimony was related to litigation between Armstrong and SCA Promotions, a Texas company attempting to withhold a $5 million bonus; this was settled out of court with SCA paying Armstrong and Tailwind Sports $7.5 million, to cover the $5 million bonus plus interest and lawyers' fees. The testimony stated "And so the doctor asked him a few questions, not many, and then one of the questions he asked was have you ever used any performance-enhancing drugs? And Lance said yes. And the doctor asked, what were they? And Lance said, growth hormone, cortisone, EPO, steroids and testosterone."
Armstrong suggested Betsy Andreu may have been confused by possible mention of his post-operative treatment, which included steroids and EPO that are taken to counteract wasting and red-blood-cell-destroying effects of intensive chemotherapy. The Andreus' allegation was not supported by any of the eight other people present, including Armstrong's doctor Craig Nichols, or his medical history. According to Greg LeMond (who has been embroiled with his own disputes with Armstrong), he (LeMond) had a recorded conversation, the transcript of which was reviewed by National Public Radio (NPR), with Stephanie McIlvain (Armstrong's contact at Oakley Inc.) in which she said of Armstrong's alleged admission, "You know, I was in that room. I heard it." However, McIlvain has contradicted LeMond's allegations on the issue and denied under oath that the incident in question ever occurred in her sworn testimony.
In July 2006, the Los Angeles Times published a story on the allegations raised in the SCA case. The report cited evidence at the trial, including the results of the LNDD test and an analysis of these results by an expert witness. From the Los Angeles Times article: "The results, Australian researcher Michael Ashenden testified in Dallas, show Armstrong's levels rising and falling, consistent with a series of injections during the Tour. Ashenden, a paid expert retained by SCA Promotions, told arbitrators that the results painted a "compelling picture" that the world's most famous cyclist "used EPO in the '99 Tour"."
Ashenden's finding were disputed by the Vrijman report, which pointed to procedural and privacy issues in dismissing the LNDD test results. The Los Angeles Times article also provided information on testimony given by Armstrong's former teammate, Swart, Andreu and his wife Betsy, and instant messaging conversation between Andreu and Jonathan Vaughters regarding blood-doping in the peloton. Vaughters signed a statement disavowing the comments and stating he had: "no personal knowledge that any team in the Tour de France, including Armstrong's Discovery team in 2005, engaged in any prohibited conduct whatsoever." Andreu signed a statement affirming the conversation took place as indicated on the instant messaging logs submitted to the court.
The SCA trial was settled out of court, and the Los Angeles Times reported: "Though no verdict or finding of facts was rendered, Armstrong called the outcome proof that the doping allegations were baseless." The Los Angeles Times article provides a review of the disputed positive EPO test, allegations and sworn testimony against Armstrong, but notes that, "They are filled with conflicting testimony, hearsay and circumstantial evidence admissible in arbitration hearings but questionable in more formal legal proceedings."
In October 2012, following the publication of the USADA reasoned decision, SCA Promotions announced its intention to recoup the monies paid to Armstrong totaling in excess of $7 million. Armstrong's legal representative Tim Herman stated in June: "When SCA decided to settle the case, it settled the entire matter forever. No backs. No re-dos. No do-overs. SCA knowingly and independently waived any right to make further claims to any of the money it paid." SCA's Jeff Dorough stated that on October 30, 2012, Armstrong was sent a formal request for the return of $12 million in bonuses. It is alleged that Armstrong's legal team has offered a settlement of $1 million.
On February 4, 2015, the arbitration panel decided 2–1 in SCA's favor and ordered Armstrong and Tailwind Sports Corp to pay SCA $10 million. The panel's decision was referred to the Texas 116th Civil District Court in Dallas on February 16, 2015, for confirmation. Panel members Richard Faulkner and Richard Chernick sided with SCA; Ted Lyon sided with Armstrong. Armstrong's attorney Tim Herman stated that the panel's ruling was contrary to Texas law and expected that the court would overturn it. The panel's decision said, in part, about Armstrong that, "Perjury must never be profitable" and "it is almost certainly the most devious sustained deception ever perpetrated in world sporting history".
On September 27, 2015, Armstrong and SCA agreed to a settlement. Armstrong issued a formal, public apology and agreed to pay SCA an undisclosed sum.
Federal investigation: 2010–2012
Main article: Lance Armstrong doping case § 2010–2012 federal inquiryIn a series of emails in May 2010, Floyd Landis admitted to doping and accused Armstrong and others of the same. Based on Landis' allegations, U.S. Justice Department federal prosecutors led an investigation into possible crimes conducted by Armstrong and the U.S. Postal Service Cycling Team. The Food and Drug Administration and federal agent Jeff Novitzky were also involved in the investigation. In June 2010, Armstrong hired a criminal defense attorney to represent him in the investigation. The hiring was first reported in July when Armstrong was competing in the 2010 Tour de France.
On February 3, 2012, federal prosecutors officially dropped their criminal investigation with no charges. The closing of the case was announced "without an explanation" by U.S. Attorney André Birotte Jr. When Novitzky was asked to comment on it, he declined.
In February 2013, a month after Armstrong admitted to doping, the Justice Department joined Landis' whistleblower lawsuit to recover government funding given to Armstrong's cycling team.
USADA investigation and limited confession: 2011–2013
Main article: Lance Armstrong doping case § USADA investigation 2011–2012In June 2012, the United States Anti-Doping Agency (USADA) accused Armstrong of doping and trafficking of drugs, based on blood samples from 2009 and 2010, and testimony from witnesses including former teammates. Further, he was accused of putting pressure on teammates to take unauthorized performance-enhancing drugs as well. In October 2012, USADA formally charged him with running a massive doping ring. It also sought to ban him from participating in sports sanctioned by WADA for life. Armstrong chose not to appeal the findings, saying it would not be worth the toll on his family. As a result, he was stripped of all of his achievements from August 1998 onward, including his seven Tour de France titles. He also received a lifetime ban from all sports that follow the World Anti-Doping Code. As nearly all national and international sporting federations, including UCI, follow the World Anti-Doping Code, this effectively ended his competitive cycling career. The International Cycling Union (UCI) upheld USADA's decision and decided that his stripped wins would not be allocated to other riders.
After years of public denials, in a January 2013 interview with Oprah Winfrey, Armstrong reversed course and made a "limited confession" to doping. While admitting wrongdoing in the interview, he also said it was "absolutely not" true that he was doping in 2009 or 2010, and claimed that the last time he "crossed the line" was in 2005. He also denied pressuring team-mates into doping. In September 2013, he was asked by UCI's new president, Brian Cookson, to testify about his doping. Armstrong refused to testify until and unless he received complete amnesty, which Cookson said was most unlikely to happen.
After USADA's report, all of Armstrong's sponsors dropped him. He reportedly lost $75 million of sponsorship income in a day. On May 28, 2013, Nike announced that it would be cutting all ties to Livestrong. In the aftermath of Armstrong's fall from grace, a CNN article wrote that, "The epic downfall of cycling's star, once an idolized icon of millions around the globe, stands out in the history of professional sports." In a 2015 interview with BBC News, Armstrong stated that if it were still 1995, he would "probably do it again".
Whistleblower lawsuit: 2010–2018
In 2010, one of Armstrong's former teammates, the American Floyd Landis, whose 2006 Tour de France victory was nullified after a positive doping test, sent a series of emails to cycling officials and sponsors admitting to, and detailing, his systematic use of performance-enhancing drugs during his career. The emails also claimed that other riders and cycling officials participated in doping, including Armstrong.
Landis filed a federal whistleblower lawsuit against Armstrong under the federal False Claims Act. The False Claims Act allows citizens to sue on behalf of the government alleging the government has been defrauded. The existence of the lawsuit, initially filed under seal, was first revealed by The Wall Street Journal in 2010. In the lawsuit, Landis alleged that Armstrong and team managers defrauded the US government when they accepted money from the US Postal Service. In January 2013, US Justice Department officials recommended joining the federal lawsuit aimed at clawing back money from Armstrong.
In February, the US Department of Justice joined the whistleblower lawsuit, which also accused former Postal Service team director Johan Bruyneel and Tailwind Sports, the firm that managed the US Postal Service team, of defrauding the US.
In April 2014, documents from the AIC case were filed by lawyers representing Landis in relation to the whistleblower suit. In these documents, Armstrong stated under oath that Jose "Pepi" Marti, Dr Pedro Celaya, Dr Luis Garcia del Moral and Dr Michele Ferrari had all provided him with doping products in the period up until 2005. He also named people who had transported or acted as couriers, as well as people that were aware of his doping practices. One week later, the USADA banned Bruyneel from cycling for ten years and Celaya and Marti for eight years.
In June 2014, US district judge Robert Wilkins denied Armstrong's request to dismiss the government lawsuit stating "The court denies without prejudice the defendants' motion to dismiss the government's action as time-barred."
In February 2017, the court determined that the federal government's US$100 million civil lawsuit against Armstrong, started by Landis, would proceed to trial. The matter was settled in April 2018 when Armstrong agreed to pay the United States Government US$5 million. During the proceedings it was revealed that the US Postal Service had paid US$31 million in sponsorship to Armstrong and Tailwind Sports between 2001 and 2004. The Department of Justice accused Armstrong of violating his contract with the USPS and committing fraud when he denied using performance-enhancing drugs. It was reported that Landis would receive US$1.1 million as a result of his whistleblower actions.
Other lawsuits: 2010 to present
In November 2013, Armstrong settled a lawsuit with Acceptance Insurance Company (AIC). AIC had sought to recover $3 million it had paid Armstrong as bonuses for winning the Tour de France from 1999 to 2001. The suit was settled for an undisclosed sum one day before Armstrong was scheduled to give a deposition under oath.
Personal life
Armstrong owns homes in Austin, Texas, and Aspen, Colorado, as well as a ranch in the Texas Hill Country.
Relationships and children
Armstrong met Kristin Richard in June 1997. They married on May 1, 1998, and had three children: a son (born October 1999) and twin daughters (born November 2001). The pregnancies were made possible through sperm Armstrong banked three years earlier, before chemotherapy and surgery. The couple divorced in 2003. At Armstrong's request, his children flew to Paris for the Tour de France podium ceremony in 2005, where his son Luke helped his father hoist the trophy, while his daughters (in yellow dresses) held the stuffed lion mascot and bouquet of yellow flowers.
The same year that Lance and Kristin Armstrong were divorced, Lance began dating singer-songwriter Sheryl Crow. The couple announced their engagement in September 2005 and their split in February 2006.
In July 2008, Armstrong began dating Anna Hansen after meeting through Armstrong's charity work. In December 2008, Armstrong announced that Hansen was pregnant with the couple's first child. Although it was believed that Armstrong could no longer father children due to having undergone chemotherapy for testicular cancer, the child was conceived naturally. They have a son (born June 2009) and a daughter (born October 2010). They were married on August 9, 2022.
Politics
In a New York Times article, teammate George Hincapie hinted that Armstrong would run for Governor of Texas after cycling. In the July 2005 issue of Outside magazine, Armstrong hinted at running for governor, although "not in '06". Armstrong and former president George W. Bush, a Republican and fellow Texan, call themselves friends. Bush called Armstrong in France to congratulate him after his 2005 victory. In August 2005, The Times reported the President had invited Armstrong to his Prairie Chapel Ranch to go mountain biking. In a 2003 interview with The Observer, Armstrong said: "He's a personal friend, but we've all got the right not to agree with our friends."
In August 2005, Armstrong hinted he had changed his mind about politics. In an interview with Charlie Rose on PBS on August 1, 2005, Armstrong pointed out that running for governor would require the commitment that led him to retire from cycling. Also, in August 2005, Armstrong said that he was no longer considering politics:
The biggest problem with politics or running for the governor—the governor's race here in Austin or in Texas—is that it would mimic exactly what I've done: a ton of stress and a ton of time away from my kids. Why would I want to go from pro cycling, which is stressful and a lot of time away, straight into politics?
Armstrong created a YouTube video in 2007 with former President George H. W. Bush to successfully pass Proposition 15, a US$3 billion taxpayer bond initiative which created the Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas.
Armstrong was co-chair of a California campaign committee to pass the California Cancer Research Act, a ballot measure defeated by California voters on June 5, 2012. Had it passed, the measure was projected to generate over $500 million annually for cancer research, smoking-cessation programs and tobacco law-enforcement by levying a $1-per-pack tax on tobacco products in California.
Armstrong endorsed Democratic Congressman Beto O'Rourke against Republican incumbent Senator Ted Cruz in the 2018 election.
Outside cycling
In 1997, Armstrong founded the Lance Armstrong Foundation, which supports people affected by cancer. The foundation raises awareness of cancer and has raised more than $325 million from the sale of yellow Livestrong bracelets. During his first retirement beginning after the 2005 season, he also maintained other interests. He was the pace car driver of the Chevrolet Corvette Z06 for the 2006 Indianapolis 500. In 2007, Armstrong with Andre Agassi, Muhammad Ali, Warrick Dunn, Jeff Gordon, Mia Hamm, Tony Hawk, Andrea Jaeger, Jackie Joyner-Kersee, Mario Lemieux, Alonzo Mourning, and Cal Ripken Jr. founded Athletes for Hope, a charity that helps professional athletes become involved in charitable causes and aims to inspire non-athletes to volunteer and support the community.
In August 2009, Armstrong headlined the inaugural charity ride "Pelotonia" in Columbus, Ohio, riding over 100 miles on Saturday with the large group of cyclists. He addressed the riders the Friday evening before the two-day ride and helped the ride raise millions for cancer research. Armstrong ran the 2006 New York City Marathon with two friends. He assembled a pace team of Alberto Salazar, Joan Benoit Samuelson, and Hicham El Guerrouj to help him reach three hours. He finished in 2h 59m 36s, in 856th place. He said the race was extremely difficult compared to the Tour de France. The NYC Marathon had a dedicated camera on Armstrong throughout the event which, according to Armstrong, pushed him to continue through points in which he would have normally "stopped and stretched". He also helped raise $600,000 for his LiveStrong campaign during the run. Armstrong ran the 2007 NYC Marathon in 2h 46m 43s, finishing 232nd. On April 21, 2008, he ran the Boston Marathon in 2h 50m 58s, finishing in the top 500.
Armstrong made a return to triathlon in 2011 by competing in the off-road XTERRA Triathlon race series. At the Championships Armstrong led for a time before crashing out on the bike and finishing in 23rd place. The following year, in 2012, Armstrong began pursuing qualification into the 2012 Ironman World Championship. He was scheduled to next participate in Ironman France on June 24. However, the June suspension by USADA and eventual ban by WADA prohibited Armstrong from further racing Ironman branded events due to World Triathlon Corporation anti-doping policies.
In July 2011 and July 2013, Armstrong participated in the non-competitive Register's Annual Great Bicycle Ride Across Iowa.
Business and investments
"10/2" redirects here. For other uses, see 10/2 (disambiguation).Outside of cycling, Armstrong is also an active businessman and investor. He owns a coffee shop called "Juan Pelota Cafe" in downtown Austin, Texas. The name is a joking reference to his testicular cancer, with the name "Juan" being considered by some a homophone for "one" and "Pelota" being the Spanish word for "ball". In the same building, Armstrong owns and operates a bike shop named "Mellow Johnny's", after another nickname of his derived from the Tour term "maillot jaune", which is French for yellow jersey, the jersey given to the leader of the general classification.
In 2001, Armstrong provided financial funding to launch Wonders & Worries, a non-profit organization in Austin, Texas that provides counseling and support for children who have a parent with a serious or life-threatening disease.
A line of cycling clothing from Nike, 10//2, was named after the date (October 2, 1996) Armstrong was diagnosed with testicular cancer.
In 2008, Armstrong bought several million dollars of stock in the American bicycle component manufacturer SRAM Corporation, and has served as their technical advisor. SRAM bought those shares back from him in preparation for a public offering. Armstrong owns a small share of Trek Bicycle Corporation.
In 2009, Armstrong invested $100,000 into venture capital firm Lowercase Capital, which subsequently bought an early stake in Uber, among other investments. In 2019, Uber achieved an IPO of $82 billion and earned Armstrong an estimated $20–$30 million. According to CNBC, Armstrong said "it saved our family".
Media
In 2017, Armstrong started a podcast named "The Move", which provided daily coverage of the Tour de France in 2018 and 2019. He also appeared—without compensation—on NBC Sports Network's live Tour de France television broadcasts. The UCI indicated the podcast and NBC appearances did not violate the terms of his ban.
Career achievements
Major results
Road
- 1990
- 8th Overall Tour of Sweden
- 1991
- 1st Road race, National Junior Road Championships
- 1992
- 1st Overall Fitchburg Longsjo Classic
- 1st Stage 2
- 1st First Union Grand Prix
- 1st Stage 6 Settimana Bergamasca
- 1st Stage 4a Vuelta a Galicia
- 1st Stage 2 Trittico Premondiale
- 2nd Züri-Metzgete
- 8th Coppa Bernocchi
- 1993
- 1st Road race, UCI Road World Championships
- 1st Road race, National Road Championships
- 1st Overall Kmart West Virginia Classic
- 1st Prologue & Stage 1
- 1st Overall Tour of America
- 1st Trofeo Laigueglia
- 1st Thrift Drug Classic
- 1st Stage 8 Tour de France
- 2nd Overall Tour DuPont
- 1st Stage 5
- 3rd Overall Tour of Sweden
- 1st Stage 3
- 5th Wincanton Classic
- 9th Overall Paris–Nice
- 1994
- 1st Thrift Drug Classic
- 2nd Overall Tour DuPont
- 1st Stage 7
- 2nd Liège–Bastogne–Liège
- 2nd Clásica de San Sebastián
- 7th Overall Tour de Suisse
- 7th Road race, UCI Road World Championships
- 9th Trofeo Laigueglia
- 9th Züri-Metzgete
- 1995
- 1st Overall Tour DuPont
- 1st Mountains classification
- 1st Stages 4, 5 (ITT) & 9
- 1st Overall Kmart West Virginia Classic
- 1st Stage 4
- 1st Clásica de San Sebastián
- 1st Stage 18 Tour de France
- 1st Stage 5 Paris–Nice
- 5th Road race, National Road Championships
- 6th Liège–Bastogne–Liège
- 10th Overall Vuelta a Burgos
- 10th Züri-Metzgete
- 1996
- 1st Overall Tour DuPont
- 1st La Flèche Wallonne
- 2nd Overall Paris–Nice
- 2nd Overall Ronde van Nederland
- 2nd Liège–Bastogne–Liège
- 2nd Grand Prix Eddy Merckx
- 4th Overall Tour de Suisse
- 4th Wincanton Classic
- 6th Time trial, Olympic Games
- 8th E3 Prijs Vlaanderen
- 9th LuK Challenge Chrono (with Sean Yates
- 1998
- 1st Overall Tour de Luxembourg
- 1st Stage 1
- 1st Overall Rheinland-Pfalz Rundfahrt
- 1st Cascade Cycling Classic
- 1st Sprint 56K Criterium
- 4th Overall Ronde van Nederland
4th Overall Vuelta a España4th Road race, UCI Road World Road Championships- 1999
1st Overall Tour de France1st Stage 4 Route du Sud1st Stage 4 (ITT) Circuit de la Sarthe1st RaboRonde Heerlen2nd Amstel Gold Race7th Overall Vuelta a Aragón8th Overall Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré1st Prologue
- 2000
1st Overall Tour de France1st Stage 19 (ITT)
1st Grand Prix des Nations1st Grand Prix Eddy Merckx2nd Paris–Camembert3rd Overall Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré1st Stage 3 (ITT)
3rd Time trial, Olympic Games3rd Classique des Alpes4th Grand Prix Gippingen5th Züri-Metzgete7th GP Miguel Induráin- 2001
1st Overall Tour de France1st Overall Tour de Suisse2nd Amstel Gold Race2nd Classique des Alpes- 2002
1st Overall Tour de France1st Prologue, Stages 11, 12 & 19 (ITT)
1st Overall Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré1st Stage 6
1st Overall Grand Prix du Midi Libre1st Profronde van Stiphout2nd Overall Critérium International3rd Züri-Metzgete4th Amstel Gold Race5th Grand Prix Eddy Merckx6th San Francisco Grand Prix8th LuK Challenge Chrono (with Floyd Landis)- 2003
1st Overall Tour de France1st Stages 4 (TTT) & 15
1st Overall Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré1st Stage 3 (ITT)
6th LuK Challenge Chrono (with Viatcheslav Ekimov)8th Amstel Gold Race- 2004
1st Overall Tour de France1st Overall Tour de Georgia1st Stages 3 & 4 (ITT)
1st Profronde van Stiphout3rd Overall Critérium International4th LuK Challenge Chrono (with George Hincapie)5th Overall Volta ao Algarve1st Stage 4 (ITT)
6th Overall Tour du Languedoc-Roussillon1st Stage 5
- 2005
1st Overall Tour de France4th Overall Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré5th Overall Tour de Georgia- 2009
1st Nevada City Classic2nd Overall Tour of the Gila3rd Overall Tour de France1st Stage 4 (TTT)
7th Overall Tour of California- 2010
2nd Overall Tour de Suisse3rd Overall Tour de Luxembourg7th Overall Vuelta a Murcia
Grand Tour general classification results timeline
Grand Tour | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Giro d'Italia | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
Tour de France | DNF | DNF | 36 | DNF | — | — | — | — | |||||||||
/ Vuelta a España | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
— | Did not compete |
---|---|
DNF | Did not finish |
Voided result |
Triathlon & Ironman
- 1989
- 2nd Bud Light U.S. Triathlon Series (USTS)–Miami (Olympic Distance)
- 1st National Sprint Course Triathlon
- 1990
- 1st National Sprint Course Triathlon
- 2011
- 5th XTERRA USA Championships
- 2012
- 1st Ironman 70.3 Hawaii
- 1st Ironman 70.3 Florida
- 3rd Ironman 70.3 St. Croix
- 7th Ironman 70.3 Texas
- 2nd Ironman 70.3 Panama
- 2nd Power of Four Mountain Bike Race
Mountain Bike
- 2008
1st 12 Hours of Snowmass2nd Leadville Trail 100 Mountain Bike Race- 2009
1st Colorado Pro Cross-Country Championships1st Leadville Trail 100 Mountain Bike Race
Filmography
- Road to Paris (2001), documentary
- DodgeBall: A True Underdog Story (2004), cameo appearance
- You, Me and Dupree (2006), cameo appearance
- The Armstrong Lie (2013), documentary
- Stop at Nothing: The Lance Armstrong Story (2014), documentary
- The Program (2015), biographical drama film
- Tour de Pharmacy (2017), appearing as himself, acting as parody of an anonymous source
- 30 for 30: Lance (2020), documentary
Accolades
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- United States Olympic Committee (USOC) SportsMan of the Year (1999, 2001, 2002, 2003)
- Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year (2002, 2003, 2004, 2005)
- World's Most Outstanding Athlete Award, Jesse Owens International Trophy (2000)
- Reuters Sportsman of the Year (2003)
- Prince of Asturias Award in Sports (2000)
- Sports Ethics Fellows by the Institute for International Sport (2003)
- Mendrisio d'Or Award in Switzerland (1999)
- Premio Coppi-Bici d'Oro Trophy by the Fausto Coppi foundation in conjunction with La Gazzetta dello Sport (1999, 2000)
- Marca Legend Award by Marca, a Spanish sports daily in Madrid (2004)
- ESPY Award for Best Male Athlete (2003, 2004, 2005, 2006)
- ESPY Award for GMC Professional Grade Play Award (2005)
- ESPY Award for Best Comeback Athlete (2000)
- ESPN/Intersport's ARETE Award for Courage in Sport (Professional Division) (1999)
- ABC's Wide World of Sports Athlete of the Year (1999)
- Favorite Athlete award at Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards (2006)
- Presidential Delegation to the XIX Olympic Winter Games (2002)
- Sports Illustrated magazine's Sportsman of the Year (2002)
- VeloNews magazine's International Cyclist of the Year (2000, 2001, 2003, 2004)
- VeloNews magazine's North American Male Cyclist of the Year (1993, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2002, 2005)
- William Hill Sports Book of the Year: It's Not About the Bike: My Journey Back to Life (2000)
- Triathlon magazine's Rookie of the Year (1988)
- Pace car driver for the Indianapolis 500 (2006)
- An asteroid, 1994 JE9 was named 12373 Lancearmstrong in honor of him.
- Six-mile Lance Armstrong Bikeway through downtown Austin, Texas, built by the city of Austin at a cost of $3.2 million.
- Mildred "Babe" Didrikson Zaharias Courage Award presented by the United States Sports Academy (1999)
- Samuel S. Beard Award for Greatest Public Service by an Individual 35 Years or Under, an award given out annually by Jefferson Awards (2001)
Rescinded awards
- BBC Overseas Sports Personality of the Year Award (2003)
- Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters, Tufts University (2006)
- Key to the city of Adelaide (2012)
- Laureus World Sports Award for Sportsman of the Year Winner (2003)
- Laureus World Sports Award for Comeback of the Year Winner (2000)
- Laureus World Sports Award for Sportsman of the Year Nominated (2002, 2004, 2005, 2006)
- Laureus World Sports Award for Comeback of the Year Nominated (2010)
- Grand Prix Serge-Kampf de l'Académie des sports (France, 2004)
- Légion d'honneur (France, 2005)
- Vélo d'Or Award by Velo magazine in France (1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2004)
See also
Notes and references
- Notes
- Other top riders in the 1999 to 2005 Tours also have been involved in doping scandals. Several riders were banned and some also had their results stripped; some subsequently admitted to doping. Those riders include Jan Ullrich, Marco Pantani, Andreas Klöden, Joseba Beloki, Raimondas Rumšas, Alex Zülle, Ivan Basso, and Alexander Vinokourov. UCI stated that "a cloud of suspicion would remain hanging over that period." And so, while noting that their decision "might appear harsh for those who rode clean", UCI decided "with respect to Lance Armstrong" that those seven Tours would have no official winner, rather than being allocated to other riders.
- Other top riders in the 1999 to 2005 Tours have also been involved in doping scandals. Several riders were banned and some also had their results stripped; some subsequently admitted to doping. Those riders include Jan Ullrich, Marco Pantani, Andreas Klöden, Joseba Beloki, Raimondas Rumšas, Alex Zülle, Ivan Basso, and Alexander Vinokourov. UCI stated that "a cloud of suspicion would remain hanging over that period." And so, while noting that their decision "might appear harsh for those who rode clean", UCI decided "with respect to Lance Armstrong" that those seven Tours would have no official winner, rather than being allocated to other riders.
- In return for co-operating with USADA (during its investigation in 2012), Armstrong's teammates were given reduced bans in line with WADA guidelines allowing reduction of ban for "Significant Co-Operation". Armstrong made demands in return for testifying completely. Brian Cookson of the UCI said that it was most unlikely that the USADA would agree to Armstrong's demands. In response to that, Armstrong refused to testify.
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2000 Winner: It's Not About The Bike – Lance Armstrong
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Bibliography
- Armstrong, Lance; Jenkins, Sally (2001). It's Not About the Bike: My Journey Back to Life. Yellow Jersey Press. ISBN 0-224-06087-2.
- Armstrong, Lance; Jenkins, Sally (2003). Every Second Counts. Broadway Books. ISBN 0-385-50871-9.
Further reading
- Albergotti, Reed; O'Connell, Vanessa (2013). Wheelmen: Lance Armstrong, the Tour de France, and the Greatest Sports Conspiracy Ever. Gotham. ISBN 978-1-59240-848-1.
- Armstrong Kelly, Linda; Rodgers, Joni (2002). No Mountain High Enough: Raising Lance, Raising Me. Broadway Books. ISBN 0-7679-1855-X.
- Ballester, Pierre; Walsh, David (2004). L.A. Confidentiel: Les secrets de Lance Armstrong (in French). La Martinière. ISBN 2-84675-130-7.
- Ballester, Pierre; Walsh, David (2006). L.A. Officiel (in French). La Martinière. ISBN 2-84675-204-4.
- Coyle, Daniel (2005). Lance Armstrong's War: One Man's Battle Against Fate, Fame, Love, Death, Scandal, and a Few Other Rivals on the Road to the Tour de France. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-073497-3.
- Wilcockson, John (2004). 23 Days in July. John Murray. ISBN 0-7195-6717-3.
- Wilcockson, John (2005). The 2005 Tour de France: The Last Chapter of the Armstrong Era. Velo Press. ISBN 1-931382-68-9.
- Wilcockson, John (2009). LANCE: The Making of the World's Greatest Champion. Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-81587-4.
External links
- Official website
- The Lance Armstrong Foundation
- Lance Armstrong at Cycling Archives (archived)
- Lance Armstrong at Olympics.com
- Lance Armstrong at Olympedia (archive)
- Lance Armstrong at IMDb
- USADA – U.S. Postal Service Pro Cycling Team Investigation – Reasoned Decision Archived October 29, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
- Kimmage, Paul. "Tour gears up for return of Lance Armstrong", The Sunday Times, July 5, 2009.
- Lance Armstrong Talks to Oprah oprah.com
- Stop at Nothing – The Lance Armstrong Story at IMDb
Awards and achievements | ||
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Preceded by Derek Birley | William Hill Sports Book of the Year winner 2000 |
Succeeded by Laura Hillenbrand |
Preceded byJonny Moseley Rulon Gardner |
USOC Sportsman of the Year 1999 2001–2003 |
Succeeded byRulon Gardner Michael Phelps |
Preceded by Steffi Graf | Prince of Asturias Award for Sports 2000 |
Succeeded by Manuel Estiarte |
Lance Armstrong | |
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Other |
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Laureus World Sports Award for Sportsman of the Year | |
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ESPY Awards | |
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Cross-cutter | |
Individual | |
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Ceremonies |
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Men's winners |
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Women's winners |
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- Lance Armstrong
- 1971 births
- 20th-century American businesspeople
- 21st-century American businesspeople
- American adoptees
- American cycling road race champions
- American drink industry businesspeople
- American health activists
- American investors
- American male cyclists
- American philanthropists
- American retail chief executives
- American sportspeople in doping cases
- American Tour de France stage winners
- Businesspeople from Texas
- Competitors stripped of Summer Olympics medals
- Cyclists at the 1992 Summer Olympics
- Cyclists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
- Cyclists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
- Cyclists from Texas
- Cyclists stripped of Tour de France titles
- Doping cases in cycling
- Laureus World Sports Awards winners
- Living people
- Olympic cyclists for the United States
- People stripped of honorary degrees
- Sportspeople banned for life
- Sportspeople from Austin, Texas
- Sportspeople from Plano, Texas
- UCI Road World Champions (elite men)