Sack of Harar (1559): Difference between revisions

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	\| result = *Ethiopian victory<ref>Abir, Mordechai. Ethiopia and the Red Sea: The Rise and Decline of the Solomonic Dynasty and Muslim European Rivalry in the Region. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis, 2013, p.137</ref>		\| result = *Ethiopian victory<ref>Abir, Mordechai. Ethiopia and the Red Sea: The Rise and Decline of the Solomonic Dynasty and Muslim European Rivalry in the Region. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis, 2013, p.137</ref>
	* Ethiopians capture and sack the city<ref>Baynes-Rock, Marcus. Among the Bone Eaters: Encounters with Hyenas in Harar. United States: Penn State University Press, 2015, pp.14-15</ref><ref>Abir, Mordechai. Ethiopia and the Red Sea: The Rise and Decline of the Solomonic Dynasty and Muslim European Rivalry in the Region. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis, 2013, p.137</ref>		* Ethiopians capture and sack the city<ref>Baynes-Rock, Marcus. Among the Bone Eaters: Encounters with Hyenas in Harar. United States: Penn State University Press, 2015, pp.14-15</ref><ref>Abir, Mordechai. Ethiopia and the Red Sea: The Rise and Decline of the Solomonic Dynasty and Muslim European Rivalry in the Region. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis, 2013, p.137</ref>
			*End of the ]<ref>Trimingham, J. Spencer. Islam in Ethiopia. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis, 2013, p.92</ref>
	\| combatant1 = {{flag\|Ethiopian Empire\|old}}		\| combatant1 = {{flag\|Ethiopian Empire\|old}}
	\| combatant2 = {{flagicon image\|Flag of Adal Sultanate.svg}} ]		\| combatant2 = {{flagicon image\|Flag of Adal Sultanate.svg}} ]
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	\| casualties2 = Very heavy<ref>Abir, Mordechai. Ethiopia and the Red Sea: The Rise and Decline of the Solomonic Dynasty and Muslim European Rivalry in the Region. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis, 2013, p.137</ref>		\| casualties2 = Very heavy<ref>Abir, Mordechai. Ethiopia and the Red Sea: The Rise and Decline of the Solomonic Dynasty and Muslim European Rivalry in the Region. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis, 2013, p.137</ref>
	}}		}}
	The '''Sack of Harar in 1559''' was the capture and sack of the city of ], capital of the ], by the army of the ] under the leadership of ''Abeto'' Hamalmal. The Sultan ] was forced to flee the capital and was eventually killed by the victorious Hamalmal,<ref>Hassen, Mohammed. The Oromo and the Christian Kingdom of Ethiopia: 1300-1700. United Kingdom: James Currey, 2015, p.179</ref> marking the end of the ].<ref>Trimingham, J. Spencer. Islam in Ethiopia. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis, 2013, p.92</ref>The 1559 sack of Harar was the second devastation of the city by the Ethiopians who sacked it earlier in 1550 after routing an Adalite invasion of Dewaro.<ref>Trimingham, J. Spencer. Islam in Ethiopia. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis, 2013, p.91</ref><ref>Abir, Mordechai. Ethiopia and the Red Sea: The Rise and Decline of the Solomonic Dynasty and Muslim European Rivalry in the Region. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis, 2013, p.134</ref> Concurrently, Imam ] and the Adal army, after having disregarded Hamalmal’s advance into Harar for strategic reasons, continued their march into the Ethiopian highlands, where Emperor ] was eventually defeated and killed during the ]. <ref>Ibid. p.134</ref>		The '''Sack of Harar in 1559''' was the capture and sack of the city of ], capital of the ], by the army of the ] under the leadership of ''Abeto'' Hamalmal. The Sultan ] was forced to flee the capital and was eventually killed by the victorious Hamalmal,<ref>Hassen, Mohammed. The Oromo and the Christian Kingdom of Ethiopia: 1300-1700. United Kingdom: James Currey, 2015, p.179</ref> marking the end of the ].<ref>Trimingham, J. Spencer. Islam in Ethiopia. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis, 2013, p.92</ref>The 1559 sack of Harar was the second devastation of the city by the Ethiopians who sacked it earlier in 1550 after routing an Adalite invasion of Dewaro.<ref>Trimingham, J. Spencer. Islam in Ethiopia. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis, 2013, p.91</ref><ref>Abir, Mordechai. Ethiopia and the Red Sea: The Rise and Decline of the Solomonic Dynasty and Muslim European Rivalry in the Region. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis, 2013, p.134</ref>
			==Background==

			After a 1548 Jihad against the Ethiopian Empire ended in a disaster which saw the sack of the Capital Harar in an Ethiopian counteroffensive, the Adalites once again launched a jihad and invaded ] in 1559. The emperor Gelawdewos sent his cousin ''Abeto'' Hamalmal to attack Adalite territory. This was ignored by the Adalites who confronted the emperor's smaller and outgunned army at the ] in which the emperor was killed fighting "heroically" according to Abir Mordechai.<ref>Abir, Mordechai. Ethiopia and the Red Sea: The Rise and Decline of the Solomonic Dynasty and Muslim European Rivalry in the Region. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis, 2013, p.134</ref> Hamalmal then proceeded to capture and sack Harar, capital of the Adalites, where the Sultan Barakat was killed after fleeing the city.<ref>Trimingham, J. Spencer. Islam in Ethiopia. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis, 2013, p.92</ref>
	==Aftermath==		==Aftermath==
	The Ethiopians' devastation of the city and massacre of ~~the~~ its population heavily damaged its defenses and left it vulnerable to the advancing Baraytuma clan of the Oromo whose subsequent raids devastated the sultanate's territories further.<ref>Abir, Mordechai. Ethiopia and the Red Sea: The Rise and Decline of the Solomonic Dynasty and Muslim European Rivalry in the Region. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis, 2013, p.137</ref> The death of the sultan ] marked the final disappearance of the ] and the end of its centuries-long conflict with the ].<ref>Trimingham, J. Spencer. Islam in Ethiopia. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis, 2013, p.92</ref> The city of Harar recovered ~~and~~ reinforced its defences with a robust system of walls encircling the city, and as a result ~~enjoyed~~ a new period of prosperity through its participation in the ] trade. <ref> Mordechai Abir · 2013, p.137</ref>		The Ethiopians' devastation of the city and massacre of its population heavily damaged its defenses and left it vulnerable to the advancing Baraytuma clan of the Oromo whose subsequent raids devastated the sultanate's territories further.<ref>Abir, Mordechai. Ethiopia and the Red Sea: The Rise and Decline of the Solomonic Dynasty and Muslim European Rivalry in the Region. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis, 2013, p.137</ref> The death of the sultan ] marked the final disappearance of the ] and the end of its centuries-long conflict with the ].<ref>Trimingham, J. Spencer. Islam in Ethiopia. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis, 2013, p.92</ref> The city of Harar recovered under Nur ibn Mujahid, who reinforced its defences with a robust system of walls encircling the city, and as a result Harar would enjoy a new period of sustained prosperity through its participation in the ] trade. <ref> Mordechai Abir · 2013, p.137</ref>

	== References ==		== References ==

Latest revision as of 13:00, 25 December 2024

Sack of Harar

Part of Harar campaign(1559)

Date	1559; 465 years ago (1559)
Location	Harar, Adal Sultanate
Result	Ethiopian victory Ethiopians capture and sack the city End of the Walashma Dynasty

Belligerents

Ethiopian Empire

Adal Sultanate

Commanders and leaders

Abeto Hamalmal

Barakat ibn Umar Din †

Strength

Unknown

Casualties and losses

Minimal

Very heavy

The Sack of Harar in 1559 was the capture and sack of the city of Harar, capital of the Adal Sultanate, by the army of the Ethiopian Empire under the leadership of Abeto Hamalmal. The Sultan Barakat ibn Umar Din was forced to flee the capital and was eventually killed by the victorious Hamalmal, marking the end of the Walashma Dynasty.The 1559 sack of Harar was the second devastation of the city by the Ethiopians who sacked it earlier in 1550 after routing an Adalite invasion of Dewaro.

Background

After a 1548 Jihad against the Ethiopian Empire ended in a disaster which saw the sack of the Capital Harar in an Ethiopian counteroffensive, the Adalites once again launched a jihad and invaded Fatagar in 1559. The emperor Gelawdewos sent his cousin Abeto Hamalmal to attack Adalite territory. This was ignored by the Adalites who confronted the emperor's smaller and outgunned army at the Battle of Fatagar in which the emperor was killed fighting "heroically" according to Abir Mordechai. Hamalmal then proceeded to capture and sack Harar, capital of the Adalites, where the Sultan Barakat was killed after fleeing the city.

Aftermath

The Ethiopians' devastation of the city and massacre of its population heavily damaged its defenses and left it vulnerable to the advancing Baraytuma clan of the Oromo whose subsequent raids devastated the sultanate's territories further. The death of the sultan Barakat ibn Umar Din marked the final disappearance of the Walashma Dynasty and the end of its centuries-long conflict with the Solomonic Dynasty. The city of Harar recovered under Nur ibn Mujahid, who reinforced its defences with a robust system of walls encircling the city, and as a result Harar would enjoy a new period of sustained prosperity through its participation in the Red Sea trade.

References

Abir, Mordechai. Ethiopia and the Red Sea: The Rise and Decline of the Solomonic Dynasty and Muslim European Rivalry in the Region. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis, 2013, p.137
Baynes-Rock, Marcus. Among the Bone Eaters: Encounters with Hyenas in Harar. United States: Penn State University Press, 2015, pp.14-15
Abir, Mordechai. Ethiopia and the Red Sea: The Rise and Decline of the Solomonic Dynasty and Muslim European Rivalry in the Region. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis, 2013, p.137
Trimingham, J. Spencer. Islam in Ethiopia. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis, 2013, p.92
Pankhurst, Richard. An introduction to the economic history of Ethiopia, from early times to 1800. London: Lalibela House, 1961, p.79
Abir, Mordechai. Ethiopia and the Red Sea: The Rise and Decline of the Solomonic Dynasty and Muslim European Rivalry in the Region. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis, 2013, p.137
Hassen, Mohammed. The Oromo and the Christian Kingdom of Ethiopia: 1300-1700. United Kingdom: James Currey, 2015, p.179
Trimingham, J. Spencer. Islam in Ethiopia. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis, 2013, p.92
Trimingham, J. Spencer. Islam in Ethiopia. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis, 2013, p.91
Abir, Mordechai. Ethiopia and the Red Sea: The Rise and Decline of the Solomonic Dynasty and Muslim European Rivalry in the Region. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis, 2013, p.134
Abir, Mordechai. Ethiopia and the Red Sea: The Rise and Decline of the Solomonic Dynasty and Muslim European Rivalry in the Region. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis, 2013, p.134
Trimingham, J. Spencer. Islam in Ethiopia. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis, 2013, p.92
Abir, Mordechai. Ethiopia and the Red Sea: The Rise and Decline of the Solomonic Dynasty and Muslim European Rivalry in the Region. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis, 2013, p.137
Trimingham, J. Spencer. Islam in Ethiopia. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis, 2013, p.92
Mordechai Abir · 2013, p.137

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