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{{Short description|none}}<!-- None is correct - please see ] -->
Although ] occupies only 2.4% of the world's land area, it supports over 15% of the world's population. Only ] has a larger population. Almost 40% of Indians are younger than 15 years of age. More than 70% of the people live in more than 550,000 villages, and the remainder in more than 200 towns and cities. Over thousands of years of its history, India has been invaded from the ], ], ], ], and the West; Indian people and culture have absorbed and changed these influences to produce a remarkable racial and cultural synthesis.
{{About|the people from the republic of India||Indian (disambiguation){{!}}Indian}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox place demographics
| place = ]
| image = India single age population pyramid 2020.png
| image_size = 350
| caption = ] of India in 2020


<!-- main demographics -->
Religion, caste, and language are major determinants of social and political organization in India today. The government has recognized 18 languages as official; ] is the most widely spoken.
| size_of_population = {{increase}} 1,425,775,850<ref>{{cite news|title=India overtakes China to become world's most populous country|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/apr/24/india-overtakes-china-to-become-worlds-most-populous-country|work=The Guardian|date=24 April 2023}}</ref>
(April 2023 est.)
1,428,627,663<ref name="worldometers">{{cite web|title=worldometers|url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/india-population}}</ref> (Mid-year 2023 est.)
| density = 473.42 people per km<sup>2</sup> (2021 est.)<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Population & Demography Data Explorer |url=https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/population-and-demography |access-date=31 May 2023 |website=Our World in Data}}</ref>
| growth = 0.68% (2022 est.)<ref name="auto"/>
| birth = 16.1 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)<ref name="auto"/>
| death = 6.6 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)<ref name="auto"/>
| life = {{increase}} 72.03 years (2023 est.)<ref name="worldometers"/>
| life_male = 70.5 years (2023 est.)
| life_female = 73.6 years (2023 est.)
| fertility = {{decrease}} 2.00 children born per woman (2023)<ref name="auto"/>
| infant_mortality = 29.94 deaths/1,000 live births (2018)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data.unicef.org/resources/data_explorer/unicef_f/?ag=UNICEF&df=GLOBAL_DATAFLOW&ver=1.0&dq=IND.CME_MRY0.&startPeriod=1970&endPeriod=2020|title = Data Warehouse}}</ref>
| net_migration = 0.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)


<!-- age structure -->
Although 83% of the people are ], India also is the home of more than 120 million ]s--one of the world's largest Muslim populations. The population also includes ]s, ]s, ]s, ]s, and ]s.
| age_0-14_years = 25.68% (male 183,695,000/female 166,295,000) (2021 est.)
| age_15-64_years = 67.49% (male 472,653,000/female 447,337,000) (2021 est.)
| age_65_years = 6.83% (male 44,275,000/female 48,751,000) (2021 est.)
<!-- sex ratio -->
| total_mf_ratio = 1.06 male(s)/female (2023)<ref name="CIAWFIN">{{cite web |title=SOUTH ASIAN :: INDIA |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india/ |publisher=] |access-date=11 April 2023}}</ref>
| sr_at_birth = 1.1 male(s)/female (2023)<ref name="CIAWFIN"/>
| sr_0-4_years = 1.10 male(s)/female (2013 est.)
| sr_under_15 = 1.11 male(s)/female (2023)<ref name="CIAWFIN"/>
| sr_15-64_years = 1.07 male(s)/female (2023 est.)
| sr_65_years_over = 0.85 male(s)/female (2023)<ref name="CIAWFIN"/>


<!-- nationality -->
The ] system reflects Indian occupational and religiously defined hierarchies. Traditionally, there are four broad categories of castes (varnas), including a category of outcastes, earlier called "untouchables" but now commonly referred to as "dalits." Within these broad categories there are thousands of castes and subcastes , whose relative status varies from region to region. Despite economic modernization and laws countering discrimination against the lower end of the class structure, the caste system remains an important source of social identification for most Hindus and a potent factor in the political life of the country.
| nation = ]
| major_ethnic = {{unbulleted list
|{{Tree list}}
* {{steady}} ] (70.66%)
** {{increase}} ] (68.91%)
*** {{increase}} ] (38.37%)
*** {{steady}} ] (7.91%)
**** {{decrease}} ] (6.15%)
**** {{increase}} ] (1.58%)
**** {{steady}} Other Bengalis (0.18%)
*** {{decrease}} ] (6.92%)
**** {{decrease}} ] (1.50%)
***** {{steady}} ] (0.97%)
***** {{decrease}} ] (0.53%)
****** {{decrease}} ] (0.18%)
****** {{decrease}} ] (0.35%)
**** {{increase}} ] (1.20%)
**** {{increase}} ] (2.00%)
**** {{decrease}} Other Marathis (2.22%)
*** {{steady}} ] (6.44%)
**** {{decrease}} ] (0.28%)
***** {{decrease}} ] (0.005%)
***** {{decrease}} ] (0.275%)
**** {{steady}} Other Gujaratis (6.16%)
*** {{decrease}} ] (4.49%)
**** {{decrease}} ] (1.12%)
**** {{steady}} ] (0.98%)
**** {{decrease}} Other Punjabis (2.39%)
*** {{steady}} ] (0.40%)
*** {{increase}} ] (2.35%)
*** {{increase}} ] (1.03%)
*** {{increase}} Other Indo-Aryans (1%)


** {{steady}} ] (1.75%)
<b>Population:</b>
*** {{steady}} ] (1.25%)
1,027,015,247 (2001 census)
*** {{increase}} ] (0.50%)
<p><b>Age structure:</b>
* {{decrease}} ] (24.96%)
<br><i>0-14 years:</i>
** {{decrease}} ] (7.97%)
34% (male 175,228,164; female 165,190,951)
*** {{decrease}} ] (1.73%)
<br><i>15-64 years:</i>
*** {{decrease}} ] (1.63%)
62% (male 324,699,562; female 301,821,383)
*** {{decrease}} ] (3.82%)
<br><i>65 years and over:</i>
*** {{increase}} ] (0.12%)
4% (male 23,925,371; female 23,138,386) (2000 est.)
*** {{increase}} Other Telugu Groups (0.67%)
<p><b>Population growth rate:</b>
** {{decrease}} ] (6.47%)
1.58% (2000 est.)
*** {{increase}} ] (0.30%)
<p><b>Birth rate:</b>
*** {{decrease}} Other Tamils (6.17%)
24.79 births/1,000 population (2000 est.)
** {{steady}} ] (5.46%)
<p><b>Death rate:</b>
*** {{decrease}} ] (0.08%)
8.88 deaths/1,000 population (2000 est.)
*** {{steady}} ] (0.05%)
<p><b>Net migration rate:</b>
*** {{steady}} Other Kannadigas (5.33%)
-0.08 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2000 est.)
** {{decrease}} ] (3.08%))
<p><b>Sex ratio:</b>
*** {{decrease}} ] (0.97%)
<br><i>at birth:</i>
*** {{increase}} ] (1.08%)
1.05 male(s)/female
*** {{decrease}} Other Malayalis (1.03%)
<br><i>under 15 years:</i>
** {{increase}} ] (0.25%)
1.06 male(s)/female
** {{increase}} ] (0.30%)
<br><i>15-64 years:</i>
** {{increase}} ] (0.22%)
1.08 male(s)/female
** {{increase}} ] (0.22%)
<br><i>65 years and over:</i>
** {{steady}} Other Dravidians (0.99%)
1.03 male(s)/female
{{tree list/end}}}}
<br><i>total population:</i>
| minor_ethnic = {{unbulleted list
1.07 male(s)/female (2000 est.)
|{{Tree list}}
<p><b>Infant mortality rate:</b>
* {{increase}} ] (1.48%)
64.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2000 est.)
** {{increase}} ] (0.96%)
<p><b>] at birth:</b>
*** {{increase}} ] (0.69%)
<br><i>total population:</i>
**** {{increase}} ] (0.20%)
62.5 years
**** {{increase}} ] (0.14%)
<br><i>male:</i>
**** {{steady}} ] (0.085%)
61.89 years
**** {{steady}} ] (0.045%)
<br><i>female:</i>
**** {{Increase}} Other Munda people (0.22%)
63.13 years (2000 est.)
*** {{increase}} ] (0.27%)
<p><b>Total fertility rate:</b>
**** {{steady}} ] (0.115%)
3.11 children born/woman (2000 est.)
**** {{increase}} Other Santal tribes (0.155%)
<p><b>Nationality:</b>
** {{increase}} ] (0.26%)
<br><i>noun:</i>
*** {{increase}} ] (0.22%)
Indian(s)
*** {{increase}} ] (0.04%)
<br><i>adjective:</i>
** {{steady}} Unidentified (0.26%)
Indian
* {{steady}} ] (0.74%)
<p><b>Ethnic groups:</b>
** {{steady}} ] (0.44%)
] 72%, ] 25%, ] and other 3%
*** {{steady}} ] (0.12%)
<p><b>Religions:</b>
*** {{steady}} Other Bodo tribes (0.32%)
Hindu 80%, Muslim 14%, Christian 2.4%, Sikh 2%, Buddhist 0.7%, Jains 0.5%, other 0.4%
** {{steady}} ] (0.21%)
<p><b>Languages:</b>
*** {{decrease}} ] (0.08%)
] enjoys associate status but is the most important language for national, political, and commercial communication, ] the national language and primary tongue of 30% of the people, ] (official), ] (official), ] (official), ] (official), ] (official), ] (official), ] (official), ] (official), ] (official), ] (official), ] (official), ] (official), ] (official), ] (official), ] (a popular variant of Hindi/Urdu spoken widely throughout northern India)
***{{increase}} Other Naga tribes (0.13%)
<br><i>note:</i>
** {{increase}} ] (0.14%)
24 languages each spoken by a million or more persons; numerous other languages and dialects, for the most part mutually unintelligible
** {{steady}} ] (0.09%)
<p><b>Literacy:</b>
*** {{increase}} ] (0.04%)
<br><i>definition:</i>
*** {{steady}} Other Tibetans (0.05%)
age 15 and over can read and write
** {{steady}} Other Tibeto-Burman people (0.12%)
<br><i>total population:</i>
65.38% (2001)
<br><i>male:</i>
75.85% (2001)
<br><i>female:</i>
51.38% (2001)


* {{steady}} ] (0.56%)
==External Links==
** {{steady}} ] (0.49%)
*
*** {{decrease}} ] (0.22%)
*
*** {{increase}} Other Arab Muslims (0.27%)
*
** {{decrease}} ] (0.07%)
*
*** {{decrease}} ] (0.05%)
*
*** {{decrease}} Other Arab Christians (0.02%)
* {{steady}} ] (0.58%)
** {{steady}} ] (0.58%)


* {{decrease}} Others (1.02%)
] ]
** {{decrease}} ] (0.31%)
** {{decrease}} ] (0.11%)
** {{decrease}} ] (0.08%)
** {{decrease}} ] (0.05%)
** {{increase}} Other Ethnicities (0.47%)
*** {{increase}} ] (0.05%)
*** {{increase}} Other minorities (0.42%)
{{tree list/end}}}}
| official = See ]
| spoken = {{plainlist|
*] 43.6%
*] 8%
*] 6.9%
*] 6.8%
*] 6.7%
*] 4.6%
*] 4.2%
*] 3.6%
*] 3.1%
*] 2.9%
*] 2.7%
*] 1.3%
*] 1.1%
*] 5.6%
*(2011)<ref name="CIAWFIN"/>}}
}}

] is the ] with one-sixth of the ].
According to estimates from the ] (UN), India has overtaken China as the country with the ], with a population of 1,425,775,850 at the end of April 2023.<ref>UN Population Census Estimats</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Marriner |first=Katie |title=India is overtaking China today as the world's most populous country – according to this projection |url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/india-is-overtaking-china-today-as-the-worlds-most-populous-country-according-to-this-projection-d268ead9 |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=MarketWatch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2023 |title=India to overtake China as world's most populous country in April 2023, United Nations projects |url=https://www.un.org/en/desa/india-overtake-china-world-most-populous-country-april-2023-united-nations-projects#:~:text=Smith%20Mehta%2Funsplash.-,India%20to%20overtake%20China%20as%20world's%20most%20populous%20country%20in,the%20world's%20most%20populous%20country |access-date=27 April 2023 |publisher=]}}</ref><ref name="The Economic Times">{{Cite news |date=2023-04-20 |title=India overtakes China to become world's most populous nation with 1.428 billion people: UN |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/india-population-to-surpass-china-mid-year-un-estimates/articleshow/99605379.cms |access-date=2023-08-01 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

Between 1975 and 2010, the population doubled to 1.2&nbsp;billion, reaching the billion mark in 2000. According to the UN's World Population dashboard, India's population now stands at slightly over 1.428 billion, edging past China's population of 1.425 billion people, as reported by the news agency Bloomberg.<ref name="The Economic Times"/> In 2015, India's population was predicted to reach 1.7&nbsp;billion by 2050.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/30/world/asia/india-will-be-most-populous-country-sooner-than-thought-un-says.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220103/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/30/world/asia/india-will-be-most-populous-country-sooner-than-thought-un-says.html |archive-date=3 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=India Will Be Most Populous Country Sooner Than Thought, U.N. Says|work=]|author=Rick Gladstone|access-date=7 November 2016|date=29 July 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/informationGateway.php |title=United States Census Bureau – International Data Base (IDB) |publisher=Census.gov |access-date=24 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110625055059/http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/informationGateway.php |archive-date=25 June 2011 }}</ref> In 2017 its population growth rate was 0.98%, ranking ] in the world; in contrast, from 1972 to 1983, India's population grew by an annual rate of 2.3%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.GROW |title=Population growth (annual %) |publisher=World Bank |access-date=20 January 2015}}</ref>

In 2023, the ] of an Indian was 29.5 years,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Median age – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/median-age/country-comparison |access-date=16 May 2022 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> compared to 39.8 for China and 49.5 for Japan; and, by 2030; India's ] will be just over 0.4.<ref>{{cite news|last=Basu |first=Kaushik |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6911544.stm |title=India's demographic dividend |publisher=BBC News|date=25 July 2007 |access-date=24 September 2011}}</ref> However, the number of ] peaked more than a decade ago and is now falling. The number of children under the age of five peaked in 2007, and since then the number has been falling. The number of Indians under 15 years old peaked slightly later (in 2011) and is now also declining.<ref>{{Cite web|title=India's population growth will come to an end: the number of children has already peaked|url=https://ourworldindata.org/indias-population-growth-will-come-to-an-end|access-date=28 May 2021|website=Our World in Data}}</ref>

India has many ethnic groups,<ref>{{cite web|title=Background Note: India|author=US Department of State|date=17 April 2012|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3454.htm}}</ref> and every major ] is represented, as are four major ] of ] (], ], ] and ]) as well as two ]s: the ],<ref name="isolate">{{cite web| url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=90087| title=Ethnologue report for Language Isolate| author=SIL International| access-date=11 October 2007}}</ref> spoken in parts of ], and the ] language, spoken in parts of ]. 1,000,000 people in India are ] and between 25,000 and 70,000 people are ],who are descendants of Bantu slaves brought by ], ] and ] to the western coast of India during the ] and ]. They represent over 0.1% of the total population of India. Overall, only the continent of Africa exceeds the linguistic, genetic and cultural diversity of the nation of India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/India.pdf |title=Country Profile: India|publisher=Library of Congress – Federal Research Division|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324214217/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/India.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2009}}</ref>

The ] was 944 females for 1000 males in 2016, and 940 per 1000 in 2011.<ref name="2011 Provisional population tables">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final%20PPT%202011_progresstables.pdf|title=Population|work=Government of India (2011)|publisher=Census of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110115944/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final%20PPT%202011_progresstables.pdf|archive-date=10 January 2012}}</ref> This ratio has been showing an upwards trend for the last two decades after a continuous decline in the 20th century.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://opengovernanceindia.org/eonthqb/sex-ratio-trend-over-century-in-india|title=Sex Ratio Trend over Century in India – Open Governance India|work=Knoema|access-date=16 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116140119/http://opengovernanceindia.org/eonthqb/sex-ratio-trend-over-century-in-india|archive-date=16 January 2018}}</ref>

==History==
{{See also|Economic history of India}}
]

===Prehistory to early 19th century===
{{See also|Estimates of historical world population}}

The following table lists estimates for the population of India (including what are now ] and ]) from prehistory up until 1820. It includes estimates and growth rates according to five economic historians, along with ] estimates and overall ] averages derived from their estimates.<ref>Angus Maddison, The World Economy: Historical Statistics, Statistical Appendix (2007, ggdc.net).
Estimates cited are for the beginning of the 1st millennium ("year 0"), the beginning of the 2nd millennium ("year 1000"), and for the beginning each century since the 16th (years 1820 and 1913 are given for the 19th and 20th century, respectively, as Maddison presents detailed estimates for these years), and a projection for the year 2030.</ref>
<ref name="ggdc.net">{{cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/38602317/ANGUS_MADDISON|title=Growth of World Population, GDP and GDP Per Capita before 1820|author=Angus Maddison|date=2001|page=238 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Year
! colspan="2" | ] (2001)<ref name="maddison">] (2001), '']'', , ]</ref>
! colspan="2" | ] (1967)<ref>{{cite book|author=]|title=Population Growth and Land Use|publisher=]|year=1977|page=64|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0KKvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA64|isbn=9781349157754}}</ref><ref name="maddison236">] (2001), '']'', , ]</ref><ref>John D. Durand, 1974, , ], Population Center, Analytical and Technical Reports, Number 10, page 9</ref>
! colspan="2" | Biraben (1979)<ref name="maddison236"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Structure, Culture, and History: Recent Issues in Social Theory|author=Sing C. Chew, J. David Knottnerus|publisher=]|year=2002|page=185|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3WzXroSxMb0C&pg=PA185|isbn=9780847698370}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Demography: Analysis and Synthesis|author=Guillaume Wunsch, Graziella Caselli, Jacques Vallin|publisher=]|year=2005|chapter=Population in Time and Space|page=34|isbn=978-0-12-765660-1 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nmgNXoiAiU4C&pg=RA2-PA34}}</ref>
! colspan="2" | Durand (1974)<ref>John D. Durand, 1974, , ], Population Center, Analytical and Technical Reports, Number 10, page 10</ref><ref name="maddison236"/>
! colspan="2" | ] (1978)<ref>{{cite book |author1=Colin McEvedy |author-link1=Colin McEvedy |author2=Richard Jones |date=1978 |title=Atlas of World Population History |publisher=] |location=New York |pages=182–185 |url=http://www.arabgeographers.net/up/uploads/14299936761.pdf#page=92}}</ref><ref name="maddison236"/>
! colspan="2" | ] average
! rowspan="2" | Period
! rowspan="2" | Average <br> % growth <br> / century
|-
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | Population
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | ] <br> / century
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | Population
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | % growth <br> / century
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | Population
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | % growth <br> / century
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | Population
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | % growth <br> / century
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | Population
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | % growth <br> / century
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | Population
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | % growth <br> / century
|-
| ]
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:100000}}
| {{n/a}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:100000}}
| {{n/a}}
| rowspan="2" | ]
| rowspan="2" | 3.9
|-
| 4000 BC
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.9
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.9
|-
| 2000 BC
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:6000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.4
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:6000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.4
| ]
| 9.4
|-
| 500 BC
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:25000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 10
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:25000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 10
| rowspan="2" | ]
| rowspan="2" | 10.2
|-
| 400 BC
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:30000000}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26600000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.3
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:28300000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.2
|-
| 200 BC
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:55000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 35.4
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:30000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.3
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:42500000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 22.5
| ]
| 22.5
|-
| 1 AD
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| {{n/a}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:70000000}}
| {{n/a}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:46000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | –9.3
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| {{n/a}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:34000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.5
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:60000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.8
| rowspan="4" | ]
| rowspan="4" | 5.3
|-
| 200
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:72500000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.7
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:45000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | –1.1
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:39000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.1
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:61300000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.1
|-
| 400
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.7
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:32000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | –18.6
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:45000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.4
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:60400000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | –0.7
|-
| 500
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:33000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.1
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:48000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.5
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:61200000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.3
|-
| 600
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:37000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.1
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:51000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.5
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:62600000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.3
| rowspan="5" | ]
| rowspan="5" | 1.9
|-
| 700
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:50000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 35.1
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:56500000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.3
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:66300000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.9
|-
| 800
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:43000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | –16.3
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:62000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.3
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:66000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | –0.5
|-
| 900
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:72500000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | –3.5
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:38000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | –13.2
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:69500000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.4
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:66000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
|-
| 1000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:70000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | –3.5
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:40000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.3
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:77000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.4
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:67400000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.1
|-
| 1100
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:81000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 8
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:72500000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.5
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:51000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 27.5
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:81300000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.4
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:80000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.9
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:73200000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.6
| rowspan="5" | ]
| rowspan="5" | 8.1
|-
| 1200
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:87500000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 8
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.5
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:65100000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 27.5
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:88200000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.4
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:83000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.8
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:79800000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 9
|-
| 1300
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:94500000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 8
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:83000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 27.5
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:95700000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.4
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:88000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 6
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:87200000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.3
|-
| 1400
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:102000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 8
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:77000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.3
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:88800000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 7
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:103700000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.4
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:94000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.8
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:92900000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 7
|-
| 1500
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:110000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 8
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:79000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.3
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:95000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 7
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:112500000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.4
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:100000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.4
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:99300000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 7
|-
| 1600
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:135000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 22.8
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:100000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 26.6
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:145000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 52.6
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:135800000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.7
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:130000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 30
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:129200000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 30.1
| rowspan="3" | ]
| rowspan="3" | 31.9
|-
| 1650
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:150000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 22.2
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:150000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 125
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:160000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.7
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:149100000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.7
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:145000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 24.4
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:150800000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 36.2
|-
| 1700
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:165000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 22.2
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:200000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 77.8
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:175000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.7
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:163900000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.7
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:160000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.8
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:172800000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 31.3
|-
| 1750
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:182100000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.8
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:200000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:182700000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 9
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:180000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.7
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:170000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.9
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:183000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.1
| rowspan="3" | ]
| rowspan="3" | 12.2
|-
| 1800
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:200900000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.8
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:190000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | –10.8
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:190700000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 9
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:185000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.4
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:190400000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 8
|-
| 1820
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:209000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.8
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:190000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:194000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 9
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:200000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 47.7
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:198300000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 22
|}

The population grew from the ] in 10,000 BC to the ] in 200 BC at a steadily increasing growth rate,<ref name="mcevedy184">{{cite book |author1=Colin McEvedy |url=http://www.arabgeographers.net/up/uploads/14299936761.pdf#page=92 |title=Atlas of World Population History |author2=Richard Jones |date=1978 |publisher=] |location=New York |pages=184–185 |author-link1=Colin McEvedy}}</ref> before population growth slowed down in the ] up to 500 AD, and then became largely stagnant during the ] era up to 1000 AD.<ref name="maddison"/><ref name="maddison236"/> The population growth rate then increased in the ] (during the ]) from 1000 to 1500.<ref name="maddison"/><ref name="maddison236"/>

Under the ], India experienced a high economic and demographic upsurge,<ref name="mcevedy184" /> due to Mughal ]s that intensified agricultural production.<ref name="richards">] (1995), , ]</ref> 15% of the population lived in urban centres, higher than the percentage of the population in 19th-century ]<ref name="eraly">] (2007), , ]</ref> and contemporary Europe<ref name="eraly"/> up until the 19th century.<ref name="Malanima">{{cite book|title=Pre-Modern European Economy: One Thousand Years (10th–19th Centuries)|author=Paolo Malanima|publisher=]|year=2009|page=244|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C1Ej4VEPwSgC&pg=PA244|isbn=978-9004178229|author-link=Paolo Malanima}}</ref> These estimates by ]<ref name="eraly"/> and ]<ref name="Malanima"/> have been criticised by ], who considers them exaggerations and estimates urbanisation of the Mughal Empire to be less than 9% of the population.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tim|first=Dyson|title=A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day.|year=2018|pages=63–65}}</ref>

Under the reign of ] (reigned 1556–1605) in 1600, the Mughal Empire's urban population was up to 17 million people, larger than the urban population in Europe.<ref name="habib170">{{cite book |author=] |author2=] |author3=]|title=The Cambridge Economic History of India|volume=1|page=170|year=1987|publisher=]|url=http://www.hkrdb.kar.nic.in/documents/Downloads/Good%20Reads/The%20Cambridge%20Economic%20History%20of%20India,%20Volume%201.pdf#page=186}}</ref> By 1700, Mughal India had an urban population of 23 million people, larger than British India's urban population of 22.3 million in 1871.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Broadberry|first1=Stephen|last2=Gupta|first2=Bishnupriya|title=Indian GDP before 1870: Some preliminary estimates and a comparison with Britain|url=http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/economics/staff/sbroadberry/wp/indiangdppre1870v4.pdf#page=23|page=23|publisher=]|year=2010|access-date=12 October 2015}}</ref> ] (1551–1621) reported that, under Akbar's reign, Mughal India had 120 large cities and 3,200 townships.<ref name="eraly" /> A number of cities in India had a population between a quarter-million and half-million people,<ref name="eraly" /> with larger cities including ] (in ]) with up to 800,000 people<ref>{{cite book |author=] |author2=] |author3=]|title=The Cambridge Economic History of India|volume=1|page=171|year=1987|publisher=]|url=http://www.hkrdb.kar.nic.in/documents/Downloads/Good%20Reads/The%20Cambridge%20Economic%20History%20of%20India,%20Volume%201.pdf#page=187}}</ref> and ] (in ]) with over 1 million people.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pKIlAQAAMAAJ|title=Social Science Review|date=24 July 1997|publisher=Registrar, Dhaka University|via=Google Books}}</ref> Mughal India also had a large number of villages, with 455,698 villages by the time of ] (reigned 1658–1707).<ref name="habib170" />

=== Late 19th century to early 20th century ===
The ] is the number of children born per woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire years. Sources: ] and ].<ref name="ourworldindata.org">{{citation|url=https://ourworldindata.org/fertility-rate|title=Fertility Rate|author=Max Roser|year=2014|work=], ]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"
|-
! Years !! 1880!!1881!!1882!!1883!!1884!!1885!!1886!!1887!!1888!!1889!!1890!!1902<ref name="ourworldindata.org" />
|-
| align="left"|Total Fertility Rate in India||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.95|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.92 ||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.89||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.86||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.82||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.79||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.38||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.76||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.76||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.75||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.75||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.75
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"
|-
! Years !! 1921!!1922!!1923!!1924!!1925!!1926!!1927!!1928!!1929!!1930<ref name="ourworldindata.org" />
|-
| align="left"|Total Fertility Rate in India||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.761 ||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.77||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.78||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.79||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.8||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.81||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.82||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.83||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.85||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.86
|}

] from 1881 to 1950

{| class="wikitable"
!Years
!1881
!1891
!1901
!1905
!1911
!1915
!1921
!1925
!1931
!1935
!1941
!1950<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/life-expectancy?year=1810|title=Life expectancy|website=Our World in Data|access-date=28 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
|Life expectancy in India
|25.4
|24.3
|23.5
|24.0
|23.2
|24.0
|24.9
|27.6
|29.3
|31.0
|32.6
|35.4
|}

The population of India under the ] (including what are now Pakistan and Bangladesh) according to censuses:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" | ]
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | ]
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Growth (%)
|-
| 1871<ref name="chaf.lib.latrobe.edu.au">{{cite web|url=http://www.chaf.lib.latrobe.edu.au/dcd/default.htm |title=Digital Colonial Documents (India) |access-date=9 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408000302/http://www.chaf.lib.latrobe.edu.au/dcd/default.htm |archive-date=8 April 2011 }}</ref>
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:238830958}}
| {{n/a}}
|-
| 1881<ref>{{cite book|title=Census of the British empire: 1901|publisher=]|year=1906|page=xviii|url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924030396067#page/n21/mode/2up}}</ref>
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:253896330}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.3
|-
| 1891<ref name="chaf.lib.latrobe.edu.au" />
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:287223431}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.1
|-
| 1901<ref name="chaf.lib.latrobe.edu.au" />
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:293550310}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.2
|-
| 1911<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_And_You/old_report/index%20old%20census.html |title=Census of India – Index of Old Census Reports |access-date=9 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006190625/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_And_You/old_report/index%20old%20census.html |archive-date=6 October 2011 }}</ref>
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:315156396}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.4
|-
| 1921<ref name="censusindia.gov.in" />
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:318942480}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.2
|-
| 1931<ref name="censusindia.gov.in" />
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:352837778}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.6
|-
| 1941<ref name="censusindia.gov.in" />
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:388997955}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.2
|}

Studies of India's population since 1881 have focused on such topics as total population, birth and death rates, geographic distribution, literacy, the rural and urban divide, cities of a million, and the three cities with populations over eight million: Delhi, Greater Mumbai (Bombay), and Kolkata (Calcutta).<ref>{{cite journal | author = Khan J.H. | year = 2004 | title = Population growth and demographic change in India | journal = Asian Profile | volume = 32 | issue = 5| pages = 441–460 }}</ref>

Mortality rates fell in the period 1920–45, primarily due to biological immunisation. Suggestions that it was the benefits of colonialism are refuted by academic thinking: "There can be no serious, informed belief... that... late colonial era mortality diminished and population grew rapidly because of improvements in income, living standards, nutrition, environmental standards, sanitation or health policies, nor was there a cultural transformation...".<ref>{{cite journal | author = Klein Ira | year = 1990 | title = The demographic revolution | journal = Indian Economic and Social History Review | volume = 27 | issue = 1| pages = 33–63 | doi = 10.1177/001946469002700102 | s2cid = 144517813 }}</ref>

== Characteristics ==
] trends in India<br />(per 1000 people, national average)<ref name=npc1>{{cite web|title=Birth Rate, Death Rate, Infant Mortality Rate and Total Fertility Rate: India and States|publisher=National Commission on Population, Govt of India|year=2010|url=http://populationcommission.nic.in/india.htm|access-date=17 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619091741/http://populationcommission.nic.in/india.htm|archive-date=19 June 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Census India SRS Bulletins|publisher=Registrar General of India, Govt of India|year=2011 |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/vital_statistics/SRS_Bulletins/Bulletins.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Census India SRS Bulletins |publisher=Registrar General of India, Govt of India|year=2013 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/vital_statistics/SRS_Reports_2013.html}}</ref>]]
] rate trends in India<br />(per 1000 births, under age 1, national average)]]

India occupies 2.41% of the world's land area but supports over 18% of the world's population. At the 2001 census 72.2% of the population<ref name="censusindia2001"> ''Census of India: Census Data 2001: India at a glance >> Rural-Urban Distribution.'' Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 26 November 2008.</ref> lived in about 638,000 villages<ref> ''Census of India: Number of Villages'' Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 26 November 2008.</ref> and the remaining 27.8%<ref name="censusindia2001" /> lived in more than 5,100 towns and over 380 ].<ref> ''Census of India: Urban Agglomerations and Towns.'' Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 26 November 2008.</ref>

India's population exceeded that of the entire continent of Africa by 200 million people in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Population Prospects, the 2010 Revision|publisher=United Nations|date=28 June 2011|url=http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm|access-date=6 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607213118/http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm|archive-date=7 June 2012}}</ref> However, because Africa's population growth is extremely high compared to the rest of the world,<ref name="Bearak Moriarty Ledur 2021 n171">{{cite news | last1=Bearak | first1=Max | last2=Moriarty | first2=Dylan | last3=Ledur | first3=Júlia | title=Africa's rising cities | newspaper=The Washington Post| date=19 November 2021 | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/interactive/2021/africa-cities/ | access-date=22 February 2024}}</ref><ref name="Gramlich 2020 x178">{{cite web | last=Gramlich | first=John | title=For World Population Day, a look at the countries with the biggest projected gains – and losses – by 2100 | website=Pew Research Center | date=30 May 2020 | url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2019/07/10/for-world-population-day-a-look-at-the-countries-with-the-biggest-projected-gains-and-losses-by-2100/ | access-date=22 February 2024}}</ref> it is expected to surpass both China and India by the early 2030s.<ref name="Deen 2023 v219">{{cite web | last=Deen | first=Thalif | title=Will Sub-Saharan Africa Ultimately Surpass India And China in Population Growth? – Analysis | website=Eurasia Review | date=1 May 2023 | url=https://www.eurasiareview.com/02052023-will-sub-saharan-africa-ultimately-surpass-india-and-china-in-population-growth-analysis/ | access-date=22 February 2024}}</ref>

=== Comparative demographics ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Comparative demographics
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" | Category
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" | Global ranking
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" | References
|-
| Area
| 7th
|<ref name=ciawfb>{{cite web|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency, USA|access-date=1 January 2012|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india/|title=India – the World Factbook}}</ref>
|-
| Population
| 1st
|<ref name=ciawfb />
|-
| ]
| 102nd of 212
| in 2010<ref name=WB2012>{{cite web|title=World Bank Indicators Databank, by topic|publisher=The World Bank|access-date=1 January 2012|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator}}</ref>
|-
| Population density
| 24th of 212
| in 2010<ref name=WB2012 />
|-
| Male to Female ratio, at birth
| 12th of 214
| in 2009<ref>{{cite web|title=Gender Statistics Highlights from 2012 World Development Report|publisher=World DataBank, a compilation of databases by the World Bank|date=February 2012|url=http://databank.worldbank.org/ddp/home.do}}</ref>
|}

=== List of states and union territories by demographics ===
{{Main|List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_population#List|l1=List of States and Union Territories by demographics}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Population growth of India per decade<ref name="Census Population">{{cite web|url=http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2006-07/chapt2007/tab97.pdf|title=Census Population|work=Census of India|publisher=Ministry of Finance India|access-date=1 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219073658/http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2006-07/chapt2007/tab97.pdf|archive-date=19 December 2008}}</ref>
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" | Census year
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Population
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Change (%)
|-
| 1951
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:361088003}}
| style="text-align: right;" | –
|-
| 1961
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:439235000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.6
|-
| 1971
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:548160000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 24.8
|-
| 1981
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:683329000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 24.7
|-
| 1991
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:846387888}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 23.9
|-
| 2001
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1028737436}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.5
|-
| 2011
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,210,193,422
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.7
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Population distribution by states/union territories (2011)
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Rank
! scope="col" style="text-align: left; width: 120px;" | ]
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Population<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.census2011.co.in/states.php | title = List of states with Population, Sex Ratio and Literacy Census 2011 | publisher = 2011 Census of India | access-date = 23 January 2013 }}</ref>
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Percent (%)
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Male
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Female
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Difference between male and female
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | ]
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Rural<ref name="Rural Urban distribution">{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/prov_results_paper2_india.html|title=Provisional Population Totals|work=Government of India (2011)|publisher=Census of India|access-date=23 July 2011}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Urban<ref name="Rural Urban distribution" />
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Area<ref name="Area of India/state/district">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Administrative_Divisions/Area_of_India.aspx|title=Area of India/state/district|work=Government of India (2001)|publisher=Census of India|access-date=27 October 2008}}</ref> (km<sup>2</sup>)
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Density (per km<sup>2</sup>)
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 1
| ]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:199812341}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.50
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:104480510}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:95331831}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:9148679}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 930
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:155111022}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:44470455}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:240928}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:828}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 2
| ]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:112374333}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.28
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:58243056}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:54131277}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4111779}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 929
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:61545441}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:50827531}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:307713}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:365}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 3
| ]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:104099452}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.60
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:54278157}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:49821295}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4456862}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 918
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:92075028}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:11729609}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:94163}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1102}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 4
| ]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:91276115}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.54
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:46809027}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:44467088}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2341939}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 950
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:62213676}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:29134060}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:88752}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1030}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 5
| ]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:72626809}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.00
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:37612306}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:35014503}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2597803}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 931
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:52537899}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:20059666}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:308245}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:236}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 6
| ]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:72147030}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.96
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:36137975}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:36009055}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:128920}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 996
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:37189229}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:34949729}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:130058}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:555}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 7
| ]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:68548437}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.66
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:35550997}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:32997440}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2553557}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 928
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:51540236}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17080776}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:342239}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:201}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 8
| ]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:61095297}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.05
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:30966657}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:30128640}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:838017}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 973
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:37552529}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:23578175}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:191791}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:319}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 9
| ]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:60439692}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.99
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:31491260}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:28948432}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2542828}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 919
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:34670817}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:25712811}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:196024}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:308}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 10
| ]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:49386799}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.08
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:24738068}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:24648731}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:89337}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 996
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:34776389}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:14610410}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:160205}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:308}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 11
| ]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:41974218}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.47
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:21212136}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:20762082}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:450054}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 979
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:34951234}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:6996124}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:155707}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:269}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 12
| ]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:35193978}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.91
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17704078}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17489900}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:214178}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 988
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:21585313}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:13608665}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:114840}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:307}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 13
| ]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:33406061}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.76
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:16027412}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17378649}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:-1351237}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 1084
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17445506}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:15932171}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:38863}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:859}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 14
| ]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:32988134}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.72
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:16930315}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:16057819}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:872496}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 948
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:25036946}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:7929292}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:79714}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:414}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 15
| ]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:31205576}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.58
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:15939443}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:15266133}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:673310}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 958
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26780526}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4388756}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:78438}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:397}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 16
| ]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:27743338}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.29
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:14639465}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:13103873}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1535592}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 895
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17316800}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:10387436}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:50362}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:550}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 17
| ]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:25545198}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.11
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:12832895}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:12712303}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:120592}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 991
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:19603658}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:5936538}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:135191}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:189}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 18
| ]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:25351462}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.09
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:13494734}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:11856728}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1638006}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 879
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:16531493}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8821588}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:44212}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:573}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 19
| ] (UT)
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:16787941}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.39
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8887326}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:7800615}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1086711}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 868
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:944727}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:12905780}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1484}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:11297}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 20
| ]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:12541302}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.04
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:6640662}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:5900640}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:740022}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 889
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:9134820}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3414106}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:222236}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:56}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 21
| ]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:10086292}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.83
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:5137773}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4948519}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:189254}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 963
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:7025583}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3091169}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:53483}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:189}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 22
| ]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:6864602}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.57
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3481873}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3382729}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:99144}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 972
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:6167805}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:688704}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:55673}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:123}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 23
| ]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3673917}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.30
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1874376}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1799541}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:74835}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 960
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2710051}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:960981}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:10486}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:350}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 24
| ]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2966889}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.25
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1491832}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1475057}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:16775}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 989
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2368971}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:595036}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:22429}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:132}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 25
| ]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2855794}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.24
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1438687}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1417107}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:21580}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 985
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1899624}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:822132}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:22327}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:128}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 26
| ]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1978502}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.16
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1024649}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:953853}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:70796}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 931
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1406861}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:573741}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:16579}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:119}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 27
| ]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1458545}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.12
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:739140}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:719405}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:19735}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 973
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:551414}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:906309}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3702}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:394}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 28
| ]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1383727}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.11
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:713912}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:669815}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:44097}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 938
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1069165}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:313446}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:83743}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 29
| ] (UT)
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1247953}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.10
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:612511}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:635442}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:-22931}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 1037
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:394341}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:850123}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:479}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2598}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 30
| ]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1097206}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.09
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:555339}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:541867}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:13472}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 976
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:529037}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:561997}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:21081}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:52}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 31
| ] (UT)
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1055450}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.09
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:580663}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:474787}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:105876}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 818
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:29004}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1025682}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:114}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:9252}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 32
| ]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:610577}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.05
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:323070}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:287507}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:35563}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 890
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:455962}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:151726}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:7096}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:86}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 33
| ] (UT)
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:380581}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.03
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:202871}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:177710}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:25161}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 876
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:244411}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:135533}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8249}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:46}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 34
| ] (UT)
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:343709}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.03
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:193760}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:149949}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:43811}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 774
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:183024}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:159829}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:491}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:698}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 35
| ] (UT)
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:243247}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.02
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:150301}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:92946}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:57355}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 618
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:60331}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:182580}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:112}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2169}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 36
| ] (UT)
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:64473}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.01
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:33123}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:31350}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1773}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 946
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:14121}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:50308}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:32}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2013}}
|-
! style="text-align: right;" | –
! style="text-align: left;" | Total (India)
! style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1210854977}}
! style="text-align: right;" | 100
! style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:623724248}}
! style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:586469174}}
! style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:35585741}}
! style="text-align: right;" | 943
! style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:833087662}}
! style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:377105760}}
! style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3287240}}
! style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:382}}
|}

=== Religious demographics ===
{{Main|Religion in India}}
The table below summarises India's demographics (excluding the Mao-Maram, Paomata and Purul subdivisions of ] of ] state due to cancellation of census results) according to religion at the ] in per cent. The data are "unadjusted" (without excluding ] and ]); the 1981 census was not conducted in Assam and the 1991 census was not conducted in Jammu and Kashmir. Missing citing/reference for "Changes in religious demagraphics over time" table below.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Religious populations' numbers (2011)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|title=Census of India – India at a Glance: Religious Compositions|website=censusindia.gov.in|access-date=25 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" | Religion
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" | Population
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" | Percentage (%)
|-
| style="background:#FFE0C0;"| Hindus
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:966378868}}
| {{percentage bar|79.80}}
|-
| style="background:#E0FFC0;"| Muslims
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:172245158}}
| {{percentage bar|14.23}}
|-
| style="background:#E0F0FF;"| Christians
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:27819588}}
| {{percentage bar|2.30}}
|-
| style="background:#F0F0C0;"| Sikhs
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:20833116}}
| {{percentage bar|1.72}}
|-
| style="background:#FFFFC0;"| Buddhists
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8442972}}
| {{percentage bar|0.70}}
|-
| style="background:#FFE0E0;"| Jains
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4451753}}
| {{percentage bar|0.37}}
|-
| style="background:#F0E0F0;"| Others
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:7937734}}
| {{percentage bar|0.66}}
|-
| Not Stated
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2867303}}
| {{percentage bar|0.24}}
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Changes in religious demographics over time
|-
! Year
! style="background:#FFE0C0;"| Hindus
! style="background:#E0FFC0;"| Muslims
! style="background:#E0F0FF;"| Christians
! style="background:#F0F0C0;"| Sikhs
! style="background:#FFFFC0;"| Buddhists
! style="background:#FFE0E0;"| Jainis
! style="background:#F0E0C0;"| Zoroastrians
! style="background:#F0E0F0;"| Others/<br>Religion not specified
|-
| 1951
| {{percentage bar|84.1}}
| {{percentage bar|9.8}}
| {{percentage bar|2.3}}
| {{percentage bar|1.79}}
| {{percentage bar|0.74}}
| {{percentage bar|0.46}}
| {{percentage bar|0.13}}
| {{percentage bar|0.43}}
|-
| 1961
| {{percentage bar|83.45}}
| {{percentage bar|10.69}}
| {{percentage bar|2.44}}
| {{percentage bar|1.79}}
| {{percentage bar|0.74}}
| {{percentage bar|0.46}}
| {{percentage bar|0.09}}
| {{percentage bar|0.43}}
|-
| 1971
| {{percentage bar|82.73}}
| {{percentage bar|11.21}}
| {{percentage bar|2.60}}
| {{percentage bar|1.89}}
| {{percentage bar|0.70}}
| {{percentage bar|0.48}}
| {{percentage bar|0.09}}
| {{percentage bar|0.41}}
|-
| 1981
| {{percentage bar|82.30}}
| {{percentage bar|11.75}}
| {{percentage bar|2.44}}
| {{percentage bar|1.92}}
| {{percentage bar|0.70}}
| {{percentage bar|0.47}}
| {{percentage bar|0.09}}
| {{percentage bar|0.42}}
|-
| 1991
| {{percentage bar|81.53}}
| {{percentage bar|12.61}}
| {{percentage bar|2.32}}
| {{percentage bar|1.94}}
| {{percentage bar|0.77}}
| {{percentage bar|0.40}}
| {{percentage bar|0.08}}
| {{percentage bar|0.44}}
|-
| 2001
| {{percentage bar|80.46}}
| {{percentage bar|13.43}}
| {{percentage bar|2.34}}
| {{percentage bar|1.87}}
| {{percentage bar|0.77}}
| {{percentage bar|0.41}}
| {{percentage bar|0.06}}
| {{percentage bar|0.72}}
|-
| 2011<ref name="census_2011_religion">{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS |title=Population by religious community – 2011 |work=]|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner |access-date=25 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS |archive-date=25 August 2015}}</ref>
| {{percentage bar|79.80}}
| {{percentage bar|14.23}}
| {{percentage bar|2.30}}
| {{percentage bar|1.72}}
| {{percentage bar|0.70}}
| {{percentage bar|0.37}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{percentage bar|0.9}}
|}

{| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Characteristics of religious groups<ref name="census_2011_religion" />
|-
!rowspan=2| Religious<br />group
!rowspan=2| Population (2011)<br />%
!rowspan=2| ]<br />(2001–2011)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/muslim-population-grows-marginally-faster-census-2011-data/story-yAhd2F6z57ezaFWiwwYU7H.html|title=Muslim population grows marginally faster: Census 2011 data|author=Aloke Tikku|access-date=18 October 2016|date=26 August 2015|work=]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/indias-population-121-09-crores-hindus-79-8-pc-muslims-14-2-pc-census/|title=Census 2011: Hindus dip to below 80 per cent of population; Muslim share up, slows down|date=26 August 2015|work=]|access-date=20 July 2016}}</ref>
!colspan=4| ] (2011)
!rowspan=2| ] (2011)<br />(%)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/jains-most-literate-in-north-muslims-the-least/story-iKno2PywCvEZbGmguNFg2N.html|title=Jains most literate in North, Muslims the least|date=4 January 2016|access-date=20 July 2016}}</ref>
!rowspan=2| ] (2011)<br />(%)<ref name="dnaindia.com" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Only-33-of-Muslims-work-lowest-among-all-religions/articleshow/50433358.cms|title=Only 33% of Muslims work, lowest among all religions|website=]|date=4 January 2016 |access-date=20 July 2016}}</ref>
|-
! total<ref name="dnaindia.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-census-2011-sikhs-jains-have-the-worst-sex-ratio-2161061|title=Census 2011: Sikhs, Jains have the worst sex ratio & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=31 December 2015|access-date=20 July 2016}}</ref>
! rural
! urban
! child<ref>{{cite web|url=http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=Sex-ratio-dips-Jains-Sikhs-buck-trend-31122015001049|title=The Times Group|access-date=20 July 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512160719/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=Sex-ratio-dips-Jains-Sikhs-buck-trend-31122015001049|archive-date=12 May 2016}}</ref>
|-
! style="background:#FFE0C0;"| Hinduism
| ! style="background:#A0F040; | 79.80% || <!--This is population growth rate of Hinduism in per cent (from 2001 to 2011), not growth/ decline in proportion (which was -0.7%)-->16.8% <!--DO NOT CHANGE this percentage figure. Hindus did increase in numbers showing growth rate of 16.8% from 2001 to 2011 (it's mentioned in the source near in the end), it was their percentage which declined from 80.5% to 79.8% by 0.7% due to higher growth rate of Islam. Here there is no discussion about increase or decrease in percentage of any religion (for Islam, the percentage increased by 0.8% (from 13.4% in 2001 to 14.2% in 2011), not by 24.6%; the latter was its growth rate), the discussion is about growth rate of religion which is positive for all major religions in India-->|| 939 || 946 || 921 || 913 || 73.3% || 41.0%
|-
! style="background:#E0FFC0;"| Islam
| 14.23% || ! style="background:#A0F040; |24.6% || 951 || 957 || 941 || 943 || ! style="background:#FF6040; |68.5% || ! style="background:#FF6040; |32.6%
|-
! style="background:#E0F0FF;"| Christianity
| 2.30% || 15.5% || ! style="background:#A0F040; |1023 || ! style="background:#A0F040; |1008 || ! style="background:#A0F040; |1046 || 958 || 84.5% || 41.9%
|-
! style="background:#F0F0C0;"| Sikhism
| 1.72% || 8.4% || ! style="background:#FF6040; |903 || ! style="background:#FF6040; |905 || ! style="background:#FF6040; |898 || ! style="background:#FF6040; |828 || 75.4% || 36.3%
|-
! style="background:#FFFFC0;"| Buddhism
| 0.70% || 6.1% || 965 || 960 || 973 || 933 || 81.3% || ! style="background:#A0F040; |43.1%
|-
! style="background:#FFE0E0;"| Jainism
| ! style="background:#FF6040; |0.37% ||! style="background:#FF6040;| 5.4% || 954 || 935 || 959 || 889 || ! style="background:#A0F040; |94.9% || 35.5%
|-
! style="background:#F0E0F0;"| Others/Religion Not Specified
| 0.90% || ! style="background:LightGray; | n/a || 959 || 947 || 975 || ! style="background:#A0F040; | 974 || ! style="background:LightGray; | n/a || ! style="background:LightGray; | n/a
|}
{{Clear}}
]

=== Neonatal and infant demographics ===
]
The table below represents the ] trends in India, based on sex, over the last 15 years. In the urban areas of India, average male infant mortality rates are slightly higher than average female infant mortality rates.<ref name=":0" />

{| class="wikitable"
|+Infant mortality rate trend (deaths per 1000) As per NFHS & UNICEF Data.
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" | Year
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" | Male
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" | Female
!Total
|-
| 1998<ref>{{cite web|title=Sample Registration System, Registrar General, Volume 33, No. 1|date=April 2000|publisher=Census of India, Government of India|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Vital_Statistics/SRS_Bulletins/SRS_Bulletins_links/Bulletin_2000_Vol_33_No_1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220120235750/http://censusindia.gov.in/Vital_Statistics/SRS_Bulletins/SRS_Bulletins_links/Bulletin_2000_Vol_33_No_1.pdf |archive-date= 20 January 2022 }}</ref>
| 69.8
| 73.5
|71.6
|-
| 2005<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=2005–06 National Family Health Survey, Infant and Child Mortality|year=2006|publisher=NFHS, a Government of India Organisation |website=MEASURE DHS |url=http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FRIND3/07Chapter07.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513132617/http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FRIND3/07Chapter07.pdf |archive-date= 13 May 2013 }}</ref>
| 56.3
| 58
|57<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://rchiips.org/NFHS/pdf/NFHS4/India.pdf|title=India Fact Sheet – NFHS-4 – 2015-16 |publisher=International Institute for Population Sciences |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240311005237/http://rchiips.org/nfhs/pdf/NFHS4/India.pdf |archive-date= 11 March 2024 }}</ref>
|-
| 2009<ref>{{cite web|title=SAMPLE REGISTRATION SYSTEM, REGISTRAR GENERAL, Volume 45, No. 1|date=January 2011|publisher=Census of India, Government of India|url=http://www.nfhsindia.org/NFHS-3%20Data/NFHS-3%20NKF/Report.pdf|access-date=18 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209165040/http://nfhsindia.org/NFHS-3%20Data/NFHS-3%20NKF/Report.pdf|archive-date=9 February 2012}}</ref>
| 49
| 52
| {{n/a}}
|-
|2014<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4), 2015-16: India |url=http://rchiips.org/nfhs/NFHS-4Reports/India.pdf|publisher=International Institute for Population Sciences |date=2017 |pages= 196 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240209140647/http://rchiips.org/nfhs/nfhs-4Reports/India.pdf |archive-date= 9 February 2024 }}</ref>
|43.7
|37.90
|40.7<ref name=":2" />
|-
|2018<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://data.unicef.org/resources/data_explorer/unicef_f/?ag=UNICEF&df=GLOBAL_DATAFLOW&ver=1.0&dq=IND.CME_TMM0+CME_MRY1T4+CME_MRY5T14+CME_TMY0T4+CME_TMY5T14+CME_TMY0+CME_MRY0+CME_TMY1T4+CME_MRY0T4..&startPeriod=2018&endPeriod=2020|title=Data Warehouse|website=UNICEF DATA|access-date=8 March 2020}}</ref>
|29.95
|29.88
|29.94<ref name=":3" />
|}

India's 2011 census shows a serious decline in the number of girls under the age of seven – activists posit that eight million female ]es may have been aborted between 2001 and 2011.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pandey|first=Geeta|title=India's unwanted girls|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13264301|publisher=BBC News|access-date=23 May 2011|date=23 May 2011}}</ref>

=== Population within the age group of 0–6 ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Population between age 0–6 by state/union territory<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in |title=Census of India Website: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Censusindia.gov.in |access-date=26 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511035603/http://censusindia.gov.in/ |archive-date=11 May 2008}}</ref>
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" data-sort-type="number" | State or UT code
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" | State or UT
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Total
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Male
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Female
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Difference
|-
| 1
| Jammu and Kashmir
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2008670}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1080662}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:927982}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:152680}}
|-
| 2
| Himachal Pradesh
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:763864}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:400681}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:363183}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:37498}}
|-
| 3
| Punjab
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2941570}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1593262}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1348308}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:244954}}
|-
| 4
| Chandigarh
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:117953}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:63187}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:54766}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8421}}
|-
| 5
| Uttarakhand
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1328844}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:704769}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:624075}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:80694}}
|-
| 6
| Haryana
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3297724}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1802047}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1495677}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:306370}}
|-
| 7
| Delhi
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1970510}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1055735}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:914775}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:140960}}
|-
| 8
| Rajasthan
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:10504916}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:5580212}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4924004}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:656208}}
|-
| 9
| Uttar Pradesh
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:29728235}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:15653175}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:14075060}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1578115}}
|-
| 10
| Bihar
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:18582229}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:9615280}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8966949}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:648331}}
|-
| 11
| Sikkim
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:61077}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:31418}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:29659}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1759}}
|-
| 12
| Arunachal Pradesh
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:202759}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:103430}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:99330}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4100}}
|-
| 13
| Nagaland
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:285981}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:147111}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:138870}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8241}}
|-
| 14
| Manipur
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:353237}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:182684}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:170553}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:12131}}
|-
| 15
| Mizoram
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:165536}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:83965}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:81571}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2394}}
|-
| 16
| Tripura
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:444055}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:227354}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:216701}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:10653}}
|-
| 17
| Meghalaya
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:555822}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:282189}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:273633}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8556}}
|-
| 18
| Assam
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4511307}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2305088}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2206219}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:98869}}
|-
| 19
| West Bengal
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:10112599}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:5187264}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4925335}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:261929}}
|-
| 20
| Jharkhand
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:5237582}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2695921}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2541661}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:154260}}
|-
| 21
| Odisha
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:5035650}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2603208}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2432442}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:170766}}
|-
| 22
| Chhattisgarh
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3584028}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1824987}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1759041}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:65946}}
|-
| 23
| Madhya Pradesh
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:10548295}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:5516957}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:5031338}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:485619}}
|-
| 24
| Gujarat
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:7564464}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3974286}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3519890}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:454396}}
|-
| 25
| Daman and Diu
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:25880}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:13556}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:12314}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1242}}
|-
| 26
| Dadra and Nagar Haveli
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:49196}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:25575}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:23621}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1954}}
|-
| 27
| Maharashtra
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:12848375}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:6822262}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:6026113}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:796149}}
|-
| 28
| Andhra Pradesh
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8642686}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4448330}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4194356}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:253974}}
|-
| 29
| Karnataka
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:6855801}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3527844}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3327957}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:199887}}
|-
| 30
| Goa
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:139495}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:72669}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:66826}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:5843}}
|-
| 31
| Lakshadweep
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:7088}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3715}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3373}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:342}}
|-
| 32
| Kerala
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3322247}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1695889}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1626358}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:69531}}
|-
| 33
| Tamil Nadu
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:6894821}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3542351}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3352470}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:189881}}
|-
| 34
| Puducherry
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:127610}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:64932}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:62678}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2254}}
|-
| 35
| Andaman and Nicobar Islands
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:39497}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:20094}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:19403}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:691}}
|-
! style="text-align: left;" | –
! style="text-align: left;" | Total (India)
! style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:158789287}}
! style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:82952135}}
! style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75837152}}
! style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:7114983}}
|}

=== Population above the age of seven ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Population above the age of seven by state/union territory<ref name=autogenerated1 />
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" data-sort-type="number" | State or UT code
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" | State or UT
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Total
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Male
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Female
|-
| 1
| Jammu and Kashmir
| style="text-align: right;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | –
|-
| 2
| Himachal Pradesh
| style="text-align: right;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | –
|-
| 3
| Punjab
| style="text-align: right;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | –
|-
| 4
| Chandigarh
| style="text-align: right;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | –
|-
| 5
| Uttarakhand
| style="text-align: right;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | –
|-
| 6
| Haryana
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:22055357}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:11703083}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:10352274}}
|-
| 7
| Delhi
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:14782725}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:7920675}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:6862050}}
|-
| 8
| Rajasthan
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:58116096}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:30039874}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:28076222}}
|-
| 9
| Uttar Pradesh
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:169853242}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:88943240}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:80910002}}
|-
| 10
| Bihar
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:85222408}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:44570067}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:40652341}}
|-
| 11
| Sikkim
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:546611}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:290243}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:256368}}
|-
| 12
| Arunachal Pradesh
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1179852}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:616802}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:563050}}
|-
| 13
| Nagaland
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1694621}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:878596}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:816025}}
|-
| 14
| Manipur
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2368519}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1187080}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1181439}}
|-
| 15
| Mizoram
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:925478}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:468374}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:457104}}
|-
| 16
| Tripura
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3226977}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1644513}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1582464}}
|-
| 17
| Meghalaya
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2408185}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1210479}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1197706}}
|-
| 18
| Assam
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26657965}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:13649839}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:13008126}}
|-
| 19
| West Bengal
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:81235137}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:41740125}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:39495012}}
|-
| 20
| Jharkhand
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:27728656}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:14235767}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:13492889}}
|-
| 21
| Odisha
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:36911708}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:18598470}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:18313238}}
|-
| 22
| Chhattisgarh
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:21956168}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:11002928}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:10953240}}
|-
| 23
| Madhya Pradesh
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:62049270}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:32095963}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:29953307}}
|-
| 24
| Gujarat
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:52889452}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:27507996}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:25381456}}
|-
| 25
| Daman and Diu
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:217031}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:136544}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:80487}}
|-
| 26
| Dadra and Nagar Haveli
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:293657}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:167603}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:126054}}
|-
| 27
| Maharashtra
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:99524597}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:51539135}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:47985462}}
|-
| 28
| Andhra Pradesh
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:76022847}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:38061551}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:37961296}}
|-
| 29
| Karnataka
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:54274903}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:27529898}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26745005}}
|-
| 30
| Goa
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1318228}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:668042}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:650186}}
|-
| 31
| Lakshadweep
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:57341}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:29391}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:27950}}
|-
| 32
| Kerala
| style="text-align: right;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | –
|-
| 33
| Tamil Nadu
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:65244137}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:32616520}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:32627617}}
|-
| 34
| Puducherry
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1116854}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:545553}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:571301}}
|-
| 35
| Andaman and Nicobar Islands
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:340447}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:182236}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:158211}}
|-
! style="text-align: left;" | –
! style="text-align: left;" | Total (India)
! style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1051404135}}
! style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:540772113}}
! style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:510632022}}
|}

=== Literacy rate ===
]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Literacy rate by state/union territory<ref name=autogenerated1 />
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" data-sort-type="number" | State or UT code
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" | State or UT
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Overall (%)
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Male (%)
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Female (%)
|-
| 1
| Jammu and Kashmir
| {{percentage bar|68.74}}
| {{percentage bar|76.75}}
| {{percentage bar|58.01}}
|-
| 2
| Himachal Pradesh
| {{percentage bar|83.78}}
| {{percentage bar|90.83}}
| {{percentage bar|76.60}}
|-
| 3
| Punjab
| {{percentage bar|86.60}}
| {{percentage bar|81.48}}
| {{percentage bar|71.34}}
|-
| 4
| Chandigarh
| {{percentage bar|86.43}}
| {{percentage bar|90.54}}
| {{percentage bar|81.38}}
|-
| 5
| Uttarakhand
| {{percentage bar|79.63}}
| {{percentage bar|88.33}}
| {{percentage bar|70.70}}
|-
| 6
| Haryana
| {{percentage bar|76.64}}
| {{percentage bar|85.38}}
| {{percentage bar|66.77}}
|-
| 7
| Delhi
| {{percentage bar|86.34}}
| {{percentage bar|91.03}}
| {{percentage bar|80.93}}
|-
| 8
| Rajasthan
| {{percentage bar|67.06}}
| {{percentage bar|80.51}}
| {{percentage bar|52.66}}
|-
| 9
| Uttar Pradesh
| {{percentage bar|69.72}}
| {{percentage bar|79.24}}
| {{percentage bar|59.26}}
|-
| 10
| Bihar
| {{percentage bar|63.82}}
| {{percentage bar|73.39}}
| {{percentage bar|53.33}}
|-
| 11
| Sikkim
| {{percentage bar|82.20}}
| {{percentage bar|87.29}}
| {{percentage bar|76.43}}
|-
| 12
| Arunachal Pradesh
| {{percentage bar|66.95}}
| {{percentage bar|73.69}}
| {{percentage bar|59.57}}
|-
| 13
| Nagaland
| {{percentage bar|80.11}}
| {{percentage bar|83.29}}
| {{percentage bar|76.69}}
|-
| 14
| Manipur
| {{percentage bar|79.85}}
| {{percentage bar|86.49}}
| {{percentage bar|73.17}}
|-
| 15
| Mizoram
| {{percentage bar|91.58}}
| {{percentage bar|93.72}}
| {{percentage bar|89.40}}
|-
| 16
| Tripura
| {{percentage bar|87.75}}
| {{percentage bar|92.18}}
| {{percentage bar|83.15}}
|-
| 17
| Meghalaya
| {{percentage bar|75.48}}
| {{percentage bar|77.17}}
| {{percentage bar|73.78}}
|-
| 18
| Assam
| {{percentage bar|73.18}}
| {{percentage bar|78.81}}
| {{percentage bar|67.27}}
|-
| 19
| West Bengal
| {{percentage bar|77.08}}
| {{percentage bar|82.67}}
| {{percentage bar|71.16}}
|-
| 20
| Jharkhand
| {{percentage bar|67.63}}
| {{percentage bar|78.45}}
| {{percentage bar|56.21}}
|-
| 21
| Odisha
| {{percentage bar|72.90}}
| {{percentage bar|82.40}}
| {{percentage bar|64.36}}
|-
| 22
| Chhattisgarh
| {{percentage bar|71.04}}
| {{percentage bar|81.45}}
| {{percentage bar|60.59}}
|-
| 23
| Madhya Pradesh
| {{percentage bar|70.63}}
| {{percentage bar|80.53}}
| {{percentage bar|60.02}}
|-
| 24
| Gujarat
| {{percentage bar|79.31}}
| {{percentage bar|87.23}}
| {{percentage bar|70.73}}
|-
| 25
| Daman and Diu
| {{percentage bar|87.07}}
| {{percentage bar|91.48}}
| {{percentage bar|79.59}}
|-
| 26
| Dadra and Nagar Haveli
| {{percentage bar|77.65}}
| {{percentage bar|86.46}}
| {{percentage bar|65.93}}
|-
| 27
| Maharashtra
| {{percentage bar|83.20}}
| {{percentage bar|89.82}}
| {{percentage bar|75.48}}
|-
| 28
| Andhra Pradesh<ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Abstract Andhra Pradesh, 2018 |url=https://core.ap.gov.in/CMDashBoard/Download/Publications/Statistical%20Abstract%202018.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729203236/https://core.ap.gov.in/CMDashBoard/Download/Publications/Statistical%20Abstract%202018.pdf |archive-date=29 July 2020 |website=CORE Dashboard |publisher=Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Government of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=6 June 2019 |location=Gollapudi, Vijayawada |page=II }}</ref>
| {{percentage bar|67.35}}
| {{percentage bar|74.77}}
| {{percentage bar|59.96}}
|-
| 29
| Karnataka
| {{percentage bar|75.60}}
| {{percentage bar|82.85}}
| {{percentage bar|68.13}}
|-
| 30
| Goa
| {{percentage bar|87.40}}
| {{percentage bar|92.81}}
| {{percentage bar|81.84}}
|-
| 31
| Lakshadweep
| {{percentage bar|92.28}}
| {{percentage bar|96.11}}
| {{percentage bar|88.25}}
|-
| 32
| Kerala
| {{percentage bar|93.91}}
| {{percentage bar|96.02}}
| {{percentage bar|91.98}}
|-
| 33
| Tamil Nadu
| {{percentage bar|80.33}}
| {{percentage bar|86.81}}
| {{percentage bar|73.86}}
|-
| 34
| Puducherry
| {{percentage bar|86.55}}
| {{percentage bar|92.12}}
| {{percentage bar|81.22}}
|-
| 35
| Andaman and Nicobar Islands
| {{percentage bar|86.27}}
| {{percentage bar|90.11}}
| {{percentage bar|81.84}}
|-
! style="text-align: left;" | –
! style="text-align: left;" | Overall (India)
! {{percentage bar|74.03}}
! {{percentage bar|82.14}}
! {{percentage bar|65.46}}
|}

=== Linguistic demographics ===
{{Main|List of languages by number of native speakers in India}}
{{Pie chart
|caption=Mother tongue languages of India (])
|label1=]|value1=26.6 |
|label2=]|value2=7.94
|label3=]|value3=6.84
|label4=]|value4=6.68
|label5=]|value5=5.69
|label6=]|value6=4.55
|label7=]|value7=4.19
|label8=]|value8=4.18
|label9=]|value9=3.59
|label10=]|value10=2.87
|label11=Others|value11=26.87}}
According to the 2001 census, 41.03% of the Indians spoke ] natively, while the rest spoke ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and a variety of other languages. There are a total of 122 languages and 234 mother tongues spoken in India. Of these, 22 languages are ] of ], while 100 are non-specified.

The table below excludes Mao-Maram, Paomata and ] subdivisions of ] of ] state due to cancellation of census results.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Languages of India by number of native speakers at the ]<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206233628/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm|date=6 February 2012}}, Census of India, 2001</ref>
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" | Rank
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" | Language
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" | Speakers
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" | Percentage (%)
|-
| 1
| ]{{refn|group=note|includes ], ], ], ], ], ]. A total of 12 types.}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:422048642}}
| {{percentage bar|41.030}}
|-
| 2
| ]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:83369769}}
| {{percentage bar|8.110}}
|-
| 3
| ]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:74002856}}
| {{percentage bar|7.190}}
|-
| 4
| ]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:71936894}}
| {{percentage bar|6.990}}
|-
| 5
| ]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:60793814}}
| {{percentage bar|5.910}}
|-
| 6
| ]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:51536111}}
| {{percentage bar|5.010}}
|-
| 7
| ]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:46091617}}
| {{percentage bar|4.480}}
|-
| 8
| ]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:37924011}}
| {{percentage bar|3.690}}
|-
| 9
| ]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:33066392}}
| {{percentage bar|3.210}}
|-
| 10
| ]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:33017446}}
| {{percentage bar|3.210}}
|-
| 11
| ]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:29102477}}
| {{percentage bar|2.830}}
|-
| 12
| ]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:13168484}}
| {{percentage bar|1.280}}
|-
| 13
| ]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:12179122}}
| {{percentage bar|1.180}}
|-
| 14
| ]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:9582957}}
| {{percentage bar|0.930}}
|-
| 15
| ]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:6469600}}
| {{percentage bar|0.630}}
|-
| 16
| ]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:5527698}}
| {{percentage bar|0.540}}
|-
| 17
| ]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2871749}}
| {{percentage bar|0.280}}
|-
| 18
| ]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2713790}}
| {{percentage bar|0.260}}
|-
| 19
| ]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2535485}}
| {{percentage bar|0.250}}
|-
| 20
| ]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2489015}}
| {{percentage bar|0.240}}
|-
| 21
| ]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2282589}}
| {{percentage bar|0.220}}
|-
| 22
| ]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2075258}}
| {{percentage bar|0.200}}
|-
| 23
| ]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1751489}}
| {{percentage bar|0.170}}
|-
| 24
| ]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1722768}}
| {{percentage bar|0.170}}
|-
| 25
| ] (Manipuri)
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1466705}}
| {{percentage bar|0.140}}
|-
| 26
| ]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1350478}}
| {{percentage bar|0.130}}
|-
| 27
| ]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1128575}}
| {{percentage bar|0.112}}
|-
| 28
| ]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1061352}}
| {{percentage bar|0.105}}
|-
| 29
| ]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1042724}}
| {{percentage bar|0.103}}
|-
|30
| ]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1011294}}
| {{percentage bar|0.103}}
|}

== Largest cities of India ==
{{main list|List of cities in India by population}}
{{Largest cities
| country = India
| stat_ref = ]<ref>{{cite web|title=Cities having population 1 lakh and above|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|publisher=India Census 2011|date=31 January 2012}}</ref>
| div_name = State/UT
| div_link = States and territories of India{{!}}State/UT

| city_1 = Mumbai| div_1 = Maharashtra
| pop_1 = 12,478,447 | img_1 = Mumbai 03-2016 10 skyline of Lotus Colony.jpg
| city_11 = Kanpur | div_11 = Uttar Pradesh | pop_11 = 2,920,067

| city_2 = Delhi | div_2 = Delhi | pop_2 = 11,007,835 | img_2 = Skyscrapers connaught place New Delhi.JPG
| city_12 = Lucknow | div_12 = Uttar Pradesh | pop_12 = 2,901,474

| city_3 = Chennai| div_3 = Tamil Nadu | pop_3 = 8,696,010 | img_3 = Chennai metro during trail run during night.JPG
| city_13 = Nagpur | div_13 = Maharashtra | pop_13 = 2,405,421

| city_4 = Bangalore | div_4 = Karnataka | pop_4 = 8,425,970 | img_4 = UB CITY Skyline.jpg
| city_14 = Indore | div_14 = Madhya Pradesh | pop_14 = 1,960,521

| city_5 = Hyderabad | div_5 = Telangana| pop_5 = 6,809,970
| city_15 = Thane | div_15 = Maharashtra | pop_15 = 1,818,872

| city_6 = Ahmedabad| div_6 = Gujarat | pop_6 = 5,570,585
| city_16 = Bhopal | div_16 = Madhya Pradesh | pop_16 = 1,795,648

| city_7 = Kolkata | div_7 = West Bengal | pop_7 = 4,486,679
| city_17 = Visakhapatnam | div_17 = Andhra Pradesh | pop_17 = 1,730,320

| city_8 = Surat | div_8 = Gujarat | pop_8 = 4,462,002
| city_18 = Pimpri-Chinchwad | div_18 = Maharashtra | pop_18 = 1,729,359

| city_9 = Pune | div_9 = Maharashtra | pop_9 = 3,115,431
| city_19 = Patna | div_19 = Bihar | pop_19 =1,683,200

| city_10 = Jaipur | div_10 = Rajasthan | pop_10 = 3,073,350
| city_20 = Vadodara| div_20 = Gujarat, India{{!}}Gujarat | pop_20 = 1,670,806
}}

== Vital statistics ==
=== UN estimates ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"
|+ United Nations, World Population Prospects: The 2022 revision – India<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations |url=https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/MostUsed/ |access-date=13 July 2022 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref>
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" |Year
! scope="col" style="text-align: center; width: 70pt;" data-sort-type="number" |Mid-year population
! scope="col" style="text-align: center; width: 70pt;" data-sort-type="number" | Births per year
! scope="col" style="text-align: center; width: 70pt;" data-sort-type="number" | Deaths per year
! scope="col" style="text-align: center; width: 70pt;" data-sort-type="number" | Natural change per year
! scope="col" style="text-align: center; width: 60pt;" data-sort-type="number" | Crude birth rate<br />(per 1000)
! scope="col" style="text-align: center; width: 60pt;" data-sort-type="number" | Crude death rate<br />(per 1000)
! scope="col" style="text-align: center; width: 60pt;" data-sort-type="number" | Natural change<br />(per 1000)
! scope="col" style="text-align: center; width: 60pt;" data-sort-type="number" | Crude migration rate<br />(per 1000)
! scope="col" style="text-align: center; width: 60pt;" data-sort-type="number" | Total Fertility rate
! scope="col" style="text-align: center; width: 60pt;" data-sort-type="number" | Infant mortality (per 1000)
! scope="col" style="text-align: center; width: 35pt;" data-sort-type="number" |]
|-
|1950
| style="color:red" |357,021,000
| style="color:red" |15,651,000
| style=" color:blue" | 7,942,000
| style="color:red" | 7,709,000
|43.8
|style="color:red"|22.68
|21.6
|
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.73
| style="color:red" | 181.2
| style="color:red" | 41.7
|-
|1951
|364,922,000
|16,042,000
|8,171,000
|7,871,000
|44.0
|22.53
|21.6
| 0.5
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.77
|180.1
| style="color:red" | 41.7
|-
|1952
|372,997,000
|16,458,000
|8,293,000
|8,165,000
|44.1
|22.24
|21.9
| 0.2
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.82
|177.5
|42.0
|-
|1953
|381,228,000
|16,857,000
|8,442,000
|8,415,000
|style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |44.2
|22.07
|22.1
| 0
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.87
|175.3
|42.2
|-
|1954
|389,731,000
|17,247,000
|8,414,000
|8,833,000
|style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |44.2
|21.45
|22.7
| -0.4
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.91
|172.2
|43.0
|-
|1955
|398,578,000
|17,549,000
|8,468,000
|9,081,000
|44.0
|21.07
|22.8
| -0.1
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.91
|169.7
|43.4
|-
|1956
|407,657,000
|17,844,000
|8,533,000
|9,310,000
|43.8
|20.74
|22.8
| 0
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.91
|167.3
|43.8
|-
|1957
|416,935,000
|18,128,000
|8,618,000
|9,510,000
|43.5
|20.49
|22.8
| 0
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.91
|165.0
|44.1
|-
|1958
|426,296,000
|18,370,000
|8,673,000
|9,696,000
|43.1
|20.14
|22.7
| -0.2
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.90
|162.7
|44.4
|-
|1959
|435,900,000
|18,593,000
|8,688,000
|9,905,000
|42.6
|19.72
|22.7
| -0.2
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.89
|160.3
|44.9
|-
|1960
|445,955,000
|18,958,000
|8,756,000
|10,201,000
|42.5
|19.42
|22.9
| 0.2
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.92
|158.2
|45.2
|-
|1961
|456,352,000
|19,301,000
|8,874,000
|10,427,000
|42.3
|19.23
|22.8
| 0.5
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.94
|156.4
|45.4
|-
|1962
|467,024,000
|19,663,000
|8,969,000
|10,693,000
|42.1
|18.98
|22.9
| 0.5
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.95
|154.5
|45.7
|-
|1963
|477,934,000
|20,031,000
|9,064,000
|10,966,000
|41.9
|18.73
|22.9
| 0.5
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.97
|152.7
|45.9
|-
|1964
|489,059,000
|20,407,000
|9,177,000
|11,230,000
|41.7
|18.51
|style="color:blue" |23.0
| 0.3
| style="color:blue" |5.98
|151.1
|46.2
|-
|1965
|500,114,000
|20,679,000
|9,824,000
|10,855,000
|41.3
|19.36
|21.7
| 0.9
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.94
|156.4
|45.0
|-
|1966
|510,993,000
|20,913,000
|9,886,000
|11,027,000
|40.9
|19.06
|21.6
| 0.2
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.88
|154.7
|45.3
|-
|1967
|521,987,000
|21,193,000
|9,963,000
|11,231,000
|40.6
|18.78
|21.5
| 0
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.83
|153.1
|45.7
|-
|1968
|533,432,000
|21,454,000
|9,486,000
|11,968,000
|40.2
|17.52
|22.4
| -0.5
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.76
|145.0
|47.5
|-
|1969
|545,315,000
|21,704,000
|9,551,000
|12,154,000
|39.8
|17.27
|22.3
| 0
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.68
|143.3
|47.9
|-
|1970
|557,501,000
|22,043,000
|9,606,000
|12,437,000
|39.5
|17.01
|22.3
| -0.1
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.62
|141.7
|48.2
|-
|1971
|569,999,000
|22,483,000
|9,658,000
|12,825,000
|39.4
|16.81
|22.5
| -0.1
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.57
|139.9
|48.6
|-
|1972
|582,838,000
|22,835,000
|9,702,000
|13,133,000
|39.2
|16.60
|22.5
| 0
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.48
|138.5
|49.0
|-
|1973
|596,107,000
|23,230,000
|9,701,000
|13,529,000
|39.0
|16.31
|22.7
| 0.1
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.40
|136.3
|49.5
|-
|1974
|609,722,000
|23,559,000
|9,628,000
|13,931,000
|38.6
|15.89
|22.8
| 0
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.33
|133.3
|50.2
|-
|1975
|623,524,000
|23,660,000
|9,592,000
|14,068,000
|37.9
|15.53
|22.6
| 0
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.20
|130.7
|50.8
|-
|1976
|637,451,000
|24,021,000
|9,572,000
|14,449,000
|37.7
|15.18
|22.7
| -0.4
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.13
|127.9
|51.4
|-
|1977
|651,686,000
|24,042,000
|9,555,000
|14,487,000
|36.9
|14.82
|22.2
| 0.1
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.01
|124.9
|51.9
|-
|1978
|666,268,000
|24,243,000
|9,520,000
|14,723,000
|36.4
|14.43
|22.1
| 0.3
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.89
|121.7
|52.5
|-
|1979
|681,248,000
|24,699,000
|9,515,000
|15,184,000
|36.3
|14.07
|22.3
| 0.2
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.81
|118.4
|53.1
|-
|1980
|696,828,000
|25,235,000
|9,530,000
|15,705,000
|36.2
|13.75
|22.5
| 0.4
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.78
|115.2
|53.6
|-
|1981
|712,869,000
|25,683,000
|9,532,000
|16,151,000
|36.0
|13.42
|22.7
| 0.3
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.70
|112.1
|54.2
|-
|1982
|729,169,000
|25,964,000
|9,512,000
|16,452,000
|35.6
|13.09
|22.6
| 0.3
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.62
|109.3
|54.7
|-
|1983
|745,827,000
|26,329,000
|9,487,000
|16,842,000
|35.3
|12.77
|22.6
| 0.2
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.57
|106.7
|55.3
|-
|1984
|762,890,005
|26,777,000
|9,471,000
|17,307,000
|35.1
|12.47
|22.7
| 0.2
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.52
|104.2
|55.8
|-
|1985
|780,242,000
|27,001,000
|9,444,000
|17,558,000
|34.6
|12.16
|22.5
| 0.2
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.43
|101.8
|56.3
|-
|1986
|797,879,000
|27,522,000
|9,434,000
|18,088,000
|34.5
|11.88
|22.7
| -0.1
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.40
|99.4
|56.8
|-
|1987
|815,716,000
|27,478,000
|9,400,000
|18,077,000
|33.7
|11.58
|22.2
| 0.2
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.31
|97.0
|57.3
|-
|1988
|833,730,000
|27,654,000
|9,369,000
|18,286,000
|33.2
|11.29
|21.9
| 0.2
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.22
|94.6
|57.8
|-
|1989
|852,013,000
|27,733,000
|9,335,000
|18,398,000
|32.5
|11.00
|21.6
| 0.3
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.13
|92.2
|58.2
|-
|1990
|870,452,000
|27,692,000
|9,306,000
|18,386,000
|31.8
|10.73
|21.1
| 0.5
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.05
|89.8
|58.7
|-
|1991
|888,942,000
|27,937,000
|9,295,000
|18,642,000
|31.4
|10.47
|21.0
| 0.2
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |3.96
|87.6
|59.1
|-
|1992
|907,574,000
|28,057,000
|9,285,000
|18,772,000
|30.9
|10.22
|20.7
| 0.3
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |3.88
|85.5
|59.5
|-
|1993
|926,351,000
|28,055,000
|9,283,000
|18,772,000
|30.3
|10.00
|20.3
| 0.4
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |3.80
|83.5
|59.8
|-
|1994
|945,262,000
|28,207,000
|9,270,000
|18,937,000
|29.8
|9.78
|20.0
| 0.4
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |3.72
|81.4
|60.2
|-
|1995
|964,279,000
|28,314,000
|9,269,000
|19,044,000
|29.4
|9.57
|19.7
| 0.4
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |3.65
|79.3
|60.6
|-
|1996
|983,281,000
|28,305,000
|9,262,000
|19,043,000
|28.8
|9.37
|19.4
| 0.3
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |3.58
|77.1
|61.0
|-
|1997
|1,002,335,000
|28,341,000
|9,251,000
|19,090,000
|28.3
|9.17
|19.0
| 0.4
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |3.51
|74.8
|61.4
|-
|1998
|1,021,435,000
|28,381,000
|9,245,000
|19,136,000
|27.8
|8.99
|18.7
| 0.4
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |3.45
|72.5
|61.8
|-
|1999
|1,040,500,000
|28,365,000
|9,235,000
|19,130,000
|27.3
|8.80
|18.4
| 0.3
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |3.38
|70.2
|62.2
|-
|2000
|1,059,634,000
|28,615,000
|9,221,000
|19,394,000
|27.0
|8.63
|18.3
| 0.1
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |3.35
|67.8
|62.7
|-
|2001
|1,078,971,000
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |28,843,000
|9,235,000
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |19,608,000
|26.7
|8.48
|18.2
| 0
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |3.30
|65.4
|63.1
|-
|2002
|1,098,313,000
|28,648,000
|9,186,000
|19,462,000
|26.1
|8.29
|17.7
| 0.2
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |3.22
|63.1
|63.6
|-
|2003
|1,117,415,000
|28,356,000
|9,150,000
|19,206,000
|25.4
|8.13
|17.2
| 0.2
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |3.12
|60.8
|64.1
|-
|2004
|1,136,265,000
|28,099,000
|9,136,000
|18,963,000
|24.7
|7.98
|16.7
| 0.2
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |3.05
|58.6
|64.5
|-
|2005
|1,154,639,000
|27,646,000
|9,096,000
|18,550,000
|23.9
|7.82
|16.1
| 0.1
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |2.96
|56.3
|65.0
|-
|2006
|1,172,374,000
|27,229,000
|9,080,000
|18,149,000
|23.2
|7.67
|15.5
| -0.1
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |2.86
|54.1
|65.4
|-
|2007
|1,189,692,000
|27,030,000
|9,095,000
|17,935,000
|22.7
|7.54
|15.1
| -0.3
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |2.78
|51.9
|65.8
|-
|2008
|1,206,735,000
|26,890,000
|9,123,000
|17,767,000
|22.3
|7.41
|14.7
| -0.4
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |2.72
|49.6
|66.1
|-
|2009
|1,223,640,000
|26,848,000
|9,154,000
|17,694,000
|21.9
|7.29
|14.5
| -0.5
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |2.67
|47.4
|66.5
|-
|2010
|1,240,614,000
|26,599,000
|9,162,000
|17,437,000
|21.4
|7.16
|14.1
| -0.2
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |2.60
|45.2
|66.9
|-
|2011
|1,257,621,191
|26,342,000
|9,139,000
|17,203,000
|20.9
|7.05
|13.7
| 0
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |2.54
|43.0
|67.4
|-
|2012
|1,274,487,215
|26,027,000
|9,072,000
|16,954,000
|20.4
|6.95
|13.3
| 0.1
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |2.47
|40.8
|67.9
|-
|2013
|1,291,132,063
|25,740,000
|8,987,000
|16,753,000
|19.9
|6.86
|13.0
| 0.1
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |2.41
|38.7
|68.5
|-
|2014
|1,307,246,509
|24,899,000
|8,876,000
|16,023,000
|19.0
|6.77
|12.3
| 0.2
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |2.31
|36.7
|69.1
|-
|2015
|1,322,866,505
|24,828,000
|8,826,000
|16,003,000
|18.8
|6.73
|12.1
| -0.2
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |2.29
|34.7
|69.6
|-
|2016
|1,338,636,340
|24,783,000
|8,839,000
|15,944,000
|18.5
|6.70
|11.9
| 0
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |2.27
|32.8
|70.1
|-
|2017
|1,354,195,680
|24,254,000
|8,928,000
|15,326,000
|17.9
|6.67
|11.3
| 0.3
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |2.20
|31.1
|70.5
|-
|2018
|1,369,003,306
|24,168,000
|9,098,000
|15,070,000
|17.7
|6.67
|11.0
| -0.1
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |2.18
|29.4
|70.7
|-
|2019
|1,383,112,050
|23,583,000
|9,281,000
|14,302,000
|17.0
|6.67
|10.3
| 0
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |2.11
|27.9
|70.9
|-
|2020
|1,396,387,127
|23,139,000
|10,262,000
|12,876,000
|16.6
|7.21
|9.2
| 0.4
|2.05
|26.6
|70.1
|-
|2021
|1,407,563,842
|23,114,000
| style="color:red" |13,511,232
| 9,602,768
|16.4
|9.26
|style="color:red" |7.0
| -1.0
|2.03
| style=" color:blue" |25.5
|67.2
|-
|2022
|1,417,173,173
|23,056,027
|12,862,015
|10,194,012
|16.3
|style="color:blue"|6.58
|7.2
| -0.4
|2.01
|
|67.7
|-
|2023
|1,428,627,663
|23,162,866
|11,222,240
|11,940,626
|style="color: red"|16.1
|6.61
|9.5
| -1.4
|style="color:red" | 2.00(e)
|
| style=" color:blue"| 72.0
|-
|}

{{GraphChart
| width = 450
| height = 150
| xAxisTitle=year
| yAxisTitle= million
| yAxisMin=
| yGrid= 0,1
| xGrid= 10
| legend=
| type = line
| x = 1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022

| y1= 357,365,373,381,390,399,408,417,426,436,446,456,467,478,489,500,511,522,533,545,558,570,583,596,610,624,637,652,666,681,697,713,729,746,763,780,798,816,
834,852,870,889,908,926,945,964,983,1002,1021,1041,1060,1079,1098,1117,1136,1155,1172,1190,1207,1224,1241,1258,1274,1291,1307,1323,1339,1354,1369,1383,1396,1408, 1417

| y1Title= population (million)

}}
{{GraphChart
| width = 450
| height = 150
| xAxisTitle=years
| yAxisTitle= ‰
| yAxisMin=
| yGrid= 0,1
| xGrid= 10
| hAnnotatonsLine=
| hAnnotatonsLabel=
| legend=
| type = line
| x = 1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021

| y1=21.6,21.6,21.9,22.1,22.7,22.8,22.8,22.8,22.7,22.7,22.9,22.8,22.9,22.9,23.0,21.7,21.6,21.5,22.4,22.3,22.3,22.5,22.5,22.7,22.8,22.6,22.7,22.2,22.1,22.3,22.5,22.7,22.6,22.6,22.7,22.5,22.7,22.2,21.9,21.6,21.1,21.0,20.7,20.3,20.0,19.7,19.4,19.0,18.7,18.4,18.3,18.2,17.7,17.2,16.7,16.1,15.5,15.1,14.7,14.5,14.1,13.7,13.3,13.0,12.3,12.1,11.9,11.3,11.0,10.3,9.2,7.0

| y1Title=Natural change (per 1000)
}}
{{GraphChart
| width = 450
| height = 150
| xAxisTitle=years
| yAxisTitle= ‰
| yAxisMin=
| yGrid= 0,1
| xGrid= 10
| hAnnotatonsLine=
| hAnnotatonsLabel=
| legend=
| type = line
| x = 1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021,2022

| y1= 181.2,180.1,177.5,175.3,172.2,169.7,167.3,165.0,162.7,160.3,158.2,156.4,154.5,152.7,151.1,156.4,154.7,153.1,145.0,143.3,141.7,139.9,138.5,136.3,
133.3,130.7,127.9,124.9,121.7,118.4,115.2,112.1,109.3,106.7,104.2,101.8,99.4,97.0,94.6,92.2,89.8,87.6,85.5,83.5,81.4,79.3,77.1,74.8,72.5,70.2,67.8,65.4,63.1,
60.8,58.6,56.3,54.1,51.9,49.6,47.4,45.2,43.0,40.8,38.7,36.7,34.7,32.8,31.1,29.4,27.9,26.6,25.5

| y1Title=Infant Mortality (per 1000 live births)
}}
{{GraphChart
| width = 450
| height = 150
| xAxisTitle=years
| yAxisTitle= TFR
| yAxisMin=
| yGrid= 0,1
| xGrid= 10
| hAnnotatonsLine=2.1
| hAnnotatonsLabel=
| legend=
| type = line
| x = 1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021

| y1= 5.73,5.77,5.82,5.87,5.91,5.91,5.91,5.91,5.90,5.89,5.92,5.94,5.95,5.97,5.98,5.94,5.88,5.83,5.76,5.68,5.62,5.57,5.48,5.40,5.33,5.20,5.13,5.01,
4.89,4.81,4.78,4.70,4.62,4.57,4.52,4.43,4.40,4.31,4.22,4.13,4.05,3.96,3.88,3.80,3.72,3.65,3.58,3.51,3.45,3.38,3.35,3.30,3.22,3.12,3.05,2.96,
2.86,2.78,2.72,2.67,2.60,2.54,2.47,2.41,2.31,2.29,2.27,2.20,2.18,2.11,2.05,2.03

| y1Title=Total Fertility Rate
}}

=== Census of India: sample registration system ===
]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Census of India: sample registration system<ref>{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/SRSB|title=Census of India: Sample Registration System (SRS) Bulletins|last=ORGI|website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2.htm#2001|title=United Nations Statistics Division – Demographic and Social Statistics}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-Common/Annual_Report.html|title=Census of India Website: Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhavan |first=Nirman |year=2015 |title=National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4) 2015–16 |url=http://rchiips.org/NFHS/pdf/NFHS4/India.pdf |access-date=13 June 2022 |website=] |publisher=] |pages=2–5 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" | Year
! scope="col" style="text-align: right; width: 70pt;" data-sort-type="number" | Average population<br />
! scope="col" style="text-align: right; width: 70pt;" data-sort-type="number" | Live births<sup>1</sup>
! scope="col" style="text-align: right; width: 70pt;" data-sort-type="number" | Deaths<sup>1</sup>
! scope="col" style="text-align: right; width: 70pt;" data-sort-type="number" | Natural change
! scope="col" style="text-align: right; width: 70pt;" data-sort-type="number" | Crude birth rate<br />(per 1000)
! scope="col" style="text-align: right; width: 70pt;" data-sort-type="number" | Crude death rate<br />(per 1000)
! scope="col" style="text-align: right; width: 70pt;" data-sort-type="number" | Natural change<br />(per 1000)
! scope="col" style="text-align: right; width: 70pt;" data-sort-type="number" | Total fertility rate
|-
| 1981
| style="text-align: right;" | 716,493,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:24289000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8956000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:15333000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 33.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.4
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 4.52
|-
| 1982
| style="text-align: right;" | 733,152,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:24781000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8725000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:16056000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 33.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.9
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 4.5
|-
| 1983
| style="text-align: right;" | 750,034,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:25276000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8925000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:16351000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 33.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.8
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 4.5
|-
| 1984
| style="text-align: right;" | 767,147,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26006000}}
| style="text-align: right; | {{formatnum:9666000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:16340000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 33.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.3
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 4.5
|-
| 1985
| style="text-align: right;" | 784,491,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:25810000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:9257000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:16553000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 32.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.1
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 4.3
|-
| 1986
| style="text-align: right;" | 802,052,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26147000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8903000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17244000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 32.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.5
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 4.15
|-
| 1987
| style="text-align: right;" | 819,800,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26316000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8936000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17380000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 32.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.2
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 4.1
|-
| 1988
| style="text-align: right;" | 837,700,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26388000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:9215000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17173000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 31.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.5
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 4.0
|-
| 1989
| style="text-align: right;" | 855,707,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26185000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8814000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17371000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 30.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.3
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 3.9
|-
| 1990
| style="text-align: right;" | 873,785,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26388000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8476000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17912000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 30.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.5
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 3.8
|-
| 1991
| style="text-align: right;" | 891,910,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26133000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8741000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17392000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 29.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 19.5
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 3.64
|-
| 1992
| style="text-align: right;" | 910,065,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26392000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:9192000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17200000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 29.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.9
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 3.6
|-
| 1993
| style="text-align: right;" | 928,226,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26640000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8633000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:18007000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 19.4
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 3.5
|-
| 1994
| style="text-align: right;" | 946,373,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:27161000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8801000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:18360000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 28.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 19.4
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 3.5
|-
| 1995
| style="text-align: right;" | 964,486,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:27295000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8680000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:18615000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 28.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 19.3
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 3.5
|-
| 1996
| style="text-align: right;" | 982,553,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26824000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8745000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:18079000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 27.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.4
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 3.40
|-
| 1997
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,000,558,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:27215000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8905000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:18310000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 27.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.3
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 3.3
|-
| 1998
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,018,471,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26989000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:9166000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17823000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 26.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.5
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 3.2
|-
| 1999
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,036,259,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26943000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:9015000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17928000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 26.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.3
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 3.2
|-
| 2000
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,053,898,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:27191000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8958000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:18233000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 25.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.3
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 3.2
|-
| 2001
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,071,374,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:27213000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:9000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:18213000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 25.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.0
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 3.10
|-
| 2002
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,088,694,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:27217000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8818000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:18399000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 25.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.9
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 3.0
|-
| 2003
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,105,886,000
| style="text-align: right; color:blue" | {{formatnum:27426000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8847000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:18579000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 24.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.8
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 3.0
|-
| 2004
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,122,991,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:27064000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8422000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:18642000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 24.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.6
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 2.9
|-
| 2005
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,140,043,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:27133000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8664000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:18469000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 23.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.2
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 2.9
|-
| 2006
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,157,039,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:27190000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8678000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:18512000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 23.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.0
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 2.79
|-
| 2007
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,134,024,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26195954}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8391778}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17804176}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 23.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.7
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 2.7
|-
| 2008
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,150,196,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26224469}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8511450}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17713019}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 22.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.4
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 2.6
|-
| 2009
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,166,228,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26240130}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8513464}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17726666}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 22.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.2
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 2.6
|-
| 2010
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,182,108,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26124587}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8511178}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17613409}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 22.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.9
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 2.5
|-
| 2011
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,197,658,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26108944}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8503372}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17605572}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.7
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 2.44
|-
| 2012
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,212,827,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26197063}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8489789}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17707274}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.6
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 2.38
|-
| 2013
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,227,012,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26258057}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8589084}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17668973}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.4
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 2.34
|-
| 2014
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,243,542,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:25904377}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8264730}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17639647}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.3
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 2.32
|-
| 2015
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,259,108,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26189446}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8184202}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:18005244}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.3
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 2.27
|-
| 2016
| style="text-align: right;" |1,273,986,000
| style="text-align: right;" |25,989,314
| style="text-align: right;" |8,153,510
| style="text-align: right;" |17,835,804
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.0
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 2.26
|-
| 2017<ref name="indiatoday.in">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/diu/story/declining-fertility-rate-may-shrink-india-population-300-million-80-years-1703598-2020-07-23|title = Declining fertility rate may shrink India's population by 300 million in 80 years| date=23 July 2020 }}</ref>
| style="text-align: right;" |1,288,522,000
| style="text-align: right;" |26,028,144
| style="text-align: right;" |8,117,689
| style="text-align: right;" |17,910,455
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.9
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 2.18
|-
| 2018
| style="text-align: right;" |1,324,609,000
| style="text-align: right;" |26,492,180
| style="text-align: right;" |8,212,576
| style="text-align: right;" |18,279,604
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.8
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 2.15
|-
| 2019
| style="text-align: right;" |1,338,995,000
| style="text-align: right;" |24,820,886
| style="text-align: right;" |7,641,076
| style="text-align: right;" |17,179,810
| style="text-align: right; | 18.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.08<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-Common/CRS_2019/CRS2019_report.pdf| title = Statement 1: Civil Registration System: At A Glance, VITAL STATISTICS OF INDIA BASED ON THE CIVIL REGISTRATION SYSTEM 2019}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|style="text-align: right;" |1,353,378,000
|style="text-align: right; color:red;" |24,222,444
|style="text-align: right;" |8,115,882
|style="text-align: right;" |16,106,562
|style="text-align: right;" | 17.9
|style="text-align: right;" | 6.0
|style="text-align: right;" | 11.9
|style="text-align: right;" | 2.03
|-
| colspan="9"| <sup>1</sup> <small>The numbers of births and deaths were calculated from the birth and death rates and the average population.</small>
|}

=== Life expectancy ===
{{See also|List of Indian states by life expectancy at birth}}
]<ref>{{cite document|title=Life expectancy at birth, total – India |publisher=BMC Public Health |date=2024 |doi=10.1186/s12889-024-18278-3|doi-access=free }}</ref>
]}}</ref>]]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Period
!Life expectancy at birth
!Life expectancy at age 15
!Life expectancy at age 65
!Life expectancy at age 80
|-
|1950–1955
|41.7
|45.0
|10.9
|4.8
|-
|1955–1960
|43.4
|45.6
|11.1
|4.8
|-
|1960–1965
|45.2
|46.4
|11.2
|4.9
|-
|1965–1970
|45.0
|46.1
|11.2
|4.9
|-
|1970–1975
|48.2
|48.0
|11.2
|5.1
|-
|1975–1980
|50.8
|49.8
|12.3
|6.0
|-
|1980–1985
|53.6
|51.0
|12.2
|5.8
|-
|1985–1990
|56.3
|52.4
|12.3
|5.8
|-
|1990–1995
|58.7
|53.3
|12.6
|5.9
|-
|1995–2000
|60.6
|54.1
|13.0
|6.2
|-
|2000–2005
|62.7
|54.9
|13.6
|6.6
|-
|2005–2010
|65.0
|56.0
|13.9
|6.4
|-
|2010–2015
|66.9
|56.6
|14.1
|6.4
|-
|2015-2020
|69.6
|58.2
|15.3
|7.5
|-
|2020-2025
|70.1
|57.8
|14.7
|7.1
|}
Source 1: ''UN World Population Prospects''<ref>{{cite web|title=World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations|url=https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/|access-date=15 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919061238/https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/|archive-date=19 September 2016}}</ref>

Source 2: ''Our World in Data''<ref>{{cite web|title=Remaining life expectancy at different ages |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/remaining-life-expectancy-at-different-ages?time=1751..2021&showSelectionOnlyInTable=1&country=~ESP |website=ourworldindata.org |access-date=2024-06-01}}</ref>

=== Structure of the population ===

Structure of the population (Census 9.II.2011)

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Population by age group
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" | Age group
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Male
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Female
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Total
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Percentage (%)
!Cumulative Percentage
|-
| 0–4
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:58632074}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:54174704}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:112806778}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.32
|9.32
|-
| 5–9
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:66300466}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:60627660}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:126928126}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.48
|19.8
|-
| 10–14
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:69418835}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:63290377}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:132709212}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.96
|30.76
|-
| 15–19
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:63982396}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:56544053}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:120526449}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.95
|40.71
|-
| 20–24
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:57584693}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:53839529}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:111424222}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.20
|49.91
|-
| 25–29
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:51344208}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:50069757}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:101413965}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.38
|58.29
|-
| 30–34
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:44660674}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:43934277}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:88594951}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.32
|65.61
|-
| 35–39
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:42919381}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:42221303}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:85140684}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.03
|72.64
|-
| 40–44
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:37545386}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:34892726}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:72438112}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.98
|78.62
|-
| 45–49
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:32138114}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:30180213}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:62318327}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.15
|83.77
|-
| 50–54
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:25843266}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:23225988}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:49069254}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.05
|87.82
|-
| 55–59
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:19456012}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:19690043}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:39146055}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.23
|91.05
|-
| 60–64
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:18701749}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:18961958}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:37663707}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.11
|94.16
|-
| 65–69
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:12944326}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:13510657}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26454983}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.18
|96.34
|-
| 70–74
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:9651499}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:9557343}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:19208842}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.59
|97.93
|-
| 75–79
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4490603}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4741900}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:9232503}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.76
|98.69
|-
| 80–84
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2927040}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3293189}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:6220229}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.51
|99.2
|-
| 85–89
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1120106}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1263061}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2383167}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.20
|99.4
|-
| 90–94
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:652465}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:794069}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1446534}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.12
|99.52
|-
| 95–99
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:294759}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:338538}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:633297}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.05
|99.57
|-
| 100+
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:289325}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:316453}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:605778}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.05
|99.62
|-
| Unknown
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2372881}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2116921}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4489802}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.37
|99.99
|-
! style="text-align: left;" | Total
! style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:623270258}}
! style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:587584719}}
! style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1210854977}}
! style="text-align: right;" | 100.00
|-
! width="50"|Age group
! width="80pt"|Male
! width="80"|Female
! width="80"|Total
! width="50"|Percent
|-
| align="right" | 0–14
| align="right" | 194,351,375
| align="right" | 178,092,741
| align="right" | 372,444,116
| align="right" | 30.76
|-
| align="right" | 15–64
| align="right" | 394,175,879
| align="right" | 373,559,847
| align="right" | 767,735,726
| align="right" | 63.40
|-
| align="right" | 65+
| align="right" | 32,370,123
| align="right" | 33,815,210
| align="right" | 66,185,333
| align="right" | 5.47
|-
|}

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (03.III.2016) (Data are projections based on the 2011 Population Census.):<ref>{{cite web |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/dyb_2020/ |title=Demographic Yearbook – 2020 |publisher=] |place=New York |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width="80pt"|Age Group
! width="80pt"|Male
! width="80pt"|Female
! width="80pt"|Total
! width="80pt"|%
|-
| align="right" | Total
| align="right" | 664,184,000
| align="right" | 626,890,000
| align="right" | 1,291,074,000
| align="right" | 100
|-
| align="right" | 0–4
| align="right" | 62,872,000
| align="right" | 56,038,000
| align="right" | 118,910,000
| align="right" | 9.21
|-
| align="right" | 5–9
| align="right" | 61,499,000
| align="right" | 56,969,000
| align="right" | 118,468,000
| align="right" | 9.18
|-
| align="right" | 10–14
| align="right" | 65,142,000
| align="right" | 59,682,000
| align="right" | 124,824,000
| align="right" | 9.67
|-
| align="right" | 15–19
| align="right" | 67,223,000
| align="right" | 60,871,000
| align="right" | 128,094,000
| align="right" | 9.92
|-
| align="right" | 20–24
| align="right" | 63,521,000
| align="right" | 57,356,000
| align="right" | 120,877,000
| align="right" | 9.36
|-
| align="right" | 25–29
| align="right" | 57,272,000
| align="right" | 53,357,000
| align="right" | 110,629,000
| align="right" | 8.57
|-
| align="right" | 30–34
| align="right" | 50,782,000
| align="right" | 49,250,000
| align="right" | 100,032,000
| align="right" | 7.75
|-
| align="right" | 35–39
| align="right" | 45,318,000
| align="right" | 44,787,000
| align="right" | 90,105,000
| align="right" | 6.98
|-
| align="right" | 40–44
| align="right" | 41,280,000
| align="right" | 40,497,000
| align="right" | 81,777,000
| align="right" | 6.33
|-
| align="right" | 45–49
| align="right" | 36,602,000
| align="right" | 35,107,000
| align="right" | 71,709,000
| align="right" | 5.55
|-
| align="right" | 50–54
| align="right" | 30,738,000
| align="right" | 29,016,000
| align="right" | 59,754,000
| align="right" | 4.63
|-
| align="right" | 55–59
| align="right" | 24,403,000
| align="right" | 23,307,000
| align="right" | 47,710,000
| align="right" | 3.70
|-
| align="right" | 60–64
| align="right" | 19,133,000
| align="right" | 19,288,000
| align="right" | 38,421,000
| align="right" | 2.98
|-
| align="right" | 65–69
| align="right" | 15,198,000
| align="right" | 16,114,000
| align="right" | 31,312,000
| align="right" | 2.43
|-
| align="right" | 70–74
| align="right" | 11,002,000
| align="right" | 11,723,000
| align="right" | 22,725,000
| align="right" | 1.76
|-
| align="right" | 75–79
| align="right" | 7,703,000
| align="right" | 8,367,000
| align="right" | 16,070,000
| align="right" | 1.24
|-
| align="right" | 80+
| align="right" | 4,496,000
| align="right" | 5,161,000
| align="right" | 9,657,000
| align="right" | 0.75
|-
! width="50"|Age group
! width="80pt"|Male
! width="80"|Female
! width="80"|Total
! width="50"|Percent
|-
| align="right" | 0–14
| align="right" | 189,513,000
| align="right" | 172,689,000
| align="right" | 362,202,000
| align="right" | 28.05
|-
| align="right" | 15–64
| align="right" | 436,272,000
| align="right" | 412,836,000
| align="right" | 849,108,000
| align="right" | 65.77
|-
| align="right" | 65+
| align="right" | 38,399,000
| align="right" | 41,365,000
| align="right" | 79,764,000
| align="right" | 6.18
|-
|}

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.III.2021) (Includes data for the Indian-held part of Jammu and Kashmir, the final status of which has not yet been determined. Data are projections based on the 2011 Population Census.):<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/dyb_2020/|title=UNSD – Demographic and Social Statistics|publisher=United Nations}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width="80pt"|Age Group
! width="80pt"|Male
! width="80pt"|Female
! width="80pt"|Total
! width="80pt"|%
|-
| align="right" | Total
| align="right" | 700 623 000
| align="right" | 662 383 000
| align="right" | 1 363 006 000
| align="right" | 100
|-
| align="right" | 0–4
| align="right" | 60 153 000
| align="right" | 54 120 000
| align="right" | 114 273 000
| align="right" | 8.38
|-
| align="right" | 5–9
| align="right" | 62 276 000
| align="right" | 55 390 000
| align="right" | 117 666 000
| align="right" | 8.63
|-
| align="right" | 10–14
| align="right" | 61 266 000
| align="right" | 56 785 000
| align="right" | 118 051 000
| align="right" | 8.66
|-
| align="right" | 15–19
| align="right" | 64 862 000
| align="right" | 59 420 000
| align="right" | 124 282 000
| align="right" | 9.12
|-
| align="right" | 20–24
| align="right" | 66 770 000
| align="right" | 60 474 000
| align="right" | 127 244 000
| align="right" | 9.34
|-
| align="right" | 25–29
| align="right" | 62 944 000
| align="right" | 56 956 000
| align="right" | 119 900 000
| align="right" | 8.80
|-
| align="right" | 30–34
| align="right" | 56 614 000
| align="right" | 52 961 000
| align="right" | 109 575 000
| align="right" | 8.04
|-
| align="right" | 35–39
| align="right" | 50 027 000
| align="right" | 48 836 000
| align="right" | 98 863 000
| align="right" | 7.25
|-
| align="right" | 40–44
| align="right" | 44 450 000
| align="right" | 44 315 000
| align="right" | 88 765 000
| align="right" | 6.51
|-
| align="right" | 45–49
| align="right" | 40 204 000
| align="right" | 39 903 000
| align="right" | 80 107 000
| align="right" | 5.88
|-
| align="right" | 50–54
| align="right" | 35 235 000
| align="right" | 34 331 000
| align="right" | 69 566 000
| align="right" | 5.10
|-
| align="right" | 55–59
| align="right" | 29 082 000
| align="right" | 28 062 000
| align="right" | 57 144 000
| align="right" | 4.19
|-
| align="right" | 60–64
| align="right" | 22 465 000
| align="right" | 22 079 000
| align="right" | 44 544 000
| align="right" | 3.27
|-
| align="right" | 65–69
| align="right" | 16 823 000
| align="right" | 17 583 000
| align="right" | 34 406 000
| align="right" | 2.52
|-
| align="right" | 70–74
| align="right" | 12 546 000
| align="right" | 13 904 000
| align="right" | 26 450 000
| align="right" | 1.94
|-
| align="right" | 75–79
| align="right" | 8 269 000
| align="right" | 9 294 000
| align="right" | 17 563 000
| align="right" | 1.29
|-
| align="right" | 80+
| align="right" | 6 637 000
| align="right" | 7 970 000
| align="right" | 14 607 000
| align="right" | 1.07
|-
! width="50"|Age group
! width="80pt"|Male
! width="80"|Female
! width="80"|Total
! width="50"|Percent
|-
| align="right" | 0–14
| align="right" | 183 695 000
| align="right" | 166 295 000
| align="right" | 349 990 000
| align="right" | 25.68
|-
| align="right" | 15–64
| align="right" | 472 653 000
| align="right" | 447 337 000
| align="right" | 919 990 000
| align="right" | 67.50
|-
| align="right" | 65+
| align="right" | 44 275 000
| align="right" | 48 751 000
| align="right" | 93 026 000
| align="right" | 6.83
|-
|}

=== Fertility rate ===
From the Demographic Health Survey:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dhsprogram.com/methodology/Survey-Search.cfm|title=The DHS Program – Survey Search|website=dhsprogram.com}}</ref>
]

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right;"
|+ Crude birth rate and total fertility rate (wanted fertility rate)
|-
! rowspan=2| Year
! colspan=2| Total
! colspan=2| Urban
! colspan=2| Rural
|-
! CBR !! TFR<sup>1</sup>
! CBR !! TFR<sup>1</sup>
! CBR !! TFR<sup>1</sup>
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | 1992–1993
| 28.7
| 3.39 (2.64)
| 24.1
| 2.70 (2.09)
| 30.4
| 3.67 (2.86)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | 1998–1999
| 24.8
| 2.85 (2.13)
| 20.9
| 2.27 (1.73)
| 26.2
| 3.07 (2.28)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | 2005–2006
| 23.1
| 2.68 (1.90)
| 18.8
| 2.06 (1.60)
| 25.0
| 2.98 (2.10)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | 2015–2016
| 19.0
| 2.18 (1.8)
| 15.8
| 1.75 (1.5)
| 20.7
| 2.41 (1.9)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | 2019–2021
| 17.1
| 1.99 (1.6)
| 14.0
| 1.63 (1.4)
| 18.6
| 2.14 (1.7)
|-
| colspan="7"| <small>CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman). <sup>1</sup>Number in parentheses represents the wanted fertility rate.</small>
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Total fertility rate (wanted fertility rate) by religion
|-
! Year
! Hindu
! Muslim
! Christian
! Sikh
! Buddhist/<br>Neo-Buddhist
! Jain
! Other
|-
| 2019–2021
| 1.94 (1.6)
| 2.36 (1.8)
| 1.88 (1.7)
| 1.61 (1.4)
| 1.39 (1.2)
| 1.60 (1.5)
| 2.15 (1.7)
|-
| colspan="7"| <small>CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman). <sup>1</sup>Number in parentheses represents the wanted fertility rate.</small>
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;"
|+ Crude birth rate and total fertility rate (wanted fertility rate) 2015–2016
|-
! rowspan=2| State (Population 2011)
! colspan=2| Total
! colspan=2| Urban
! colspan=2| Rural
|-
! CBR !! TFR<sup>1</sup>
! CBR !! TFR<sup>1</sup>
! CBR !! TFR<sup>1</sup>
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | ] (199 812 341)
| 22.6
| 2.74 (2.06)
| 18.6
| 2.08 (1.62)
| 24.0
| 2.99 (2.22)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | ] (112 374 333)
| 16.6
| 1.87 (1.57)
| 15.5
| 1.68 (1.41)
| 17.5
| 2.06 (1.73)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | ] (104 099 452)
| 27.1
| 3.41 (2.48)
| 20.4
| 2.42 (1.83)
| 28.0
| 3.56 (2.58)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | ] (91 276 115)
| 16.6
| 1.77 (1.53)
| 14.0
| 1.57 (1.38)
| 18.0
| 1.85 (1.58)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | ] (72 626 809)
| 20.2
| 2.32 (1.82)
| 17.7
| 1.95 (1.61)
| 21.3
| 2.48 (1.91)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | ] (72 147 030)
| 15.5
| 1.70 (1.51)
| 13.9
| 1.54 (1.38)
| 17.2
| 1.86 (1.63)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | ] (68 548 437)
| 20.8
| 2.40 (1.81)
| 17.5
| 1.94 (1.52)
| 22.0
| 2.56 (1.91)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | ] (61 095 297)
| 15.9
| 1.81 (1.42)
| 15.2
| 1.65 (1.30)
| 16.5
| 1.92 (1.50)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | ] (60 439 692)
| 16.7
| 2.03 (1.54)
| 15.3
| 1.82 (1.39)
| 17.9
| 2.19 (1.64)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | ] (49 386 799)
| 16.1
| 1.83 (1.64)
| 13.9
| 1.53 (1.39)
| 17.0
| 1.96 (1.75)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | ] (41 974 218)
| 18.1
| 2.05 (1.69)
| 15.6
| 1.73 (1.50)
| 18.7
| 2.12 (1.72)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | ] (35 193 978)
| 17.1
| 1.79 (1.59)
| 17.1
| 1.67 (1.53)
| 17.2
| 1.88 (1.64)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | ] (33 406 061)
| 11.2
| 1.56 (1.47)
| 11.4
| 1.57 (1.47)
| 11.0
| 1.55 (1.46)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | ] (32 988 134)
| 21.7
| 2.55 (2.06)
| 16.3
| 1.78 (1.47)
| 23.5
| 2.83 (2.27)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | ] (31 205 576)
| 19.5
| 2.21 (1.78)
| 13.2
| 1.45 (1.25)
| 20.5
| 2.34 (1.87)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | ] (27 743 338)
| 13.8
| 1.62 (1.37)
| 13.5
| 1.59 (1.32)
| 14.0
| 1.63 (1.39)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | ] (25 545 198)
| 20.7
| 2.23 (1.88)
| 17.9
| 1.78 (1.58)
| 21.5
| 2.37 (1.97)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | ] (25 351 462)
| 18.7
| 2.05 (1.63)
| 16.3
| 1.78 (1.44)
| 20.2
| 2.22 (1.75)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | ] (12 541 302)
| 17.7
| 2.01 (1.67)
| 13.9
| 1.58 (1.39)
| 19.4
| 2.18 (1.77)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | ] (10 086 292)
| 19.0
| 2.07 (1.60)
| 17.1
| 1.80 (1.43)
| 20.0
| 2.24 (1.71)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | ] (6 864 602)
| 15.3
| 1.88 (1.55)
| 12.0
| 1.43 (1.15)
| 15.7
| 1.92 (1.59)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | ] (3 673 917)
| 15.3
| 1.69 (1.55)
| 12.7
| 1.40 (1.34)
| 16.4
| 1.80 (1.62)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | ] (2 966 889)
| 24.6
| 3.04 (2.79)
| 16.1
| 1.67 (1.57)
| 26.7
| 3.47 (3.18)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | ] (2 855 794)
| 21.2
| 2.61 (2.33)
| 17.5
| 2.14 (1.96)
| 23.7
| 2.92 (2.57)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | ] (1 978 502)
| 21.4
| 2.74 (2.35)
| 16.3
| 1.78 (1.58)
| 24.1
| 3.38 (2.86)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | ] (1 458 545)
| 12.8
| 1.66 (1.37)
| 13.4
| 1.72 (1.37)
| 11.7
| 1.55 (1.37)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | ] (1 383 727)
| 17.9
| 2.12 (1.64)
| 17.0
| 1.69 (1.26)
| 18.2
| 2.29 (1.79)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | ] (1 097 206)
| 18.7
| 2.26 (2.15)
| 16.9
| 1.97 (1.89)
| 21.2
| 2.71 (2.54)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | ] (610 577)
| 11.4
| 1.17 (0.88)
| 12.1
| 1.11 (0.82)
| 11.1
| 1.21 (0.91)
|-
| colspan="7" style="text-align:left;" |<small>CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman). <sup>1</sup>Number in parentheses represents the wanted fertility rate.</small>
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right;"
|+ Crude birth rate and total fertility rate (wanted fertility rate) 2019–2021<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://dhsprogram.com/publications/publication-fr374-dhs-final-reports.cfm|title=India national family health survey NFHS-5 2019–21|date=15 March 2022|website=Demographic and Health Surveys Program}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan=2| State (Population 2011)
! colspan=2| Total
! colspan=2| Urban
! colspan=2| Rural
|-
! CBR !! TFR<sup>1</sup>
! CBR !! TFR<sup>1</sup>
! CBR !! TFR<sup>1</sup>
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ] (199 812 341)
| 20.5
| 2.35 (1.77)
| 16.7
| 1.88 (1.49)
| 21.8
| 2.50 (1.86)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ] (112 374 333)
| 13.8
| 1.71 (1.43)
| 12.6
| 1.50 (1.27)
| 15.0
| 1.89 (1.58)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ] (104 099 452)
| 25.9
| 2.98 (2.25)
| 20.4
| 2.35 (1.88)
| 27.0
| 3.11 (2.31)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ] (91 276 115)
| 15.5
| 1.64 (1.42)
| 12.4
| 1.39 (1.24)
| 17.0
| 1.73 (1.48)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ] (72 626 809)
| 17.2
| 1.99 (1.61)
| 13.7
| 1.61 (1.34)
| 18.5
| 2.12 (1.69)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ] (72 147 030)
| 13.7
| 1.76 (1.59)
| 12.7
| 1.61 (1.50)
| 14.6
| 1.89 (1.66)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ] (68 548 437)
| 18.7
| 2.01 (1.61)
| 15.3
| 1.67 (1.42)
| 19.8
| 2.11 (1.65)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ] (61 095 297)
| 14.2
| 1.67 (1.38)
| 13.2
| 1.50 (1.25)
| 14.9
| 1.79 (1.46)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ] (60 439 692)
| 15.0
| 1.86 (1.53)
| 13.3
| 1.65 (1.39)
| 16.3
| 2.0 (1.60)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ] (49 386 799)
| 13.8
| 1.68 (1.55)
| 12.5
| 1.47 (1.36)
| 14.3
| 1.78 (1.64)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ] (41 974 218)
| 15.9
| 1.82 (1.52)
| 13.1
| 1.48 (1.26)
| 16.5
| 1.89 (1.57)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ] (35 193 978)
| 15.3
| 1.75 (1.55)
| 16.0
| 1.75 (1.57)
| 15.3
| 1.74 (1.54)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ] (33 406 061)
| 11.8
| 1.79 (1.68)
| 11.9
| 1.82 (1.71)
| 11.6
| 1.76 (1.65)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ] (32 988 134)
| 20.2
| 2.26 (1.87)
| 14.2
| 1.56 (1.32)
| 22.0
| 2.48 (2.04)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ] (31 205 576)
| 16.8
| 1.87 (1.56)
| 13.1
| 1.50 (1.37)
| 17.4
| 1.93 (1.59)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ] (27 743 338)
| 13.3
| 1.63 (1.35)
| 12.1
| 1.55 (1.29)
| 14.0
| 1.68 (1.38)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ] (25 545 198)
| 16.4
| 1.82 (1.57)
| 13.6
| 1.42 (1.28)
| 17.2
| 1.94 (1.66)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ] (25 351 462)
| 16.4
| 1.91 (1.54)
| 14.1
| 1.65 (1.38)
| 17.5
| 2.04 (1.62)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ] (12 541 302)
| 13.1
| 1.41 (1.3)
|
|
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ] (10 086 292)
| 16.7
| 1.85 (1.46)
| 16.8
| 1.84 (1.47)
| 16.6
| 1.86 (1.47)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ] (6 864 602)
| 12.7
| 1.66 (1.43)
| 11.2
| 1.43 (1.36)
| 12.9
| 1.69 (1.44)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ] (3 673 917)
| 14.5
| 1.70 (1.49)
| 11.0
| 1.39 (1.29)
| 15.8
| 1.81 (1.56)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ] (2 966 889)
| 24.2
| 2.91 (2.66)
| 14.8
| 1.57 (1.43)
| 26.5
| 3.31 (3.04)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ] (2 855 794)
| 17.4
| 2.17 (1.98)
| 14.7
| 1.84 (1.73)
| 19.1
| 2.38 (2.13)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ] (1 978 502)
| 15.4
| 1.72 (1.57)
| 12.5
| 1.21 (1.13)
| 16.8
| 2.00 (1.82)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ] (1 458 545)
| 10.3
| 1.30 (1.21)
| 10.3
| 1.26 (1.19)
| 10.3
| 1.36 (1.24)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ] (1 383 727)
| 16.0
| 1.80 (1.49)
| 14.8
| 1.44 (1.24)
| 16.2
| 1.88 (1.54)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ] (1 097 206)
| 15.0
| 1.87 (1.78)
| 13.9
| 1.63 (1.56)
| 16.4
| 2.19 (2.08)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ] (610 577)
| 10.2
| 1.05 (0.85)
| 7.8
| 0.71 (0.54)
| 11.7
| 1.32 (1.11)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ]
| 14.8
| 1.62 (1.29)
| 14.6
| 1.60 (1.27)
| 23.4
| 2.47 (2.06)
|-
| colspan="7" style="text-align:left;" |<small>CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman). <sup>1</sup>Number in parentheses represents the wanted fertility rate.</small>
|}

=== Regional vital statistics ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Birth rate, death rate, natural growth rate, and infant mortality rate, by state or UT(2010)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/vital_statistics/SRS_Bulletins/SRS%20Bulletin_%20December%202011%20.pdf |title=SRS Bulletin Sample Registration system |website=censusindia.gov.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131102919/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/vital_statistics/SRS_Bulletins/SRS%20Bulletin_%20December%202011%20.pdf |archive-date=31 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" rowspan="2" | State or UT
! scope="col" colspan="3" | Birth rate
! scope="col" colspan="3" | Death rate
! scope="col" colspan="3" | Natural growth rate
! scope="col" colspan="3" | Infant mortality rate
|-

! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Total
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Rural
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Urban
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Total
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Rural
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Urban
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Total
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Rural
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Urban
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Total
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Rural
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Urban
|-
| Andaman and Nicobar Islands
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 25
| style="text-align: right;" | 29
| style="text-align: right;" | 18
|-
| Andhra Pradesh
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 46
| style="text-align: right;" | 51
| style="text-align: right;" | 33
|-
| Arunachal Pradesh
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 22.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 31
| style="text-align: right;" | 34
| style="text-align: right;" | 12
|-
| Assam
| style="text-align: right;" | 23.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 24.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 58
| style="text-align: right;" | 60
| style="text-align: right;" | 36
|-
| Bihar
| style="text-align: right;" | 28.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 28.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 22.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 48
| style="text-align: right;" | 49
| style="text-align: right;" | 38
|-
| Chandigarh
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 22
| style="text-align: right;" | 20
| style="text-align: right;" | 23
|-
| Chhattisgarh
| style="text-align: right;" | 25.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 26.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 51
| style="text-align: right;" | 52
| style="text-align: right;" | 44
|-
| Dadra and Nagar Haveli
| style="text-align: right;" | 26.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 26.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 28.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 25.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 38
| style="text-align: right;" | 43
| style="text-align: right;" | 22
|-
| Daman and Diu
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 19.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 23
| style="text-align: right;" | 19
| style="text-align: right;" | 29
|-
| Delhi
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 19.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 30
| style="text-align: right;" | 37
| style="text-align: right;" | 29
|-
| Goa
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 10
| style="text-align: right;" | 10
| style="text-align: right;" | 10
|-
| Gujarat
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 23.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 19.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 44
| style="text-align: right;" | 51
| style="text-align: right;" | 30
|-
| Haryana
| style="text-align: right;" | 22.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 23.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 19.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 48
| style="text-align: right;" | 51
| style="text-align: right;" | 38
|-
| Himachal Pradesh
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 40
| style="text-align: right;" | 41
| style="text-align: right;" | 29
|-
| Jammu and Kashmir
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 19.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 43
| style="text-align: right;" | 45
| style="text-align: right;" | 32
|-
| Jharkhand
| style="text-align: right;" | 25.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 26.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 19.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 19.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 42
| style="text-align: right;" | 44
| style="text-align: right;" | 30
|-
| Karnataka
| style="text-align: right;" | 19.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 38
| style="text-align: right;" | 43
| style="text-align: right;" | 28
|-
| Kerala
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 13
| style="text-align: right;" | 14
| style="text-align: right;" | 10
|-
| Lakshadweep
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 25
| style="text-align: right;" | 23
| style="text-align: right;" | 27
|-
| Madhya Pradesh
| style="text-align: right;" | 27.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 29.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 62
| style="text-align: right;" | 67
| style="text-align: right;" | 42
|-
| Maharashtra
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 28
| style="text-align: right;" | 34
| style="text-align: right;" | 20
|-
| Manipur
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 14
| style="text-align: right;" | 15
| style="text-align: right;" | 9
|-
| Meghalaya
| style="text-align: right;" | 24.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 26.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 55
| style="text-align: right;" | 58
| style="text-align: right;" | 37
|-
| Mizoram
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 37
| style="text-align: right;" | 47
| style="text-align: right;" | 21
|-
| Nagaland
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 23
| style="text-align: right;" | 24
| style="text-align: right;" | 20
|-
| Odisha
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 61
| style="text-align: right;" | 63
| style="text-align: right;" | 43
|-
| Puducherry
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 22
| style="text-align: right;" | 25
| style="text-align: right;" | 21
|-
| Punjab
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 34
| style="text-align: right;" | 37
| style="text-align: right;" | 28
|-
| Rajasthan
| style="text-align: right;" | 26.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 27.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 22.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 55
| style="text-align: right;" | 61
| style="text-align: right;" | 31
|-
| Sikkim
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 30
| style="text-align: right;" | 31
| style="text-align: right;" | 19
|-
| Tamil Nadu
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 24
| style="text-align: right;" | 25
| style="text-align: right;" | 22
|-
| Tripura
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 27
| style="text-align: right;" | 29
| style="text-align: right;" | 19
|-
| Uttar Pradesh
| style="text-align: right;" | 28.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 29.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 24.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 61
| style="text-align: right;" | 64
| style="text-align: right;" | 44
|-
| Uttarakhand
| style="text-align: right;" | 19.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 38
| style="text-align: right;" | 41
| style="text-align: right;" | 25
|-
| West Bengal
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 31
| style="text-align: right;" | 32
| style="text-align: right;" | 25
|}

== CIA World Factbook demographic statistics ==
, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India (may need subscription); (b) The data is mirrored here: , Chapter 7, Census of India (2013)</ref>]]

The following demographic statistics are from the ], unless otherwise indicated.

;Total population

: 1,166,079,217 (July 2009 est. CIA),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india/ |title=CIA World Factbook – ''India'' |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=24 September 2011}}</ref>
: 1,210 million (2011 census),<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_chapter3.pdf| title = Census India, 2011, chapter 3}}</ref>
: 1,389,637,446 (May 2022 est.)<ref>{{Citation |title=India |date=3 May 2022 |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india/#people-and-society |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=10 May 2022}}</ref>

;<nowiki>Rural population:</nowiki>

: 62.2%
: male: 381,668,992
: female: 360,948,755

;<nowiki>Age structure:</nowiki>

: '''0–14 years:''' 27.34% (male 186,087,665/female 164,398,204)
: '''15–24 years:''' 17.9% (male 121,879,786/female 107,583,437)
: '''25–54 years:''' 41.08% (male 271,744,709/female 254,834,569)
: '''55–64 years:''' 7.45% (male 47,846,122/female 47,632,532)
: '''65+ years:''' 6.24% (male 37,837,801/female 42,091,086) (2017 est.)

;<nowiki>Median age:</nowiki>

: Total: 29.5 years (2023 est.) (See ].)
: Male: 28 years
: Female: 29.5 years (2020 est.)<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india/|title=India – The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|date=14 December 2021}}</ref>

;<nowiki>Population growth rate :</nowiki>

: 0.67% (2022 est)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population growth rate – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/population-growth-rate/ |access-date=10 May 2022 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref>

;Literacy rate:

: 74% (age 7 and above, in 2011)<ref name="censusindia.gov.in 2"> Census of India Report (2013)</ref>
: 81.4% (total population, age 15–25, in 2006)<ref>{{cite web|title=National Youth Literacy Rates|publisher=UNESCO Institute of Statistics|year=2009|url=http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/tableView.aspx|access-date=26 January 2012|archive-date=16 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716104117/http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/tableView.aspx}}</ref>

;<nowiki>Per cent of population below poverty line:</nowiki>

: 22% (2006 est.)

;<nowiki>Unemployment rate:</nowiki>

: 7.8%

;<nowiki>Net migration rate:</nowiki>

: 0.00 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2020 est.)<ref name=":1" />

;<nowiki>Sex ratio:</nowiki>

: '''At birth:''' 1.12 male(s)/female
: '''Under 10 years:''' 1.13 male(s)/female
: '''15–24 years:''' 1.13 male(s)/female
: '''24–64 years:''' 1.06 male(s)/female
: '''65 years and over:''' 0.9 male(s)/female
: '''Total population:''' 1.08 male(s)/female (2017 est.)

;]<nowiki> at birth:</nowiki>

: '''Total population:''' 69.7 years
: '''Male:''' 68.4 years
: '''Female:''' 71.2 years (2020 est.)<ref name=":1" />

;<nowiki>Total fertility rate:</nowiki>

: 2.00 (2023 est.)<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2127rank.html |title=Rank order – Total fertility rate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613003803/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2127rank.html |archive-date=13 June 2007 |work=The World Factbook |publisher=] (CIA)|year=2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/total-fertility-rate-in-india-on-decline/722989/ |title=Total Fertility Rate in India on decline |work=The Indian Express |date=10 December 2010 |access-date=24 September 2011}}</ref>

The TFR (total number of children born per women) by religion in 2005–2006 was:
: Hindus, 2.7
: Muslims, 3.1
: Christians, 2.4
: Sikhs, 2.0<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/meetings/EGM-Fertility2009/P12_Haub.pdf|title=Future Fertility Prospects for India|last=Haub|first=Carl|date=17 November 2009|access-date=27 January 2017}}</ref>

;<nowiki>Religious Composition:</nowiki>

: Hindus 79.5%
: Muslims 15%
: Christian 2.3%
: Sikh 1.7%
: other and unspecified 2% (2011 est.)<ref name=":1" /><ref> ''Census of India: Census Data 2001: India at a glance >> Religious Composition.'' Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 26 November 2008.</ref><ref> ''International Religious Freedom Report 2007.'' U.S. Department of State.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india/ |title=CIA's The World Factbook – India |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=24 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3454.htm|title=India|website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref>

;<nowiki>Scheduled castes and tribes:</nowiki>

: Scheduled castes: 16.6% (2011 census)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/hlo/pca/pca_pdf/PCA-CRC-0000.pdf|title=2011 Census Primary Census Abstract}}</ref><ref name="CensusDalit">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/half-of-indias-dalit-population-lives-in-4-states/articleshow/19827757.cms|title=Half of India's dalit population lives in 4 states|website=The Times of India|date=2 May 2013 }}</ref>
: scheduled tribes: 8.6% (2011 census)

;Languages

See ] and ]. There are 216 languages with more than 10,000 native speakers in India. The largest of these is ] with some 337 million, and the second largest is ] with 238 million. 22 languages are recognised as ]. In India, there are 1,652 languages and ]s in total.<ref name="languageinindia.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.languageinindia.com/aug2002/indianmothertongues1961aug2002.html|title=Mother Tongues of India According to the 1961 Census|publisher=Languageinindia.com|access-date=26 September 2011}}</ref><ref>]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090714201655/http://news.zdnet.co.uk/software/0,1000000121,39268336,00.htm |date=14 July 2009 }}. ZDNet UK</ref>

== Caste/Tribe ==
Caste and community statistics as recorded from "Socially and Educationally Backward Classes Commission" (SEBC) or Mandal Commission of 1979. ''This was completed in 1983.''

India has chosen not to officially count caste population since then.

The following data are from the Mandal report:{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}<!-- WP:RS needed; removed link to WP-->
{| class="wikitable"
|+Caste/Tribe demographics (1983)
!Caste/Tribe
!population
!percentage
!notes
|-
|'''Total population'''
|'''731,000,000'''
|{{percentage bar|100}}
|*Margin of error 0.34%
|-
|'''Scheduled castes and tribes'''
|'''164,913,600'''
|{{percentage bar|22.56}}
|
|-
|Scheduled castes
|110,015,500
|{{percentage bar|15.05}}
|
|-
|Scheduled tribes
|54,898,100
|{{percentage bar|7.51}}
|
|-
| colspan="4" |
|-
|'''Non OBC/SC/ST Hindu castes/communities'''
|'''128,509,800'''
|{{percentage bar|17.58}}
|
|-
|Brahmin (including Bhumihar)
|40,351,200
|{{percentage bar|5.52}}
|
|-
|Kshtriyas(Rajput)
|28,509,000
|{{percentage bar|3.90}}
|
|-
|Maratha
|16,155,100
|{{percentage bar|2.21}}
|
|-
|Jats
|7,310,000
|{{percentage bar|1}}
|
|-
|Vaishya, Bania, etc.
|13,742,800
|{{percentage bar|1.88}}
|
|-
|Kayasthas
|7,821,700
|{{percentage bar|1.07}}
|
|-
|Others
|14,620,000
|{{percentage bar|2}}
|
|-
| colspan="4" |
|-
|'''Non-Hindu communities and groups'''
|'''121,346,000'''
|{{percentage bar|16.6}}
|'''Non-Hindu scheduled and OBC'''
|-
|Muslim (Non S.T)
|81,798,900
|{{percentage bar|11.19}}
|{{percentage bar|0.02}}
|-
|Christian (Non S.T)
|15,789,600
|{{percentage bar|2.16}}
|{{percentage bar|0.44}}
|-
|Sikh (Non scheduled)
|12,207,700
|{{percentage bar|1.67}}
|{{percentage bar|0.22}}
|-
|Buddhist (Non S.T)
|4,897,700
|{{percentage bar|0.67}}
|{{percentage bar|0.03}}
|-
|Jain (Non scheduled)
|3,435,700
|{{percentage bar|0.47}}
|
|-
| colspan="4" |
|-
|'''Other backward classes and communities (OBC)'''
|'''380,120,000'''
|{{percentage bar|52}}
|'''*OBC is a derived figure'''
|-
|Hindu OBC
|318,716,000
|{{percentage bar|43.60}}
|
|-
|Non-Hindu OBC
|61,404,000
|{{percentage bar|8.40}}
|'''*52% of Non-Hindus'''
|}

== Ethnic groups ==
{{See also|South Asian ethnic groups|Ethnic relations in India|Caste system in India|Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia|Languages of India}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ '''Population of India by Ethnic Group (Share of Total Population): 1951-2011'''
|-
! Year !! Indo-Aryans and Aryanized people (%) !! Dravidian people (%) !! Sino-Tibetan people (%) !! Austroasiatic (%) !! Negrito (%) !! Others (%)
|-
| 1951 || 71.86 || 23.95 || 2.99 || 0.60 || 0.006 || 0.594
|-
| 1961 || 72.24 || 23.91 || 2.93 || 0.59 || 0.005 || 0.325
|-
| 1971 || 72.02 || 23.49 || 2.94 || 0.59 || 0.005 || 0.955
|-
| 1981 || 71.98 || 23.98 || 2.88 || 0.58 || 0.005 || 0.575
|-
| 1991 || 72.08 || 24.02 || 2.80 || 0.56 || 0.004 || 0.536
|-
| 2001 || 71.25 || 24.89 || 2.83 || 0.57 || 0.004 || 0.456
|-
| 2011 || 70.17 || 25.26 || 2.99 || 0.65 || 0.004 || 0.926
|}
Sources:
* Census of India. New Delhi: Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.
1. **1951 Census of India:**
– *Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.* (1951). *1951 Census of India: Volume I – India (Part II-C) – Languages.* New Delhi: Government of India. Available at .

2. **1961 Census of India:**
– *Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.* (1961). *1961 Census of India: Volume I – India (Part II-C) – Languages.* New Delhi: Government of India. Available at {{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}.

3. **1971 Census of India:**
– *Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.* (1971). *1971 Census of India: Volume I – India (Part II-C) – Languages.* New Delhi: Government of India. Available at {{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}.

4. **1981 Census of India:**
– *Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.* (1981). *1981 Census of India: Volume II – India (Part II-C) – Languages.* New Delhi: Government of India. Available at {{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}.

5. **1991 Census of India:**
– *Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.* (1991). *1991 Census of India: Volume II – India (Part II-C) – Languages.* New Delhi: Government of India. Available at {{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}.

6. **2001 Census of India:**
– *Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.* (2001). *2001 Census of India: Volume II – India (Part II-C) – Languages.* New Delhi: Government of India. Available at {{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}.

7. **2011 Census of India:**
– *Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.* (2011). *2011 Census of India: Volume II – India (Part II-C) – Languages.* New Delhi: Government of India. Available at {{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}.

* Singh, K. S. (1992). *People of India: An Introduction*. Anthropological Survey of India. ISBN 8126012215 {{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}.
2. Ludden, David. (2013). ''India and South Asia: A Short History''. Oneworld Publications. ISBN 1780741086 {{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}.

3. Bhagat, R. B. (2004). "Census Enumeration in India, 1991 and 2001: Issues and Concerns." ''Economic and Political Weekly''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}.

==Race and ethnicity==
The national Census of India does not recognise ] or ethnic groups within India,<ref>Kumar, Jayant. Census of India. 2001. 4 September 2006. </ref> but recognises many of the tribal groups as ] (see ]).
For a list of ethnic groups in the Republic of India (as well as neighbouring countries), see ].

{{Pie chart
| thumb =
| caption = Linguistic groups in India chart<ref name="EBCIndoAryanLanguages">{{cite web|title=Indo-Aryan languages |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/286348/Indo-Aryan-languages |access-date=10 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="EBCDravidianLanguages">{{cite web|title=Dravidian languages |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/171083/Dravidian-languages |access-date=10 December 2014}}</ref>
| label1 = ]
| value1 = 75
| color1 = Orange
| label2 = ]
| value2 = 20
| color2 = Red
| label3 = ], ], ], ] and others
| value3 = 5
| color3 = White
}}
According to a 2009 study published by Reich ''et al.''., the modern Indian population is composed of two genetically divergent and heterogeneous populations which mixed in ancient times (about 1,200–3,500 BP), known as Ancestral North Indians (ANI) and Ancestral South Indians (ASI). ASI corresponds to the Dravidian-speaking population of southern India, whereas ANI corresponds to the Indo-Aryan-speaking population of northern India.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Reconstructing Indian population history: Abstract |journal=Nature |volume=461 |issue=7263 |doi=10.1038/nature08365 |pages=489–494|pmc=2842210 |pmid=19779445 |year=2009 |bibcode=2009Natur.461..489R|last1=Reich |first1=D. |last2=Thangaraj |first2=K. |last3=Patterson |first3=N. |last4=Price |first4=A. L. |last5=Singh |first5=L. }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ichg2011.org/cgi-bin/showdetail.pl?absno=20758 |title=Abstract/Presentation |publisher=Ichg2011.org |date=12 October 2011 |access-date=16 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424050419/http://www.ichg2011.org/cgi-bin/showdetail.pl?absno=20758 |archive-date=24 April 2012 }}</ref> 700,000 people from the ] of any race live in India.<ref name="whitehouse.gov">{{Cite web|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/fact-sheet-united-states-india-prosperity-partnership/|title=The United States and India – Prosperity Through Partnership|date=26 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026022035/https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/fact-sheet-united-states-india-prosperity-partnership/|archive-date=26 October 2020}}</ref> Between 300,000 and 1 million ] live in India.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Excluding and Including 'Natives of India': Early-Nineteenth-Century British-Indian Race Relations in Britain|first=Michael H.|last=Fisher|date=1 August 2007|journal=Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East|volume=27|issue=2|pages=303–314|via=Silverchair|doi=10.1215/1089201x-2007-007|s2cid=146613125 }}</ref>

India is a country with a vast diversity of ethnic groups, each with its own distinct culture, language, and traditions. The major ethnic groups in India include the Indo-Aryans, Dravidians, Sino-Tibetans, Austroasiatic peoples, and various indigenous tribes. These groups are spread across different regions of India, each contributing to the country's rich cultural mosaic.

=== Major Ethnic Groups ===

==== Indo-Aryans and Aryanized People ====
'''Geographical Distribution''': Predominantly in North India, including states like Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Bihar, and parts of Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra.

'''General Phenotype''': Indo-Aryans typically have light to medium to dark skin tones, with a range of hair colors from black to brown. Facial features can include prominent noses and well-defined bone structures.

'''Sources''':
* C. Majumdar, R. Mukherjee, "The History and Culture of the Indian People," Bhāratīya Itihāsa Samiti, 1951.<ref>Majumdar, C., & Mukherjee, R. (1951). ''The History and Culture of the Indian People.'' Bhāratīya Itihāsa Samiti.</ref>
* S. B. Singh, "The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia," Cambridge University Press, 1995. ISBN 052141739X.<ref>Singh, S. B. (1995). ''The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia.'' Cambridge University Press. ISBN 052141739X.</ref>

==== Dravidian People ====
'''Geographical Distribution''': Predominantly in South India, including states like Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and Kerala.

'''General Phenotype''': Dravidians generally have darker skin tones, curly to wavy hair, and distinct facial features such as broader noses and fuller lips.

'''Sources''':
* K. R. Subramanian, "The Dravidian Contribution to Indian Culture," Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1966.<ref>Subramanian, K. R. (1966). ''The Dravidian Contribution to Indian Culture.'' Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.</ref>
* M. A. Rao, "History of South India," S. Chand & Company, 1976.<ref>Rao, M. A. (1976). ''History of South India''. S. Chand & Company.</ref>

==== Sino-Tibetan People ====
'''Geographical Distribution''': Predominantly in Northeast India, including states like Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, and parts of Sikkim.

'''General Phenotype''': Sino-Tibetan people often have lighter skin tones, straight black hair, and epicanthic folds in their eyelids, which are characteristic of East Asian phenotypes.

'''Sources''':
* H. Risley, "The Tribes and Castes of Bengal," Calcutta, 1891.<ref>Risley, H. (1891). ''The Tribes and Castes of Bengal.'' Calcutta.</ref>
* R. B. Singh, "Ethnic Groups of North-East India," Concept Publishing Company, 1994. ISBN 8170224974.<ref>Singh, R. B. (1994). ''Ethnic Groups of North-East India.'' Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 8170224974.</ref>

==== Austroasiatic Peoples ====
'''Geographical Distribution''': Scattered across central and eastern India, with significant populations in Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal, and Chhattisgarh.

'''General Phenotype''': Austroasiatic people generally have light to medium to dark skin tones, wavy to curly hair, and facial features that are somewhat intermediate between Dravidian and Sino-Tibetan populations.

'''Sources''':
* D. Balakrishnan, "Austroasiatic and Other Languages of Eastern India," Calcutta University Press, 1961.<ref>Balakrishnan, D. (1961). ''Austroasiatic and Other Languages of Eastern India.'' Calcutta University Press.</ref>
* N. Chakrabarti, "The Austroasiatic Peoples of India," Anthropological Survey of India, 2003.<ref>Chakrabarti, N. (2003). ''The Austroasiatic Peoples of India.'' Anthropological Survey of India.</ref>

==== Negrito ====
'''Geographical Distribution''': Primarily in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

'''General Phenotype''': Negrito people typically have very dark skin, tightly curled hair, and small statures.

'''Sources''':
* L. A. Waddell, "The Tribes of the Andaman Islands," Cambridge University Press, 1901.<ref>Waddell, L. A. (1901). ''The Tribes of the Andaman Islands.'' Cambridge University Press.</ref>
* V. Ball, "Jungle Life in India," Dehli, 1972.<ref>Ball, V. (1972). ''Jungle Life in India''. Dehli.</ref>

== Genetics ==
{{See also|Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia}}

=== Y-chromosome DNA ===
<ref>{{cite journal |display-authors=et al |vauthors=Sahoo S, Singh A, Himabindu G |date=January 2006 |title=A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes: Evaluating demic diffusion scenarios |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=103 |issue=4 |pages=843–8 |bibcode=2006PNAS..103..843S |doi=10.1073/pnas.0507714103 |pmc=1347984 |pmid=16415161 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Y-Chromosome DNA ] represents the male lineage, The Indian ] pool may be summarised as follows where ]s ], ], ], ] and ] comprise generally more than 80% of the total chromosomes.<ref>Hammer ''et al.''. 2005, S. Sahoo ''et al.''. 2006, R. Trivedi ''et al.''. 2007, Zhao ''et al.''. 2008</ref>

{| {{table}}
|-
| ]
| {{percentage bar|30}}
|-
| ]
| {{percentage bar|34}}
|-
| ]
| {{percentage bar|15}}
|-
| ]
| {{percentage bar|10}}
|-
| ]
| {{percentage bar|10}}
| (Excluding R)
|-
| Other Haplogroups
| {{percentage bar|15}}
|}

=== Mitochondrial DNA ===
<ref>{{cite web |title=1471-2148-5-26.fm |url=http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2148-5-26.pdf |access-date=16 June 2013}}</ref>

Mitochondrial DNA ] represents the female lineage. The Indian mitochondrial DNA is primarily made up of ]<ref>Semino ''et al.''. 2000, Kivisild ''et al.''. 2003, Metspalu ''et al.''. 2004, Rajkumar ''et al.''. 2005, Chandrasekar ''et al.''. 2007, Gonzalez ''et al.''. 2007</ref>

{| {{table}}
|-
| ]
| {{percentage bar|60}}
|-
| ]
| {{percentage bar|15}}
|-
| ]
| {{percentage bar|25}}
| (Excluding UK)
|}

=== Autosomal DNA ===
] children preparing for a dance performance. The Tripuris are a Tibeto-Burman ethnic group.]]
Numerous genomic studies have been conducted in the last 15 years to seek insights into India's demographic and cultural diversity. These studies paint a complex and conflicting picture.
* In a 2003 study, Basu, Majumder ''et al.''. have concluded on the basis of results obtained from ], ] and ] markers that "(1) there is an underlying unity of female lineages in India, indicating that the initial number of female settlers may have been small; (2) the tribal and the caste populations are highly differentiated; (3) the Austroasiatic tribals are the earliest settlers in India, providing support to one anthropological hypothesis while refuting some others; (4) a major wave of humans entered India through the northeast; (5) the Tibeto-Burman tribals share considerable genetic commonalities with the Austroasiatic tribals, supporting the hypothesis that they may have shared a common habitat in southern China, but the two groups of tribals can be differentiated on the basis of Y-chromosomal haplotypes; (6) the Dravidian speaking populations were possibly widespread throughout India but are regulated to South India now; (7) formation of populations by fission that resulted in founder and drift effects have left their imprints on the genetic structures of contemporary populations; (8) the upper castes show closer genetic affinities with Central Asian populations, although those of southern India are more distant than those of northern India; (9) historical gene flow into India has contributed to a considerable obliteration of genetic histories of contemporary populations so that there is at present no clear congruence of genetic and geographical or sociocultural affinities."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Basu |first1=A. |last2=Mukherjee |first2=N. |last3=Roy |first3=S. |last4=Sengupta |first4=S. |last5=Banerjee |first5=S. |last6=Chakraborty |first6=M. |last7=Dey |first7=B. |last8=Roy |first8=M. |last9=Roy |first9=B. |last10=Bhattacharyya |first10=N. P. |last11=Roychoudhury |first11=S. |last12=Majumder |first12=P. P. |year=2003 |title=Ethnic India: A Genomic View, With Special Reference to Peopling and Structure |url=http://genome.cshlp.org/content/13/10/2277.full |journal=Genome Research |publisher=Genome.cshlp.org |volume=13 |issue=10 |pages=2277–2290 |doi=10.1101/gr.1413403 |pmc=403703 |pmid=14525929 |access-date=16 June 2013}}</ref>
* In a later 2010 review article, Majumder affirms some of these conclusions, introduces and revises some other. The ongoing studies, concludes Majumder, suggest India has served as the major early corridor for geographical dispersal of modern humans from out-of-Africa. The archaeological and genetic traces of the earliest settlers in India has not provided any conclusive evidence. The tribal populations of India are older than the non-tribal populations. The autosomal differentiation and genetic diversity within India's caste populations at 0.04 is significantly lower than 0.14 for continental populations and 0.09 for 31 world population sets studied by Watkins ''et al.''., suggesting that while tribal populations were differentiated, the differentiation effects within India's caste population was less than previously thought. Majumder also concludes that recent studies suggest India has been a major contributor to the gene pool of southeast Asia.<ref name="mj1">{{cite journal |author=Majumder |date=23 February 2010 |title=The Human Genetic History of South Asia: A Review |journal=Current Biology |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=R184-7 |bibcode=2010CBio...20.R184M |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2009.11.053 |pmid=20178765 |s2cid=1490419 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="w1">{{cite journal |author=Watkins |display-authors=etal |date=July 2003 |title=Genetic variation among world populations: inferences from 100 Alu insertion polymorphisms |journal=Genome Res. |volume=13 |issue=7 |pages=1607–18 |doi=10.1101/gr.894603 |pmc=403734 |pmid=12805277}}</ref>
* Another study covering a large sample of Indian populations allowed Watkins ''et al.''. to examine eight Indian caste groups and four endogamous south Indian tribal populations. The Indian castes data show low between-group differences, while the tribal Indian groups show relatively high between-group differentiation. This suggests that people between Indian castes were not reproductively isolated, while Indian tribal populations experienced reproductive isolation and drift. Furthermore, the genetic ] data show historical genetic differentiation and segregation between Indian castes population is much smaller than those found in east Asia, Africa and other continental populations; while being similar to the genetic differentiation and segregation observed in European populations.<ref name="w1" />
* In 2006, Sahoo ''et al.''. reported their analysis of genomic data on 936 Y-chromosomes representing 32 tribal and 45 caste groups from different regions of India. These scientists find that the haplogroup frequency distribution across the country, between different caste groups, was found to be predominantly driven by geographical, rather than cultural determinants. They conclude there is clear evidence for both large-scale immigration into ancient India of Sino-Tibetan speakers and language change of former Austroasiatic speakers, in the northeast Indian region.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Sahoo |display-authors=etal |year=2006 |title=A prehistory of Indian Y-chromosomes: evaluating demic diffusion scenarios |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA |volume=103 |issue=4 |pages=843–848 |bibcode=2006PNAS..103..843S |doi=10.1073/pnas.0507714103 |pmc=1347984 |pmid=16415161 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Artis Zelmenis |year=2014 |title=Immigration for Indians to Europe; history & law |journal=Immigration World Guru |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=10–24}}</ref>
* The genome studies conducted up until 2010 have been on relatively small population sets. Many are from just one southeastern state of Andhra Pradesh (including Telangana, which was part of the state until June 2014). Thus, any conclusions on demographic history of India must be interpreted with caution. A larger national genome study with demographic growth and sex ratio balances may offer further insights on the extent of genetic differentiation and segregation in India over the millenniums.<ref name="mj1" />

== See also ==
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* ]
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{{div col end}}

=== Government ===
* ]
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=== Lists ===
* ]
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== Charts ==
{{GraphChart
| width = 450
| height = 150
| xAxisTitle = year
| yAxisTitle = million
| yAxisMin =
| yGrid = 0,1
| xGrid = 10
| legend =
| type = line
| x = 1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021, 2022

| y1 = 716,733,750,767,784,802,820,838,856,874,892,910,928,946,964,983,1001,1018,1036,1054,1071,1089,1106,1123,1140,1157,1134,1150,1166,1182,1198,1213, 1227, 1244, 1259, 1274, 1289, 1325, 1339, 1353, 1363

| y1Title = population (million)
}}

{{GraphChart
| width = 450
| height = 150
| xAxisTitle = year
| yAxisTitle = ‰
| yAxisMin =
| yGrid = 0,1
| xGrid = 10
| legend =
| hAnnotatonsLine =
| hAnnotatonsLabel =
| type = line
| x = 1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020, 2021, 2022

| y1 = 21.4,21.9,21.8,21.3,21.1,21.5,21.2,20.5,20.3,20.5,19.5,18.9,19.4,19.4,19.3,18.4,18.3,17.5,17.3,17.3,17.0,16.9,16.8, 16.6, 16.2, 16.0, 15.7, 15.4, 15.2, 14.9, 14.7, 14.6, 14.4, 14.3, 14.3, 14.0, 13.9, 13.8, 13.7, 13.1, 12.6

| y1Title = Natural growth ‰
}}

{{GraphChart
| width = 450
| height = 150
| xAxisTitle = year
| yAxisTitle = TFR
| yAxisMin =
| yGrid = 0,1
| xGrid = 10
| legend =
| hAnnotatonsLine = 2.1
| hAnnotatonsLabel =
| type = line
| x = 1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021, 2022

| y1 =
4.52, 4.5, 4.5, 4.5, 4.3, 4.15, 4.1, 4.0, 3.9, 3.8, 3.64, 3.6, 3.5, 3.5, 3.5, 3.4, 3.3, 3.2, 3.2, 3.2, 3.10, 3.0, 3.0, 2.9, 2.9, 2.79, 2.7, 2.6, 2.6, 2.5, 2.44, 2.38, 2.34, 2.32, 2.27, 2.26, 2.18, 2.15, 2.08, 2.06, 1.99

| y1Title = Total fertility rate
}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin}}
* Arnold, David. ''Pandemic India: From Cholera to COVID-19'' (Oxford University Press, 2022). {{Cite web |last=Venkatesh |first=Archana |date=January 2023 |title=Review of Arnold, David, Pandemic India: From Cholera to Covid-19 |url=http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=58263 |website=H-Net Reviews}}
* Chakravorty, Swastika, Srinivas Goli, and Kuriath S. James. "". ''Sage Open'' 11.2 (2021): {{doi|10.1177/2158244021100817}}.
*{{Citation
| last1=Chamie | first1=Joseph
| last2=Mirkin | first2=Barry
| title=Busting at the seams: India is unprepared for a near future when it will be the world's most populous country
| url=https://qz.com/1051533/india-is-unprepared-for-a-near-future-when-it-will-be-the-worlds-most-populous-country/
|website=Quartz
| date= August 2017}}. Joseph Chamie is former director of the ] and Barry Mirkin is former chief of the Population Policy Section of the United Nations Population Division.
* Chandrasekhar, S., and Ajay Sharma. "". ''Spatial demography'' 3.2 (2015): 63–89.
* Sekher, T. V. "Rural demography of India". in '' International handbook of rural demography'' (Springer, Dordrecht, 2012) pp.&nbsp;169–189.
* Smith, Robert D., and Mohandas K. Mallath. "". ''Journal of Global Oncology'' 5 (2019): 1–15.

;Medieval India
*Lal, K. S. (1978). Growth of Muslim population in medieval India (A.D. 1000–1800). Delhi, Research Publications.
*Lal, K. S. (1995). Growth of scheduled tribes and castes in medieval India. New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan.
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
* ; government site with detailed data from 2001 census
*
*
* ; generates maps based on 2001 census figures
* ; provides sources of demographic data for India
* ; provides maps of social, economic and demographic data of India in 2001
* ; distribution of population amongst states and union territories
*
* " {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101173305/https://www.newsmic.com/countries/India.php |date=1 January 2023 }}": Country Profile – India
*
*
* Based on data from database of UN Population Division.

{{Life in India}}
{{Economy of India topics}}
{{Asia in topic|Demographics of}}
{{Census of India}}

]
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Latest revision as of 11:05, 25 December 2024

This article is about the people from the republic of India. For other uses, see Indian.

Demographics of India
Population pyramid of India in 2020
PopulationIncrease 1,425,775,850

(April 2023 est.)

1,428,627,663 (Mid-year 2023 est.)
Density473.42 people per km (2021 est.)
Growth rate0.68% (2022 est.)
Birth rate16.1 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Death rate6.6 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Life expectancyIncrease 72.03 years (2023 est.)
 • male70.5 years (2023 est.)
 • female73.6 years (2023 est.)
Fertility rateDecrease 2.00 children born per woman (2023)
Infant mortality rate29.94 deaths/1,000 live births (2018)
Net migration rate0.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)
Age structure
0–14 years25.68% (male 183,695,000/female 166,295,000) (2021 est.)
15–64 years67.49% (male 472,653,000/female 447,337,000) (2021 est.)
65 and over6.83% (male 44,275,000/female 48,751,000) (2021 est.)
Sex ratio
Total1.06 male(s)/female (2023)
At birth1.1 male(s)/female (2023)
Under 151.11 male(s)/female (2023)
15–64 years1.07 male(s)/female (2023 est.)
65 and over0.85 male(s)/female (2023)
Nationality
NationalityIndian
Major ethnic
Minor ethnic
Language
OfficialSee Languages of India
Spoken

India is the most populous country in the world with one-sixth of the world's population. According to estimates from the United Nations (UN), India has overtaken China as the country with the largest population in the world, with a population of 1,425,775,850 at the end of April 2023.

Between 1975 and 2010, the population doubled to 1.2 billion, reaching the billion mark in 2000. According to the UN's World Population dashboard, India's population now stands at slightly over 1.428 billion, edging past China's population of 1.425 billion people, as reported by the news agency Bloomberg. In 2015, India's population was predicted to reach 1.7 billion by 2050. In 2017 its population growth rate was 0.98%, ranking 112th in the world; in contrast, from 1972 to 1983, India's population grew by an annual rate of 2.3%.

In 2023, the median age of an Indian was 29.5 years, compared to 39.8 for China and 49.5 for Japan; and, by 2030; India's dependency ratio will be just over 0.4. However, the number of children in India peaked more than a decade ago and is now falling. The number of children under the age of five peaked in 2007, and since then the number has been falling. The number of Indians under 15 years old peaked slightly later (in 2011) and is now also declining.

India has many ethnic groups, and every major religion is represented, as are four major families of languages (Indo-European, Dravidian, Austroasiatic and Sino-Tibetan languages) as well as two language isolates: the Nihali language, spoken in parts of Maharashtra, and the Burushaski language, spoken in parts of Jammu and Kashmir. 1,000,000 people in India are Anglo-Indians and between 25,000 and 70,000 people are Siddhis,who are descendants of Bantu slaves brought by Arabs, Persians and Portuguese to the western coast of India during the Middle Ages and the colonial period. They represent over 0.1% of the total population of India. Overall, only the continent of Africa exceeds the linguistic, genetic and cultural diversity of the nation of India.

The sex ratio was 944 females for 1000 males in 2016, and 940 per 1000 in 2011. This ratio has been showing an upwards trend for the last two decades after a continuous decline in the 20th century.

History

See also: Economic history of India
Historical population of India and China since 1100 with projection to 2100

Prehistory to early 19th century

See also: Estimates of historical world population

The following table lists estimates for the population of India (including what are now Pakistan and Bangladesh) from prehistory up until 1820. It includes estimates and growth rates according to five economic historians, along with interpolated estimates and overall aggregate averages derived from their estimates.

Year Maddison (2001) Clark (1967) Biraben (1979) Durand (1974) McEvedy (1978) Aggregate average Period Average
 % growth
/ century
Population % growth
/ century 		Population % growth
/ century 		Population % growth
/ century 		Population % growth
/ century 		Population % growth
/ century 		Population % growth
/ century
10,000 BC — — — — — — — — 100,000 — 100,000 — Stone Age 3.9
4000 BC — — — — — — — — 1,000,000 3.9 1,000,000 3.9
2000 BC — — — — — — — — 6,000,000 9.4 6,000,000 9.4 Bronze Age 9.4
500 BC — — — — — — — — 25,000,000 10 25,000,000 10 Iron Age 10.2
400 BC — — — — 30,000,000 — — — 26,600,000 6.3 28,300,000 13.2
200 BC — — — — 55,000,000 35.4 — — 30,000,000 6.3 42,500,000 22.5 Maurya era 22.5
1 AD 75,000,000 — 70,000,000 — 46,000,000 –9.3 75,000,000 — 34,000,000 6.5 60,000,000 18.8 Classical
era 		5.3
200 75,000,000 0 72,500,000 1.7 45,000,000 –1.1 75,000,000 0 39,000,000 7.1 61,300,000 1.1
400 75,000,000 0 75,000,000 1.7 32,000,000 –18.6 75,000,000 0 45,000,000 7.4 60,400,000 –0.7
500 75,000,000 0 75,000,000 0 33,000,000 3.1 75,000,000 0 48,000,000 6.5 61,200,000 1.3
600 75,000,000 0 75,000,000 0 37,000,000 12.1 75,000,000 0 51,000,000 6.5 62,600,000 2.3 Early
medieval
era 		1.9
700 75,000,000 0 75,000,000 0 50,000,000 35.1 75,000,000 0 56,500,000 10.3 66,300,000 5.9
800 75,000,000 0 75,000,000 0 43,000,000 –16.3 75,000,000 0 62,000,000 10.3 66,000,000 –0.5
900 75,000,000 0 72,500,000 –3.5 38,000,000 –13.2 75,000,000 0 69,500,000 11.4 66,000,000 0
1000 75,000,000 0 70,000,000 –3.5 40,000,000 5.3 75,000,000 0 77,000,000 11.4 67,400,000 2.1
1100 81,000,000 8 72,500,000 3.5 51,000,000 27.5 81,300,000 8.4 80,000,000 3.9 73,200,000 8.6 Late
medieval
era 		8.1
1200 87,500,000 8 75,000,000 3.5 65,100,000 27.5 88,200,000 8.4 83,000,000 3.8 79,800,000 9
1300 94,500,000 8 75,000,000 0 83,000,000 27.5 95,700,000 8.4 88,000,000 6 87,200,000 9.3
1400 102,000,000 8 77,000,000 3.3 88,800,000 7 103,700,000 8.4 94,000,000 6.8 92,900,000 7
1500 110,000,000 8 79,000,000 3.3 95,000,000 7 112,500,000 8.4 100,000,000 6.4 99,300,000 7
1600 135,000,000 22.8 100,000,000 26.6 145,000,000 52.6 135,800,000 20.7 130,000,000 30 129,200,000 30.1 Mughal era 31.9
1650 150,000,000 22.2 150,000,000 125 160,000,000 20.7 149,100,000 20.7 145,000,000 24.4 150,800,000 36.2
1700 165,000,000 22.2 200,000,000 77.8 175,000,000 20.7 163,900,000 20.7 160,000,000 21.8 172,800,000 31.3
1750 182,100,000 21.8 200,000,000 0 182,700,000 9 180,000,000 20.7 170,000,000 12.9 183,000,000 12.1 Colonial
era 		12.2
1800 200,900,000 21.8 190,000,000 –10.8 190,700,000 9 — — 185,000,000 18.4 190,400,000 8
1820 209,000,000 21.8 190,000,000 0 194,000,000 9 — — 200,000,000 47.7 198,300,000 22

The population grew from the South Asian Stone Age in 10,000 BC to the Maurya Empire in 200 BC at a steadily increasing growth rate, before population growth slowed down in the classical era up to 500 AD, and then became largely stagnant during the early medieval era era up to 1000 AD. The population growth rate then increased in the late medieval era (during the Delhi Sultanate) from 1000 to 1500.

Under the Mughal Empire, India experienced a high economic and demographic upsurge, due to Mughal agrarian reforms that intensified agricultural production. 15% of the population lived in urban centres, higher than the percentage of the population in 19th-century British India and contemporary Europe up until the 19th century. These estimates by Abraham Eraly and Paolo Malanima have been criticised by Tim Dyson, who considers them exaggerations and estimates urbanisation of the Mughal Empire to be less than 9% of the population.

Under the reign of Akbar (reigned 1556–1605) in 1600, the Mughal Empire's urban population was up to 17 million people, larger than the urban population in Europe. By 1700, Mughal India had an urban population of 23 million people, larger than British India's urban population of 22.3 million in 1871. Nizamuddin Ahmad (1551–1621) reported that, under Akbar's reign, Mughal India had 120 large cities and 3,200 townships. A number of cities in India had a population between a quarter-million and half-million people, with larger cities including Agra (in Agra Subah) with up to 800,000 people and Dhaka (in Bengal Subah) with over 1 million people. Mughal India also had a large number of villages, with 455,698 villages by the time of Aurangzeb (reigned 1658–1707).

Late 19th century to early 20th century

The total fertility rate is the number of children born per woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire years. Sources: Our World in Data and Gapminder Foundation.

Years 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1902
Total Fertility Rate in India 5.95 5.92 5.89 5.86 5.82 5.79 4.38 5.76 5.76 5.75 5.75 5.75
Years 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930
Total Fertility Rate in India 5.761 5.77 5.78 5.79 5.8 5.81 5.82 5.83 5.85 5.86

Life expectancy from 1881 to 1950

Years 1881 1891 1901 1905 1911 1915 1921 1925 1931 1935 1941 1950
Life expectancy in India 25.4 24.3 23.5 24.0 23.2 24.0 24.9 27.6 29.3 31.0 32.6 35.4

The population of India under the British Raj (including what are now Pakistan and Bangladesh) according to censuses:

Census year Population Growth (%)
1871 238,830,958 —
1881 253,896,330 6.3
1891 287,223,431 13.1
1901 293,550,310 2.2
1911 315,156,396 7.4
1921 318,942,480 1.2
1931 352,837,778 10.6
1941 388,997,955 10.2

Studies of India's population since 1881 have focused on such topics as total population, birth and death rates, geographic distribution, literacy, the rural and urban divide, cities of a million, and the three cities with populations over eight million: Delhi, Greater Mumbai (Bombay), and Kolkata (Calcutta).

Mortality rates fell in the period 1920–45, primarily due to biological immunisation. Suggestions that it was the benefits of colonialism are refuted by academic thinking: "There can be no serious, informed belief... that... late colonial era mortality diminished and population grew rapidly because of improvements in income, living standards, nutrition, environmental standards, sanitation or health policies, nor was there a cultural transformation...".

Characteristics

Crude birth rate trends in India
(per 1000 people, national average)
Infant mortality rate trends in India
(per 1000 births, under age 1, national average)

India occupies 2.41% of the world's land area but supports over 18% of the world's population. At the 2001 census 72.2% of the population lived in about 638,000 villages and the remaining 27.8% lived in more than 5,100 towns and over 380 urban agglomerations.

India's population exceeded that of the entire continent of Africa by 200 million people in 2010. However, because Africa's population growth is extremely high compared to the rest of the world, it is expected to surpass both China and India by the early 2030s.

Comparative demographics

Comparative demographics
Category Global ranking References
Area 7th
Population 1st
Population growth rate 102nd of 212 in 2010
Population density 24th of 212 in 2010
Male to Female ratio, at birth 12th of 214 in 2009

List of states and union territories by demographics

Main article: List of States and Union Territories by demographics
Population growth of India per decade
Census year Population Change (%)
1951 361,088,003 –
1961 439,235,000 21.6
1971 548,160,000 24.8
1981 683,329,000 24.7
1991 846,387,888 23.9
2001 1,028,737,436 21.5
2011 1,210,193,422 17.7
Population distribution by states/union territories (2011)
Rank State/UT Population Percent (%) Male Female Difference between male and female Sex ratio Rural Urban Area (km) Density (per km)
1 Uttar Pradesh 199,812,341 16.50 104,480,510 95,331,831 9,148,679 930 155,111,022 44,470,455 240,928 828
2 Maharashtra 112,374,333 9.28 58,243,056 54,131,277 4,111,779 929 61,545,441 50,827,531 307,713 365
3 Bihar 104,099,452 8.60 54,278,157 49,821,295 4,456,862 918 92,075,028 11,729,609 94,163 1,102
4 West Bengal 91,276,115 7.54 46,809,027 44,467,088 2,341,939 950 62,213,676 29,134,060 88,752 1,030
5 Madhya Pradesh 72,626,809 6.00 37,612,306 35,014,503 2,597,803 931 52,537,899 20,059,666 308,245 236
6 Tamil Nadu 72,147,030 5.96 36,137,975 36,009,055 128,920 996 37,189,229 34,949,729 130,058 555
7 Rajasthan 68,548,437 5.66 35,550,997 32,997,440 2,553,557 928 51,540,236 17,080,776 342,239 201
8 Karnataka 61,095,297 5.05 30,966,657 30,128,640 838,017 973 37,552,529 23,578,175 191,791 319
9 Gujarat 60,439,692 4.99 31,491,260 28,948,432 2,542,828 919 34,670,817 25,712,811 196,024 308
10 Andhra Pradesh 49,386,799 4.08 24,738,068 24,648,731 89,337 996 34,776,389 14,610,410 160,205 308
11 Odisha 41,974,218 3.47 21,212,136 20,762,082 450,054 979 34,951,234 6,996,124 155,707 269
12 Telangana 35,193,978 2.91 17,704,078 17,489,900 214,178 988 21,585,313 13,608,665 114,840 307
13 Kerala 33,406,061 2.76 16,027,412 17,378,649 −1,351,237 1084 17,445,506 15,932,171 38,863 859
14 Jharkhand 32,988,134 2.72 16,930,315 16,057,819 872,496 948 25,036,946 7,929,292 79,714 414
15 Assam 31,205,576 2.58 15,939,443 15,266,133 673,310 958 26,780,526 4,388,756 78,438 397
16 Punjab 27,743,338 2.29 14,639,465 13,103,873 1,535,592 895 17,316,800 10,387,436 50,362 550
17 Chhattisgarh 25,545,198 2.11 12,832,895 12,712,303 120,592 991 19,603,658 5,936,538 135,191 189
18 Haryana 25,351,462 2.09 13,494,734 11,856,728 1,638,006 879 16,531,493 8,821,588 44,212 573
19 Delhi (UT) 16,787,941 1.39 8,887,326 7,800,615 1,086,711 868 944,727 12,905,780 1,484 11,297
20 Jammu and Kashmir 12,541,302 1.04 6,640,662 5,900,640 740,022 889 9,134,820 3,414,106 222,236 56
21 Uttarakhand 10,086,292 0.83 5,137,773 4,948,519 189,254 963 7,025,583 3,091,169 53,483 189
22 Himachal Pradesh 6,864,602 0.57 3,481,873 3,382,729 99,144 972 6,167,805 688,704 55,673 123
23 Tripura 3,673,917 0.30 1,874,376 1,799,541 74,835 960 2,710,051 960,981 10,486 350
24 Meghalaya 2,966,889 0.25 1,491,832 1,475,057 16,775 989 2,368,971 595,036 22,429 132
25 Manipur 2,855,794 0.24 1,438,687 1,417,107 21,580 985 1,899,624 822,132 22,327 128
26 Nagaland 1,978,502 0.16 1,024,649 953,853 70,796 931 1,406,861 573,741 16,579 119
27 Goa 1,458,545 0.12 739,140 719,405 19,735 973 551,414 906,309 3,702 394
28 Arunachal Pradesh 1,383,727 0.11 713,912 669,815 44,097 938 1,069,165 313,446 83,743 17
29 Puducherry (UT) 1,247,953 0.10 612,511 635,442 −22,931 1037 394,341 850,123 479 2,598
30 Mizoram 1,097,206 0.09 555,339 541,867 13,472 976 529,037 561,997 21,081 52
31 Chandigarh (UT) 1,055,450 0.09 580,663 474,787 105,876 818 29,004 1,025,682 114 9,252
32 Sikkim 610,577 0.05 323,070 287,507 35,563 890 455,962 151,726 7,096 86
33 Andaman and Nicobar Islands (UT) 380,581 0.03 202,871 177,710 25,161 876 244,411 135,533 8,249 46
34 Dadra and Nagar Haveli (UT) 343,709 0.03 193,760 149,949 43,811 774 183,024 159,829 491 698
35 Daman and Diu (UT) 243,247 0.02 150,301 92,946 57,355 618 60,331 182,580 112 2,169
36 Lakshadweep (UT) 64,473 0.01 33,123 31,350 1,773 946 14,121 50,308 32 2,013
– Total (India) 1,210,854,977 100 623,724,248 586,469,174 35,585,741 943 833,087,662 377,105,760 3,287,240 382

Religious demographics

Main article: Religion in India

The table below summarises India's demographics (excluding the Mao-Maram, Paomata and Purul subdivisions of Senapati district of Manipur state due to cancellation of census results) according to religion at the 2011 census in per cent. The data are "unadjusted" (without excluding Assam and Jammu and Kashmir); the 1981 census was not conducted in Assam and the 1991 census was not conducted in Jammu and Kashmir. Missing citing/reference for "Changes in religious demagraphics over time" table below.

Religious populations' numbers (2011)
Religion Population Percentage (%)
Hindus 966,378,868 79.80%
Muslims 172,245,158 14.23%
Christians 27,819,588 2.30%
Sikhs 20,833,116 1.72%
Buddhists 8,442,972 0.70%
Jains 4,451,753 0.37%
Others 7,937,734 0.66%
Not Stated 2,867,303 0.24%
Changes in religious demographics over time
Year Hindus Muslims Christians Sikhs Buddhists Jainis Zoroastrians Others/
Religion not specified
1951 84.1% 9.8% 2.3% 1.79% 0.74% 0.46% 0.13% 0.43%
1961 83.45% 10.69% 2.44% 1.79% 0.74% 0.46% 0.09% 0.43%
1971 82.73% 11.21% 2.60% 1.89% 0.70% 0.48% 0.09% 0.41%
1981 82.30% 11.75% 2.44% 1.92% 0.70% 0.47% 0.09% 0.42%
1991 81.53% 12.61% 2.32% 1.94% 0.77% 0.40% 0.08% 0.44%
2001 80.46% 13.43% 2.34% 1.87% 0.77% 0.41% 0.06% 0.72%
2011 79.80% 14.23% 2.30% 1.72% 0.70% 0.37% — 0.9%
Characteristics of religious groups
Religious
group 		Population (2011)
% 		Growth
(2001–2011) 		Sex ratio (2011) Literacy (2011)
(%) 		Work participation (2011)
(%)
total rural urban child
Hinduism 79.80% 16.8% 939 946 921 913 73.3% 41.0%
Islam 14.23% 24.6% 951 957 941 943 68.5% 32.6%
Christianity 2.30% 15.5% 1023 1008 1046 958 84.5% 41.9%
Sikhism 1.72% 8.4% 903 905 898 828 75.4% 36.3%
Buddhism 0.70% 6.1% 965 960 973 933 81.3% 43.1%
Jainism 0.37% 5.4% 954 935 959 889 94.9% 35.5%
Others/Religion Not Specified 0.90% n/a 959 947 975 974 n/a n/a
Percentage of total population of India's administrative divisions made up by Muslims (2011)

Neonatal and infant demographics

Male to female sex ratio for India, based on its official census data, from 1941 through 2011. The data suggest the existence of high sex ratios before and after the arrival of ultrasound-based prenatal care and sex screening technologies in India.

The table below represents the infant mortality rate trends in India, based on sex, over the last 15 years. In the urban areas of India, average male infant mortality rates are slightly higher than average female infant mortality rates.

Infant mortality rate trend (deaths per 1000) As per NFHS & UNICEF Data.
Year Male Female Total
1998 69.8 73.5 71.6
2005 56.3 58 57
2009 49 52 —
2014 43.7 37.90 40.7
2018 29.95 29.88 29.94

India's 2011 census shows a serious decline in the number of girls under the age of seven – activists posit that eight million female fetuses may have been aborted between 2001 and 2011.

Population within the age group of 0–6

Population between age 0–6 by state/union territory
State or UT code State or UT Total Male Female Difference
1 Jammu and Kashmir 2,008,670 1,080,662 927,982 152,680
2 Himachal Pradesh 763,864 400,681 363,183 37,498
3 Punjab 2,941,570 1,593,262 1,348,308 244,954
4 Chandigarh 117,953 63,187 54,766 8,421
5 Uttarakhand 1,328,844 704,769 624,075 80,694
6 Haryana 3,297,724 1,802,047 1,495,677 306,370
7 Delhi 1,970,510 1,055,735 914,775 140,960
8 Rajasthan 10,504,916 5,580,212 4,924,004 656,208
9 Uttar Pradesh 29,728,235 15,653,175 14,075,060 1,578,115
10 Bihar 18,582,229 9,615,280 8,966,949 648,331
11 Sikkim 61,077 31,418 29,659 1,759
12 Arunachal Pradesh 202,759 103,430 99,330 4,100
13 Nagaland 285,981 147,111 138,870 8,241
14 Manipur 353,237 182,684 170,553 12,131
15 Mizoram 165,536 83,965 81,571 2,394
16 Tripura 444,055 227,354 216,701 10,653
17 Meghalaya 555,822 282,189 273,633 8,556
18 Assam 4,511,307 2,305,088 2,206,219 98,869
19 West Bengal 10,112,599 5,187,264 4,925,335 261,929
20 Jharkhand 5,237,582 2,695,921 2,541,661 154,260
21 Odisha 5,035,650 2,603,208 2,432,442 170,766
22 Chhattisgarh 3,584,028 1,824,987 1,759,041 65,946
23 Madhya Pradesh 10,548,295 5,516,957 5,031,338 485,619
24 Gujarat 7,564,464 3,974,286 3,519,890 454,396
25 Daman and Diu 25,880 13,556 12,314 1,242
26 Dadra and Nagar Haveli 49,196 25,575 23,621 1,954
27 Maharashtra 12,848,375 6,822,262 6,026,113 796,149
28 Andhra Pradesh 8,642,686 4,448,330 4,194,356 253,974
29 Karnataka 6,855,801 3,527,844 3,327,957 199,887
30 Goa 139,495 72,669 66,826 5,843
31 Lakshadweep 7,088 3,715 3,373 342
32 Kerala 3,322,247 1,695,889 1,626,358 69,531
33 Tamil Nadu 6,894,821 3,542,351 3,352,470 189,881
34 Puducherry 127,610 64,932 62,678 2,254
35 Andaman and Nicobar Islands 39,497 20,094 19,403 691
– Total (India) 158,789,287 82,952,135 75,837,152 7,114,983

Population above the age of seven

Population above the age of seven by state/union territory
State or UT code State or UT Total Male Female
1 Jammu and Kashmir – – –
2 Himachal Pradesh – – –
3 Punjab – – –
4 Chandigarh – – –
5 Uttarakhand – – –
6 Haryana 22,055,357 11,703,083 10,352,274
7 Delhi 14,782,725 7,920,675 6,862,050
8 Rajasthan 58,116,096 30,039,874 28,076,222
9 Uttar Pradesh 169,853,242 88,943,240 80,910,002
10 Bihar 85,222,408 44,570,067 40,652,341
11 Sikkim 546,611 290,243 256,368
12 Arunachal Pradesh 1,179,852 616,802 563,050
13 Nagaland 1,694,621 878,596 816,025
14 Manipur 2,368,519 1,187,080 1,181,439
15 Mizoram 925,478 468,374 457,104
16 Tripura 3,226,977 1,644,513 1,582,464
17 Meghalaya 2,408,185 1,210,479 1,197,706
18 Assam 26,657,965 13,649,839 13,008,126
19 West Bengal 81,235,137 41,740,125 39,495,012
20 Jharkhand 27,728,656 14,235,767 13,492,889
21 Odisha 36,911,708 18,598,470 18,313,238
22 Chhattisgarh 21,956,168 11,002,928 10,953,240
23 Madhya Pradesh 62,049,270 32,095,963 29,953,307
24 Gujarat 52,889,452 27,507,996 25,381,456
25 Daman and Diu 217,031 136,544 80,487
26 Dadra and Nagar Haveli 293,657 167,603 126,054
27 Maharashtra 99,524,597 51,539,135 47,985,462
28 Andhra Pradesh 76,022,847 38,061,551 37,961,296
29 Karnataka 54,274,903 27,529,898 26,745,005
30 Goa 1,318,228 668,042 650,186
31 Lakshadweep 57,341 29,391 27,950
32 Kerala – – –
33 Tamil Nadu 65,244,137 32,616,520 32,627,617
34 Puducherry 1,116,854 545,553 571,301
35 Andaman and Nicobar Islands 340,447 182,236 158,211
– Total (India) 1,051,404,135 540,772,113 510,632,022

Literacy rate

Literacy rate map of India, 2011.
Literacy rate by state/union territory
State or UT code State or UT Overall (%) Male (%) Female (%)
1 Jammu and Kashmir 68.74% 76.75% 58.01%
2 Himachal Pradesh 83.78% 90.83% 76.60%
3 Punjab 86.60% 81.48% 71.34%
4 Chandigarh 86.43% 90.54% 81.38%
5 Uttarakhand 79.63% 88.33% 70.70%
6 Haryana 76.64% 85.38% 66.77%
7 Delhi 86.34% 91.03% 80.93%
8 Rajasthan 67.06% 80.51% 52.66%
9 Uttar Pradesh 69.72% 79.24% 59.26%
10 Bihar 63.82% 73.39% 53.33%
11 Sikkim 82.20% 87.29% 76.43%
12 Arunachal Pradesh 66.95% 73.69% 59.57%
13 Nagaland 80.11% 83.29% 76.69%
14 Manipur 79.85% 86.49% 73.17%
15 Mizoram 91.58% 93.72% 89.40%
16 Tripura 87.75% 92.18% 83.15%
17 Meghalaya 75.48% 77.17% 73.78%
18 Assam 73.18% 78.81% 67.27%
19 West Bengal 77.08% 82.67% 71.16%
20 Jharkhand 67.63% 78.45% 56.21%
21 Odisha 72.90% 82.40% 64.36%
22 Chhattisgarh 71.04% 81.45% 60.59%
23 Madhya Pradesh 70.63% 80.53% 60.02%
24 Gujarat 79.31% 87.23% 70.73%
25 Daman and Diu 87.07% 91.48% 79.59%
26 Dadra and Nagar Haveli 77.65% 86.46% 65.93%
27 Maharashtra 83.20% 89.82% 75.48%
28 Andhra Pradesh 67.35% 74.77% 59.96%
29 Karnataka 75.60% 82.85% 68.13%
30 Goa 87.40% 92.81% 81.84%
31 Lakshadweep 92.28% 96.11% 88.25%
32 Kerala 93.91% 96.02% 91.98%
33 Tamil Nadu 80.33% 86.81% 73.86%
34 Puducherry 86.55% 92.12% 81.22%
35 Andaman and Nicobar Islands 86.27% 90.11% 81.84%
– Overall (India) 74.03% 82.14% 65.46%

Linguistic demographics

Main article: List of languages by number of native speakers in India

Mother tongue languages of India (2011)

  Hindi (26.6%)  Bengali (7.94%)  Marathi (6.84%)  Telugu (6.68%)  Tamil (5.69%)  Gujarati (4.55%)  Urdu (4.19%)  Bhojpuri (4.18%)  Kannada (3.59%)  Malayalam (2.87%)  Others (26.87%)

According to the 2001 census, 41.03% of the Indians spoke Hindi natively, while the rest spoke Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Maithili, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Odia, Punjabi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu and a variety of other languages. There are a total of 122 languages and 234 mother tongues spoken in India. Of these, 22 languages are specified in the Eighth Schedule of Indian Constitution, while 100 are non-specified.

The table below excludes Mao-Maram, Paomata and Purul subdivisions of Senapati District of Manipur state due to cancellation of census results.

Languages of India by number of native speakers at the 2001 census
Rank Language Speakers Percentage (%)
1 Hindi 422,048,642 41.030%
2 Bengali 83,369,769 8.110%
3 Telugu 74,002,856 7.190%
4 Marathi 71,936,894 6.990%
5 Tamil 60,793,814 5.910%
6 Urdu 51,536,111 5.010%
7 Gujarati 46,091,617 4.480%
8 Kannada 37,924,011 3.690%
9 Malayalam 33,066,392 3.210%
10 Odia 33,017,446 3.210%
11 Punjabi 29,102,477 2.830%
12 Assamese 13,168,484 1.280%
13 Maithili 12,179,122 1.180%
14 Bhili/Bhilodi 9,582,957 0.930%
15 Santali 6,469,600 0.630%
16 Kashmiri 5,527,698 0.540%
17 Nepali 2,871,749 0.280%
18 Gondi 2,713,790 0.260%
19 Sindhi 2,535,485 0.250%
20 Konkani 2,489,015 0.240%
21 Dogri 2,282,589 0.220%
22 Khandeshi 2,075,258 0.200%
23 Kurukh 1,751,489 0.170%
24 Tulu 1,722,768 0.170%
25 Meitei (Manipuri) 1,466,705 0.140%
26 Bodo 1,350,478 0.130%
27 Khasi – Garo 1,128,575 0.112%
28 Mundari 1,061,352 0.105%
29 Ho 1,042,724 0.103%
30 Tripuri 1,011,294 0.103%

Largest cities of India

For a more comprehensive list, see List of cities in India by population.
   Largest cities or towns in India
2011 Census of India
Rank Name State/UT Pop. Rank Name State/UT Pop.
Mumbai
Mumbai
Delhi
Delhi 		1 Mumbai Maharashtra 12,478,447 11 Kanpur Uttar Pradesh 2,920,067 Chennai
Chennai
Bangalore
Bangalore
2 Delhi Delhi 11,007,835 12 Lucknow Uttar Pradesh 2,901,474
3 Chennai Tamil Nadu 8,696,010 13 Nagpur Maharashtra 2,405,421
4 Bangalore Karnataka 8,425,970 14 Indore Madhya Pradesh 1,960,521
5 Hyderabad Telangana 6,809,970 15 Thane Maharashtra 1,818,872
6 Ahmedabad Gujarat 5,570,585 16 Bhopal Madhya Pradesh 1,795,648
7 Kolkata West Bengal 4,486,679 17 Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh 1,730,320
8 Surat Gujarat 4,462,002 18 Pimpri-Chinchwad Maharashtra 1,729,359
9 Pune Maharashtra 3,115,431 19 Patna Bihar 1,683,200
10 Jaipur Rajasthan 3,073,350 20 Vadodara Gujarat 1,670,806

Vital statistics

UN estimates

United Nations, World Population Prospects: The 2022 revision – India
Year Mid-year population Births per year Deaths per year Natural change per year Crude birth rate
(per 1000) 		Crude death rate
(per 1000) 		Natural change
(per 1000) 		Crude migration rate
(per 1000) 		Total Fertility rate Infant mortality (per 1000) Life expectancy
1950 357,021,000 15,651,000 7,942,000 7,709,000 43.8 22.68 21.6 5.73 181.2 41.7
1951 364,922,000 16,042,000 8,171,000 7,871,000 44.0 22.53 21.6 0.5 5.77 180.1 41.7
1952 372,997,000 16,458,000 8,293,000 8,165,000 44.1 22.24 21.9 0.2 5.82 177.5 42.0
1953 381,228,000 16,857,000 8,442,000 8,415,000 44.2 22.07 22.1 0 5.87 175.3 42.2
1954 389,731,000 17,247,000 8,414,000 8,833,000 44.2 21.45 22.7 -0.4 5.91 172.2 43.0
1955 398,578,000 17,549,000 8,468,000 9,081,000 44.0 21.07 22.8 -0.1 5.91 169.7 43.4
1956 407,657,000 17,844,000 8,533,000 9,310,000 43.8 20.74 22.8 0 5.91 167.3 43.8
1957 416,935,000 18,128,000 8,618,000 9,510,000 43.5 20.49 22.8 0 5.91 165.0 44.1
1958 426,296,000 18,370,000 8,673,000 9,696,000 43.1 20.14 22.7 -0.2 5.90 162.7 44.4
1959 435,900,000 18,593,000 8,688,000 9,905,000 42.6 19.72 22.7 -0.2 5.89 160.3 44.9
1960 445,955,000 18,958,000 8,756,000 10,201,000 42.5 19.42 22.9 0.2 5.92 158.2 45.2
1961 456,352,000 19,301,000 8,874,000 10,427,000 42.3 19.23 22.8 0.5 5.94 156.4 45.4
1962 467,024,000 19,663,000 8,969,000 10,693,000 42.1 18.98 22.9 0.5 5.95 154.5 45.7
1963 477,934,000 20,031,000 9,064,000 10,966,000 41.9 18.73 22.9 0.5 5.97 152.7 45.9
1964 489,059,000 20,407,000 9,177,000 11,230,000 41.7 18.51 23.0 0.3 5.98 151.1 46.2
1965 500,114,000 20,679,000 9,824,000 10,855,000 41.3 19.36 21.7 0.9 5.94 156.4 45.0
1966 510,993,000 20,913,000 9,886,000 11,027,000 40.9 19.06 21.6 0.2 5.88 154.7 45.3
1967 521,987,000 21,193,000 9,963,000 11,231,000 40.6 18.78 21.5 0 5.83 153.1 45.7
1968 533,432,000 21,454,000 9,486,000 11,968,000 40.2 17.52 22.4 -0.5 5.76 145.0 47.5
1969 545,315,000 21,704,000 9,551,000 12,154,000 39.8 17.27 22.3 0 5.68 143.3 47.9
1970 557,501,000 22,043,000 9,606,000 12,437,000 39.5 17.01 22.3 -0.1 5.62 141.7 48.2
1971 569,999,000 22,483,000 9,658,000 12,825,000 39.4 16.81 22.5 -0.1 5.57 139.9 48.6
1972 582,838,000 22,835,000 9,702,000 13,133,000 39.2 16.60 22.5 0 5.48 138.5 49.0
1973 596,107,000 23,230,000 9,701,000 13,529,000 39.0 16.31 22.7 0.1 5.40 136.3 49.5
1974 609,722,000 23,559,000 9,628,000 13,931,000 38.6 15.89 22.8 0 5.33 133.3 50.2
1975 623,524,000 23,660,000 9,592,000 14,068,000 37.9 15.53 22.6 0 5.20 130.7 50.8
1976 637,451,000 24,021,000 9,572,000 14,449,000 37.7 15.18 22.7 -0.4 5.13 127.9 51.4
1977 651,686,000 24,042,000 9,555,000 14,487,000 36.9 14.82 22.2 0.1 5.01 124.9 51.9
1978 666,268,000 24,243,000 9,520,000 14,723,000 36.4 14.43 22.1 0.3 4.89 121.7 52.5
1979 681,248,000 24,699,000 9,515,000 15,184,000 36.3 14.07 22.3 0.2 4.81 118.4 53.1
1980 696,828,000 25,235,000 9,530,000 15,705,000 36.2 13.75 22.5 0.4 4.78 115.2 53.6
1981 712,869,000 25,683,000 9,532,000 16,151,000 36.0 13.42 22.7 0.3 4.70 112.1 54.2
1982 729,169,000 25,964,000 9,512,000 16,452,000 35.6 13.09 22.6 0.3 4.62 109.3 54.7
1983 745,827,000 26,329,000 9,487,000 16,842,000 35.3 12.77 22.6 0.2 4.57 106.7 55.3
1984 762,890,005 26,777,000 9,471,000 17,307,000 35.1 12.47 22.7 0.2 4.52 104.2 55.8
1985 780,242,000 27,001,000 9,444,000 17,558,000 34.6 12.16 22.5 0.2 4.43 101.8 56.3
1986 797,879,000 27,522,000 9,434,000 18,088,000 34.5 11.88 22.7 -0.1 4.40 99.4 56.8
1987 815,716,000 27,478,000 9,400,000 18,077,000 33.7 11.58 22.2 0.2 4.31 97.0 57.3
1988 833,730,000 27,654,000 9,369,000 18,286,000 33.2 11.29 21.9 0.2 4.22 94.6 57.8
1989 852,013,000 27,733,000 9,335,000 18,398,000 32.5 11.00 21.6 0.3 4.13 92.2 58.2
1990 870,452,000 27,692,000 9,306,000 18,386,000 31.8 10.73 21.1 0.5 4.05 89.8 58.7
1991 888,942,000 27,937,000 9,295,000 18,642,000 31.4 10.47 21.0 0.2 3.96 87.6 59.1
1992 907,574,000 28,057,000 9,285,000 18,772,000 30.9 10.22 20.7 0.3 3.88 85.5 59.5
1993 926,351,000 28,055,000 9,283,000 18,772,000 30.3 10.00 20.3 0.4 3.80 83.5 59.8
1994 945,262,000 28,207,000 9,270,000 18,937,000 29.8 9.78 20.0 0.4 3.72 81.4 60.2
1995 964,279,000 28,314,000 9,269,000 19,044,000 29.4 9.57 19.7 0.4 3.65 79.3 60.6
1996 983,281,000 28,305,000 9,262,000 19,043,000 28.8 9.37 19.4 0.3 3.58 77.1 61.0
1997 1,002,335,000 28,341,000 9,251,000 19,090,000 28.3 9.17 19.0 0.4 3.51 74.8 61.4
1998 1,021,435,000 28,381,000 9,245,000 19,136,000 27.8 8.99 18.7 0.4 3.45 72.5 61.8
1999 1,040,500,000 28,365,000 9,235,000 19,130,000 27.3 8.80 18.4 0.3 3.38 70.2 62.2
2000 1,059,634,000 28,615,000 9,221,000 19,394,000 27.0 8.63 18.3 0.1 3.35 67.8 62.7
2001 1,078,971,000 28,843,000 9,235,000 19,608,000 26.7 8.48 18.2 0 3.30 65.4 63.1
2002 1,098,313,000 28,648,000 9,186,000 19,462,000 26.1 8.29 17.7 0.2 3.22 63.1 63.6
2003 1,117,415,000 28,356,000 9,150,000 19,206,000 25.4 8.13 17.2 0.2 3.12 60.8 64.1
2004 1,136,265,000 28,099,000 9,136,000 18,963,000 24.7 7.98 16.7 0.2 3.05 58.6 64.5
2005 1,154,639,000 27,646,000 9,096,000 18,550,000 23.9 7.82 16.1 0.1 2.96 56.3 65.0
2006 1,172,374,000 27,229,000 9,080,000 18,149,000 23.2 7.67 15.5 -0.1 2.86 54.1 65.4
2007 1,189,692,000 27,030,000 9,095,000 17,935,000 22.7 7.54 15.1 -0.3 2.78 51.9 65.8
2008 1,206,735,000 26,890,000 9,123,000 17,767,000 22.3 7.41 14.7 -0.4 2.72 49.6 66.1
2009 1,223,640,000 26,848,000 9,154,000 17,694,000 21.9 7.29 14.5 -0.5 2.67 47.4 66.5
2010 1,240,614,000 26,599,000 9,162,000 17,437,000 21.4 7.16 14.1 -0.2 2.60 45.2 66.9
2011 1,257,621,191 26,342,000 9,139,000 17,203,000 20.9 7.05 13.7 0 2.54 43.0 67.4
2012 1,274,487,215 26,027,000 9,072,000 16,954,000 20.4 6.95 13.3 0.1 2.47 40.8 67.9
2013 1,291,132,063 25,740,000 8,987,000 16,753,000 19.9 6.86 13.0 0.1 2.41 38.7 68.5
2014 1,307,246,509 24,899,000 8,876,000 16,023,000 19.0 6.77 12.3 0.2 2.31 36.7 69.1
2015 1,322,866,505 24,828,000 8,826,000 16,003,000 18.8 6.73 12.1 -0.2 2.29 34.7 69.6
2016 1,338,636,340 24,783,000 8,839,000 15,944,000 18.5 6.70 11.9 0 2.27 32.8 70.1
2017 1,354,195,680 24,254,000 8,928,000 15,326,000 17.9 6.67 11.3 0.3 2.20 31.1 70.5
2018 1,369,003,306 24,168,000 9,098,000 15,070,000 17.7 6.67 11.0 -0.1 2.18 29.4 70.7
2019 1,383,112,050 23,583,000 9,281,000 14,302,000 17.0 6.67 10.3 0 2.11 27.9 70.9
2020 1,396,387,127 23,139,000 10,262,000 12,876,000 16.6 7.21 9.2 0.4 2.05 26.6 70.1
2021 1,407,563,842 23,114,000 13,511,232  9,602,768 16.4 9.26 7.0 -1.0 2.03 25.5 67.2
2022 1,417,173,173 23,056,027 12,862,015 10,194,012 16.3 6.58 7.2 -0.4 2.01 67.7
2023 1,428,627,663 23,162,866 11,222,240 11,940,626 16.1 6.61 9.5 -1.4 2.00(e) 72.0
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.

Census of India: sample registration system

Total fertility rate map: average births per woman by districts, 2011
Census of India: sample registration system
Year Average population
 Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate
(per 1000) 		Crude death rate
(per 1000) 		Natural change
(per 1000) 		Total fertility rate
1981 716,493,000 24,289,000 8,956,000 15,333,000 33.9 12.5 21.4 4.52
1982 733,152,000 24,781,000 8,725,000 16,056,000 33.8 11.9 21.9 4.5
1983 750,034,000 25,276,000 8,925,000 16,351,000 33.7 11.9 21.8 4.5
1984 767,147,000 26,006,000 9,666,000 16,340,000 33.9 12.6 21.3 4.5
1985 784,491,000 25,810,000 9,257,000 16,553,000 32.9 11.8 21.1 4.3
1986 802,052,000 26,147,000 8,903,000 17,244,000 32.6 11.1 21.5 4.15
1987 819,800,000 26,316,000 8,936,000 17,380,000 32.1 10.9 21.2 4.1
1988 837,700,000 26,388,000 9,215,000 17,173,000 31.5 11.0 20.5 4.0
1989 855,707,000 26,185,000 8,814,000 17,371,000 30.6 10.3 20.3 3.9
1990 873,785,000 26,388,000 8,476,000 17,912,000 30.2 9.7 20.5 3.8
1991 891,910,000 26,133,000 8,741,000 17,392,000 29.3 9.8 19.5 3.64
1992 910,065,000 26,392,000 9,192,000 17,200,000 29.0 10.1 18.9 3.6
1993 928,226,000 26,640,000 8,633,000 18,007,000 0 9.3 19.4 3.5
1994 946,373,000 27,161,000 8,801,000 18,360,000 28.7 9.3 19.4 3.5
1995 964,486,000 27,295,000 8,680,000 18,615,000 28.3 9.0 19.3 3.5
1996 982,553,000 26,824,000 8,745,000 18,079,000 27.3 8.9 18.4 3.40
1997 1,000,558,000 27,215,000 8,905,000 18,310,000 27.2 8.9 18.3 3.3
1998 1,018,471,000 26,989,000 9,166,000 17,823,000 26.5 9.0 17.5 3.2
1999 1,036,259,000 26,943,000 9,015,000 17,928,000 26.0 8.7 17.3 3.2
2000 1,053,898,000 27,191,000 8,958,000 18,233,000 25.8 8.5 17.3 3.2
2001 1,071,374,000 27,213,000 9,000,000 18,213,000 25.4 8.4 17.0 3.10
2002 1,088,694,000 27,217,000 8,818,000 18,399,000 25.0 8.1 16.9 3.0
2003 1,105,886,000 27,426,000 8,847,000 18,579,000 24.8 8.0 16.8 3.0
2004 1,122,991,000 27,064,000 8,422,000 18,642,000 24.1 7.5 16.6 2.9
2005 1,140,043,000 27,133,000 8,664,000 18,469,000 23.8 7.6 16.2 2.9
2006 1,157,039,000 27,190,000 8,678,000 18,512,000 23.5 7.5 16.0 2.79
2007 1,134,024,000 26,195,954 8,391,778 17,804,176 23.1 7.4 15.7 2.7
2008 1,150,196,000 26,224,469 8,511,450 17,713,019 22.8 7.4 15.4 2.6
2009 1,166,228,000 26,240,130 8,513,464 17,726,666 22.5 7.3 15.2 2.6
2010 1,182,108,000 26,124,587 8,511,178 17,613,409 22.1 7.2 14.9 2.5
2011 1,197,658,000 26,108,944 8,503,372 17,605,572 21.8 7.1 14.7 2.44
2012 1,212,827,000 26,197,063 8,489,789 17,707,274 21.6 7.0 14.6 2.38
2013 1,227,012,000 26,258,057 8,589,084 17,668,973 21.4 7.0 14.4 2.34
2014 1,243,542,000 25,904,377 8,264,730 17,639,647 21.0 6.7 14.3 2.32
2015 1,259,108,000 26,189,446 8,184,202 18,005,244 20.8 6.5 14.3 2.27
2016 1,273,986,000 25,989,314 8,153,510 17,835,804 20.4 6.4 14.0 2.26
2017 1,288,522,000 26,028,144 8,117,689 17,910,455 20.2 6.3 13.9 2.18
2018 1,324,609,000 26,492,180 8,212,576 18,279,604 20.0 6.2 13.8 2.15
2019 1,338,995,000 24,820,886 7,641,076 17,179,810 18.5 5.7 12.8 2.08
2020 1,353,378,000 24,222,444 8,115,882 16,106,562 17.9 6.0 11.9 2.03
The numbers of births and deaths were calculated from the birth and death rates and the average population.

Life expectancy

See also: List of Indian states by life expectancy at birth
Life Expectancy at birth in India by district based on the analysis of NFHS-5 data (2019–2021)

Life expectancy at birth in India since 1960 with calculated sex gap
Period Life expectancy at birth Life expectancy at age 15 Life expectancy at age 65 Life expectancy at age 80
1950–1955 41.7 45.0 10.9 4.8
1955–1960 43.4 45.6 11.1 4.8
1960–1965 45.2 46.4 11.2 4.9
1965–1970 45.0 46.1 11.2 4.9
1970–1975 48.2 48.0 11.2 5.1
1975–1980 50.8 49.8 12.3 6.0
1980–1985 53.6 51.0 12.2 5.8
1985–1990 56.3 52.4 12.3 5.8
1990–1995 58.7 53.3 12.6 5.9
1995–2000 60.6 54.1 13.0 6.2
2000–2005 62.7 54.9 13.6 6.6
2005–2010 65.0 56.0 13.9 6.4
2010–2015 66.9 56.6 14.1 6.4
2015-2020 69.6 58.2 15.3 7.5
2020-2025 70.1 57.8 14.7 7.1

Source 1: UN World Population Prospects

Source 2: Our World in Data

Structure of the population

Structure of the population (Census 9.II.2011)

Population by age group
Age group Male Female Total Percentage (%) Cumulative Percentage
0–4 58,632,074 54,174,704 112,806,778 9.32 9.32
5–9 66,300,466 60,627,660 126,928,126 10.48 19.8
10–14 69,418,835 63,290,377 132,709,212 10.96 30.76
15–19 63,982,396 56,544,053 120,526,449 9.95 40.71
20–24 57,584,693 53,839,529 111,424,222 9.20 49.91
25–29 51,344,208 50,069,757 101,413,965 8.38 58.29
30–34 44,660,674 43,934,277 88,594,951 7.32 65.61
35–39 42,919,381 42,221,303 85,140,684 7.03 72.64
40–44 37,545,386 34,892,726 72,438,112 5.98 78.62
45–49 32,138,114 30,180,213 62,318,327 5.15 83.77
50–54 25,843,266 23,225,988 49,069,254 4.05 87.82
55–59 19,456,012 19,690,043 39,146,055 3.23 91.05
60–64 18,701,749 18,961,958 37,663,707 3.11 94.16
65–69 12,944,326 13,510,657 26,454,983 2.18 96.34
70–74 9,651,499 9,557,343 19,208,842 1.59 97.93
75–79 4,490,603 4,741,900 9,232,503 0.76 98.69
80–84 2,927,040 3,293,189 6,220,229 0.51 99.2
85–89 1,120,106 1,263,061 2,383,167 0.20 99.4
90–94 652,465 794,069 1,446,534 0.12 99.52
95–99 294,759 338,538 633,297 0.05 99.57
100+ 289,325 316,453 605,778 0.05 99.62
Unknown 2,372,881 2,116,921 4,489,802 0.37 99.99
Total 623,270,258 587,584,719 1,210,854,977 100.00
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 194,351,375 178,092,741 372,444,116 30.76
15–64 394,175,879 373,559,847 767,735,726 63.40
65+ 32,370,123 33,815,210 66,185,333 5.47

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (03.III.2016) (Data are projections based on the 2011 Population Census.):

Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 664,184,000 626,890,000 1,291,074,000 100
0–4 62,872,000 56,038,000 118,910,000 9.21
5–9 61,499,000 56,969,000 118,468,000 9.18
10–14 65,142,000 59,682,000 124,824,000 9.67
15–19 67,223,000 60,871,000 128,094,000 9.92
20–24 63,521,000 57,356,000 120,877,000 9.36
25–29 57,272,000 53,357,000 110,629,000 8.57
30–34 50,782,000 49,250,000 100,032,000 7.75
35–39 45,318,000 44,787,000 90,105,000 6.98
40–44 41,280,000 40,497,000 81,777,000 6.33
45–49 36,602,000 35,107,000 71,709,000 5.55
50–54 30,738,000 29,016,000 59,754,000 4.63
55–59 24,403,000 23,307,000 47,710,000 3.70
60–64 19,133,000 19,288,000 38,421,000 2.98
65–69 15,198,000 16,114,000 31,312,000 2.43
70–74 11,002,000 11,723,000 22,725,000 1.76
75–79 7,703,000 8,367,000 16,070,000 1.24
80+ 4,496,000 5,161,000 9,657,000 0.75
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 189,513,000 172,689,000 362,202,000 28.05
15–64 436,272,000 412,836,000 849,108,000 65.77
65+ 38,399,000 41,365,000 79,764,000 6.18

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.III.2021) (Includes data for the Indian-held part of Jammu and Kashmir, the final status of which has not yet been determined. Data are projections based on the 2011 Population Census.):

Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 700 623 000 662 383 000 1 363 006 000 100
0–4 60 153 000 54 120 000 114 273 000 8.38
5–9 62 276 000 55 390 000 117 666 000 8.63
10–14 61 266 000 56 785 000 118 051 000 8.66
15–19 64 862 000 59 420 000 124 282 000 9.12
20–24 66 770 000 60 474 000 127 244 000 9.34
25–29 62 944 000 56 956 000 119 900 000 8.80
30–34 56 614 000 52 961 000 109 575 000 8.04
35–39 50 027 000 48 836 000 98 863 000 7.25
40–44 44 450 000 44 315 000 88 765 000 6.51
45–49 40 204 000 39 903 000 80 107 000 5.88
50–54 35 235 000 34 331 000 69 566 000 5.10
55–59 29 082 000 28 062 000 57 144 000 4.19
60–64 22 465 000 22 079 000 44 544 000 3.27
65–69 16 823 000 17 583 000 34 406 000 2.52
70–74 12 546 000 13 904 000 26 450 000 1.94
75–79 8 269 000 9 294 000 17 563 000 1.29
80+ 6 637 000 7 970 000 14 607 000 1.07
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 183 695 000 166 295 000 349 990 000 25.68
15–64 472 653 000 447 337 000 919 990 000 67.50
65+ 44 275 000 48 751 000 93 026 000 6.83

Fertility rate

From the Demographic Health Survey:

TFR of India to 2016
Crude birth rate and total fertility rate (wanted fertility rate)
Year Total Urban Rural
CBR TFR CBR TFR CBR TFR
1992–1993 28.7 3.39 (2.64) 24.1 2.70 (2.09) 30.4 3.67 (2.86)
1998–1999 24.8 2.85 (2.13) 20.9 2.27 (1.73) 26.2 3.07 (2.28)
2005–2006 23.1 2.68 (1.90) 18.8 2.06 (1.60) 25.0 2.98 (2.10)
2015–2016 19.0 2.18 (1.8) 15.8 1.75 (1.5) 20.7 2.41 (1.9)
2019–2021 17.1 1.99 (1.6) 14.0 1.63 (1.4) 18.6 2.14 (1.7)
CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman). Number in parentheses represents the wanted fertility rate.
Total fertility rate (wanted fertility rate) by religion
Year Hindu Muslim Christian Sikh Buddhist/
Neo-Buddhist 		Jain Other
2019–2021 1.94 (1.6) 2.36 (1.8) 1.88 (1.7) 1.61 (1.4) 1.39 (1.2) 1.60 (1.5) 2.15 (1.7)
CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman). Number in parentheses represents the wanted fertility rate.
Crude birth rate and total fertility rate (wanted fertility rate) 2015–2016
State (Population 2011) Total Urban Rural
CBR TFR CBR TFR CBR TFR
Uttar Pradesh (199 812 341) 22.6 2.74 (2.06) 18.6 2.08 (1.62) 24.0 2.99 (2.22)
Maharashtra (112 374 333) 16.6 1.87 (1.57) 15.5 1.68 (1.41) 17.5 2.06 (1.73)
Bihar (104 099 452) 27.1 3.41 (2.48) 20.4 2.42 (1.83) 28.0 3.56 (2.58)
West Bengal (91 276 115) 16.6 1.77 (1.53) 14.0 1.57 (1.38) 18.0 1.85 (1.58)
Madhya Pradesh (72 626 809) 20.2 2.32 (1.82) 17.7 1.95 (1.61) 21.3 2.48 (1.91)
Tamil Nadu (72 147 030) 15.5 1.70 (1.51) 13.9 1.54 (1.38) 17.2 1.86 (1.63)
Rajasthan (68 548 437) 20.8 2.40 (1.81) 17.5 1.94 (1.52) 22.0 2.56 (1.91)
Karnataka (61 095 297) 15.9 1.81 (1.42) 15.2 1.65 (1.30) 16.5 1.92 (1.50)
Gujarat (60 439 692) 16.7 2.03 (1.54) 15.3 1.82 (1.39) 17.9 2.19 (1.64)
Andhra Pradesh (49 386 799) 16.1 1.83 (1.64) 13.9 1.53 (1.39) 17.0 1.96 (1.75)
Odisha (41 974 218) 18.1 2.05 (1.69) 15.6 1.73 (1.50) 18.7 2.12 (1.72)
Telangana (35 193 978) 17.1 1.79 (1.59) 17.1 1.67 (1.53) 17.2 1.88 (1.64)
Kerala (33 406 061) 11.2 1.56 (1.47) 11.4 1.57 (1.47) 11.0 1.55 (1.46)
Jharkhand (32 988 134) 21.7 2.55 (2.06) 16.3 1.78 (1.47) 23.5 2.83 (2.27)
Assam (31 205 576) 19.5 2.21 (1.78) 13.2 1.45 (1.25) 20.5 2.34 (1.87)
Punjab (27 743 338) 13.8 1.62 (1.37) 13.5 1.59 (1.32) 14.0 1.63 (1.39)
Chhattisgarh (25 545 198) 20.7 2.23 (1.88) 17.9 1.78 (1.58) 21.5 2.37 (1.97)
Haryana (25 351 462) 18.7 2.05 (1.63) 16.3 1.78 (1.44) 20.2 2.22 (1.75)
Jammu and Kashmir (12 541 302) 17.7 2.01 (1.67) 13.9 1.58 (1.39) 19.4 2.18 (1.77)
Uttarakhand (10 086 292) 19.0 2.07 (1.60) 17.1 1.80 (1.43) 20.0 2.24 (1.71)
Himachal Pradesh (6 864 602) 15.3 1.88 (1.55) 12.0 1.43 (1.15) 15.7 1.92 (1.59)
Tripura (3 673 917) 15.3 1.69 (1.55) 12.7 1.40 (1.34) 16.4 1.80 (1.62)
Meghalaya (2 966 889) 24.6 3.04 (2.79) 16.1 1.67 (1.57) 26.7 3.47 (3.18)
Manipur (2 855 794) 21.2 2.61 (2.33) 17.5 2.14 (1.96) 23.7 2.92 (2.57)
Nagaland (1 978 502) 21.4 2.74 (2.35) 16.3 1.78 (1.58) 24.1 3.38 (2.86)
Goa (1 458 545) 12.8 1.66 (1.37) 13.4 1.72 (1.37) 11.7 1.55 (1.37)
Arunachal Pradesh (1 383 727) 17.9 2.12 (1.64) 17.0 1.69 (1.26) 18.2 2.29 (1.79)
Mizoram (1 097 206) 18.7 2.26 (2.15) 16.9 1.97 (1.89) 21.2 2.71 (2.54)
Sikkim (610 577) 11.4 1.17 (0.88) 12.1 1.11 (0.82) 11.1 1.21 (0.91)
CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman). Number in parentheses represents the wanted fertility rate.
Crude birth rate and total fertility rate (wanted fertility rate) 2019–2021
State (Population 2011) Total Urban Rural
CBR TFR CBR TFR CBR TFR
Uttar Pradesh (199 812 341) 20.5 2.35 (1.77) 16.7 1.88 (1.49) 21.8 2.50 (1.86)
Maharashtra (112 374 333) 13.8 1.71 (1.43) 12.6 1.50 (1.27) 15.0 1.89 (1.58)
Bihar (104 099 452) 25.9 2.98 (2.25) 20.4 2.35 (1.88) 27.0 3.11 (2.31)
West Bengal (91 276 115) 15.5 1.64 (1.42) 12.4 1.39 (1.24) 17.0 1.73 (1.48)
Madhya Pradesh (72 626 809) 17.2 1.99 (1.61) 13.7 1.61 (1.34) 18.5 2.12 (1.69)
Tamil Nadu (72 147 030) 13.7 1.76 (1.59) 12.7 1.61 (1.50) 14.6 1.89 (1.66)
Rajasthan (68 548 437) 18.7 2.01 (1.61) 15.3 1.67 (1.42) 19.8 2.11 (1.65)
Karnataka (61 095 297) 14.2 1.67 (1.38) 13.2 1.50 (1.25) 14.9 1.79 (1.46)
Gujarat (60 439 692) 15.0 1.86 (1.53) 13.3 1.65 (1.39) 16.3 2.0 (1.60)
Andhra Pradesh (49 386 799) 13.8 1.68 (1.55) 12.5 1.47 (1.36) 14.3 1.78 (1.64)
Odisha (41 974 218) 15.9 1.82 (1.52) 13.1 1.48 (1.26) 16.5 1.89 (1.57)
Telangana (35 193 978) 15.3 1.75 (1.55) 16.0 1.75 (1.57) 15.3 1.74 (1.54)
Kerala (33 406 061) 11.8 1.79 (1.68) 11.9 1.82 (1.71) 11.6 1.76 (1.65)
Jharkhand (32 988 134) 20.2 2.26 (1.87) 14.2 1.56 (1.32) 22.0 2.48 (2.04)
Assam (31 205 576) 16.8 1.87 (1.56) 13.1 1.50 (1.37) 17.4 1.93 (1.59)
Punjab (27 743 338) 13.3 1.63 (1.35) 12.1 1.55 (1.29) 14.0 1.68 (1.38)
Chhattisgarh (25 545 198) 16.4 1.82 (1.57) 13.6 1.42 (1.28) 17.2 1.94 (1.66)
Haryana (25 351 462) 16.4 1.91 (1.54) 14.1 1.65 (1.38) 17.5 2.04 (1.62)
Jammu and Kashmir (12 541 302) 13.1 1.41 (1.3)
Uttarakhand (10 086 292) 16.7 1.85 (1.46) 16.8 1.84 (1.47) 16.6 1.86 (1.47)
Himachal Pradesh (6 864 602) 12.7 1.66 (1.43) 11.2 1.43 (1.36) 12.9 1.69 (1.44)
Tripura (3 673 917) 14.5 1.70 (1.49) 11.0 1.39 (1.29) 15.8 1.81 (1.56)
Meghalaya (2 966 889) 24.2 2.91 (2.66) 14.8 1.57 (1.43) 26.5 3.31 (3.04)
Manipur (2 855 794) 17.4 2.17 (1.98) 14.7 1.84 (1.73) 19.1 2.38 (2.13)
Nagaland (1 978 502) 15.4 1.72 (1.57) 12.5 1.21 (1.13) 16.8 2.00 (1.82)
Goa (1 458 545) 10.3 1.30 (1.21) 10.3 1.26 (1.19) 10.3 1.36 (1.24)
Arunachal Pradesh (1 383 727) 16.0 1.80 (1.49) 14.8 1.44 (1.24) 16.2 1.88 (1.54)
Mizoram (1 097 206) 15.0 1.87 (1.78) 13.9 1.63 (1.56) 16.4 2.19 (2.08)
Sikkim (610 577) 10.2 1.05 (0.85) 7.8 0.71 (0.54) 11.7 1.32 (1.11)
Delhi 14.8 1.62 (1.29) 14.6 1.60 (1.27) 23.4 2.47 (2.06)
CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman). Number in parentheses represents the wanted fertility rate.

Regional vital statistics

Birth rate, death rate, natural growth rate, and infant mortality rate, by state or UT(2010)
State or UT Birth rate Death rate Natural growth rate Infant mortality rate
Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban
Andaman and Nicobar Islands 15.6 15.5 15.8 4.3 4.8 3.3 11.3 10.7 12.6 25 29 18
Andhra Pradesh 17.9 18.3 16.7 7.6 8.6 5.4 10.2 9.7 11.3 46 51 33
Arunachal Pradesh 20.5 22.1 14.6 5.9 6.9 2.3 14.6 15.2 12.3 31 34 12
Assam 23.2 24.4 15.8 8.2 8.6 5.8 14.9 15.8 10.1 58 60 36
Bihar 28.1 28.8 22.0 6.8 7.0 5.6 21.3 21.8 16.4 48 49 38
Chandigarh 15.6 21.6 15.0 3.9 3.7 3.9 11.6 17.9 11.0 22 20 23
Chhattisgarh 25.3 26.8 18.6 8.0 8.4 6.2 17.3 18.4 12.4 51 52 44
Dadra and Nagar Haveli 26.6 26.0 28.6 4.7 5.1 3.3 21.9 20.9 25.3 38 43 22
Daman and Diu 18.8 19.1 18.3 4.9 4.9 4.8 13.9 14.2 13.6 23 19 29
Delhi 17.8 19.7 17.5 4.2 4.6 4.1 13.6 15.0 13.4 30 37 29
Goa 13.2 12.6 13.7 6.6 8.1 5.7 6.6 4.5 8.0 10 10 10
Gujarat 21.8 23.3 19.4 6.7 7.5 5.5 15.1 15.8 14.0 44 51 30
Haryana 22.3 23.3 19.8 6.6 7.0 5.6 15.7 16.3 14.3 48 51 38
Himachal Pradesh 16.9 17.5 11.5 6.9 7.2 4.2 10.0 10.3 7.3 40 41 29
Jammu and Kashmir 18.3 19.5 13.5 5.7 5.9 4.7 12.6 13.6 8.8 43 45 32
Jharkhand 25.3 26.7 19.3 7.0 7.4 5.4 18.3 19.3 13.9 42 44 30
Karnataka 19.2 20.2 17.5 7.1 8.1 5.4 12.1 12.1 12.1 38 43 28
Kerala 14.8 14.8 14.8 7.0 7.1 6.7 7.8 7.7 8.1 13 14 10
Lakshadweep 14.3 15.5 13.2 6.4 6.1 6.7 8.0 9.5 6.5 25 23 27
Madhya Pradesh 27.3 29.2 20.5 8.3 9.0 6.0 18.9 20.2 14.5 62 67 42
Maharashtra 17.1 17.6 16.4 6.5 7.5 5.3 10.6 10.2 11.1 28 34 20
Manipur 14.9 14.8 15.3 4.2 4.3 4.0 10.7 10.5 11.3 14 15 9
Meghalaya 24.5 26.6 14.8 7.9 8.4 5.6 16.6 18.2 9.2 55 58 37
Mizoram 17.1 21.1 13.0 4.5 5.4 3.7 12.5 15.7 9.3 37 47 21
Nagaland 16.8 17.0 16.0 3.6 3.7 3.3 13.2 13.3 12.7 23 24 20
Odisha 20.5 21.4 15.2 8.6 9.0 6.6 11.9 12.4 8.6 61 63 43
Puducherry 16.7 16.7 16.7 7.4 8.2 7.0 9.3 8.5 9.6 22 25 21
Punjab 16.6 17.2 15.6 7.0 7.7 5.8 9.6 9.5 9.8 34 37 28
Rajasthan 26.7 27.9 22.9 6.7 6.9 6.0 20.0 20.9 16.9 55 61 31
Sikkim 17.8 18.1 16.1 5.6 5.9 3.8 12.3 12.3 12.3 30 31 19
Tamil Nadu 15.9 16.0 15.8 7.6 8.2 6.9 8.3 7.8 8.9 24 25 22
Tripura 14.9 15.6 11.5 5.0 4.8 5.7 9.9 10.8 5.8 27 29 19
Uttar Pradesh 28.3 29.2 24.2 8.1 8.5 6.3 20.2 20.7 17.9 61 64 44
Uttarakhand 19.3 20.2 16.2 6.3 6.7 5.1 13.0 13.5 11.1 38 41 25
West Bengal 16.8 18.6 11.9 6.0 6.0 6.3 10.7 12.6 5.6 31 32 25

CIA World Factbook demographic statistics

Map showing the population density in India, per 2011 Census.

The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.

Total population
1,166,079,217 (July 2009 est. CIA),
1,210 million (2011 census),
1,389,637,446 (May 2022 est.)
Rural population:
62.2%
male: 381,668,992
female: 360,948,755
Age structure:
0–14 years: 27.34% (male 186,087,665/female 164,398,204)
15–24 years: 17.9% (male 121,879,786/female 107,583,437)
25–54 years: 41.08% (male 271,744,709/female 254,834,569)
55–64 years: 7.45% (male 47,846,122/female 47,632,532)
65+ years: 6.24% (male 37,837,801/female 42,091,086) (2017 est.)
Median age:
Total: 29.5 years (2023 est.) (See List of countries by median age.)
Male: 28 years
Female: 29.5 years (2020 est.)
Population growth rate :
0.67% (2022 est)
Literacy rate
74% (age 7 and above, in 2011)
81.4% (total population, age 15–25, in 2006)
Per cent of population below poverty line:
22% (2006 est.)
Unemployment rate:
7.8%
Net migration rate:
0.00 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2020 est.)
Sex ratio:
At birth: 1.12 male(s)/female
Under 10 years: 1.13 male(s)/female
15–24 years: 1.13 male(s)/female
24–64 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.9 male(s)/female
Total population: 1.08 male(s)/female (2017 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
Total population: 69.7 years
Male: 68.4 years
Female: 71.2 years (2020 est.)
Total fertility rate:
2.00 (2023 est.)

The TFR (total number of children born per women) by religion in 2005–2006 was:

Hindus, 2.7
Muslims, 3.1
Christians, 2.4
Sikhs, 2.0
Religious Composition:
Hindus 79.5%
Muslims 15%
Christian 2.3%
Sikh 1.7%
other and unspecified 2% (2011 est.)
Scheduled castes and tribes:
Scheduled castes: 16.6% (2011 census)
scheduled tribes: 8.6% (2011 census)
Languages

See Languages of India and List of languages by number of native speakers in India. There are 216 languages with more than 10,000 native speakers in India. The largest of these is Hindi with some 337 million, and the second largest is Bengali with 238 million. 22 languages are recognised as official languages. In India, there are 1,652 languages and dialects in total.

Caste/Tribe

Caste and community statistics as recorded from "Socially and Educationally Backward Classes Commission" (SEBC) or Mandal Commission of 1979. This was completed in 1983.

India has chosen not to officially count caste population since then.

The following data are from the Mandal report:

Caste/Tribe demographics (1983)
Caste/Tribe population percentage notes
Total population 731,000,000 100% *Margin of error 0.34%
Scheduled castes and tribes 164,913,600 22.56%
Scheduled castes 110,015,500 15.05%
Scheduled tribes 54,898,100 7.51%
Non OBC/SC/ST Hindu castes/communities 128,509,800 17.58%
Brahmin (including Bhumihar) 40,351,200 5.52%
Kshtriyas(Rajput) 28,509,000 3.90%
Maratha 16,155,100 2.21%
Jats 7,310,000 1%
Vaishya, Bania, etc. 13,742,800 1.88%
Kayasthas 7,821,700 1.07%
Others 14,620,000 2%
Non-Hindu communities and groups 121,346,000 16.6% Non-Hindu scheduled and OBC
Muslim (Non S.T) 81,798,900 11.19% 0.02%
Christian (Non S.T) 15,789,600 2.16% 0.44%
Sikh (Non scheduled) 12,207,700 1.67% 0.22%
Buddhist (Non S.T) 4,897,700 0.67% 0.03%
Jain (Non scheduled) 3,435,700 0.47%
Other backward classes and communities (OBC) 380,120,000 52% *OBC is a derived figure
Hindu OBC 318,716,000 43.60%
Non-Hindu OBC 61,404,000 8.40% *52% of Non-Hindus

Ethnic groups

See also: South Asian ethnic groups, Ethnic relations in India, Caste system in India, Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia, and Languages of India
Population of India by Ethnic Group (Share of Total Population): 1951-2011
Year Indo-Aryans and Aryanized people (%) Dravidian people (%) Sino-Tibetan people (%) Austroasiatic (%) Negrito (%) Others (%)
1951 71.86 23.95 2.99 0.60 0.006 0.594
1961 72.24 23.91 2.93 0.59 0.005 0.325
1971 72.02 23.49 2.94 0.59 0.005 0.955
1981 71.98 23.98 2.88 0.58 0.005 0.575
1991 72.08 24.02 2.80 0.56 0.004 0.536
2001 71.25 24.89 2.83 0.57 0.004 0.456
2011 70.17 25.26 2.99 0.65 0.004 0.926

Sources:

  • Census of India. New Delhi: Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.
 1. **1951 Census of India:**
  – *Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.* (1951). *1951 Census of India: Volume I – India (Part II-C) – Languages.* New Delhi: Government of India. Available at .

2. **1961 Census of India:** 

  – *Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.* (1961). *1961 Census of India: Volume I – India (Part II-C) – Languages.* New Delhi: Government of India. Available at .

3. **1971 Census of India:** 

  – *Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.* (1971). *1971 Census of India: Volume I – India (Part II-C) – Languages.* New Delhi: Government of India. Available at .

4. **1981 Census of India:** 

  – *Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.* (1981). *1981 Census of India: Volume II – India (Part II-C) – Languages.* New Delhi: Government of India. Available at .

5. **1991 Census of India:** 

  – *Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.* (1991). *1991 Census of India: Volume II – India (Part II-C) – Languages.* New Delhi: Government of India. Available at .

6. **2001 Census of India:** 

  – *Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.* (2001). *2001 Census of India: Volume II – India (Part II-C) – Languages.* New Delhi: Government of India. Available at .

7. **2011 Census of India:** 

  – *Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.* (2011). *2011 Census of India: Volume II – India (Part II-C) – Languages.* New Delhi: Government of India. Available at .
  • Singh, K. S. (1992). *People of India: An Introduction*. Anthropological Survey of India. ISBN 8126012215 .

2. Ludden, David. (2013). India and South Asia: A Short History. Oneworld Publications. ISBN 1780741086 .

3. Bhagat, R. B. (2004). "Census Enumeration in India, 1991 and 2001: Issues and Concerns." Economic and Political Weekly.

Race and ethnicity

The national Census of India does not recognise racial or ethnic groups within India, but recognises many of the tribal groups as Scheduled Castes and Tribes (see list of Scheduled Tribes in India). For a list of ethnic groups in the Republic of India (as well as neighbouring countries), see South Asian ethnic groups.

Linguistic groups in India chart

  Indo-Aryan (75%)  Dravidian (20%)  Kolarian, Tibeto-Burman, Khasi, Tai and others (5%)

According to a 2009 study published by Reich et al.., the modern Indian population is composed of two genetically divergent and heterogeneous populations which mixed in ancient times (about 1,200–3,500 BP), known as Ancestral North Indians (ANI) and Ancestral South Indians (ASI). ASI corresponds to the Dravidian-speaking population of southern India, whereas ANI corresponds to the Indo-Aryan-speaking population of northern India. 700,000 people from the United States of any race live in India. Between 300,000 and 1 million Anglo-Indians live in India.

India is a country with a vast diversity of ethnic groups, each with its own distinct culture, language, and traditions. The major ethnic groups in India include the Indo-Aryans, Dravidians, Sino-Tibetans, Austroasiatic peoples, and various indigenous tribes. These groups are spread across different regions of India, each contributing to the country's rich cultural mosaic.

Major Ethnic Groups

Indo-Aryans and Aryanized People

Geographical Distribution: Predominantly in North India, including states like Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Bihar, and parts of Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra.

General Phenotype: Indo-Aryans typically have light to medium to dark skin tones, with a range of hair colors from black to brown. Facial features can include prominent noses and well-defined bone structures.

Sources:

  • C. Majumdar, R. Mukherjee, "The History and Culture of the Indian People," Bhāratīya Itihāsa Samiti, 1951.
  • S. B. Singh, "The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia," Cambridge University Press, 1995. ISBN 052141739X.

Dravidian People

Geographical Distribution: Predominantly in South India, including states like Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and Kerala.

General Phenotype: Dravidians generally have darker skin tones, curly to wavy hair, and distinct facial features such as broader noses and fuller lips.

Sources:

  • K. R. Subramanian, "The Dravidian Contribution to Indian Culture," Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1966.
  • M. A. Rao, "History of South India," S. Chand & Company, 1976.

Sino-Tibetan People

Geographical Distribution: Predominantly in Northeast India, including states like Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, and parts of Sikkim.

General Phenotype: Sino-Tibetan people often have lighter skin tones, straight black hair, and epicanthic folds in their eyelids, which are characteristic of East Asian phenotypes.

Sources:

  • H. Risley, "The Tribes and Castes of Bengal," Calcutta, 1891.
  • R. B. Singh, "Ethnic Groups of North-East India," Concept Publishing Company, 1994. ISBN 8170224974.

Austroasiatic Peoples

Geographical Distribution: Scattered across central and eastern India, with significant populations in Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal, and Chhattisgarh.

General Phenotype: Austroasiatic people generally have light to medium to dark skin tones, wavy to curly hair, and facial features that are somewhat intermediate between Dravidian and Sino-Tibetan populations.

Sources:

  • D. Balakrishnan, "Austroasiatic and Other Languages of Eastern India," Calcutta University Press, 1961.
  • N. Chakrabarti, "The Austroasiatic Peoples of India," Anthropological Survey of India, 2003.

Negrito

Geographical Distribution: Primarily in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

General Phenotype: Negrito people typically have very dark skin, tightly curled hair, and small statures.

Sources:

  • L. A. Waddell, "The Tribes of the Andaman Islands," Cambridge University Press, 1901.
  • V. Ball, "Jungle Life in India," Dehli, 1972.

Genetics

See also: Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia

Y-chromosome DNA

Y-Chromosome DNA Y-DNA represents the male lineage, The Indian Y-chromosome pool may be summarised as follows where haplogroups R-M420, H, R2, L and NOP comprise generally more than 80% of the total chromosomes.

H 30%
R1a 34%
R2 15%
L 10%
NOP 10% (Excluding R)
Other Haplogroups 15%

Mitochondrial DNA

Mitochondrial DNA mtDNA represents the female lineage. The Indian mitochondrial DNA is primarily made up of Haplogroup M

Haplogroup M 60%
Haplogroup UK 15%
Haplogroup N 25% (Excluding UK)

Autosomal DNA

Tripuri children preparing for a dance performance. The Tripuris are a Tibeto-Burman ethnic group.

Numerous genomic studies have been conducted in the last 15 years to seek insights into India's demographic and cultural diversity. These studies paint a complex and conflicting picture.

  • In a 2003 study, Basu, Majumder et al.. have concluded on the basis of results obtained from mtDNA, Y-chromosome and autosomal markers that "(1) there is an underlying unity of female lineages in India, indicating that the initial number of female settlers may have been small; (2) the tribal and the caste populations are highly differentiated; (3) the Austroasiatic tribals are the earliest settlers in India, providing support to one anthropological hypothesis while refuting some others; (4) a major wave of humans entered India through the northeast; (5) the Tibeto-Burman tribals share considerable genetic commonalities with the Austroasiatic tribals, supporting the hypothesis that they may have shared a common habitat in southern China, but the two groups of tribals can be differentiated on the basis of Y-chromosomal haplotypes; (6) the Dravidian speaking populations were possibly widespread throughout India but are regulated to South India now; (7) formation of populations by fission that resulted in founder and drift effects have left their imprints on the genetic structures of contemporary populations; (8) the upper castes show closer genetic affinities with Central Asian populations, although those of southern India are more distant than those of northern India; (9) historical gene flow into India has contributed to a considerable obliteration of genetic histories of contemporary populations so that there is at present no clear congruence of genetic and geographical or sociocultural affinities."
  • In a later 2010 review article, Majumder affirms some of these conclusions, introduces and revises some other. The ongoing studies, concludes Majumder, suggest India has served as the major early corridor for geographical dispersal of modern humans from out-of-Africa. The archaeological and genetic traces of the earliest settlers in India has not provided any conclusive evidence. The tribal populations of India are older than the non-tribal populations. The autosomal differentiation and genetic diversity within India's caste populations at 0.04 is significantly lower than 0.14 for continental populations and 0.09 for 31 world population sets studied by Watkins et al.., suggesting that while tribal populations were differentiated, the differentiation effects within India's caste population was less than previously thought. Majumder also concludes that recent studies suggest India has been a major contributor to the gene pool of southeast Asia.
  • Another study covering a large sample of Indian populations allowed Watkins et al.. to examine eight Indian caste groups and four endogamous south Indian tribal populations. The Indian castes data show low between-group differences, while the tribal Indian groups show relatively high between-group differentiation. This suggests that people between Indian castes were not reproductively isolated, while Indian tribal populations experienced reproductive isolation and drift. Furthermore, the genetic fixation index data show historical genetic differentiation and segregation between Indian castes population is much smaller than those found in east Asia, Africa and other continental populations; while being similar to the genetic differentiation and segregation observed in European populations.
  • In 2006, Sahoo et al.. reported their analysis of genomic data on 936 Y-chromosomes representing 32 tribal and 45 caste groups from different regions of India. These scientists find that the haplogroup frequency distribution across the country, between different caste groups, was found to be predominantly driven by geographical, rather than cultural determinants. They conclude there is clear evidence for both large-scale immigration into ancient India of Sino-Tibetan speakers and language change of former Austroasiatic speakers, in the northeast Indian region.
  • The genome studies conducted up until 2010 have been on relatively small population sets. Many are from just one southeastern state of Andhra Pradesh (including Telangana, which was part of the state until June 2014). Thus, any conclusions on demographic history of India must be interpreted with caution. A larger national genome study with demographic growth and sex ratio balances may offer further insights on the extent of genetic differentiation and segregation in India over the millenniums.

See also

Government

Lists

Charts

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.

Notes

  1. includes Bihari languages, Bajri Rajasthani languages, Pahari, Awadhi language, Bagheli/Baghel Khan Language, Banjari Language. A total of 12 types.

References

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  6. UN Population Census Estimats
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Medieval India
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