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Each entry on this '''list of common misconceptions''' is worded as a correction; the misconceptions themselves are implied rather than stated. These entries are concise summaries; the main subject articles can be consulted for more detail.


Common misconceptions are viewpoints or ]s that are often accepted as true, but which are actually false. They generally arise from ] (such as ]s), ], ]s, ], a misunderstanding of science, or the popularization of ]. Some common misconceptions are also considered to be ]s, and they are sometimes involved in ]s.
This is a '''list of common misconceptions'''. Each entry is worded as a correction; the misconceptions themselves are implied rather than stated. These entries are concise summaries of the main subject articles, which can be consulted for more detail.


==Arts and culture== == Arts and culture ==
===Food and cooking=== === Business ===
* Federal ] in the United States do not require that private businesses, persons, or organizations accept cash for payment, though it must be treated as valid payment for debts when tendered to a creditor.<ref name="Treasury Department 2011">a. {{#invoke:cite web||date=January 4, 2011 |title=Legal Tender Status |url=http://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/faqs/Currency/Pages/legal-tender.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124025750/https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/faqs/Currency/Pages/legal-tender.aspx |archive-date=January 24, 2017 |access-date=January 27, 2017 |work=Resource Center |publisher=]}}
* ] does not seal moisture in meat; in fact, it causes it to lose some moisture. Meat is seared to ] it, improving its color and flavor.<ref>
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite web||date=June 17, 2011 |title=Is it legal for a business in the United States to refuse cash as a form of payment? |url=https://www.federalreserve.gov/faqs/currency_12772.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121155832/https://www.federalreserve.gov/faqs/currency_12772.htm |archive-date=January 21, 2017 |access-date=January 27, 2017 |website=Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System |publisher=]}}
a. {{cite web|url=http://www.cookthink.com/reference/7/Does_searing_meat_really_seal_in_moisture|title=Does searing meat really seal in moisture?|publisher=Cookthink.com|access-date=August 29, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214115343/http://www.cookthink.com/reference/7/Does_searing_meat_really_seal_in_moisture|archive-date=December 14, 2013|url-status=dead}}
<br />c. {{#invoke:cite web||title=What is A "Legal Tender Law"? And, is It a Problem? |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanlewis/2017/04/18/what-is-a-legal-tender-law-and-is-it-a-problem |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180603142035/https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanlewis/2017/04/18/what-is-a-legal-tender-law-and-is-it-a-problem |archive-date=June 3, 2018 |website=]}}</ref>
<br />b. {{cite book|author=McGee, Harold|title=On Food and Cooking |edition=Revised|publisher=Scribner|date=2004|isbn=978-0684800011|page=161}} "The Searing Question".</ref>
* ] is not an acronym for "All day I dream about sports", "All day I dream about soccer", or "]". The company was named after its founder ] in 1949. The earliest publication found of the latter ] was in 1978, as a joke.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=VanHooker |first=Brian |date=October 27, 2020 |title=The True Story Behind Adidas' 'All Day I Dream About Sex' (And Other Bogus Brand Acronyms) |url=https://melmagazine.com/en-us/story/what-does-adidas-stand-for-bing-ford-spam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403225346/https://melmagazine.com/en-us/story/what-does-adidas-stand-for-bing-ford-spam |archive-date=April 3, 2023 |access-date=June 28, 2022 |website=]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||date=April 23, 2018 |title=Pop Culture Dictionary: Adidas |url=https://www.dictionary.com/e/pop-culture/adidas/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129052622/https://www.dictionary.com/e/pop-culture/adidas/ |archive-date=November 29, 2023 |access-date=June 22, 2024 |website=]}}</ref>
* ]s (a brand of American snack cakes) have a ] of approximately 45 days<ref>
* The letters "AR" in ] stand for "ArmaLite Rifle", reflecting the company (]) that originally manufactured the weapon. They do not stand for "]".<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Myre |first=Greg |author-link=Greg Myre |date=February 28, 2018 |title=A Brief History Of The AR-15 |url=https://www.npr.org/2018/02/28/588861820/a-brief-history-of-the-ar-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513122636/https://www.npr.org/2018/02/28/588861820/a-brief-history-of-the-ar-15 |archive-date=May 13, 2023 |access-date=July 7, 2024 |work=]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Palma |first=Bethania |date=September 9, 2019 |title=Does 'AR' in AR-15 Stand for 'Assault Rifle'? |url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/meaning-of-ar-in-ar-15-firearm/ |access-date=July 7, 2024 |website=]}}</ref>
{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2013/07/15/twinkies-release-smaller/2517709/|title=New Twinkies weigh less, have fewer calories|last=Choi|first=Candace|newspaper=USA Today|date=July 15, 2013|access-date=July 15, 2013}}</ref> (25 in their original formulation)—far shorter than the common (and somewhat jocular) myth that Twinkies are edible for decades or longer.<ref>
]
{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A46062-2005Apr12.html |title=Twinkies, 75 Years and Counting |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=August 30, 2011 |first=Candy |last=Sagon |date=April 13, 2005}}</ref> They generally remain on a store shelf for only 7 to 10 days.<ref>
* The ] was not designed by famous industrial designer ].<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Bayley |first=Stephen |date=February 7, 2015 |title=The art of Coke |url=https://www.spectator.com.au/2015/02/happy-100th-birthday-to-a-pop-icon-the-coca-cola-bottle/ |access-date=June 19, 2024 |work=]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Mikkelson |first=Barbara |date=May 2, 1999 |title=Was the Coca-Cola Bottle Design an Accident? |url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/coke-bottle-design-accident/ |access-date=June 19, 2024 |website=]}}</ref>
a. {{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/03/23/nyregion/twinkie-strike-afflicts-fans-with-snack-famine.html |title=Twinkie Strike Afflicts Fans With Snack Famine |last=Kelley |first=Tina |newspaper=New York Times |date=March 23, 2000| access-date=February 10, 2012}}
* The common image of ] (Father Christmas) as a jolly large man in red garments was not created by ] as an advertising tool. Santa Claus had already taken this form in American popular culture by the late 19th century, long before Coca-Cola used his image in the 1930s.<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite web||last=Mikkelson |first=David |date=December 18, 2008 |title=Did Coca-Cola Invent the Modern Image of Santa Claus? |url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/the-claus-that-refreshes/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120524200646/http://www.snopes.com/holidays/christmas/santa/cocacola.asp |archive-date=May 24, 2012 |access-date=July 7, 2024 |website=]}}
<br />b. {{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/10/15/923411578/a-disturbing-twinkie-that-has-so-far-defied-science|title=A disturbing Twinkie that has so far defied science|first=Neil|last=Greenfield-Boyce|work=]|date=October 15, 2020|access-date=October 23, 2020}}</ref>
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite web||date=December 18, 2006 |title=Coca-Cola's Santa Claus: Not The Real Thing! |url=http://www.bevnet.com/news/2006/12-18-2006-white_rock_coke_santa_claus.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026092817/http://www.bevnet.com/news/2006/12-18-2006-white_rock_coke_santa_claus.asp |archive-date=October 26, 2012 |access-date=January 19, 2007 |work=BevNET.com}}
* There are no known cases of children having been killed or seriously injured by ] given to them by strangers at Halloween or any other time, though there are cases where people have poisoned their own children.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9xOb-19lXx8C|title=Encyclopedia of Urban Legends|last=Brunvand|first=Jan Harold|year=2012|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1598847208|page=288|language=en}}</ref>
<br />c. {{#invoke:cite web||last=Boissoneault |first=Lorraine |date=December 19, 2018 |title=A Civil War Cartoonist Created the Modern Image of Santa Claus as Union Propaganda |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/civil-war-cartoonist-created-modern-image-santa-claus-union-propaganda-180971074/ |access-date=June 21, 2024 |website=]}}</ref>
* Most food is edible long after its ], with the exception of some perishables.<ref>
* The ] sold well in Latin American markets; ] did not rename the car. While ''no va'' does mean "doesn't go" in Spanish, ''nova'' was easily understood to mean "new".<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||author=Mikkelson, Barbara and David |date=March 19, 2011 |title=Don't Go Here |url=http://www.snopes.com/business/misxlate/nova.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190614053144/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/chevrolet-nova-name-spanish/ |archive-date=June 14, 2019 |access-date=October 3, 2015 |website=]}}</ref>
a. ''See'' {{cite web |url=http://www.consumeraffairs.com/nutrition/expiration_dates.htm |title=Expiration dates |publisher=Consumer Affairs |access-date=November 11, 2011}}
* ] was not founded after its co-founder ] was charged a $40 late fee by ]. Hastings made the story up to summarize Netflix's ]; Netflix's founders were actually inspired by ].<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite news||last=Rodriguez |first=Ashley |date=August 29, 2017 |title=Netflix was founded 20 years ago today because Reed Hastings was late returning a video |url=https://qz.com/1062888/netflix-was-founded-20-years-ago-today-because-reed-hastings-was-late-a-returning-video |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404005112/https://qz.com/1062888/netflix-was-founded-20-years-ago-today-because-reed-hastings-was-late-a-returning-video |archive-date=April 4, 2023 |access-date=July 7, 2024 |work=]}}
<br />b. {{cite web|title=Food_Product_Dating|url=http://www.fsis.usda.gov/wps/portal/fsis/topics/food-safety-education/get-answers/food-safety-fact-sheets/food-labeling/food-product-dating/food-product-dating|access-date=April 24, 2015}}</ref>
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite book||last=Keating |first=Gina |title=Netflixed: The Epic Battle for America's Eyeballs |date=September 24, 2013 |publisher=Portfolio |isbn=978-1-59184-659-8 |pages=3–4 |chapter=Prologue}}
* Seeds are not the spicy part of ]. In fact, seeds contain a low amount of ], the component which induces the hot sensation in mammals. The highest concentration of capsaicin is located in the ] (the ]) to which the seeds are attached.<ref>
<br />c. {{#invoke:cite web||last=Carey |first=Alexis |date=January 18, 2020 |title=True story behind Netflix's rise – and the downfall of Blockbuster |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/entertainment/true-story-behind-netflixs-rise-and-the-downfall-of-blockbuster/HLRQWBNIF7ZFSXHF4L5RZ3JAEQ/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404005839/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/entertainment/true-story-behind-netflixs-rise-and-the-downfall-of-blockbuster/HLRQWBNIF7ZFSXHF4L5RZ3JAEQ/ |archive-date=April 4, 2023 |access-date=June 28, 2022 |website=]}}
{{cite web |title=New Mexico State University – College of Agriculture and Home Economics (2005) |url=http://spectre.nmsu.edu/dept/academic.html?i=1274&s=sub |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070504035555/http://spectre.nmsu.edu/dept/academic.html?i=1274&s=sub |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-05-04 }}</ref>
<br />d. {{#invoke:cite web||last=Castillo |first=Michelle |date=May 23, 2017 |title=Reed Hastings' story about the founding of Netflix has changed several times |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/05/23/netflix-ceo-reed-hastings-on-how-the-company-was-born.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171102211235/https://www.cnbc.com/2017/05/23/netflix-ceo-reed-hastings-on-how-the-company-was-born.html |archive-date=November 2, 2017 |access-date=July 1, 2022 |website=]}}</ref>
* ] is not particularly high in ], and does not cause more ] than other foods.<ref>
* ] in no real sense ever owned the "6th most powerful navy" in the world after a deal with the Soviet Union. In 1989, Pepsi acquired several decommissioned warships as part of a barter deal.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Lewis |first=Flora |author-link=Flora Lewis |date=May 10, 1989 |title=Foreign Affairs; Soviets Buy American |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/05/10/opinion/foreign-affairs-soviets-buy-american.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105072423/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/05/10/opinion/foreign-affairs-soviets-buy-american.html |archive-date=January 5, 2021 |access-date=July 7, 2024 |work=]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Musgrave |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Musgrave |date=November 27, 2021 |title=The Doomed Voyage of Pepsi's Soviet Navy |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/11/27/pepsi-navy-soviet-ussr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118185742/https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/11/27/pepsi-navy-soviet-ussr/ |archive-date=January 18, 2023 |access-date=July 7, 2024 |work=]}}</ref> The oil tankers were leased out or sold and the other ships sold for scrap.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Clarke |first=Kaiyah |date=May 24, 2022 |title=Fact Check: NO Pepsi Navy – U.S.-Soviet Deal Did NOT Make Pepsi The '6th Most Powerful Military In The World' |url=https://leadstories.com/hoax-alert/2022/05/fact-check-no-pepsi-navy-pepsi-was-not-the-6th-most-powerful-military-in-the-world.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330115731/https://leadstories.com/hoax-alert/2022/05/fact-check-no-pepsi-navy-pepsi-was-not-the-6th-most-powerful-military-in-the-world.html |archive-date=March 30, 2023 |access-date=June 24, 2022 |website=] |language=en-US}}</ref> A follow-on deal involved another 10 ships.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Ewbank |first=Anne |date=January 12, 2018 |title=When the Soviet Union Paid Pepsi in Warships |url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/soviet-union-pepsi-ships |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207231805/https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/soviet-union-pepsi-ships |archive-date=February 7, 2021 |access-date=July 7, 2024 |website=]}}</ref>
Rachel C. Vreeman, Aaron E. Carroll, "Medical Myths", '']'' (now called ''The BMJ'') '''335''':1288 (20 December 2007), {{doi|10.1136/bmj.39420.420370.25}}</ref>
* ] does not cause birds to die by inflating their stomachs until they burst. Birds do eat wild rice, though some species avoid it. This common misconception has often led to weddings using millet, confetti, or other materials to shower the newlyweds as they leave the ceremony, instead of traditionally ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/critters/crusader/birdrice.asp |title=Against the Grain |publisher=Snopes.com |access-date=2021-04-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livescience.com/32624-does-wedding-rice-make-birds-explode.html |title=Does Wedding Rice Make Explode? |publisher=LiveScience |access-date=2021-04-17}}</ref>


====Food history==== === Food and cooking ===
]s are associated with ], but were actually invented in ],<ref name="solving"/> and are almost never eaten in China, where they are seen as American.<ref name="snopesfortunecookie"/>]]
* ]s are not found in ], despite their ubiquity in ] and other Western countries. They were invented in Japan and introduced to the US by the Japanese.<ref name="solving">{{cite news|last=Lee|first=Jennifer|date=January 16, 2008|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/16/dining/16fort.html|title=Solving a Riddle Wrapped in a Mystery Inside a Cookie|access-date=May 10, 2012}}</ref> In China, they are considered American, and are rare.<ref name="snopesfortunecookie">{{cite web |url=http://www.snopes.com/food/origins/fortune.asp |title=Inscrutable Cookie |last=Mikkelson |first=Barbara |website=Snopes.com}}</ref>
* ]s were not used to mask the flavor of rotting meat before refrigeration. Spices were an expensive luxury item; those who could afford them could afford good meat, and there are no contemporaneous documents calling for spices to disguise the taste of bad meat.<ref>
a. Paul Freedman, "Food Histories of the Middle Ages", in Kyri W. Claflin, Peter Scholliers, ''Writing Food History: A Global Perspective'', {{isbn|1847888097}}, p. 24
<br />b. {{cite book|first=Andrew|last=Dalby|author-link=Andrew Dalby|title=Dangerous Tastes: The Story of Spices|year=2000|isbn=0520236742|page=156}}
<br />c. {{cite book|first=Andrew|last=Jotischky|title=A Hermit's Cookbook: Monks, Food and Fasting in the Middle Ages|year=2011|isbn=978-1441159915|page=170}}
<br />d. {{cite book|first=Michael|last=Krondl|title=The Taste of Conquest: The Rise and Fall of the Three Great Cities of Spice|year=2007|isbn=978-0345480835|page=6}}</ref><!-- See ], notably Paul Freedman calling this -->
* ] was not invented by Mongol warriors who tenderized meat under their saddles.<ref>
a. {{Cite book|last=Turnbull|first=Stephen|title= Mongol Warrior 1200–1350|edition= 1st |year= 2003 |publisher=Osprey Publishing|location= London|isbn=978-1841765839|page=|url=https://archive.org/details/mongolwarrior12000step/page/30}}
<br />b. {{cite journal|first=Nataša|last=Polgar|url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/25420|title=Joinville: A Hagiographic Story about Oneself and About the Other|language=en|journal=Narodna umjetnost: Hrvatski časopis za etnologiju i folkloristiku|volume=45|issue=1|year=2008|pages=21–41 |oclc=807389519|issn=1848-865X|doi=10.15176/0547-2504|location=Zagreb, Croatia|publisher=Institute of Ethnology and Folklore Research|doi-access=free}}
<br />c. {{cite news|first=Craig S.|last=Smith|date=April 6, 2005|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/06/dining/the-raw-truth-dont-blame-the-mongols-or-their-horses.html|title=The Raw Truth: Don't Blame the Mongols (or Their Horses)|work=The New York Times|page=F2}}</ref>
* ] was not invented by ] at the ] in 1671; the recipe is attested at least a century earlier in Italy, but the name ''crème chantilly'' only in the 19th century.<ref>
Maryann Tebben, ''Sauces: A Global History'', 2014, {{isbn|1780234139}}, chapter 5</ref>
* ] and her entourage did not introduce Italian foods to the French royal court and thus create French haute cuisine.<ref>
a. {{cite book|author=Barbara Ketcham Wheaton|title=Savoring the Past: The French Kitchen and Table from 1300 to 1789|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OTzZT_3DQTcC|year=2011|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1439143735|pages=43–51}}
<br />b. {{cite book|first=Stephen|last=Mennell|title=All Manners of Food: Eating and Taste in England and France from the Middle Ages to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wdRnNPb8z3sC|edition=2nd|year=1996|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=978-0252064906|pages=65–66, 69–71}}
<br />c. {{cite book|first=Antonella|last= Campanini|title=The New Gastronome: The Illusive Story Of Catherine de' Medici: A Gastronomic Myth|date= December 18, 2018|url=https://thenewgastronome.com/caterina-de-medici-a-gastronomic-myth/}} Summarizing {{cite book|last1=Campanini|first1=Antonella|last2=Bienassis|first2=Loïc|work=La reine à la fourchette et autres histoires. Ce que la table française emprunta à l'Italie: analyse critique d'un mythe|editor1-first=Florent|editor1-last=Quellier|editor2-first=Pascal|editor2-last=Briost|title=La Table de la Renaissance: Le mythe italien|year=2018|isbn=978-2753574069}}</ref>


]
====Microwave ovens====
* ]s do not heat food by operating at a special resonance of water molecules in the food but by ]. Dielectric heating causes sympathetic movement in polar molecules, like ].<ref name="microwave">{{cite web |author=Bloomfield, Louis |url=https://howeverythingworks.org/1999/11/02/question-1456 |title=Question 1456 |publisher=How Everything Works |access-date=31 July 2021}}</ref>
* Microwave ovens do not cook food from the inside out. 2.45&nbsp;GHz microwaves can only penetrate approximately {{convert|1|cm|in|frac=8|sp=us|abbr=off}} into most foods. The inside portions of thicker foods are mainly heated by heat conducted from the outer portions.<ref>
a. {{cite web |title=Microwave Technology Penetration Depths |url=http://www.pueschner.com/en/microwave-technology/penetration-depths |website=pueschner.com |publisher=Püschner GMBH + CO KG MicrowavePowerSystems |access-date=June 1, 2018 |language=en}}
<br />b. {{cite web|last1=Health|first1=Center for Devices and Radiological |title=Resources for You (Radiation-Emitting Products) – Microwave Oven Radiation |url=https://www.fda.gov/Radiation-EmittingProducts/ResourcesforYouRadiationEmittingProducts/ucm252762.htm |website=fda.gov |publisher=U.S. Food and Drug Administration |access-date=June 1, 2018 |language=en |date=December 12, 2017}}</ref>
* Microwave ovens cannot cause cancer, as ] radiation is non-ionizing, and therefore does not have the cancer risks associated with ] such as ]s. No studies have found that microwave radiation causes cancer, even with exposure levels far greater than normal radiation leakage.<ref>
a. {{cite journal | doi= 10.2307/3579874 | last1= Frei | first1= MR | last2= Jauchem | first2= JR | last3= Dusch | first3= SJ | last4= Merritt | first4= JH | last5= Berger | first5= RE | last6= Stedham | first6= MA | title= Chronic, low-level (1.0 W/kg) exposure of mice prone to mammary cancer to 2450 MHz microwaves | journal= Radiation Research | volume= 150 | issue= 5 | pages= 568–76 | year= 1998 | pmid= 9806599 | jstor= 3579874 | bibcode= 1998RadR..150..568F }}
<br />b. {{cite journal | last1= Frei | first1= MR | last2= Berger | first2= RE | last3= Dusch | first3= SJ | last4= Guel | first4= V | last5= Jauchem | first5= JR | last6= Merritt | first6= JH | last7= Stedham | first7= MA | title= Chronic exposure of cancer-prone mice to low-level 2450 MHz radiofrequency radiation | journal= Bioelectromagnetics | volume= 19 | issue= 1 | pages= 20–31 | year= 1998 | pmid= 9453703 | doi= 10.1002/(SICI)1521-186X(1998)19:1<20::AID-BEM2>3.0.CO;2-6 }}</ref>
* Looking into a microwave oven does not damage the eyes.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Schupak|first=Amanda|title=How Bad Is It To Look Into The Microwave While It's On?|url=https://www.self.com/story/how-bad-is-it-to-look-into-the-microwave-while-its-on|access-date=2021-05-19|website=SELF|language=en-US}}</ref> Any heat or radiation that could harm the eyes is contained within the oven.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Health|first=Center for Devices and Radiological|date=2019-02-09|title=Microwave Oven Radiation|url=https://www.fda.gov/radiation-emitting-products/resources-you-radiation-emitting-products/microwave-oven-radiation|journal=FDA|language=en}}</ref>


* ] does not seal in moisture in meat; it causes it to lose some moisture. Meat is seared ] and to affect its color, flavor, and texture.<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite web||title=Does searing meat really seal in moisture? |url=http://www.cookthink.com/reference/7/Does_searing_meat_really_seal_in_moisture |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214115343/http://www.cookthink.com/reference/7/Does_searing_meat_really_seal_in_moisture |archive-date=December 14, 2013 |access-date=August 29, 2009 |publisher=Cookthink.com}}
===Film and television===
* Actor ] was never seriously considered for the role of Rick Blaine in the 1942 film classic '']'', eventually played by ]. This belief came from an early studio press release announcing the film's production that used his name to generate interest in the film. But by the time it had come out, ] knew that Reagan was unavailable for any roles in the foreseeable future since he was no longer able to defer his entry into military service.<ref>
{{cite book|last=Harmetz|first=Aljean|author-link=Aljean Harmetz|title=Round Up the Usual Suspects: The Making of ''Casablanca'' – Bogart, Bergman, and World War II|url=https://archive.org/details/roundupusualsusp00harm|url-access=registration|date=1992|publisher=Hyperion|isbn=978-1562827618|page=}}</ref> Studio records show that producer ] had always wanted Bogart for the part.<ref>
a. {{cite book|last=Sklar|first=Robert|title=City Boys: Cagney, Bogart, Garfield|date=1992|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=New Jersey|isbn=978-0691047959|page=|url=https://archive.org/details/cityboyscagneybo0000skla/page/135}}
<br />b. {{cite web|last=Mikkelson|first=Barbara and David P.|title=The Blaine Truth|url=http://www.snopes.com/movies/films/reagan.asp|website=]|date=August 17, 2007|access-date=March 25, 2012}}</ref>
* ] never wore a special bra designed by director ] during filming of '']''. She said the "ridiculous" contraption hurt so much "I never wore it in ''The Outlaw'', and he never knew. He wasn't going to take my clothes off to check if I had it on. I just told him I did."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tiffin|first=George|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZeQCgAAQBAJ|title=A Star is Born: The Moment an Actress becomes an Icon|year=2015|publisher=Head of Zeus|isbn=978-1781859360|language=en}}</ref>
* ] was not transgender, did not identify as female and did not wear women's clothing in day to day life.<ref>John Waters dvd commentary for Female Trouble</ref>


<br />b. {{#invoke:cite book||last=McGee |first=Harold |author-link=Harold McGee |title=On Food and Cooking |title-link=On Food and Cooking |publisher=Scribner |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-684-80001-1 |edition=2nd |page=161}}</ref>
===Language===
* ] meat does not add moisture; it causes it to lose some moisture. Moisture appears to be added when the gentle cooking breaks down ] and ], which lubricates and tenderizes fibers.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=The Truth About Braising |url=https://www.americastestkitchen.com/cooksillustrated/how_tos/6365-the-truth-about-braising |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205035202/https://www.americastestkitchen.com/cooksillustrated/how_tos/6365-the-truth-about-braising |archive-date=December 5, 2022 |access-date=June 24, 2024 |website=]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite book||last=Lopez-Alt |first=J Kenji |author-link=J. Kenji López-Alt |url=https://archive.org/details/TFL-BHCTS/page/n1/mode/2up |title=The Food Lab: Better Home Cooking Through Science |publisher=] |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-393-08108-4 |location=America |chapter=Soups, Stews, and the Science of Stock |access-date=June 24, 2024}}</ref>
{{see also|List of common misconceptions about language learning}}
* ] and clams that do not open when cooked can still be fully cooked and safe to eat.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Marino |first=Melissa |date=June 2007 |title=Blue Mussels: An Open and Shut Case |url=https://www.springbayseafoods.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Blue-mussels-an-open-and-shut-case.pdf |magazine=FISH |publisher=] |access-date=June 19, 2024 |archive-date=June 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618222516/https://www.springbayseafoods.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Blue-mussels-an-open-and-shut-case.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last1=Kruszelnicki |first1=Karl |author-link=Karl Kruszelnicki |date=October 29, 2008 |title=Mussel myth an open and shut case |url=https://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2008/10/29/2404364.htm |access-date=June 18, 2024 |website=]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Tomky |first=Naomi |date=April 2018 |title=A Guide to Clam Types and What to Do With Them |url=https://www.seriouseats.com/a-guide-to-clam-types-and-what-to-do-with-them |access-date=June 21, 2024 |website=]}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=November 2024}}
* The ] did not arise through imitation of a lisping king. Only one Spanish king, ], is documented as having a lisp, and the current pronunciation originated two centuries after his death.<ref>
* ]s, an American snack cake generally considered to be "]", have a ] of around 25 days, despite the common claim (usually facetious) that they remain edible for decades.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Sagon |first=Candy |date=April 13, 2005 |title=Twinkies, 75 Years and Counting |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A46062-2005Apr12.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628233728/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A46062-2005Apr12.html |archive-date=June 28, 2011 |access-date=August 30, 2011 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> The official shelf life is 45 days. Twinkies normally remain on a store shelf for 7 to 10 days.<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite news||last=Kelley |first=Tina |date=March 23, 2000 |title=Twinkie Strike Afflicts Fans With Snack Famine |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/03/23/nyregion/twinkie-strike-afflicts-fans-with-snack-famine.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904052221/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/03/23/nyregion/twinkie-strike-afflicts-fans-with-snack-famine.html |archive-date=September 4, 2011 |access-date=February 10, 2012 |newspaper=The New York Times}}
{{cite news|title=QI: Quite interesting facts about Spain|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/men/the-filter/qi/8495579/QI-Quite-interesting-facts-about-Spain.html|access-date=March 29, 2017|work=Telegraph|date=May 5, 2011}}</ref>
b. {{#invoke:cite web||last=Greenfieldboyce |first=Nell |author-link=Nell Greenfieldboyce |date=October 15, 2020 |title=A Disturbing Twinkie That Has, So Far, Defied Science |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/10/15/923411578/a-disturbing-twinkie-that-has-so-far-defied-science |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023011021/https://www.npr.org/2020/10/15/923411578/a-disturbing-twinkie-that-has-so-far-defied-science |archive-date=October 23, 2020 |access-date=July 7, 2024 |website=]}}</ref>
* The ] sold very well in Latin American markets; ] did not need to rename the car. While ''no va'' does mean 'it doesn't go' in Spanish, ''nova'' was easily understood to mean "new".<ref name="Snopes Chevy Nova story">
* Packaged foods, when properly stored, can safely be eaten past their "expiration" dates in the US. While some US states regulate ]s for some products, generally "use-by" and "best-by" dates are manufacturer suggestions for best quality.<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite web||title=Food Product Dating |url=https://www.fsis.usda.gov/food-safety/safe-food-handling-and-preparation/food-safety-basics/food-product-dating |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201111750/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/wps/portal/fsis/topics/food-safety-education/get-answers/food-safety-fact-sheets/food-labeling/food-product-dating/food-product-dating |archive-date=December 1, 2020 |access-date=July 7, 2024 |website=]}}
a. {{cite web |author=Mikkelson, Barbara and David |title=Don't Go Here |url=http://www.snopes.com/business/misxlate/nova.asp|website=]|date=March 19, 2011|access-date=October 3, 2015}}
b. {{#invoke:cite news||last=Abrahamian |first=Atossa Araxia |author-link=Atossa Araxia Abrahamian |date=September 19, 2013 |title=Harvard study finds food expiration labels are misleading |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-foodsafety-dates/harvard-study-finds-food-expiration-labels-are-misleading-idUSBRE98H15F20130918 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213165333/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-foodsafety-dates/harvard-study-finds-food-expiration-labels-are-misleading-idUSBRE98H15F20130918 |archive-date=December 13, 2022 |access-date=July 7, 2024 |work=]}}</ref>
<br />b. {{cite web|last=Benady|first=David|title=A rose by any other name|url=http://www.transformmagazine.net/articles/2014/a-rose-by-any-other-name/|publisher=Transform|date=December 3, 2014|access-date=October 3, 2015}}
* Storing bread in the refrigerator makes it ] faster than leaving it at room temperature.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Tana |first=Sara |date=July 26, 2021 |title=8 Food Storage Mistakes That Are Costing You Money |url=https://www.allrecipes.com/article/food-storage-mistakes/ |access-date=June 24, 2024 |website=]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Gritzer |first=Daniel |date=February 28, 2023 |title=Does Refrigeration Really Ruin Bread? |url=https://www.seriouseats.com/does-refrigeration-really-ruin-bread |access-date=June 24, 2024 |website=]}}</ref> It does, however, slow mold growth.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Olaechea |first=Carlos |date=June 14, 2023 |title=Refrigerating Bread Isn't Always Bad |url=https://www.eatingwell.com/article/8051533/refrigerating-bread-isnt-always-bad/ |access-date=July 6, 2024 |work=EatingWell}}</ref>
<br />c. {{cite book|author1-link=Jack C. Richards|last1=Richards|first1=Jack C.|last2=Hull|first2=Jonathan|last3=Proctor|first3=Susan|title=Interchange Level 3 Student's Book B with Self-study DVD-ROM|year= 2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1107652699|page=83|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7f7XAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83}}</ref>
]
* ]s are not the same worldwide. Aside from the ] ], each country generally has its own native sign language, and some have more than one (although there are also substantial similarities among all sign languages).<ref>
* Crystallized ] is not spoiled. The crystals are formed by ], a high glucose level, and the presence of pollen. The crystallization can be reversed by gentle heating.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Sertich Velie |first=Marissa |date=August 10, 2018 |title=The Serious Eats Guide to Sugar |url=https://www.seriouseats.com/the-serious-eats-guide-to-sugar-syrup-honey-natural-sweetners |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527130509/https://www.seriouseats.com/the-serious-eats-guide-to-sugar-syrup-honey-natural-sweetners |archive-date=May 27, 2024 |access-date=June 24, 2024 |website=]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Pearson |first=Gwen |author-link=Gwen Pearson |date=March 7, 2014 |title=What Do You Do With Crystallized Honey? |url=https://www.wired.com/2014/03/crystalized-honey/ |access-date=June 24, 2024 |magazine=] |archive-date=June 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614101914/https://www.wired.com/2014/03/crystalized-honey/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
a. {{cite book|contribution= Deaf sign language|title= Ethnologue: Languages of the World|year=2013|edition=17th|publisher=SIL International|access-date=December 3, 2013|editor1-last=Lewis|editor1-first=M. Paul|editor2-last=Simons|editor2-first=Gary F.|editor3-last=Fennig|editor3-first=Charles D.|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/deaf-sign-language|url-status= dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126034146/http://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/deaf-sign-language|archive-date=November 26, 2013|df=mdy-all}}
* Seeds are not the spiciest part of ]s. In fact, seeds contain a low amount of ], one of several compounds which induce the ] in mammals. The highest concentration of capsaicin is located in the ] (the ]) to which the seeds are attached.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=New Mexico State University – College of Agriculture and Home Economics (2005) |url=http://spectre.nmsu.edu/dept/academic.html?i=1274&s=sub |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070504035555/http://spectre.nmsu.edu/dept/academic.html?i=1274&s=sub |archive-date=May 4, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Tandon |first1=G L |last2=Dravid |first2=S V |last3=Siddappa |first3=G S |date=January 1964 |title=Oleoresin of Capsicum (Red Chilies)—Some Technological and Chemical Aspects |journal=] |volume=29 |issue=1 |page=2 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2621.1964.tb01683.x | issn=0022-1147 }}</ref>
<br />b. {{cite book|last1=Supalla|first1=Ted|author-link1=Ted Supalla|last2=Webb|first2=Rebecca|editor1-last=Reilly|editor1-first=Judy Snitzer|editor2-last=Emmorey|editor2-first=Karen|editor2-link=Karen Emmorey|title=Language, Gesture, and Space|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xAKXpO7mCE0C&pg=PA333|year=2013|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-1134779666|pages=333–52|chapter=The grammar of international sign: A new look at pidgin languages.}}
* Turkey meat is not particularly high in ], and does ] than other foods. Drowsiness after large meals such as Christmas or Thanksgiving dinner generally comes from overeating.<ref name="Vreeman 2007">{{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Vreeman |first1=Rachel C |last2=Carroll |first2=Aaron E |author-link2=Aaron Carroll |date=20 December 2007 |title=Medical myths |journal=] |volume=335 |issue=7633 |pages=1288–9 |doi=10.1136/bmj.39420.420370.25|pmid=18156231 |pmc=2151163 }}</ref>
<br />c. {{cite book|last=Omar|first=Hasuria Che|title=The Sustainability of the Translation Field|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L38_jNlkADAC&pg=PA293|year=2009|publisher=ITBM|isbn=978-9834217969|page=293}}</ref>
* ] of coffee do not always contain more ] than lighter roasts. When coffee is roasted, it expands and loses water. When the resultant coffee is ], the denser lighter roasts have more coffee per cup, meaning they contain more caffeine.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Caffeine Content of Coffee: Dark Roast vs. Light Roast |url=https://www.americastestkitchen.com/cooksillustrated/how_tos/8237-caffeine-content-of-coffee-dark-roast-vs-light-roast |access-date=June 24, 2024 |website=]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Lipka |first=Mitch |date=March 27, 2014 |title=Your money: Getting the biggest caffeine buzz for your buck |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/markets/wealth/your-money-getting-the-biggest-caffeine-buzz-for-your-buck-idUSBREA2P197/ |access-date=June 24, 2024 |work=]}}</ref>
* ] tribes, such as the ] and ], do not have a ] in ]. The myth comes from a misconstruction of ]'s original statement noting that Eskimos had a variety of words for various snow-related concepts; Boas noted that the same was true of English.<ref>
* ] does not have to be distilled in Kentucky.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Kiniry |first=Laura |date=June 13, 2013 |title=Where Bourbon Really Got Its Name and More Tips on America's Native Spirit |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/where-bourbon-really-got-its-name-and-more-tips-on-americas-native-spirit-145879/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224041500/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/where-bourbon-really-got-its-name-and-more-tips-on-americas-native-spirit-145879/ |archive-date=February 24, 2024 |access-date=June 24, 2024 |work=]}}</ref> Bourbon is also distilled in states such as New York, California, Wyoming and Washington, as the legal requirement is only that it be made in the ]. However, Kentucky does produce the majority of bourbon.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Minnick |first=Fred |author-link=Fred Minnick |date=October 23, 2015 |title=Is Kentucky the Home of Bourbon? |url=https://whiskymag.com/articles/is-kentucky-the-home-of-bourbon/ |access-date=June 24, 2024 |work=Whisky Magazine |issue=131}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Carroll |first=James R |date=May 9, 2024 |title=Congress resolution marks bourbon's unique status |url=https://www.courier-journal.com/story/politics-blog/2014/05/09/bourbon-recognized-as-distinct-us-product-50-years-ago/8911567/ |access-date=June 24, 2024 |work=]}}</ref>
a. in ]: ''The list of snow-referring roots to stick on isn't that long : ''qani''- for a snowflake, ''apu''- for snow considered as stuff lying on the ground and covering things up, a root meaning "slush", a root meaning "blizzard", a root meaning "drift", and a few others—very roughly the same number of roots as in English. Nonetheless, the number of distinct words you can derive from them is not 50, or 150, or 1500, or a million, but simply unbounded. Only stamina sets a limit.''
* Using mild soap on ] ] will not damage the seasoning.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Sullivan |first=Michael |date=September 12, 2023 |title=How to Clean and Season Cast-Iron Cookware |url=https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/guides/how-to-clean-cast-iron-skillet/ |access-date=June 24, 2024 |website=]}}</ref> This is not because modern soaps are gentler than older soaps.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=McManus |first=Lisa |date=February 15, 2022 |title=Is It OK to Use Soap on Cast Iron? |url=https://www.americastestkitchen.com/articles/5037-is-it-ok-to-use-soap-on-cast-iron |access-date=June 24, 2024 |website=]}}</ref>
<br />b. (The seven most common English words for snow are ''snow'', ''hail'', ''sleet'', ''ice'', ''icicle'', ''slush'', and ''snowflake''. English also has the related word ''glacier'' and the four common skiing terms ''pack'', ''powder'', ''crud'', and ''crust'', so one can say that at least 12 distinct words for snow exist in English.</ref> However, the notion that Eskimo languages have many more ]s for "snow" than the English language is supported by a 2010 study.<ref>Krupnik, Igor et al. (2010) "Franz Boas and Inuktitut terminology for ice and snow: from the emergence of the field to the 'Great Eskimo Vocabulary Hoax'". in Krupnik et al. (2010). ''SIKU: Knowing our Ice: Documenting Inuit Sea-Ice knowledge and Use''. New York, NY: Springer. pp.385–410.</ref><ref name = "Robson"/>
* The ] do in fact ], and the ] does have ways of expressing temporal concepts, though they are organized differently from those in Western languages.<ref>
{{cite book|last=Malotki|first=Ekkehart|author-link=Ekkehart Malotki|year=1983|title=Hopi Time: A Linguistic Analysis of the Temporal Concepts in the Hopi Language|series=Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs|volume=20|location=Berlin, New York, Amsterdam|publisher=Mouton Publishers|isbn=9027933499|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/hopitimelinguist0000malo}}</ref>
* The ] (危机) is not composed of the symbols for "danger" and "opportunity;" the first does represent danger, but the second instead means "inflection point" (the original meaning of the word "crisis").<ref>
a. {{cite web |url=http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/004343.html |date=27 March 2007 |work=] |title=Crisis = danger + opportunity: The plot thickens |last=Zimmer |first=Benjamin |author-link=Benjamin Zimmer |access-date=19 January 2009}}
<br />b.
<br />c. {{cite web | url=http://pinyin.info/chinese/crisis.html | title=danger + opportunity ≠ crisis: How a misunderstanding about Chinese characters has led many astray | last=Mair | first=Victor H. | author-link=Victor H. Mair | publisher=PinyinInfo.com | year=2005 | access-date=15 January 2009}}</ref> The myth was perpetuated mainly by a campaign speech from ].<ref name="langlog">{{cite web |url=http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/004343.html |date=27 March 2007 |work=] |title=Crisis = danger + opportunity: The plot thickens |last=Zimmer |first=Benjamin |author-link=Benjamin Zimmer |access-date=19 January 2009}}</ref>


]
====English language====

* ] does not mean raw seafood; some sushi, such as ], contains no seafood. The word refers to the vinegar-prepared rice the dish contains.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last1=Mikkelson |first1=Barbara |title=Sushi Definition |url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/if-you-knew-sushi/ |access-date=June 19, 2024 |website=]|date=October 5, 2002 }}</ref>
* ] is not a mix of spices.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Francis |first=Ali |date=December 1, 2021 |title=Allspice Is the Berry—Yes, Berry—That Can Do It All |url=https://www.bonappetit.com/story/what-is-allspice |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408202233/https://www.bonappetit.com/story/what-is-allspice |archive-date=April 8, 2024 |access-date=June 24, 2024 |website=]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Mincey |first=Rai |date=February 24, 2021 |title=What is Allspice? |url=https://www.allrecipes.com/article/what-is-allspice/ |access-date=June 24, 2024 |website=]}}</ref> It is a single spice, so called because it seems to combine the flavours and scents of many spices, especially ], ], ]s and ].<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Allspice: Etymology |url=https://www.oed.com/dictionary/allspice_n?tab=etymology |access-date=June 24, 2024 |website=]}}</ref>
* ] does not cause ] and other feelings of discomfort, known as "]".<ref name="FDAQnA">{{#invoke:cite web||title=Questions and Answers on Monosodium glutamate (MSG) |url=https://www.fda.gov/food/ingredientspackaginglabeling/foodadditivesingredients/ucm328728.htm |publisher=U.S. Food and Drug Administration |date=19 November 2012 |access-date =4 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="Ob2016">{{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Obayashi|first1=Y|last2=Nagamura|first2=Y|title=Does monosodium glutamate really cause headache?: a systematic review of human studies|journal=]|date=17 May 2016|volume=17|page=54|doi=10.1186/s10194-016-0639-4|pmid=27189588|pmc=4870486|issue=1|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite AV media||url=http://www.businessinsider.com/msg-ingredients-side-effects-2014-6|first=Will|last=Wei|date=16 June 2014|title=The Truth Behind Notorious Flavor Enhancer MSG|work=Business Insider|type=Podcast|access-date=13 November 2017}}</ref> Although there are reports of MSG sensitivity among a subset of the population, this has not been demonstrated in placebo‐controlled trials.<ref name = "freeman">{{#invoke:cite journal|| author = Freeman, Matthew | s2cid = 21084909| title = Reconsidering the effects of monosodium glutamate: A literature review| journal = Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners| volume = 18| pages = 482–86| year = 2006| doi = 10.1111/j.1745-7599.2006.00160.x| pmid=16999713| issue = 10}}</ref>
==== Food and drink history ====

* ] was not invented by Mongol warriors who tenderized horse meat under their saddles.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Smith |first=Craig S |author-link=Craig S. Smith |date=April 6, 2005 |title=The Raw Truth: Don't Blame the Mongols (or Their Horses) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/06/dining/the-raw-truth-dont-blame-the-mongols-or-their-horses.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426025745/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/06/dining/the-raw-truth-dont-blame-the-mongols-or-their-horses.html |archive-date=April 26, 2022 |access-date=July 7, 2024 |work=]}}</ref> It is likely named after the French ], evolving from an early 20th century French dish where the sauce was served with steaks.<ref>{{#invoke:cite book||last=Jack |first=Albert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uCzTNVCS45AC&pg=PT141 |title=What Caesar Did for My Salad: The Curious Stories Behind Our Favorite Foods |date=2011-09-06 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-1-101-55114-1 |page=143 |language=}}</ref>
* ] did not introduce ] to Italy from China.<ref>{{#invoke:cite book||last=Dickie |first=John |author-link=John Dickie (historian) |title=Delizia!: The Epic History of the Italians and Their Food |publisher=] |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-7432-7799-0 |location=New York |page=48}}</ref> The misconception originated as promotional material in the ''Macaroni Journal'', a newsletter published by an association of American pasta makers.<ref>{{#invoke:cite book||last1=Serventi |first1=Silvano |title=Pasta: The Story of a Universal Food |last2=Sabban |first2=Françoise |date=2002 |publisher=] |isbn=0-231-12442-2 |location=New York |page=10 |translator-last=Shugaar |translator-first=Antony |trans-title=La Pasta: Storia e cultura di un cibo universale}}</ref>
* ]s were not used in the Middle Ages to mask the flavor of rotten meat before refrigeration. Spices were an expensive luxury item; those who could afford them could afford good meat, and there are no contemporaneous documents calling for spices to disguise the taste of bad meat.<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite book||last=Freedman |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Freedman |title=Writing Food History: A Global Perspective |publisher=] |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-84788-809-9 |editor-last=Claflin |editor-first=Kyri |location=London |page=24 |editor-last2=Scholliers |editor-first2=Peter}}
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite book||last=Dalby |first=Andrew |author-link=Andrew Dalby |url=https://archive.org/details/dangeroustastess0000dalb |title=Dangerous Tastes: The Story of Spices |publisher=] |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-520-23674-5 |page=156}}
<br />c. {{#invoke:cite book||last=Jotischky |first=Andrew |title=A Hermit's Cookbook: Monks, Food and Fasting in the Middle Ages |publisher=Bloomsbury |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4411-5991-5 |page=170}}
<br />d. {{#invoke:cite book||last=Krondl |first=Michael |title=The Taste of Conquest: The Rise and Fall of the Three Great Cities of Spice |publisher=Ballantine Books |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-345-48083-5 |page=6}}</ref><!-- See ] -->
* ] did not introduce Italian foods and techniques to the French royal court, laying the foundations for the development of French ].<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite book||last=Ketcham Wheaton |first=Barbara |author-link=Barbara Ketcham Wheaton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OTzZT_3DQTcC |title=Savoring the Past: The French Kitchen and Table from 1300 to 1789 |publisher=] |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4391-4373-5 |pages=43–51 |access-date=July 7, 2024}}
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite book||last=Mennell |first=Stephen |author-link=Stephen Mennell |url=https://archive.org/details/allmannersoffood0000menn |title=All Manners of Food: Eating and Taste in England and France from the Middle Ages to the Present |publisher=] |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-252-06490-6 |edition=2nd |pages=65–66, 69–71 |access-date=July 7, 2024 |url-access=registration}}
<br />c. {{#invoke:cite book||last=Campanini |first=Antonella |url=https://thenewgastronome.com/caterina-de-medici-a-gastronomic-myth/ |title=The New Gastronome: The Illusive Story Of Catherine de' Medici: A Gastronomic Myth |date=December 18, 2018 |access-date=September 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229142651/https://thenewgastronome.com/caterina-de-medici-a-gastronomic-myth/ |archive-date=December 29, 2020 |url-status=live}} Summarizing {{#invoke:cite book||last1=Campanini |first1=Antonella |title=La Table de la Renaissance: Le mythe italien |last2=Bienassis |first2=Loïc |publisher=Presses universitaires de Rennes |year=2018 |isbn=978-2-7535-7406-9 |editor1-last=Quellier |editor1-first=Florent |chapter=La reine à la fourchette et autres histoires. Ce que la table française emprunta à l'Italie: analyse critique d'un mythe |editor2-last=Briost |editor2-first=Pascal}}</ref>
* ] was not invented by ] in 1661 and later named at the ] where it was notably served; similar recipes are attested at least a century earlier in France and England.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||date=July 15, 2021 |title=Histoire – La chantilly, un dessert de légende |url=https://www.rtbf.be/article/histoire-la-chantilly-un-dessert-de-legende-10648168 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103030348/https://www.rtbf.be/article/histoire-la-chantilly-un-dessert-de-legende-10648168 |archive-date=January 3, 2024 |access-date=July 7, 2024 |website=] |language=fr}}</ref><ref>a. {{#invoke:cite book||last=Tebben |first=Maryann Bates |url=https://archive.org/details/saucesglobalhist0000tebb |title=Sauces: A Global History |publisher=] |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-78023-413-7 |location=London |pages=99–100 |access-date=July 7, 2024 |url-access=registration}}
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite web||title=Histoire de la Crème Chantilly |url=http://www.domainedechantilly.com/domaine-de-chantilly/cr%C3%A8me-chantilly/histoire-de-la-cr%C3%A8me-chantilly |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130416042751/http://www.domainedechantilly.com/domaine-de-chantilly/cr%C3%A8me-chantilly/histoire-de-la-cr%C3%A8me-chantilly |archive-date=April 16, 2013 |access-date=July 7, 2024 |website=]}}</ref>
* ] did not invent ]. Wine naturally starts to bubble after being pressed, and bubbles at the time were considered a flaw which Pérignon worked unsuccessfully to eliminate.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Foreman |first=Amanda |date=December 9, 2021 |title=The Many Inventors of Champagne |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-many-inventors-of-champagne-11639083414 |access-date=June 26, 2024 |work=]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite book||last1=Kladstrup |first1=Don |title=Champagne: How the World's Most Glamorous Wine Triumphed Over War and Hard Times |last2=Kladstrup |first2=Petie |publisher=] |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-06-073792-4 |location=New York |chapter=Chapter 1: The Monarch and the Monk}}</ref>
* ] were not invented by a frustrated ] in response to a customer, sometimes given as ], complaining that his French fries were too thick and not salty enough.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Mikkelson |first=Barbara |date=November 10, 2000 |title=Potato Chip Origin |url=https://www.snopes.com//fact-check/potato-chips/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121063450/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/potato-chips/ |archive-date=January 21, 2022 |access-date=July 7, 2024 |website=] |language=}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Fox |first1=William S. |last2=Banner |first2=Mae G. |date=April 1983 |title=Social and Economic Contexts of Folklore Variants: The Case of Potato Chip Legends |journal=Western Folklore |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=114–126 |doi=10.2307/1499968 |jstor=1499968}}</ref> Recipes for potato chips were published as early as 1817.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=McElwain |first=Aoife |date=June 17, 2019 |title=Did Tayto really invent cheese and onion crisps? |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/food-and-drink/did-tayto-really-invent-cheese-and-onion-crisps-1.3915726 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617083013/https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/food-and-drink/did-tayto-really-invent-cheese-and-onion-crisps-1.3915726 |archive-date=June 17, 2019 |access-date=July 7, 2024 |newspaper=] |language=}}</ref> The misconception was popularized by a 1973 advertising campaign by the St. Regis Paper Company.<ref>{{#invoke:cite book||last=Burhans |first=Dirk E |title=Crunch!: A History of the Great American Potato Chip |publisher=] |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-299-22770-8 |location= |pages=17–20 |chapter=Creation Myths}}</ref>
* ] was not the inventor of ].<ref name="Krampner 2013">{{#invoke:cite book||last=Krampner |first=Jon |author-link=Jon Krampner |title=Creamy and Crunchy: An Informal History of Peanut Butter, the All-American Food |publisher=] |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-231-16233-3 |page=42}}</ref> The first peanut butter related patent was filed by ] in 1895, and peanut butter was used by the ]s centuries prior to that.<ref name="NPB">{{#invoke:cite web||title=Who Invented Peanut Butter? |url=http://nationalpeanutboard.org/peanut-info/who-invented-peanut-butter.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125044806/http://nationalpeanutboard.org/peanut-info/who-invented-peanut-butter.htm |archive-date=November 25, 2016 |access-date=June 24, 2022 |website=]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Wheeling |first=Kate |date=January 2021 |title=A Brief History of Peanut Butter |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/brief-history-peanut-butter-180976525/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618202032/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/brief-history-peanut-butter-180976525/ |archive-date=June 18, 2022 |access-date=July 7, 2024 |website=] |language=}}</ref> Carver did compile hundreds of uses for peanuts, in addition to uses for pecans, and sweet potatoes.<ref name="NPB" /><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Cannon |first=William |date=February 6, 2017 |title=A True Renaissance Man |url=https://www.americanscientist.org/article/a-true-renaissance-man |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403223244/https://www.americanscientist.org/article/a-true-renaissance-man |archive-date=April 3, 2023 |access-date=June 24, 2022 |website=]}}</ref> An opinion piece by ] may have been the source of the misconception.<ref name="Krampner 2013" />

]s are rarely found in China]]

* ]s are not found in ], despite their presence in ] and other Western countries. They originated in Japan and were introduced to the US by the Japanese.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Lee |first=((Jennifer 8)) |author-link=Jennifer 8. Lee |date=January 16, 2008 |title=Solving a Riddle Wrapped in a Mystery Inside a Cookie |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/16/dining/16fort.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418163729/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/16/dining/16fort.html |archive-date=April 18, 2012 |access-date=July 7, 2024 |work=] |language=}}</ref> In China, they are considered American, and are rare.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Mikkelson |first=Barbara |date=May 21, 2008 |title=Origin of Fortune Cookies |url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/inscrutable-cookie/ |access-date=July 7, 2024 |website=]}}</ref>
* ] did not invent ]. Its creator was ], an Italian-American restauranteur, in ], in 1924.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Birrell |first=Nicki |date=July 4, 2024 |title=Caesar Centenary: What's the story behind the famous salad? |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/lifestyle/caesar-centenary-whats-the-story-behind-the-famous-salad/B4A3ERCRQBHGRG2TGZVBFQIYVY/ |access-date=July 10, 2024 |work=]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite book||last1=O'Conner |first1=Patricia T |author-link=Patricia T. O'Conner |title=Origins of the Specious: Myths and Misconceptions of the English Language |last2=Kellerman |first2=Stewart |author-link2=Stewart Kellerman |publisher=] |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4000-6660-5 |location=New York |page=75}}</ref>
* ] is not a knock-off of ]. Hydrox, invented in 1908, predates Oreos by four years and was initially more popular than Oreos. The name "Hydrox" being said to sound like a laundry detergent contributed to its market decline.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=LeClair |first=Catherine |date=August 5, 2020 |title=How the Oreo cookie went from unknown knock-off to the world's most popular cookie, as a result of a sibling rivalry between baker brothers |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/how-the-oreo-went-from-knock-off-to-worlds-favorite-2020-8 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706050254/https://www.businessinsider.com/how-the-oreo-went-from-knock-off-to-worlds-favorite-2020-8 |archive-date=July 6, 2022 |access-date=July 6, 2022 |website=Business Insider}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Rhoades |first=Christopher |date=January 19, 2008 |title=The Hydrox Cookie Is Dead, and Fans Won't Get Over It |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB120069573721101481 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312205018/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB120069573721101481 |archive-date=March 12, 2015 |access-date=July 7, 2024 |work=]}}</ref>
* The difference between the taste of "banana-flavored" candy and a real banana is not due to the former being specifically designed to replicate the taste of ]s, the ] that dominated the American banana market before the rise of ]s. All banana cultivars derive their flavor from a complex mix of many compounds, while a single compound, ], gives banana candy its flavor. Isoamyl acetate naturally occurs in bananas as well as many other fruits and fermented beverages.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||author1=Technical Resources International, Inc |date=November 1994 |title=Summary of Data For Chemical Selection: Isoamyl Acetate |url=https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/chem_background/exsumpdf/isoamylacetate_508.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522181820/https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/chem_background/exsumpdf/isoamylacetate_508.pdf |archive-date=May 22, 2023 |access-date=2 April 2023 |website=] |publisher=]}}</ref> It is more concentrated in Gros Michel bananas than in Cavendish bananas, but its use in candy production was due to its simple production, not any specific resemblance to a banana's flavor.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Baraniuk |first=Chris |title=The secrets of fake flavours |url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20140829-the-secrets-of-fake-flavours |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321175603/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20140829-the-secrets-of-fake-flavours |archive-date=March 21, 2024 |access-date=2022-07-30 |website=BBC |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Mayer |first=Johanna |date=September 27, 2017 |title=Why Don't Banana Candies Taste Like Real Bananas? |url=https://www.sciencefriday.com/articles/why-dont-banana-candies-taste-like-real-bananas/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204090031/https://www.sciencefriday.com/articles/why-dont-banana-candies-taste-like-real-bananas/ |archive-date=February 4, 2024 |access-date=July 7, 2024 |website=]}}</ref>

==== Microwave ovens ====

]

* ]s are not tuned to any specific ] for ] in the food.<ref>{{#invoke:cite book||last1=Soltysiak |first1=Michal |title=2011 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium |last2=Celuch |first2=Malgorzata |last3=Erle |first3=Ulrich |date=June 2011 |isbn=978-1-61284-754-2 |pages=1–4 |chapter=Measured and simulated frequency spectra of the household microwave oven |doi=10.1109/MWSYM.2011.5972844}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||author=Bloomfield |first=Louis |author-link=Lou Bloomfield |title=Question 1456 |url=http://www.howeverythingworks.org/page1.php?QNum=1456 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017005928/http://www.howeverythingworks.org/page1.php?QNum=1456 |archive-date=October 17, 2013 |access-date=February 9, 2012 |publisher=How Everything Works}}</ref> They cook food via ] of polar molecules, notably water and fats.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Baird |first=Christopher S. |date=15 October 2014 |title=Why are the microwaves in a microwave oven tuned to water |url=http://wtamu.edu/~cbaird/sq/2014/10/15/why-are-the-microwaves-in-a-microwave-oven-tuned-to-water/ |access-date=July 7, 2024 |website=Science Questions with Surprising Answers |publisher=] |place=Canyon, TX}}</ref>
* Microwave ovens do not cook food from the inside out. 2.45&nbsp;GHz microwaves can only penetrate approximately {{convert|1-1.5|in|cm|frac=8|sp=us|abbr=off}} into most foods. The inside portions of thicker foods are mainly heated by heat conducted from the outer layers.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Microwave Technology Penetration Depths |url=http://www.pueschner.com/en/microwave-technology/penetration-depths |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304055814/https://www.pueschner.com/en/microwave-technology/penetration-depths |archive-date=March 4, 2023 |access-date=June 1, 2018 |website=pueschner.com |publisher=Püschner GMBH + CO KG MicrowavePowerSystems |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Cooking with Microwave Ovens |url=https://www.fsis.usda.gov/food-safety/safe-food-handling-and-preparation/food-safety-basics/cooking-microwave-ovens#3 |access-date=July 7, 2024 |website=Food Safety and Inspection Service |publisher=]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last1= |first1= |date=December 12, 2017 |title=Resources for You (Radiation-Emitting Products): Microwave Oven Radiation |url=https://www.fda.gov/Radiation-EmittingProducts/ResourcesforYouRadiationEmittingProducts/ucm252762.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141124165841/http://www.fda.gov/Radiation-EmittingProducts/ResourcesforYouRadiationEmittingProducts/ucm252762.htm |archive-date=November 24, 2014 |access-date=July 7, 2024 |website=] |publisher=] |language=}}</ref>
* The ] produced by a microwave oven is non-ionizing, similar to visible light or radio waves. It therefore does not have the cancer risks associated with ] such as ]s and ], nor does it render the food radioactive. All microwave radiation dissipates as heat. Long-term ] to assess cancer risk have so far failed to identify any ]icity from <span class="nowrap">2.45&nbsp;GHz</span> microwave radiation even with chronic exposure levels (i.e. large fraction of life span) far larger than humans are likely to encounter from any leaking ovens. The risk of injury from direct exposure to microwaves is not cumulative, but instead the result of a high-intensity exposure resulting in tissue burns, in much the same way that a high-intensity laser can burn.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal|| doi= 10.2307/3579874 | last1= Frei | first1= MR | last2= Jauchem | first2= JR | last3= Dusch | first3= SJ | last4= Merritt | first4= JH | last5= Berger | first5= RE | last6= Stedham | first6= MA | title= Chronic, low-level (1.0 W/kg) exposure of mice prone to mammary cancer to 2450 MHz microwaves | journal= Radiation Research | volume= 150 | issue= 5 | pages= 568–76 | year= 1998 | pmid= 9806599 | jstor= 3579874 | bibcode= 1998RadR..150..568F }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal|| last1= Frei | first1= MR | last2= Berger | first2= RE | last3= Dusch | first3= SJ | last4= Guel | first4= V | last5= Jauchem | first5= JR | last6= Merritt | first6= JH | last7= Stedham | first7= MA | title= Chronic exposure of cancer-prone mice to low-level 2450 MHz radiofrequency radiation | journal= Bioelectromagnetics | volume= 19 | issue= 1 | pages= 20–31 | year= 1998 | pmid= 9453703 | doi= 10.1002/(SICI)1521-186X(1998)19:1<20::AID-BEM2>3.0.CO;2-6 }}</ref>
* Microwaving food does not significantly reduce its ] more than other ways of heating and may preserve it better than other cooking processes due to shorter cooking times.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Komaroff |first=Anthony L |author-link=Anthony L. Komaroff |date=June 12, 2015 |title=Ask the doctor: Microwave's impact on food |url=https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/ask-the-doctor-microwaves-impact-on-food |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414011052/https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/ask-the-doctor-microwaves-impact-on-food |archive-date=April 14, 2023 |access-date=July 7, 2024 |website=Harvard Health Publishing |publisher=]}}</ref>

=== Film and television ===

]

* ] was never seriously considered for the role of Rick Blaine in the 1942 film '']'', eventually played by ]. An early studio press release mentioned Reagan, but the studio already knew that Reagan was unavailable because of his upcoming military service.<ref>{{#invoke:cite book||last=Harmetz |first=Aljean |author-link=Aljean Harmetz |url=https://archive.org/details/roundupusualsusp00harm |title=Round Up the Usual Suspects: The Making of ''Casablanca'' – Bogart, Bergman, and World War II |date=1992 |publisher=Hyperion |isbn=978-1-56282-761-8 |page= |url-access=registration}}</ref> Indeed, the producer had always wanted Bogart for the part.<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite book||last=Sklar |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Sklar |url=https://archive.org/details/cityboyscagneybo0000skla |title=City Boys: Cagney, Bogart, Garfield |publisher=] |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-691-04795-9 |location=New Jersey |page=}}

<br />b. {{#invoke:cite web||last=Mikkelson |first=Barbara and David P. |date=August 17, 2007 |title=The Blaine Truth |url=http://www.snopes.com/movies/films/reagan.asp |access-date=March 25, 2012 |website=]}}</ref>
* ]' '']'' was not the first animated film to be feature-length. '']'', a ] 1917 ] silent film that used ], is considered the first.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Maher |first=John |date=October 8, 2020 |title=10 Tragically, Irretrievably Lost Pieces of Animation History |url=https://www.vulture.com/article/lost-animation-works-history.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622053517/https://www.vulture.com/article/lost-animation-works-history.html |archive-date=June 22, 2022 |access-date=July 7, 2024 |website=]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Sisterson |first=Dennis |date=March 28, 2017 |title=Magic Wilderness: El Apóstol & Peludópolis |url=https://www.skwigly.co.uk/magic-wilderness-el-apostol/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203212625/https://www.skwigly.co.uk/magic-wilderness-el-apostol/ |archive-date=December 3, 2021 |access-date=June 22, 2022 |website=]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite book||last=Bendazzi |first=Giannalberto |author-link=Giannalberto Bendazzi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pjk9DwAAQBAJ |title=Twice the First: Quirino Cristiani and the Animated Feature Film |publisher=CRC Press |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-351-37179-7 |page=36 |chapter=The First Feature Length Animated Film in History |quote=On the other hand, the movie was not ''widely'' successful, and appealed to a small portion of the population. It was strictly for a Buenos Aires audience: nobody in the provinces even saw it because it was not distributed there. And likewise, given the subject, it was not possible to export the film to other nations, not even to a close cousin similar to Uruguay. |access-date=March 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403231830/https://books.google.com/books?id=Pjk9DwAAQBAJ |archive-date=April 3, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> The misconception comes from ''Snow White'' ''and the Seven Dwarves'' being the first feature-length film to be animated on ]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Snow White colored animation celluloid |url=https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/nmah_1821662 |access-date=September 23, 2023 |website=National Museum of American History}}</ref>
* The 1939 film '']'' was not the first film in ]. ] was used starting in 1902, and the first ] process debuted in 1917.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||last=Higgins |first=Scott |date=2000 |title=Demonstrating Three-Colour Technicolor: "Early Three-Colour Aesthetics and Design" |journal=Film History |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=358–383 |doi=10.2979/FIL.2000.12.3.358 |doi-broken-date=November 1, 2024 |issn=0892-2160 |jstor=3815345}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||date=February 28, 2022 |title=First Color Movie – Everything You Need to Know |url=https://www.nfi.edu/first-color-movie/ |access-date=June 18, 2024 |publisher=Nashville Film Institute}}</ref>

=== Language ===
{{See also|List of common misconceptions about language learning}}
* The ] did not arise through imitation of a ] king. Only one Spanish king, ], is documented as having a lisp, and the current pronunciation originated two centuries after his death.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last1=Oldfield |first1=Molly |last2=Mitchinson |first2=John |author-link2=John Mitchinson (researcher) |date=May 5, 2011 |title=QI: Quite interesting facts about Spain |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/men/the-filter/qi/8495579/QI-Quite-interesting-facts-about-Spain.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/men/the-filter/qi/8495579/QI-Quite-interesting-facts-about-Spain.html |archive-date=January 11, 2022 |access-date=July 7, 2024 |work=]}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Erichsen |first=Gerald |date=January 11, 2019 |title=Did a Royal Edict Give Spaniards a Lisp? |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/where-did-spaniards-get-their-lisp-3078240 |access-date=2020-05-01 |website=ThoughtCo |publisher=] |language=}}</ref>
* ]s are not the same worldwide. Aside from the ] ], each country generally has its own native sign language, and some have more than one.<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite book||url=http://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/deaf-sign-language |title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World |publisher=SIL International |year=2013 |editor1-last=Lewis |editor1-first=M. Paul |edition=17th |contribution=Deaf sign language |access-date=December 3, 2013 |editor2-last=Simons |editor2-first=Gary F. |editor3-last=Fennig |editor3-first=Charles D. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126034146/http://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/deaf-sign-language |archive-date=November 26, 2013 }}
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite book||last1=Supalla |first1=Ted |author-link1=Ted Supalla |title=Language, Gesture, and Space |last2=Webb |first2=Rebecca |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-134-77966-6 |editor1-last=Reilly |editor1-first=Judy Snitzer |pages=333–52 |chapter=The grammar of international sign: A new look at pidgin languages. |access-date=February 16, 2017 |editor2-last=Emmorey |editor2-first=Karen |editor2-link=Karen Emmorey |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xAKXpO7mCE0C&pg=PA333 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121033603/https://books.google.com/books?id=xAKXpO7mCE0C&pg=PA333 |archive-date=January 21, 2023 |url-status=live}}
<br />c. {{#invoke:cite book||last=Omar |first=Hasuria Che |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L38_jNlkADAC&pg=PA293 |title=The Sustainability of the Translation Field |publisher=ITBM |year=2009 |isbn=978-983-42179-6-9 |page=293 |access-date=February 21, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121033603/https://books.google.com/books?id=L38_jNlkADAC&pg=PA293 |archive-date=January 21, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

] ]]
* The ] ({{lang|zh|危机}}) is not composed of the symbols for "danger" and "opportunity"; the first does represent danger, but the second instead means "]" (the original meaning of the word "crisis").<ref name="Zimmer 2007">{{#invoke:cite web||last=Zimmer |first=Benjamin |author-link=Benjamin Zimmer |date=March 27, 2007 |title=Crisis = danger + opportunity: The plot thickens |url=http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/004343.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126033612/http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/004343.html |archive-date=January 26, 2021 |access-date=January 19, 2009 |work=]}}</ref><ref>a. {{#invoke:cite web||last=Adams |first=Cecil |author-link=Cecil Adams |date=November 3, 2000 |title=Is the Chinese word for "crisis" a combination of "danger" and "opportunity"? |url=https://www.straightdope.com/21343499/is-the-chinese-word-for-crisis-a-combination-of-danger-and-opportunity |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122133148/http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/2363/is-the-chinese-word-for-crisis-a-combination-of-danger-and-opportunity |archive-date=January 22, 2016 |access-date=July 7, 2024 |website=]}}
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite web||last=Mair |first=Victor H. |author-link=Victor H. Mair |year= |title=danger + opportunity ≠ crisis: How a misunderstanding about Chinese characters has led many astray |url=http://pinyin.info/chinese/crisis.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202015118/http://www.pinyin.info/chinese/crisis.html |archive-date=February 2, 2021 |access-date=July 7, 2024 |website=pinyin.info}}</ref> The misconception was popularized mainly by campaign speeches by ].<ref name="Zimmer 2007" />
* The word "]" did not originate during the ] (1846–1848) as a corruption of "Green, go home!", in reference to the green uniforms of American troops.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||date=April 27, 2018 |title=Where does the word "Gringo" come from? |url=https://www.theyucatantimes.com/2018/04/where-does-the-word-gringo-come-from/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322024754/https://www.theyucatantimes.com/2018/04/where-does-the-word-gringo-come-from/ |archive-date=March 22, 2022 |access-date=June 11, 2022 |website=The Yucatan Times}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||last=Sayers |first=William |date=May 20, 2009 |title=An Unnoticed Early Attestation of gringo 'Foreigner': Implications for Its Origin |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14753820902937946 |journal=Bulletin of Spanish Studies |volume=86 |issue=3 |pages=323–330 |doi=10.1080/14753820902937946}}</ref> The word originally simply meant "foreigner", and is probably a corruption of the Spanish word ''griego'' for "Greek" (along the lines of the idiom "It's ]").<ref name="Ramirez 2013">{{#invoke:cite web||last=Ramirez |first=Aida |date=August 7, 2013 |title=Who, Exactly, Is A Gringo? |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2013/08/07/209266300/who-exactly-is-a-gringo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222134905/https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2013/08/07/209266300/who-exactly-is-a-gringo |archive-date=December 22, 2021 |access-date=July 7, 2024 |website=]}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Gringo |encyclopedia=] |publisher=] |url=http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/gringo |access-date=July 7, 2024 |date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514193349/http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/gringo |archive-date=May 14, 2013}}</ref>

==== English language ====
{{Main|List of common false etymologies|Common English usage misconceptions}} {{Main|List of common false etymologies|Common English usage misconceptions}}
* '']'' is a word. It appears in numerous dictionaries along with other ], ], or ] terms.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Is 'Irregardless' a Real Word? |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/is-irregardless-a-real-word-heh-heh |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516122641/https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/is-irregardless-a-real-word-heh-heh |archive-date=May 16, 2022 |access-date=June 11, 2022 |publisher=]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Definition: irregardless |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/irregardless |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508042618/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/irregardless |archive-date=May 8, 2014 |access-date=July 7, 2024 |publisher=]}}</ref>
* ], ], or ] terms used by English speakers are sometimes alleged not to be real words, despite appearing in numerous dictionaries. All words in English became accepted by being commonly used for a certain period of time; thus, there are many vernacular words currently not accepted as part of the ], or regarded as inappropriate in formal speech or writing, but the idea that they are somehow not words is a misconception.<ref>
* It is permissible to ].<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Prepositions, Ending a Sentence with |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/grammar/prepositions-ending-a-sentence-with |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410213705/https://www.merriam-webster.com/grammar/prepositions-ending-a-sentence-with |archive-date=April 10, 2024 |access-date=May 23, 2024 |publisher=]}}</ref> The supposed rule against it originated in an attempt to imitate Latin, but modern linguists agree that it is a natural and organic part of the English language.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Thompson |first=Oliver |date=February 28, 2024 |title=Why Merriam-Webster says it's OK to end a sentence in a preposition |url=https://www.cbc.ca/radio/asithappens/sentence-preposition-webster-1.7127397 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313084307/https://www.cbc.ca/radio/asithappens/sentence-preposition-webster-1.7127397 |archive-date=March 13, 2024 |access-date=June 16, 2024 |work=]}}</ref> Similarly, modern ] allow ].<ref>{{#invoke:cite book||last=Fogarty |first=Mignon |author-link=Mignon Fogarty |title=The Ultimate Writing Guide for Students |publisher=Henry Holt & Company |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-8050-8944-8 |location=New York |pages=17–18}}</ref>
a. {{cite web|url=http://www.michiganradio.org/post/irregardless-its-reputation-word-perseveres|title="... "irregardless" is indeed a word. Anne Curzan, a professor of English at the University of Michigan, confirms its legitimacy..." Michigan Radio ''That's What They Say''|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427082447/http://michiganradio.org/post/irregardless-its-reputation-word-perseveres|archive-date=April 27, 2014|url-status=live}}
* ] speakers do not simply ] across all tenses, with no added meaning. In fact, AAVE speakers use "be" to mark a habitual ] not explicitly distinguished in Standard English.<ref>a. {{Cite thesis |last=Jackson |first=Janice Eurana |title=Linguistic aspect in African-American English-speaking children: An investigation of aspectual "be" |date=1998 |access-date=July 7, 2024 |degree=Dissertation |publisher=] |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/304446674 |isbn=978-0-591-96032-7 |id={{ProQuest|304446674}} |archive-date=July 8, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708184000/https://www.proquest.com/docview/304446674 |url-status=live }}
<br />b. {{cite web|url=http://weblogs.baltimoresun.com/news/mcintyre/blog/2011/02/dont_hang_the_lexicographers.html|title=Don't hang the lexicographers|first=John|last=McIntyre|date=2011|access-date=September 27, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427082447/http://michiganradio.org/post/irregardless-its-reputation-word-perseveres|archive-date=April 27, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Examples of words that are sometimes alleged not to be words include "]",<ref>
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite web||title=African American English |url=https://www.pbs.org/speak/education/curriculum/high/aae/#aaegram |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930015421/http://www.pbs.org/speak/education/curriculum/high/aae/#aaegram |archive-date=September 30, 2012 |access-date=July 7, 2024 |publisher=]}}</ref>
a. "''Irregardless'' originated in dialectal American speech in the early 20th century... The most frequently repeated remark about it is that "there is no such word." There is such a word, however." Merriam Webster Dictionary {{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/irregardless |title=Definition of IRREGARDLESS |access-date=October 27, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508042618/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/irregardless |archive-date=May 8, 2014 }}
* "]" did not originate from the Los Angeles police or penal code for marijuana use.<ref name="snopes420">{{#invoke:cite web||last=Mikkelson |first=Barbara |date=June 13, 2008 |title=420 |url=http://www.snopes.com/language/stories/420.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://swap.stanford.edu/20091019112947/http://www.snopes.com/language/stories/420.asp |archive-date=October 19, 2009 |access-date=June 17, 2011 |website=]}}</ref> ] section 420 prohibits the obstruction of access to public land.<ref name="snopes420" /><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||date= |title=Title 11. Of Crimes Against the Public Peace : 420 |url=https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=PEN&sectionNum=420. |access-date=July 7, 2024 |website=leginfo.legislature.ca.gov}}</ref> The use of "420" started in 1971 at ], where a group of students would go to smoke at 4:20&nbsp;pm.<ref name="snopes420" />
<br />b. {{cite web|url=http://agency.nd.edu/resources-and-downloads/style-guide-introduction/|title=Style Guide|publisher=University of Notre Dame|access-date=September 18, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007042448/http://agency.nd.edu/resources-and-downloads/style-guide-introduction/|archive-date=October 7, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> "conversate", "funnest",<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://grammar.quickanddirtytips.com/is-funnest-a-word.aspx|title=Is "Funnest" a Word|first=Mignon|last=Fogarty|date=September 12, 2008|access-date=September 25, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427083003/http://bridgingtheunbridgeable.com/2012/03/21/thusly-is-not-a-word-2/|archive-date=April 27, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> "mentee", "impactful", and "thusly",<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://bridgingtheunbridgeable.com/2012/03/21/thusly-is-not-a-word-2/|title=Thusly is not a Word?|date=March 21, 2012|access-date=September 25, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427083003/http://bridgingtheunbridgeable.com/2012/03/21/thusly-is-not-a-word-2/|archive-date=April 27, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> all of which appear in numerous dictionaries as English words.<ref>
a. conversate: ; ;
<br />b. funnest: ; ; ; ;
<br />c. impactful: ; ; ; ;
<br />d. mentee: ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
<br />e. thusly: ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; </ref>
* ] speakers do not simply ] across all tenses, with no added meaning. In fact, AAVE speakers use "be" to mark a habitual ] not explicitly distinguished in Standard English.<ref>
a. {{cite book |last1=Jackson |first1=Janice Eurana |title=Linguistic aspect in African-American English-speaking children: An investigation of aspectual "be"|date=1998|publisher=University of Massachusetts Amherst |location=Amherst, Massachusetts|isbn=978-0591960327|id={{ProQuest|304446674}}}}
<br />b. {{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/speak/education/curriculum/high/aae/#aaegram |title=Do You Speak American. For Educators. Curriculum. High School. AAE |publisher=PBS |access-date=2012-05-23}}
<br />c. {{cite web|url=http://www.umass.edu/synergy/fall98/ebonics3.html |title=Synergy – African-American English |publisher=Umass.edu |access-date=2012-05-23}}</ref>
* The word "crap" did not originate as a ] of British plumber ]'s surname, nor does his name originate from the word "crap", although the surname may have helped popularize the word.<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/business/names/crapper.asp|title=Thomas Crapper|date=May 31, 2011|website=]|access-date=June 17, 2011}}</ref> The surname "Crapper" is a variant of "Cropper", which originally referred to someone who harvested crops.<ref>
a. {{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=crap|title=Crap|first=Douglas |last=Harper|date=2010|work=]|access-date=June 17, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427083257/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=crap |archive-date=April 27, 2014|url-status=live}}
<br />b. {{cite encyclopedia|date=2003|title=Cropper|encyclopedia=Dictionary of American Family Names|publisher=Oxford University Press|url=http://www.ancestry.com/facts/cropper-family-history.ashx|access-date=June 17, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102185622/http://www.ancestry.com/facts/cropper-family-history.ashx |archive-date=November 2, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> The word "crap" ultimately comes from ] ''crappa'', meaning "]".<ref>
{{cite encyclopedia|date=2001 |title=Crap |encyclopedia=American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |url=http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/crap |access-date=June 17, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121195235/http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/crap |archive-date=January 21, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* ] is in no way connected to the Mesopotamian goddess ], who in turn had no connection to eggs. The name Easter, used only in Germanic languages (Romance and Slavic languages use variants of ]), derives from the West Germanic goddess ], who represents the dawn. ]s draw upon ancient use of the egg as a symbol of rebirth and resurrection, in this case symbolizing the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://getpocket.com/explore/item/beyond-ishtar-the-tradition-of-eggs-at-easter|title=Beyond Ishtar: The Tradition of Eggs at Easter|first=Krystal|last=DiCosta|work=Scientific American|date=March 31, 2013|access-date=April 4, 2021}}</ref> The ]<!--NOT "folk"--> associating Easter with Ishtar originated in an 1853 anti-Catholic pamphlet, '']'', by ], which has been thoroughly debunked.<ref>Woodrow, Ralph Christian Research Institute, Vol. 22, No. 2, 2000</ref>
* "]" did not originate from the Los Angeles ] or ] for ] use.<ref name="snopes420">{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/language/stories/420.asp |title=420 |first=Barbara |last=Mikkelson |date=June 13, 2008 |website=] |access-date=June 17, 2011 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20081216215015/http://www.snopes.com/language/stories/420.asp |archive-date=December 16, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> In California, Police Code 420 means "juvenile disturbance",<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://www.bearcat1.com/radioca.htm|title=Radio Codes & Signals – California|work=National Communications Magazine|access-date=June 17, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917162459/http://www.bearcat1.com/radioca.htm |archive-date=September 17, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> and ] section 420 prohibits the obstruction of access to public land.<ref name="snopes420" /><ref>
{{cite web|url=http://law.onecle.com/california/penal/420.html|title=California Penal Code Section 420|date=January 15, 2011|access-date=June 17, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427083515/http://law.onecle.com/california/penal/420.html |archive-date=April 27, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> The use of "420" started in 1971 at ], where it indicated the time, 4:20&nbsp;pm, when a group of students would go to smoke.<ref name="snopes420" />
* The word "]" did not originate in ] (7th century CE) as an ] for "] under consent of king"; nor did it originate as an acronym for "for unlawful carnal knowledge", either as a sign posted above ] in the ], or as a ] against members of the ]; nor did it originate during the 15th-century ] as a corruption of "pluck ]" (an idiom falsely attributed to the English for drawing a ]).<ref>
a. {{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/language/acronyms/fuck.asp|title=What the Fuck?|first=Barbara|last=Mikkelson|date=July 8, 2007|website=]|access-date=June 17, 2011|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/67BKzr94Z?url=http://www.snopes.com/language/acronyms/fuck.asp|archive-date=April 25, 2012|url-status=live}}
<br />b. {{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/language/apocryph/pluckyew.asp|title=Pluck Yew|first=Barbara|last=Mikkelson|date=July 9, 2007|website=]|access-date=June 17, 2011|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/67BKzr94Z?url=http://www.snopes.com/language/acronyms/fuck.asp|archive-date=April 25, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> ] was not spoken until the 16th century, and words such as "fornication" and "consent" did not exist in any form in English until the ] in the late 12th century. The earliest certain recorded use of "fuck" in English comes from {{circa}} 1475, in the poem "]", where it is spelled ''fuccant'' (conjugated as if a ] meaning "they fuck"). It is of ] origin, and is related to either ] ''fokken'', German ''ficken'', and ] ''fukka''.<ref>
a. {{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=fuck|title=Fuck|first=Douglas|last=Harper|date=2010|work=]|access-date=June 17, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929155906/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=fuck|archive-date=September 29, 2013|url-status=live}}
<br />b. {{cite book|date=2011|title=Fuck|work=Merriam–Webster|publisher=Merriam–Webster, Inc.|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fuck|access-date=June 17, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929155906/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=fuck|archive-date=September 29, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>
* The word "]" as a term for someone foreign to Latin America did not originate during the ] (1846–48), the ] (1811–23), the ] (1910–20), or from the ] ({{circa|1865–99}}) as a corruption of the English lyrics "green grow" in either "]" (Irish folk song) or "]" (English folk song), as sung by ] or ]s;<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/language/stories/gringo.asp|title=Gringo|author=Mikkelson, Barbara|author2=David P.|name-list-style=amp|date=April 13, 2011|website=]|access-date=June 17, 2011}}</ref> nor did it originate during any of these times as a corruption of "Green, go home!", falsely said to have been shouted at green-clad American troops.<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://ask.yahoo.com/20000821.html|title=How Did the Term 'Gringo' Originate?|date=August 21, 2000|work=Ask Yahoo!|publisher=Yahoo! Inc.|access-date=June 17, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121117015326/http://ask.yahoo.com/20000821.html|archive-date=November 17, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> The word originally simply meant 'foreigner', and is probably a ] of the Spanish word ''griego'' for 'Greek' (along the lines of the idiom "It's ]").<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|date=2001|title=Gringo|encyclopedia=American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language|url=http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/gringo|access-date=June 17, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514193349/http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/gringo|archive-date=May 14, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* The expression "]" did not originate from a law allowing a man to beat his wife with a stick no thicker than his thumb, and there is no evidence that such a law ever existed.<ref>
{{cite journal |author=Henry Ansgar Kelly |date=September 1994 |title=Rule of Thumb and the Folklaw of the Husband's Stick |journal=Journal of Legal Education |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=341–65}}</ref> The true origin of this phrase remains uncertain, but the false etymology has been broadly reported in media including '']'' (1989), CNN (1993), and '']'' magazine (1983).<ref>
{{cite book|title=Who Stole Feminism? How Women Have Betrayed Women|publisher=Simon and Schuster|date=1995|first=Christina Hoff |last=Sommers|author-link=Christina Hoff Sommers|pages=203–07, 296–97|isbn=978-0684801568|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EIUtJziqIqAC&pg=PA203}}</ref>
* The word "the" was never pronounced or spelled "ye" in ] or ].<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://public.wsu.edu/~brians/errors/ye.html|title=Common Errors in English Usage – Ye|first=Paul |last=Brians|date=2011|work=Common Errors in English Usage|publisher=Washington State University|access-date=June 24, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531122316/http://public.wsu.edu/~brians/errors/ye.html |archive-date=May 31, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The confusion, seen in the common stock phrase "]," derives from the use of the character ] (þ), which in Middle English represented the sound now represented in Modern English by "th." In ], þ and y were difficult to distinguish, meaning that "þe" (]) very closely resembled "ye."<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=ye|title=Etymology Online|first=Douglas |last=Harper|date=2001–2010|work=Online Etymology Dictionary|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary|access-date=June 24, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427082431/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=ye |archive-date=April 27, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '']'', an ethnic slur for Mexican immigrants coming into the US, has nothing to do with sweaty farm labor, or any other activity post-migration, but rather refers solely to the consequences of the supposed method of immigration, crossing the ] river, which would result in a wet back.<ref>
{{cite book|title=Rio Grande Wetbacks: Mexican Migrant Workers|last=Norquest|first=Carrol|publisher=]|year=1972|isbn=978-0826302205|url=https://archive.org/details/riograndewetback0000norq}}</ref>
* The ] slur '']'' did not originate from an acronym for "without papers" or "without passport", as is widely believed;<ref>
a. {{cite web|title=Ingenious Trifling|url=http://www.etymonline.com/baloney.php|website=Etymoline|access-date=October 1, 2015}}
<br />b. {{cite book|last1=O'Conner|first1=Patricia T.|title=Origins of the Specious: Myths and Misconceptions of the English Language|date=2009|publisher=Random House|location=New York|page=145|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hsu47CBwJPUC&lpg=PA145|isbn=978-0812978100}}
<br />c. {{cite magazine|last1=Will|author-link=George Will|first1=George|title=Yogi Berra, an American Story|url=http://www.nationalreview.com/article/424509/yogi-berra-obituary-eulogy|access-date=October 1, 2015|agency=]|magazine=]|date=September 23, 2015}}</ref> it is actually derived from the term '']'' (roughly meaning '']'' or "dandy"), from Spanish ''guapo''.<ref>{{AHDict|wop}}</ref> The term was in use by 1908,<ref>
a. . Merriam-webster.com. Retrieved on October 11, 2015.
<br />b. . Dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved on October 11, 2015.</ref> predating modern immigration laws.<ref>
{{cite news|title=Your immigrant ancestors came here legally? Are you sure?|newspaper=The Philadelphia Inquirer|author=Michael Matza|date=June 25, 2017|access-date=January 16, 2018|url=http://www.philly.com/philly/news/breaking/your-immigrant-ancestors-came-here-legally-are-you-sure-20170625.html}}</ref>
]
* "]" did not originate as a secular plan to "take the Christ out of Christmas".<ref name="Random House">"The usual suggestion is that 'Xmas' is&nbsp;... an attempt by the ungodly to x-out Jesus and banish religion from the holiday."{{cite book |title=Origins of the Specious: Myths and Misconceptions of the English Language|last1=O'Conner|first1=Patricia T.|last2=Kellerman|first2=Stewart|date=2009|publisher=Random House|location=New York|isbn=978-1400066605|page=77}}</ref> ''X'' stands for the Greek letter ], the starting letter of Χριστός (''Christós''), "Christ" in Greek.<ref name="xmaschi">{{cite web |url=http://www.crivoice.org/symbols/xmasorigin.html |title=The Origin of "Xmas" |access-date=June 10, 2011 |publisher=CRI / Voice, Institute |author=Bratcher, Dennis|date=December 3, 2007|ref=Bra07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530044125/http://www.crivoice.org/symbols/xmasorigin.html |archive-date=May 30, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The use of the word "Xmas" in English can be traced to the year 1021, when monks in Great Britain used the X in place of "Christ" for ], while transcribing classical manuscripts into Old English.<ref name="Random House" /> The '']''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s "first recorded use of 'Xmas' for 'Christmas' dates to 1551."<ref>
{{cite book |title=Origins of the Specious: Myths and Misconceptions of the English Language|last1=O'Conner|first1=Patricia T.|last2=Kellerman|first2=Stewart|date=2009|publisher=Random House|location=New York|isbn=978-1400066605|page=78}}</ref>


]
===Law, crime, and military===
* '']'' did not originate as a secular plan to "take Christ out of Christmas".{{sfn|O'Conner|Kellerman|2009|pages=77, 145}} ''X'' represents the Greek letter ], the first letter of {{lang|grc|Χριστός}} ({{transl|grc|''Christós''}}), "Christ" in Greek,<ref name="xmaschi">{{#invoke:cite web||url=http://www.crivoice.org/symbols/xmasorigin.html|title=The Origin of "Xmas"|access-date=June 10, 2011|publisher=CRI / Voice, Institute|author=Bratcher, Dennis|date=December 3, 2007|ref=Bra07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530044125/http://www.crivoice.org/symbols/xmasorigin.html|archive-date=May 30, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> as found in ] since the 4th century. In English, "X" was first used as a ] for "Christ" in 1021.<ref>{{Cite OED |term=X |id=9635674512 |access-date=July 7, 2024 |date=1921}}</ref><ref>{{Cite OED |term=Xmas |id=7290422930 |access-date=July 7, 2024 |date=2020}}</ref>
* It is rarely necessary to wait 24&nbsp;hours before filing a ] report. When there is evidence of violence or of an unusual absence, it is important to start an investigation promptly.<ref>
* The word ''crap'' did not originate as a ] of British plumber ]'s ].<ref name="Harper 2010">{{#invoke:cite web||last=Harper |first=Douglas |date=2010 |title=Crap |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=crap |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427083257/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=crap |archive-date=April 27, 2014 |access-date=July 7, 2024 |work=]}}</ref> The word ''crap'' ultimately comes from ] ''crappa''.<ref name="Harper 2010" /><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Crap |encyclopedia=] |publisher=] |url=http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/crap |access-date=June 17, 2011 |date=2001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121195235/http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/crap |archive-date=January 21, 2013}}</ref>
a. {{cite news|title =Missing persons usually found|last1=Sparks|first1=Preston|last2=Cox|first2=Timothy|date=November 17, 2008|newspaper=]|access-date=May 21, 2011|url=http://chronicle.augusta.com/stories/2008/11/17/met_483813.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214111833/http://chronicle.augusta.com/stories/2008/11/17/met_483813.shtml|archive-date = December 14, 2013|url-status=live|df=mdy}}
* The word '']'' did not originate in the Middle Ages as an ].<ref name="Sheidlower 2009">{{#invoke:cite book||last=Sheidlower |first=Jesse |author-link=Jesse Sheidlower |title=] |publisher=] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-539311-8 |edition=3rd |location=New York |chapter=Introduction}}</ref> Proposed acronyms include "fornicating under consent of king" or "for unlawful carnal knowledge", used as a sign posted above adulterers in the stocks. Nor did it originate as a corruption of "pluck yew" (an idiom falsely attributed to the English for drawing a ]).<ref name="Sheidlower 2009" /><ref name="fuckingcitation">a. {{#invoke:cite web||last=Mikkelson |first=Barbara |date=July 8, 2007 |title=What the Fuck? |url=http://www.snopes.com/language/acronyms/fuck.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/67BKzr94Z?url=http://www.snopes.com/language/acronyms/fuck.asp |archive-date=April 25, 2012 |access-date=June 17, 2011 |website=]}}
<br />b. {{cite web|url=http://www.missingpersons.gov.au/nmpcc/faqs.aspx#a1|title=FAQs: Question: Do you need to wait 24&nbsp;hours before reporting a person missing?|publisher=National Missing Persons Coordination Center, ]|access-date=May 22, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080923232230/http://www.missingpersons.gov.au/nmpcc/faqs.aspx#a1|archive-date=September 23, 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> The UK government advises "You do not have to wait 24&nbsp;hours before contacting the police."<ref>
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite web||last=Mikkelson |first=Barbara |date=July 9, 2007 |title=Pluck Yew |url=http://www.snopes.com/language/apocryph/pluckyew.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/67BKzr94Z?url=http://www.snopes.com/language/acronyms/fuck.asp |archive-date=April 25, 2012 |access-date=June 17, 2011 |website=]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||last=Sheidlower |first=Jesse |author-link=Jesse Sheidlower |date=Autumn 1998 |title=Revising the F-Word |journal=Verbatim: The Language Quarterly |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=18–21}}</ref> It is most likely derived from ] or other ], where it either meant "to thrust" or "to copulate with" (''fokken'' in Middle Dutch), "to copulate", or "to strike, push, copulate" or "penis".<ref name="fuckingcitation" /> Either way, these variations would have been derived from the Indo-European root word ''-peuk'', meaning "to prick".<ref name="fuckingcitation" />
{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/report-missing-person|title=UK government Web site: Report or find a missing person|publisher=Gov.uk |date=June 3, 2013 |access-date=August 18, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122170802/https://www.gov.uk/report-missing-person |archive-date=January 22, 2014| url-status=live}}</ref>
* The expression "]" did not originate from an English law allowing a man to beat his wife with a stick no thicker than his thumb, and there is no evidence that such a law ever existed.<ref name="Kelly 1994">{{#invoke:cite journal||last=Kelly |first=Henry Ansgar |date=September 1994 |title=''Rule of Thumb'' and the Folklaw of the Husband's Stick |url=http://csswashtenaw.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Rule_of_Thumb.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Legal Education |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=341–65 |jstor=42893341 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924122340/http://csswashtenaw.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Rule_of_Thumb.pdf |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |access-date=May 23, 2024}}</ref> The expression originates from the late seventeenth century from various ] where quantities were measured by comparison to the width or length of a thumb.<ref name="Kelly 1994" />{{sfn|O'Conner|Kellerman|2009|pp=123–126}}
* ]. In the trial of ], the defense successfully argued White's ] as a result of severe depression. While eating Twinkies was cited as evidence of this depression, it was never claimed to be the cause of the murders.<ref name="Twinkie">{{cite news |first=Carol |last=Pogash |title=Myth of the 'Twinkie defense' |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2003/11/23/INGRE343501.DTL |newspaper=] |page=D-1 |date=November 23, 2003 |access-date=March 20, 2007}}</ref>
* The term "]s", denoting laws banning certain activities on specific days, did not originate from such laws being originally written on blue paper.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Mikkelson |first=David |date=March 11, 2001 |title=Why Are Blue Laws Called 'Blue Laws'? |url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/what-are-blue-laws/ |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Cheung |first=Iva |date=May 25, 2015 |title=Sacré Bleu! Why Is Blue the Most Profane Color? |url=https://slate.com/human-interest/2015/05/why-do-we-associate-the-color-blue-with-swearing.html |access-date=June 25, 2024 |work=]}}</ref>
* The ] have generally forbidden military enlistment as a form of ] (that is, an option for convicts to avoid jail time) since the 1980s. ] protocols discourage the practice, while the other four branches have specific regulations against it.<ref>
* The word ''the'' was never pronounced or spelled "ye" in ] or ].<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Brians |first=Paul |date=2011 |title=Common Errors in English Usage – Ye |url=http://public.wsu.edu/~brians/errors/ye.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531122316/http://public.wsu.edu/~brians/errors/ye.html |archive-date=May 31, 2013 |access-date=July 7, 2024 |work=Common Errors in English Usage |publisher=]}}</ref> The confusion, seen in the ] "]", derives from the use of the character ] (þ), which in Middle English represented the sound now represented in Modern English by "th".<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Harper |first=Douglas |date=2001–2010 |title=Etymology Online |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=ye |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427082431/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=ye |archive-date=April 27, 2014 |access-date=June 24, 2011 |work=Online Etymology Dictionary}}</ref> This evolved as early printing presses substituted the word ''the'' with "yͤ", a "y" character with a superscript "e".<ref>{{#invoke:cite book||last=Hill |first=Will |title=The Routledge Handbook of the English Writing System |date=30 June 2020 |publisher=] |isbn=978-0-367-58156-5 |pages=6, 15 |chapter=Chapter 25: Typography and the printed English text |chapter-url=https://arro.anglia.ac.uk/id/eprint/703215/1/25HillFinalDV.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710022857/https://arro.anglia.ac.uk/id/eprint/703215/1/25HillFinalDV.pdf |archive-date=July 10, 2022 }}</ref>
a. {{cite web|title=Can a Judge Order Someone to Join the Military or Go to Jail? |url=https://www.thebalance.com/join-the-military-or-go-to-jail-3354033|website=The Balance|access-date=December 30, 2017}}
* ''Chocolate'' does not derive from the ] word {{Lang|nci|chocolatl}}; early texts documenting the Nahuatl word for chocolate drink use a different term, {{Lang|nci|cacahuatl}}'','' meaning "cacao water".{{sfnp|Coe|Coe|2013|loc=Crossing the Language Barrier}}
<br />{{cite web|title=Judge said Army or jail, but military doesn't want him |url=https://www.stripes.com/news/judge-said-army-or-jail-but-military-doesn-t-want-him-1.44417|website=Stars And Stripes|access-date=December 30, 2017}}</ref>
* The ] slur '']'' did not originate from an acronym for "without papers"<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Zimmer |first=Ben |author-link=Ben Zimmer |date=April 23, 2018 |title='Wop' Doesn't Mean What Andrew Cuomo Thinks It Means |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2018/04/wop-doesnt-mean-what-andrew-cuomo-thinks-it-means/558659/ |access-date=June 22, 2024 |work=]}}</ref> or "without passport";<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Harper |first=Douglas |date=October 25, 2017 |title=Ingenious Trifling |url=http://www.etymonline.com/baloney.php |access-date=June 16, 2024 |website=]}}</ref>{{sfn|O'Conner|Kellerman|2009|pages=77, 145}} it is actually derived from the term '']'' (roughly meaning '']''), from the Spanish ''guapo''.<ref>{{Cite American Heritage Dictionary|wop}}</ref>
* ] in the United States do not state that a private business, a person, or an organization must accept cash for payment, though it must be regarded as valid payment for debts tendered to a creditor.<ref>
a. {{cite web|title= Legal Tender Status|work=Resource Center|publisher=]|url= http://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/faqs/Currency/Pages/legal-tender.aspx|date= January 4, 2011|access-date=January 27, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124025750/https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/faqs/Currency/Pages/legal-tender.aspx|archive-date=January 24, 2017|df= dmy-all}}
<br />b. {{cite web|title=Is it legal for a business in the United States to refuse cash as a form of payment?|url=https://www.federalreserve.gov/faqs/currency_12772.htm|website=Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System|publisher=]|access-date=January 27, 2017|date=June 17, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121155832/https://www.federalreserve.gov/faqs/currency_12772.htm|archive-date=January 21, 2017}}
<br />c. {{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanlewis/2017/04/18/what-is-a-legal-tender-law-and-is-it-a-problem |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180603142035/https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanlewis/2017/04/18/what-is-a-legal-tender-law-and-is-it-a-problem |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 3, 2018 |title=What is A "Legal Tender Law"? And, is It a Problem?}}</ref>
* The United States does not require police officers to identify themselves as police in the case of a sting or other undercover work, and police officers may lie when engaged in such work.<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/risque/hookers/cop.asp|title=Snopes on Entrapment|website=Snopes.com|access-date=August 29, 2009}}</ref> Claiming ] as a defense instead focuses on whether the defendant was induced by undue pressure (such as threats) or deception from law enforcement to commit crimes they would not have otherwise committed.<ref>
''Sloane'' (1990) 49 A Crim R 270. See also ]</ref>
]
* Violent ] decreased between 1993 and 2017. The violent crime rate fell 49% in that period,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/11/20/facts-about-crime-in-the-u-s/|title=What the data says (and doesn’t say) about crime in the United States|first=John|last=Gramlich}}</ref> and the number of gun homicides has decreased.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/10/21/gun-homicides-steady-after-decline-in-90s-suicide-rate-edges-up/|title=Gun homicides steady after decline in '90s; suicide rate edges up}}</ref>
* The ] generally only prevents government restrictions on the freedoms of ], ], ], ], or ],<ref>
{{cite news |last1=Willingham |first1=AJ |title=The First Amendment doesn't guarantee you the rights you think it does |url=https://www.cnn.com/2017/04/27/politics/first-amendment-explainer-trnd/index.html |access-date=March 1, 2019 |publisher=CNN |date=September 6, 2018}}</ref> not restrictions imposed by private individuals or businesses<ref>
{{cite news |last1=McGregor |first1=Jena |title=The Google memo is a reminder that we generally don't have free speech at work |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/on-leadership/wp/2017/08/08/the-google-memo-is-a-reminder-that-we-generally-dont-have-free-speech-at-work/ |access-date=March 1, 2019 |work=] |date=August 8, 2017 |language=en}}</ref> unless they are ].<ref>
{{cite web|last1=Dunn|first1=Christopher|title=Column: Applying the Constitution to Private Actors (New York Law Journal)|url=http://www.nyclu.org/oped/column-applying-constitution-private-actors-new-york-law-journal|publisher=New York Civil Liberties Union|access-date=January 27, 2017|date=April 28, 2009}}</ref> Other laws may restrict the ability of private businesses and individuals to restrict the speech of others.<ref>
{{cite news |last1=Berman-Gorvine |first1=Martin |title=Employer Ability to Silence Employee Speech Narrowing in Private Sector, Attorneys Say |url=https://www.bna.com/employer-ability-silence-n17179890580/ |access-date=March 1, 2019 |work=Bloomberg BNA |date=May 19, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331165028/https://www.bna.com/employer-ability-silence-n17179890580/ |archive-date=March 31, 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Neither ] nor other criminal organizations regularly use ] to drown their victims. This method is more often used to submerge (already) dead bodies.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://philadelphia.cbslocal.com/2016/05/05/cops-seek-killer-of-man-who-washed-ashore-in-cement-shoes/ |title=Cops seek killer of man who washed ashore in 'cement shoes' |work=CBS 3 Philadelphia |agency=AP |author=Colleen Long |date=May 5, 2016 |access-date=August 11, 2018}}</ref> However, there are at least two cases of the tactic being used: one in 2016 and the other in 1964.<ref> {{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-36215804#:~:text=%22Cement%20shoes%22%20as%20they%20are,was%20a%20known%20gang%20member. |title='Cement shoes' found on NYC corpse |work=BBC |date=May 5, 2016 |access-date=August 5, 2021}}</ref>
* In the United States, a defendant may not have their case dismissed simply because they were not read their ] at the time of their arrest. Miranda warnings cover the rights of a person when they are taken into custody and then ] by law enforcement.<ref>''Miranda v. Arizona'', 384 U.S. 436 (1966)</ref><ref>Imwinkelried and Blinka, ''Criminal Evidentiary Foundations'', 2d ed. (Lexis 2007) {{ISBN|1422417417}} at 620.</ref> If a person is not given a Miranda warning before the interrogation is conducted, statements made by them during the interrogation may not be admissible in a trial. The prosecution may still present other forms of evidence, or statements made during interrogations where the defendant ''was'' read their Miranda rights, to get a conviction.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mirandawarning.org/casedismissedifnotreadmirandarights.html |title=Can a case be dismissed if a person is not read his/her Miranda rights?|work=Patrick Barone |date=September 10, 2021 |access-date=September 10, 2021}}</ref>


=== Law, crime, and military ===
===Literature===
]
* ] for most types of crime, beginning in the mid to late 1980s and early 1990s.<ref name=cj>{{cite journal|last1=Farrell|first1=Graham|last2=Tilley|first2=Nick|last3=Tseloni|first3=Andromachi|title=Why the Crime Drop?|journal=Crime and Justice|date=September 2014|volume=43|issue=1|pages=421–490|doi=10.1086/678081|s2cid=145719976|url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/97466/1/Farrell%20Tilley%20Tseloni%202014%20Why%20the%20Crime%20Drop%20%28C%26J%20vol43%29.pdf|archive-date=December 15, 2021|access-date=October 7, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215225328/https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/97466/1/Farrell%20Tilley%20Tseloni%202014%20Why%20the%20Crime%20Drop%20%28C%26J%20vol43%29.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In Europe, ] show this is part of a broader pattern of crime decline since the late ], with a reversal from the 1960s to the 1980s and 1990s, before the decline continued.<ref name=tonry-1-2>{{Cite journal |url=https://scholarship.law.umn.edu/faculty_articles/511 |last=Tonry |first=Michael |title=Why Crime Rates Are Falling Throughout the Western World, 43 Crime & Just. 1 (2014) |journal=Crime & Just |date=January 2014 |pages=1–2 |archive-date=May 23, 2020 |access-date=October 7, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523194607/https://scholarship.law.umn.edu/faculty_articles/511/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ], between 1993 and 2022, the rate of violent crime per 100,000 people fell by almost 50%, and the rate of property crime fell by more than half.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Gramlich |first=John |date=November 20, 2020 |title=What the data says (and doesn't say) about crime in the United States |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/11/20/facts-about-crime-in-the-u-s/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218051336/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/11/20/facts-about-crime-in-the-u-s/ |archive-date=February 18, 2021 |access-date=February 19, 2021 |website=]}}</ref> The number of gun homicides also decreased.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||date=October 21, 2015 |title=Gun homicides steady after decline in '90s; suicide rate edges up |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/10/21/gun-homicides-steady-after-decline-in-90s-suicide-rate-edges-up/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903161457/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/10/21/gun-homicides-steady-after-decline-in-90s-suicide-rate-edges-up/ |archive-date=September 3, 2019 |access-date=September 4, 2019 |website=]}}</ref>
* Despite parents of many cultures having been regarded as having the right, if not duty, to ] to teach appropriate ] such as by ], many studies consistently find that ] may have the opposite effect in the long run, decreasing long-term ],<ref name=Gershoff2010>{{cite journal |author=Gershoff, Elizabeth T. |date=Spring 2010 |title=More Harm Than Good: A Summary of Scientific Research on the Intended and Unintended Effects of Corporal Punishment on Children |url=http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/lcp/vol73/iss2/3/ |journal=] |publisher=] |volume=73 |issue=2 |pages=31–56 |author-link=Elizabeth Gershoff |archive-date=June 20, 2017 |access-date=December 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620170605/http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/lcp/vol73/iss2/3/ |url-status=live }}</ref> while increasing the chances of ] behavior, ], ], ], and ].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gershoff |first1=Elizabeth T. |last2=Grogan-Kaylor |first2=Andrew |title=Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses |journal=Journal of Family Psychology |date=2016 |doi=10.1037/fam0000191 |pmid=27055181 |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=453–469 |pmc=7992110 |url=http://local.psy.miami.edu/faculty/dmessinger/c_c/rsrcs/rdgs/emot/spanging.meta.2016.jFamPsych.pdf |archive-date=April 18, 2024 |access-date=December 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418063144/https://local.psy.miami.edu/faculty/dmessinger/c_c/rsrcs/rdgs/emot/spanging.meta.2016.jFamPsych.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Afifi">{{cite journal | last1=Afifi | first1=T. O. | last2=Mota | first2=N. P. | last3=Dasiewicz | first3=P. | last4=MacMillan | first4=H. L. | last5=Sareen | first5=J. | title=Physical Punishment and Mental Disorders: Results From a Nationally Representative US Sample | journal=Pediatrics | publisher=American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) | volume=130 | issue=2 | date=2 July 2012 | issn=0031-4005 | doi=10.1542/peds.2011-2947 | pmid=22753561 | pages=184–192| s2cid=21759236 | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gershoff |first=E. T. |title=The strength of the causal evidence against physical punishment of children and its implications for parents, psychologists, and policymakers. |url=https://psycnet.apa.org/manuscript/2018-33351-006.pdf |journal=American Psychologist |date=2018 |volume=73 |issue=5 |pages=626–638 |doi=10.1037/amp0000327 |pmid=29999352 |pmc=8194004 |archive-date=September 23, 2024 |access-date=December 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923102122/https://psycnet.apa.org/manuscript/2018-33351-006.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> (].)
* Chewing gum is not punishable by ] in Singapore. Although importing and selling chewing gum ] since 1992, and ] is still an applicable penalty for certain offenses in the country, the two facts are unrelated; chewing gum-related offenses have always been only subject to fines and incarceration, and the possession or consumption of chewing gum itself is not illegal.<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite web||last=Benedictus |first=Leo |date=March 23, 2015 |title=Gum control: how Lee Kuan Yew kept chewing gum off Singapore's streets |url=http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/shortcuts/2015/mar/23/gum-control-how-lee-kuan-yew-kept-chewing-gum-off-singapores-streets |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210125248/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/shortcuts/2015/mar/23/gum-control-how-lee-kuan-yew-kept-chewing-gum-off-singapores-streets |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=July 9, 2022 |website=] |language=en}}<br />b. {{#invoke:cite journal||last=Rajah |first=Jothie |date=January 1, 2014 |title=Flogging Gum: Cultural Imaginaries and Postcoloniality in Singapore's Rule of Law |url=https://ro.uow.edu.au/ltc/vol18/iss1/10 |url-status=live |journal=Law Text Culture |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=135–165 |doi=10.14453/ltc.558 |issn=1322-9060 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310232148/https://ro.uow.edu.au/ltc/vol18/iss1/10/ |archive-date=March 10, 2023 |access-date=July 9, 2022}}<br />c. {{#invoke:cite web||last=Brown |first=Lauren |date=March 1, 2012 |title=How To Travel In Singapore Without Getting Caned |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/singapore-rules-laws-etiquette-gum-drugs-2012-2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021083211/https://www.businessinsider.com/singapore-rules-laws-etiquette-gum-drugs-2012-2 |archive-date=October 21, 2022 |access-date=July 9, 2022 |website=] |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Employees of the international police organization ] cannot conduct investigations, arrest criminals or use ]s.{{Clarification needed|reason=Are the interpol agents or the criminals the ones with the passports?|date=June 2024}} Interpol's role is facilitating international communication between ] of ]s.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Gilsinan |first=Kathy |date=2014-05-12 |title=Interpol at 100: Does the World's Police Force Work? |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/05/interpol-the-global-police-force-that-isnt/362086/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416134627/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/05/interpol-the-global-police-force-that-isnt/362086/ |archive-date=April 16, 2023 |access-date=2022-04-02 |website=] |language=}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Lee |first=Michael |title=Interpol hopes physical border security will solve virtual borders |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/interpol-hopes-physical-border-security-will-solve-virtual-borders/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129045835/https://www.zdnet.com/article/interpol-hopes-physical-border-security-will-solve-virtual-borders/ |archive-date=January 29, 2023 |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=] |language=en}}</ref>
* No cases have been proven of strangers ] poisons or sharp objects such as razor blades in candy or apples during Halloween trick-or-treating and the belief has been "thoroughly debunked". However, in at least one case, adult family members have spread this story to cover up ].<ref>{{#invoke:cite book||last=Brunvand |first=Jan Harold |author-link=Jan Harold Brunvand |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9xOb-19lXx8C |title=Encyclopedia of Urban Legends |date=2012-01-01 |publisher=] |isbn=978-1-59884-720-8 |page=288 |language=en |access-date=November 10, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121033601/https://books.google.com/books?id=9xOb-19lXx8C |archive-date=January 21, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* There has never been a documented case of ] around Halloween. Where violent deaths of black cats have been documented around Halloween, the death has usually been ascribed to natural predators, such as coyotes, eagles, or raptors.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dcourier.com/main.asp?SectionID=74&SubsectionID=114&ArticleID=86024 |author=Boks, Ed |title=The truth about black cats and Halloween |location=Prescott, Arizona |work=] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322011039/http://www.dcourier.com/main.asp?SectionID=74&SubsectionID=114&ArticleID=86024 |archive-date=2012-03-22 |date=2010-10-06 |access-date=2010-10-10 }}</ref>
* It is not necessary to wait 24 hours before filing a ] report. When there is evidence of violence or of an unusual absence, it is important to start an investigation promptly.<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite news||last1=Sparks |first1=Preston |last2=Cox |first2=Timothy |date=November 17, 2008 |title=Missing persons usually found |url=http://chronicle.augusta.com/stories/2008/11/17/met_483813.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214111833/http://chronicle.augusta.com/stories/2008/11/17/met_483813.shtml |archive-date=December 14, 2013 |access-date=May 21, 2011 |newspaper=]}}
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite web||title=FAQs: Question: Do you need to wait 24&nbsp;hours before reporting a person missing? |url=http://www.missingpersons.gov.au/nmpcc/faqs.aspx#a1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080923232230/http://www.missingpersons.gov.au/nmpcc/faqs.aspx#a1 |archive-date=September 23, 2008 |access-date=May 22, 2011 |publisher=National Missing Persons Coordination Center, ]}}<br />c. {{#invoke:cite web||last=Vongkiatkajorn |first=Kanyakrit |title=NYPD: How The Police Handles Missing Persons Cases |url=https://themissingny.nycitynewsservice.com/part-two/nypd-explainer/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404005845/https://themissingny.nycitynewsservice.com/part-two/nypd-explainer/ |archive-date=April 4, 2023 |access-date=June 25, 2022 |website=]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||date=June 3, 2013 |title=Report or find a missing person |url=https://www.gov.uk/report-missing-person |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122170802/https://www.gov.uk/report-missing-person |archive-date=January 22, 2014 |access-date=August 18, 2013 |website=]}}</ref> Criminology experts say the first 72 hours in a missing person investigation are the most critical.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Why the first 72 hours in a missing persons investigation are the most critical, according to criminology experts |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/72-hours-missing-persons-investigation-critical-criminology-experts/story?id=58292638 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312194816/https://abcnews.go.com/US/72-hours-missing-persons-investigation-critical-criminology-experts/story?id=58292638 |archive-date=March 12, 2023 |access-date=June 11, 2022 |website=]}}</ref>
* ]s, in which a person on trial for a crime is suddenly exonerated by newly introduced revelations, are exceptionally rare in real-life court proceedings, despite their ubiquity in ]. The vast majority of evidence is unveiled in pretrial ]; should new revelations occur, a trial is usually ] until both the prosecution and defense can review it.<ref>{{Bluebook journal|first=Douglas|last=Abrams|title=References to Television Shows in Judicial Opinions and Written Advocacy (Part I)|volume=75|journal=J.Mo.B.|page=25|pin=27|year=2019|url=https://scholarship.law.missouri.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1959&context=facpubs|quote=... ell prepared counsel normally anticipate the course of the trial in the relatively few cases that do not end with pretrial settlement or plea bargain, and because contemporary procedure emphasizes pretrial discovery and favors conferences with the court outside the jury's presence or earshot when surprise does surface.}}</ref>

==== United States ====
]
* Undocumented immigrants in the US have substantially lower ] than US-born citizens.<ref>Immigrants are less likely to commit crimes than U.S.-born Americans, studies find MARCH 8, ALL THINGS CONSIDERED Jasmine Garsd https://www.npr.org/2024/03/08/1237103158/immigrants-are-less-likely-to-commit-crimes-than-us-born-americans-studies-find {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516223924/https://www.npr.org/2024/03/08/1237103158/immigrants-are-less-likely-to-commit-crimes-than-us-born-americans-studies-find |date=May 16, 2024 }}</ref><ref name="Light 2020" /> Compared to undocumented immigrants, US-born citizens are more than twice as likely to be arrested for violent crimes, 2.5 times more likely to be arrested for ], and over 4 times more likely to be arrested for property crimes.<ref name="Light 2020">{{cite journal |last1=Light |first1=Michael T. |last2=He |first2=Jingying |last3=Robey |first3=Jason P. |title=Comparing crime rates between undocumented immigrants, legal immigrants, and native-born US citizens in Texas |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=2020 |volume=117 |issue=51 |pages=32340–32347 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2014704117 |doi-access=free|pmid=33288713 |pmc=7768760 |bibcode=2020PNAS..11732340L }}</ref> Immigrants are 60% less likely to be incarcerated than US-born citizens.<ref>The mythical tie between immigration and crime
Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research (SIEPR) Krysten Crawford July 21, 2023 https://siepr.stanford.edu/news/mythical-tie-between-immigration-and-crime {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521185535/https://siepr.stanford.edu/news/mythical-tie-between-immigration-and-crime |date=May 21, 2024 }}</ref>
* The ] generally prevents only government restrictions on the freedoms of ], ], ], ], or ],<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last1=Willingham |first1=AJ |date=September 6, 2018 |title=The First Amendment doesn't guarantee you the rights you think it does |url=https://www.cnn.com/2017/04/27/politics/first-amendment-explainer-trnd/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301225218/https://www.cnn.com/2017/04/27/politics/first-amendment-explainer-trnd/index.html |archive-date=March 1, 2019 |access-date=March 1, 2019 |work=CNN}}</ref> not restrictions imposed by other entities unless they are ].<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last1=McGregor |first1=Jena |date=August 8, 2017 |title=The Google memo is a reminder that we generally don't have free speech at work |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/on-leadership/wp/2017/08/08/the-google-memo-is-a-reminder-that-we-generally-dont-have-free-speech-at-work/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125155407/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/on-leadership/wp/2017/08/08/the-google-memo-is-a-reminder-that-we-generally-dont-have-free-speech-at-work/ |archive-date=January 25, 2020 |access-date=March 1, 2019 |newspaper=] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last1=Dunn |first1=Christopher |date=April 28, 2009 |title=Column: Applying the Constitution to Private Actors (New York Law Journal) |url=http://www.nyclu.org/oped/column-applying-constitution-private-actors-new-york-law-journal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202234721/http://www.nyclu.org/oped/column-applying-constitution-private-actors-new-york-law-journal |archive-date=December 2, 2013 |access-date=January 27, 2017 |publisher=New York Civil Liberties Union}}</ref> Other laws may limit the ability of private businesses and individuals to restrict the speech of others.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last1=Berman-Gorvine |first1=Martin |date=May 19, 2014 |title=Employer Ability to Silence Employee Speech Narrowing in Private Sector, Attorneys Say |url=https://www.bna.com/employer-ability-silence-n17179890580/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331165028/https://www.bna.com/employer-ability-silence-n17179890580/ |archive-date=March 31, 2019 |access-date=March 1, 2019 |work=Bloomberg BNA}}</ref>
* In the United States, a defendant may not have their case dismissed simply because they were not read their ] at the time of their arrest. Miranda warnings cover the rights of a person when they are taken into custody and then interrogated by law enforcement.<ref>Imwinkelried and Blinka, ''Criminal Evidentiary Foundations'', 2d ed. (Lexis 2007) {{ISBN|978-1-4224-1741-6}} at 620.</ref> If a person is not given a Miranda warning before the interrogation is conducted, statements made by them during the interrogation may not be admissible in a trial. The prosecution may still present other forms of evidence, or statements made during interrogations where the defendant ''was'' read their Miranda rights, to get a conviction.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||date=September 10, 2021 |title=Can a case be dismissed if a person is not read his/her Miranda rights? |url=http://www.mirandawarning.org/casedismissedifnotreadmirandarights.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714054454/http://www.mirandawarning.org/casedismissedifnotreadmirandarights.html |archive-date=July 14, 2022 |access-date=September 10, 2021 |work=Patrick Barone}}</ref>
* The United States does not require police officers to identify themselves as police in the case of a sting or other undercover work, and police officers may lie when engaged in such work.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||date=March 12, 1998 |title=Snopes on Entrapment |url=http://www.snopes.com/risque/hookers/cop.asp |access-date=August 29, 2009 |website=Snopes.com}}</ref> Claiming ] as a defense instead focuses on whether the defendant was improperly induced by undue pressure from government officials to commit crimes they would not have otherwise committed.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last1=Larson |first1=Aaron |title=What is Entrapment |url=https://www.expertlaw.com/library/criminal-law/what-entrapment |website=ExpertLaw |access-date=June 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026002224/https://www.expertlaw.com/library/criminal-law/what-entrapment |archive-date=October 26, 2017 }}</ref>
* It is not illegal in the US to ]. Although this is often given as an example of speech that is not protected by the First Amendment, it is not now nor has it ever been binding law. The phrase originates from Justice ]'s ] in the ] case '']'' in 1919, which held that the defendant's speech in opposition to the draft during World War I was not protected free speech. However, that case was not about shouting "fire" and the decision was later overturned by '']'' in 1969.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Timm |first=Trevor |date=2012-11-02 |title=It's Time to Stop Using the 'Fire in a Crowded Theater' Quote |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2012/11/its-time-to-stop-using-the-fire-in-a-crowded-theater-quote/264449/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815121915/https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2012/11/its-time-to-stop-using-the-fire-in-a-crowded-theater-quote/264449/ |archive-date=August 15, 2023 |access-date=2020-06-20 |website=The Atlantic |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Volokh |first=Eugene |date=2015-05-11 |title=Shouting fire in a crowded theater |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2015/05/11/shouting-fire-in-a-crowded-theater/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320072905/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2015/05/11/shouting-fire-in-a-crowded-theater/ |archive-date=March 20, 2023 |access-date=2020-06-20 |newspaper=Washington Post |language=en}}</ref>
* The US Armed Forces have generally forbidden military enlistment as a form of ] (that is, an option for convicts to avoid jail time) since the 1980s.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||date=May 8, 2012 |title=5 Military Myths Busted |url=https://www.military.com/join-armed-forces/military-myths.html |access-date=June 23, 2024 |website=]}}</ref> US Navy protocols discourage the practice, while the other four branches have specific regulations against it.<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite web||last=Powers |first=Rod |date=November 24, 2019 |title=Can a Judge Order Someone to Join the Military or Go to Jail? |url=https://www.thebalance.com/join-the-military-or-go-to-jail-3354033 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230172616/https://www.thebalance.com/join-the-military-or-go-to-jail-3354033 |archive-date=December 30, 2017 |access-date=December 30, 2017 |website=]}}
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite web||last=Schogol |first=Jeff |date=February 3, 2006 |title=Judge said Army or jail, but military doesn't want him |url=https://www.stripes.com/news/judge-said-army-or-jail-but-military-doesn-t-want-him-1.44417 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230172757/https://www.stripes.com/news/judge-said-army-or-jail-but-military-doesn-t-want-him-1.44417 |archive-date=December 30, 2017 |access-date=December 30, 2017 |website=]}}
<br />c. {{#invoke:cite web||last=Garnett |first=Benjamin |date=January 21, 2022 |title=Guest columnist: Time to join military or go to jail is over |url=https://www.state-journal.com/opinion/guest-columnist-time-to-join-military-or-go-to-jail-is-over/article_4d29ce28-7926-11ec-9399-3389a56455a2.html |access-date=June 23, 2024 |website=]}}</ref>
* ] requests do not have to be fulfilled.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Mikkelson |first=David |date=October 30, 2014 |title=Death Row Inmate Asks for a Child As His Last Meal, Texas DOC Plan to Grant Request? |url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/texas-two-misstep/ |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=]}}</ref> States have various restrictions on what can be requested, up to not permitting them at all.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Beam |first=Christopher |date=November 10, 2009 |title=I'll Have 24 Tacos and the Filet Mignon |url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2009/11/can-a-prisoner-request-anything-for-his-last-meal.html |access-date=June 25, 2024 |work=]}}</ref>
* Although popularly known as the "red telephone", the ] was never a telephone line, nor were red phones used. The first implementation of the hotline used ] equipment, which was replaced by facsimile (fax) machines in 1988. Since 2008, the hotline has been a secure computer link over which the two countries exchange email.<ref name="richardson">Paul E. Richardson, "The hot line (is a Hollywood myth)", in: ''Russian Life'', September/October issue 2009, pp. 50–59.</ref> Moreover, the hotline links the ] to the ], not the ].<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||last=Clavin |first=Tom |title=There Never Was Such a Thing as a Red Phone in the White House |date=June 18, 2013 |journal=] |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/there-never-was-such-a-thing-as-a-red-phone-in-the-white-house-1129598/ |access-date=September 21, 2014 |archive-date=November 10, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110003236/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/there-never-was-such-a-thing-as-a-red-phone-in-the-white-house-1129598/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||date=December 13, 2019 |title=Jimi Hendrix cleared of blame for UK parakeet release |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-50755015 |access-date=June 26, 2024 |work=]}}</ref>
* Likewise, the ], the briefcase used by presidents to launch nuclear attacks, does not contain a ] to launch an attack. Rather, its primary use is to confirm the president's identity, and to facilitate communication with ].<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Kaplan |first=Fred |date=February 11, 2021 |title=How Close Did the Capitol Rioters Get to the Nuclear "Football"? |url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2021/02/nuclear-football-vice-president-pence.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240514011723/https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2021/02/nuclear-football-vice-president-pence.html |archive-date=May 14, 2024 |access-date=June 25, 2024 |work=]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Dobbs |first=Michael |date=October 2014 |title=The Real Story of the "Football" That Follows the President Everywhere |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/real-story-football-follows-president-everywhere-180952779/ |access-date=June 25, 2024 |work=]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Craw |first=Victoria |date=January 4, 2018 |title=The nuclear button: Real or fake news? |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/the-nuclear-button-real-or-fake-news/HTBD2HA4576V6TASNVQQLMCLRE/ |access-date=June 25, 2024 |work=]}}</ref>
* ] were not ] of San Francisco mayor ]'s and supervisor ]'s murders. In the trial of ], the defense successfully argued White's diminished capacity as a result of depression. While eating Twinkies was cited as evidence of this depression, it was never claimed to be the cause of the murders.<ref name="Twinkie">{{#invoke:cite news||first=Carol |last=Pogash |title=Myth of the 'Twinkie defense' |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2003/11/23/INGRE343501.DTL |newspaper=] |page=D-1 |date=November 23, 2003 |access-date=March 20, 2007 |archive-date=June 11, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611032604/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2003%2F11%2F23%2FINGRE343501.DTL |url-status=live |quote=The "Twinkie defense" is so ingrained in our culture that it appears in law dictionaries, in sociology textbooks, in college exams and in more than 2, 800 references on Google. Only a few of them call it what it is: a myth.}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Mikkelson |first=David |date=October 30, 1999 |title=The Twinkie Defense: Debunking the Myths and Misinformation |url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/the-twinkie-defense/ |access-date=June 18, 2024 |quote="Twinkie defense" is now a widespread and commonly-recognized term. It is also a term based on something that never happened.}}</ref>
* Neither the ] nor other criminal organizations regularly use or have used ] to drown their victims.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||author=Colleen Long |date=May 5, 2016 |title=Cops seek killer of man who washed ashore in 'cement shoes' |url=https://philadelphia.cbslocal.com/2016/05/05/cops-seek-killer-of-man-who-washed-ashore-in-cement-shoes/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518100829/https://philadelphia.cbslocal.com/2016/05/05/cops-seek-killer-of-man-who-washed-ashore-in-cement-shoes/ |archive-date=May 18, 2022 |access-date=August 11, 2018 |work=] |agency=]}}</ref> There are only two documented cases of this method being used in murders: one in 1964 and one in 2016 (although, in the former, ] had concrete blocks tied to his legs rather than being enclosed in cement).<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||date=May 5, 2016 |title='Cement shoes' found on NYC corpse |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-36215804#:~:text=%22Cement%20shoes%22%20as%20they%20are,was%20a%20known%20gang%20member. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403234806/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-36215804#:~:text=%22Cement%20shoes%22%20as%20they%20are,was%20a%20known%20gang%20member. |archive-date=April 3, 2023 |access-date=August 5, 2021 |work=]}}</ref> The French Army did use cement shoes on Algerians killed in ] during the ].<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||date=November 20, 2012 |title=Après deux ans de polémique, l'État "enterre" le général Bigeard |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/20121120-polemique-cendres-encore-brulantes-general-bigeard-reposeront-frejus-algerie-torture-indochine |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706010636/http://www.france24.com/fr/20121120-polemique-cendres-encore-brulantes-general-bigeard-reposeront-frejus-algerie-torture-indochine |archive-date=July 6, 2022 |access-date=June 25, 2022 |website=] |language=fr}}</ref>
* Embalming is not legally required in the United States.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Mikkelson |first=Barbara |date=June 9, 1999 |title=Have People Been Buried Alive? |url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/just-dying-to-get-out/ |website=]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||last=Slominski |first=Elena |date=August 29, 2023 |title=Life of the death system: shifting regimes, evolving practices, and the rise of eco-funerals |journal=Sustainability: Science, Practice and Policy |volume=19 |issue=1 |page=7 |doi=10.1080/15487733.2023.2243779 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2023SSPP...1943779S }}</ref> The ] passed a rule in 1984 forbidding making this claim, to prevent the funeral industry from promoting the misconception for financial gain.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Chiappelli |first1=Jeremiah |last2=Chiappelli |first2=Ted |date=December 2008 |title=Drinking Grandma: The Problem of Embalming |journal=Journal of Environmental Health |volume=71 |issue=5 |pages=25–26 |jstor=26327817 |pmid=19115720 }}</ref>

=== Literature ===
{{Main|q:Misquotations|l1 = Wikiquote:Misquotations}} {{Main|q:Misquotations|l1 = Wikiquote:Misquotations}}
* Many ]s are incorrect or attributed to people who never uttered them, and quotations from obscure or unknown authors are often attributed to more famous figures. Commonly misquoted individuals include ], ], ], ], ], ], and the ].<ref> * Many quotations are incorrect or attributed to people who never uttered them, and quotations from obscure or unknown authors are often attributed to more famous figures. Commonly misquoted individuals include ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and the ].<ref>{{#invoke:cite book||last1=Knowles |first1=Elizabeth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jxFQqDLav6wC |title=What They Didn't Say: A Book of Misquotations |date=October 26, 2006 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-150054-1 |language=en |access-date=January 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523005717/https://books.google.com/books?id=jxFQqDLav6wC |archive-date=May 23, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* ]'s 1818 novel '']'' is named after the fictional scientist ], who created the sapient creature in the novel, not the creature itself, which is never named in the novel and is now usually called ].<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||date=September 12, 2018 |title=200th anniversary of Mary Shelley's Frankenstein |url=https://anulib.anu.edu.au/news-events/news/200th-anniversary-mary-shelleys-frankenstein |access-date=June 22, 2024 |work=]}}</ref> However, as later adaptations started to refer to the monster itself as Frankenstein, this usage became well-established, and some no longer regard it as erroneous.<ref name=Evans>{{#invoke:cite book||last=Evans|first=Bergen|author-link=Bergen Evans|title=Comfortable Words|quote=All dictionaries now recognize "a Frankenstein" as any monstrous creation that threatens to destroy its creator.|url=https://archive.org/details/comfortablewords00evan|url-access=registration|date=1962|location=New York City|publisher=]}}</ref><ref name=Garner>{{#invoke:cite book||last=Garner|first=Bryan A.|title=A dictionary of modern American usage|date=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-507853-4|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofmode00garn |quote=Today this ubiquitous usage must be accepted as standard}}</ref>
See ''A Book of Misquotations'', edited by Elizabeth Knowles, Oxford University Press, 2006.</ref>
* ] did not author the ] story "]".<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Haglund |first=David |date=January 31, 2013 |title=Did Hemingway Really Write His Famous Six-Word Story? |url=https://slate.com/culture/2013/01/for-sale-baby-shoes-never-worn-hemingway-probably-did-not-write-the-famous-six-word-story.html |access-date=June 23, 2024 |website=]}}</ref> The story was not attributed to him until decades after he died.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Churchwell |first=Sarah |date=June 23, 2019 |title=For sale, baby shoes, never worn — the myth of Ernest Hemingway's short story |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/for-sale-baby-shoes-never-worn-the-myth-of-ernest-hemingways-short-story-pws8jz6qh |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405045819/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/for-sale-baby-shoes-never-worn-the-myth-of-ernest-hemingways-short-story-pws8jz6qh |archive-date=April 5, 2023 |access-date=April 5, 2023 |website=The Times}}</ref>
* ]'s 1818 novel '']'' is named after the scientist, ], who created the sapient creature in the novel, not the creature itself, which is never named and is called ]. However, as later adaptations started to refer to the monster itself as Frankenstein, this usage became well-established and some do not consider it erroneous any more.<ref name=Evans>{{cite book|last=Evans|first=Bergen|author-link=Bergen Evans|title=Comfortable Words|url=https://archive.org/details/comfortablewords00evan|url-access=registration|date=1962|location=New York City|publisher=]}}</ref><ref name=Garner>{{cite book|last=Garner|first=Bryan A.|title=A dictionary of modern American usage|date=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0195078534|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofmode00garn}}</ref>


===Music=== === Fine arts ===
]
{{see also|Mondegreen#In songs}}
* ] and ]s were ]; they appear white today only because the original pigments have deteriorated. Some well-preserved statues still bear traces of their original coloration.<ref name="Brinkmann2008">a. {{#invoke:cite book||chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2gQesgryr8oC&q=ancient+Greek+sculptures+were+actually+brightly+painted|title=The Color of Life: Polychromy in Sculpture from Antiquity to the Present|last=Brinkmann|first=Vinzenz|date=2008|publisher=The J. Paul Getty Museum and the Getty Research Institute|isbn=978-0-89236-918-8|editor1-last=Panzanelli|editor1-first=Roberta|location=Los Angeles|pages=18–39|chapter=The Polychromy of Ancient Greek Sculpture|author-link=Vinzenz Brinkmann|editor2-last=Schmidt|editor2-first=Eike D.|editor3-last=Lapatin|editor3-first=Kenneth}} <br />b. {{#invoke:cite web||last1=Gurewitsch |first1=Matthew |date=July 2008 |title=True Colors: Archaeologist Vinzenz Brinkmann insists his eye-popping reproductions of ancient Greek sculptures are right on target |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/true-colors-17888/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726002059/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/true-colors-17888/ |archive-date=July 26, 2020 |access-date=May 15, 2018 |website=Smithsonian.com |publisher=Smithsonian Institution}} <br />c. {{#invoke:cite news||last1=Prisco |first1=Jacopo |date=November 30, 2017 |title='Gods in Color' returns antiquities to their original, colorful grandeur |url=https://www.cnn.com/style/article/gods-in-color-ancient-world-polychromy/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617005937/https://www.cnn.com/style/article/gods-in-color-ancient-world-polychromy/index.html |archive-date=June 17, 2022 |access-date=May 15, 2018 |work=CNN style}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Talbot |first=Margaret |date=October 22, 2018 |title=The Myth of Whiteness in Classical Sculpture |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/10/29/the-myth-of-whiteness-in-classical-sculpture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411213143/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/10/29/the-myth-of-whiteness-in-classical-sculpture |archive-date=April 11, 2023 |access-date=May 12, 2020 |magazine=The New Yorker |language=en}}</ref>
* ] is far more common than the oft-cited 1 in 10,000 people.<ref name="Bachem, 1955">{{cite journal |last1=Bachem |first1=A. |title=Absolute Pitch |journal=The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America|date=November 1955 |volume=27 |issue=6 |page=1180 |doi=10.1121/1.1908155|bibcode=1955ASAJ...27.1180B }}</ref> Its prevalence has been estimated at as high as 1 in 25 people.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Carden|first1=Jill|last2=Cline|first2=Tony|date=July 9, 2019|title=Absolute pitch: Myths, evidence and relevance to music education and performance|journal=Psychology of Music|volume=47|issue=6|language=en-US|pages=890–901|doi=10.1177/0305735619856098|s2cid=199149622|issn=0305-7356}}</ref>
* ] stood up rather than lay down on scaffolding while painting the ] of the ].<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Whiddington |first=Richard |date=February 20, 2024 |title=Art Bites: Michelangelo's Poem About How Much It Sucked to Paint the Sistine Chapel |url=https://news.artnet.com/art-world-archives/art-bites-michelangelo-sistine-chapel-poem-2435098 |access-date=June 25, 2024 |work=]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Michelangelo |url=https://www.thesistinechapel.org/michelangelo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509010714/https://www.thesistinechapel.org/michelangelo |archive-date=May 9, 2024 |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=thesistinechapel.org}}</ref>
* The 1930 painting '']'' depicts a father and adult daughter, not a husband and wife.<ref name="Slate">Fineman, Mia (June 8, 2005). " {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206120013/http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/art/2005/06/the_most_famous_farm_couple_in_the_world.html |date=December 6, 2018 }}". '']''.</ref><ref name="ArtInstituteChicago">{{#invoke:cite web||title=About This Artwork: American Gothic|url=http://www.artic.edu/aic/collections/artwork/6565|publisher=The Art Institute of Chicago|access-date=June 20, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528093948/http://www.artic.edu/aic/collections/artwork/6565|archive-date=28 May 2010|url-status=live}}</ref>


====Classical music==== === Music ===
{{See also|Mondegreen#In songs}}
* The melody of "]", the "]", and "]" was not composed by ] when he was 5 years old; it was already a popular French ] song when he composed ] at 25 or 26 years old.<ref>
{{cite web |url=http://classicalmusic.about.com/od/classicalmusic101/qt/mozart_nursery_rhymes.htm |title=Mozart nursery rhymes| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140412120344/http://classicalmusic.about.com/od/classicalmusic101/qt/mozart_nursery_rhymes.htm | archive-date = April 12, 2014| url-status=live}}</ref>
* Mozart was not ]. During his life, ] was not part of the ], but an essentially sovereign state called the ] within the ] of the ]. It was only in 1805, 14 years after his death, that Salzburg was annexed to the ].<ref>
a. Beales (2006a, 30)
<br />b. See "]" for further reading.</ref>
* ], and was not poisoned by his colleague ] or anyone else.<ref>
{{harvnb|Solomon|1995|p=587}}</ref> The false rumor originated soon after Salieri's death, and was dramatized in ]'s play '']''.<ref>
{{cite web|url=https://www.classicfm.com/composers/mozart/guides/did-salieri-murder-mozart-mythbuster/|title=Was Mozart actually poisoned by Salieri?|website=Classic fm|access-date=April 12, 2021}}</ref> The 1984 film '']'' also suggested Salieri's involvement in Mozart's death, but he was not shown to use poison.<ref>
{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/amadeus|title=Amadeus Movie Reviews, Pictures|website=Rotten Tomatoes|access-date=October 18, 2019}}</ref>
* The ] by ] is commonly attributed to ], although the piece was identified in the 1970s as a ] from a ] ] by Petzold. The misconception stems from '']'', a book of ] by various composers (mostly Bach) in which the ] is found.<ref>
a. {{Cite Grove |last=Wolff |first=Christoph |title=Bach. III. 7. Johann Sebastian Bach. Works}}
<br />b. {{cite book|last=Williams|first=Peter F.|year=2007|title=J.S. Bach: A Life in Music|page=158|publisher= ]}}
<br />c. {{cite book|last=Schulenberg|first=David|year=2006|title=The Keyboard Music of J.S. Bach|page=448}}
<br />d. {{cite journal|last=Schulze|first=Hans-Joachim|author-link=Hans-Joachim Schulze|title=Ein 'Dresdner Menuett' im zweiten Klavierbüchlein der Anna Magdalena Bach. Nebst Hinweisen zur Überlieferung einiger Kammermusikwerke Bachs.|journal=]|volume=65|year=1979|pages=45-64, 54-58, 64|doi=10.13141/bjb.v19791376}}</ref> Compositions that are doubtful as works of Bach are catalogued as "]", short for "] Anhang" ("Bach works catalogue annex"); the minuet is assigned to BWV Anh. 114.
* The "]" takes, on average, two minutes to play as originally written.<ref>
{{cite book
|author1=Frédéric Chopin
|author2=Joseph Banowetz
|title=Piano works
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0jQ5lDhToBQC&pg=PR6
|access-date=2 October 2010
|year= 2000
|publisher=Alfred Music Publishing
|isbn=978-0769298542
|page=6}}</ref> Its name comes from the adjective ''minute'', meaning 'small', and not the noun ].<ref name="Hinson2004">{{cite book
|author=Maurice Hinson
|title=The Pianist's Dictionary
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ov6znsHlhboC&pg=PA114
|access-date=2 October 2010
|year=2004
|publisher=Indiana University Press
|isbn=978-0253216823
|page=114
|quote=This piece bears an erroneous nickname since the story long associated with this nickname presumes the pianist is supposed to play the piece in one minute. The word "minute" means small or little waltz.}}</ref>


====Popular music==== ==== Classical music ====
* The ] ] was not banned by the Catholic Church and was not associated with devils during the Middle Ages.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Sorensen |first=Jon |date=February 10, 2014 |title=Did the Vatican Outlaw "The Devil In Music?" |url=https://www.catholic.com/magazine/online-edition/did-the-vatican-outlaw-the-devil-in-music |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708145933/https://www.catholic.com/magazine/online-edition/did-the-vatican-outlaw-the-devil-in-music |archive-date=July 8, 2022 |access-date=July 8, 2022 |website=]}}</ref>{{sfn|Smith|1979|pp=69–70}} Early medieval music used the tritone in Gregorian chant for certain modes.<ref name="Grove">{{cite encyclopedia |year=2001 |title=Tritone |encyclopedia=] |publisher=] |location=Oxford |url=https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000028403 |last=Drabkin |first=William |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.28403 |isbn=978-1-56159-263-0 |url-access=subscription |access-date=May 23, 2024 |archive-date=May 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523005715/https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/display/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000028403 |url-status=live}} {{Grove Music subscription}}</ref> ] ({{circa|991|1033}}) was the first theorist to discourage the interval.<ref name="Grove" />
* "]" is not the ] of ], but an original composition created for the musical '']''.<ref>November 7, 2006. {{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2006/07_july/11/maria_facts.shtml|title=How Do You Solve a Problem Like Maria?|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427083144/http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2006/07_july/11/maria_facts.shtml|archive-date=April 27, 2014|url-status=live}} BBC.</ref> The Austrian national anthem is "]" ("Land of the Mountains, Land on the River").<ref name="Vilain2010">{{cite book|last=Vilain|first=Robert|author-link=Robert Vilain|title=Words and Music|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9gNrhgXpPyYC&pg=PA24|year=2010|publisher=MHRA|isbn=978-1907322082|pages=24, 28}}</ref> The ] is also Austria's state flower.
* ], and was not poisoned by his colleague ] or anyone else.{{sfn|Solomon|1995|p=587}} The rumor originated soon after Salieri's death and was dramatized in ]'s play '']'' (1832), and later in the 1979 play '']'' by ] and the subsequent 1984 film '']''.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Was Mozart actually poisoned by Salieri? |url=https://www.classicfm.com/composers/mozart/guides/did-salieri-murder-mozart-mythbuster/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403230244/https://www.classicfm.com/composers/mozart/guides/did-salieri-murder-mozart-mythbuster/ |archive-date=April 3, 2023 |access-date=April 12, 2021 |website=Classic fm}}</ref>
* ] were not always replaced by ]s on the backing tracks for their early studio recordings. The band members played on virtually all of their hits from the early 1960s.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Orme|first1=Mike|title=Pacific Ocean Blue: Legacy Edition|url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/11943-pacific-ocean-blue-legacy-edition/|website=]|date=July 8, 2008}}</ref>
* The ] by ] is commonly attributed to ], although the piece was identified in the 1970s as a movement from a harpsichord suite by Petzold. The misconception stems from '']'', a book of sheet music by various composers (mostly Bach) in which the minuet is found.<ref>a. {{Cite Grove |last=Wolff |first=Christoph |title=Bach. III. 7. Johann Sebastian Bach. Works}}
* The ] was not singlehandedly to blame for the destruction of American popular music upon the first wave of ] in 1964. Only one act, ], had no other factors in its decline; most others either continued or increased their popularity (], ], and artists signed to ]), were already seeing diminishing returns in 1963 even before the Invasion began (] bands other than the Beach Boys, ] acts), or had other complicating factors in their decline (acts signed to ] were affected by the loss of '']'', while ] had moved on to a movie career).<ref name=americasradiostars>{{cite web|url=https://radioinsight.com/ross/202078/did-the-beatles-kill-americas-radio-stars/|title=Did the Beatles kill America's radio stars?|first=Ken|last=Barnes|work=Radio Insight|date=February 9, 2021|access-date=February 20, 2021}}</ref>
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite book||last=Williams |first=Peter F. |title=J.S. Bach: A Life in Music |publisher=] |year=2007 |page=158}}
* ]' 1965 appearance at ] was not the first time that a rock concert was played at a large, outdoor sports stadium in the U.S. Such venues were employed by ] in the 1950s and the Beatles themselves in 1964.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p9f9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT208|title = The New York Mets in Popular Culture: Critical Essays|isbn = 978-1476680101|last1 = Krell|first1 = David|year=2020}}</ref>
<br />c. {{#invoke:cite book||last=Schulenberg |first=David |title=The Keyboard Music of J.S. Bach |year=2006 |page=448}}
* The Beatles were not the first to experiment with sounds processed through a ].<ref>{{cite book|last=Everett|first=Walter|title=The Foundations of Rock: From "Blue Suede Shoes" to "Suite: Judy Blue Eyes"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PH88DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA52|date= 2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=US|isbn=978-0195310238|page=52}}</ref>
<br />d. {{#invoke:cite journal||last=Schulze |first=Hans-Joachim |author-link=Hans-Joachim Schulze |year=1979 |title=Ein 'Dresdner Menuett' im zweiten Klavierbüchlein der Anna Magdalena Bach. Nebst Hinweisen zur Überlieferung einiger Kammermusikwerke Bachs. |journal=] |volume=65 |pages=45-64, 54-58, 64 |doi=10.13141/bjb.v19791376}}</ref> Compositions that are doubtful as works of Bach are cataloged as "]", short for "] Anhang" ("Bach works catalogue annex"); the minuet is assigned to BWV Anh. 114.
* The ] were not performing "]" at the 1969 ] when ] was stabbed to death by a member of the local ] chapter that was serving as security. While the incident that culminated in Hunter's death began while the band was performing the song, prompting a brief interruption before the Stones finished it, it concluded several songs later as the band was performing "]".<ref>
* ] or classical music does not enhance intelligence (or ]). A study from 1993 reported a short-term improvement in ].<ref name="Rauscher-Shaw-Ky-1993">{{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Rauscher|first1=Frances H.|last2=Shaw|first2=Gordon L.|last3=Ky|first3=Catherine N.|year=1993|title=Music and spatial task performance|url=http://www.uwosh.edu/psychology/faculty-and-staff/frances-rauscher-ph.d/Rauscher_ShawKy_1993.pdf/view|journal=]|volume=365|issue=6447|page=611|doi=10.1038/365611a0|pmid=8413624|bibcode=1993Natur.365..611R|s2cid=1385692|access-date=May 23, 2024|archive-date=January 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123151744/https://www.uwosh.edu/psychology/faculty-and-staff/frances-rauscher-ph.d/Rauscher_ShawKy_1993.pdf/view}}</ref><ref name="pryse-phillips">{{#invoke:cite book||title=Companion to Clinical Neurology |author=William Pryse-Phillips |year=2003 |isbn=0-19-515938-1 |publisher=Oxford University Press}}, p. 611 defines the term as "Slight and transient improvement in spational reasoning skills detected in normal subjects as a result of exposure to the music of Mozart, specifically his sonata for two pianos (K448)."</ref> However, the weight of subsequent evidence supports either a null effect or short-term effects related to increases in mood and arousal, with mixed results published after the initial report in ''Nature''.<ref name="bridgett">{{#invoke:cite journal||title=Effects of listening to Mozart and Bach on the performance of a mathematical test |pmid=10939064|author1=Bridgett, D.J. |author2=Cuevas, J.|journal=Perceptual and Motor Skills |volume=90|issue=3 Pt 2|year=2000 |pages=1171–1175 |doi=10.2466/pms.2000.90.3c.1171|s2cid=35762220}}</ref><ref name="thompson">{{#invoke:cite journal||author1=Thompson, W.F. |author2=Schellenberg, E.G. |author3=Husain, G. |title=Arousal, mood, and the Mozart effect |journal=Psychological Science |volume=12|issue=3|pages=248–251 |pmid=11437309|year=2001|doi=10.1111/1467-9280.00345 |s2cid=17641225}}</ref><ref name="JonesWest2006">{{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Jones|first1=Martin H.|last2=West |first2=Stephen D.|last3=Estell|first3=David B. |title=The Mozart effect: Arousal, preference, and spatial performance |journal=Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts |volume=S|issue=1|year=2006|pages=26–32|doi=10.1037/1931-3896.S.1.26}}</ref><ref name="Steele2000">{{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Steele |first1=Kenneth M.|title=Arousal and mood factors in the "Mozart effect"|journal=Perceptual and Motor Skills|volume=91|issue=1 |year=2000|pages=188–190 |doi=10.2466/pms.2000.91.1.188|pmid=11011888|s2cid=21977655 |url=http://www1.appstate.edu/~kms//documents/Arousal.pdf |access-date=2015-11-04|archive-date=2017-01-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106155327/http://www1.appstate.edu/~kms/documents/Arousal.pdf}}</ref>
a. {{cite web|last=Cruickshank |first=Douglas |title=Sympathy for the Devil |website=Salon.com |date=January 14, 2002 |url=http://www.salon.com/2002/01/14/sympathy/ |access-date=June 25, 2006|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303203823/http://www.salon.com/2002/01/14/sympathy/ | archive-date = March 3, 2016|url-status=live}}
{{Listen
<br />b. {{cite web |last=Zentgraf |first=Nico |title=The Complete Works of the Rolling Stones 1962–2008 |url=http://www.nzentgraf.de/books/tcw/works1.htm |access-date=February 23, 2008 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/66TBnfczo?url=http://www.nzentgraf.de/books/tcw/works1.htm |archive-date=March 27, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The misconception arose from mistaken reporting in '']''.<ref>
| filename = en-us-minute-adjective.ogg
{{cite web |last=Burks |first=John |title=Rock & Roll's Worst Day |work=Rolling Stone |date=February 7, 1970 |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/5934386/rock__rolls_worst_day |access-date=September 13, 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090422123137/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/5934386/rock__rolls_worst_day | archive-date = April 22, 2009| url-status=dead}}</ref>
| title = Minute Waltz
* ] did not sing his 1981 hit "]" about witnessing someone drowning and then confronting the person in the audience who let it happen. According to Collins himself, it was about his emotions when divorcing from his first wife.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/in-the-air-tonight/|title=Fact Check: In the Air Tonight|website=Snopes.com}}</ref>
| description = Pronunciation of ''minute'' in "Minute Waltz"
* "]", written and sung by ], is commonly believed to be sung by the reggae musician ], but the song was written seven years after Marley died.<ref name="stereogum.com"/> "]," which Marley did write, includes a similar line: "don't worry about a thing, every little thing's gonna be all right."<ref>
| type = speech
{{cite web |title=Bob Marley – Three Little Birds Lyrics |url=https://www.metrolyrics.com/three-little-birds-lyrics-bob-marley.html |website=] |language=en}}</ref>
| pos = right
}}
* The "]" takes, on average, two minutes to play as originally written.<ref>{{#invoke:cite book||author1=Frédéric Chopin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0jQ5lDhToBQC&pg=PR6 |title=Piano works |author2=Joseph Banowetz |publisher=Alfred Music Publishing |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-7692-9854-2 |page=6 |access-date=October 2, 2010}}</ref> Its name comes from the adjective '']'', meaning "small", and not the noun spelled the same.<ref name="Hinson2004">{{#invoke:cite book||author=Maurice Hinson|title=The Pianist's Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ov6znsHlhboC&pg=PA114|access-date=October 2, 2010|year=2004|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-21682-3|page=114|quote=This piece bears an erroneous nickname since the story long associated with this nickname presumes the pianist is supposed to play the piece in one minute. The word "minute" means small or little waltz.}}</ref>


===Religion=== ==== Popular music ====
* "]" is not the national anthem of Austria, but an original composition created for the 1959 musical '']''.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=How Do You Solve a Problem Like Maria? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2006/07_july/11/maria_facts.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427083144/http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2006/07_july/11/maria_facts.shtml |archive-date=April 27, 2014}} BBC.</ref> The Austrian national anthem is "]" ("Land of the Mountains, Land on the River ]]").<ref name="Vilain2010">{{#invoke:cite book||last=Vilain|first=Robert|author-link=Robert Vilain|title=Words and Music|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9gNrhgXpPyYC&pg=PA24|year=2010|publisher=MHRA|isbn=978-1-907322-08-2|pages=24, 28|access-date=May 14, 2017|archive-date=January 21, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121033602/https://books.google.com/books?id=9gNrhgXpPyYC&pg=PA24|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Not all religions teach that ] in the Western sense. For example, ] and ] do not have a creator god and ] has no creed at all.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.learnreligions.com/are-there-any-atheistic-religions-248415|title=Are there Any Atheistic Religions?|first1=Princeton University|last1=M. A.|first2=University of Pennsylvania|last2=B. A.|website=Learn Religions}}</ref>
* ]' 1965 appearance at ] was not the first time that a rock concert was played at a large, outdoor sports stadium in the United States; such venues were employed by ] in the 1950s and the Beatles themselves in 1964.<ref>{{#invoke:cite book||last1=Krell |first1=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p9f9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT208 |title=The New York Mets in Popular Culture: Critical Essays |publisher=McFarland |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-4766-8010-1 |access-date=May 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523005712/https://books.google.com/books?id=p9f9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT208#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=May 23, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* ] did not outsell the Beatles' and ]' combined record sales in 1967. ] originated the claim in a 1977 interview as a prank.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||date=September 18, 2017 |title=In 1977 Mike Nesmith Fooled the World: When The Monkees Sold More Records Than The Beatles and Rolling Stones Combined |url=https://flashbak.com/in-1977-mike-nesmith-fooled-the-world-when-the-monkees-sold-more-records-than-the-beatles-and-rolling-stones-combined-386535/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620102100/https://flashbak.com/in-1977-mike-nesmith-fooled-the-world-when-the-monkees-sold-more-records-than-the-beatles-and-rolling-stones-combined-386535/ |archive-date=June 20, 2018 |access-date=November 9, 2017 |work=Flashbak |language=en-US}}</ref>
* ] were not performing "]" at the 1969 ] when ] was stabbed to death by a member of the local ] chapter that was serving as security. The stabbing occurred later as the band was performing "]".<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Cruickshank |first=Douglas |date=January 14, 2002 |title=Sympathy for the Devil |url=http://www.salon.com/2002/01/14/sympathy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303203823/http://www.salon.com/2002/01/14/sympathy/ |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |access-date=June 25, 2006 |website=Salon.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Burks |first=John |date=February 7, 1970 |title=Rock & Roll's Worst Day |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/5934386/rock__rolls_worst_day |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422123137/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/5934386/rock__rolls_worst_day |archive-date=April 22, 2009 |access-date=September 13, 2008 |magazine=Rolling Stone}}</ref>
* ]s did not begin with rock music in the 1960s. The format had already been employed by singers such as ] in the 1940s and 1950s.<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite book||last=Elicker |first=Martina |title=Word and Music Studies: Essays on the Song Cycle and on Defining the Field |publisher=Rodopi |year=2001 |isbn=978-90-420-1565-4 |pages=231–234 |chapter=Concept Albums: Song Cycles in Popular Music |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tVPFUS7FIAQC&pg=PA227}}


b. {{#invoke:cite book||last=McKnight-Trontz |first=Jennifer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SRvQ8odl3RYC |title=Exotiquarium: Album Art from the Space Age |publisher=St. Martin's Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-312-20133-3}}
====Christianity====
* ] ] on any date corresponding to ], the date on which ] is traditionally celebrated as ]. It is more likely that his birth was in either the season of ] or perhaps ], while December 25 in the ] is at the beginning of ]. Also, although the ] ostensibly counts the years since his birth,<ref>
{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BW_1mt4oebQC&q=jesus+birth+year+before&pg=PA686 |title=The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia |first=Geoffrey W. |last=Bromiley |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |year=1995 |isbn= 978-0802837813 |access-date=2011-05-18}}</ref> it is unlikely that he was born in either ] or ], as such a numbering system would imply. Modern historians estimate a date closer to between ] and ].<ref name="JDG324">{{Cite book |last=Dunn |first=James DG |year=2003 |title=Jesus Remembered |url=https://archive.org/details/jesusrememberedc00jame |url-access=limited |publisher=Eerdmans Publishing |page=}}</ref>
* The ] does not say that exactly three ] came to visit the baby Jesus, nor that they were kings, or rode on camels, or that their names were Casper, Melchior, and Balthazar, nor what color their skin was. Three magi are inferred because three gifts are described, but the Bible says only that there was more than one;<ref>{{Cite web|title=Matthew 2:1–2|url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew%202%3A1-2&version=NRSV|access-date=2021-06-02|website=Bible Gateway|language=en}}</ref> still, ] have almost always depicted three magi since the 3rd century.<ref>
{{cite book|title=Iconography of Christian Art (English translation from German)|date=1971|volume=I|author=Schiller, G.|isbn=978-0853312703|page=96}}</ref> The Bible only specifies an upper limit of 2 years for the interval between the birth and the visit ({{bibleverse||Matthew|2:16}}{{primary-source inline|date=May 2021}}), and artistic depictions and the closeness of the traditional dates of December 25 and January 6 encourage the popular assumption that the visit took place in the same season as the birth, but later traditions varied, with the visit taken as occurring up to two years later.<ref>Schiller, Gertud, ''Iconography of Christian Art, Vol. I'', p. 96, 1971 (English trans from German), Lund Humphries, London, {{ISBN|0853312702}}</ref> The association of magi with kings comes from efforts to tie the visit to prophecies in the ].<ref>Bart D. Ehrman, ''The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings'', 1999 {{ISBN|0195126394}} p. 109</ref>{{failed verification|No mention of magi being associated with kings at all in Ehrman|date=May 2021}}
] having been a prostitute.<ref name="Ehrman2006">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tlvgp7WggvEC&q=Ehrman+%22to+you+as+apostles%22&pg=PA253|title=Peter, Paul, and Mary Magdalene: The Followers of Jesus in History and Legend|last=Ehrman|first=Bart D.|date=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0195300130|location=Oxford, England|pages=189–90|author-link=Bart D. Ehrman}}</ref>]]
* The idea that ] was a prostitute before she met Jesus is not found in the Bible or in any of the other earliest Christian writings. The misconception likely arose due to a conflation between Mary Magdalene, ] (who ] in {{bibleverse||John|11:1–12|9}}), and the unnamed "sinful woman" who anoints Jesus's feet in {{bibleverse||Luke|7:36–50|9}}.<ref name="Ehrman2006"/>
* ] did not change his name from Saul. He was born a Jew, with Roman citizenship inherited from his father, and thus carried both a Hebrew and a Greco-Roman name from birth. ] indicates the coexistence of the names in {{Bibleref2|Acts|13:9}}: "...Saul, who also is called Paul...".<ref>
a. {{cite book|last1=Marrow|first1=Stanley B.|title=Paul: His Letters and His Theology : an Introduction to Paul's Epistles|year=1986|publisher=Paulist Press|isbn=978-0809127443|pages=5, 7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RPu1qx50HmgC&pg=PA5}}
<br />b. {{cite web|title=Why did God change Saul's name to Paul?|url=http://www.catholic.com/quickquestions/why-did-god-change-sauls-name-to-paul|website=Catholic Answers|access-date=August 31, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030000303/http://www.catholic.com/quickquestions/why-did-god-change-sauls-name-to-paul|archive-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref>
* The Roman Catholic dogma of the ] does not state that ] or his mother ] was ]. Rather, it states that Mary was not in a state of ] from the moment of her own conception.<ref>
{{cite web|title=Religion & Ethics – Beliefs: The Immaculate Conception|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/beliefs/immaculateconception.shtml|date=2009|publisher=BBC|access-date=January 5, 2011|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120124033136/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/beliefs/immaculateconception.shtml | archive-date = January 24, 2012| url-status=live}}</ref>
* Roman Catholic ] does not say that the pope is either ] or always infallible.<ref>
a. {{cite web|url= http://www.catholicbasictraining.com/apologetics/coursetexts/4i.htm|title= Infallibility versus Impeccability|last=Rafe|first=Simon|work=Saint Michael's Basic Training: Apologetics|access-date=June 17, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427082422/http://forums.catholic.com/showthread.php?t=27151&highlight=impeccable|archive-date=April 27, 2014|url-status= dead|df=mdy}}
<br />b. {{cite web|url=http://www.davidmacd.com/catholic/orthodox/pope_bishop_of_rome_primacy.htm#sinless|title =Is the Pope Sinless?|last1=MacDonald|first1=David|last2= Bonocore|first2=Mark|work=The Pope, Bishop of Rome Catholic and Orthodox relations|publisher=CatholicBridge.com|access-date=June 17, 2011|url-status =dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615202522/http://www.davidmacd.com/catholic/orthodox/pope_bishop_of_rome_primacy.htm#sinless|archive-date=June 15, 2011|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Catholic dogma since 1870 does state that a dogmatic teaching contained in ] that is ] by the pope (deliberately, and under certain very specific circumstances; generally called '']'') is free from error, although official invocation of ]. While most theologians state that ]s meet the requisites,<ref>
{{Cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02364b.htm|title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Beatification and Canonization|website=www.newadvent.org}}</ref> aside from that, most recent popes have finished their reign without a single invocation of infallibility. Otherwise, even when speaking in his official capacity, dogma does not hold that he is free from error.
* ] is not the ] of Roman Catholicism, nor is it the official seat of the Pope.<ref name="St. Peters">{{Cite web|url=http://www.todayifoundout.com/index.php/2012/11/st-peters-basilica-in-vatican-is-not-the-official-church-of-the-pope/|title=St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican Is Not The Official Church Of The Pope|last=Noreen|date=19 November 2012|website=Today I Found Out|language=en-US|access-date=14 February 2019}}</ref> These equivalent distinctions belong to the ], which is located in Rome outside of ] but over which the Vatican has extraterritorial jurisdiction.<ref name="St. Peters"/> This also means that St. Peter's is not a ] in the literal sense of that word.<ref name="St. Peters"/> St. Peter's is, however, used as the principal church for many papal functions.<ref name="St. Peters"/>
* Members of ] (LDS Church) no longer practice polygamy.<ref>
a. {{cite news|url=http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/news/54959212-78/believe-bible-church-god.html.csp|title=Utah Local News – Salt Lake City News, Sports, Archive |newspaper= The Salt Lake Tribune|access-date=October 1, 2014}}
<br />b. {{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/mormon/socialvalues/polygamy.shtml|title= Religions – Mormon: Polygamy|publisher=BBC|access-date=October 1, 2014}}
<br />c. {{cite web|url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/mormon-church-explains-polygamy-early-days |title=Mormon church explains polygamy in early days |work=The Big Story |access-date=October 1, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006140330/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/mormon-church-explains-polygamy-early-days |archive-date=October 6, 2014 }}
<br />d. {{cite web|url=http://mormon-polygamy.org/|title=Mormon Polygamy Misconceptions about Mormon Polygamy|work=Mormon Polygamy|access-date=October 1, 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130113111735/http://mormon-polygamy.org/|archive-date=January 13, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Currently, the LDS Church ]s any members who practice polygamy within the organization.<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://www.mormon.org/faq/practice-of-polygamy|title=Do Mormons practice polygamy?|author=The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints|work=mormon.org|access-date=October 1, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006084722/http://www.mormon.org/faq/practice-of-polygamy|archive-date=October 6, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, some ] ] still practice polygamy within their groups.<ref>
a. {{cite web|url=http://www.religioustolerance.org/lds_poly2.htm|title=Current practice of polygamy in the Mormon movement|access-date=October 1, 2014}}
<br />b. {{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/modern-polygamy-arizona-mormon-fundamentalists-seek-shed-stereotypes/story?id=19322087|title=Modern Polygamy: Arizona Mormon Fundamentalists Seek to Shed Stereotypes|work=ABC News|access-date=October 1, 2014|date=March 14, 2014}}</ref> For more details on this subject, see ].
* ] did not say "God created hell for inquisitive people".<ref>{{Cite book|date=2005|title=What God Knows: Time, Eternity, and Divine Knowledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZOlx7JxhS0C&q=god+created+hell+for+inquisitive+people&pg=PA37 |isbn=978-1932792126|last1=Poe|first1=Harry Lee|last2=Stanley Mattson|first2=J.}}</ref> He actually said: "I do ''not'' give the answer that someone is said to have given (evading by a joke the force of the objection), 'He was preparing hell for those who pry into such deep subjects.' … I do not answer in this way. I would rather respond, 'I do not know,' concerning what I do not know than say something for which a man inquiring about such profound matters is laughed at, while the one giving a false answer is praised."<ref>{{Cite web|website=Society of Catholic Scientists |title=St Augustine and the Beginning of Time|url=https://www.catholicscientists.org/idea/st-augustine-beginning-of-time}}</ref> So Augustine is saying that he would not say this and that he does not know the answer to the question.


c. {{cite AV media notes |title=In the Wee Small Hours |first=Pete |last=Welding |publisher=Capitol Records, 1998 CD release.}}</ref>
====Islam====
* ] (of ]) did not die from choking on a ham sandwich.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news|| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-68949240 | title=Mama Cass 'didn't choke to death on a ham sandwich', daughter says | work=BBC News | date=May 6, 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news|| url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2024/05/06/mama-cass-didnt-choke-to-death-on-ham-sandwich/ | title=Mama Cass 'didn't choke to death' on ham sandwich | newspaper=The Telegraph | date=May 6, 2024 | vauthors = Barton A }}</ref> This falsehood was initiated by her manager who wanted to avoid the implication that her death was associated with substance abuse.<ref name="Zoladz">{{#invoke:cite web||last=Zoladz|first=Lindsay|title=Cass Elliot's Death Spawned a Horrible Myth. She Deserves Better.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/05/09/arts/music/cass-elliot-mamas-and-the-papas-death.html|work=New York Times|date=May 9, 2024}}</ref>
]s.]]
* ] did not write his 1981 hit "]" about witnessing someone drowning and then confronting the person in the audience who let it happen. According to Collins himself, it was about his emotions when divorcing from his first wife.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||title=Fact Check: In the Air Tonight |url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/in-the-air-tonight/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226154058/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/in-the-air-tonight/ |archive-date=December 26, 2021 |access-date=August 8, 2019 |website=]}}</ref>
* Most Muslim women do not wear a ] (also transliterated as burka or burkha), which covers the body, head, and face, with a mesh grille to see through. Many Muslim women, though not all, do cover their hair with a ], or their hair and face (excluding the eyes) with a ].<ref>
* Popular musicians are not more likely to die at the age of 27. The notion of a "]" arose after the deaths, in a ten-month period, of ], ], and ], and later the deaths of ] and ]. Statistical studies have shown that there is no scientific basis for this idea.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||first=Jack |last=Butler |date=July 7, 2021 |url=https://www.nationalreview.com/2021/07/the-myth-of-the-27-club/ |title=The Myth of the 27 Club |work=National Review |access-date=July 4, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||first=Kelsey |last=McKinney |date=May 23, 2015 |url=https://www.vox.com/2015/3/23/8277271/27-club-real-myth |title=Despite the Huge Myth, Musicians Don't Die at 27 — They Die at 56 |work=Vox |access-date=July 4, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||first=Arun |last=Starkey |date=October 4, 2021 |url=https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/debunking-the-myths-of-the-27-club/ |title=Debunking the Central Myths of the '27 Club' |work=Far Out Magazine |access-date=July 4, 2024}}</ref>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-09-23/why-do-muslim-women-wear-a-burka-niqab-or-hijab/5761510M
|title=Explainer: Why do Muslim women wear a burka, niqab or hijab?
|last=Vyver
|first=James
|date=17 August 2017
|website=]
|access-date=1 February 2020
|quote=Some Muslim women wear niqabs, which are often confused with the burka.}}
</ref>
* A ] is a non-binding legal opinion issued by an ] under ]; it is therefore commonplace for fatwā from different authors to disagree. The popular misconception<ref>
a. {{cite journal|last=Isbister|first=William H. |title=A "good" fatwa| journal=] |date=November 23, 2002|volume=325 |issue=7374 |page=1227 |pmc=1124693 |doi=10.1136/bmj.325.7374.1227}}
<br />b. {{cite journal |last=Vultee |first=Fred|title=Fatwa on the Bunny|journal=Journal of Communication Inquiry |date=October 2006 |volume=30|issue=4|pages= 319–36 |doi=10.1177/0196859906290919 |s2cid=143612009}}</ref> that the word means a death sentence probably stems from the fatwā issued by Ayatollah ] of Iran in 1989 regarding the author ], who he stated had earned a death sentence for ]. This event led to fatwā gaining widespread media attention in the West.<ref>
{{cite news|title=In Depth: Islam, Fatwa FAQ|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/islam/fatwa.html|publisher=CBC News Online | date=June 15, 2006|access-date=April 8, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110714091706/http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/islam/fatwa.html | archive-date = July 14, 2011| url-status=dead}}</ref>
* The word "]" does not always mean "]"; literally, the word in Arabic means "struggle". While there is such a thing as "]", or jihad "by the sword",<ref>
{{cite book|first=Majid |last=Khadduri |title=War and Peace in the Law of Islam |publisher=] |date=1955 |pages=74–80 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UHWd6gLZsFIC&pg=PA74|isbn=978-1584776956}}</ref> many modern Islamic scholars usually say that it implies an effort or struggle of a spiritual kind.<ref>
a. {{cite book |first=Luke |last=Buckles|title=The Complete Idiot's Guide to World Religions|edition=3rd|page=157 |publisher=Alpha|date=2004| isbn=978-1592572229| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZPokHByS3N0C&pg=PA157}}
<br />b. {{cite news|url=http://www.kuna.net.kw/NewsAgenciesPublicSite/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=1719934&Language=en|title=Western definition of "jihad" must be corrected – Italian expert |date=March 29, 2007|newspaper=] (KUNA) | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111015041410/http://www.kuna.net.kw/NewsAgenciesPublicSite/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=1719934&Language=en | archive-date = October 15, 2011| url-status=live}}</ref> Scholar ] asserts that "misconceptions and misunderstandings regarding the nature of war and peace in Islam are widespread in both the Muslim societies and the West", as much following ] as before.<ref>
{{cite book| title=Peace and the Limits of War: Transcending the Classical Conception of Jihad |first=Louay M. |last=Safi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1_PFEicd5LkC&pg=PP9|publisher=]| date=2003 |page=preface |isbn=978-1565644021}}</ref>
* The ] does not promise martyrs 72 virgins in heaven. It does mention companions, ], to all people—martyr or not—in heaven, but no number is specified. The source for the 72 virgins is a ] in ] by ].<ref name="guardian72virgins">{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2002/jan/12/books.guardianreview5|location=London |work=The Guardian|first=Ibn|last=Warraq|title=Virgins? What virgins?|date=January 12, 2002|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20130622000632/http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2002/jan/12/books.guardianreview5|archive-date=June 22, 2013| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>
{{cite book |title=Urban Terrorism: Myths and Realities|page= 33 |author=Anjali Nirmal |publisher=Pointer Publishers |date=2009 |isbn=978-8171325986|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8EqWnqdsgZMC&pg=PA33}}</ref> Hadiths are sayings and acts of the prophet Muhammad as reported by others, and as such they are not part of the Quran itself. Muslims are not meant to necessarily believe all hadiths, and that applies particularly to those hadiths that are weakly sourced, such as this one.<ref name="Salahuddin Yusuf">Salahuddin Yusuf, ''Riyadhus Salihin'', commentary on Nawawi, Chapter 372, Dar-us-Salam Publications (1999), {{ISBN|978-1591440536}}</ref> Furthermore, the correct translation of this particular hadith is a matter of debate.<ref name="guardian72virgins" />


====Judaism==== === Religion ===
==== Buddhism ====
] is not named in '']''.<ref name="Szpek"/>]]
{{#invoke:multiple image||
* The ] mentioned in the ] is never identified as an ],<ref name="Szpek">{{cite book|title=Voices from the University: The Legacy of the Hebrew Bible|author=Szpek, Heidi|page=92|isbn=978-0595256198|year=2002}}</ref> a misconception widely depicted in Western art. The original Hebrew texts mention only ''tree'' and ''fruit''. Early Latin translations use the word ''mali'', which can mean either "evil" or "apple". In early Germanic languages the word ''apple'' and its cognates usually simply meant "fruit". German and French artists commonly depict the fruit as an apple from the 12th century onwards, and ]'s '']'' from 1644 explicitly mentions the fruit as an apple.<ref>
| align = right
{{cite web|title=The Straight Dope: Was the forbidden fruit in the Garden of Eden an apple?|author=Adams, Cecil|url=http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/2682/was-the-forbidden-fruit-in-the-garden-of-eden-an-apple|access-date=January 15, 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140401002830/http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/2682/was-the-forbidden-fruit-in-the-garden-of-eden-an-apple | archive-date = April 1, 2014| url-status=live|date=November 24, 2006}}</ref> Jewish scholars have suggested that the fruit could have been a grape, a fig, an ], or an ].<ref>
| direction = horizontal
a. ], ], 40a
| image1 = Buddha in Sarnath Museum (Dhammajak Mutra).jpg
<br />b. {{cite web|last=Adams|first=Cecil |url=http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/2682/was-the-forbidden-fruit-in-the-garden-of-eden-an-apple |title=Was the forbidden fruit in the Garden of Eden an apple? |website=The Straight Dope |date=November 24, 2006 |access-date=February 9, 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140401002830/http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/2682/was-the-forbidden-fruit-in-the-garden-of-eden-an-apple | archive-date = April 1, 2014| url-status=live}}</ref>
| caption1 = Statue of the ] (Siddhartha Gautama)
* While they are forbidden by the ], having ]s does not mean someone ] as is commonly believed, just as violating any other prohibition does not prevent a Jew from ultimately being buried in a Jewish cemetery.<ref>
| image2 = Budai Heshang (37007250780).jpg
{{cite web|url=http://www.aish.com/jw/s/Judaism-and-Tattoos.html?s=authorart|title=Judaism and Tattoos|last=Levine|first=Rabbi Menachem|publisher=aish.com|access-date=December 12, 2018}}</ref>
| caption2 = Statue of ], often incorrectly referred to as the "Buddha"
}}
* The chubby, bald monk with lengthened ears who is often depicted laughing, known as the "fat Buddha" or "laughing Buddha" in the West, is not the actual Buddha, but a 10th-century Chinese Buddhist folk hero by the name of ].<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last1=Peterson |first1=Christopher |title=When Did the Buddha Become Fat? |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-good-life/201207/when-did-the-buddha-become-fat |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523005739/https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-good-life/201207/when-did-the-buddha-become-fat |archive-date=May 23, 2024 |access-date=November 1, 2018 |website=Psychology Today}}</ref> The ], Siddhartha Gautama, who lived in the 5th century BC, is most often depicted in normal weight and concentrated in meditation.


====Other religions==== ==== Christianity ====
* Jesus was most likely not born on December 25, when ] is traditionally celebrated as Christmas. It is more likely that his birth was in either the season of spring or perhaps summer. Although the ] ostensibly counts the years since the birth of Jesus,<ref>{{#invoke:cite book||last=Bromiley |first=Geoffrey W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BW_1mt4oebQC&q=jesus+birth+year+before&pg=PA686 |title=The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-8028-3781-3 |access-date=May 18, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523010259/https://books.google.com/books?id=BW_1mt4oebQC&q=jesus+birth+year+before&pg=PA686#v=snippet&q=jesus%20birth%20year%20before&f=false |archive-date=May 23, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> it is unlikely that he was born in either AD 1 or 1 BC, as such a numbering system would imply. Modern historians estimate a date closer to between 6 BC and 4 BC.<ref name="JDG324">{{#invoke:cite book||last=Dunn |first=James DG |year=2003 |title=Jesus Remembered |url=https://archive.org/details/jesusrememberedc00jame |url-access=limited |publisher=Eerdmans Publishing |page=}}</ref>
* The ] is not known to have been fat. The chubby monk known as the "fat Buddha" or "laughing Buddha" in the West is a 10th-century Chinese Buddhist folk hero by the name of ].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Peterson|first1=Christopher|title=When Did the Buddha Become Fat?|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-good-life/201207/when-did-the-buddha-become-fat|website=Psychology Today|access-date=1 November 2018}}</ref>
* The Bible does not say that exactly three ] came to visit the baby Jesus, nor that they were kings, or rode on camels, or that their names were ], ], and ], nor what color their skin was.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Boyle |first=Alan |date=December 19, 2006 |title=Revisiting the gospel truth |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/science/cosmic-log/revisiting-gospel-truth-flna6c10405991 |access-date=June 22, 2024 |work=]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Waxman |first=Olivia |date=December 29, 2020 |title=Here's What History Can Tell Us About the Magi |url=https://time.com/5923009/three-kings-wisemen-history-magi-bible/ |access-date=June 22, 2024 |magazine=] |archive-date=February 6, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206011530/https://time.com/5923009/three-kings-wisemen-history-magi-bible/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Mikkelson |first=David |date=November 7, 2000 |title=Fact Check: Three Wise Men |url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/three-wise-men/ |access-date=June 22, 2024 |website=]}}</ref>{{Citation needed|date=June 2024|reason=Skin color not in sources}} Three magi are inferred because three gifts are described, but the Bible says only that there was more than one magus.<ref>{{#invoke:cite book||author=Schiller, G. |title=Iconography of Christian Art (English translation from German) |date=1971 |publisher=Lund Humphries |isbn=978-0-85331-270-3 |volume=I |page=96}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite book||last=Calvin |first=John |author-link=John Calvin |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/chr/calvin/cc31/cc31027.htm |title=Calvin's Commentaries, Vol. 31: Matthew, Mark and Luke, Part I, tr. by John King |access-date=May 15, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906104902/http://sacred-texts.com/chr/calvin/cc31/cc31027.htm |archive-date=September 6, 2008 |url-status=live}} Quote from Commentary on Matthew 2:1–6</ref><ref>Ashby, Chad. " {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523010219/https://www.christianitytoday.com/history/2016/december/magi-wise-men-or-kings-its-complicated.html |date=May 23, 2024 }}." ''Christianity Today'', December 16, 2016.</ref>
* Although the ] teaches the divine origins of Judaism, Christianity, Islam, and some other religions, it is not a composite of those other religions nor does it hold that they are equally valid today. Its teaching of ] holds that the previous religions are stages in the development of humanity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bahai.org/|title=The Baháʼí Faith – Home|website=www.bahai.org}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=December 2020}}
] having been a prostitute.<ref name="Ehrman2006">{{#invoke:cite book||url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tlvgp7WggvEC&q=Ehrman+%22to+you+as+apostles%22&pg=PA253|title=Peter, Paul, and Mary Magdalene: The Followers of Jesus in History and Legend|last=Ehrman|first=Bart D.|date=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-530013-0|location=Oxford, England|pages=189–90|author-link=Bart D. Ehrman|access-date=October 18, 2020|archive-date=January 19, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119174748/https://books.google.com/books?id=Tlvgp7WggvEC&q=Ehrman+%22to+you+as+apostles%22&pg=PA253|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Spong 2006">{{#invoke:cite book||last=Spong |first=John Shelby |url=https://archive.org/details/B-001-024-524-ALL |title=The Sins of Scripture: Exposing the Bible's Texts of Hate to Reveal the God of Love |publisher=HarperOne |date=March 14, 2006 |isbn=978-0-06-077840-8 |page=108 |language=en}}</ref>]]
* The idea that ] was a prostitute before she met Jesus is not found in the Bible or in any of the other earliest Christian writings. It has been a disputed doctrine in several theological traditions whether Mary Magdalene, ] (who ] in John 11:1–12),<ref>{{bibleverse|John|11:1–12}}</ref> and the unnamed "]" who anoints Jesus' feet in Luke 7:36–50<ref>{{bibleverse|Luke|7:36–50}}</ref> were the same woman.<ref name="Ehrman2006" /><ref name="Spong 2006" />
* ]'s name was not changed from Saul. He was born a Jew, with ] inherited from his father, and thus carried both a Hebrew and a Greco-Roman name from birth, as mentioned by ] in Acts 13:9:<ref>{{Bibleverse|Acts|13:9}}</ref> "...Saul, who also is called Paul...".<ref>{{#invoke:cite book||last1=Marrow |first1=Stanley B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RPu1qx50HmgC&pg=PA5 |title=Paul: His Letters and His Theology: an Introduction to Paul's Epistles |publisher=Paulist Press |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-8091-2744-3 |pages=5, 7 |access-date=June 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801152547/https://books.google.com/books?id=RPu1qx50HmgC&pg=PA5 |archive-date=August 1, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Why did God change Saul's name to Paul? |url=http://www.catholic.com/quickquestions/why-did-god-change-sauls-name-to-paul |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030000303/http://www.catholic.com/quickquestions/why-did-god-change-sauls-name-to-paul |archive-date=October 30, 2012 |access-date=August 31, 2014 |website=Catholic Answers}}</ref>
* The ] ] of the ] is unrelated to the Christian doctrine that ] ] and ]. The Immaculate Conception is the belief that {{em|Mary}} was free of ] from the moment of her own conception by her parents, ] and ]. A less common mistake is to think that the Immaculate Conception means that Mary herself was conceived without sexual intercourse.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||date=2009 |title=Religion & Ethics – Beliefs: The Immaculate Conception |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/beliefs/immaculateconception.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124033136/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/beliefs/immaculateconception.shtml |archive-date=January 24, 2012 |access-date=January 5, 2011 |publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Hopko, Thomas. ''The Winter Pascha'' Chapter 9, Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America |url=http://ww1.antiochian.org/node/18597 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302142848/http://ww1.antiochian.org/node/18597 |archive-date=March 2, 2021 |access-date=May 23, 2024}}</ref>
* Roman Catholic dogma does not say that the pope is either ] (as is commonly believed among non-Catholic Christians)<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Papal Infallibility |url=http://www.catholic.com/library/Papal_Infallibility.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606133529/http://www.catholic.com/library/Papal_Infallibility.asp |archive-date=June 6, 2009 |access-date=June 23, 2024 |website=]}}</ref> or always infallible.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last1=MacDonald |first1=David |last2=Bonocore |first2=Mark |title=Is the Pope Sinless? |url=http://www.davidmacd.com/catholic/orthodox/pope_bishop_of_rome_primacy.htm#sinless |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615202522/http://www.davidmacd.com/catholic/orthodox/pope_bishop_of_rome_primacy.htm#sinless |archive-date=June 15, 2011 |access-date=June 17, 2011 |work=The Pope, Bishop of Rome Catholic and Orthodox relations |publisher=CatholicBridge.com}}</ref> Catholic dogma since 1870 does state that a ] by the pope (generally called {{lang|la|]}}) is free from error, but it does not hold that he is always free from error, even when speaking in his official capacity.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Catholic Encyclopedia: Beatification and Canonization |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02364b.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724145034/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02364b.htm |archive-date=July 24, 2018 |access-date=August 22, 2016 |website=www.newadvent.org}}</ref>
* Members of ] (LDS Church) ].<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||title=Utah Local News – Salt Lake City News, Sports, Archive |url=http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/news/54959212-78/believe-bible-church-god.html.csp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006070652/http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/news/54959212-78/believe-bible-church-god.html.csp |archive-date=October 6, 2014 |access-date=October 1, 2014 |newspaper=The Salt Lake Tribune}}
</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Religions – Mormon: Polygamy |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/mormon/socialvalues/polygamy.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113021127/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/mormon/socialvalues/polygamy.shtml |archive-date=November 13, 2014 |access-date=October 1, 2014 |publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Mormon church explains polygamy in early days |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/mormon-church-explains-polygamy-early-days |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006140330/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/mormon-church-explains-polygamy-early-days |archive-date=October 6, 2014 |access-date=October 1, 2014 |work=The Big Story}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Mormon Polygamy Misconceptions about Mormon Polygamy |url=http://mormon-polygamy.org/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130113111735/http://mormon-polygamy.org/ |archive-date=January 13, 2013 |access-date=October 1, 2014 |work=Mormon Polygamy}}</ref> The Church excommunicates any members who practice polygamy within the organization.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||author=The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints |title=Do Mormons practice polygamy? |url=http://www.mormon.org/faq/practice-of-polygamy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006084722/http://www.mormon.org/faq/practice-of-polygamy |archive-date=October 6, 2014 |access-date=October 1, 2014 |work=mormon.org}}</ref> Some ] ] do practice polygamy.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Current practice of polygamy in the Mormon movement |url=http://www.religioustolerance.org/lds_poly2.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090629085048/http://www.religioustolerance.org/lds_poly2.htm |archive-date=June 29, 2009 |access-date=October 1, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||date=March 14, 2014 |title=Modern Polygamy: Arizona Mormon Fundamentalists Seek to Shed Stereotypes |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/modern-polygamy-arizona-mormon-fundamentalists-seek-shed-stereotypes/story?id=19322087 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006124406/http://abcnews.go.com/US/modern-polygamy-arizona-mormon-fundamentalists-seek-shed-stereotypes/story?id=19322087 |archive-date=October 6, 2014 |access-date=October 1, 2014 |work=ABC News}}</ref>
* The ] did not establish the books of the Bible. The Old Testament had likely already been ] by Hebrew scribes before Christ. The ] of the New Testament canon was mostly completed in the third century before the Nicaea Council was convened in 325;<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Roos |first=Dave |date=February 24, 2020 |title=Who Decided Which Books to Include in the Bible? |url=https://people.howstuffworks.com/books-of-bible.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829150311/https://people.howstuffworks.com/books-of-bible.htm |archive-date=August 29, 2022 |access-date=August 29, 2022 |website=HowStuffWorks |publisher=InfoSpace Holdings}}</ref> it was finalized, along with the ], at the ] in 382.<ref name="councilofrome">{{#invoke:cite book||url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780192802903.001.0001/acref-9780192802903 |title=The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church |date=2005-01-01 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-280290-3 |editor-last=Cross |editor-first=F. L. |edition=3rd |page=282 |language=en |chapter=canon of Scripture |doi=10.1093/acref/9780192802903.001.0001 |access-date=September 5, 2022 |editor-last2=Livingstone |editor-first2=E. A. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001050958/http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780192802903.001.0001/acref-9780192802903 |archive-date=October 1, 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* ] did not make Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire. While he was the first Christian emperor and promoted religious tolerance with the ], Christianity was not declared the official religion of the Roman Empire until 380 AD, some 43 years after Constantine's death.<ref name="Constantine Rhodes">{{#invoke:cite web|| url=https://sites.rhodes.edu/coins/romes-conversion-christianity-and-its-lasting-legacy | title=Rome's Conversion to Christianity and its Lasting Legacy &#124; Rhodes Sites | access-date=May 23, 2024 | archive-date=May 5, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505182513/https://sites.rhodes.edu/coins/romes-conversion-christianity-and-its-lasting-legacy | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Constantine Cambridge">The Cambridge History of Christianity – Cambridge University Press "Christianity did not become the official religion of the empire under Constantine, as is often mistakenly claimed..." https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cambridge-history-of-christianity/constantine-and-the-peace-of-the-church/1D6492CD5ECB96174AAE1221F48DC56F {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505174616/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cambridge-history-of-christianity/constantine-and-the-peace-of-the-church/1D6492CD5ECB96174AAE1221F48DC56F |date=May 5, 2024 }}</ref>
* The ] are never listed in the Bible. The concept originated with ], and originally consisted of nine vices.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Seven Deadly Sins |url=https://www.catholic.com/magazine/print-edition/the-seven-deadly-sins |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=Catholic Answers |archive-date=August 8, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808052301/https://www.catholic.com/magazine/print-edition/the-seven-deadly-sins |url-status=live }}</ref> This was later reduced to seven by ].<ref>"For pride is the root of all evil, of which it is said, as Scripture bears witness; Pride is the beginning of all sin. But seven principal vices, as its first progeny, spring doubtless from this poisonous root, namely, vain glory, envy, anger, melancholy, avarice, gluttony, lust." '''Gregory the Great, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612234814/http://www.lectionarycentral.com/GregoryMoralia/Book31.html |date=June 12, 2021 }}'''</ref>


===Sports=== ==== Islam ====
{{#invoke:multiple image||
* ] did not ], nor did it originate in ]. It is believed to have evolved from other bat-and-ball games such as ] and ] and first ] in New York City.<ref>
| align = right
a. {{cite magazine|last=Cole|first=Diane|url=https://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/060806/14ball.htm|title=Contrary to myth, baseball may have had no single inventor|magazine=US News and World Report|date=October 4, 1990|access-date=August 6, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131214105928/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/060806/14ball.htm |archive-date = December 14, 2013| url-status=dead}}
| direction = vertical
<br />b. {{cite news|last=Fox|first=Butterfield|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/04/nyregion/cooperstown-hoboken-try-new-york-city.html|title=Cooperstown? Hoboken? Try New York City|work=The New York Times|date=October 4, 1990|access-date=April 3, 2009 }}</ref>
| image1 = Group of Women Wearing Burkas.jpg
] wearing the ] with a red bar indicating first degree.]]
| caption1 = Afghan women wearing ]s
* The ] does not necessarily indicate expert level or mastery. It was introduced for ] in the 1880s to indicate competency at all of the basic techniques of the sport. Promotion beyond 1st ] (the first black belt rank) varies among different martial arts. In judo and derived martial arts such as ], holders of higher master ranks are awarded alternating red and white panels, and the highest grandmasters wear solid red belts.<ref>
| image2 = Niqab.jpg
{{cite web|url=http://r25.jp/magazine/ranking_review/10002000/1112008051512.html|script-title=ja:柔道帯の最高位は、何と紅!? "紅帯"所持者に投げられてきた!|language=ja|publisher=R25.jp|date=May 15, 2008|access-date=November 11, 2008 |archive-url = https://archive.today/20080519163156/http://r25.jp/magazine/ranking_review/10002000/1112008051512.html |archive-date = May 19, 2008}}</ref> Other arts such as ] use black belts with a number of gold bars to indicate the holder's ].
| caption2 = Turkish women wearing ]s
* The use of ] is not a privilege reserved for those teams that have won an ] in the past, despite a wide belief to the contrary<ref>
| image3 = Turkish women 2x.jpg
{{cite news|last=Corrigan |first=James |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/news-and-comment/fa-cup-countdown-1927-and-all-that-5336727.html |title=FA Cup countdown: 1927 and all that |work=The Independent |date= January 5, 2006|access-date=April 8, 2018}}</ref> that inspired a scene in the film '']''. The ]'s rules are silent on the subject, and often the decision over what shape flag to use has been up to the individual club's groundskeepers.<ref>
| caption3 = Turkish women wearing ]s
{{cite news|first=Jack |last=Williams |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/17/sports/soccer/corner-flags-english-premier-league-champion.html |title=You Can Tell an F.A. Cup Champion by Its Corner Flags. Or Not. |newspaper=The New York Times |date=February 17, 2017 |access-date=April 8, 2018}}</ref>
}}
* ] did not withdraw from the ] because their squad played barefoot, which was against ] regulations.<ref>
* The ] (also transliterated as burka or burkha) is often confused with other types of head-wear worn by Muslim women, particularly the ] and the ]. A burqa covers the body, head, and face, with a mesh grille to see through. A niqab covers the hair and face, excluding the eyes. A hijab covers the hair and chest but not the face.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Vyver |first=James |date=March 7, 2014 |title=Explainer: Why do Muslim women wear a burka, niqab or hijab? |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-09-24/why-do-muslim-women-wear-a-burka-niqab-or-hijab/5761510 |access-date=June 17, 2024 |work=]}}</ref>
{{cite web |last1=Adhikari |first1=Somak |title=No, India Did Not Withdraw From The 1950 FIFA World Cup Because They Did Not Want To Wear Shoes |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/sports/kick-off/why-did-india-withdraw-from-the-1950-world-cup-no-it-wasn-t-because-they-had-to-wear-shoes-258199.html |website=The Times of India |publisher=The Times Group |access-date=2 December 2019 |date=6 June 2018}}</ref> In reality, India withdrew because the country's managing body, the ] (AIFF), was insufficiently prepared for the team's participation and gave various reasons for withdrawing, including a lack of funding and prioritizing the ].<ref>
* Not all Muslim women wear face or head coverings.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||date=July 26, 2017 |title=U.S. Muslims Concerned About Their Place in Society, But Continue to Belief in the American Dream |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2017/07/26/religious-beliefs-and-practices/ |access-date=June 17, 2024 |website=]}}</ref>
a. {{cite news|last1=Kapadia|first1=Novy|title=The 1950 FIFA World Cup: A missed opportunity for India|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/the-1950-fifa-world-cup-a-missed-opportunity-for-india|access-date=17 March 2017|work=SportsKeeda|date=2 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322112300/https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/the-1950-fifa-world-cup-a-missed-opportunity-for-india|archive-date=22 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the myth frequently resurfaces in both India and abroad as fact (especially come World Cup time).<ref>
* A ] is a generally non-binding legal opinion issued by an ] under ]; it is therefore commonplace for fatawa from different authors to disagree. The misconception that it is a death sentence stems from a decree issued by Ayatollah ] of Iran in 1989 where he said that the author ] had earned a death sentence for ]. It is debated whether this was a fatwa.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||last=Isbister |first=William H. |date=November 23, 2002 |title=A "good" fatwa |journal=] |volume=325 |issue=7374 |page=1227 |doi=10.1136/bmj.325.7374.1227 |pmc=1124693}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||last=Vultee |first=Fred |date=October 2006 |title=Fatwa on the Bunny |journal=Journal of Communication Inquiry |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=319–336 |doi=10.1177/0196859906290919 |s2cid=143612009}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||title=In Depth: Islam, Fatwa FAQ |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/islam/fatwa.html |publisher=CBC News Online |date=June 15, 2006|access-date=April 8, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714091706/http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/islam/fatwa.html |archive-date=July 14, 2011 }}</ref>
a. Lisi (2007), p. 49<!--???-->
* The word '']'' does not always mean ']'; its literal meaning in Arabic is 'struggle'. While there is such a thing as ], ''jihad'' can be any spiritual or moral effort or struggle,<ref>{{#invoke:cite book||first=Luke|last=Buckles|title=The Complete Idiot's Guide to World Religions|edition=3rd|page=157|publisher=Alpha|date=2004|isbn=978-1-59257-222-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZPokHByS3N0C|access-date=September 21, 2016|archive-date=November 1, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101145503/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZPokHByS3N0C|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||url=http://www.kuna.net.kw/NewsAgenciesPublicSite/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=1719934&Language=en|title=Western definition of "jihad" must be corrected – Italian expert|date=March 29, 2007|newspaper=] (KUNA)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015041410/http://www.kuna.net.kw/NewsAgenciesPublicSite/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=1719934&Language=en|archive-date=October 15, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite book||title=Peace and the Limits of War: Transcending the Classical Conception of Jihad |first=Louay M. |last=Safi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1_PFEicd5LkC&pg=PP9 |publisher=] |date=2003 |page=preface |isbn=978-1-56564-402-1 |access-date=September 21, 2016 |archive-date=January 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121033602/https://books.google.com/books?id=1_PFEicd5LkC&pg=PP9 |url-status=live }}</ref> such as seeking knowledge, putting others before oneself, and inviting others to Islam.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Hoque |first1=M. |last2=Jaim |first2=M. S. |last3=Mohamed |first3=Y. |title=The concept of jihad for education |journal=International Journal of Language and Education |date=30 March 2023 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=83–95 |doi=10.33102/alazkiyaa43 |url=https://azkiyaa.usim.edu.my/index.php/jurnal/article/view/43 |access-date=21 January 2024 |doi-access=free |archive-date=May 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523010227/https://azkiyaa.usim.edu.my/index.php/jurnal/article/view/43 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<br />b. {{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=7/overview.html |title=1950 FIFA World Cup Brazil – Overview |publisher=] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318000125/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition%3D7/overview.html |archive-date=18 March 2012 }}</ref> The AIFF itself may have been the source of this myth.<ref name="Brazil">{{cite news|last1=Kapadia|first1=Novy|title=The 1950 FIFA World Cup: A missed opportunity for India|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/the-1950-fifa-world-cup-a-missed-opportunity-for-india|access-date=17 March 2017|work=SportsKeeda|date=2 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322112300/https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/the-1950-fifa-world-cup-a-missed-opportunity-for-india|archive-date=22 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
* The ] does not promise martyrs 72 virgins in heaven. It does mention that virgin female companions, ], are given to all people, martyr or not, in heaven, but no number is specified.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||author=al-Jalalayn|title=Tafsir Ar-Rahman|url=https://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=1&tTafsirNo=74&tSoraNo=55&tAyahNo=74&tDisplay=yes&UserProfile=0&LanguageId=2|access-date=April 30, 2020|work=]|archive-date=March 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308002106/https://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=1&tTafsirNo=74&tSoraNo=55&tAyahNo=74&tDisplay=yes&UserProfile=0&LanguageId=2|url-status=live}}</ref> The source for the 72 virgins is a ] in ] by ].<ref name="guardian72virgins">{{#invoke:cite news|| url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2002/jan/12/books.guardianreview5|location=London |work=The Guardian|first=Ibn|last=Warraq|title=Virgins? What virgins?|date=January 12, 2002|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20130622000632/http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2002/jan/12/books.guardianreview5|archive-date=June 22, 2013| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite book||title=Urban Terrorism: Myths and Realities|page= 33 |author=Anjali Nirmal |publisher=Pointer Publishers |date=2009 |isbn=978-81-7132-598-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8EqWnqdsgZMC&pg=PA33}}</ref> Hadiths are sayings and acts of ] as reported by others, not part of the Quran itself.<ref name="Salahuddin Yusuf">Salahuddin Yusuf, ''Riyadhus Salihin'', commentary on Nawawi, Chapter 372, Dar-us-Salam Publications (1999), {{ISBN|978-1-59144-053-6}}</ref><ref name="guardian72virgins" />


==History== ==== Judaism ====
] is not named in the ].]]
===Ancient===
* The ] mentioned in the ] is never identified as an apple,<ref name="Szpek">{{#invoke:cite book||author=Szpek, Heidi|title=Voices from the University: The Legacy of the Hebrew Bible|publisher=iUniverse|year=2002|isbn=978-0-595-25619-8|page=92}}</ref> as widely depicted in Western art. The original Hebrew texts mention only ''fruit''.<ref>], ], 40a</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Adams |first=Cecil |date=November 24, 2006 |title=Was the forbidden fruit in the Garden of Eden an apple? |url=http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/2682/was-the-forbidden-fruit-in-the-garden-of-eden-an-apple |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401002830/http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/2682/was-the-forbidden-fruit-in-the-garden-of-eden-an-apple |archive-date=April 1, 2014 |access-date=February 9, 2012 |website=The Straight Dope}}</ref>
[[File:Bemalter Gipsabguss eines Ägineten im MUT (Museum der Uni Tübingen) im Tübinger Schloss.JPG|thumb|upright|Ancient Greek sculptures were originally painted bright colors.<ref name="Brinkmann2008">a. {{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2gQesgryr8oC&q=ancient+Greek+sculptures+were+actually+brightly+painted|title=The Color of Life: Polychromy in Sculpture from Antiquity to the Present|last=Brinkmann|first=Vinzenz|date=2008|publisher=The J. Paul Getty Museum and the Getty Research Institute|isbn=978-0892369188|editor1-last=Panzanelli|editor1-first=Roberta|location=Los Angeles|pages=18–39|chapter=The Polychromy of Ancient Greek Sculpture|author-link=Vinzenz Brinkmann|editor2-last=Schmidt|editor2-first=Eike D.|editor3-last=Lapatin|editor3-first=Kenneth}}
* While tattoos are forbidden by the ], Jews with tattoos are not ], just as violators of other prohibitions are not barred, as is commonly believed among American Jews.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Levine |first=Rabbi Menachem |date=October 7, 2018 |title=Judaism and Tattoos |url=http://www.aish.com/jw/s/Judaism-and-Tattoos.html?s=authorart |access-date=December 12, 2018 |publisher=aish.com |archive-date=October 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007223358/http://www.aish.com/jw/s/Judaism-and-Tattoos.html?s=authorart |url-status=live }}</ref>
<br />b. {{cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/true-colors-17888/|title=True Colors: Archaeologist Vinzenz Brinkmann insists his eye-popping reproductions of ancient Greek sculptures are right on target|last1=Gurewitsch|first1=Matthew|date=July 2008|website=Smithsonian.com|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|access-date=May 15, 2018}}
<br />c. {{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/style/article/gods-in-color-ancient-world-polychromy/index.html|title='Gods in Color' returns antiquities to their original, colorful grandeur|last1=Prisco|first1=Jacopo|date=November 30, 2017|work=CNN style|access-date=May 15, 2018|publisher=CNN|agency=Cable News Network}}</ref>]]
* ] and ]s were ]; they only appear white today because the original pigments have deteriorated. Some well-preserved statues still bear traces of their original coloration.<ref name="Brinkmann2008"/><ref>
{{Cite magazine|title=The Myth of Whiteness in Classical Sculpture|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/10/29/the-myth-of-whiteness-in-classical-sculpture|last=Talbot|first=Margaret|magazine=The New Yorker|language=en|access-date=2020-05-12}}</ref>
* ]'s tomb is not inscribed with a ]. This was a media invention of 20th-century ].<ref>
a. ], Carol Andrews, ''Mummies: Death and Life in Ancient Egypt'', p.&nbsp;190, Collins for ], 1978, {{ISBN|0001955322}}


=== Sports ===
<br />b. ], ''The Boy Behind the Mask'', p.&nbsp;xvi, Oneword, 2007, {{isbn|978-1851685448}}
* ] is not maintenance free. It requires regular maintenance, such as raking and patching, to keep it functional and safe.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Jastifer JR, McNitt AS, Mack CD, Kent RW, McCullough KA, Coughlin MJ, Anderson RB |title=Synthetic Turf: History, Design, Maintenance, and Athlete Safety |journal=Sports Health |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=84–90 |date=2019 |pmid=30096021 |pmc=6299344 |doi=10.1177/1941738118793378 |type=Review}}</ref>
* The name '']'' is not an acronym for "Gentlemen Only, Ladies Forbidden".<ref name="golfsnopes">{{#invoke:cite news||last=Mikkelson |first=Barbara |date=May 18, 2010 |title=Golf: Gentlemen Only, Ladies Forbidden? |work=] |url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/golf-carte-2/ |access-date=June 23, 2022 |archive-date=June 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623214025/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/golf-carte-2/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="usga">{{#invoke:cite news||last=Jerris |first=Rand |title=FAQ – Golf History Questions |work=] |url=https://www.usga.org/history/faq--golf-history-questions-232994f0.html |access-date=June 23, 2022 |archive-date=September 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904025029/https://www.usga.org/history/faq--golf-history-questions-232994f0.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It may have come from the Dutch word ''kolf'' or ''kolve'', meaning "club",<ref name="usga" /> or from the Scottish word ''goulf'' or ''gowf'' meaning "to strike or cuff".<ref name="golfsnopes" />
* ] by ], nor did it originate in ]. It is believed to have evolved from the bat-and-ball game ] and first ] in New York City.<ref>a. {{cite magazine |last=Cole |first=Diane |url=https://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/060806/14ball.htm |title=Contrary to myth, baseball may have had no single inventor |magazine=U.S. News & World Report |date=October 4, 1990 |access-date=August 6, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214105928/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/060806/14ball.htm |archive-date=December 14, 2013}}
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite news||last=Fox|first=Butterfield|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/04/nyregion/cooperstown-hoboken-try-new-york-city.html|title=Cooperstown? Hoboken? Try New York City|work=The New York Times|date=October 4, 1990|access-date=April 3, 2009|archive-date=January 9, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110109170603/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/04/nyregion/cooperstown-hoboken-try-new-york-city.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
] with a red bar indicating first degree]]
* The ] does not necessarily indicate expert level.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=VanBlaricum |first=Michael |date=August 29, 2010 |title=Black Belt Realities |url=https://www.usadojo.com/black-belt-realities/ |access-date=June 24, 2024 |website=USADojo.com}}</ref> It was introduced for ] in the 1880s to indicate competency at all of the basic techniques of the sport. Promotion beyond 1st ] (the first black belt rank) varies among different martial arts.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=http://r25.jp/magazine/ranking_review/10002000/1112008051512.html|script-title=ja:柔道帯の最高位は、何と紅!? "紅帯"所持者に投げられてきた!|language=ja|publisher=R25.jp|date=May 15, 2008|access-date=November 11, 2008 |archive-url = https://archive.today/20080519163156/http://r25.jp/magazine/ranking_review/10002000/1112008051512.html |archive-date = May 19, 2008}}</ref>
* The use of ] is not a privilege reserved for those teams that have won an ] in the past, as depicted in a scene in the film '']''. The ]'s rules are silent on the subject, and the decision over what shape flag to use has been up to the individual club's groundskeepers.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||first=Jack |last=Williams |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/17/sports/soccer/corner-flags-english-premier-league-champion.html |title=You Can Tell an F.A. Cup Champion by Its Corner Flags. Or Not. |newspaper=The New York Times |date=February 17, 2017 |access-date=April 8, 2018 |archive-date=January 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125100113/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/17/sports/soccer/corner-flags-english-premier-league-champion.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ] did not withdraw from the ] because their squad wanted to play barefoot. In reality, India withdrew because the country's managing body, the ] (AIFF), was insufficiently prepared for the team's participation.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last1=Adhikari |first1=Somak |title=No, India Did Not Withdraw From The 1950 FIFA World Cup Because They Did Not Want To Wear Shoes |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/sports/kick-off/why-did-india-withdraw-from-the-1950-world-cup-no-it-wasn-t-because-they-had-to-wear-shoes-258199.html |website=The Times of India |publisher=The Times Group |access-date=December 2, 2019 |date=June 6, 2018 |archive-date=January 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125100007/https://www.indiatimes.com/sports/kick-off/why-did-india-withdraw-from-the-1950-world-cup-no-it-wasn-t-because-they-had-to-wear-shoes-258199.html |url-status=live }}</ref>


=== Video games ===
<br />c. Richard Cavendish, "Tutankhamun's Curse?", ''History Today'' '''64''':3 ()</ref>
* There is no definitive proof that ]. Some studies have found no link between aggression and violent video games,<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||date=February 13, 2019 |title=Violent video games found not to be associated with adolescent aggression |url=https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2019-02-13-violent-video-games-found-not-be-associated-adolescent-aggression |access-date=June 25, 2022 |website=] |language=en |archive-date=June 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625163510/https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2019-02-13-violent-video-games-found-not-be-associated-adolescent-aggression |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last1=Etchells |first1=Pete |date=April 6, 2019 |title=Five damaging myths about video games – let's shoot 'em up |work=] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/games/2019/apr/06/five-damaging-myths-about-video-games-lets-shoot-em-up |access-date=December 23, 2020}}</ref> and the popularity of gaming has coincided with a ''decrease'' in youth violence.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Henry |first=Jenkins |title=Reality Bytes: Eight Myths About Video Games Debunked |url=https://www.pbs.org/kcts/videogamerevolution/impact/myths.html |access-date=December 23, 2020 |website=] |archive-date=August 26, 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040826014153/http://www.pbs.org/kcts/videogamerevolution/impact/myths.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Misconceptions – Video Game Dissection |url=https://sites.psu.edu/videogamebreakdown/stereotypes/ |access-date=December 23, 2020 |website=]}}</ref> The ] surrounding video games in the 1980s through to the 2020s, alongside several studies and incidents of violence and legislation in many countries, likely contributed to proliferating this idea.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Markey |first1=Patrick M. |last2=Ferguson |first2=Christopher J. |date=October 1, 2017 |title=Teaching Us to Fear: The Violent Video Game Moral Panic and the Politics of Game Research |url=https://www.journalofplay.org/sites/www.journalofplay.org/files/pdf-articles/10-1-Article-4-Teaching-us-to-fear.pdf |journal=] |pages=99–115 |access-date=December 23, 2020 |archive-date=June 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629065109/https://www.journalofplay.org/sites/www.journalofplay.org/files/pdf-articles/10-1-Article-4-Teaching-us-to-fear.pdf }}</ref><ref name="NYTimes 20190805">{{#invoke:cite web||last=Draper |first=Kevin |date=August 5, 2019 |title=Video Games Aren't Why Shootings Happen. Politicians Still Blame Them. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/05/sports/trump-violent-video-games-studies.html |access-date=August 22, 2019 |work=] |archive-date=April 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426031749/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/05/sports/trump-violent-video-games-studies.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* The ancient Greeks did not use the word "]" ({{lang-grc|ἰδιώτης|ídiṓtēs}}) to disparage people who did not take part in civic life or who did not vote. An {{lang|grc|ἰδιώτης}} was simply a private citizen as opposed to a government official. Later, the word came to mean any sort of non-expert or layman, then someone uneducated or ignorant, and much later to mean stupid or mentally deficient.<ref>
* The so-called "]" glitch, in which peaceful leader ] would become unusually aggressive if ] was adopted,<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Plunkett |first=Luke |title=Why Gandhi Is Such An Asshole In Civilization |url=https://kotaku.com/why-gandhi-is-such-an-asshole-in-civilization-1653818245 |website=] |date=February 3, 2016 |access-date=June 22, 2022 |language=en |archive-date=September 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918192554/https://kotaku.com/why-gandhi-is-such-an-asshole-in-civilization-1653818245 |url-status=live }}</ref> did not exist in either the original '']'' game or '']''. The games' designer ] attributed the origins of the rumor to both a ] thread and a ] entry,<ref name="memoir!">{{#invoke:cite book|| author = ] | chapter = Funny Business| chapter-url = | url = | title = Sid Meier's Memoir!: A Life in Computer Games|date = 2020 |publisher= ] | pages = 261–266| isbn = 978-1-324-00587-2}}</ref> while ] and a '']'' article helped popularize it.<ref name="dtf probably myth">{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://dtf.ru/games/67979-pochemu-istoriya-o-bage-s-yadernym-gandi-v-civilization-skoree-vsego-vydumana |script-title=ru:Почему история о баге с «ядерным Ганди» в Civilization, скорее всего, выдумана |trans-title=Why the story about the "Nuclear Gandhi" bug in Civilization is likely fictional |author=Артемий Леонов |website={{ill|DTF (website)|lt=DTF.ru|ru|DTF}} |date=September 5, 2019 |language=ru |access-date=June 22, 2022 |archive-date=September 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926050823/https://dtf.ru/games/67979-pochemu-istoriya-o-bage-s-yadernym-gandi-v-civilization-skoree-vsego-vydumana |url-status=live }}</ref> Gandhi's supposed behavior did appear in the 2010 '']''<ref name="memoir!" /> as a joke, and in 2016's '']''<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Jackson |first=Gina |url=https://kotaku.com/gandhi-is-still-an-asshole-in-civilization-vi-1788710568 |title=Gandhi Is Still An Asshole In Civilization VI |website=] |date=August 11, 2016 |access-date=June 22, 2022 |language=en |archive-date=September 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918192556/https://kotaku.com/gandhi-is-still-an-asshole-in-civilization-vi-1788710568 |url-status=live }}</ref> as a reference to the legend.
{{cite journal | author = Sparkes A.W. | year = 1988| title = Idiots, Ancient and Modern | journal = Australian Journal of Political Science | volume = 23 | pages = 101–02 | doi = 10.1080/00323268808402051 }}</ref>
* The Japanese government did not pass a law banning ] from releasing the '']'' games on weekdays due to it causing too many schoolchildren to cut class. This rule is self-imposed by the developers themselves.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||first=Skrebels|last=Joe|date=April 22, 2020|title=How Dragon Quest Spawned an Urban Legend|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/how-dragon-quest-spawned-an-urban-myth|website=]|access-date=June 26, 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414195652/https://www.ign.com/articles/how-dragon-quest-spawned-an-urban-myth|archive-date=April 14, 2022}}</ref>
]'' (1784).]]
* The release of '']'' in 1978 did not cause a shortage of ] in ]. An advertising campaign by ] and an erroneous 1980 article in '']'' are the sources of this claim.<ref name="Numismatist">{{#invoke:cite journal||last=Paradis|first=Charles|date=March 2014|title=Insert Coin to Play: Space Invaders and the 100-Yen Myth|journal=]|pages=46–48|publisher=]|url=https://www.academia.edu/3672374|access-date=June 26, 2022|archive-date=October 21, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021083122/https://www.academia.edu/3672374|url-status=live}}</ref>
* There is no evidence that the ], in which the arm is fully extended forwards or diagonally with fingers touching, was actually used in ancient Rome for greeting or any other purpose.<ref>
{{cite book |last=Winkler |first=Martin M. |title=The Roman Salute: Cinema, History, Ideology |publisher=Ohio State University Press |location=Columbus |year=2009 |isbn=978-0814208649}}</ref> The idea that the salute was popular in ancient times originated in the 1784 painting '']'' by the French artist ], which inspired later salutes, most notably the ].
]'' to a Roman amphitheater in ].]]
* Vomiting was not a regular part of ].<ref>
{{cite book|last=Fass|first=Patrick|title=Around the Roman Table|date=1994|publisher=]|isbn=978-0226233475|pages=66–67|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YXGlAr17oekC}}</ref> In ], the architectural feature called a '']'' was the entranceway through which crowds entered and exited a stadium, not a special room used for purging food during meals.<ref>
{{cite book|last=McKeown|first=J.C.|title=A Cabinet of Roman Curiosities: Strange Tales and Surprising Facts from the World's Greatest Empire|date=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0195393750|pages=153–54|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YGYwlMZ3ursC&pg=PA153}}</ref>
* The ] dictator ] was not born via ].<ref>
"Bad Medicine: Misconceptions and Misuses Revealed," by Christopher Wanjek, p. 5 (John Wiley & Sons, 2003)</ref> Such a procedure would have been fatal to the mother at the time,<ref>
"...could not survive the trauma of a Caesarean" ''Oxford Classical Dictionary, Third Edition'', "Childbirth"</ref> and historical evidence indicates Caesar's mother being alive during his own lifetime. Although the names are similar, the caesarean section was not named after Caesar, as is commonly believed; it is more likely derived from the Roman verb '']'', meaning "to cut."
* The death of the Greek philosopher ] at the hands of a mob of Christian monks in 415 was mainly a result of her involvement in a bitter political feud between her close friend and student ], the Roman prefect of Alexandria, and the bishop ], not her religious views.<ref>
a. {{cite book|last=Wessel|first=Susan|date=2004|title=Cyril of Alexandria and the Nestorian Controversy: The Making of a Saint and of a Heretic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YcgSDAAAQBAJ&q=Cyril+of+Alexandria+and+the+Nestorian+controversy|location=Oxford, England|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=36–38|isbn=978-0199268467}}
<br />b. {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MKolDQAAQBAJ&q=City+and+School+in+Late+Antique+Athens+and+Alexandria|title=City and School in Late Antique Athens and Alexandria|last=Watts|first=Edward J.|date=2008|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0520258167|location=Berkeley and Los Angeles, California|pages=195–200}}</ref> Her death also had nothing to do with the destruction of the ],<ref name="Theodore2016">{{cite book|last=Theodore|first=Jonathan|date=2016|title=The Modern Cultural Myth of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3QPWDAAAQBAJ&q=Hypatia+of+Alexandria+astrolabe+discoveries&pg=PA183|location=Manchester, England|publisher=Palgrave, Macmillan|isbn=978-1137569974}}</ref> which had likely already ceased to exist centuries before Hypatia was born.<ref name="Theodore2016"/>
* ] did not plow over the city of ] and ] after defeating it in the ].<ref>
a. {{cite journal|last1=Ridley|first1=R.T.|title=To Be Taken with a Pinch of Salt: The Destruction of Carthage|journal=Classical Philology|volume=81|issue=2|year=1986|jstor=269786|pages=140–46|doi=10.1086/366973|s2cid=161696751}}: "a tradition in Roman history well known to most students"
<br />b. {{cite journal |last1=Stevens|first1=Susan T.| title=A Legend of the Destruction of Carthage|journal=Classical Philology |volume=83 |issue=1 |pages=39–41| year=1988|jstor=269635 |doi=10.1086/367078|s2cid=161764925}}
<br />c. {{cite journal |last1=Visona |first1=Paolo |year=1988 |title=Passing the Salt: On the Destruction of Carthage Again |journal=Classical Philology |volume=83 |issue=1 |pages=41–42|jstor=269636 |doi=10.1086/367079|s2cid=162289604 }}: "this story... had already gained widespread currency"
<br />d. {{cite journal |last1=Warmington |first1=B.H. |title=The Destruction of Carthage: A Retractatio|journal=Classical Philology |volume=83 |issue=4 |pages=308–10|year=1988| jstor=269510 |doi=10.1086/367123|s2cid=162850949 }}: "the frequently repeated story"</ref>


===Middle Ages=== == History ==
=== Ancient ===
{{see also|List of common misconceptions about the Middle Ages}}
* The ] were not constructed with ]. Archaeological evidence shows that the laborers were a combination of skilled workers and poor farmers working in the off-season with the participants paid in high-quality food and tax exemptions.<ref>a. {{Cite magazine |last=Shaw |first=Johnathan |title=Who Built the Pyramids? |url=https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2003/07/who-built-the-pyramids-html |date=July–August 2003 |magazine=] |access-date=August 14, 2022 |archive-date=March 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319160551/https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2003/07/who-built-the-pyramids-html |url-status=live}}
* The Middle Ages were not "a time of ], ] and ]"; the ] did not place religious authority over personal experience and rational activity; and the term "]" is rejected by modern historians.<ref>
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite web||title=Egypt tombs suggest pyramids not built by slaves|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-antiquities-tombs/egypt-tombs-suggest-pyramids-not-built-by-slaves-idUSTRE6091E720100110|date=January 10, 2010|website=Reuters|access-date=August 14, 2022|archive-date=December 20, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220233133/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-antiquities-tombs/egypt-tombs-suggest-pyramids-not-built-by-slaves-idUSTRE6091E720100110|url-status=live}}
a. {{cite book|first=David C.|last=Lindberg|title=The Medieval Church Encounters the Classical Tradition: Saint Augustine, Roger Bacon, and the Handmaiden Metaphor|editor1-first=David C.|editor1-last=Lindberg|editor2-first=Ronald L.|editor2-last=Numbers|work=When Science & Christianity Meet|location=Chicago|publisher=]|year=2003|page=8}}
<br />c. {{Cite magazine |last=Weiss |first=Daniel |title=Journeys of the Pyramid Builders |date=July–August 2022 |url=https://www.archaeology.org/issues/473-2207/features/10601-egypt-wadi-el-jarf-port-papyri#art_page6 |magazine=] |publisher=] |access-date=August 14, 2022 |quote=Based on the contents of the papyri, Tallet believes that at least some workers in the time of Khufu were highly skilled and well rewarded for their labor, contradicting the popular notion that the Great Pyramid was built by masses of oppressed slaves. |archive-date=March 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314143516/https://www.archaeology.org/issues/473-2207/features/10601-egypt-wadi-el-jarf-port-papyri#art_page6 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Watterson">{{#invoke:cite book||title=The Egyptians|last=Watterson |first=Barbara|year=1997|publisher=Blackwell|chapter=The Era of Pyramid-builders|page=63|url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/egyptianspeoples00barb |quote=Herodotus claimed that the Great Pyramid at Giza was built with the labour of 100,000 slaves working in three-monthly shifts, a charge that cannot be substantiated. Much of the non-skilled labour on the pyramids was undertaken by peasants working during the Inundation season when they could not farm their lands. In return for their services they were given rations of food, a welcome addition to the family diet.}}</ref> The idea that slaves were used originated with ], and the idea that they were Israelites arose centuries after the pyramids were constructed.<ref name="USPyramids">{{#invoke:cite web||last=Kratovac |first=Katarina |date=January 12, 2010 |title=Egypt: New Find Shows Slaves Didn't Build Pyramids |url=https://www.usnews.com/science/articles/2010/01/12/egypt-new-find-shows-slaves-didnt-build-pyramids |access-date=August 14, 2022 |website=U.S. News |archive-date=May 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512025618/https://www.usnews.com/science/articles/2010/01/12/egypt-new-find-shows-slaves-didnt-build-pyramids |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Watterson" />
<br />b. {{cite book|first=Edward|last=Grant|title=God and Reason in the Middle Ages|publisher=Cambridge|year=2001|page=9}}
* ]s in ancient times were not commonly operated by chained slaves or prisoners, as depicted in films such as '']'', but by paid laborers or soldiers, with slaves used only in times of crisis, in some cases even gaining freedom after the crisis was averted. ] was a possible exception.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||last=Casson |first=Lionel |date=1966 |title=Galley Slaves |journal=Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association |volume=97 |pages=35–36 |doi=10.2307/2936000 |jstor=2936000 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||last=Sargent |first=Rachel L |date=July 1927 |title=The Use of Slaves by the Athenians in Warfare II. In Warfare by Sea |url=https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/classics/intranets/students/modules/warfare/essays/the_use_of_slaves_by_the_athenians_in_warfare_ii.pdf |journal=Classical Philology |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=264–279 |doi=10.1086/360910 |jstor=262754 |via=]}}</ref> Other types of vessels, such as Roman merchant vessels, were manned by slaves, sometimes even with slaves as ship's master.<ref>{{#invoke:cite book||last=Unger |first=Richard |title=The ship in the medieval economy, 600-1600 |publisher=Croom Helm |year=1980 |isbn=0-85664-949-X |location=London |page=37}}</ref>
<br />c. {{cite encyclopedia|first=Ted|last=Peters|chapter=Science and Religion|editor-first=Lindsay|editor-last=Jones|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Religion|edition=2nd|publisher=Thomson Gale|year=2005|page=8182}}
* ]'s tomb is not inscribed with a ]. This was a media invention of 20th-century tabloid journalists.<ref>a. ], Carol Andrews, ''Mummies: Death and Life in Ancient Egypt'', p.&nbsp;191, Collins for ], 1978, {{ISBN|978-0-00-195532-5}}
<br />d. {{Cite book|last=Snyder|first=Christopher A.|author-link=Christopher Snyder|year=1998|title=An Age of Tyrants: Britain and the Britons A.D. 400–600|publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press|publication-date=1998|location=University Park|pages=xiii–xiv|isbn=0271017805}}</ref>
<br />b. ], ''The Boy Behind the Mask'', p.&nbsp;xvi, Oneword, 2007, {{isbn|978-1-85168-544-8}}
* While modern ] are much higher than those in the Middle Ages and earlier,<ref name="Hawks 2009">{{cite book|url=http://johnhawks.net/weblog/reviews/life_history/age-specific-mortality-lifespan-bad-science-2009.html|author-link=John D. Hawks |last=Hawks|first=John |title=Human lifespans have not been constant for the last 2000 years|year=2009}}</ref> adults in the Middle Ages did not die in their 30s or 40s on average. That was the life expectancy ''at birth'', which was skewed by high infant and adolescent mortality. The life expectancy among adults was much higher;<ref name="Wanjek 2003"/> a 21-year-old man in medieval England, for example, could expect to live to the age of 64.<ref name="apps.business.ualberta.ca">{{cite web |url=http://apps.business.ualberta.ca/rfield/lifeexpectancy.htm |title="Expectations of Life" by H.O. Lancaster as per | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120904043610/http://apps.business.ualberta.ca/rfield/lifeexpectancy.htm | archive-date = 2012-09-04| url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Wanjek 2003">{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=oIJ5TKh7mPgC&q=%22this+is+one+of+the+biggest+misconceptions+about+old+age%22&pg=PA70 |author-link=Christopher Wanjek |last=Wanjek |first=Christopher |title=Bad Medicine: Misconceptions and Misuses Revealed, from Distance Healing to Vitamin O|publisher=Wiley |year=2002|pages=70–71|isbn=047143499X}}</ref>
<br />c. Richard Cavendish, "Tutankhamun's Curse?", ''History Today'' '''64''':3 ( {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403225344/https://www.historytoday.com/archive/months-past/tutankhamuns-curse|date=April 3, 2023}})</ref>
* There is no evidence that ] wore ]; this would have been highly impractical in battle.<ref>
* The ] was not destroyed by the ] and was not the inspiration for ]'s parable of ].<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite book||last=Neer|first=Richard|year=2012|title=Art and Archaeology of the Greek World|publisher=Thames and Hudson|page=37|isbn=978-0-500-05166-5|quote="...popular associations of the eruption with a legend of Atlantis should be dismissed...nor is there good evidence to suggest that the eruption...brought about the collapse of Minoan Crete}}
{{cite book |title=World History: Societies of the Past |last=Kahn |first=Charles |date=2005 |publisher=Portage & Main Press |isbn=978-1553790457 |page=9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gEXCIH4tek8C}}</ref> In fact, the image of Vikings wearing horned helmets stems from the ] of an 1876 production of the '']'' opera cycle by ].<ref>
<br />b. {{cite encyclopedia |year=2012 |title=Eruption of Thera/Santorini |encyclopedia=The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean |publisher=Oxford University Press |last=Manning |first=Stuart |editor-last=Cline |editor-first=Eric |pages=457–454 |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199873609.013.0034 |isbn=978-0-19-987360-9 |quote="Marinatos (1939) famously suggested that the eruption might even have caused the destruction of Minoan Crete (also Page 1970). Although this simple hypothesis has been negated by the findings of excavation and other research since the late 1960s... which demonstrate that the eruption occurred late in the Late Minoan IA ceramic period, whereas the destructions of the Cretan palaces and so on are some time subsequent (late in the following Late Minoan IB ceramic period)"}}</ref>]'' (1784).]]
{{cite book|last=Frank|first=F.|title=The Invention of the Viking Horned Helmet|date=2000|publisher=International Scandinavian and Medieval Studies in Memory of Gerd Wolfgang Weber|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/51267328/Frank-Invention-of-Horned-Helmet| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140413142627/http://www.scribd.com/doc/51267328/Frank-Invention-of-Horned-Helmet|archive-date = April 13, 2014| url-status=live}}</ref>
* The ancient Greeks did not use the word "]" ({{langx|grc|ἰδιώτης|idiṓtēs}}) to disparage people who did not take part in civic life. An {{lang|grc|ἰδιώτης}} was simply a private citizen as opposed to a government official. The word also meant any sort of non-expert or layman,<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||author=Sparkes A.W.|year=1988|title=Idiots, Ancient and Modern|journal=Australian Journal of Political Science|volume=23|pages=101–102|doi=10.1080/00323268808402051}}</ref> then later someone uneducated or ignorant, and much later to mean stupid or mentally deficient.<ref name="oed_idiot">'']'', {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808134649/https://www.oed.com/dictionary/idiot_n |date=August 8, 2024 }}</ref>
* Vikings did not ]. This was based on a mistranslation of the ]ic poetic use of ''ór bjúgviðum hausa'' (branches of skulls) to refer to ]s.<ref>
* The so-called ], in which the arm is fully extended forwards or diagonally with palm down and fingers touching, was not used in ancient Rome. The gesture was first associated with ancient Rome in the 1784 painting '']'' by the French artist ], which inspired later salutes, most notably the ].<ref>{{#invoke:cite book||last=Winkler |first=Martin M. |title=The Roman Salute: Cinema, History, Ideology |publisher=Ohio State University Press |location=Columbus |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8142-0864-9}} p. 55</ref>
E. W. Gordon, ''Introduction to Old Norse'' (2nd edition, Oxford 1962) pp. lxix–lxx.</ref>
]'' in a Roman amphitheater]]
* Vikings did not ] "]" as a ploy to discourage others from settling it. ] and ] both saw snow and ice on the island when they traveled there, giving the island its name.<ref>
* Wealthy Ancient Romans did not use rooms called ''vomitoria'' to purge food during meals so they could continue eating<ref name="McKeown 2010">{{#invoke:cite book||last=McKeown|first=J.C.|title=A Cabinet of Roman Curiosities: Strange Tales and Surprising Facts from the World's Greatest Empire|date=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-539375-0|pages=153–54|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YGYwlMZ3ursC&pg=PA153}}</ref> and vomiting was not a regular part of ].<ref>{{#invoke:cite book||last=Fass|first=Patrick|title=Around the Roman Table|date=1994|publisher=]|isbn=978-0-226-23347-5|pages=66–67|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YXGlAr17oekC|access-date=September 21, 2016|archive-date=January 21, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121034111/https://books.google.com/books?id=YXGlAr17oekC|url-status=live}}</ref> A '']'' of an amphitheatre or stadium was a passageway allowing quick exit at the end of an event.<ref name="McKeown 2010" />
{{cite magazine|last=Evans|first=Andrew|url=https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/06/iceland-greenland-name-swap/|title=Is Iceland Really Green and Greenland Really Icy?|magazine=]|date=June 2016}}</ref> ], on the other hand, was named in the hope that it would help attract settlers.<ref>a. {{cite book |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/17946/17946-h/17946-h.htm |title=Eirik the Red's Saga |publisher=Gutenberg.org |date=8 March 2006 |access-date=6 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511061916/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/17946/17946-h/17946-h.htm |archive-date=11 May 2011 |url-status=live }}
* ] did not ]<!-- this is the topic article--> over the city of ] after defeating it in the ].<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Ridley|first1=R.T.|title=To Be Taken with a Pinch of Salt: The Destruction of Carthage |journal=Classical Philology|volume=81|issue=2|year=1986 |pages=140–146|doi=10.1086/366973|s2cid=161696751 |jstor=269786}}: "a tradition in Roman history well known to most students"
<br />b. {{cite web|url=http://ancientstandard.com/2010/12/17/how-greenland-got-its-name|title=How Greenland Got Its Name|work=The Ancient Standard|date=17 December 2010|access-date=January 24, 2020|archive-date=March 19, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319050912/http://ancientstandard.com/2010/12/17/how-greenland-got-its-name/|url-status=dead}}.
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Stevens|first1=Susan T. |year=1988|title=A Legend of the Destruction of Carthage |journal=Classical Philology |volume=83 |issue=1 |pages=39–41 |jstor=269635 |doi=10.1086/367078 |s2cid=161764925}}
<br />c. {{cite journal|last=Grove|first=Jonathan|year=2009|url=https://cambridge.academia.edu/JonathanGrove/Papers/397439/The_Place_of_Greenland_In_Medieval_Icelandic_Saga_Narrative|title=The place of Greenland in medieval Icelandic saga narrative|journal=Journal of the North Atlantic|volume=2|pages=30–51|doi=10.3721/037.002.s206|s2cid=163032041|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120411212816/http://cambridge.academia.edu/JonathanGrove/Papers/397439/The_Place_of_Greenland_In_Medieval_Icelandic_Saga_Narrative|archive-date=11 April 2012}}</ref>
<br />c. {{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Visona |first1=Paolo |year=1988 |title=Passing the Salt: On the Destruction of Carthage Again |journal=Classical Philology |volume=83 |issue=1 |pages=41–42 |jstor=269636 |doi=10.1086/367079 |s2cid=162289604}}: "this story... had already gained widespread currency"
* ] did not command the ] to reverse in a fit of delusional arrogance.<ref>
<br />d. {{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Warmington |first1=B.H. |title=The Destruction of Carthage: A Retractatio |journal=Classical Philology |volume=83 |issue=4 |pages=308–10|year=1988| jstor=269510 |doi=10.1086/367123 |s2cid=162850949}}: "the frequently repeated story"</ref>
{{cite news|url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-13524677 |title=Is King Canute misunderstood?|publisher= BBC |date=May 26, 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140420145809/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-13524677 | archive-date = April 20, 2014| url-status=live}}</ref> His intent that day, if indeed the incident did occur, was most likely to prove a point to members of his privy council that no man is all-powerful, and we all must bend to forces beyond our control, such as the tides.
* ] was not born via ]. Such a procedure would have been fatal to the mother at the time, and Caesar's mother was still alive when he was 45 years old.<ref>" could not survive the trauma of a Caesarean" ''Oxford Classical Dictionary, Third Edition'', "Childbirth"</ref><ref name="Wanjek 2003 p5">{{#invoke:cite book||last1=Wanjek |first1=Christopher |title=Bad Medicine: Misconceptions and Misuses Revealed, from Distance Healing to Vitamin O |date=April 7, 2003 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-471-46315-3 |page=5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oIJ5TKh7mPgC&dq=caesar&pg=PA5 |language=en}}</ref>
* There is no evidence that ] were used for torture, or even yet invented, in the ]. Instead they were pieced together in the 18th century from several ] found in museums to create spectacular objects intended for (commercial) exhibition.<ref>
{{cite book| first = Wolfgang| last = Schild| date = 2000| title = Die eiserne Jungfrau. Dichtung und Wahrheit (Schriftenreihe des Mittelalterlichen Kriminalmuseums Rothenburg o. d. Tauber Nr. 3)| location = Rothenburg ob der Tauber}}</ref>
] in Germany. The choice of anticlockwise or clockwise spiral in castles had more to do with convenience than with hindering right-handed attackers.]]
* ]s in castles were not designed in a clockwise direction to hinder right-handed attackers.<ref name="Guy">{{cite journal|last=Guy|first=Neil|title=The Rise of the Anticlockwise Newel Stair|journal=The Castle Studies Group Journal|volume=25|year=2011–2012|pages=114, 163|url=http://www.castlestudiesgroup.org.uk/CSGJournal2011-12X5stairs.pdf}} {{open access}}</ref><ref>
{{cite book|url=https://historytheinterestingbits.com/2019/10/09/guest-post-busting-mediaeval-building-myths-part-one/|title=Guest Post: Busting Mediaeval Building Myths: Part One |publisher=History... the interesting bits! |first=James |last=Wright |date=9 October 2019 |access-date=24 February 2020}}</ref> While clockwise spiral staircases are more common in castles than anti-clockwise, they were even more common in medieval structures without a military role such as religious buildings.<ref name="Ryder">{{cite thesis |last=Ryder |first=Charles |title=The spiral stair or vice: its origins, role and meaning in medieval stone castles |type=PhD |publisher=University of Liverpool |year=2011 |pages=293–94 |url=https://chesterrep.openrepository.com/handle/10034/239772}} {{open access}}</ref><ref name="Guy" />
* The ] of European soldiers did not stop soldiers from moving around or necessitate a crane to get them into a saddle. They would routinely fight on foot and could mount and dismount without help. In fact, soldiers equipped with plate armor were more mobile than those with ] (chain armor), as mail was heavier and required stiff padding beneath due to its pliable nature.<ref>
{{cite web|last=Breiding|first=Dirk|title=Department of Arms and Armor, The Metropolitan Museum of Art| url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/aams/hd_aams.htm#weight_b|publisher=metmuseum.org|access-date=February 23, 2012| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140426172847/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/aams/hd_aams.htm | archive-date = April 26, 2014| url-status=live}}</ref> It is true that armor used in tournaments in the late Middle Ages was significantly heavier than that used in warfare,<ref>
{{cite web |url=http://madeofwynn.net/2012/10/08/medieval-anachronisms-part-3-cranes-hoisting-armored-knights/ |title=Cranes hoisting armored knights |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029210602/http://madeofwynn.net/2012/10/08/medieval-anachronisms-part-3-cranes-hoisting-armored-knights/ |archive-date=October 29, 2013 |url-status=dead |access-date=October 23, 2013 }}</ref> which may have contributed to this misconception.
* Whether ]s, devices designed to prevent women from having ], were invented in ] times is disputed by modern historians. Most existing chastity belts are now thought to be deliberate fakes or anti-masturbatory devices from the 19th and early 20th centuries.<ref>
{{cite book|title=Misconceptions About the Middle Ages|last=Keyser|first=Linda Migl|date=2008|publisher=Routledge|editor-last=Harris|editor-first=Stephen J.|chapter=The Medieval Chastity Belt Unbuckled|ref=have|editor2-last=Grigsby|editor2-first=Bryon L.}}</ref>
].]]
* ]ans ]. Scholars have known the ] since at least 500 BC.<ref name="washingtonpost.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/answer-sheet/post/busting-a-myth-about-columbus-and-a-flat-earth/2011/10/10/gIQAXszQaL_blog.html|title=Busting a myth about Columbus and a flat Earth|website=Washington Post|language=en|access-date=September 29, 2018}}</ref> This myth was created in the 17th century by Protestants to argue against Catholic teachings.<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://www.patheos.com/resources/additional-resources/2010/05/science-versus-christianity|title=Science Versus Christianity?|website=www.patheos.com|language=en|access-date=September 29, 2018}}</ref>
:* ]' efforts to obtain support for ] were hampered not by belief in a flat Earth, but by valid worries that the East Indies were farther than he realized.<ref>
{{cite encyclopedia | title=The Myth of the Flat Earth | encyclopedia=Misconceptions about the Middle Ages | publisher=Routledge | access-date=January 26, 2014 | author=Louise M. Bishop | editor=Stephen Harris | editor2=Bryon L. Grigsby | date=2010 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hdCTAgAAQBAJ&lpg=PT149| isbn=978-1135986667 }}</ref> In fact, Columbus grossly underestimated the Earth's circumference because of two calculation errors.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/at-work/test-and-measurement/columbuss-geographical-miscalculations|title=Columbus's Geographical Miscalculations|website=IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News|language=en|access-date=October 3, 2018|date=October 9, 2012|archive-date=October 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003063329/https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/at-work/test-and-measurement/columbuss-geographical-miscalculations|url-status=dead}}.</ref> The myth that Columbus proved the Earth was round was propagated by authors like ] in '']''.<ref name="washingtonpost.com"/><ref>
{{cite web|url=http://dhayton.haverford.edu/blog/2014/12/02/washington-irvings-columbus-and-the-flat-earth/|title=Washington Irving's Columbus and the Flat Earth – Darin Hayton|website=dhayton.haverford.edu|language=en-US|access-date=September 29, 2018}}</ref>
* ] was not the first European to visit the Americas:<ref>
a. {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YkLCiKN0x4UC&pg=PA90|title=Terra cognita: the mental discovery of America|author1=Eviatar Zerubavel|date=2003|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-0765809872|pages=90–91}}
<br />b. {{cite book|last=Sale|first=Kirkpatrick|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AUd0QgAACAAJ|title=The Conquest of Paradise: Christopher Columbus and the Columbian Legacy|year=1991|pages=204–09|isbn=978-1845111540|via=Google Books}}</ref> ], and possibly other ] before him, explored ], which is presumably both ] and the ] as far as northeastern ]. Ruins at ] prove that at least one Norse settlement was built in Newfoundland, confirming a narrative in the ]. Columbus also never reached any land that now forms part of the ]; most of the landings Columbus made on ], including the initial October 12, 1492 landing (the anniversary of which forms the basis of ]), were on Caribbean islands that are now independent countries. However, Columbus did land on the mainland of South America during his ] and on the island of ] (now a U.S. territory) during his first voyage.


===Early modern=== === Middle Ages ===
{{See also|List of common misconceptions about the Middle Ages}}
* The ] people of the ] did not mistake ] and his landing party for gods during Cortés' ]. This myth came from Francisco López de Gómara, who never went to Mexico and conjured the myth while working for the retired Cortés in Spain years after the conquest.<ref>
* The ] were not "a time of ], ] and ]"; the Church did not place religious authority over personal experience and rational activity; and the term "]" is rejected by modern historians.<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite book||first=David C.|last=Lindberg|chapter=The Medieval Church Encounters the Classical Tradition: Saint Augustine, Roger Bacon, and the Handmaiden Metaphor|editor1-first=David C.|editor1-last=Lindberg|editor2-first=Ronald L.|editor2-last=Numbers|title=When Science & Christianity Meet|location=Chicago|publisher=]|year=2003|page=8}}
Wills, Matthew (January 17, 2020). . ''JSTOR''. Retrieved January 19, 2020.</ref>
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite book||first=Edward|last=Grant|title=God and Reason in the Middle Ages|publisher=Cambridge|year=2001|page=9}}
* ] did not import ] from China,<ref>
<br />c. {{cite encyclopedia |first=Ted |last=Peters |chapter=Science and Religion |editor-first=Lindsay |editor-last=Jones |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Religion |edition=2nd |publisher=Thomson Gale |year=2005 |page=8182}}
{{cite web|url=http://www.ilovepasta.org/faqs.html|title=National Pasta Association |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320211605/http://www.ilovepasta.org/faqs.html |archive-date=March 20, 2012|url-status=dead}} article ''FAQs'' section "Who "invented" pasta?"; "The story that it was Marco Polo who imported noodles to Italy and thereby gave birth to the country's pasta culture is the most pervasive myth in the history of Italian food." (Dickie 2008, p. 48).</ref> a misconception that originated with the ''Macaroni Journal'', published by an association of food industries to promote the use of pasta in the United States.<ref>
<br />d. {{#invoke:cite book||last=Snyder|first=Christopher A.|author-link=Christopher Snyder (historian)|year=1998|title=An Age of Tyrants: Britain and the Britons A.D. 400–600|publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press|publication-date=1998|location=University Park|pages=xiii–xiv|isbn=978-0-271-01780-8}}</ref>
S. Serventi, F. Sabban ''La pasta. Storia e cultura di un cibo universale'', VII. Economica Laterza 2004</ref> Marco Polo describes a food similar to "lasagna" in his '']'', but he uses a term with which he was already familiar.
* While modern ] are much higher than those in the Middle Ages and earlier,<ref>{{#invoke:cite book|| vauthors = Bitel LM |title=Women in Early Medieval Europe, 400-1100 |date=2002-10-24 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-59773-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XRudk_NcA7cC&pg=PA25}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web|| publisher = U.N. Department of Economic and Social Affairs | work = Population Division |title=World Population Prospects 2019 |url=https://population.un.org/wpp/Publications/Files/WPP2019_Highlights.pdf}}</ref> adults in the Middle Ages did not die in their 30s on average. That was the life expectancy ''at birth'', which was skewed by high infant and adolescent mortality. The life expectancy among adults was much higher;<ref name="Wanjek 2003" /> a 21-year-old man in medieval England, for example, could expect to live to the age of 64.<ref name="apps.business.ualberta.ca">{{#invoke:cite web||url=http://apps.business.ualberta.ca/rfield/lifeexpectancy.htm |title="Expectations of Life" by H.O. Lancaster as per | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120904043610/http://apps.business.ualberta.ca/rfield/lifeexpectancy.htm | archive-date = September 4, 2012| url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Wanjek 2003">{{#invoke:cite book||url= https://books.google.com/books?id=oIJ5TKh7mPgC&q=%22this+is+one+of+the+biggest+misconceptions+about+old+age%22&pg=PA70 |author-link=Christopher Wanjek |last=Wanjek |first=Christopher |title=Bad Medicine: Misconceptions and Misuses Revealed, from Distance Healing to Vitamin O |publisher=Wiley |year=2002 |pages=70–71 |isbn=978-0-471-43499-3}}</ref> However, in various places and eras, life expectancy was noticeably lower. For example, monks often died in their 20s or 30s.<ref name="Scott 2011">{{#invoke:cite book||last=Scott|first=Robert A.|title=Miracle Cures: Saints, Pilgrimage, and the Healing Powers of Belief|date=October 4, 2011|publisher=]|isbn=978-0-520-27134-0|edition=1st|location=Berkeley|pages=10–11}}</ref>
* Contrary to the popular image of the ], the early settlers of the ] in North America usually did not wear all black, and their ]s (hats) were shorter and rounder than the widely depicted tall hat with a buckle on it. Instead, their fashion was based on that of the late ]: ], ] and ]. Both men and women wore the same style of shoes, stockings, capes, coats and hats in a range of colors including reds, yellows, purples, and greens.<ref>
* There is no evidence that Viking warriors wore ]; this would have been impractical in battle.<ref>{{#invoke:cite book||title=World History: Societies of the Past|last=Kahn|first=Charles|date=2005|publisher=Portage & Main Press|isbn=978-1-55379-045-7|page=9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gEXCIH4tek8C}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Viking helmets|publisher=National Museum of Denmark|quote= In a battle situation, horns on a helmet would get in the way. |url=https://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/denmark/prehistoric-period-until-1050-ad/the-viking-age/weapons/helmets/}}</ref>
{{cite web |url=http://web.ccsd.k12.wy.us/techcurr/social%20studies/05/0101pilcloth.html |title=Plymouth Colony Clothing |publisher=Web.ccsd.k12.wy.us |access-date=February 9, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022032249/http://web.ccsd.k12.wy.us/techcurr/social%20studies/05/0101pilcloth.html |archive-date=October 22, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The traditional image was formed in the 19th century when buckles were a kind of emblem of ].<ref>
* Vikings did not ]. This was based on a mistranslation of the ]ic poetic use of ''ór bjúgviðum hausa'' (branches of skulls) to refer to ]s.<ref>E. W. Gordon, ''Introduction to Old Norse'' (2nd edition, Oxford 1962) pp. lxix–lxx.</ref>
a. {{cite book|last=Schenone|first=Laura|title=A Thousand Years Over A Hot Stove: A History Of American Women Told Through Food, Recipes, And Remembrances|location=New York|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=2004|page=118|isbn=978-0393326277}}
* Vikings did not ] "Iceland" as a ploy to discourage oversettlement. According to the ], ] saw icebergs on the island when he traveled there, and named the island after them.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Evans |first=Andrew |url=https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/06/iceland-greenland-name-swap/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630143403/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/06/iceland-greenland-name-swap/ |archive-date=June 30, 2016 |title=Is Iceland Really Green and Greenland Really Icy? |magazine=] |date=June 2016}}</ref> Popular legend holds that Greenland was named in the hopes of attracting settlers.<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite book||url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/17946/17946-h/17946-h.htm |title=Eirik the Red's Saga |publisher=Gutenberg.org |date=March 8, 2006 |access-date=September 6, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511061916/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/17946/17946-h/17946-h.htm |archive-date=May 11, 2011 |url-status=live }}
<br />b. {{cite book|last=Wilson|first=Susan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VwlpQwAACAAJ|title=Literary Trail of Greater Boston|location=Boston|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company|year=2000|page=23|isbn=978-0618050130|via=Google Books}}</ref> (The ]s, who also settled in Massachusetts near the same time, ''did'' frequently wear all black.)<ref>
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite web||url=http://ancientstandard.com/2010/12/17/how-greenland-got-its-name|title=How Greenland Got Its Name|work=The Ancient Standard|date=December 17, 2010|access-date=January 24, 2020|archive-date=March 19, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319050912/http://ancientstandard.com/2010/12/17/how-greenland-got-its-name/}}.
{{cite web |last1=Brooks |first1=Rebecca Beatrice |title=What Did the Pilgrims Wear? |url=https://historyofmassachusetts.org/what-did-pilgrims-wear/ |website=History of Massachusetts Blog |publisher=Rebecca Beatrice Brooks |access-date=10 November 2019 |date=22 July 2018}}</ref>
<br />c. {{#invoke:cite journal||last=Grove|first=Jonathan|year=2009|url=https://cambridge.academia.edu/JonathanGrove/Papers/397439/The_Place_of_Greenland_In_Medieval_Icelandic_Saga_Narrative|title=The place of Greenland in medieval Icelandic saga narrative|journal=Journal of the North Atlantic|volume=2|pages=30–51|doi=10.3721/037.002.s206|s2cid=163032041|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120411212816/http://cambridge.academia.edu/JonathanGrove/Papers/397439/The_Place_of_Greenland_In_Medieval_Icelandic_Saga_Narrative|archive-date=April 11, 2012}}</ref>
* There is little evidence to support that the Italian mathematician, physicist, and philosopher ] uttered "e pur si muove" or "eppur si muove" (and yet it moves) in 1633 after being forced by the Catholic Church to abandon his ] in favor of the ] as adopted by the Church.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.historyrundown.com/did-galileo-really-say-and-yet-it-moves/|title=Did Galileo Really Say: “And Yet It Moves”?|date=March 7, 2020|website=History Rundown}}</ref>
* In the tale of ], the king did not command the tide to reverse in a fit of delusional arrogance. According to the story, his intent was to prove a point that no man is all-powerful, and that all people must bend to forces beyond their control, such as the tides.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-13524677|title=Is King Canute misunderstood?|publisher=BBC|date=May 26, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420145809/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-13524677|archive-date=April 20, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
* The familiar story that ] was inspired to research the nature of ] by an ] is almost certainly apocryphal. All Newton himself ever said was that the idea came to him as he sat "in a contemplative mood" and "was occasioned by the fall of an apple".<ref name="Newton's apple: The real story">{{cite journal|journal=New Scientist|url=https://www.newscientist.com/blogs/culturelab/2010/01/newtons-apple-the-real-story.php|archive-url=https://archive.today/20100121073908/http://www.newscientist.com/blogs/culturelab/2010/01/newtons-apple-the-real-story.php|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 January 2010|title=Newton's apple: The real story|date=18 January 2010|access-date=10 May 2010}}</ref>
* There is no evidence that ] were used for torture, or even yet invented, in the Middle Ages. Instead they were pieced together in the 18th century from several artifacts found in museums, arsenals and the like to create spectacular objects intended for commercial exhibition.<ref>{{#invoke:cite book||first=Wolfgang |last=Schild |date=2000 |title=Die eiserne Jungfrau. Dichtung und Wahrheit (Schriftenreihe des Mittelalterlichen Kriminalmuseums Rothenburg o. d. Tauber Nr. 3) |location=Rothenburg ob der Tauber|publisher=Mittelalterl. Kriminalmuseum}}</ref>
* The accused at the ] in North America were not burned at the stake; about 15 died in prison, 19 were hanged and ] was ].<ref>
* Spiral staircases in castles were not designed in a clockwise direction to hinder right-handed attackers.<ref name="Guy">{{#invoke:cite journal||last=Guy|first=Neil|title=The Rise of the Anticlockwise Newel Stair|journal=The Castle Studies Group Journal|volume=25|year=2011–2012|pages=114, 163|url=http://www.castlestudiesgroup.org.uk/CSGJournal2011-12X5stairs.pdf|access-date=May 12, 2020|archive-date=August 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807073740/http://www.castlestudiesgroup.org.uk/CSGJournal2011-12X5stairs.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite book||url=https://historytheinterestingbits.com/2019/10/09/guest-post-busting-mediaeval-building-myths-part-one/ |title=Guest Post: Busting Mediaeval Building Myths: Part One |publisher=History... the interesting bits! |first=James |last=Wright |date=October 9, 2019 |access-date=February 24, 2020 |archive-date=January 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108190529/https://historytheinterestingbits.com/2019/10/09/guest-post-busting-mediaeval-building-myths-part-one/ |url-status=live }}</ref> While clockwise spiral staircases are more common in castles than anti-clockwise, they were even more common in medieval structures without a military role, such as religious buildings.<ref name="Ryder">{{cite thesis |last=Ryder |first=Charles |title=The spiral stair or vice: its origins, role and meaning in medieval stone castles |type=PhD |publisher=University of Liverpool |year=2011 |page=294 |url=https://chesterrep.openrepository.com/handle/10034/239772 |access-date=May 12, 2020 |archive-date=February 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223182558/https://chesterrep.openrepository.com/handle/10034/239772 |url-status=live}}</ref>
a. {{cite book|last=Rosenthal|first=Bernard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YNYyMV_huGAC&pg=PA209|title=Salem Story: Reading the Witch Trials of 1692|page=209|publisher=]|year=1995|isbn=978-0521558204}}
* The ] of European soldiers did not stop soldiers from moving around or necessitate a crane to get them into a saddle. They needed to be able to fight on foot in case they could not ride their horse and could mount and dismount without help.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Breiding|first=Dirk|title=Department of Arms and Armor, The Metropolitan Museum of Art| url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/aams/hd_aams.htm#weight_b|publisher=metmuseum.org|access-date=February 23, 2012| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140426172847/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/aams/hd_aams.htm | archive-date = April 26, 2014| url-status=live}}</ref> However, armor used in tournaments in the late Middle Ages was significantly heavier than that used in warfare.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=http://madeofwynn.net/2012/10/08/medieval-anachronisms-part-3-cranes-hoisting-armored-knights/ |title=Cranes hoisting armored knights |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029210602/http://madeofwynn.net/2012/10/08/medieval-anachronisms-part-3-cranes-hoisting-armored-knights/ |archive-date=October 29, 2013 |access-date=October 23, 2013 }}</ref>
<br />b. {{cite book|last=Adams|first=Gretchen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wMIF3EFgnRsC&pg=PR22|title=The Specter of Salem: Remembering the Witch Trials in Nineteenth-Century America|page=xxii|publisher=ReadHowYouWant.com|year=2010|isbn=978-1459605824|via=]}}</ref>
* Whether ]s, devices designed to prevent women from having sexual intercourse, were invented in medieval times is disputed by modern historians. Most existing chastity belts are now thought to be deliberate fakes from the 19th century.<ref>{{#invoke:cite book||title=Misconceptions About the Middle Ages|last=Keyser|first=Linda Migl|date=2008|publisher=Routledge|editor-last=Harris|editor-first=Stephen J.|chapter=The Medieval Chastity Belt Unbuckled|ref=have|editor2-last=Grigsby|editor2-first=Bryon L.}}</ref>
]" is commonly attributed to ].]]
]]]
* ] did not say "]" when she heard that the French peasantry were starving due to a shortage of bread. The phrase was first published in Rousseau's '']'' when Marie was only nine years old and not attributed to her, just to "a great princess". The phrase was used as anti-monarchist propaganda.<ref>
* Medieval European scholars ]. Scholars have known the Earth is spherical since at least the sixth century BCE.<ref name="washingtonpost.com">{{#invoke:cite news||url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/answer-sheet/post/busting-a-myth-about-columbus-and-a-flat-earth/2011/10/10/gIQAXszQaL_blog.html|title=Busting a myth about Columbus and a flat Earth|newspaper=Washington Post|language=en|access-date=September 29, 2018|archive-date=February 20, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220023642/https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/answer-sheet/post/busting-a-myth-about-columbus-and-a-flat-earth/2011/10/10/gIQAXszQaL_blog.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{cite web|last=Keener|first=Candace|url=http://history.howstuffworks.com/european-history/top-5-marie-antoinette-scandals1.htm|title=HowStuffWorks "Let Them Eat Cake"|publisher=History.howstuffworks.com|access-date=June 23, 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120904040526/http://history.howstuffworks.com/european-history/top-5-marie-antoinette-scandals1.htm | archive-date = September 4, 2012| url-status=live|date=September 2, 2008}}</ref>
* Medieval cartographers did not regularly write "]" on their maps. The only maps from this era that have the phrase inscribed on them are the ] and the ], next to a coast in Southeast Asia for both of them. Maps in this period did occasionally have illustrations of mythical or real animals.<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite web||last=Meyer|first=Robinson|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/12/no-old-maps-actually-say-here-be-dragons/282267/|title=No Old Maps Actually Say 'Here Be Dragons'|website=The Atlantic|date=December 12, 2013|access-date=June 24, 2022|archive-date=February 1, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201040526/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/12/no-old-maps-actually-say-here-be-dragons/282267/|url-status=live}}
* ] did not have wooden teeth. His dentures were made of gold, hippopotamus ivory, lead, animal teeth (including horse and donkey teeth),<ref>
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite journal||last=Van Duzer|first=Chet|date=June 4, 2014|title=Bring on the Monsters and Marvels: Non-Ptolemaic Legends on Manuscript Maps of Ptolemy's Geography|journal=Viator|volume=45|issue=2|pages=303–334|doi=10.1484/J.VIATOR.1.103923|issn=0083-5897}}
{{cite web|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/6875436 |title=Washington's False Teeth Not Wooden |work=NBC News |date=January 27, 2005 |access-date=August 29, 2009 }}</ref> and probably human teeth purchased from slaves.<ref>
<br />c. {{#invoke:cite news||last=Kim|first=Meeri|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/oldest-globe-to-depict-the-new-world-may-have-been-discovered/2013/08/19/503b2b4a-06b4-11e3-a07f-49ddc7417125_story.html|title=Oldest globe to depict the New World may have been discovered|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=August 19, 2013|access-date=July 2, 2022|quote=The only other map or globe on which this specific phrase appears is what can arguably be called the egg's twin: the copper Hunt-Lenox Globe, dated around 1510 and housed by the Rare Book Division of the New York Public Library.|archive-date=September 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930080237/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/oldest-globe-to-depict-the-new-world-may-have-been-discovered/2013/08/19/503b2b4a-06b4-11e3-a07f-49ddc7417125_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{cite web|last1=Thompson|first1=Mary V.|title=The Private Life of George Washington's Slaves|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/jefferson/video/lives.html|access-date=June 16, 2014}}</ref>
* ]' efforts to obtain support for ] were not hampered by belief in a ], but by valid worries that the East Indies were farther than he realized.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=The Myth of the Flat Earth |encyclopedia=Misconceptions about the Middle Ages |publisher=Routledge |access-date=January 26, 2014 |author=Louise M. Bishop |editor=Stephen Harris |editor2=Bryon L. Grigsby |date=2010 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hdCTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT149 |isbn=978-1-135-98666-7 |archive-date=August 8, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808134641/https://books.google.com/books?id=hdCTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT149#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> In fact, Columbus grossly underestimated the Earth's circumference because of two calculation errors.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/at-work/test-and-measurement/columbuss-geographical-miscalculations|title=Columbus's Geographical Miscalculations|website=IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News|language=en|access-date=October 3, 2018|date=October 9, 2012|archive-date=October 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003063329/https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/at-work/test-and-measurement/columbuss-geographical-miscalculations}}</ref> The myth that Columbus proved the Earth was round was propagated by authors like ] in '']''.<ref name="washingtonpost.com" />
* The signing of the ] did not occur on July 4, 1776. After the ] voted to declare independence on July 2, the final language of the document was approved on July 4, and it was printed and distributed on July 4–5.<ref>
* Columbus was not the first European to visit the Americas:<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite book||url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YkLCiKN0x4UC&pg=PA90|title=Terra cognita: the mental discovery of America|author1=Eviatar Zerubavel|date=2003|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-0-7658-0987-2|pages=90–91|access-date=September 21, 2016|archive-date=January 21, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121034111/https://books.google.com/books?id=YkLCiKN0x4UC&pg=PA90|url-status=live}}
{{cite web|url=https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/declaration_history.html |title=Declaration of Independence – A History |access-date=April 4, 2011 |work=archives.gov |publisher=U.S. National Archives and Records Administration |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5mr8D8v2a?url=http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/declaration_history.html |archive-date=January 17, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the actual signing occurred on August 2, 1776.<ref>
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite book||last=Sale|first=Kirkpatrick|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AUd0QgAACAAJ|title=The Conquest of Paradise: Christopher Columbus and the Columbian Legacy|year=1991|pages=204–09|publisher=Plume|isbn=978-1-84511-154-0|via=Google Books}}</ref> ], and possibly other ] before him, explored ], an area of coastal North America. Ruins at ] prove that at least one Norse settlement was built in Newfoundland, confirming a story in the '']''.
{{cite web|url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/3742/new-poll-gauges-americans-general-knowledge-levels.aspx|date=July 6, 1999|title=New Poll Gauges Americans' General Knowledge Levels|first=Steve |last=Crabtree|quote=Fifty-five percent say it commemorates the signing of the Declaration of Independence (this is a common misconception, and close to being accurate; July 4th is actually the date in 1776 when the Continental Congress approved the Declaration, which was officially signed on August 2nd.) Another 32 percent give a more general answer, saying that July 4th celebrates Independence Day.|publisher=Gallup News Service|access-date=January 13, 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140327130003/http://www.gallup.com/poll/3742/New-Poll-Gauges-Americans-General-Knowledge-Levels.aspx | archive-date = March 27, 2014| url-status=live}}</ref>
* ] did not propose that the ] be used as the symbol for the United States instead of the ]. While he did serve on a commission that tried to design a seal after the ], his proposal was an image of ]. His objections to the eagle as a national symbol and preference for the turkey were stated in a 1784 letter to his daughter in response to the ]'s use of the former; he never expressed that sentiment publicly.<ref>
a. {{cite news|last=Lund|first=Nicholas|title=Did Benjamin Franklin ''Really'' Say the National Symbol Should Be the Turkey?|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/holidays/2013/11/benjamin_franklin_turkey_symbol_why_he_hated_the_bald_eagle_for_the_great.html|newspaper=]|date=November 21, 2013|access-date=November 22, 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427083733/http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/holidays/2013/11/benjamin_franklin_turkey_symbol_why_he_hated_the_bald_eagle_for_the_great.html|archive-date = April 27, 2014|url-status=live}}
<br />b. {{cite web|last=McMillan|first=Joseph|url=http://americanheraldry.org/pages/index.php?n=MMM.Turkey|title=The Arms of the United States: Benjamin Franklin and the Turkey|publisher=American Heraldry Society|date=May 18, 2007|access-date=November 24, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427082418/http://www.americanheraldry.org/pages/index.php?n=MMM.Turkey|archive-date=April 27, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* ] did not recall from memory or reproduce ]'s ], did not assist in the planning or surveying of that city, did not write one of the first almanacs in the United States, did not invent a clock and was not one of the first people to record observations of the ] (see ] for further information and references).
* There was never a bill to make ] the ] that was defeated by one vote in the ], nor has one been proposed at the state level. In 1794, a petition from a group of German immigrants was put aside on a procedural vote of 42 to 41, that would have had the government publish some laws in German. This was the basis of the ], named after the ] at the time, ], a speaker of German descent who abstained from this vote.<ref>
a. {{cite book |title= Der Dativ ist dem Genetiv sein Tod |author-link= Bastian Sick |first= Bastian |last= Sick |publisher= Kieperheuer & Witsch |date= 2004 |isbn= 978-3-462-03448-6 |url= https://archive.org/details/derdativistdemge00sick }}
<br />b. {{Cite web|url=http://www.ulib.iupui.edu/kade/adams/chap7.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100624133002/http://www.ulib.iupui.edu/kade/adams/chap7.html|url-status=dead|title=Willi Paul Adams: ''The German Americans.'' Chapter 7: ''German or English''|archive-date=June 24, 2010}}
<br />c. {{Cite web|url= http://www.snopes.com/language/apocryph/german.asp |date=July 9, 2007 |title= The German Vote |publisher= ] }}</ref>


===Modern=== === Early modern ===
{{further|Black legend}}
]. Napoleon was taller than his nickname, ''le Petit Caporal'', suggests.]]
* The ] people of the ] did not mistake ] and his landing party for gods during Cortés' ]. This notion came from ], who never went to Mexico and concocted the myth while working for the retired Cortés in Spain years after the conquest.<ref>Wills, Matthew (January 17, 2020). {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403223246/https://daily.jstor.org/the-mexica-didnt-believe-the-conquistadors-were-gods/ |date=April 3, 2023 }}. ''JSTOR''. Retrieved January 19, 2020.</ref>
* ] was not short. He was actually slightly taller than the average Frenchman of his time.<ref>
* The elite of the ] wore black clothes primarily as a status symbol rather than out of ] self-restraint. The clothes attracted status from the difficulty of the dyeing process and the cost of elaborate embellishments.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Pound |first=Cath |date=March 14, 2018 |title=When the Old Masters Were the P.R. Agents of the Rich and Powerful |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/14/arts/high-society-rijksmuseum.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180314203736/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/14/arts/high-society-rijksmuseum.html |archive-date=March 14, 2018 |access-date=June 26, 2024 |work=]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Higgins |first=Charlotte |date=June 22, 2007 |title=The old black |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2007/jun/22/art.fashion |access-date=June 26, 2024 |work=]}}</ref>
a. {{cite book |title= Sorry, Wrong Answer: Trivia Questions That Even Know-It-Alls Get Wrong |author-link= Rod L. Evans |first= Rod L. |last= Evans |publisher= Penguin Books |date= 2010 |isbn= 978-0399535864 |access-date=December 31, 2011 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Q7CkHF7xTuYC&pg=PT116 }}
* The early settlers (commonly known as ]) of the ] in North America usually did not wear all black, and their ]s (hats) did not include buckles. Instead, their fashion was based on that of the late Elizabethan era.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=http://web.ccsd.k12.wy.us/techcurr/social%20studies/05/0101pilcloth.html |title=Plymouth Colony Clothing |publisher=Web.ccsd.k12.wy.us |access-date=February 9, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022032249/http://web.ccsd.k12.wy.us/techcurr/social%20studies/05/0101pilcloth.html |archive-date=October 22, 2013 }}</ref> The traditional image was formed in the 19th century when buckles were a kind of emblem of quaintness.<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite book||last=Schenone|first=Laura|author-link= Laura Schenone|title=A Thousand Years Over A Hot Stove: A History Of American Women Told Through Food, Recipes, And Remembrances|location=New York|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=2004|page=118|isbn=978-0-393-32627-7}}
<br />b. {{cite news |date= February 11, 2009 |title= Forget Napoleon – Height Rules |work= CBS News|access-date=December 31, 2011 |url= http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/10/17/health/main578654.shtml |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130702045955/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/10/17/health/main578654.shtml | archive-date = July 2, 2013| url-status=live}}</ref> After his death in 1821, the French emperor's height was recorded as 5&nbsp;feet 2&nbsp;inches in ], which in English measurements is {{Convert|1.70|m|order=flip}}.<ref>
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite book||last=Wilson|first=Susan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VwlpQwAACAAJ|title=Literary Trail of Greater Boston|location=Boston|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company|year=2000|page=23|isbn=978-0-618-05013-0|via=Google Books|access-date=April 18, 2021|archive-date=May 23, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523022412/https://books.google.com.et/books?id=VwlpQwAACAAJ&redir_esc=y|url-status=live}}</ref> (The ]s, who settled in the adjacent ] shortly after the Pilgrims arrived in Plymouth, ''did'' frequently wear all black.)<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last1=Brooks |first1=Rebecca Beatrice |title=What Did the Pilgrims Wear? |url=https://historyofmassachusetts.org/what-did-pilgrims-wear/ |website=History of Massachusetts Blog |publisher=Rebecca Beatrice Brooks |access-date=November 10, 2019 |date=July 22, 2018 |archive-date=November 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110011232/https://historyofmassachusetts.org/what-did-pilgrims-wear/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
a. {{cite web |url=http://www.napoleon.org/en/essential_napoleon/faq/index.asp#ancre54 |title=Fondation Napoléon |publisher=Napoleon.org|access-date=August 29, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417162738/http://www.napoleon.org/en/essential_napoleon/faq/index.asp|archive-date = April 17, 2014| url-status=live}}
* ], the Indian ] who commissioned the ], did not cut off the hands of the rumored 40,000 workers or lead designers so as to not allow the construction of another monument more beautiful than the Taj Mahal. This is an urban myth that goes back to the 1960s.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Mehta|first=Archit|date=2021-12-24|title=Fact-check: Did Shah Jahan chop off the hands of Taj Mahal workers?|url=https://www.altnews.in/fact-check-did-shah-jahan-chop-off-the-hands-of-taj-mahal-workers/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812075912/https://www.altnews.in/fact-check-did-shah-jahan-chop-off-the-hands-of-taj-mahal-workers/|archive-date=12 August 2022|access-date=2024-01-24|website=Alt News}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Beg|first=M. Saleem|date=2022-03-08|title=Debunking an urban myth about Taj Mahal|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/debunking-an-urban-myth-about-taj-mahal/article65205195.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709230812/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/debunking-an-urban-myth-about-taj-mahal/article65205195.ece|archive-date=9 July 2023|access-date=2024-01-24|work=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=S. Sharma|first=Manimugdha|date=2017-10-22|title=Busting the Taj fake news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/busting-the-taj-fake-news/articleshow/61166015.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004054041/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/busting-the-taj-fake-news/articleshow/61166015.cms|archive-date=4 October 2023|access-date=2024-01-24|work=The Times of India|issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
<br />b. {{cite web|title=La taille de Napoléon |url=http://www.napoleon.org/fr/salle_lecture/articles/files/Taillenapo_RIN_89_oct1963_2006.asp |language=fr|access-date=July 22, 2010|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5jk3XhZKJ?url=http://www.napoleon.org/fr/salle_lecture/articles/files/Taillenapo_RIN_89_oct1963_2006.asp |archive-date=September 12, 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> He was actually nicknamed ''le Petit Caporal'' (The Little Corporal) as a term of endearment.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}} Napoleon was often accompanied by his imperial guard, who were selected for their height<ref>
* The story that ] was inspired to research the nature of gravity when an ] is almost certainly apocryphal. All Newton himself ever said was that the idea came to him as he sat "in a contemplative mood" and "was occasioned by the fall of an apple".<ref name="Newton's apple: The real story">{{#invoke:cite journal||title=Newton's apple: The real story|date=January 18, 2010 |journal=New Scientist |url=https://www.newscientist.com/blogs/culturelab/2010/01/newtons-apple-the-real-story.php|archive-url=https://archive.today/20100121073908/http://www.newscientist.com/blogs/culturelab/2010/01/newtons-apple-the-real-story.php|archive-date=January 21, 2010|access-date=May 10, 2010}}</ref>
{{cite web|title=Napoleon's Imperial Guard|url=http://napoleonistyka.atspace.com/IMPERIAL_GUARD_infantry_1.htm| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140427082423/http://napoleonistyka.atspace.com/IMPERIAL_GUARD_infantry_1.htm | archive-date = April 27, 2014| url-status=live}}</ref>—this may have contributed to a perception that he was comparatively short.
* People accused of witchcraft were not burned at the stake during the ]. Of the accused, nineteen people convicted of witchcraft were executed by hanging, at least five died in prison, and ] was pressed to death by stones while trying to extract a confession from him.<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite book||last=Rosenthal |first=Bernard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YNYyMV_huGAC&pg=PA209 |title=Salem Story: Reading the Witch Trials of 1692 |publisher=] |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-521-55820-4 |page=209 |access-date=September 21, 2016 |archive-date=January 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121034111/https://books.google.com/books?id=YNYyMV_huGAC&pg=PA209 |url-status=live }}
* ] is not ], but the celebration of the Mexican Army's victory over the French in the ] on May 5, 1862. Mexico's Declaration of Independence from Spain in 1810 is celebrated on September 16.<ref>
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite book||last=Adams |first=Gretchen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wMIF3EFgnRsC&pg=PR22 |title=The Specter of Salem: Remembering the Witch Trials in Nineteenth-Century America |publisher=ReadHowYouWant.com |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-4596-0582-4 |page=xxii |via=] |access-date=September 21, 2016 |archive-date=January 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121034111/https://books.google.com/books?id=wMIF3EFgnRsC&pg=PR22 |url-status=live }}
a. {{cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/05/0505_060505_cinco_de_mayo.html |work=National Geographic News |title=Cinco de Mayo, From Mexican Fiesta to Popular U.S. Holiday |first=Stefan |last=Lovgren |date=May 5, 2006 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5QBwlWfYP?url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/05/0505_060505_cinco_de_mayo.html |archive-date=July 9, 2007 |url-status=live }}
<br />b. {{cite web|url=http://news.discovery.com/history/cinco-de-mayo-not-mexicos-independence-day.html|title=Cinco de Mayo: NOT Mexico's Independence Day |author=Lauren Effron |publisher=]|date=May 5, 2010|access-date=May 5, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321055147/http://news.discovery.com/history/cinco-de-mayo-not-mexicos-independence-day.html |archive-date=March 21, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> <br />c. {{#invoke:cite web||last=Kruse |first=Colton |date=March 22, 2018 |title=Salem Never Burned Any Witches At The Stake |url=https://www.ripleys.com/weird-news/or-not-salem-witch-trials/ |access-date=July 18, 2022 |website=Ripley's Believe It or Not! |language=en-US |archive-date=December 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203085349/https://www.ripleys.com/weird-news/or-not-salem-witch-trials/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
]" is misattributed to ].]]
* ] doctors did not invent the ] to cure female "hysteria" by triggering orgasm.<ref>
* ] did not say "]" when she heard that the French peasantry were starving due to a shortage of bread. The phrase was first published in ]'s '']'', written when Marie Antoinette was only nine years old and not attributed to her, just to "a great princess". It was first attributed to her in 1843.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=http://history.howstuffworks.com/european-history/top-5-marie-antoinette-scandals1.htm|title=Top 5 Marie Antoinette Scandals|publisher=]|access-date=January 13, 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120904040526/http://history.howstuffworks.com/european-history/top-5-marie-antoinette-scandals1.htm|archive-date=September 4, 2012|url-status=live|date=September 2, 2008}}</ref>
a. {{cite web |title=Hysteria |publisher=Welcome Collection|url=https://wellcomecollection.org/articles/hysteria|access-date=September 25, 2018}}
* ] did not have ]. His dentures were made of lead, gold, hippopotamus ivory, the teeth of various animals, including horse and donkey teeth,<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/6875436 |title=Washington's False Teeth Not Wooden |work=NBC News |date=January 27, 2005 |access-date=August 29, 2009 |archive-date=February 11, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130211015649/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/6875436 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=TeethMyth>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Etter |first=William M. |title=George Washington's Teeth Myth |url=https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/wooden-teeth-myth/ |access-date=24 March 2019 |website=www.mountvernon.org |publisher=Mount Vernon Ladies' Association |archive-date=January 10, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110063639/https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/wooden-teeth-myth/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and human teeth, possibly bought from slaves or poor people.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last1=Thompson|first1=Mary V.|title=The Private Life of George Washington's Slaves|website=]|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/jefferson/video/lives.html|access-date=June 16, 2014|archive-date=June 25, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625025145/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/jefferson/video/lives.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Teeth |url=https://www.mountvernon.org/george-washington/health/teeth/ |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=George Washington's Mount Vernon |language=en |archive-date=December 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205224433/https://www.mountvernon.org/george-washington/health/teeth/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Because ivory teeth quickly became stained, they may have had the appearance of wood to observers.<ref name=TeethMyth />
<br />b. {{cite journal|last=King|first=Helen|title=Galen and the widow. Towards a history of therapeutic masturbation in ancient gynaecology|journal=Eugesta, Journal of Gender Studies in Antiquity|year=2011|pages=227–31}}<br />c. {{cite magazine |title=Victorian-Era Orgasms and the Crisis of Peer Review |magazine=The Atlantic|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2018/09/victorian-vibrators-orgasms-doctors/569446/|access-date=September 25, 2018|date=September 6, 2018}}
]]]
<br />d. {{cite web|title=Why the Movie "Hysteria" Gets Its Vibrator History Wrong|publisher=Dildographer|url=https://dildographer.com/2012/05/04/why-the-movie-hysteria-gets-its-vibrator-history-wrong/|access-date=September 25, 2018|date=May 4, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415173243/https://dildographer.com/2012/05/04/why-the-movie-hysteria-gets-its-vibrator-history-wrong/|archive-date=April 15, 2019|url-status=dead}}
* The signing of the ] did not occur on July 4, 1776. After the ] voted to declare independence on July 2, the final language of the document was approved on July 4, and it was printed and distributed on July 4–5.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Declaration of Independence – A History |url=https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/declaration_history.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100126014257/http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/declaration_history.html |archive-date=January 26, 2010 |access-date=April 4, 2011 |work=archives.gov |publisher=U.S. National Archives and Records Administration}}</ref> However, the actual signing occurred on August 2, 1776.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/3742/new-poll-gauges-americans-general-knowledge-levels.aspx|date=July 6, 1999|title=New Poll Gauges Americans' General Knowledge Levels|first=Steve|last=Crabtree|publisher=Gallup News Service|access-date=January 13, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327130003/http://www.gallup.com/poll/3742/New-Poll-Gauges-Americans-General-Knowledge-Levels.aspx|archive-date=March 27, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
<br />e. {{cite journal|last=King|first=Helen|title=Galen and the widow. Towards a history of therapeutic masturbation in ancient gynaecology|journal=Eugesta, Journal of Gender Studies in Antiquity|year= 2011|pages=206–08}}
* ] did not propose that the ] be used as the ] instead of the ]. While he did serve on a commission that tried to design a seal after the ], his proposal was an image of ]. His objections to the eagle as a national symbol and preference for the turkey were stated in a 1784 letter to his daughter in response to the ]'s use of the former; he never expressed that sentiment publicly.<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite web||last=Lund|first=Nicholas|title=Did Benjamin Franklin ''Really'' Say the National Symbol Should Be the Turkey?|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/holidays/2013/11/benjamin_franklin_turkey_symbol_why_he_hated_the_bald_eagle_for_the_great.html|work=]|date=November 21, 2013|access-date=November 22, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427083733/http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/holidays/2013/11/benjamin_franklin_turkey_symbol_why_he_hated_the_bald_eagle_for_the_great.html|archive-date = April 27, 2014|url-status=live}}
<br />f. {{cite web |title=Buzzkill: Vibrators and the Victorians (NSFW) |publisher=The Whores of Yore|url=https://www.thewhoresofyore.com/kates-journal/buzzkill-vibrators-and-the-victorians|access-date=September 25, 2018}}
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite web||last=McMillan|first=Joseph|url=http://americanheraldry.org/pages/index.php?n=MMM.Turkey|title=The Arms of the United States: Benjamin Franklin and the Turkey|publisher=American Heraldry Society|date=May 18, 2007|access-date=November 24, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427082418/http://www.americanheraldry.org/pages/index.php?n=MMM.Turkey|archive-date=April 27, 2014}}</ref>
<br />g. {{cite news |title=No, no, no! Victorians didn't invent the vibrator|newspaper=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/nov/10/victorians-invent-vibrator-orgasms-women-doctors-fantasy|access-date=September 25, 2018|date=November 10, 2014|last1=Riddell|first1=Fern|author-link1=Fern Riddell}}</ref>
* There was never a bill to make German the ] that was defeated by one vote in the House of Representatives, nor has one been proposed at the state level. In 1794, a petition from a group of German immigrants was put aside on a procedural vote of 42 to 41, that would have had the government publish some laws in German. This was the basis of the ], named after the Speaker of the House at the time, ], who was of German descent and abstained from this vote.<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite book||title=Der Dativ ist dem Genetiv sein Tod|author-link=Bastian Sick|first=Bastian|last=Sick|publisher=]|date=2004|isbn=978-3-462-03448-6|url=https://archive.org/details/derdativistdemge00sick|language=german|pages=131–135|via=]|url-access=registration}}
* The common image of ] (Father Christmas) as a jolly old man in red robes was not created by ] as an advertising gimmick. Despite being historically represented with different characteristics in different colors of robes, Santa Claus had already taken his modern form in popular culture and seen extensive use in other companies' advertisements and other mass media at the time Coca-Cola began using his image in the 1930s.<ref>
a. {{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/holidays/christmas/santa/cocacola.asp |title=The Claus That Refreshes |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5mCN7QiUB?url=http://www.snopes.com/holidays/christmas/santa/cocacola.asp |archive-date=December 22, 2009 |url-status=live|work=Snopes.com|access-date=January 7, 2008}} <br />b. {{#invoke:cite web||url=http://www.ulib.iupui.edu/kade/adams/chap7.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100624133002/http://www.ulib.iupui.edu/kade/adams/chap7.html|title=Willi Paul Adams: ''The German Americans.'' Chapter 7: ''German or English''|archive-date=June 24, 2010}}
<br />b. {{cite web|url=http://www.whiterocking.org/santa.html#article |title=Did White Rock or The Coca-Cola Company create the modern Santa Claus Advertisement?|work=The White Rock Collectors Association|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5mCN7QiUB?url=http://www.snopes.com/holidays/christmas/santa/cocacola.asp|archive-date=December 22, 2009 |url-status=live|publisher=whiterocking.org|year=2001|access-date=January 19, 2007}} <br />c. {{#invoke:cite web||url=http://www.snopes.com/language/apocryph/german.asp|date=July 9, 2007|title=The German Vote|website=]|access-date=August 31, 2013|archive-date=December 16, 2008|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20081216214909/http://www.snopes.com/language/apocryph/german.asp|url-status=live}}</ref>
<br />c. {{cite web|url=http://www.bevnet.com/news/2006/12-18-2006-white_rock_coke_santa_claus.asp |title=Coca-Cola's Santa Claus: Not The Real Thing!|work=White Rock Beverages|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5mCN7QiUB?url=http://www.snopes.com/holidays/christmas/santa/cocacola.asp|archive-date=December 22, 2009 |url-status=live |publisher=BevNET.com|date=December 18, 2006|access-date=January 19, 2007}}
<br />d. ]
<br />e. ]
<br />f. ]
<br />g. {{cite book|last=Hoffman|first=Robert C.|title=Postcards from Santa Claus: Sights and Sentiments from the Last Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nQV6Dl334DEC|year=2001|publisher=Square One Publishers, Inc.|isbn=978-0757001055}}</ref>
* The ] dictator ] did not "make the trains run on time". Much of the repair work had been performed before he and the ] came to power in 1922. Moreover, the Italian railways' supposed adherence to timetables was more propaganda than reality.<ref>
{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/rear-window-making-italy-work-did-mussolini-really-get-the-trains-running-on-time-1367688.html|title=Rear Window: Making Italy work: Did Mussolini really get the trains running on time|access-date=September 3, 2010 |work=The Independent |location=London |first=Brian|last=Cathcart|date=April 3, 1994 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124072305/http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/rear-window-making-italy-work-did-mussolini-really-get-the-trains-running-on-time-1367688.html |archive-date=January 24, 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* There is no evidence of ] mounting a brave but futile charge against German ]s using lances and sabers during the German ] in 1939. This story may have originated from German propaganda efforts following the ], in which a Polish cavalry brigade surprised German infantry in the open, and successfully charged and dispersed them, until driven off by ]. While Polish cavalry still carried the saber for such opportunities, they were trained to fight as highly mobile, dismounted cavalry (]s) and issued with light anti-tank weapons.<ref>
a. {{cite web|last=Ankerstjerne|first=Christian|title=The myth of Polish cavalry charges|url=http://www.panzerworld.net/fallweiss.html#polish-cavalry-charges-against-tanks|publisher=Panzerworld|access-date=April 5, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804070934/http://www.panzerworld.net/fallweiss.html | archive-date = August 4, 2012| url-status=live}}
<br />b. {{cite web|url=http://www.polamjournal.com/Library/APHistory/Cavalry_Myth/cavalry_myth.html |title=The Mythical Polish Cavalry Charge |work=Polish American Journal|publisher=Polamjournal.com |date=July 2008|access-date=February 9, 2012|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6AvQeRgCM?url=http://www.polamjournal.com/Library/APHistory/Cavalry_Myth/cavalry_myth.html |archive-date=September 24, 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* During the ] by the ] during World War II, King ] did not thwart Nazi attempts to identify Jews by wearing a ] himself. Jews in Denmark were never forced to wear the Star of David. The ] did ] before the end of the war.<ref>a. {{cite web|url=http://www.diis.dk/graphics/CVer/Personlige_CVer/Holocaust_and_Genocide/Publikationer/holocaust_DK_kap_5.pdf|title=The King and the Star – Myths created during the Occupation of Denmark|access-date=April 5, 2011|author=Vilhjálmur Örn Vilhjálmsson|publisher=Danish institute for international studies|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716022617/http://www.diis.dk/graphics/CVer/Personlige_CVer/Holocaust_and_Genocide/Publikationer/holocaust_DK_kap_5.pdf|archive-date=July 16, 2011}}
<br />b. {{cite web|title=Some Essential Definitions & Myths Associated with the Holocaust|url=http://www.chgs.umn.edu/histories/myths.html|access-date=April 5, 2011|publisher=Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies – University of Minnesota|archive-date=May 15, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515002212/http://www.chgs.umn.edu/histories/myths.html|url-status=dead}}
<br />c. {{cite web|title=King Christian and the Star of David|url=http://www.natmus.dk/sw81068.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928011038/http://www.natmus.dk/sw81068.asp|archive-date=September 28, 2011|url-status=dead|access-date=February 21, 2017|publisher=The National Museum of Denmark}}</ref>
], photographed at 14, did not fail mathematics at school.]]
* ] did not fail mathematics classes in school. Einstein remarked, "I never failed in mathematics.... Before I was fifteen I had mastered ] and ]."<ref>
a. {{cite journal|url=http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1936731_1936743_1936758,00.html |title=Making the Grade |journal=] |date=April 5, 2007 |access-date=December 31, 2013 |author=Isaacson, Walter|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329164620/http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0%2C28804%2C1936731_1936743_1936758%2C00.html |archive-date=March 29, 2014|url-status=live}}
<br />b. {{cite web|last=Jones|first=Andrew Zimmerman|title=Physics Myth Month – Einstein Failed Mathematics?|url=http://physics.about.com/b/2007/09/19/physics-myth-month-einstein-failed-mathematics.htm|access-date=May 4, 2011|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140412011826/http://physics.about.com/b/2007/09/19/physics-myth-month-einstein-failed-mathematics.htm|archive-date=April 12, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Einstein did, however, fail his first entrance exam into the ] (ETH) in 1895, when he was two years younger than his fellow students, but scored exceedingly well in the mathematics and science sections, then passed on his second attempt.<ref>
{{cite web|last=Kruszelnicki |first=Karl |title=Einstein Failed School |url=http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2004/06/23/1115185.htm?site=science/greatmomentsinscience |access-date=July 12, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427082641/http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2004/06/23/1115185.htm?site=science%2Fgreatmomentsinscience |archive-date=April 27, 2014 |url-status=live |date=June 22, 2004 }}</ref>
* US President ]'s words "{{lang|de|]}}" are ] for "I am a Berliner (citizen of Berlin)."<ref>
a. {{cite book|last=Daum|first=Andreas W.|title=Kennedy in Berlin|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=148–49|date=2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IrK1TG34vw8C&pg=PT148|isbn=978-3506719911}}
<br />b. {{cite web|url=http://www.canoo.net/services/OnlineGrammar/Wort/Artikel/Gebrauch/ArtIndef.html|title=Gebrauch des unbestimmten Artikels (German, "Use of the indefinite article")|publisher=Canoo Engineering AG|access-date=July 5, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328165614/http://canoo.net/services/OnlineGrammar/Wort/Artikel/Gebrauch/ArtIndef.html | archive-date = March 28, 2014| url-status=live}}</ref> It is not true that by not leaving out the ] "ein," he changed the meaning of the sentence from the intended "I am a citizen of Berlin" to "I am a ]", a Berliner being a type of German pastry, similar to a jelly donut, amusing Germans.<ref>a. {{cite book|last=Ryan|first=Halford Ross|title=U.S. presidents as orators: a bio-critical sourcebook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Efqq9cYYqq0C&pg=PA220|year=1995|publisher=Greenwood|isbn=978-0313290596|pages=219–20}}
<br />b. {{cite web|url= http://www1.stadtkind.com/item/135/ich-bin-ein-berliner-john-f-kennedy-west-berlin.htm|language= de|trans-title= I am a jelly doughnut. Or a Berliner?|title= Ich bin ein Pfannkuchen. Oder ein Berliner?|publisher= Stadtkind|access-date= 2013-06-26|archive-date= June 19, 2008|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080619060413/http://www1.stadtkind.com/item/135/ich-bin-ein-berliner-john-f-kennedy-west-berlin.htm|url-status= dead}}</ref> Furthermore, the pastry which ] in Germany was not then nor is it now commonly called "Berliner" in the Berlin area.<ref>https://m.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/berliner-krapfen-pfannkuchen-wie-heisst-der-kreppel-wirklich-16068952.html</ref>
* Although popularly known as the "red telephone", the ] was never a telephone line, nor were red phones used. The first implementation of the hotline used ] equipment, which was replaced by ] (fax) machines in 1988. Since 2008, the hotline has been a secure computer link over which the two countries exchange ]s.<ref name="richardson">Paul E. Richardson, "The hot line (is a Hollywood myth)", in: ''Russian Life'', September/October issue 2009, pp. 50–59.</ref> Moreover, the hotline links the ] to the ], not the ].<ref>
{{cite journal |last=Clavin |first=Tom |title=There Never Was Such a Thing as a Red Phone in the White House |date=June 18, 2013 |journal=] |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/there-never-was-such-a-thing-as-a-red-phone-in-the-white-house-1129598/ |access-date=September 21, 2014}}</ref>
* ] does not explicitly have an independence day, nor is there a date that officially commemorates such an occasion. There have been many states that predate the current Russian Federation, and the public holiday of ] only celebrates ], which occurred on June 12, 1990. Both Russians and foreigners commonly refer to Russia Day as "Russia's Independence Day" since it reflects the break from the ] that held dominion over Russia from 1922 to 1991.<ref>
a. {{cite web|url= https://www.levada.ru/2010/06/09/den-rossii/ |script-title=ru:День России|trans-title=Russia Day|language=ru|date=9 June 2012|access-date=4 November 2014}}
<br />b. {{cite news |title=Russia's 'Independence Day': How June 12 became a national holiday |url=https://tass.com/society/1063399 |access-date=17 December 2020 |agency=TASS |date=11 June 2019}}</ref>


====United States==== === Modern ===
]
<!-- commented out due to variance with what's in parent article>
* ] Bonaparte was not especially short for a Frenchman of his time. He was the height of an average French male in 1800, but short for an aristocrat or officer.<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite book||author=Owen Connelly|title=Blundering to Glory: Napoleon's Military Campaigns|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Pzu7_QhfU8C&pg=PA7|year=2006|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|page=7|isbn=978-0-7425-5318-7}}
* According to '']'' magazine, there is a common misconception among Americans that ] freed the ] with the ] of January 1863. Slaves were not immediately freed as a result of the Proclamation, as it only applied to slaves in rebelling states not under Union control,<ref name="Macdonald">{{cite book |last=Macdonald |first=John |date=1988 |title=Great Battles of the American Civil War |publisher=Guild Publishing |pages=66–67}}</ref> which ignored it, and not to the 800,000 slaves{{citation needed|date=May 2013}} in the Union's slave-holding ] of Missouri, Kentucky, West Virginia, Maryland or Delaware. It was only with the adoption of the ] in 1865 that slavery was officially abolished in all of the United States. -->
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite book||title= Sorry, Wrong Answer: Trivia Questions That Even Know-It-Alls Get Wrong |author-link= Rod L. Evans |first= Rod L. |last= Evans |publisher= Penguin Books |date= 2010 |isbn= 978-0-399-53586-4 |access-date= December 31, 2011 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Q7CkHF7xTuYC&pg=PT116 |archive-date= January 21, 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230121034113/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q7CkHF7xTuYC&pg=PT116 |url-status= live }}
* The ] was generally popular in the United States, both among the public and the press. The opponents of the purchase who characterized it as "Seward's Folly", alluding to ], the Secretary of State who negotiated it, represented a minority opinion at the time.<ref>
<br />c. {{#invoke:cite news||date= February 11, 2009 |title= Forget Napoleon – Height Rules |work= CBS News |access-date= December 31, 2011 |url= http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/10/17/health/main578654.shtml |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130702045955/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/10/17/health/main578654.shtml |archive-date= July 2, 2013 |url-status= live }}</ref> After his death in 1821, the French emperor's height was recorded as 5&nbsp;feet 2&nbsp;inches in ], which in English measurements is {{Convert|1.70|m|order=flip}}.<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite web||url=http://www.napoleon.org/en/essential_napoleon/faq/index.asp#ancre54 |title=Fondation Napoléon |publisher=Napoleon.org|access-date=August 29, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417162738/http://www.napoleon.org/en/essential_napoleon/faq/index.asp|archive-date = April 17, 2014| url-status=live}}
a. {{cite journal|last1=Haycox|first1=Stephen|title=Haycox, Stephen. "Truth and Expectation: Myth in Alaska History|journal=Northern Review|date=1990|volume=6|url=http://journals.sfu.ca/nr/index.php/nr/article/viewFile/397/390|access-date=August 31, 2015}}
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite web||title=La taille de Napoléon |url=http://www.napoleon.org/fr/salle_lecture/articles/files/Taillenapo_RIN_89_oct1963_2006.asp |language=fr|access-date=July 22, 2010|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5jk3XhZKJ?url=http://www.napoleon.org/fr/salle_lecture/articles/files/Taillenapo_RIN_89_oct1963_2006.asp |archive-date=September 12, 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Napoleon's Imperial Guard |url=http://napoleonistyka.atspace.com/IMPERIAL_GUARD_infantry_1.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427082423/http://napoleonistyka.atspace.com/IMPERIAL_GUARD_infantry_1.htm |archive-date=April 27, 2014}}</ref>
<br />b. {{cite journal |first=Richard E., Jr. |last=Welch |title=American Public Opinion and the Purchase of Russian America |journal=] |year=1958 |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=481–94 |jstor=3001132 |doi=10.2307/3001132 }}
* The nose of the ] was not shot off by Napoleon's troops during the ] (1798–1801); it has been missing since at least the 10th century.<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite web||title=The nose of the Great Sphinx |url=https://www.britannica.com/video/179518/investigation-Great-Sphinx-Egypt-Giza |access-date=2022-11-27 |website=] |language=en |archive-date=February 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227192151/https://www.britannica.com/video/179518/investigation-Great-Sphinx-Egypt-Giza |url-status=live }}
<br />c. Howard I. Kushner, {{"'}}Seward's Folly'?: American Commerce in Russian America and the Alaska Purchase". ''California Historical Quarterly'' (1975): 4–26. {{jstor|25157541}}.
<br />d. {{cite news|title=Biographer calls Seward's Folly a myth|url=http://www.thesewardphoenixlog.com/story/2014/04/03/features/biographer-calls-sewards-folly-a-myth/2492.html|access-date=August 31, 2015|agency=The Seward Phoenix LOG|date=April 3, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622084130/http://www.thesewardphoenixlog.com/story/2014/04/03/features/biographer-calls-sewards-folly-a-myth/2492.html|archive-date=June 22, 2017|url-status=dead}} <br />b. {{#invoke:cite book||last=Feder |first=Kenneth L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RlRz2symkAsC&dq=nose+of+the+sphinx+shot+myth&pg=PA129 |title=Encyclopedia of Dubious Archaeology: From Atlantis to the Walam Olum: From Atlantis to the Walam Olum |date=2010-10-11 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0-313-37919-2 |language=en |access-date=December 18, 2022 |archive-date=April 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403224957/https://books.google.com/books?id=RlRz2symkAsC&dq=nose+of+the+sphinx+shot+myth&pg=PA129 |url-status=live }}
<br />c. {{#invoke:cite book||last=Zivie-Coche|first=Christiane|title=Sphinx: History of a Monument|publisher=]|year=2002|isbn=978-0-8014-3962-9|page=16}}</ref>
<br />e. {{Cite video|url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?326990-1/founding-anchorage-alaska|title=Founding of Anchorage, Alaska|date=July 9, 2015 |type=Adobe Flash |access-date=December 22, 2017|people=Professor Preston Jones (Featured Speaker)|publisher=CSPAN}}</ref>
* ] is not ], but the celebration of the Mexican Army's victory over the French in the ] on May 5, 1862. Mexico's Declaration of Independence from Spain in 1810 is celebrated on September 16.<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite web||url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/05/0505_060505_cinco_de_mayo.html |work=National Geographic News |title=Cinco de Mayo, From Mexican Fiesta to Popular U.S. Holiday |first=Stefan |last=Lovgren |date=May 5, 2006 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5QBwlWfYP?url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/05/0505_060505_cinco_de_mayo.html |archive-date=July 9, 2007 }}
* ]s were not initially popular in the ], with ] being the typical headgear of choice.<ref>
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite web||url=http://news.discovery.com/history/cinco-de-mayo-not-mexicos-independence-day.html|title=Cinco de Mayo: NOT Mexico's Independence Day |author=Lauren Effron |publisher=]|date=May 5, 2010|access-date=May 5, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321055147/http://news.discovery.com/history/cinco-de-mayo-not-mexicos-independence-day.html |archive-date=March 21, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{cite web|title=The Hat That Won the West |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=336&dat=19571026&id=xQQpAAAAIBAJ&pg=7036,5636283 |access-date=February 10, 2010}}</ref> Heavy marketing of the ] "]" model in the years following the ] was the primary driving force behind the cowboy hat's popularity, with its characteristic dented top not becoming standard until near the end of the 19th century.<ref>
* Victorian-era doctors did not invent the ] to cure female "hysteria" by triggering orgasm.<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite web||title=Hysteria|date=August 12, 2015|publisher=Welcome Collection|url=https://wellcomecollection.org/articles/hysteria|access-date=September 25, 2018|archive-date=August 8, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808171603/https://wellcomecollection.org/articles/hysteria|url-status=live}}
Snyder, Jeffrey B. (1997) ''Stetson Hats and the John B. Stetson Company 1865–1970''. p. 50 {{ISBN|0764302116}}</ref>
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite journal||last=King|first=Helen|title=Galen and the widow. Towards a history of therapeutic masturbation in ancient gynaecology|journal=Eugesta, Journal of Gender Studies in Antiquity|year=2011|pages=227–31}}<br />c. {{cite magazine |title=Victorian-Era Orgasms and the Crisis of Peer Review |magazine=The Atlantic |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2018/09/victorian-vibrators-orgasms-doctors/569446/ |access-date=September 25, 2018 |date=September 6, 2018 |archive-date=September 20, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920210318/https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2018/09/victorian-vibrators-orgasms-doctors/569446/ |url-status=live}}
* The ] of 1871 was not caused by ]'s cow kicking over a lantern. A newspaper reporter later admitted to having invented the story to make colorful ].<ref>
{{cite web | title = The O'Leary Legend | website= Chicago History Museum | url = http://www.chicagohistory.org/fire/oleary/essay-2.html | access-date = 2007-03-18 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110110110402/http://www.chicagohistory.org/fire/oleary/essay-2.html | archive-date=2011-01-10}}</ref> <br />d. {{#invoke:cite web||title=Why the Movie "Hysteria" Gets Its Vibrator History Wrong|publisher=Dildographer|url=https://dildographer.com/2012/05/04/why-the-movie-hysteria-gets-its-vibrator-history-wrong/|access-date=September 25, 2018|date=May 4, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415173243/https://dildographer.com/2012/05/04/why-the-movie-hysteria-gets-its-vibrator-history-wrong/|archive-date=April 15, 2019}}
<br />e. {{#invoke:cite journal||last=King|first=Helen|title=Galen and the widow. Towards a history of therapeutic masturbation in ancient gynaecology|journal=Eugesta, Journal of Gender Studies in Antiquity|year= 2011|pages=206–08}}
* There is no evidence that ], on assignment to Cuba in 1897, telegraphed ], "There will be no ]. I wish to return," and that Hearst responded, "Please remain. You furnish the pictures, and I'll furnish the war". The anecdote was originally included in a book by ], and probably never happened.<ref>
<br />f. {{#invoke:cite web||title=Buzzkill: Vibrators and the Victorians (NSFW)|publisher=The Whores of Yore|url=https://www.thewhoresofyore.com/kates-journal/buzzkill-vibrators-and-the-victorians|access-date=September 25, 2018|archive-date=August 9, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809111703/https://www.thewhoresofyore.com/kates-journal/buzzkill-vibrators-and-the-victorians|url-status=live}}
a. {{cite book|last1=Campbell |first1=W. Joseph|title=Getting it Wrong: Ten of the Greatest Misreported Stories in American Journalism|url=https://archive.org/details/gettingitwrongte0000camp|url-access=registration |date=2010|publisher=]|location=Berkeley|isbn=978-0520262096|pages=–25|via=]}}
<br />g. {{#invoke:cite news||title=No, no, no! Victorians didn't invent the vibrator|newspaper=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/nov/10/victorians-invent-vibrator-orgasms-women-doctors-fantasy|access-date=September 25, 2018|date=November 10, 2014|last1=Riddell|first1=Fern|author-link1=Fern Riddell|archive-date=April 15, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415173536/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/nov/10/victorians-invent-vibrator-orgasms-women-doctors-fantasy|url-status=live}}</ref>
<br />b. {{cite book|last=Campbell|first=W. Joseph|year=2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TflDlgzRtSYC&pg=PA72|title=Yellow Journalism: Puncturing the Myths, Defining the Legacies|publisher= ]|page=72|isbn=978-0275981136}}</ref>
], photographed at 14, did not fail mathematics at school.]]
* Immigrants' last names were not Americanized (voluntarily, mistakenly, or otherwise) upon arrival at ]. Officials there kept no records other than checking ship manifests created at the point of origin, and there was simply no paperwork that would have let them recast surnames, let alone any law. At the time in New York, anyone could change the spelling of their name simply by using that new spelling.<ref name="Ellis Island">{{cite web|url=http://www.nypl.org/blog/2013/07/02/name-changes-ellis-island |title=Why Your Family Name Was Not Changed at Ellis Island (and One That Was) |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6dNXZP0bp?url=http://www.nypl.org/blog/2013/07/02/name-changes-ellis-island |archive-date=November 28, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> These names are often referred to as an "]".
* ] did not fail mathematics classes in school. Einstein remarked, "I never failed in mathematics.... Before I was fifteen I had mastered differential and integral calculus."<ref>a. {{cite magazine |author=Isaacson, Walter |date=April 5, 2007 |title=Making the Grade |url=https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1936731_1936743_1936758,00.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329164620/http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0%2C28804%2C1936731_1936743_1936758%2C00.html |archive-date=March 29, 2014 |access-date=December 31, 2013 |magazine=]}}</ref> Einstein did, however, fail his first entrance exam into the ] (ETH) in 1895, when he was two years younger than his fellow students, but scored exceedingly well in the mathematics and science sections, and then passed on his second attempt.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Kruszelnicki |first=Karl |title=Einstein Failed School |website=] |url=http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2004/06/23/1115185.htm?site=science/greatmomentsinscience |access-date=July 12, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427082641/http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2004/06/23/1115185.htm?site=science%2Fgreatmomentsinscience |archive-date=April 27, 2014 |url-status=live |date=June 22, 2004 }}</ref>
* The ] is now thought unlikely to be ], which was the diagnosis at the time in 1921, but rather more consistent with ].<ref>
* ] did not omit mathematics in the ] due to a rivalry with mathematician ], as there is little evidence the two ever met, nor was it because Nobel's spouse had an affair with a mathematician, as Nobel was never married. The more likely explanation is that Nobel believed mathematics was too theoretical to benefit humankind, as well as his personal lack of interest in the field.<ref name="López-Ortiz 1998">a. {{#invoke:cite web||last=López-Ortiz |first=Alex |date=February 20, 1998 |title=Why is there no Nobel in mathematics? |website=] |url=https://cs.uwaterloo.ca/~alopez-o/math-faq/mathtext/node21.html |access-date=June 28, 2022 |archive-date=February 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217135338/https://cs.uwaterloo.ca/~alopez-o/math-faq/mathtext/node21.html |url-status=live }}<br />b. {{#invoke:cite web||last=Mikkelson |first=David |date=October 4, 2013 |title=No Nobel Prize for Math |website=] |url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/the-prizes-rite/ |access-date=June 28, 2022 |archive-date=November 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112002131/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/the-prizes-rite/ |url-status=live }}<br />c. {{#invoke:cite web||last=Firaque |first=Kabir |date=October 16, 2019 |title=Explained: Why is there no mathematics Nobel? The theories, the facts, the myths |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/why-is-there-no-mathematics-nobel-the-theories-the-facts-the-myths-6071015/ |access-date=June 28, 2022 |website=] |archive-date=March 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324134705/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/why-is-there-no-mathematics-nobel-the-theories-the-facts-the-myths-6071015/ |url-status=live }}</ref> (See also: ])
a. {{Cite book|last1=Goldman|first1=Armond|title=Prisoners of Time: The Misdiagnosis of FDR's 1921 Illness|last2=Goldman|first2=Daniel|publisher=EHDP Press|year=2017|isbn=978-1939824035|pages=108–47}}
* ] was not assassinated by being fed cyanide-laced cakes and ], shot multiple times, and then thrown into the ] river when he survived the former two. A contemporary autopsy reported that he was just killed with gunshots. A sensationalized account from the memoirs of co-conspirator ] ] is the only source of this story.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Harris |first=Carolyn |date=December 27, 2016 |title=The Murder of Rasputin, 100 Years Later |website=Smithsonian Magazine |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/murder-rasputin-100-years-later-180961572/ |access-date=October 16, 2023 |archive-date=October 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015210652/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/murder-rasputin-100-years-later-180961572/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||date=December 31, 2016 |title=How was Russian mystic Rasputin murdered? |website=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-38469903 |access-date=October 16, 2023 |archive-date=October 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031131904/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-38469903 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite book||first=Douglas|last=Smith|chapter=A Cowardly Crime|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |title=Rasputin: Faith, Power, and the Twilight of the Romanovs |year=2016|isbn=978-0-374-71123-8|pages=590–592}}</ref>
<br />b. {{Cite journal|last1=Goldman|first1=Armond S|last2=Schmalstieg|first2=Elisabeth J|last3=Freeman|first3=Daniel H|last4=Goldman|first4=Daniel A|last5=Schmalstieg|first5=Frank C|date=2003|title=What was the Cause of Franklin Delano Roosevelt's Paralytic Illness?|journal=Journal of Medical Biography|language=en|volume=11|issue=4|pages=232–40|doi=10.1177/096777200301100412|pmid=14562158|s2cid=39957366|issn=0967-7720}}</ref>
* The Italian dictator ] did not "make the trains run on time". Much of the repair work had been performed before he and the ] came to power in 1922. Moreover, the Italian railways' supposed adherence to timetables was more propaganda than reality.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||url=https://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/rear-window-making-italy-work-did-mussolini-really-get-the-trains-running-on-time-1367688.html|title=Rear Window: Making Italy work: Did Mussolini really get the trains running on time|access-date=September 3, 2010|work=The Independent|location=London|first=Brian |last=Cathcart|date=April 3, 1994|url-status=live|archive-date=January 24, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124072305/http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/rear-window-making-italy-work-did-mussolini-really-get-the-trains-running-on-time-1367688.html}}</ref>
* There was no widespread outbreak of panic across the United States in response to ]'s 1938 ] of ]'s '']''. Only a very small share of the radio audience was even listening to it, and isolated reports of scattered incidents and increased call volume to emergency services were played up the next day by newspapers, eager to discredit radio as a competitor for advertising. Both Welles and CBS, which had initially reacted apologetically, later came to realize that the myth benefited them and actively embraced it in later years.<ref>
* There is no evidence of ] mounting a brave but futile charge against German tanks using lances and sabers during the German ] in 1939. This story may have originated from German propaganda efforts following the ].<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite web||last=Ankerstjerne|first=Christian|title=The myth of Polish cavalry charges |publisher=Panzerworld |url=http://www.panzerworld.net/fallweiss.html#polish-cavalry-charges-against-tanks |access-date=April 5, 2011|url-status=live|archive-date=August 4, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804070934/http://www.panzerworld.net/fallweiss.html}}
a. {{cite news|last1=Pooley|first1=Jefferson|author2-link=Michael J. Socolow|last2=Socolow|first2=Michael|title=The Myth of the War of the Worlds Panic|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/history/2013/10/orson_welles_war_of_the_worlds_panic_myth_the_infamous_radio_broadcast_did.html|newspaper=]|date=October 28, 2013|access-date=November 24, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140509160518/http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/history/2013/10/orson_welles_war_of_the_worlds_panic_myth_the_infamous_radio_broadcast_did.html| archive-date=May 9, 2014| url-status=live}}
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite web||url=http://www.polamjournal.com/Library/APHistory/Cavalry_Myth/cavalry_myth.html |title=The Mythical Polish Cavalry Charge |work=Polish American Journal|publisher=Polamjournal.com |date=July 2008|access-date=February 9, 2012|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6AvQeRgCM?url=http://www.polamjournal.com/Library/APHistory/Cavalry_Myth/cavalry_myth.html |archive-date=September 24, 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<br />b. {{cite book|last1 = Campbell|first1 = W. Joseph|title=Getting it wrong : ten of the greatest misreported stories in American Journalism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SodvJ4EuTggC|date=2010|publisher=]|location= Berkeley|isbn=978-0520262096| pages=26–44|via=Google Books}}</ref>
* The ] did not use the term "Nazi" to refer to themselves. The full name of the ] was ''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'' (National Socialist German Workers' Party), and members referred to themselves as ''Nationalsozialisten'' (National Socialists) or ''Parteigenossen'' (party comrades). The term "Nazi" was in use prior to the rise of the Nazis as a colloquial and derogatory word for a backwards farmer or peasant. Opponents of the National Socialists abbreviated their name as "Nazi" for derogatory effect and the term was popularized by German exiles outside of Germany.<ref>''Nazi.'' In: Friedrich Kluge, ]: ''Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache.'' 24. Auflage, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin/New York 2002, {{ISBN|3-11-017473-1}} ( {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006134952/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Nazi |date=October 6, 2014 }}).</ref>
* U.S. Senator ] never gave a speech to a rural audience describing his opponent, ], as an "]" whose sister was a "]", in the apparent hope they would confuse them with similar-sounding words like "pervert" and "lesbian". Smathers offered ]10,000 to anyone who could prove he had made the speech; it was never claimed.<ref>
* During the ] by the Nazis during World War II, King ] did not thwart Nazi attempts to identify Jews by wearing a ] himself. Jews in Denmark were never forced to wear the ]. The ] did ] before the end of the war.<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite web||url=http://www.diis.dk/graphics/CVer/Personlige_CVer/Holocaust_and_Genocide/Publikationer/holocaust_DK_kap_5.pdf|title=The King and the Star – Myths created during the Occupation of Denmark|access-date=April 5, 2011 |author=Vilhjálmur Örn Vilhjálmsson|publisher=Danish institute for international studies|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716022617/http://www.diis.dk/graphics/CVer/Personlige_CVer/Holocaust_and_Genocide/Publikationer/holocaust_DK_kap_5.pdf|archive-date=July 16, 2011}}
a. {{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,805369,00.html |work=Time |title=Florida: Anything Goes |date=April 17, 1950 |access-date=May 3, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624133711/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C805369%2C00.html |archive-date=June 24, 2013 |url-status=dead }}
<br />b. {{cite news|last=Nohlgren|first=Stephen|title=A born winner, if not a native Floridian|url=http://www.sptimes.com/2003/11/29/State/A_born_winner__if_not.shtml|newspaper=]|date=November 29, 2003|access-date=October 8, 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121005062919/http://www.sptimes.com/2003/11/29/State/A_born_winner__if_not.shtml | archive-date = October 5, 2012| url-status=live}}</ref> <br />b. {{#invoke:cite web||title=Some Essential Definitions & Myths Associated with the Holocaust |url=http://www.chgs.umn.edu/histories/myths.html|access-date=April 5, 2011|publisher=Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies – University of Minnesota|archive-date=May 15, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515002212/http://www.chgs.umn.edu/histories/myths.html}}
<br />c. {{#invoke:cite web||title=King Christian and the Star of David|url=http://www.natmus.dk/sw81068.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928011038/http://www.natmus.dk/sw81068.asp|archive-date=September 28, 2011|access-date=February 21, 2017|publisher=The National Museum of Denmark}}</ref>
* ] was not sitting in the front ("white") section of the bus during the event that made her famous and incited the ]. Rather, she was sitting in the front of the back ("colored") section of the bus, where African Americans were expected to sit, but refused to give up her seat to a white man who asked for it (which was also the expected action of African Americans at the time).
* Not all ]s are ]; many skinheads identify as ] or ], and many oppose racism, such as the ]. Originating from the 1960s British working class, many of its initial adherents were ] and ]; it became associated with white supremacy in the 1970s as a result of far-right groups like the ] recruiting from the subculture for grassroot support.<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Craig |first1=Laura |last2=Young |first2=Kevin |date=2008 |title=Beyond White Pride: Identity, Meaning and Contradiction in the Canadian Skinhead Subculture* |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229688891 |journal=Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue Canadienne de Sociologie|pages=175–206 |volume=34 |number=2 |doi=10.1111/j.1755-618x.1997.tb00206.x |access-date=July 2, 2022}}
* ] intellectual and activist ] did not renounce his U.S. citizenship while living in ] shortly before ],<ref name="Dubois controversy book">{{cite book|last1=Bass|first1=Amy|title=Those about Him Remained Silent: The Battle Over W.E.B. Du Bois|date=2009|publisher=]|isbn=978-0816644957|page=155|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wn7B_04lNJkC&pg=PA155}}</ref> as is often claimed.<ref>
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Borgeson |first1=Kevin |last2=Valeri |first2=Robin |date=Fall 2005 |title=Examining Differences in Skinhead Ideology and Culture Through an Analysis of Skinhead Websites |journal=Michigan Sociological Review|pages=45–62 |volume=19 |jstor=40969104}}
a. {{cite news|title=Renouncing citizenship is usually all about the Benjamins, say experts|url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2012/05/11/renouncing-citizenship-is-usually-all-about-benjamins-say-experts/|newspaper=Fox News|date=May 11, 2012|access-date=May 18, 2015}}
<br />c. {{#invoke:cite news||last=Lambert |first=Chris |date=November 12, 2017 |title='Black Skinhead': The politics of New Kanye |website=Daily Dot |url=https://www.dailydot.com/upstream/kanye-west-black-skinhead/ |access-date=July 2, 2022 |quote="Skinhead" was a term originally used to describe a 1960s British working-class subculture that revolved around fashion and music and that would heavily inspire the punk rock scene. While it has harmless roots, the skinhead movement fell into polemic politics. Nowadays, it's popularly associated with neo-Nazis, despite having split demographics of far-right, far-left, and apolitical.}}</ref><ref name="sub-pop-pol">{{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Brown|first1=Timothy S.|title=Subcultures, Pop Music and Politics: Skinheads and "Nazi Rock" in England and Germany|journal=Journal of Social History|date=January 1, 2004|volume=38|issue=1|pages=157–178|jstor=3790031|doi=10.1353/jsh.2004.0079|s2cid=42029805}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||last=Cotter|first=John M.|date=1999|title=Sounds of hate: White power rock and roll and the neo-nazi skinhead subculture|journal=Terrorism and Political Violence|volume=11|issue=2|pages=111–140|doi=10.1080/09546559908427509|issn=0954-6553}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||last=Shaffer|first=Ryan|date=2013|title=The soundtrack of neo-fascism: youth and music in the National Front|journal=Patterns of Prejudice|volume=47|issue=4–5|pages=458–482|doi=10.1080/0031322X.2013.842289|s2cid=144461518|issn=0031-322X}}</ref>
<br />b. {{cite news|title=Celebrities Who Renounced Their Citizenship|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/02/01/celebrities-who-renounced-citizenship_n_2602099.html|newspaper=Huffington Post|date=February 1, 2012|access-date=May 18, 2015}}
<br />c. {{cite book|last1=Aberjhani|first1=Sandra L. West|title=Encyclopedia of the Harlem Renaissance|date=2003|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1438130170|page=89|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XP48QWTmjyUC&pg=PA89}}</ref> In early 1963, his membership in the ] and support for the Soviet Union incited the ] not to renew his ] while he was already in Ghana overseeing the creation of the '']''. After leaving the embassy, he stated his intention to renounce his citizenship in protest. But while he took Ghanaian citizenship, he never went through the process of renouncing his American citizenship,<ref name="Lewis Du Bois bio">{{cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=David|title=W.E.B. Du Bois: A Biography|date=2009|publisher=MacMillan|isbn=978-0805088052|page=841|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BU4vH95YySgC&pg=PA841}}</ref> and may not even have intended to.<ref name="Dubois controversy book" />
* When the bartender ] outside her ] apartment in 1964, there were not 37 neighbors standing idly by and watching who failed to call the police until after she was dead, as '']'' initially reported<ref name="NYT Kitty Genovese story">{{cite news|last=Gansberg |first=Martin |url=http://www.37themovie.com/images/about/NYTimes_KittyGenoveseArticle.pdf |title=37 Who Saw Murder Didn't Call the Police |newspaper=New York Times |date=March 27, 1964 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150807055841/http://www.37themovie.com/images/about/NYTimes_KittyGenoveseArticle.pdf |archive-date=August 7, 2015 }}</ref> to widespread public outrage that persisted for years. Later reporting established that the police report the ''Times'' had initially relied on was inaccurate, that Genovese had been attacked twice in different locations, and that, while some of the many witnesses heard the attack, they only heard brief portions and did not realize what was occurring, with only six or seven actually reporting seeing anything. Some called police; one said "I didn't want to get involved",<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bregman |first=Rutger |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R7rEDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PT179&dq=humankind+%2522Karl+Ross%2522&hl=en |title=Humankind: A Hopeful History |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2020 |isbn=978-1408898963 |language=en |chapter=9}}</ref> an attitude later attributed to all the residents who saw or heard part of the attack.<ref name="American Heritage Genovese article">{{cite news|author= Rasenberger, Jim| url= http://www.americanheritage.com/content/nightmare-austin-street|title= Nightmare on Austin Street| work= ]| date= October 2006|access-date=May 18, 2015}}</ref>
* While it was praised by one architectural magazine before it was built as "the best high apartment of the year", the ] ] in ], considered to epitomize the failures of ] in American cities after it was demolished in the early 1970s, never won any awards for its design.<ref name="AIA Pruitt Igoe page">{{cite web|last=Cendón|first=Sara Fernández|title=Pruitt-Igoe 40 Years Later |url=http://www.aia.org/practicing/AIAB092656|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314062237/http://www.aia.org/practicing/AIAB092656|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 14, 2014|publisher=]|date=February 3, 2012|access-date=December 31, 2014|quote=For example, Pruitt-Igoe is often cited as an AIA-award recipient, but the project never won any architectural awards. }}</ref> The architectural firm that designed the buildings did win an award for an earlier St. Louis project, which may have been confused with Pruitt–Igoe.<ref name="Pruitt Igoe Myth">{{cite journal|last=Bristol|first=Katharine|title=The Pruitt–Igoe Myth|journal=]|date=May 1991|volume=44|issue=3|page=168|url=http://www.pruitt-igoe.com/temp/1991-bristol-pruitt-igoemyth.pdf|issn=1531-314X|doi=10.1111/j.1531-314X.2010.01093.x|s2cid=219542179|quote=Though it is commonly accorded the epithet 'award-winning,"' Pruitt-Igoe never won any kind of architectural prize. An earlier St. Louis housing project by the same team of architects, the John Cochran Garden Apartments, did win two architectural awards. At some point this prize seems to have been incorrectly attributed to Pruitt-Igoe|access-date=December 31, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924082652/http://www.pruitt-igoe.com/temp/1991-bristol-pruitt-igoemyth.pdf|archive-date=September 24, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* There is little contemporary documentary evidence for the notion that US Vietnam veterans were ] upon return to the United States. This belief was detailed in some biographical accounts and was later popularized by films such as '']''.<ref>Jerry Lembcke, ''The Spitting Image: Myth, Memory and the Legacy of Vietnam'', 1998, {{isbn|978-0814751473}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Bob|last=Greene|author-link=Bob Greene|title=Homecoming: When the Soldier Returned from Vietnam|publisher=G. P. Putnam's Sons|year=1989|isbn=978-0399133862}}</ref><ref name="Were They Spat On?">{{cite journal|last=Vlieg|first=Heather|title=Were They Spat On? Understanding The Homecoming Experience of Vietnam Veterans|journal=The Grand Valley Journal of History|date=September 2019|volume=7|issue=1 |url=https://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1187&context=gvjh}}</ref>


==== United States ====
=={{anchor|Science|Science and technology}}Science, technology, and mathematics==
{{also|Scientific misconceptions}}


]
===Astronomy and spaceflight===
* ] did not design or make the first official U.S. flag, despite it being widely known as the ]. The claim was first made by her grandson a century later.<ref>Marc Leepson, "" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715155019/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/five-myths-about-the-american-flag/2011/06/08/AG3ZSkOH_story.html |date=2017-07-15 }}, '']'', June 12, 2011, p. B2.</ref>
], running diagonally from lower left to upper right (not to be confused with the much more prominent river running from upper left to lower right). The region pictured is {{Convert|12|×|12|km|abbr=|sp=us}}.]]
] ] slavery in the United States nationwide, not the Emancipation Proclamation (red areas only).]]
* The ] is not, as is claimed, the only ] or from the Moon. None of the ] reported seeing ''any'' specific human-made object from the Moon, and even Earth-orbiting astronauts can see it only with magnification. City lights, however, are easily visible on the night side of Earth from orbit.<ref>
* ] did not write his ] speech on the back of an envelope on his train ride to Gettysburg. The speech was substantially complete before Lincoln left Washington for Gettysburg.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://rmc.library.cornell.edu/lincoln/exhibition/gettysburg/|title=The Lincoln Presidency: Last Full Measure of Devotion|website=rmc.library.cornell.edu}}</ref><ref name="Green2005">{{#invoke:cite book||last=Green|first=Joey|title=Contrary to Popular Belief: More than 250 False Facts Revealed|publisher=Broadway|date=2005|isbn=978-0-7679-1992-0}}</ref>
{{cite web|url=https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2003/24mar_noseprints/ |title=Space Station Astrophotography |publisher=NASA|date=March 24, 2003|access-date=January 13, 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140404162248/https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2003/24mar_noseprints/ | archive-date = April 4, 2014| url-status=live}}</ref>
* The ] did not free all ] in the United States; the Proclamation applied in the ten states that were still in ] in 1863, and thus did not cover the nearly five hundred thousand slaves in the slaveholding ] that had not seceded.<ref name="Stewart 2013" /><ref name="Berlin 1985" /><ref>{{#invoke:cite book|| last=Foner | first=Eric |author-link=Eric Foner | title=The fiery trial: Abraham Lincoln and American slavery |location=New York |publisher=W. W. Norton | date=2010 | isbn=978-0-393-06618-0 | oclc=601096674 | pages=241–242}}</ref> (See also: ])
* ]s have the same gravitational effects as any other equal mass in their place. They will draw objects nearby towards them, just as any other planetary body does, except at very close distances to the black hole—comparable to its ].<ref>
* Likewise, the ] celebrated annually as "]" only applied ''in ]'', not the United States at large. ], ratified and proclaimed in December 1865, was the article that banned slavery nationwide except as punishment for a crime.<ref name="Stewart 2013">{{cite news |last1=Stewart |first1=Alicia W. |title=150 years later, myths persist about the Emancipation Proclamation |url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/01/01/us/150-years-later-myths-persist-about-the-emancipation-proclamation/index.html |access-date=29 July 2024 |publisher=CNN |date=1 January 2013}}</ref><ref name="Berlin 1985">{{cite book |editor1-last=Berlin |editor1-first=Ira |editor2-last=Fields |editor2-first=Barbara J. |editor3-last=Glymph |editor3-first=Thavolia |editor4-last=Reidy |editor4-first=Joseph P. |editor5-last=Rowland |editor5-first=Leslie S. |title=Freedom: A Documentary History of Emancipation, 1861-1867: Series 1, Volume 1: The Destruction of Slavery |date=1985 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-22979-1 |page=69 |url=https://archive.org/details/destructionofsla0001unse/page/68/mode/1up?view=theater |url-access=registration}}</ref>
{{cite book|last=Wolfson|first=Richard|title=Simply Einstein: relativity demystified|publisher=W.W. Norton & Co.|date=2002|page=261|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OUJWKdlFKeQC&pg=PA219|isbn=978-0393051544}}</ref> If, for example, the Sun were replaced by a black hole of equal mass, the orbits of the planets would be essentially unaffected. A black hole ''can'' act like a "cosmic vacuum cleaner" and pull a substantial inflow of surrounding matter, but only if the star from which it formed was already doing so.<ref>
* The ] was generally viewed as positive or neutral in the United States, both among the public and the press. The opponents of the purchase who characterized it as "]", alluding to ], the Secretary of State who negotiated it, represented a minority opinion at the time.<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Haycox|first1=Stephen|title=Haycox, Stephen. "Truth and Expectation: Myth in Alaska History|journal=Northern Review|date=1990|volume=6|url=http://journals.sfu.ca/nr/index.php/nr/article/viewFile/397/390|access-date=August 31, 2015}}
{{cite web|url=http://oyc.yale.edu/astronomy/astr-160/lecture-9#transcript |title=Frontiers And Controversies In Astrophysics Lecture 9 |publisher=] |access-date=April 26, 2011 }}</ref>
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite journal||first=Richard E. Jr. |last=Welch |title=American Public Opinion and the Purchase of Russian America |journal=] |year=1958 |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=481–94 |jstor=3001132 |doi=10.2307/3001132 }}
* Seasons are not caused by the entire ] being closer to the ] in the summer than in the winter, but by the ]. Each hemisphere is ] towards the Sun in its respective summer (July in the ] and January in the ]), resulting in longer days and more direct sunlight, with the opposite being true in the winter.<ref>
<br />c. Howard I. Kushner, {{"'}}Seward's Folly'?: American Commerce in Russian America and the Alaska Purchase". ''California Historical Quarterly'' (1975): 4–26. {{JSTOR|25157541}}.
{{cite web|url=http://www.adlerplanetarium.org/education/resources/sunearth/section06i.shtml|publisher=Adler Planetarium |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071216004548/http://www.adlerplanetarium.org/education/resources/sunearth/section06i.shtml|archive-date=December 16, 2007|title=Sun-Earth Connection|access-date=May 8, 2009}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web|url=http://istp.gsfc.nasa.gov/istp/outreach/sunearthmiscons.html|title=Ten Things You Thought You Knew about Sun-Earth Science|publisher=NASA|access-date=May 8, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130221092931/http://istp.gsfc.nasa.gov/istp/outreach/sunearthmiscons.html | archive-date = February 21, 2013| url-status=live}}</ref> <br />d. {{#invoke:cite news||title=Biographer calls Seward's Folly a myth|url=http://www.thesewardphoenixlog.com/story/2014/04/03/features/biographer-calls-sewards-folly-a-myth/2492.html|access-date=August 31, 2015|agency=The Seward Phoenix LOG|date=April 3, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622084130/http://www.thesewardphoenixlog.com/story/2014/04/03/features/biographer-calls-sewards-folly-a-myth/2492.html|archive-date=June 22, 2017}}
<br />e. {{Cite video |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?326990-1/founding-anchorage-alaska |title=Founding of Anchorage, Alaska |date=July 9, 2015 |type=Adobe Flash |access-date=December 22, 2017 |people=Professor Preston Jones (Featured Speaker) |publisher=]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||last=Cook |first=Mary Alice |date=Spring 2011 |title=Manifest Opportunity: The Alaska Purchase as a Bridge Between United States Expansion and Imperialism |url=http://alaskahistoricalsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Article-on-purchase.pdf |journal=Alaska History |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=1–10}}</ref>
* When a meteor or spacecraft enters the atmosphere, ] is not (primarily) caused by friction, but by ] in front of the object.<ref>
* ]s were not initially popular in the ], with ] being the typical headgear of choice.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=The Hat That Won the West |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=336&dat=19571026&id=xQQpAAAAIBAJ&pg=7036,5636283 |access-date=February 10, 2010}}</ref> Heavy marketing of the ] "]" model in the years following the ] was the primary driving force behind the cowboy hat's popularity, with its characteristic dented top not becoming standard until near the end of the 19th century.<ref>Snyder, Jeffrey B. (1997) ''Stetson Hats and the John B. Stetson Company 1865–1970''. p. 50 {{ISBN|978-0-7643-0211-4}}</ref>
{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/research/2007/faq-shuttleglass_prt.htm |title=NASA – Spacecraft Design |access-date=January 7, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090709055746/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/research/2007/faq-shuttleglass_prt.htm |archive-date=July 9, 2009 }}</ref><ref>
* The ] of 1871 was not caused by ]'s cow kicking over a lantern. A newspaper reporter later admitted to having invented the story to make colorful copy.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web|| title = The O'Leary Legend | website= Chicago History Museum | url = http://www.chicagohistory.org/fire/oleary/essay-2.html | access-date = March 18, 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110110110402/http://www.chicagohistory.org/fire/oleary/essay-2.html | archive-date=January 10, 2011}}</ref>
{{cite web|url=http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2009/03/30/more-booming-fireballs/ |title=More booming fireballs |access-date=January 7, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215231308/http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2009/03/30/more-booming-fireballs/ |archive-date=December 15, 2013 |date=March 30, 2009 }}</ref><ref>
* There is no evidence that ], on assignment to Cuba in 1897, telegraphed ]: "There will be no war. I wish to return," nor that Hearst responded: "Please remain. You furnish the pictures, and I'll furnish the war". The anecdote was originally included in a book by ] and probably never happened.<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite book||last1=Campbell |first1=W. Joseph|title=Getting it Wrong: Ten of the Greatest Misreported Stories in American Journalism|url=https://archive.org/details/gettingitwrongte0000camp|url-access=registration |date=2010|publisher=]|location=Berkeley|isbn=978-0-520-26209-6|pages=–25|via=]}}
{{cite web |url=http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/12/14/meteor-propter-hoc/ |title=Meteor propter hoc |author=Phil Plait |date=December 14, 2008 |work=Bad Astronomy |publisher=Discover |access-date=January 19, 2014| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140203034517/http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/12/14/meteor-propter-hoc/ | archive-date = February 3, 2014| url-status=live}}</ref>
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite book||last=Campbell|first=W. Joseph|year=2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TflDlgzRtSYC&pg=PA72|title=Yellow Journalism: Puncturing the Myths, Defining the Legacies|publisher= ]|page=72|isbn=978-0-275-98113-6}}</ref>
* ] is possible on every day of the year, not just the vernal equinox,<ref>
* The electrocution of ] was not an anti-alternating current demonstration organized by ] during the ]. Edison was never at ], and the electrocution of Topsy took place ten years after the war of currents.<ref name="edison.rutgers.edu">{{#invoke:cite web||url=http://edison.rutgers.edu/topsy.htm|title=Did Edison really electrocute Topsy the Elephant|website=The Edison Papers|via=]|date=October 28, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113102308/http://edison.rutgers.edu/topsy.htm |archive-date=November 13, 2013 }}</ref> This myth may stem from the fact that ] was produced by the ].
{{cite web | url=http://www.snopes.com/science/equinox.asp | title=Infernal Egguinox | work=] | date=March 6, 2012 | access-date=January 29, 2014}}</ref> and there is no relationship between any astronomical phenomenon and the ability to balance an egg.<ref name="AP">{{cite news|url=http://www.apnewsarchive.com/1987/Equinox-Returns-and-Eggs-Keep-Balancing/id-0cf1b28fd3bb7e0efa8f91da775ea6e8|title=Equinox Returns and Eggs Keep Balancing|author=Schmid, Randolph|date=September 20, 1987|access-date=January 29, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427084100/http://www.apnewsarchive.com/1987/Equinox-Returns-and-Eggs-Keep-Balancing/id-0cf1b28fd3bb7e0efa8f91da775ea6e8|archive-date=April 27, 2014|url-status=live|agency=Associated Press}}</ref>
* ], known as "]", testified at her 1909 trial that she did not believe she was contagious while an ] of the ] '']''.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Foss |first=Katherine |date=April 24, 2020 |title=#TyphoidMary – now a hashtag – was a maligned immigrant who got a bum rap |url=https://theconversation.com/typhoidmary-now-a-hashtag-was-a-maligned-immigrant-who-got-a-bum-rap-136571 |work=]}}</ref> She later infected many others, while using fake names and evading health authorities.
* The ] was not commissioned by ] at a cost of millions of dollars, while the Soviets used pencils. It was independently developed by Paul C. Fisher, founder of the Fisher Pen Company, with $1 million of his own funds.<ref>
* Immigrants' last names were not Americanized (voluntarily, mistakenly, or otherwise) upon arrival at ]. Officials there kept no records other than checking ship manifests created at the point of origin, and there was simply no paperwork that would have let them recast surnames, let alone any law. At the time in New York, anyone could change the spelling of their name simply by using that new spelling.<ref name="Ellis Island">{{#invoke:cite web||url=http://www.nypl.org/blog/2013/07/02/name-changes-ellis-island |title=Why Your Family Name Was Not Changed at Ellis Island (and One That Was) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208072225/http://www.nypl.org/blog/2013/07/02/name-changes-ellis-island |archive-date=December 8, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> These names are often referred to as an "]".
Retrieved on February 4, 2019</ref> NASA tested and approved the pen for space use, then purchased 400 pens at $6 per pen.<ref>
* ] did not make drinking alcohol illegal in the United States. The ] and the subsequent ] prohibited the production, sale, and transport of "intoxicating liquors" within the United States, but their possession and consumption were never outlawed.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Prohibition {{!}} Definition, History, Eighteenth Amendment, & Repeal|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Prohibition-United-States-history-1920-1933|access-date=2022-10-24|website=]|language=en}}</ref>
Retrieved on February 4, 2019</ref> The Soviet Union subsequently also purchased the space pen for its ] spaceflights.
* Distraught stockbrokers did not ] in large numbers after the ]. Although extensively reported by the news media, the phenomenon was limited in number and the overall suicide rate following the 1929 crash did not increase.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Market Crash Eexacts a Toll in Suicides|date=January 12, 2009 |url=https://macleans.ca/economy/business/market-crash-exacts-a-toll-in-suicides/|access-date=2024-08-24|language=en}}</ref>
* ], ], and ] were not ] for spaceflight, though many other products (such as ] and ]s) were.<ref name="spinfaq">{{cite web|url=https://spinoff.nasa.gov/faq|title=Spinoff Frequently Asked Questions |work=NASA.gov|access-date=2021-02-28}}</ref>
* There was no widespread outbreak of panic across the United States in response to ]' 1938 ] of ]' '']''. Only a very small share of the radio audience was listening to it, but newspapers, being ], played up isolated reports of incidents and increased emergency calls. Both Welles and CBS, which had initially reacted apologetically, later came to realize that the myth benefited them and actively embraced it in later years.<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite news||last1=Pooley|first1=Jefferson|author2-link=Michael J. Socolow|last2=Socolow|first2=Michael|title=The Myth of the War of the Worlds Panic|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/history/2013/10/orson_welles_war_of_the_worlds_panic_myth_the_infamous_radio_broadcast_did.html|newspaper=]|date=October 28, 2013|access-date=November 24, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140509160518/http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/history/2013/10/orson_welles_war_of_the_worlds_panic_myth_the_infamous_radio_broadcast_did.html| archive-date=May 9, 2014| url-status=live}}
* The ] is actually white rather than yellow.<ref name="SunStanford">{{cite web |last1=Scherrer |first1=Deborah |display-authors=etal |title=What Color do YOU think the Sun is? |url=http://solar-center.stanford.edu/SID/activities/GreenSun.html |website=Stanford SOLAR Center |access-date=1 June 2021}}</ref> It is atmospheric scattering that causes the sun to look yellow, orange, or red at sunrise and sunset.<ref name="SunStanford"/>
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite book||last1 = Campbell|first1 = W. Joseph|title=Getting it wrong: ten of the greatest misreported stories in American Journalism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SodvJ4EuTggC|date=2010|publisher=]|location= Berkeley|isbn=978-0-520-26209-6| pages=26–44|via=Google Books}}</ref>
* American pilot ] did not coin the term '']''; he did not use that phrase when describing his ] at ], ]. '']'', the first newspaper to report on the incident, merely quoted him as saying the objects "flew like a saucer" and were "flat like a pie pan".<ref name="UFOAtlantic">{{#invoke:cite news||last=Garber |first=Megan |date=June 15, 2014 |title=The Man Who Introduced the World to Flying Saucers |work=The Atlantic|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/06/the-man-who-introduced-the-world-to-flying-saucers/372732/ |access-date=June 24, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Lacitis |first=Eric |date=June 24, 2017 |title='Flying saucers' became a thing 70 years ago Saturday with sighting near Mount Rainier |work=The Seattle Times|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/northwest/flying-saucers-became-a-thing-70-years-ago-saturday-with-sighting-near-mount-rainier/ |access-date=June 24, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite interview ||title=12:15 news |last=Arnold |first=Kenneth |date=June 26, 1947 |interviewer-last=Smith |interviewer-first=Ted |publisher=] |location=Pendleton, Oregon |type=Radio}}</ref><ref name="Meyer-2011">{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Meyer |first1=Dave |title=64th anniversary of flying saucers at Mt. Rainier |url=https://www.knkx.org/other-news/2011-06-24/64th-anniversary-of-flying-saucers-at-mt-rainier |access-date=18 July 2024 |work=KNKX Public Radio |date=24 June 2011 |language=en |quote=Arnold described the shiny objects as 'something like a pie plate that was cut in half with a sort of a convex triangle in the rear' and that they flew 'like a saucer if you skipped it across the water.' The term 'flying saucer' made it into a newspaper headline and the rest, as they say, is history.}}</ref>
* U.S. Senator ] never gave a ] describing his opponent, ], as an "extrovert" whose sister was a "thespian", in the apparent hope they would confuse them with similar-sounding words like "pervert" and "lesbian". Smathers offered US$10,000 to anyone who could prove he had made the speech; it was never claimed.<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite news||url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,805369,00.html |magazine=Time |title=Florida: Anything Goes |date=April 17, 1950 |access-date=May 3, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624133711/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C805369%2C00.html |archive-date=June 24, 2013 }}
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite news||last=Nohlgren|first=Stephen|title=A born winner, if not a native Floridian|url=http://www.sptimes.com/2003/11/29/State/A_born_winner__if_not.shtml|newspaper=]|date=November 29, 2003|access-date=October 8, 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121005062919/http://www.sptimes.com/2003/11/29/State/A_born_winner__if_not.shtml | archive-date = October 5, 2012| url-status=live}}</ref>
* ] did not order the construction of the ] for the sole purpose of evacuating cities in the event of nuclear warfare. While military motivations were present, the primary motivations were civilian.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Interstate Highway System - The Myths |url=https://highways.dot.gov/highway-history/interstate-system/50th-anniversary/interstate-highway-system-myths#question2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429041854/https://highways.dot.gov/highway-history/interstate-system/50th-anniversary/interstate-highway-system-myths#question2 |archive-date=April 29, 2024 |access-date=June 24, 2024 |website=]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Laskow |first=Sarah |date=August 24, 2015 |title=Eisenhower and History's Worst Cross-Country Road Trip |url=https://slate.com/human-interest/2015/08/in-1919-eisenhower-took-a-disastrous-road-trip-that-led-to-his-support-of-the-modern-paved-highway.html |access-date=June 24, 2024 |work=]}}</ref>
* ] was not sitting in the front ("white") section of the bus during the event that made her famous and incited the ]. Rather, she was sitting in the front of the back ("colored") section of the bus, where African Americans were expected to sit, and rejected an order from the driver to vacate her seat in favor of a white passenger when the "white" section of the bus had become full.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/rosa-parks |title=An Act of Courage, The Arrest Records of Rosa Parks |date=August 15, 2015 |access-date=December 1, 2020 |website=National Archives}}</ref>
* The African-American intellectual and activist ] did not renounce his U.S. citizenship while living in Ghana shortly before ].<ref name="Dubois controversy book">{{#invoke:cite book||last1=Bass|first1=Amy|title=Those about Him Remained Silent: The Battle Over W.E.B. Du Bois|date=2009|publisher=]|isbn=978-0-8166-4495-7|page=155|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wn7B_04lNJkC&pg=PA155}}</ref><ref>a. {{#invoke:cite news||title=Renouncing citizenship is usually all about the Benjamins, say experts|url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2012/05/11/renouncing-citizenship-is-usually-all-about-benjamins-say-experts/|newspaper=Fox News|date=May 11, 2012|access-date=May 18, 2015}}
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite news||title=Celebrities Who Renounced Their Citizenship|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/02/01/celebrities-who-renounced-citizenship_n_2602099.html|newspaper=Huffington Post|date=February 1, 2012|access-date=May 18, 2015}}
<br />c. {{#invoke:cite book||last1=Aberjhani|first1=Sandra L. West|title=Encyclopedia of the Harlem Renaissance|date=2003|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-3017-0|page=89|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XP48QWTmjyUC&pg=PA89}}</ref> In early 1963, his membership in the ] and support for the Soviet Union led the ] to refuse to renew his ] while he was already in Ghana. After leaving the embassy, he stated his intention to renounce his citizenship in protest, but while he took Ghanaian citizenship, he never actually renounced his American citizenship.<ref name="Lewis Du Bois bio">{{#invoke:cite book||last1=Lewis|first1=David|title=W.E.B. Du Bois: A Biography|date=2009|publisher=MacMillan|isbn=978-0-8050-8805-2|page=841|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BU4vH95YySgC&pg=PA841}}</ref><ref name="Dubois controversy book" />
* US President ]'s words "{{lang|de|]}}" are standard German for "I am a Berliner (citizen of Berlin)."<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite book||last=Daum|first=Andreas W.|title=Kennedy in Berlin|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=148–49|date=2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IrK1TG34vw8C&pg=PT148|isbn=978-3-506-71991-1|access-date=May 13, 2018|archive-date=January 21, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121034115/https://books.google.com/books?id=IrK1TG34vw8C&pg=PT148|url-status=live}}
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite web||url=http://www.canoo.net/services/OnlineGrammar/Wort/Artikel/Gebrauch/ArtIndef.html|title=Gebrauch des unbestimmten Artikels (German, "Use of the indefinite article")|publisher=Canoo Engineering AG|access-date=July 5, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328165614/http://canoo.net/services/OnlineGrammar/Wort/Artikel/Gebrauch/ArtIndef.html|archive-date=March 28, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> It is not true that by using the indefinite article ''ein'', he changed the meaning of the sentence from the intended "I am a citizen of Berlin" to "I am a ]", a Berliner being a type of German pastry, similar to a ], amusing Germans.<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite book||last=Ryan|first=Halford Ross|title=U.S. presidents as orators: a bio-critical sourcebook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Efqq9cYYqq0C&pg=PA220|year=1995|publisher=Greenwood|isbn=978-0-313-29059-6|pages=219–20|access-date=May 23, 2024|archive-date=May 23, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523022410/https://books.google.com/books?id=Efqq9cYYqq0C&pg=PA220|url-status=live}}
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite web||url= http://www1.stadtkind.com/item/135/ich-bin-ein-berliner-john-f-kennedy-west-berlin.htm|language= de|trans-title= I am a jelly doughnut. Or a Berliner?|title= Ich bin ein Pfannkuchen. Oder ein Berliner?|date= August 22, 2005|publisher= Stadtkind|access-date= June 26, 2013|archive-date= June 19, 2008|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080619060413/http://www1.stadtkind.com/item/135/ich-bin-ein-berliner-john-f-kennedy-west-berlin.htm}}</ref> Furthermore, the pastry, which ] in Germany, was not then — nor is it now — commonly called "Berliner" in the Berlin area.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||url=https://m.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/berliner-krapfen-pfannkuchen-wie-heisst-der-kreppel-wirklich-16068952.html|title=Essen und Sprechen Geben Sie mir ein Semmelbrötchen!|newspaper=Faz.net|date=March 5, 2019|last1=Rüther|first1=Tobias|access-date=May 23, 2024|archive-date=October 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020101500/https://m.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/berliner-krapfen-pfannkuchen-wie-heisst-der-kreppel-wirklich-16068952.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* When ] outside her apartment in 1964, there were not 38 neighbors standing idly by and watching who failed to call the police until after she was dead, as was initially reported<ref name="NYT Kitty Genovese story">{{#invoke:cite news||last=Gansberg |first=Martin |url=http://www.37themovie.com/images/about/NYTimes_KittyGenoveseArticle.pdf |title=37 Who Saw Murder Didn't Call the Police |newspaper=The New York Times |date=March 27, 1964 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150807055841/http://www.37themovie.com/images/about/NYTimes_KittyGenoveseArticle.pdf |archive-date=August 7, 2015 }}</ref> to widespread public outrage that persisted for years and even ]. In fact, witnesses only heard brief portions of the attack and did not realize what was occurring, and only six or seven actually saw anything. One witness, who had called the police, said when interviewed by officers at the scene, "I didn't want to get involved",<ref>{{#invoke:cite book||last=Bregman |first=Rutger |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R7rEDwAAQBAJ&q=humankind+%2522Karl+Ross%2522&pg=PT179 |title=Humankind: A Hopeful History |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-4088-9896-3 |language=en |chapter=9}}</ref> an attitude later attributed to all the neighbors.<ref name="American Heritage Genovese article">{{#invoke:cite news||author= Rasenberger, Jim| url= http://www.americanheritage.com/content/nightmare-austin-street|title= Nightmare on Austin Street| work= ]| date= October 2006|access-date=May 18, 2015}}</ref>


]
===Biology===
* While it was praised by one architectural magazine before it was built as "the best high apartment of the year", the ] ] in St. Louis, Missouri never won any awards for its design.<ref name="AIA Pruitt Igoe page">{{#invoke:cite web||last=Cendón|first=Sara Fernández|title=Pruitt-Igoe 40 Years Later |url=http://www.aia.org/practicing/AIAB092656|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314062237/http://www.aia.org/practicing/AIAB092656|archive-date=March 14, 2014|publisher=]|date=February 3, 2012|access-date=December 31, 2014|quote=For example, Pruitt-Igoe is often cited as an AIA-award recipient, but the project never won any architectural awards. }}</ref> The architectural firm that designed the buildings did win an award for an earlier St. Louis project, which may have been confused with Pruitt–Igoe.<ref name="Pruitt Igoe Myth">{{#invoke:cite journal||last=Bristol|first=Katharine|title=The Pruitt–Igoe Myth|journal=]|date=May 1991|volume=44|issue=3|page=168|url=http://www.pruitt-igoe.com/temp/1991-bristol-pruitt-igoemyth.pdf|issn=1531-314X|doi=10.1111/j.1531-314X.2010.01093.x|s2cid=219542179|quote=Though it is commonly accorded the epithet 'award-winning,"' Pruitt-Igoe never won any kind of architectural prize. An earlier St. Louis housing project by the same team of architects, the John Cochran Garden Apartments, did win two architectural awards. At some point this prize seems to have been incorrectly attributed to Pruitt-Igoe|access-date=December 31, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924082652/http://www.pruitt-igoe.com/temp/1991-bristol-pruitt-igoemyth.pdf|archive-date=September 24, 2015}}</ref>
* There is little contemporary documentary evidence for the notion that US Vietnam veterans were ] upon return to the United States. This belief was detailed in some biographical accounts and was later popularized by films such as '']''.<ref>Jerry Lembcke, ''The Spitting Image: Myth, Memory and the Legacy of Vietnam'', 1998, {{isbn|978-0-8147-5147-3}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite book||first=Bob|last=Greene|author-link=Bob Greene|title=Homecoming: When the Soldier Returned from Vietnam|publisher=G. P. Putnam's Sons|year=1989|isbn=978-0-399-13386-2}}</ref><ref name="Were They Spat On?">{{#invoke:cite journal||last=Vlieg|first=Heather|title=Were They Spat On? Understanding The Homecoming Experience of Vietnam Veterans|journal=The Grand Valley Journal of History|date=September 2019|volume=7|issue=1 |url=https://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1187&context=gvjh}}</ref>
* Women ] outside the Miss America contest in 1969 as a protest in support of women's liberation. They did symbolically throw bras in a trash can, along with other articles seen as emblematic of women's position in American society such as mops, make-up, and high-heeled shoes. The myth of bra burning came when a journalist hypothetically suggested that women may do so in the future, as men of the era ].<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-45303069|title=100 Women: The truth behind the 'bra-burning' feminists|work=BBC News|date=September 6, 2018}}</ref>
* The American space program in the 1960s never had a wide base of ] and didn't unify America. Belief that the ] was worth the time and money invested peaked at 51% for a few months after the ], and otherwise had fluctuated between 35-45% support.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Novak |first=Matt |date=May 15, 2012 |title=How Space-Age Nostalgia Hobbles Our Future |url=https://slate.com/technology/2012/05/space-program-s-future-and-landing-on-the-moon-how-nostalgia-for-the-apollo-program-doesn-t-help.html |access-date=June 26, 2024 |work=]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Saripalli |first=Srikanth |date=September 19, 2013 |title=To Boldly Go Nowhere, for Now |url=https://slate.com/technology/2013/09/manned-space-exploration-cyborgs-and-finding-the-next-earth.html |access-date=June 26, 2024 |work=]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Strauss |first=Mark |date=April 14, 2011 |title=Ten Enduring Myths About the U.S. Space Program |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/ten-enduring-myths-about-the-us-space-program-1969206/ |access-date=June 26, 2024 |work=]}}</ref>
* Despite popularizing the phrase "]",<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://jonestown.sdsu.edu/?page_id=93983|title=Kool Aid/Flavor Aid: Inaccuracies vs. Facts Part 7|website=Alternative Considerations of Jonestown & Peoples Temple|access-date=June 20, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713202524/https://jonestown.sdsu.edu/?page_id=93983|archive-date=July 13, 2020}}</ref> Kool-Aid was not used for the ]-fruit punch mix ingested as part of the ].<ref name="Atlantickoolaid">{{#invoke:cite news||last=Higgins|first=Chris|title=Stop Saying 'Drink the Kool-Aid'|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2012/11/stop-saying-drink-the-kool-aid/264957/|website=The Atlantic|date=November 8, 2012|access-date=June 20, 2022}}</ref> A similar product, ], was used.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Krause|first=Charles A.|title=Jonestown Is an Eerie Ghost Town Now|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1978/12/17/jonestown-is-an-eerie-ghost-town-now/3baa4355-58ea-41c0-ae04-a962b3e34651/|newspaper=Washington Post|date=December 17, 1978|access-date=June 20, 2022|quote=A pair of woman's eyelasses, a towel, a pair of shorts, packets of unopened Flavor-Aid lie scattered about waiting for the final cleanup that may one day return Jonestown to the tidy, if overcrowded, little community it once was.}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=http://www.fastcompany.com/magazine/92/debunk.html |title=Don't Drink the Grape-Flavored Sugar Water... |access-date=June 20, 2022 |author=Kihn, Martin|date=March 2005 |publisher=Fast Company|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050407051630/http://www.fastcompany.com/magazine/92/debunk.html|archive-date=April 7, 2005}}</ref>

== Science, technology, and mathematics ==
{{See also|Scientific misconceptions|Superseded theories in science|List of topics characterized as pseudoscience}}

=== Astronomy and spaceflight ===
* There is ], and astrology has repeatedly been shown to have no explanatory power in predicting future events.<ref name="Cosmic">{{#invoke:cite book||author1=Jeffrey Bennett |url=https://archive.org/details/astronomymediawo04lopr |title=The cosmic perspective |author2=Megan Donohue |author3=Nicholas Schneider |author4=Mark Voit |publisher=Pearson/Addison-Wesley |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-8053-9283-8 |edition=4th |location=San Francisco, CA |pages= |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="Carlson">{{#invoke:cite journal||last=Carlson |first=Shawn |year=1985 |title=A double-blind test of astrology |url=http://muller.lbl.gov/papers/Astrology-Carlson.pdf |journal=Nature |volume=318 |issue=6045 |pages=419–425 |bibcode=1985Natur.318..419C |doi=10.1038/318419a0 |s2cid=5135208}}</ref><ref name="Zarka">{{#invoke:cite journal||last=Zarka |first=Philippe |year=2011 |title=Astronomy and astrology |url=https://zenodo.org/record/890932 |journal=Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union |volume=5 |issue=S260 |pages=420–425 |bibcode=2011IAUS..260..420Z |doi=10.1017/S1743921311002602 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
* Astronauts in orbit are ] because they are in ] around the Earth,<ref>{{#invoke:cite web|| title=freefall | date=December 11, 2023 | quote=An astronaut orbiting Earth in a spacecraft experiences a condition of weightlessness because both the spacecraft and the astronaut are in free fall. |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/freefall-physics}}</ref> not because they are so far away from the Earth that its gravitational pull is negligible. For example, on the ] the Earth's gravity is nearly 90% as strong as at the surface. Objects orbiting in space would not remain in orbit if not for the gravitational force, and gravitational fields extend even into the depths of intergalactic space.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||last=Oberg|first=James|author-link=James Oberg|date=May 1993|title=Space myths and misconceptions|url=http://www.jamesoberg.com/myth.html|url-status=live|journal=Omni|volume=15|issue=7|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927005829/http://www.jamesoberg.com/myth.html|archive-date=September 27, 2007|access-date=May 2, 2007}}</ref><ref name="nature1">{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Cowen |first1=Ron |title=Andromeda on collision course with the Milky Way |journal=Nature |date=31 May 2012 |doi=10.1038/nature.2012.10765 |s2cid=124815138 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||author=Chandler, David|date=May 1991|title=Weightlessness and Microgravity|url=http://www.lcurve.org/writings/PT-WeightlessnessAndMicrogravity.pdf|journal=The Physics Teacher|volume=29|issue=5|pages=312–13|bibcode=1991PhTea..29..312C|doi=10.1119/1.2343327}}</ref>
] illuminated by the Sun.]]
* The ] receives about the same amount of light from the ] as the ]. It is called "dark" not because it never receives light but because it had never been seen until humans ] around the Moon, since the same side of the Moon always faces the Earth due to ].<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite web||last=Sigurdsson|first=Steinn|date=June 9, 2014|title=The Dark Side of the Moon: a Short History|url=http://scienceblogs.com/catdynamics/2014/06/09/the-dark-side-of-the-moon-a-short-history/|access-date=September 16, 2017}}
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite news||last=Messer|first=A'ndrea Elyse|date=June 9, 2014|title=55-year-old dark side of the moon mystery solved|publisher=Penn State News|url=http://news.psu.edu/story/317841/2014/06/09/research/55-year-old-dark-side-moon-mystery-solved|access-date=September 16, 2017}}
<br />c. {{#invoke:cite web||last=Falin|first=Lee|date=January 5, 2015|title=What's on the Dark Side of the Moon?|url=http://www.quickanddirtytips.com/education/science/what%E2%80%99s-on-the-dark-side-of-the-moon|access-date=September 16, 2017|archive-date=November 30, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130124604/https://www.quickanddirtytips.com/education/science/what%E2%80%99s-on-the-dark-side-of-the-moon}}</ref>
* ]s have the same gravitational effects as any other equal mass in their place. They will draw objects nearby towards them, just as any other celestial body does, except at very close distances to the black hole, comparable to its ].<ref>{{#invoke:cite book||last=Wolfson|first=Richard|title=Simply Einstein: relativity demystified|publisher=W.W. Norton & Co.|date=2002|page=261|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OUJWKdlFKeQC&pg=PA219|isbn=978-0-393-05154-4}}</ref> If, for example, the Sun were replaced by a black hole of equal mass, the orbits of the planets would be essentially unaffected. A ] ''can'' pull in a substantial inflow of surrounding matter, but only if the star from which it formed was already doing so.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=http://oyc.yale.edu/astronomy/astr-160/lecture-9#transcript |title=Frontiers And Controversies In Astrophysics Lecture 9 |publisher=] |access-date=April 26, 2011 }}</ref>
] does not line up with the ], so for half of the year the ] is tilted more towards the ] and for the other half the Northern Hemisphere is tilted more away, causing seasonal temperature variation.]]
* Seasons are not caused by the Earth being ], but by the ]. Each hemisphere is tilted towards the Sun in its respective summer (July in the Northern Hemisphere and January in the Southern Hemisphere), resulting in longer days and more direct sunlight, with the opposite being true in the winter. Earth reaches ] in January, and it reaches ] in July, so the ] opposes the temperature trends of the seasons in the Northern Hemisphere.<ref name="Science@NASA">{{#invoke:cite web||last=Phillips|first=Tony|date=July 4, 2003|title=The Distant Sun|url=http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2002/02jul_aphelion|access-date=April 21, 2021|website=]|archive-date=December 5, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205153902/https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2002/02jul_aphelion/}}</ref> Orbital eccentricity can influence temperatures, but on Earth, this effect is small and is more than counteracted by other factors.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=http://www.adlerplanetarium.org/education/resources/sunearth/section06i.shtml|publisher=Adler Planetarium |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071216004548/http://www.adlerplanetarium.org/education/resources/sunearth/section06i.shtml|archive-date=December 16, 2007|title=Sun-Earth Connection|access-date=May 8, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=http://istp.gsfc.nasa.gov/istp/outreach/sunearthmiscons.html|title=Ten Things You Thought You Knew about Sun-Earth Science|publisher=NASA|access-date=May 8, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130221092931/http://istp.gsfc.nasa.gov/istp/outreach/sunearthmiscons.html | archive-date = February 21, 2013| url-status=live}}</ref>
* When a meteor or spacecraft enters the atmosphere, ] is not primarily caused by friction, but by ] in front of the object.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/research/2007/faq-shuttleglass_prt.htm |title=NASA – Spacecraft Design |access-date=January 7, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090709055746/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/research/2007/faq-shuttleglass_prt.htm |archive-date=July 9, 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2009/03/30/more-booming-fireballs/ |title=More booming fireballs |access-date=January 7, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215231308/http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2009/03/30/more-booming-fireballs/ |archive-date=December 15, 2013 |date=March 30, 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/12/14/meteor-propter-hoc/ |title=Meteor propter hoc |author=Phil Plait |date=December 14, 2008 |work=Bad Astronomy |publisher=Discover |access-date=January 19, 2014| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140203034517/http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/12/14/meteor-propter-hoc/ | archive-date = February 3, 2014| url-status=live}}</ref>
* ] is possible on every day of the year, not just the ],<ref>{{#invoke:cite web|| url=http://www.snopes.com/science/equinox.asp | title=Infernal Egguinox | work=] | date=March 6, 2012 | access-date=January 29, 2014}}</ref> and there is no relationship between any astronomical phenomenon and the ability to balance an egg.<ref name="AP">{{#invoke:cite news||url=https://apnews.com/0cf1b28fd3bb7e0efa8f91da775ea6e8|title=Equinox Returns and Eggs Keep Balancing|author=Schmid, Randolph|date=September 20, 1987|access-date=January 29, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427084100/http://www.apnewsarchive.com/1987/Equinox-Returns-and-Eggs-Keep-Balancing/id-0cf1b28fd3bb7e0efa8f91da775ea6e8|archive-date=April 27, 2014|url-status=live|work=Associated Press News}}</ref>
* The ] was not commissioned by NASA at a cost of millions of dollars, while the Soviets used pencils. It was independently developed by Paul C. Fisher, founder of the Fisher Pen Company, with $1 million of his own funds.<ref> Retrieved on February 4, 2019</ref> NASA tested and approved the pen for space use, then purchased 400 pens at $6 per pen.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111230216/https://history.nasa.gov/spacepen.html |date=January 11, 2022 }} Retrieved on February 4, 2019</ref> The Soviet Union subsequently also purchased the Space Pen for its ] spaceflights.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Curtin |first=Ciara |title=Fact or Fiction?: NASA Spent Millions to Develop a Pen that Would Write in Space, whereas the Soviet Cosmonauts Used a Pencil |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/fact-or-fiction-nasa-spen/ |access-date=May 18, 2022 |website=Scientific American |language=en}}</ref>
* ], ], and ] were not ] for spaceflight, though many other products (such as ] and ]s) were.<ref name="spinfaq">{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://spinoff.nasa.gov/faq|title=Spinoff Frequently Asked Questions |work=NASA.gov|access-date=February 28, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||title=Boomers collect artifacts, memories of NASA's heyday |last=Courter |first=Barry |newspaper=] |date=May 13, 2007 |url=http://www.timesfreepress.com/news/2007/may/13/Boomers-collect-artifacts-memories-of-NASAs/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930222247/http://www.timesfreepress.com/news/2007/may/13/Boomers-collect-artifacts-memories-of-NASAs/ |archive-date=September 30, 2011 }}</ref>
* The ] is not yellow; rather, it emits light across the full ], and this combined light appears white when outside of Earth's atmosphere. Earth's atmosphere ] shorter wavelengths of light, particularly blues and violets, more than longer wavelengths like reds and yellows, and this scattering is why the Sun appears yellow during the day or orange or red during sunrise and sunset.<ref name="SunStanford">{{#invoke:cite web||last1=Scherrer |first1=Deborah |display-authors=etal |title=What Color do YOU think the Sun is? |url=http://solar-center.stanford.edu/SID/activities/GreenSun.html |website=Stanford SOLAR Center |access-date=June 1, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://eclipse2017.nasa.gov/what-color-sun |title=What Color is the Sun? |author=Lou Mayo |website=NASA Eclipse2017 |access-date=2024-01-24}}</ref>
], running diagonally from lower left to upper right (not to be confused with the much more prominent river running from upper left to lower right).]]
* The ] is not the only ] or from the Moon.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||date=April 2, 2009 |url=https://www.nasa.gov/image-article/great-wall/ |title=Great Wall |work=NASA |access-date=July 5, 2024}}</ref> None of the ] reported seeing ''any'' specific human-made object from the Moon, and even Earth-orbiting astronauts can see it only with magnification. City lights, however, are easily visible on the night side of Earth from orbit.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2003/24mar_noseprints/ |title=Space Station Astrophotography |publisher=NASA|date=March 24, 2003|access-date=January 13, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404162248/https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2003/24mar_noseprints/|archive-date=April 4, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
* The ] model does not fully explain the ]. It does not describe how energy, time, and space were caused, but rather it describes the emergence of the present universe from an ultra-dense and high-temperature initial state.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://lweb.cfa.harvard.edu/seuforum/faq.htm#m12 |url-status=live |title=Brief Answers to Cosmic Questions |author=<!--Not stated--> |website=Universe Forum |publisher=] |location=Cambridge, MA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413195349/https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/seuforum/faq.htm |archive-date=April 13, 2016 |access-date=December 18, 2019}} Archival site: "The Universe Forum's role as part of NASA's Education Support Network concluded in September, 2009."</ref>

=== Biology ===
{{See also|Common misunderstandings of genetics}} {{See also|Common misunderstandings of genetics}}


====Vertebrates==== ==== Mammals ====
* Old elephants near death do not leave their herd to go to an "]" to die.<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite news ||last=Spanney |first=Laura |date=January 28, 1995 |title=Not many people know that |url=http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg14519625.100-not-many-people-know-that.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080325155037/http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg14519625.100-not-many-people-know-that.html |archive-date=March 25, 2008 |access-date=June 16, 2024 |work=]}}
]
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite web||url=https://planetwild.com/blog/african-savanna-elephant|date=December 6, 2023|title=Are elephants afraid of mice? Facts and myths about the African savanna elephant|access-date=June 25, 2024 |quote=Mythbusting: Popular myths about the African elephant... Myth: Elephants go to elephant graveyards to die}}</ref>
* Old elephants that are near death do not leave their herd instinctively directing themselves toward a specific location known as an ] to die.<ref>
]
{{cite news|last=Spanney|first=Laura|title=Not Many People Know That|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg14519625.100-not-many-people-know-that.html|access-date=November 11, 2011|newspaper=New Scientist|date=January 28, 1995 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140427082329/http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg14519625.100-not-many-people-know-that.html | archive-date = April 27, 2014| url-status=live}}</ref>
* Bulls are not enraged by the color red, used in capes by professional ]s. Cattle are ], so red does not stand out as a bright color. It is not the color of the cape, but the perceived threat by the matador that incites it to charge.<ref> * Bulls are not enraged by the color red, used in capes by ]. Cattle are ], so red does not stand out as a bright color. It is not the color of the cape, but the perceived threat by the bullfighter that incites it to charge.<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite web||url=http://www.itla.net/index.cfm?sec=Longhorn_Information&con=handling|title=Longhorn_Information – handling|first=Larry|last=Smith II|publisher=International Texas Longhorn Association|date=2007|access-date=June 23, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100511090201/http://www.itla.net/index.cfm?sec=Longhorn_Information&con=handling|archive-date=May 11, 2010}}
a. {{cite web|url=http://www.itla.net/index.cfm?sec=Longhorn_Information&con=handling|title=Longhorn_Information – handling|first=Larry|last=Smith II|publisher=International Texas Longhorn Association|date=2007|access-date=June 23, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100511090201/http://www.itla.net/index.cfm?sec=Longhorn_Information&con=handling|archive-date=May 11, 2010}} <br />b. {{#invoke:cite web||url=http://iacuc.tennessee.edu/pdf/Policies-AnimalCare/Cattle-BasicCare.pdf|title=Cattle – Basic Care|first=A.|last=Dario|date=September 12, 2003|publisher=], University of Tennessee|access-date=June 23, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625012822/http://iacuc.tennessee.edu/pdf/Policies-AnimalCare/Cattle-BasicCare.pdf|archive-date=June 25, 2008}}
<br />c. {{#invoke:cite book||chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GhmrNYJhcrIC&pg=PA45|title=The Biology of Animal Stress|editor=Moberg, Gary|editor2=Mench, Joy A.|chapter=Behavioral Principles of Handling Cattle and Other Grazing Animals under Extensive Conditions|first=Temple|last=Grandin|page=45|publisher=]|date=2007|isbn=978-1-84593-219-0}}</ref>
<br />b. {{cite web|url=http://iacuc.tennessee.edu/pdf/Policies-AnimalCare/Cattle-BasicCare.pdf|title=Cattle – Basic Care|first=A.|last=Dario|date=September 12, 2003|publisher=], University of Tennessee|access-date=June 23, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625012822/http://iacuc.tennessee.edu/pdf/Policies-AnimalCare/Cattle-BasicCare.pdf|archive-date=June 25, 2008|url-status=dead}}
* ] behavioral and personality traits cannot be predicted from their coat color. Rather, these traits depend on a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Udell | first1=Monique | last2=Delgado | first2=Mikel | last3=Ekenstedt | first3=Kari | last4=Shoveller | first4=Anna Kate | last5=Croney | first5=Candace | title=CATastrophic myths part 2: Common misconceptions about the environmental, nutritional, and genetic management of domestic cats and their welfare implications | journal=The Veterinary Journal | volume=300-302 | date=2023 | doi=10.1016/j.tvjl.2023.106029 | page=106029| pmid=37683762 | doi-access=free }}</ref>
<br />c. {{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GhmrNYJhcrIC&pg=PA45|title=The Biology of Animal Stress|editor=Moberg, Gary|editor2=Mench, Joy A.|chapter=Behavioral Principles of Handling Cattle and Other Grazing Animals under Extensive Conditions|first=Temple|last=Grandin|page=45|publisher=]|date=2007|isbn=978-1845932190}}</ref>
*Not all cats are attracted and intoxicated by ], which only affects about two thirds of them. Alternatives exist, such as ] and leaves.<ref name="bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com">{{cite journal |last1=Bol |first1=Sebastiaan |title=Responsiveness of cats (Felidae) to silver vine (''Actinidia polygama''), Tatarian honeysuckle (''Lonicera tatarica''), valerian (''Valeriana officinalis'') and catnip (''Nepeta cataria'') |journal=BMC Veterinary Research |date=16 March 2017 |doi=10.1186/s12917-017-0987-6 |pmid=28302120 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pmc=5356310 |page=70 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Cat World">{{Cite web|title=Catnip (Nepeta cataria) – Everything You Need to Know About Catnip!|url= http://www.cat-world.com.au/all-about-catnip|website=Cat-World.com.au|publisher=Cat World |date=2014 |access-date=2 January 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150206132508/http://www.cat-world.com.au/all-about-catnip |archive-date=6 February 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Dogs do not sweat by ].<ref>
* Lemmings do not engage in mass suicidal dives off cliffs when migrating. The scenes of ] in the 1958 ] documentary film '']'', which popularized this idea, were completely fabricated. The lemmings in the film were actually purchased from ] children, transported to the filming location in Canada and repeatedly shoved off a nearby cliff by the filmmakers to create the illusion of a mass suicide.<ref name="Mikkelson 2007">{{#invoke:cite web||url=http://www.snopes.com/disney/films/lemmings.asp|title=White Wilderness Lemmings Suicide|website=]|date=August 19, 2007 |first=Barbara and David P. |last=Mikkelson|access-date=August 29, 2009 }}</ref><ref name="TotalLemmingDeath">{{#invoke:cite web||last1=Smith |first1=Nadine |title=How Disney Tricked the World Into Believing Lemmings Commit Mass Suicide |url=https://hyperallergic.com/545742/white-wilderness-disney-nature-documentary/ |website=Hyperallergic |date=March 13, 2020 |access-date=23 August 2022}}</ref> The misconception itself is much older, dating back to at least the late 19th century, though its exact origins are uncertain.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||last=Scott|first=W.|journal=The Monthly Chronicle of North-country Lore and Legend|date=November 1891|title=The Monthly chronicle of North-country lore and legend: v. 1–5; Mar. 1887–Dec. 1891|volume=5|page=523|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W8rUAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA523}}</ref><ref name="Mikkelson 2007" />
a. {{cite web|title=Cool Pet Facts – North Shore Animal League America.htm|url=http://www.animalleague.org/kids/cool_pet_facts.html|access-date=May 22, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725012738/http://www.animalleague.org/kids/cool_pet_facts.html|archive-date=July 25, 2011}}
<br />b. {{cite web|title=Dog noses – myths and facts about your dog's nose – weekly pet tips by Pets.ca|url=http://www.pets.ca/dogs/tips/dog-noses-facts-and-myths-pet-tip-115/|access-date=May 22, 2011}} <!-- * Dogs do not sweat by ].<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite web||title=Dog noses – myths and facts about your dog's nose – weekly pet tips by Pets.ca|url=http://www.pets.ca/dogs/tips/dog-noses-facts-and-myths-pet-tip-115/|access-date=May 22, 2011}}
<br />c. {{cite book|last=Varasdi|first=J. Allen|title=Myth Information|date=1989|publisher=Ballantine Books|isbn=978-0345359858|page=267|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Euz0P7x98z0C|quote=Dogs do not sweat with their tongues as most people believe. They do have some sweat glands, but the ones of most importance are on the pads, or soles, of their feet.}} <br />b. {{harvnb|Varasdi|1996|loc=p. 267: "Dogs do not sweat with their tongues as most people believe. They do have some sweat glands, but the ones of most importance are on the pads, or soles, of their feet."}}
<br />d. {{cite book|last=Segaloff|first=Nat|title=The Everything tall tales, legends & outrageous lies book|date=2001|publisher=Adams Media Corp.|isbn=978-1580625142|page=265|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=03vYAAAAMAAJ|quote=Of course, dogs sweat. You would, too, if you had to wear a fur coat in hot weather. Dogs excrete moisture through the pads on their paws.}} <br />c. {{#invoke:cite book||last=Segaloff|first=Nat|title=The Everything tall tales, legends & outrageous lies book|date=2001|publisher=Adams Media Corp.|isbn=978-1-58062-514-2|page=265|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=03vYAAAAMAAJ|quote=Of course, dogs sweat. You would, too, if you had to wear a fur coat in hot weather. Dogs excrete moisture through the pads on their paws.}}
<br />e. {{cite book|last=Olien|first=Michael D.|title=The human myth : an introduction to anthropology|date=1978|publisher=Harper & Row|location=New York|isbn=978-0060449186|page=568|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mvFKAAAAYAAJ|quote=It is another folk tale that dogs do not sweat except through the tongue. This is an incorrect belief as dogs possess sweat glands all over the body.}} <br />d. {{#invoke:cite book||last=Olien|first=Michael D.|title=The human myth: an introduction to anthropology|date=1978|publisher=Harper & Row|location=New York|isbn=978-0-06-044918-6|page=568|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mvFKAAAAYAAJ|quote=It is another folk tale that dogs do not sweat except through the tongue. This is an incorrect belief as dogs possess sweat glands all over the body.}}
<br />f. {{cite journal|last=Aoki|first=T.|author2=Wada, M.|title=Functional Activity of the Sweat Glands in the Hairy Skin of the Dog|journal=Science|date=August 2, 1951|volume=114|issue=2953|pages=123–24|doi=10.1126/science.114.2953.123|bibcode=1951Sci...114..123A|pmid=14854926}} <br />e. {{#invoke:cite journal||last=Aoki|first=T.|author2=Wada, M.|title=Functional Activity of the Sweat Glands in the Hairy Skin of the Dog|journal=Science|date=August 2, 1951|volume=114|issue=2953|pages=123–24|doi=10.1126/science.114.2953.123|bibcode=1951Sci...114..123A|pmid=14854926}}
<br />f. {{#invoke:cite journal||title=British Medical Journal 1899 April 15|pmc=2462491 |quote=SOME time ago we received from a correspondent an inquiry as to whether the very prevalent belief that a dog perspires through the tongue was a vulgar error or well founded. ...whether the dog exudes fluid from the tongue of the some kind as that exuded from the human skin. To this question the answer is, No. The skin of the dog is abundantly furnished with glands, having the characteristic disposition and structure of those which in man produce sweat, ... in other words, the dog does not sweat by the tongue.|pages=921–28|volume=1|issue=1998|journal=British Medical Journal|doi=10.1136/bmj.1.1998.921|year=1899 }}</ref> Dogs actually do have ]s and not only on their tongues; they sweat mainly through their footpads. However, dogs do primarily regulate their body temperature through ].<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=http://www.petplace.com/dogs/how-do-dogs-sweat/page1.aspx |title=How Do Dogs Sweat|page=1|publisher=Petplace.com |access-date=February 9, 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131214113342/http://www.petplace.com/dogs/how-do-dogs-sweat/page1.aspx | archive-date = December 14, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> (See also: ]) -->
<br />g. {{cite journal|last=Creighton|first=C|title=Three cases of Tumour arising from Skin-glands in the Dog, showing the connection between disorder of the glandular structure and function, and cancerous invasion of the connective tissue|journal=Medico-Chirurgical Transactions|date=1882|volume=65|pages=53–70.3|pmid=20896600|pmc=2121351|doi=10.1177/095952878206500108}}
* Dogs do not consistently age seven times as quickly as humans. ] varies widely depending on the breed; certain breeds, such as ] and ]s, have much shorter lifespans than average.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cara |first=Ed |date=2023-11-26 |title=The Unhealthiest Dog Breeds |url=https://gizmodo.com.au/2023/11/the-unhealthiest-dog-breeds-2/ |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=Gizmodo Australia |language=en-AU}}</ref> Most dogs reach adolescence by one year old; smaller and medium-sized breeds begin to age more slowly in adulthood.<ref>a. Spadafori, Gina (1996). ''Dogs for Dummies''. IDG Books. {{ISBN|978-1-56884-861-7}}
<br />h. {{cite journal|title=British Medical Journal 1899 April 15|pmc=2462491 |quote=SOME time ago we received from a correspondent an inquiry as to whether the very prevalent belief that a dog perspires through the tongue was a vulgar error or well founded. ...whether the dog exudes fluid from the tongue of the some kind as that exuded from the human skin. To this question the answer is, No. The skin of the dog is abundantly furnished with glands, having the characteristic disposition and structure of those which in man produce sweat, ... in other words, the dog does not sweat by the tongue.|pages=921–28|volume=1|issue=1998|journal=British Medical Journal|doi=10.1136/bmj.1.1998.921|year=1899 }}</ref> Dogs actually do have ]s and not only on their tongues; they sweat mainly through their footpads. However, dogs do primarily regulate their body temperature through ].<ref>
<br />b. Siegal, Mordecai (Ed.; 1995). ''UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine Book of the Dogs''; Chapter 5, "Geriatrics", by Aldrich, Janet. Harper Collins. {{ISBN|978-0-06-270136-7}}.
{{cite web|url=http://www.petplace.com/dogs/how-do-dogs-sweat/page1.aspx |title=How Do Dogs Sweat|page=1|publisher=Petplace.com |access-date=February 9, 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131214113342/http://www.petplace.com/dogs/how-do-dogs-sweat/page1.aspx | archive-date = December 14, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> (See also: ]).
<br />c. {{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Wang|first1=Tina|last2=Ma|first2=Jianzhu|last3=Hogan|first3=Andrew N.|last4=Fong|first4=Samson|last5=Licon|first5=Katherine|last6=Tsui|first6=Brian|last7=Kreisberg|first7=Jason F.|last8=Adams|first8=Peter D.|last9=Carvunis|first9=Anne-Ruxandra|last10=Bannasch|first10=Danika L.|last11=Ostrander|first11=Elaine A.|date=July 2, 2020|title=Quantitative Translation of Dog-to-Human Aging by Conserved Remodeling of the DNA Methylome|url= |journal=Cell Systems|volume=11|language=en|issue=2|pages=176–185.e6|doi=10.1016/j.cels.2020.06.006|pmid=32619550|pmc=7484147|issn=2405-4712|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* Dogs do not age consistently seven times as quickly as humans. ] varies widely depending on the breed; certain breeds, such as ] and ]s, have much shorter lifespans than average. Most dogs age consistently across all breeds in the first year of life, reaching adolescence by one year old; smaller and medium-sized breeds begin to age more slowly in adulthood.<ref>
* The ] have no effect on the ], and wolves do not howl at the Moon.<ref>{{#invoke:cite book||last1=Busch|first1=R. H.|title=Wolf Almanac, New and Revised: A Celebration Of Wolves And Their World|publisher=]|edition=3rd|year=2007|isbn=978-1-59921-069-8|url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=svbnCwAAQBAJ}}}}, p. 59</ref> Wolves howl to assemble the pack usually before and after hunts, to pass on an alarm particularly at a den site, to locate each other during a storm, while crossing unfamiliar territory, and to communicate across great distances.<ref>{{#invoke:cite book||last=Lopez |first=Barry H. |title=Of Wolves and Men |publisher=J. M. Dent and Sons Limited |year=1978 |isbn=978-0-7432-4936-2 |url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=sz8gAQAAIAAJ}}}}, p. 38</ref>
a. Spadafori, Gina (1996). ''Dogs for Dummies''. IDG Books. {{ISBN|1568848617}}
* There is no such thing as an "]" in a wolf pack. An early study that coined the term "alpha wolf" had only observed unrelated adult wolves living in captivity. In the wild, wolf packs operate like families: parents are in charge until the young grow up and start their own families, and younger wolves do not overthrow an "alpha" to become the new leader.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://apdt.com/pet-owners/choosing-a-trainer/dominance/ |title=Dominance and Dog Training|access-date=January 30, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202064934/https://apdt.com/pet-owners/choosing-a-trainer/dominance/ |archive-date=February 2, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||url=http://io9.gizmodo.com/why-everything-you-know-about-wolf-packs-is-wrong-502754629|title=Why everything you know about wolf packs is wrong|last=Davis|first=Lauren|work=io9|access-date=October 13, 2017|language=en-US}}</ref>
<br />b. Siegal, Mordecai (Ed.; 1995). ''UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine Book of the Dogs''; Chapter 5, "Geriatrics", by Aldrich, Janet. Harper Collins. {{ISBN|0062701363}}.
* ]. While about 70% of bat species, mainly in the ] family, use ] to navigate, all bat species have eyes and are capable of sight. In addition, almost all bats in the ] or fruit bat family cannot echolocate and have excellent night vision.<ref name="bats">a. {{#invoke:cite web||url=http://www.nwf.org/News-and-Magazines/National-Wildlife/Animals/Archives/2003/American-Heritage-Animal-Cliches.aspx|title=The Truth About Animal Clichés|date=February 1, 2003|first=Roger|last=Di Silvestro|publisher=National Wildlife Federation|access-date=October 31, 2011}}
<br />c. {{Cite journal|last1=Wang|first1=Tina|last2=Ma|first2=Jianzhu|last3=Hogan|first3=Andrew N.|last4=Fong|first4=Samson|last5=Licon|first5=Katherine|last6=Tsui|first6=Brian|last7=Kreisberg|first7=Jason F.|last8=Adams|first8=Peter D.|last9=Carvunis|first9=Anne-Ruxandra|last10=Bannasch|first10=Danika L.|last11=Ostrander|first11=Elaine A.|date=2020-07-02|title=Quantitative Translation of Dog-to-Human Aging by Conserved Remodeling of the DNA Methylome|url= |journal=Cell Systems|volume=11|language=en|issue=2|pages=176–185.e6|doi=10.1016/j.cels.2020.06.006|pmid=32619550|pmc=7484147|issn=2405-4712|doi-access=free}}</ref>
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite web||title=Blind as a Bat?|format=Press release|publisher=]|location=Geneva, New York|date=June 12, 2003|url=http://www.collegenews.org/x2682.xml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080607080055/http://www.collegenews.org/x2682.xml|archive-date=June 7, 2008|access-date=April 7, 2009}}</ref>
* ]s do not engage in mass suicidal dives off cliffs when migrating. The scenes of lemming suicides in the ] documentary film '']'', which popularized this idea, were completely fabricated.<ref>
* Tomato juice and sauce are ineffective at neutralizing the odor of a skunk.<ref>. Scienceline. Retrieved on April 5, 2012.</ref> ] for skunk odor involve artificial compounds rather than household remedies.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web|| url = http://www.humanesociety.org/animals/dogs/tips/de-skunking_dog.html | title = De-skunking your dog | publisher = ] | access-date = August 8, 2019 | archive-date = December 10, 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161210154906/http://www.humanesociety.org/animals/dogs/tips/de-skunking_dog.html }}</ref>
{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/disney/films/lemmings.asp|title=White Wilderness Lemmings Suicide|website=Snopes|date=August 19, 2007 |first=Barbara and David P. |last=Mikkelson|access-date=August 29, 2009 }}</ref> The misconception itself is much older, dating back to at least the late 19th century, though its exact origins are uncertain.<ref>
* ]. They can detach, and porcupines will deliberately back into attackers to impale them, but their quills do not project.<ref>{{#invoke:cite book||title=Encyclopædia Britannica: Or, A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Miscellaneous Literature, Enlarged and Improved|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Is0nAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA501|year=1823|publisher=Archibald Constable|pages=501–}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite book||author=Shepard, Thomas Goodwin|title=The natural history of secession|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MTA5AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA78|year=1865|publisher=Derby & Miller|pages=78–}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://tpwd.texas.gov/publications/nonpwdpubs/introducing_mammals/porcupines/|title=Porcupines|date=n.d.|website=Texas Parks & Wildlife|language=en|access-date=October 14, 2022}}</ref>
{{cite journal|last=Scott|first=W.|journal=The Monthly Chronicle of North-country Lore and Legend|date=November 1891|title=The Monthly chronicle of North-country lore and legend: v. 1–5; Mar. 1887–Dec. 1891|volume=5|page=523|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W8rUAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA523}}</ref>
* ], and will eat it only for lack of better options; they actually favor sweet, sugary foods. The myth may have come from the fact that before the advent of refrigeration, cheese was usually stored outside and was therefore an easy food for mice to reach.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://animals.howstuffworks.com/animal-facts/do-mice-really-love-cheese.htm|title=Do mice really love cheese?|date=April 15, 2015|website=HowStuffWorks|language=en|access-date=February 27, 2020}}</ref>
* ]s are not blind. While about 70 percent of bat species, mainly in the ] family, use ] to navigate, all bat species have eyes and are capable of sight. In addition, almost all bats in the ] cannot echolocate and have excellent night vision.<ref name="bats">a. {{cite web|url=http://www.nwf.org/News-and-Magazines/National-Wildlife/Animals/Archives/2003/American-Heritage-Animal-Cliches.aspx|title=The Truth About Animal Clichés|date=February 1, 2003|first=Roger|last=Di Silvestro|publisher=National Wildlife Federation|access-date=October 31, 2011}}
* The hippopotamus does not produce pink milk, nor does it sweat blood. The skin secretions of the hippopotamus are red due to the presence of ], a red pigment which acts as a natural sunscreen, and is neither sweat nor blood. It does not affect the color of their milk, which is white or beige.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=FACT CHECK: Is Hippopotamus Milk Pink?|url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/false-hippopotamus-milk-pink/|date=January 6, 2016|website=]|language=en-US}|access-date=February 16, 2022}}</ref>
<br />b. {{cite web|title=Blind as a Bat?|format=Press release|publisher=]|location=Geneva, New York|date=June 12, 2003|url=http://www.collegenews.org/x2682.xml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080607080055/http://www.collegenews.org/x2682.xml|archive-date=June 7, 2008|access-date=April 7, 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* ]. Their diet in the wild primarily consists of dark green vegetables such as grasses and clovers, and excessive carrot consumption is unhealthy for them due to containing high levels of sugar. This misconception originated from ] cartoons, whose carrot-chomping habit was meant as a reference to the character played by ] in '']''.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Bittel|first=Jason|title=Think you know what bunnies and bears eat? Their diets may surprise you. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/kidspost/think-you-know-what-bunnies-and-bears-eat-their-diets-may-surprise-you/2019/09/20/bac528ea-ce5d-11e9-87fa-8501a456c003_story.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926235234/https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/kidspost/think-you-know-what-bunnies-and-bears-eat-their-diets-may-surprise-you/2019/09/20/bac528ea-ce5d-11e9-87fa-8501a456c003_story.html |newspaper=Washington Post|date= September 22, 2019 |archive-date=September 26, 2019|url-status=live|quote=In the wild, rabbits aren't in the habit of digging up root vegetables such as carrots, potatoes and beets. They much prefer wild greens, such as grasses and clover. In fact, carrots may actually be bad for rabbits, because although the vegetables are high in good nutrients, including beta carotene, they are also relatively high in sugar. This means that feeding a rabbit lots of carrots could lead to tooth decay or other health issues.}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite book||editor1-last=George|editor1-first=Amber E.|editor2-last=Schatz|editor2-first=J.L.|title=Screening the Nonhuman: Representations of Animal Others in the Media|chapter=Chapter 5: Would Bugs Bunny Have Diabetes? The Realistic Consequences of Cartoons for Non-Human Animals|year=2016|isbn=978-1-4985-1375-3|pages=63–67|publisher=Lexington Books}}</ref>
* ]es do not stick their heads in the sand to hide from enemies or to sleep.<ref>
{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2006/11/02/1777947.htm|title=Ostrich head in sand |author=Kruszelnicki, Karl S.|date=November 2, 2006|work=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |access-date=October 7, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427082637/http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2006/11/02/1777947.htm|archive-date=April 27, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> This misconception's origins are uncertain but it was probably popularized by ] (23–79 CE), who wrote that ostriches "imagine, when they have thrust their head and neck into a bush, that the whole of their body is concealed."<ref>
{{cite web |url=http://www.timesunion.com/opinion/article/Maybe-ostriches-are-smarter-1370503.php |title=Maybe ostriches are smarter |author= Smith, Rex|date=May 8, 2011 |work=Albany Times-Union |access-date=October 7, 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140427082414/http://www.timesunion.com/opinion/article/Maybe-ostriches-are-smarter-1370503.php | archive-date = April 27, 2014| url-status=live}}</ref>
* A duck's quack actually does ],<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://dsc.discovery.com/fansites/mythbusters/episode/episode-tab-08.html|title=Alcatraz Escape: Does a Duck's Quack Echo?|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003151210/http://dsc.discovery.com/fansites/mythbusters/episode/episode-tab-08.html|archive-date=October 3, 2012|url-status=dead}} ]. '']''. Discovery Channel. December 12, 2003.</ref> although the echo may be difficult to hear for humans under some circumstances.<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://www.acoustics.salford.ac.uk/acoustics_info/duck/|title=A Duck's Quack Doesn't Echo, and no-one knows the reason why?|publisher=University of Salford Acoustics |work=Acoustics.salford.ac.uk |access-date=January 13, 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131011174434/http://www.acoustics.salford.ac.uk/acoustics_info/duck/ | archive-date = October 11, 2013| url-status=live}}</ref>
* ]s die immediately when cast into boiling water, ]; furthermore, frogs will attempt to escape cold water that is slowly heated past their ].<ref name="fastcompany">{{cite web |url=http://www.fastcompany.com/26455/next-time-what-say-we-boil-consultant| title= Next Time, What Say We Boil a Consultant| access-date=February 29, 2016 |date=October 1995|work=Fast Company Issue 01 }}</ref>
* The memory span of ] is much longer than just a few seconds. It is up to a few months long.<ref>
{{cite web|last=Hipsley|first=Anna|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/02/19/2166204.htm|title=Goldfish three-second memory myth busted – ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)|publisher=ABC |location=Australia |date=February 19, 2008|access-date=August 29, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110625100621/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/02/19/2166204.htm | archive-date = June 25, 2011| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web |url=http://dsc.discovery.com/fansites/mythbusters/episode/episode-tab-07.html |title=Sinking Titanic: Goldfish Memory |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5x6WICDFF?url=http://dsc.discovery.com/fansites/mythbusters/episode/episode-tab-07.html |archive-date=March 11, 2011 |url-status=dead }}. ]. '']''. Discovery.com. February 22, 2004.</ref>
* ]s can suffer from cancer. The misconception that sharks do not get cancer was spread by the 1992 book '']'', which was used to sell extracts of shark ] as cancer prevention treatments. Reports of ]s in sharks exist, and current data do not support any conclusions about the incidence of tumors in sharks.<ref>
{{cite journal |last1=Ostrander |first1=G. K. |last2=Cheng |first2=KC |last3=Wolf |first3=JC |last4=Wolfe |first4=MJ |title=Shark Cartilage, Cancer and the Growing Threat of Pseudoscience |journal=Cancer Research |volume=64 |issue=23 |pages=8485–91 |date=2004 |pmid=15574750 |doi=10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-2260|doi-access=free }}</ref>
* ]s do not mistake human ] for ]s. When attacking pinnipeds, the shark surfaces quickly and attacks violently. In contrast, attacks on humans are slower and less violent: the shark charges at a normal pace, bites, and swims off. Great white sharks have efficient eyesight and ]; the bite is not predatory, but rather for identification of an unfamiliar object.<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/01/0123_040123_tvgreatwhiteshark.html|title=Great White Shark Attacks: Defanging the Myths|work=nationalgeographic.com |author=Jennifer Hile |date=January 23, 2004}}</ref>
* There is no such thing as an "]" in a ] pack. An early study that coined the term "alpha wolf" had only observed unrelated adult wolves living in captivity. In the wild, wolf packs operate more like human families: there is no defined sense of rank, parents are in charge until the young grow up and start their own families, younger wolves do not overthrow an "alpha" to become the new leader, and social dominance fights are situational.<ref>
{{cite web |url=https://apdt.com/pet-owners/choosing-a-trainer/dominance/ |title=Dominance and Dog Training|access-date=January 30, 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202064934/https://apdt.com/pet-owners/choosing-a-trainer/dominance/ |archive-date=February 2, 2017 }}</ref><ref>
{{Cite news|url=http://io9.gizmodo.com/why-everything-you-know-about-wolf-packs-is-wrong-502754629|title=Why everything you know about wolf packs is wrong|last=Davis|first=Lauren|work=io9|access-date=October 13, 2017|language=en-US}}</ref>
* ] cannot unhinge. The posterior end of the lower jaw bones contains a quadrate bone, allowing jaw extension. The anterior tips of the lower jaw bones are joined by a flexible ligament allowing them to bow outwards, increasing the mouth gape.
* Tomato juice is ineffective at neutralizing the odor of a ]; it only appears to work due to ].<ref>
. Scienceline. Retrieved on April 5, 2012.</ref> For dogs that get sprayed, ] recommends using a mixture of dilute hydrogen peroxide (3%), baking soda, and dishwashing liquid.<ref>
{{cite web | url = http://www.humanesociety.org/animals/dogs/tips/de-skunking_dog.html | title = De-skunking your dog | publisher = ]}}</ref>
* ]s do not shoot their ]. They can detach, but do not project.<ref>
{{cite book|title=Encyclopædia Britannica: Or, A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Miscellaneous Literature, Enlarged and Improved|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Is0nAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA501|year=1823|publisher=Archibald Constable|pages=501–}}</ref><ref>
{{cite book|author=Shepard, Thomas Goodwin|title=The natural history of secession|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MTA5AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA78|year=1865|publisher=Derby & Miller|pages=78–}}</ref>
* ] do not have a special appetite for ], and will eat it only for lack of better options; they actually favor sweet, sugary foods. It is unclear where the myth came from.<ref>
{{Cite web|url=https://animals.howstuffworks.com/animal-facts/do-mice-really-love-cheese.htm|title=Do mice really love cheese?|date=2015-04-15|website=HowStuffWorks|language=en|access-date=2020-02-27}}</ref>
* There is no credible evidence that the ], a South American parasitic catfish, can swim up a human ] if one urinates in the water in which it lives. The sole documented case of such an incident, written in 1997, has been heavily criticized upon peer review and this phenomenon is now largely considered a myth.<ref>
{{cite web |last1=Seladi-Schulman |first1=Jill |title=Is There Really a 'Penis Fish' That Swims up the Urethra? |url=https://www.healthline.com/health/penis-fish |website=Healthline.com |date=May 23, 2019 |access-date=2020-05-27}}</ref>
* The bold, powerful cry commonly associated with the ] in popular culture is actually that of a ]. Bald eagle vocalizations are much softer and chirpy, and bear far more resemblance to the calls of ]s.<ref>Jessica Robinson, ""; ], July 2, 2012; accessed 2019.08.23.</ref><ref>{{cite book|year=2001|title=Raptors of the World| publisher=]|location=London|pages=717–19|isbn=978-0713680263|author1=Ferguson-Lees, J. |author2=Christie, D.}}</ref>
* ]s do not only eat meat but are ], and they only swim in schools to defend themselves from predators and not to attack. They very rarely attack humans, only when under stress and feeling threatened, and even then bites typically only occur on hands and feet.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-07|title=Killer Piranhas: Myth or Fact?|url=https://explorersweb.com/2020/04/07/killer-piranhas-myth-or-fact/|access-date=2021-06-26|website=Explorersweb}}</ref>


====Invertebrates==== ==== Birds ====
* A human touching or handling eggs or baby birds will not cause the adult birds to abandon them.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/a-bird-in-the-hand/ |title=Fact Check: Will Baby Birds Be Rejected by Their Mother If You Handle Them? |first=Barbara |last=Mikkelson |date=August 26, 2001 |website=] }}</ref> The same is generally true for other animals having their young touched by humans as well, with the possible exception of rabbits (as rabbits will sometimes abandon their nest after an event they perceive as traumatizing).<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/fact-or-fiction-birds-abandon-young-at-human-touch/ |magazine=] |title=Fact or Fiction?: Birds (and Other Critters) Abandon Their Young at the Slightest Human Touch |first=Robynne |last=Boyd |date=July 26, 2007}}</ref>
]'' over an '']'' inflorescence; a widespread misconception holds that bumblebees should be incapable of flight.]]
* Eating rice, yeast, or ] does not cause birds to explode and is rarely fatal. Birds can ] and ] to expel gas, and some birds even include wild rice as part of their diet.<ref name="Mikkelson 2000" /><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Mikkelson |first=David |date=2020-05-10 |title=Duck Eats Yeast, Quacks, Explodes; Man Loses Eye |url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/duck-eats-yeast-quacks-explodes-man-loses-eye/ |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=] |language=en}}</ref> The misconception has often led to weddings using ], ], or other materials to shower the newlyweds as they leave the ceremony, instead of the ] that is traditional in some places.<ref name="Mikkelson 2000">{{cite web |last1=Mikkelson |first1=Barbara |title=Is Throwing Rice at Weddings Bad for Birds? |url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/against-the-grain/ |website=Snopes |access-date=29 July 2024 |date=14 May 2000}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://www.livescience.com/32624-does-wedding-rice-make-birds-explode.html |title=Does Wedding Rice Make Birds Explode? |date=June 4, 2010 |website=] |access-date=April 17, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||url=https://www.jacksonville.com/story/news/reason/2016/10/19/fact-check-birds-really-can-eat-rice-safely/15728451007/ |work=] |date=October 19, 2016 |title=Fact Check: Birds really can eat rice safely |first=Carole |last=Fader}}</ref>
* ]s do not become two worms when cut in half. Only a limited number of earthworm species<ref>
{{Listen
{{cite journal|doi=10.1002/jez.1401170102|title=Simultaneous anterior and posterior regeneration and other growth phenomena in Maldanid polychaetes|date=1942|last1=Moment|first1=Gairdner B.|journal=Journal of Experimental Zoology|volume=117|pages=1–13}}</ref> are capable of anterior ]. When such earthworms are bisected, only the front half of the worm (where the mouth is located) can feed and survive, while the other half dies.<ref>
| filename = Bald Eagle Yellowstone National Park.ogg
{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/gardening/gardening_with_children/didyouknow_worms.shtml|title=Gardening with children – Worms|publisher=BBC|access-date=August 29, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140428073719/http://www.bbc.co.uk/gardening/gardening_with_children/didyouknow_worms.shtml | archive-date = April 28, 2014| url-status=live}}</ref> Some species of ] ]s, however, actually ''do'' become two new planarians when bisected or split down the middle.<ref>
| title = Bald eagle call
{{cite journal |last1=Reddien |first1=Peter W. |last2=Alvarado |first2=Alejandro Sanchez |title=Fundamentals of planarian regeneration |journal=Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology |volume=20 |pages=725–57 |date=2004 |pmid=15473858 |doi=10.1146/annurev.cellbio.20.010403.095114}}</ref>
| description = A recording of a bald eagle at ]
* ] have an average lifespan of 20 to 30 days, not 24 hours.<ref>
| pos = right
{{cite news |title=The Housefly |url=http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/natbltn/400-499/nb453.htm |newspaper=Forest Preserve District of Cook County (Illinois) |date=April 15, 1972 |access-date=January 16, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130301174011/http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/natbltn/400-499/nb453.htm |archive-date=March 1, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The misconception may arise from confusion with ], which, in ], have an adult lifespan of as little as 5 minutes.<ref name="Sweeney">{{cite journal |author1=Sweeney, Bernard W. |author2=Vannote, Robin L. |year=1982 |title=Population Synchrony in Mayflies: A Predator Satiation Hypothesis |journal=Evolution |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=810–22 |doi=10.2307/2407894 |jstor=2407894 |pmid=28568232 }}</ref> A housefly egg will hatch into a maggot within 24&nbsp;hours of being laid.<ref>
| help = no<!-- help already exists in previous audio clip -->
{{cite web |url=http://house-flies.net/ |title=House Fly |date=2010 |publisher=House-flies.net |access-date=June 17, 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140104001103/http://house-flies.net/ | archive-date = January 4, 2014| url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
* The daddy longlegs spider ('']'') is not the most ]ous spider in the world; though they can indeed pierce human skin, the tiny amount of venom they carry causes only a mild burning sensation for a few seconds.<ref>
{{Listen
{{cite web |url=http://dsc.discovery.com/fansites/mythbusters/episode/episode-tab-07.html |title=Buried in Concrete : Daddy Long Legs |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5x6WICDFF?url=http://dsc.discovery.com/fansites/mythbusters/episode/episode-tab-07.html |archive-date=March 11, 2011 |url-status=dead }}. ]. '']''. Discovery Channel. February 25, 2004.</ref> In addition, there is confusion regarding the use of the name ''daddy longlegs'', because harvestmen (order '']'', which are ]s but not spiders, and have no venom), ] (which are insects), and male ]es (also insects) are also sometimes called ''daddy longlegs'' in regional dialects, and may occasionally share the misconception of being venomous.<ref>
| filename = Screaming Hawk.wav
{{cite web |title=UCR Spider Site – Daddy Long Legs Myth |url=http://spiders.ucr.edu/daddylonglegs.html |publisher=] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104173738/http://spiders.ucr.edu/daddylonglegs.html |archive-date=November 4, 2013 |url-status=dead |access-date=September 18, 2008 }}</ref><ref>
| title = Red-tailed hawk call
{{cite web |title=Spider Myths – If it could only bite |url=http://www.washington.edu/burkemuseum/spidermyth/myths/daddyvenom.html |date=2003 |publisher=Burke Museum of Natural History & Culture, University of Washington |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5QgD7DosN?url=http://www.washington.edu/burkemuseum/spidermyth/myths/daddyvenom.html |archive-date=July 28, 2007 |url-status=dead |access-date=July 22, 2008 }}</ref>
| description = A recording of a ]
* The flight mechanism and aerodynamics of the ] (as well as other insects) are quite well understood, despite the urban legend that calculations show ]. In the 1930s, the French entomologist ] indeed postulated that bumblebees theoretically should not be able to fly in his book ''Le Vol des Insectes'' (''The Flight of Insects'').<ref>
| pos = right
{{cite web|last=Chatfield|first=Matthew|date=January 4, 2008|url=http://www.naturenet.net/blogs/2008/01/some-scientist-once-proved-that-bees-cant-fly |title=Some scientist once proved that bees can't fly...?}}. ''naturenet.net''. The Ranger's Blog.{{cite web | author = Ivars Peterson| date = September 13, 2004| title = Flight of the Bumblebee| work = Ivars Peterson's MathTrek| publisher = ]| url = https://www.sciencenews.org/article/flight-bumblebee| access-date =November 18, 2011}} The bumblebee story can be traced back to a 1934 book by the zoologist ], who refers to a calculation by his assistant André Sainte-Laguë, who was an engineer. The conclusion was presumably based on the fact that the maximum possible lift produced by aircraft wings as small as a bumblebee's wings and traveling as slowly as a bee in flight would be much less than the weight of a bee. {{cite magazine |author=Michael Dickinson |title=Solving the Mystery of Insect Flight |magazine=Scientific American |date=June 2001 |page= 50 |url=http://www.nature.com/scientificamerican/journal/v284/n6/pdf/scientificamerican0601-48.pdf }}</ref> Magnan later realized his error and retracted the suggestion. However, the hypothesis became generalized to the false notion that "scientists think that bumblebees should not be able to fly".
| help = no
* People do not swallow large numbers of ] during sleep. A sleeping person makes noise which warn spiders of danger.<ref>
}}
{{cite web|title=Myth: You unknowingly swallow an average of four live spiders in your sleep each year.|url=https://www.burkemuseum.org/collections-and-research/biology/arachnology-and-entomology/spider-myths/myth-you-swallow-spiders|publisher=Burke Museum|access-date=February 5, 2020|date=2010}}</ref><ref>
* The bold, powerful cry commonly associated with the bald eagle in popular culture is actually that of a red-tailed hawk. ] are much softer and chirpier, and bear far more resemblance to the calls of gulls.<ref>Jessica Robinson, ""; ], July 2, 2012; accessed 2019.08.23.</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite book||year=2001|title=Raptors of the World| publisher=]|location=London|pages=717–19|isbn=978-0-7136-8026-3|author1=Ferguson-Lees, J. |author2=Christie, D.}}</ref>
{{cite magazine|last1=Sneed|first1=Annie|title=Fact or Fiction? People Swallow 8 Spiders a Year While They Sleep|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/fact-or-fiction-people-swallow-8-spiders-a-year-while-they-sleep1/|magazine=Scientific American|access-date=June 7, 2015|date=April 15, 2014}}</ref><!--featured here: ]-->
* ] to hide from enemies or to sleep.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||author=Kruszelnicki, Karl S. |date=November 2, 2006 |title=Ostrich head in sand |url=http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2006/11/02/1777947.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427082637/http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2006/11/02/1777947.htm |archive-date=April 27, 2014 |access-date=October 7, 2011 |work=Australian Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref> This misconception's origins are uncertain but it was probably popularized by ] (23–79 CE), who wrote that ostriches "imagine, when they have thrust their head and neck into a bush, that the whole of their body is concealed".<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||author=Smith, Rex |date=May 8, 2011 |title=Maybe ostriches are smarter |url=http://www.timesunion.com/opinion/article/Maybe-ostriches-are-smarter-1370503.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427082414/http://www.timesunion.com/opinion/article/Maybe-ostriches-are-smarter-1370503.php |archive-date=April 27, 2014 |access-date=October 7, 2011 |work=Albany Times-Union}}</ref>
* ]s are not known to purposely climb into external ear canals, though there have been anecdotal reports of earwigs being found in the ear.<ref>
* A duck's quack actually does ],<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Alcatraz Escape: Does a Duck's Quack Echo? |url=http://dsc.discovery.com/fansites/mythbusters/episode/episode-tab-08.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003151210/http://dsc.discovery.com/fansites/mythbusters/episode/episode-tab-08.html |archive-date=October 3, 2012}} ]. '']''. Discovery Channel. December 12, 2003.</ref> although the echo may be difficult to hear for humans under some circumstances.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=A Duck's Quack Doesn't Echo, and no-one knows the reason why? |url=http://www.acoustics.salford.ac.uk/acoustics_info/duck/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011174434/http://www.acoustics.salford.ac.uk/acoustics_info/duck/ |archive-date=October 11, 2013 |access-date=January 13, 2010 |work=Acoustics.salford.ac.uk |publisher=University of Salford Acoustics}}</ref> Despite this, a British panel show compiling interesting facts has been given the name '']''.
{{cite journal|last=Fisher |first=JR |title=Earwig in the ear|journal=Western Journal of Medicine |year=1986|volume=145|issue=2|page=245|pmid=3765607|pmc=1306897 }}</ref> Entomologists suggest that the origin of the name is actually a reference to the appearance of the hindwings, which are unique and distinctive among insects, and resemble a human ear when unfolded.<ref>
* 60 common starlings were released in 1890 into New York's ] by ], but there is no evidence that he was trying to introduce every bird species mentioned in the works of ] into North America. This claim has been traced to an essay in 1948 by naturalist ], whose notes appear to indicate that it was speculation.<ref name="Fugate2021">{{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Fugate |first1=Lauren |last2=Miller |first2=John MacNeill |title=Shakespeare's Starlings: Literary History and the Fictions of Invasiveness |journal=Environmental Humanities |date=November 1, 2021 |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=301–322 |doi=10.1215/22011919-9320167 |s2cid=243468840 |url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/environmental-humanities/article/13/2/301/234995/Shakespeare-s-StarlingsLiterary-History-and-the |access-date=November 26, 2021 |issn=2201-1919|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite book||last1=Strycker|first1=Noah|title=The Thing with Feathers|date=2014|publisher=Penguin Group|isbn=978-1-59448-635-7|page=42}}</ref>
{{cite book|last=Costa|first=J.T.|title=The Other Insect Societies|publisher=Harvard University Press|location= Cambridge, MA|date=2006}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web|url=http://www.ento.csiro.au/education/insects/dermaptera.html|title=Dermaptera: earwigs|publisher=]|work=Insects and their Allies|access-date=November 16, 2015}}</ref>
* ] are not essential to human food production, despite claims that ], humanity would starve or die out "within four years".<ref>
a. {{cite web|url=https://www.elitedaily.com/news/world/humans-need-bees-to-survive/755737|title=If All The Bees In The World Die, Humans Will Not Survive|first=John|last=Haltiwanger|website=Elite Daily}}
<br />b. : "A world without honeybees would also mean a world without fruits, vegetables, nuts, and seeds."
<br />c. ; "First, the easy part: "I've never seen anything definitively link the quote to Einstein," says Mark Dykes, the chief inspector for Texas Apiary Inspection Service. Quote checkers like this one, and this one agree. But debunking its message? That's more complicated."
<br />d.
</ref> In fact, many important crops need no insect pollination at all. The ten most important crops,<ref>
{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/10-crops-that-feed-the-world-2011-9|title=The 10 Most Important Crops In The World|first=Eric|last=Goldschein|website=Business Insider}}</ref> comprising 60% of all human food energy,<ref>
{{cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/most-important-staple-foods-in-the-world.html|title=What Are the World's Most Important Staple Foods?|website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> all fall into this category.
* Female ]es rarely eat the males during coitus, especially in their natural environment. In a study in a laboratory at the ], it was observed that 1 out of 45 times the female ate the male before mating and the male ate the female with that same frequency.<ref>
{{cite web|url=https://entomologytoday.org/2013/12/22/do-female-praying-mantises-always-eat-the-males/|title=Do Female Praying Mantises Always Eat the Males?|website=EntomologyToday|date=December 22, 2013}}</ref>
* ]s do not fall from trees onto people. Instead, they lie in wait in high grass.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Roberts|first=Catherine|title=4 Common Myths About Ticks Debunked|url=https://www.consumerreports.org/outdoor-safety/tick-myths-debunked/|access-date=2021-06-07|website=Consumer Reports|language=en-US}}</ref>


====Plants==== ==== Other vertebrates ====
* ]s do survive without food. Catching insects, however, supports their growth.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Carnivorous Plants {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/plants-and-animals/plants/plants/carnivorous-plants#:~:text=Carnivorous%20plants%20catch%20mostly%20insects,referred%20to%20as%20insectivorous%20plants.&text=However,%20only%20true%20carnivorous%20plants,can%20survive%20without%20catching%20prey.|access-date=2021-05-25|website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref>
* ] are not highly ] to humans or cats. While it is true that they are mildly irritating to the skin or stomach,<ref name="southern">{{cite encyclopedia | title = Euphorbia | encyclopedia = The Southern Living Garden Book | editor-last = Bender | editor-first = Steve |year= 2004 | edition = 2nd | isbn = 978-0376039101 | publisher = Oxmoor House | location = Birmingham, AL | page = 306}}</ref> and may sometimes cause ] and vomiting if eaten, they rarely cause serious medical problems.<ref>
a. {{cite web| url=http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=55606| title= Are Poinsettia Plants Poisonous? Fact or Fiction? |publisher=MedicineNet|access-date=December 21, 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130509062941/http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=55606 | archive-date = May 9, 2013| url-status=live}}
<br />b. {{cite journal |author=Krenzelok E.P. |author2=Jacobsen T.D. |author3=Aronis J. M. |title=Poinsettia exposures have good outcomes...just as we thought |journal=] |volume=14 |issue=7 |pages=671–74 |date=November 1996 |pmid=8906768 |doi=10.1016/S0735-6757(96)90086-8 }}
<br />c. {{cite web|title=Ask the Expert: Poison Control > Poinsettia |url=http://www.aspca.org/Pet-care/ask-the-expert/ask-the-expert-poison-control/poinsettia.aspx |publisher=] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110110210836/http://www.aspca.org/Pet-care/ask-the-expert/ask-the-expert-poison-control/poinsettia.aspx |archive-date=January 10, 2011 }}</ref>
]s with the sun clearly visible ''behind'' them.]]
* ]s do not always point to the sun. Flowering sunflowers face a fixed direction (often east) all day long, but do not necessarily face the sun.<ref>
a. {{cite web|last=Gerard|first=John|year=1597|url=http://www.botanicus.org/page/1956748 |title=Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427083100/http://www.botanicus.org/page/1956748|archive-date=April 27, 2014|url-status=live|location=London|publisher=John Norton|pages=612–14|access-date=January 7, 2021}} Popular botany book in 17th century England.
<br />b. {{cite web|url=http://plantsinmotion.bio.indiana.edu/plantmotion/movements/tropism/solartrack/solartrack.html|title=Solar tracking: sunflower plants|last=Hangarter|first=Roger P.|work=Plants-In-Motion website|publisher=Indiana University|access-date=August 22, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019131750/http://plantsinmotion.bio.indiana.edu/plantmotion/movements/tropism/solartrack/solartrack.html|archive-date=October 19, 2013|url-status=live|quote=Many people are under the misconception that the flower heads of the cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus) track the sun... Immature flower buds of the sunflower do exhibit solar tracking and on sunny days the buds will track the sun across the sky from east to west... However, as the flower bud matures and blossoms, the stem stiffens and the flower becomes fixed facing the eastward direction.}}
<br />c. {{cite journal|last1=Polikarpov|first1=G.G.|title =Sunflower's blooming floscule is a compass|journal =Nature|volume=272|issue=5649|page=122|date=1978|doi=10.1038/272122c0|bibcode = 1978Natur.272..122P | doi-access=free}}
<br />d. {{cite journal|jstor=2402749|quote=Dinural E-W oscillations of the heads occurred initially but ceased as the flowers opened and anthesis commenced, leaving the heads facing east|title=Movements of Helianthus annuus Leaves and Heads|first1=A.R.G.|last1=Lang|first2=J.E.|last2=Begg|journal=Journal of Applied Ecology|date=1979|volume=16|issue=1|pages=299–305|url=http://www.flowers-org.com/helianthus-sunflower.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523191033/http://www.flowers-org.com/helianthus-sunflower.html|archive-date=May 23, 2013|url-status=dead|access-date=December 10, 2016|doi=10.2307/2402749}}</ref> However, in an earlier developmental stage, before the appearance of flower heads, the immature buds ''do'' track the sun (a phenomenon called ]) and the fixed alignment of the mature flowers toward a certain direction is often the result.<ref>
{{cite web |url=http://www.sunflowernsa.com/all-about/faq/#11|title=When the plant is in the bud stage, it tends to track the movement of the sun across the horizon. Once the flower opens into the radiance of yellow petals, it faces east |publisher=National Sunflower Association|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103083114/http://www.sunflowernsa.com/all-about/faq/|archive-date =November 3, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>


* Contrary to the allegorical story about the ], frogs die immediately when cast into boiling water, rather than leaping out; furthermore, frogs will attempt to escape cold water that is slowly heated past their ].<ref name="fastcompany">{{#invoke:cite web||url=http://www.fastcompany.com/26455/next-time-what-say-we-boil-consultant| title= Next Time, What Say We Boil a Consultant| access-date=February 29, 2016 |date=October 1995|work=Fast Company Issue 01 }}</ref>
====Evolution and paleontology{{anchor|Evolution}}====
* The memory span of goldfish is much longer than just a few seconds. It is up to a few months long.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Hipsley|first=Anna|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/02/19/2166204.htm|title=Goldfish three-second memory myth busted (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)|publisher=ABC |location=Australia |date=February 19, 2008|access-date=August 29, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110625100621/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/02/19/2166204.htm | archive-date = June 25, 2011| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=http://dsc.discovery.com/fansites/mythbusters/episode/episode-tab-07.html |title=Sinking Titanic: Goldfish Memory |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225120856/http://dsc.discovery.com/fansites/mythbusters/episode/episode-tab-07.html |archive-date=February 25, 2011 }}. ]. '']''. Discovery.com. February 22, 2004.</ref>
* ]. The misconception that sharks do not get cancer was spread by the 1992 book '']'', which was used to sell extracts of shark ] as cancer prevention treatments. Reports of ]s in sharks exist, and current data does not support any conclusions about the incidence of tumors in sharks.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Ostrander |first1=G. K. |last2=Cheng |first2=KC |last3=Wolf |first3=JC |last4=Wolfe |first4=MJ |title=Shark Cartilage, Cancer and the Growing Threat of Pseudoscience |journal=Cancer Research |volume=64 |issue=23 |pages=8485–91 |date=2004 |pmid=15574750 |doi=10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-2260|doi-access=free }}</ref>
* Great white sharks do not mistake human divers for seals or other ]s. When attacking pinnipeds, the shark surfaces quickly and attacks violently. In contrast, attacks on humans are slower and less violent: the shark charges at a normal pace, bites, and swims off. Great white sharks have efficient eyesight and ]; the bite is not predatory, but rather for identification of an unfamiliar object.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/01/0123_040123_tvgreatwhiteshark.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040125025359/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/01/0123_040123_tvgreatwhiteshark.html|archive-date=January 25, 2004|title=Great White Shark Attacks: Defanging the Myths|work=nationalgeographic.com |author=Jennifer Hile |date=January 23, 2004}}</ref>
* ]. The posterior end of the lower jaw bones contains a quadrate bone, allowing jaw extension. The anterior tips of the lower jaw bones are joined by a flexible ligament allowing them to bow outwards, increasing the mouth gape.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||url=https://daily.jstor.org/how-snakes-swallow/|first=James|last=MacDonald|date=June 26, 2019|title=How Snakes Swallow|newspaper=JSTOR Daily}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://www.livescience.com/32096-how-do-snakes-swallow-large-animals.html|first=Corey|last=Binns|date=September 11, 2012|title=How Do Snakes Swallow Large Animals?|website=] }}</ref>
* The ] and the ] are some of the only frog species that make a "ribbit" sound. The misconception that all frogs, or at least all those found in North America, make this sound comes from its extensive use in Hollywood films.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Brulliard|first=Karin|url=http://www.beachwatchers.wsu.edu/island/essays/TreeFrogs.htm |title=Why French pigs say groin, Japanese bees say boon and American frogs say ribbit |newspaper=Washington Post |date=October 14, 2016 |access-date=June 25, 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427154344/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/animalia/wp/2016/10/12/why-french-pigs-say-groin-japanese-bees-say-boon-and-american-frogs-say-ribbit/ |archive-date=April 27, 2019 |quote=Only American frogs are said to go "ribbit," and that's believed to be because early Hollywood producers used the ribbiting sound of the Pacific tree frog during night scenes.}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://fpdcc.com/have-you-heard-the-calls-from-cook-countys-12-frog-and-toad-species/|title=Have You Heard the Calls from Cook County's 12 Frog and Toad Species?|website=Forest Preserves of Cook County|date=May 25, 2022|access-date=June 25, 2022}}</ref>
* There is no credible evidence that the ], a South American parasitic catfish, can swim up a human urethra if one urinates in the water in which it lives. The sole documented case of such an incident, written in 1997, has been heavily criticized upon peer review, and this phenomenon is now largely considered a myth.<ref name="Gudger">{{#invoke:cite journal||last=Gudger |first=E.W. |date=January 1930 |title=On the alleged penetration of the human urethra by an Amazonian catfish called candiru with a review of the allied habits of other members of the family pygidiidae |journal=The American Journal of Surgery |type=Print |publisher=Elsevier Inc. |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=170–188 |doi=10.1016/S0002-9610(30)90912-9 |issn=0002-9610}}</ref>
* ]s, South American fish related to ]s, do not attack or feed on human testicles. This myth originated from a misinterpreted joke in a 2013 report of a pacu being found in ], the strait between Sweden and Denmark, which claimed that the fish ate "nuts".<ref name="CNN">{{#invoke:cite web||author=Gray |first=Melissa |date=August 16, 2013 |title=Warning over testicle-biting fish in Denmark? It's all wet |url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/08/10/world/europe/scandanavia-swim-warning |access-date=September 8, 2013 |website=]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Than |first=Ker |date=August 13, 2013 |title=Fears of 'Testicle-Eating' Fish Overblown |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/130813-pacu-piranha-testicle-biting-fish-invasive-species |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104112851/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/130813-pacu-piranha-testicle-biting-fish-invasive-species |archive-date=November 4, 2021 |access-date=June 13, 2022 |website=] |language=en}}</ref>
* ]s do not eat only meat but are omnivorous, and they only swim in schools to defend themselves from predators and not to attack. They very rarely attack humans, only when under stress and feeling threatened, and even then, bites typically only occur on hands and feet.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||date=April 7, 2020|title=Killer Piranhas: Myth or Fact?|url=https://explorersweb.com/2020/04/07/killer-piranhas-myth-or-fact/|access-date=June 26, 2021|website=Explorersweb}}</ref>
* ],<ref name="Stuart-Fox 2008">{{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Stuart-Fox |first1=Devi |last2=Moussalli |first2=Adnan |date=January 2008 |title=Selection for Social Signalling Drives the Evolution of Chameleon Colour Change |journal=PLOS Biology |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=e25 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0060025 |doi-access=free |issn=1544-9173 |pmc=2214820 |pmid=18232740}}</ref> nor can a chameleon change its skin color to match any background.<ref name="Clark 2015">{{cite magazine |last1=Clark |first1=Laura |title=We Finally Know How Chameleons Change Their Color |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/we-finally-know-how-chameleons-change-their-color-180954527/ |access-date=29 July 2024 |magazine=Smithsonian Magazine |date=11 March 2015}}</ref> Chameleons usually change color for social signaling, based on their mood, and for heat regulation.<ref name="Clark 2015" /><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Bates |first1=Mary |title=How Do Chameleons Change Colors? |url=https://www.wired.com/2014/04/how-do-chameleons-change-colors/ |magazine=Wired}} ]. April 11, 2014.</ref> The use in social signaling may be to display bright colors for only brief periods of time to avoid increased visibility to predators.<ref name="Stuart-Fox 2008" />

==== Invertebrates ====
* Not all earthworms become two worms when cut in half. Only a limited number of earthworm species<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||doi=10.1002/jez.1401170102|title=Simultaneous anterior and posterior regeneration and other growth phenomena in Maldanid polychaetes|date=1942|last1=Moment|first1=Gairdner B.|journal=Journal of Experimental Zoology|volume=117|pages=1–13}}</ref> are capable of anterior ].
* Houseflies have an average lifespan of 20 to 30 ''days'', not 24 ''hours''.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||title=The Housefly |url=http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/natbltn/400-499/nb453.htm |newspaper=Forest Preserve District of Cook County (Illinois) |date=April 15, 1972 |access-date=January 16, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130301174011/http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/natbltn/400-499/nb453.htm |archive-date=March 1, 2013 }}</ref> However, members of ] of mayfly have an adult lifespan of as little as 5 minutes.<ref name="Sweeney">{{#invoke:cite journal||author1=Sweeney, Bernard W. |author2=Vannote, Robin L. |year=1982 |title=Population Synchrony in Mayflies: A Predator Satiation Hypothesis |journal=Evolution |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=810–22 |doi=10.2307/2407894 |jstor=2407894 |pmid=28568232 }}</ref>
* The daddy longlegs spider ('']'') is not the most venomous spider in the world. Their fangs are capable of piercing human skin, but the tiny amount of venom they carry causes only a mild burning sensation for a few seconds.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=http://dsc.discovery.com/fansites/mythbusters/episode/episode-tab-07.html |title=Buried in Concrete: Daddy Long Legs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225120856/http://dsc.discovery.com/fansites/mythbusters/episode/episode-tab-07.html |archive-date=February 25, 2011 }}. ]. '']''. Discovery Channel. February 25, 2004.</ref> Other species such as ] and ] are also called ''daddy longlegs'', and share the misconception of being highly venomous but unable to pierce the skin of humans.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=UCR Spider Site – Daddy Long Legs Myth |url=http://spiders.ucr.edu/daddylonglegs.html |publisher=] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104173738/http://spiders.ucr.edu/daddylonglegs.html |archive-date=November 4, 2013 |access-date=September 18, 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Spider Myths – If it could only bite |url=http://www.washington.edu/burkemuseum/spidermyth/myths/daddyvenom.html |date=2003 |publisher=Burke Museum of Natural History & Culture, University of Washington |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714061900/http://www.washington.edu/burkemuseum/spidermyth/myths/daddyvenom.html |archive-date=July 14, 2007 |access-date=July 22, 2008 }}</ref>
* People do not swallow large numbers of spiders during sleep. A sleeping person makes noises that warn spiders of danger.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Myth: You unknowingly swallow an average of four live spiders in your sleep each year.|url=https://www.burkemuseum.org/collections-and-research/biology/arachnology-and-entomology/spider-myths/myth-you-swallow-spiders|publisher=Burke Museum|access-date=February 5, 2020|date=2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Sneed |first1=Annie |title=Fact or Fiction? People Swallow 8 Spiders a Year While They Sleep |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/fact-or-fiction-people-swallow-8-spiders-a-year-while-they-sleep1/ |magazine=Scientific American |access-date=June 7, 2015 |date=April 15, 2014}}</ref> Most people also wake up from sleep when they have a spider on their face.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last1=Burchell |first1=Helen |title=Do people really swallow spiders in their sleep? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-beds-bucks-herts-66319172 |access-date=2023-08-06 |work=] |date=2023-08-06 |location=] |language=en-gb}}</ref><!--featured here: ]-->
] simultaneously ] her mate; this does not occur every time mantises mate.]]
* Female praying mantises do not always ].<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://entomologytoday.org/2013/12/22/do-female-praying-mantises-always-eat-the-males/|title=Do Female Praying Mantises Always Eat the Males?|website=EntomologyToday|date=December 22, 2013}}</ref>
].]]
* It is not true that aerodynamic theory predicts ]; the physics of insect flight is quite well understood. The misconception appears to come from a calculation based on a fixed-wing aircraft mentioned in a 1934 book, and was further popularized in the 2007 film '']''.<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite web||last=Chatfield |first=Matthew |date=January 4, 2008 |title=Some scientist once proved that bees can't fly...? |url=http://www.naturenet.net/blogs/2008/01/some-scientist-once-proved-that-bees-cant-fly}}. ''naturenet.net''. The Ranger's Blog.
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite web||author=Ivars Peterson |date=September 13, 2004 |title=Flight of the Bumblebee |url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/flight-bumblebee |access-date=November 18, 2011 |work=Ivars Peterson's MathTrek |publisher=]}}
<br />c. {{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Dickinson|first1=Michael|date=June 2001|title=Solving the Mystery of Insect Flight|journal=Scientific American|volume=284|issue=6|pages=48–50, 53–57|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0601-48 |jstor=26059248|pmid=11396342 |bibcode=2001SciAm.284f..48D |quote=a 1934 book by entomologist Antoine Magnan... refers to a calculation by his assistant André Sainte-Laguë, who was an engineer. The conclusion was presumably based on the fact that the maximum possible lift produced by aircraft wings as small as a bumblebee's wings and traveling as slowly as a bee in flight would be much less than the weight of a bee.}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||date=December 27, 2017 |author=Lindsay Dodgson |title=This myth about bees is scientifically incorrect — here's why |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/bees-cant-fly-scientifically-incorrect-2017-12 |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||date=2023-05-26 |title=The Strange Myth That Bees Shouldn't Be Able To Fly According To Physics |url=https://www.iflscience.com/the-strange-myth-that-bees-shouldnt-be-able-to-fly-according-to-physics-69107 |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=IFLScience |language=en}}</ref>
* While certainly critical to the ] of many plant species, ] are not essential to human food production, despite claims that ], humanity would starve or die out "within four years".<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Shilton |first=AC |date=March 2, 2017 |title=What Would Happen if All the Bees Died Tomorrow? |url=https://tonic.vice.com/en_us/article/d7ezaq/what-would-happen-if-all-the-bees-died-tomorrow |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706230348/https://tonic.vice.com/en_us/article/d7ezaq/what-would-happen-if-all-the-bees-died-tomorrow |archive-date=July 6, 2017 |access-date=June 16, 2024 |work=]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Palmer |first=Brian |date=May 2, 2022 |title=A World Without Bees? Here's What Happens If Bees Go Extinct |url=https://www.nrdc.org/stories/world-without-bees-heres-what-happens-if-bees-go-extinct |access-date=June 16, 2024 |work=]}}</ref> In fact, the most essential staple food crops on the planet, like wheat, maize, rice, soybeans and sorghum<ref name=FAOstats>{{#invoke:cite web||title=FAOstats Food Supply - Crops Primary Equivalent |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/CC |author=] of the ], Statistics Division |year=2017 }}</ref><ref>FAO 2015. FAO Statistical Pocketbook 2015, {{ISBN|978-92-5-108802-9}}, p. 28</ref> are wind pollinated or self pollinating, and only slightly over 10% of the total human diet of plant crops is dependent upon insect pollination.<ref name=FAOstats />
* Bees do not always die if they use their sting. This only happens for a very small minority of species, which includes the honey bee, when they sting mammals, as they have thick skin. They are able to survive when they sting other insects.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last1=Maguire |first1=Sarah |title=Do all bees die after they sting humans? |url=https://jerseybiodiversitycentre.org.je/article/do-all-bees-die-after-they-sting-humans |website=The Jersey Biodiversity Centre |access-date=June 20, 2024 |date=July 9, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last1=Dorey |first1=James |last2=Gilpin |first2=Amy-Marie |last3=Gloag |first3=Rosalyn |date=April 26, 2024 |title=Most bees don't die after stinging - and other surprising bee facts |url=https://www.uow.edu.au/media/2024/most-bees-dont-die-after-stinging---and-other-surprising-beefacts.php |access-date=June 20, 2024 |work=]}}</ref><ref name="sciencedirect.com">{{#invoke:cite journal||last1=van Loon |first1=Mariëtte H |last2=Dunlosky |first2=John |last3=van Gog |first3=Tamara |last4=van Merriënboer |first4=Jeroen JG |last5=de Bruin |first5=Anique BH |date=April 14, 2015 |title=Refutations in science texts lead to hypercorrection of misconceptions held with high confidence |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0361476X15000235 |journal=] |volume=42 |pages=39, 47 |doi=10.1016/j.cedpsych.2015.04.003 |via=Elsevier Science Direct}}</ref>
* Earwigs are not known to purposely climb into external ear canals, though there have been anecdotal reports of earwigs being found in the ear.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||last=Fisher|first=JR|title=Earwig in the ear|journal=Western Journal of Medicine|year=1986|volume=145|issue=2|page=245|pmid=3765607|pmc=1306897}}</ref> The name may be a reference to the appearance of their hindwings, which are unique and distinctive among insects, and resemble a human ear when unfolded.<ref>{{#invoke:cite book||last=Costa|first=J.T.|title=The Other Insect Societies|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, MA|date=2006}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=http://www.ento.csiro.au/education/insects/dermaptera.html|title=Dermaptera: earwigs|publisher=]|work=Insects and their Allies|access-date=November 16, 2015}}</ref>
* Ticks do not jump or fall from trees onto their hosts. Instead, they lie in wait to grasp and climb onto any passing host or otherwise trace down hosts via, for example, ] stimuli, the host's body heat, or ] in the host's breath.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Roberts|first=Catherine|title=4 Common Myths About Ticks Debunked|url=https://www.consumerreports.org/outdoor-safety/tick-myths-debunked/|access-date=June 7, 2021|website=Consumer Reports|date=June 2, 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=http://www.cvbd.org/en/tick-borne-diseases/about-ticks/tick-feeding/host-seeking/ |title=Host seeking |work=CVBD: Companion Vector-Borne Diseases |access-date=8 December 2016}}</ref>
* Though they are often called "white ants",<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/termite?show=0&t=1420442739 |work=Merriam-Webster.com |title=Termite |date=August 27, 2023 }}</ref> termites are not ants, nor are they closely related to ants. Termites are actually ] ]es.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Cleveland|first1=L.R.|last2=Hall|first2=S.K.|last3=Sanders|first3=E.P.|last4=Collier|first4=J.|title=The Wood-Feeding Roach ''Cryptocercus'', its protozoa, and the symbiosis between protozoa and roach|journal=Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences|date=1934|volume=17|issue=2|pages=185–382|doi=10.1093/aesa/28.2.216|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||last1=McKittrick|first1=F.A.|date=1965|title=A contribution to the understanding of cockroach-termite affinities.|journal=Annals of the Entomological Society of America|volume=58|issue=1|pages=18–22|doi=10.1093/aesa/58.1.18|pmid=5834489|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* Cockroaches would not be the only ] in ] with nuclear fallout. While cockroaches have a much higher ] resistance than vertebrates, they are not immune to radiation poisoning, nor are they exceptionally radiation-resistant compared to other insects.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||title=Cockroaches are not radiation-proof and most are not pests |url=http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20160926-cockroaches-are-not-radiation-proof-and-most-are-not-pests |access-date=1 June 2018 |publisher=BBC Earth}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Riley |first=Daniel |date=2008-07-08 |title=Will cockroaches really be the last survivors on Earth? |url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2008/07/will-cockroaches-really-be-the-last-survivors-on-earth.html |access-date=2022-08-28 |website=Slate Magazine |language=en}}</ref>
* Applying urine to jellyfish stings as ] does not relieve pain; indeed, it may make the pain worse.<ref name="UAMSHealth">{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://uamshealth.com/medical-myths/does-urine-help-a-jellyfish-sting/|date = 8 March 2019|title= Does Urine Help a Jellyfish Sting?|website = UAMS Health}}</ref><ref name="Curtin 2007">{{#invoke:cite journal||journal=Scientific American|title=Fact or Fiction?: Urinating on a Jellyfish Sting is an Effective Treatment |date=4 January 2007|first=Ciara|last=Curtin|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=fact-or-fiction-urinating}}</ref><ref name="Cleveland Clinic 2024">{{#invoke:cite web||date=20 May 2024 |title=Should You Pee on a Jellyfish Sting? |url=https://health.clevelandclinic.org/pee-jellyfish-sting |access-date=10 July 2024 |website=Cleveland Clinic}}</ref> The best immediate treatment for jellyfish stings is to rinse them in salt water.<ref name="UAMSHealth" /><ref name="Curtin 2007" /><ref name="Cleveland Clinic 2024" />

==== Plants ====
* ]s can survive without food. Catching insects, however, supports their growth.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Carnivorous Plants {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/plants-and-animals/plants/plants/carnivorous-plants#:~:text=Carnivorous%20plants%20catch%20mostly%20insects,referred%20to%20as%20insectivorous%20plants.&text=However,%20only%20true%20carnivorous%20plants,can%20survive%20without%20catching%20prey.|access-date=May 25, 2021|website=www.encyclopedia.com|quote=It is known that carnivorous plants can survive without catching prey.}}</ref>
* ] are not highly toxic to humans or cats. While it is true that they are mildly irritating to the skin or stomach,<ref name="southern">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Euphorbia |encyclopedia=The Southern Living Garden Book |editor-last=Bender |editor-first=Steve |year=2004 |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0-376-03910-1 |publisher=Oxmoor House |location=Birmingham, AL |page=306}}</ref> and may sometimes cause ] and vomiting if eaten, they rarely cause serious medical problems.<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite web|| url=http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=55606| title= Are Poinsettia Plants Poisonous? Fact or Fiction? |publisher=MedicineNet|access-date=December 21, 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130509062941/http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=55606 | archive-date = May 9, 2013| url-status=live}}
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite journal||author=Krenzelok E.P. |author2=Jacobsen T.D. |author3=Aronis J. M. |title=Poinsettia exposures have good outcomes...just as we thought |journal=] |volume=14 |issue=7 |pages=671–74 |date=November 1996 |pmid=8906768 |doi=10.1016/S0735-6757(96)90086-8 }}
<br />c. {{#invoke:cite web||title=Ask the Expert: Poison Control > Poinsettia |url=http://www.aspca.org/Pet-care/ask-the-expert/ask-the-expert-poison-control/poinsettia.aspx |publisher=] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110110210836/http://www.aspca.org/Pet-care/ask-the-expert/ask-the-expert-poison-control/poinsettia.aspx |archive-date=January 10, 2011 }}</ref>
]s with the ] behind them]]
* Sunflowers do not always point to the Sun. Flowering sunflowers face a fixed direction (often east) all day long, but do not necessarily face the Sun.<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite web||last=Gerard |first=John |year=1597 |title=Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes |url=http://www.botanicus.org/page/1956748 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427083100/http://www.botanicus.org/page/1956748 |archive-date=April 27, 2014 |access-date=January 7, 2021 |publisher=John Norton |pages=612–14}} Popular botany book in 17th century England.
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite web||last=Hangarter |first=Roger P. |title=Solar tracking: sunflower plants |url=http://plantsinmotion.bio.indiana.edu/plantmotion/movements/tropism/solartrack/solartrack.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019131750/http://plantsinmotion.bio.indiana.edu/plantmotion/movements/tropism/solartrack/solartrack.html |archive-date=October 19, 2013 |access-date=August 22, 2012 |work=Plants-In-Motion website |publisher=Indiana University}}
<br />c. {{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Polikarpov |first1=G.G. |date=1978 |title=Sunflower's blooming floscule is a compass |journal=Nature |volume=272 |issue=5649 |page=122 |bibcode=1978Natur.272..122P |doi=10.1038/272122c0 |doi-access=free}}
<br />d. {{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Lang |first1=A.R.G. |last2=Begg |first2=J.E. |date=1979 |title=Movements of Helianthus annuus Leaves and Heads |url=http://www.flowers-org.com/helianthus-sunflower.html |journal=Journal of Applied Ecology |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=299–305 |bibcode=1979JApEc..16..299L |doi=10.2307/2402749 |jstor=2402749 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523191033/http://www.flowers-org.com/helianthus-sunflower.html |archive-date=May 23, 2013 |access-date=December 10, 2016 |quote=Dinural E-W oscillations of the heads occurred initially but ceased as the flowers opened and anthesis commenced, leaving the heads facing east}}</ref> However, in an earlier developmental stage, before the appearance of flower heads, the immature buds ''do'' track the ] (a phenomenon called ]). Mature flowers face east.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=When the plant is in the bud stage, it tends to track the movement of the sun across the horizon. Once the flower opens into the radiance of yellow petals, it faces east |url=http://www.sunflowernsa.com/all-about/faq/#11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103083114/http://www.sunflowernsa.com/all-about/faq/ |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |publisher=National Sunflower Association}}</ref>
* Mushrooms, molds, and other fungi are not plants, despite ]. The historical classification of fungi as plants is defunct, and although they are still commonly included in botany curricula and textbooks, modern molecular evidence shows that ].<ref name="pmid18461162">{{#invoke:cite journal||vauthors=Shalchian-Tabrizi K, Minge MA, Espelund M, etal |date=7 May 2008 |editor1-last=Aramayo |editor1-first=Rodolfo |title=Multigene phylogeny of choanozoa and the origin of animals |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=3 |issue=5 |pages=e2098 |bibcode=2008PLoSO...3.2098S |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0002098 |pmc=2346548 |pmid=18461162 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Fifth-Grade Elementary School Students' Conceptions and Misconceptions about the Fungus Kingdom |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26571382 |access-date=2022-10-05}}</ref>

==== Evolution and paleontology ====
{{Further|Introduction to evolution|Objections to evolution}} {{Further|Introduction to evolution|Objections to evolution}}
* The word ''theory'' in "the theory of evolution" does not imply scientific doubt regarding its validity; the concepts of ''theory'' and ''hypothesis'' have specific meanings in a scientific context. While ''theory'' in colloquial usage may denote a hunch or conjecture, a ''scientific theory'' is a set of principles that explains an ''observable phenomenon'' in natural terms.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://www.msu.edu/~pennock5/research/papers/Pennock_TeachingEvoNatureSci.pdf|title=Evolutionary Science and Society: Educating a New Generation (TOC)|publisher=MSU.edu|work=Revised Proceedings of the BSCS, AIBS Symposium|date=November 2004|access-date=January 13, 2011|pages=11–12}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=http://chandra.harvard.edu/chronicle/0308/theo/index.html|title=It Is Not Just a Theory... It Is a Theory!|date=July 7, 2008|publisher=]|work=Chandra Chronicles|access-date=April 8, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214120846/http://chandra.harvard.edu/chronicle/0308/theo/index.html |archive-date=December 14, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> "Scientific fact and theory are not categorically separable",<ref>{{#invoke:cite book||title=The Structure of Scientific Revolutions|edition=3rd|author-link=Thomas S. Kuhn|last=Kuhn|first=Thomas S.|date=1996|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|isbn=978-0-226-45808-3|page=7}}</ref> and evolution is a theory in the same sense as ] or the theory of ].<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=http://evoled.dbs.umt.edu/lessons/miscon.htm#3|title=Misconceptions about the Nature of Science|publisher=], Div. Biological Sciences|work=UMT.edu|access-date=April 8, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111017233007/http://evoled.dbs.umt.edu/lessons/miscon.htm#3|archive-date=October 17, 2011}}</ref>
* The word '']'' in "the theory of ]" does not imply scientific doubt regarding its validity; the concepts of ''theory'' and ''hypothesis'' have specific meanings in a scientific context. While ''theory'' in colloquial usage may denote a hunch or conjecture, a '']'' is a set of principles that explains an ''observable phenomenon'' in ] terms.<ref>
* The theory of evolution does not attempt to explain the origin of life<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/misconceptions_faq.php#a1 |title=Misconceptions about evolution |publisher=Evolution.berkeley.edu |access-date=February 9, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131027002124/http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/misconceptions_faq.php |archive-date=October 27, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> or the origin and development of the universe. The theory of evolution deals primarily with changes in successive generations over time after life has already originated.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/faq-misconceptions.html |title=Five Major Misconceptions about Evolution |publisher=TalkOrigins |date=October 1, 2003 |access-date=February 9, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003174642/http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/faq-misconceptions.html |archive-date=October 3, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The scientific model concerned with the origin of the first organisms from organic or inorganic molecules is known as ], and the prevailing theory for explaining the early development of the universe is the ] model.
{{cite web|url=https://www.msu.edu/~pennock5/research/papers/Pennock_TeachingEvoNatureSci.pdf|title=Evolutionary Science and Society: Educating a New Generation (TOC)|publisher=MSU.edu|work=Revised Proceedings of the BSCS, AIBS Symposium|date=November 2004|access-date=January 13, 2011|pages=11–12}}</ref><ref>
* Evolution is not a ], and it also does not necessarily result in an ]. Evolution through ] only causes organisms to become more ] for their environment.<ref name=Michigan>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Evolution and Natural Selection |url=http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange1/current/lectures/selection/selection.html |publisher=University of Michigan |access-date=November 9, 2016 |date=October 10, 2010}}</ref> A population can evolve to become simpler or to have a smaller ],<ref name="pmid11893328">{{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Moran |first1=Nancy A. |title=Microbial MinimalismGenome Reduction in Bacterial Pathogens |journal=Cell |volume=108 |issue=5 |pages=583–86 |date=2002 |pmid=11893328 |doi=10.1016/S0092-8674(02)00665-7|s2cid=18688744 |doi-access=free }}</ref> and ] ancestral genetic traits can reappear after having been lost through evolutionary change in previous generations.<ref name="Briankhall1">{{Citation |title=Developmental mechanisms underlying the atavisms |author=Brian K. Hall |journal=Biological Reviews |year=1984 |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=89–124 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-185x.1984.tb00402.x |pmid=6367843 |s2cid=29258934}}</ref> Biological ] is a ], not only because it implies that organisms can only evolve backward or forward, but also because it implies that evolution may cause organisms to evolve in the "wrong" direction.<ref name=Glossary>{{#invoke:cite web||url=http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/precursors/glossary.html |title=Darwin's precursors and influences: Glossary |access-date=January 18, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=is-the-human-race-evolvin |title=Is the human race evolving or devolving? |date=July 20, 1998 |work=] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010233421/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=is-the-human-race-evolvin |archive-date=October 10, 2012 |url-status=live}} see also ].</ref>
{{cite web|url=http://chandra.harvard.edu/chronicle/0308/theo/index.html|title=It Is Not Just a Theory... It Is a Theory!|date=July 7, 2008|publisher=]|work=Chandra Chronicles|access-date=April 8, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214120846/http://chandra.harvard.edu/chronicle/0308/theo/index.html |archive-date=December 14, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> "Scientific fact and theory are not categorically separable",<ref>
* The phrase "]" refers to ], not ]. Biological fitness is the ] measure of individual ], e.g. the tendency of lineages containing individuals that produce more offspring ] to persist and thrive in that environment. Further, while the related concepts of "survival of the fittest" and "]" are often used interchangeably, they are not the same: natural selection is not the only form of selection that determines biological fitness (see ], ], ], and ]).<ref name="IntroEvolutionaryBiology">{{Citation |last=Colby |first=Chris |title=Introduction to Evolutionary Biology |date=1996–1997 |url=http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/faq-intro-to-biology.html |publisher=] |access-date=22 February 2009}}</ref><ref>Hartl, D. L. (1981) ''A Primer of Population Genetics'' {{ISBN|978-0-87893-271-9}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||last=Haldane |first=J. B. S. |author-link=J. B. S. Haldane |date=November 1992 |title=The Cost of Natural Selection |journal=Current Science |volume=63 |issue=9/10 |pages=612–625}}</ref>
{{cite book |title=The Structure of Scientific Revolutions|edition=Third|author-link=Thomas S. Kuhn|last=Kuhn|first=Thomas S.|date=1996|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|isbn=978-0226458083|page=7}}</ref> and evolution is a theory in the same sense as ] or the theory of ].<ref>
* ] to survive.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/misconceptions_faq.php#b1 |title=Misconceptions about natural selection and adaptation: ''Natural selection involves organisms 'trying' to adapt.'' |work=Misconceptions about evolution |publisher=University of California Museum of Paleontology |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131027002124/http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/misconceptions_faq.php |archive-date=October 27, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/misconceptions_faq.php#b2|title=Misconceptions about natural selection and adaptation: ''Natural selection gives organisms what they 'need.' '' |work=Misconceptions about evolution |publisher=University of California Museum of Paleontology |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131027002124/http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/misconceptions_faq.php |archive-date=October 27, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> This misconception is encouraged as it is common shorthand for ] as a concise form of expression (sometimes called the "metaphor of purpose");<ref name="Hanke2004">{{#invoke:cite book||date=2004 |author=Hanke, David |chapter=Teleology: The explanation that bedevils biology |pages=143–55 |title=Explanations: Styles of explanation in science |editor=John Cornwell |place=Oxford & New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-860778-6 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWpq14vS7WQC&pg=PA143}}</ref> it is less cumbersome to say "Dinosaurs may have evolved feathers for courtship" than "Feathers may have been selected for when they arose as they gave dinosaurs a selective advantage during courtship over their non-feathered rivals".<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn22428-dinosaurs-may-have-evolved-feathers-for-courtship.htmlNew |title=Scientist: "Dinosaurs may have evolved feathers for courtship" |doi=10.1126/science.1225376 |date=October 25, 2012 |access-date=August 18, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214120634/http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn22428-dinosaurs-may-have-evolved-feathers-for-courtship.htmlNew |archive-date=December 14, 2013|url-status=live |volume=338 |issue=6106 |journal=Science |pages=510–14 |pmid=23112330|bibcode=2012Sci...338..510Z |author1=Zelenitsky DK |author2=Therrien F |author3=Erickson GM |author4=DeBuhr CL |author5=Kobayashi Y |author6=Eberth DA |author7=Hadfield F|s2cid=2057698 }}</ref> However, this can result in many students explaining evolution as an intentional and purposeful process.<ref name="Hartelt Martens 2024 pp. 1134–1180">{{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Hartelt |first1=Tim |last2=Martens |first2=Helge |title=Influence of self-assessment and conditional metaconceptual knowledge on students' self-regulation of intuitive and scientific conceptions of evolution |journal=Journal of Research in Science Teaching |volume=61 |issue=5 |date=2024 |issn=0022-4308 |doi=10.1002/tea.21938 |pages=1134–1180|doi-access=free |bibcode=2024JRScT..61.1134H }}</ref>
{{cite web|url=http://evoled.dbs.umt.edu/lessons/miscon.htm#3|title=Misconceptions about the Nature of Science|publisher=], Div. Biological Sciences|work=UMT.edu|access-date=April 8, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111017233007/http://evoled.dbs.umt.edu/lessons/miscon.htm#3|archive-date=October 17, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Mutations are not entirely random, nor do they occur at the same frequency everywhere in the genome. Certain regions of an organism's genome will be more or less likely to undergo mutation depending on the presence of ] mechanisms and other ]es. For instance, in a study on '']'', biologically important regions of the plant's genome were found to be protected from mutations, and beneficial mutations were found to be more likely, i.e. mutation was "non-random in a way that benefits the plant".<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||title=Study challenges evolutionary theory that DNA mutations are random |url=https://phys.org/news/2022-01-evolutionary-theory-dna-mutations-random.html |access-date=February 12, 2022 |work=] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Monroe |first1=J. Grey |last2=Srikant |first2=Thanvi |last3=Carbonell-Bejerano |first3=Pablo |last4=Becker |first4=Claude |last5=Lensink |first5=Mariele |last6=Exposito-Alonso |first6=Moises |last7=Klein |first7=Marie |last8=Hildebrandt |first8=Julia |last9=Neumann |first9=Manuela |last10=Kliebenstein |first10=Daniel |last11=Weng |first11=Mao-Lun |last12=Imbert |first12=Eric |last13=Ågren |first13=Jon |last14=Rutter |first14=Matthew T. |last15=Fenster |first15=Charles B. |last16=Weigel |first16=Detlef |title=Mutation bias reflects natural selection in Arabidopsis thaliana |journal=Nature |date=February 2022 |volume=602 |issue=7895 |pages=101–105 |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-04269-6 |pmid=35022609 |pmc=8810380 |bibcode=2022Natur.602..101M |language=en |issn=1476-4687}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Bundell|first1=Shamini|last2=Thompson|first2=Benjamin|date=January 19, 2022|title=Why mutation is not as random as we thought|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-00142-2|journal=Nature|language=en|doi=10.1038/d41586-022-00142-2|pmid=35046581|s2cid=263483178 }}</ref>
* Evolution does not attempt to explain the origin of life<ref>
* Although ] to describe something that is becoming obsolete due to failing to adapt to changing conditions, non-avian dinosaurs themselves did not go extinct due to an inability to adapt to environmental change ]. Moreover, not all dinosaurs are extinct (see below).<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||last=Benton |first=M. J. |date=1990 |title=Scientific methodologies in collision: the history of the study of the extinction of the dinosaurs |url=http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/Essays/Dino90.html |journal=Evolutionary Biology |volume=24 |access-date=2017-01-14 |ref=benton-1990 |archive-date=July 23, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723025927/http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/Essays/Dino90.html }}</ref><ref name="SGL00" /><ref name="MacLeod">{{#invoke:cite journal||author1=MacLeod, N |author2=Rawson, PF |display-authors=etal |year=1997 |title=The Cretaceous–Tertiary biotic transition |journal=Journal of the Geological Society |volume=154 |issue=2 |pages=265–292 |doi=10.1144/gsjgs.154.2.0265|bibcode=1997JGSoc.154..265M |s2cid=129654916 }}</ref><ref name="dictionary2">{{#invoke:cite web||title=dinosaur |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=dinosaur |access-date=2008-08-06 |work=Dictionary.com |publisher=Lexico Publishing Group, LLC}}</ref>
{{cite web|url=http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/misconceptions_faq.php#a1 |title=Misconceptions about evolution |publisher=Evolution.berkeley.edu |access-date=February 9, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131027002124/http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/misconceptions_faq.php |archive-date=October 27, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> or the origin and development of the universe. The theory of evolution deals primarily with changes in successive generations over time after life has already originated.<ref>
* Birds are ], and consequently dinosaurs are not extinct. The word ''dinosaur'' is commonly used to refer only to non-avian dinosaurs, reflecting an outdated conception of the ] of avian dinosaurs, the birds. ], but the modern scientific consensus is that ] from small ] in the ]. Not all dinosaur lineages were cut short at the end of the ] during the ], and over 11,000 species of avian theropods survive as part of the modern fauna.<ref>{{#invoke:cite book||author=Padian K. |author2=Chiappe L. M. |editor=Currie PJ |editor2=Padian K |title=Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs|date=1997|publisher=Academic Press|location=San Diego|pages=41–96|chapter=Bird Origins}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20160328">{{#invoke:cite news||last=Wilford |first=John Noble |date=March 28, 2016 |title='Dinosaurs Among Us' Retraces an Evolutionary Path |work=] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/29/science/dinosaurs-birds-evolution-american-museum-of-natural-history.html |access-date=March 28, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Chiappe2009">{{#invoke:cite journal||last=Chiappe |first=Luis M. |year=2009 |title=Downsized Dinosaurs: The Evolutionary Transition to Modern Birds |journal=Evolution: Education and Outreach |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=248–256 |doi=10.1007/s12052-009-0133-4 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
{{cite web|url=http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/faq-misconceptions.html |title=Five Major Misconceptions about Evolution |publisher=TalkOrigins |date=October 1, 2003 |access-date=February 9, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003174642/http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/faq-misconceptions.html |archive-date=October 3, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The scientific model concerned with the origin of the first organisms from organic or inorganic molecules is known as ], and the prevailing theory for explaining the early development of our universe is the ] model.
] and ] by ], 1863. This old representation of a plesiosaur lifting its head is not accurate.]]
* Evolution is not a progression from inferior to superior organisms, and it also does not necessarily result in an ]. A population can evolve to become simpler, having a smaller ], but biological '']'' is a ].<ref>
* Despite their ] as "swimming dinosaurs", ], ], ], and ] aquatic ] ] were not dinosaurs. Mosasaurs were actually lizards, and ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs were ] to dinosaurs. ] ('']'', '']'', ], ]), none are known to have been fully marine.<ref name="DL90">{{#invoke:cite book||last=Lambert|first=David|title=The Dinosaur Data Book |author2=the Diagram Group|publisher=Avon Books|year=1990|isbn=978-0-380-75896-8|location=New York|pages= |url=https://archive.org/details/dinosaurdatabook00lamb/}}</ref><ref name="SGL00">{{#invoke:cite book||last=Lucas |first=Spencer G.|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/dinosaurstextboo00luca/|title=Dinosaurs: The Textbook |publisher=McGraw-Hill|year=2000|isbn=978-0-07-303642-7|edition=3rd|location=Boston|pages=|chapter=Dinosaurs in the public eye|author-link=Spencer G. Lucas}}</ref>
{{cite web|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=is-the-human-race-evolvin |title=Is the human race evolving or devolving? |date=July 20, 1998 |work=] |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/68aoSPybe?url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=is-the-human-race-evolvin |archive-date=June 21, 2012 |url-status=live}} see also ].</ref><ref name="pmid11893328">{{cite journal |last1=Moran |first1=Nancy A. |title=Microbial MinimalismGenome Reduction in Bacterial Pathogens |journal=Cell |volume=108 |issue=5 |pages=583–86 |date=2002 |pmid=11893328 |doi=10.1016/S0092-8674(02)00665-7|s2cid=18688744 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* ] (informally called ]) are often called "flying dinosaurs" by popular media and the general public, but while pterosaurs were ], dinosaurs are defined as the descendants of the ] of the ] and the ], which excludes the pterosaurs.<ref name="MJB04dino">{{#invoke:cite book||last=Benton|first=Michael J. |url=https://archive.org/details/dinosauriandedit00weis|title=The Dinosauria|publisher=University of California Press |year=2004|isbn=978-0-520-24209-8|editor=Weishampel, David B.|edition=2nd|location=Berkeley|pages=–19|chapter=Origin and relationships of Dinosauria|author-link=Michael J. Benton|editor2=Dodson, Peter|editor3=Osmólska, Halszka|url-access=limited}}</ref>
* ] to survive.<ref>

{{cite web|url=http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/misconceptions_faq.php#b1 |title=Misconceptions about natural selection and adaptation: ''Natural selection involves organisms 'trying' to adapt.'' |work=Misconceptions about evolution |publisher=University of California Museum of Paleontology |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131027002124/http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/misconceptions_faq.php |archive-date=October 27, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>
]'', the iconic ] ], was not a dinosaur, nor did it live at the same time as the dinosaurs.]]
{{cite web|url=http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/misconceptions_faq.php#b2|title=Misconceptions about natural selection and adaptation: ''Natural selection gives organisms what they 'need.' '' |work=Misconceptions about evolution |publisher=University of California Museum of Paleontology |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131027002124/http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/misconceptions_faq.php |archive-date=October 27, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The misconception is encouraged as it is common shorthand for ] as a concise form of expression (sometimes called the "metaphor of purpose");<ref name="Hanke2004">{{cite book |date=2004 |author=Hanke, David |chapter=Teleology: The explanation that bedevils biology |pages=143–55 |title=Explanations: Styles of explanation in science |editor=John Cornwell |place=Oxford & New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0198607786 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWpq14vS7WQC&pg=PA143}}</ref> it is less cumbersome to say "Dinosaurs may have evolved feathers for courtship" than "Feathers may have been selected for when they arose as they gave dinosaurs a selective advantage during courtship over their non-feathered rivals".<ref>
* '']'' is often mistakenly called a dinosaur or considered to be a contemporary of dinosaurs in popular culture, but it became extinct some 40 million years before the first appearance of dinosaurs. Being a ], ''Dimetrodon'' is actually more closely related to ] than to dinosaurs, birds, lizards, or other ].<ref name="AKD09">{{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Angielczyk|first1=K. D.|year=2009|title=Dimetrodon is Not a Dinosaur: Using Tree Thinking to Understand the Ancient Relatives of Mammals and their Evolution|journal=Evolution: Education and Outreach|volume=2|issue=2|pages=257–271|doi=10.1007/s12052-009-0117-4|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last1=Black|first1=Riley|title=The Dimetrodon in Your Family Tree|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/the-dimetrodon-in-your-family-tree-54302176/|access-date=December 5, 2021|website=Smithsonian Magazine|language=en}}</ref>
{{Cite journal|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn22428-dinosaurs-may-have-evolved-feathers-for-courtship.htmlNew |title=Scientist: "Dinosaurs may have evolved feathers for courtship" |doi=10.1126/science.1225376 |date=October 25, 2012 |access-date=August 18, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214120634/http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn22428-dinosaurs-may-have-evolved-feathers-for-courtship.htmlNew |archive-date=December 14, 2013|url-status=live |volume=338 |issue=6106 |journal=Science |pages=510–14 |pmid=23112330|bibcode=2012Sci...338..510Z |author1=Zelenitsky DK |author2=Therrien F |author3=Erickson GM |author4=DeBuhr CL |author5=Kobayashi Y |author6=Eberth DA |author7=Hadfield F|s2cid=2057698 }}</ref>
* Humans and ] ] currently ], but humans and non-avian dinosaurs did not coexist at any point.<ref name="science_daily">{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/03/090312115133.htm |title=American Adults Flunk Basic Science |work=]|date=March 13, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402041004/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/03/090312115133.htm |archive-date=April 2, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> The last of the non-avian dinosaurs died {{period start|Paleogene}} million years ago in the course of the ], whereas the earliest members of the genus '']'' (humans) evolved between 2.3 and 2.4 million years ago. This places a 63-million-year expanse of time between the last non-avian dinosaurs and the earliest humans. Humans did coexist with ]s and ]s: extinct mammals often erroneously depicted alongside non-avian dinosaurs.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=http://www.nationalgeographic.com.au/history/why-did-the-woolly-mammoth-die-out.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529073311/http://www.nationalgeographic.com.au/history/why-did-the-woolly-mammoth-die-out.aspx|archive-date=May 29, 2016|title=Why Did the Woolly Mammoth Die Out?|date=March 26, 2011|website=National Geographic|access-date=August 2, 2016}}</ref>
]''. Non-] dinosaurs died out in the ] at the end of the ] period.]]
* Fossil fuels do not originate from dinosaur fossils. Petroleum is formed when algae and zooplankton die and sink in ] to be buried on the ocean floor without being decomposed by ], and only a tiny amount of the world's deposits of coal contain ]; the vast majority of coal is ].<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last1=Strauss |first1=Bob |date=August 15, 2019 |title=Does Oil Really Come From Dinosaurs? |website=ThoughtCo |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/does-oil-come-from-dinosaurs-1092003 |access-date=September 4, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||date=April 21, 2017 |url=https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/index.cfm?page=coal_home |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208115825/https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/index.cfm?page=coal_home |archive-date=December 8, 2017 |access-date=November 13, 2017 |title=Coal Explained |work=Energy Explained |publisher=]}}</ref>
* Not all ]s became extinct during the ]. ] from small feathered ] in the ], and while most dinosaur lineages were cut short at the end of the ], some birds survived. Consequently, dinosaurs are part of the modern fauna.<ref>
* Mammals did not evolve from any modern group of reptiles; rather, mammals descend from a ], "reptile-like," ancestor. The term ''reptile'' is problematic, ], and the modern consensus is that the reptiles are not a ].<ref>{{#invoke:cite book||last=Romer |first=A. S. |orig-date=1949 |title=The Vertebrate Body |publisher=W.B. Saunders |year=1970 |edition=4th <!--|pages=-->}}</ref> After the first ] ]s evolved, one of their lineages split into the ] (the line leading to mammals) and the ] (the line leading to crocodiles, birds and other dinosaurs, ], lizards, and snakes). The synapsids and the diapsids diverged about 320 million years ago, in the mid-] period.<ref>{{#invoke:cite book||last=Cowen|first=R.|year=2000|title=History of Life |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qvyBS4gwPF4C&pg=PA154 |publisher=] |location=Oxford, UK|isbn=978-0-632-04444-3|page=154}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/taxa/verts/diapsida.php|title=Diapsida|website=ucmp.berkeley.edu}}</ref> Only later, in the ], did the modern diapsid groups (the ] and the ]s) emerge and diversify.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Jones |first1=Marc EH |last2=Anderson |first2=Cajsa Lisa |last3=Hipsley |first3=Christy A |last4=Müller |first4=Johannes |last5=Evans |first5=Susan E |last6=Schoch |first6=Rainer R |title=Integration of molecules and new fossils supports a Triassic origin for Lepidosauria (lizards, snakes, and tuatara) |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |date=September 25, 2013 |volume=13 |issue=1 |page=208 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-13-208 |pmid=24063680 |pmc=4016551 |bibcode=2013BMCEE..13..208J |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||author1=Richard J. Butler |author2=Stephen L. Brusatte |author3=Mike Reich |author4=Sterling J. Nesbitt |author5=Rainer R. Schoch |author6=Jahn J. Hornung |year=2011 |title=The sail-backed reptile ''Ctenosauriscus'' from the latest Early Triassic of Germany and the timing and biogeography of the early archosaur radiation |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=6 |issue=10 |pages=e25693 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0025693 |pmid=22022431 |pmc=3194824 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...625693B |doi-access=free }}</ref> The mammals themselves are the only survivors of the synapsid line.<ref>] & Parsons, T.S. (1977). ''The Vertebrate Body''. 5th ed. Saunders, Philadelphia. (6th ed. 1985)</ref>
{{cite book |author=Padian K. |author2=Chiappe L. M. |editor=Currie PJ |editor2=Padian K |title=Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs|date=1997|publisher=Academic Press|location=San Diego|pages=41–96|chapter=Bird Origins}}</ref>
]'', a prehistoric monkey predating the split between ] and the division of Old and ]s, making it more closely related to humans than to New World monkeys.<ref name="Seiffert" />]]
* Humans and ]s (other than ]s) did not ].<ref name="science_daily">{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/03/090312115133.htm |title=American Adults Flunk Basic Science |work=]|date=March 13, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402041004/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/03/090312115133.htm |archive-date=April 2, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> The last of the non-] dinosaurs died {{period start|Paleogene}} million years ago in the course of the ], whereas the earliest members of genus '']'' (humans) evolved between 2.3 and 2.4 million years ago. This places a 63-million-year expanse of time between the last non-avian dinosaurs and the earliest humans. Humans did coexist with ]s and ]s—mammals often erroneously depicted alongside dinosaurs.<ref>
* Humans and other apes are ]. The word ''monkey'' is often used colloquially to describe only those simians which possess tails, thus excluding ] and true apes, but this distinction is ].<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite journal||last1= Perez |first1= S.I. |last2= Tejedor |first2= M.F. |display-authors=etal |date= June 2013 |title= Divergence times and the evolutionary radiation of New World monkeys (Platyrrhini, Primates): an analysis of fossil and molecular data |journal= PLOS ONE |volume= 8 |issue= 6 |pages= e68029 |doi= 10.1371/journal.pone.0068029|pmid= 23826358 |pmc= 3694915 |bibcode= 2013PLoSO...868029P |doi-access= free }}
{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalgeographic.com.au/history/why-did-the-woolly-mammoth-die-out.aspx|title=Why Did the Woolly Mammoth Die Out?|date=March 26, 2011|website=National Geographic|access-date=August 2, 2016}}</ref>
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite book||last=Romer |first=A. S. |orig-date=1949 |title=The Vertebrate Body |publisher=W.B. Saunders |year=1970 |edition=4th}}
* ] does not originate from ] but rather bacteria and algae.<ref>
<br />c. {{#invoke:cite book||last=Terry |first=M. W. |chapter=Use of common and scientific nomenclature to designate laboratory primates |pages=3–4 |editor-first=A. M. |editor-last=Schrier |title=Behavioral Primatology: Advances in Research and Theory |volume=1 |location=Hillsdale, N.J., USA |publisher=Lawrence Erlbaum |year=1977}}
{{Cite web|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/does-oil-come-from-dinosaurs-1092003|title=Does Oil Really Come From Dinosaurs?|first1=Bob |last1=Strauss|website=ThoughtCo |date=August 15, 2019| access-date=September 4, 2019}}</ref>
<br />d. {{#invoke:cite journal||title=Phylogeny of the macaques (Cercopithecidae: ''Macaca'') based on Alu elements |year=2009 |last1=Li |first1=Jing |last2=Han |first2=Kyudong |last3=Xing |first3=Jinchuan |last4=Kim |first4=Heui-Soo |last5=Rogers |first5=Jeffrey |last6=Ryder |first6=Oliver A. |last7=Disotell |first7=Todd |last8=Yue |first8=Bisong |last9=Batzer |first9=Mark A. |journal=Gene |volume=448 |issue=2 |pages=242–249 |pmid=19497354 |pmc=2783879 |doi=10.1016/j.gene.2009.05.013}}
* ]s did not evolve from any modern group of ]s; rather, mammals and reptiles evolved from a common ancestor. Soon after the first reptile-like animals appeared, they split into two branches, the ]s and the ]s.<ref>
<br />e. {{#invoke:cite book||first1=J. K. |last1=Hodges |first2=J. |last2=Cortes |title=The Barbary macaque: biology, management and conservation |publisher=Nottingham University Press |location=Nottingham, UK |year=2006}}</ref> While apes were traditionally thought to be a ] to monkeys, modern paleontological and ] evidence shows that apes are deeply nested within the monkey family tree. Old World monkeys like baboons are more closely related to all apes than they are to all ]s, and extinct Old World monkeys like '']'' predate the split between apes and ].<ref name="Seiffert">{{#invoke:cite journal||author=Seiffert Erik R. |title=Revised age estimates for the later Paleogene mammal faunas of Egypt and Oman|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=103 |issue=13 |pages=5000–5005 |date=Jan 2006 | doi=10.1073/pnas.0600689103 |pmid=16549773|pmc=1458784|bibcode=2006PNAS..103.5000S|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>a. {{#invoke:cite web||url=http://anthro.palomar.edu/earlyprimates/early_2.htm|title=Early Primate Evolution: The First Primates|website=anthro.palomar.edu|access-date=August 12, 2017|archive-date=December 25, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225115518/http://anthro.palomar.edu/earlyprimates/early_2.htm}}
{{cite book|last=Cowen|first=R.|title=History of Life|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qvyBS4gwPF4C&pg=PA154|year=2000|publisher=]|location=Oxford, UK|isbn=978-0632044443|page=154}}</ref> The line leading to mammals (the synapsids) diverged from the line leading to modern reptilian lines (the sauropsids) about 320 million years ago, in the mid-] period. Only later (in the late Carboniferous or ]) did the modern reptilian groups (]s, ] and ]s) diverge. The mammals themselves are the only survivors of the synapsid line.<ref>
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite book|| last = Benton| first = Michael J. | chapter = Chapter 3: Primate evolution | pages=378–380 | title = Vertebrate palaeontology | publisher = Wiley-Blackwell | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-0-632-05637-8 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SyJO3vpCk8AC |access-date=July 10, 2011 }}
] & Parsons, T.S. (1977). ''The Vertebrate Body''. 5th ed. Saunders, Philadelphia. (6th ed. 1985){{Page needed|date=October 2011}}</ref>
<br />c. {{#invoke:cite book||last=Osman Hill|first=W. C.|title=Primates Comparative Anatomy and Taxonomy I—Strepsirhini|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|year=1953|series=Edinburgh Univ Pubs Science & Maths, No 3|page=53|oclc=500576914|author-link=William Charles Osman Hill}}
]'', a primate predating the split between the human and ] lineages in ]]]
<br />d. {{#invoke:cite book||last=Martin|first=W. C. L.|url=https://archive.org/details/generalintroduct00martrich|title=A General Introduction to the Natural History of Mammiferous Animals, With a Particular View of the Physical History of man, and the More Closely Allied Genera of the Order Quadrumana, or Monkeys|publisher=Wright and Co. printers|year=1841|location=London|pages=340, 361}}
* Humans did not evolve from either of the living species of ]s (]s and ]s).<ref>
<br />e. {{#invoke:cite journal||last=Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|first=M. É.|date=1812 |title=Tableau des quadrumanes, ou des animaux composant le premier ordre de la classe des Mammifères|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/23270#page/107/mode/1up|journal=Annales du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle |location=Paris|volume=19|pages=85–122}}
{{cite journal|last1=Johnson|first1=N. A. |first2=J. J.|last2=Smith |first3=B.|last3=Pobiner |first4=C.|last4=Schrein |title=Why Are Chimps Still Chimps?|journal=The American Biology Teacher|date=Feb 2012|volume=74|issue=2 |pages=74–80|doi=10.1525/abt.2012.74.2.3|jstor=3738744 |s2cid=86832904 }}</ref> Humans and chimpanzees did, however, evolve from a '']''.<ref>
<br />f. {{#invoke:cite journal||last=Bugge|first=J.|date=1974|title=Chapter 4|journal=Cells Tissues Organs|volume=87|issue=Suppl. 62|pages=32–43|doi=10.1159/000144209|issn=1422-6405}}</ref> There is ], but there is no way to ] the monkeys while excluding humans and other apes.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=http://linnaeus.c18.net/Letters/display_txt.php?id_letter=L0783 |title=Letter, Carl Linnaeus to Johann Georg Gmelin. Uppsala, Sweden, 25 February 1747 |publisher=Swedish Linnaean Society}}</ref>
{{cite book|pages=124–26|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LavQGJVq5ScC&pg=PA124|title=Tree of Origin: What Primate Behavior Can Tell Us About Human Social Evolution|isbn=978-0674010048|last1=De Waal|first1=Frans B. M|year=2002}}</ref><ref>
William H. Calvin, 2002. "A Brain for All Seasons: Human Evolution and Abrupt Climate Change." University of Chicago Press. Chicago.</ref> The ] of humans and the living chimpanzees lived between 5 and 8 million years ago.<ref name="pbs_evolution_faq">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/faq/cat02.html#Q01|title=Evolution: Frequently Asked Questions|publisher=PBS.org|access-date=August 29, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214115407/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/faq/cat02.html |archive-date=December 14, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> * Humans did not evolve from either of the living species of ] (]s and ]s) or any other living species of apes.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Johnson|first1=N. A. |first2=J. J.|last2=Smith |first3=B.|last3=Pobiner |first4=C.|last4=Schrein |title=Why Are Chimps Still Chimps?|journal=The American Biology Teacher|date=Feb 2012|volume=74|issue=2 |pages=74–80|doi=10.1525/abt.2012.74.2.3|jstor=3738744 |s2cid=86832904 }}</ref> Humans and chimpanzees did, however, evolve from a ].<ref>{{#invoke:cite book||pages=124–26|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LavQGJVq5ScC&pg=PA124|title=Tree of Origin: What Primate Behavior Can Tell Us About Human Social Evolution|isbn=978-0-674-01004-8|last1=De Waal|first1=Frans B. M|year=2002| publisher=Harvard University Press }}</ref><ref>William H. Calvin, 2002. "A Brain for All Seasons: Human Evolution and Abrupt Climate Change." University of Chicago Press. Chicago.</ref> This ] of living humans and chimpanzees would have lived between 5 and 8 million years ago.<ref name="pbs_evolution_faq">{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/faq/cat02.html#Q01|title=Evolution: Frequently Asked Questions|publisher=PBS.org|access-date=August 29, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214115407/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/faq/cat02.html |archive-date=December 14, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Extinct ] such as '']'' and '']'' have been proposed as candidates for the chimpanzee–human last common ancestor (CHLCA), however, no fossil has yet conclusively been identified as the CHLCA.<ref name="graeco">{{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Fuss |first1=Jochen |last2=Spassov |first2=Nikolai |last3=Begun |first3=David R. |last4=Böhme |first4=Madelaine |year=2017 |title=Potential hominin affinities of Graecopithecus from the Late Miocene of Europe |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=12 |issue=5 |pages=e0177127 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1277127F |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0177127 |pmc=5439669 |pmid=28531170 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Daver Guy Mackaye Likius 2022">{{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Daver |first1=G. |last2=Guy |first2=F. |last3=Mackaye |first3=H. T. |last4=Likius |first4=A. |last5=Boisserie |first5=J. -R. |last6=Moussa |first6=A. |last7=Pallas |first7=L. |last8=Vignaud |first8=P. |last9=Clarisse |first9=N. D. |date=2022-08-24 |title=Postcranial evidence of late Miocene hominin bipedalism in Chad |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03037386/file/383956_0_merged_1598881798.pdf |journal=Nature |publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC |volume=609 |issue=7925 |pages=94–100 |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-04901-z |issn=0028-0836 |pmid=36002567|bibcode=2022Natur.609...94D |s2cid=234630242 }}</ref>
* Humans are animals, despite the fact that the word ''animal'' is colloquially used as an antonym for ''human''.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Thesaurus results for HUMAN |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/thesaurus/human |access-date=May 21, 2022 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||date=September 19, 2021 |title=Misconceptions about evolution – Understanding Evolution |url=https://evolution.berkeley.edu/teach-evolution/misconceptions-about-evolution/ |access-date=May 21, 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Ecosystems do not naturally move back towards an equilibrium using ].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-29 |title=The 'balance of nature' is an enduring concept. But it's wrong, says modern ecological science. |website=] |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/balance-of-nature-explained/ |access-date=2024-09-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729040404/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/balance-of-nature-explained/ |archive-date=July 29, 2019 }}</ref> The concept of an inherent "]" has been superseded by ].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wu |first1=Jianguo |last2=Loucks |first2=Orie L. |date=1995 |title=From Balance of Nature to Hierarchical Patch Dynamics: A Paradigm Shift in Ecology |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/419172 |journal=The Quarterly Review of Biology |language=en |volume=70 |issue=4 |pages=439–466 |doi=10.1086/419172 |issn=0033-5770}}</ref>


===Chemistry and materials science=== === Chemistry and materials science ===
* ] does not have lower levels of sodium than conventional table salt.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=Vala DR, Azam MS | title=Salt and Cardiovascular Disease | journal=Indian Journal of Clinical Cardiology | volume=5 | issue=2 | date=2024 | issn=2632-4636 | doi=10.1177/26324636241259583 | pages=160–166| doi-access=free }}</ref>
* ] does not flow at ] as a high-] ].<ref name="Curtin">{{cite magazine|last=Curtin |first=Ciara |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=fact-fiction-glass-liquid |quote="Glass, however, is actually neither a liquid—supercooled or otherwise—nor a solid. It is an amorphous solid—a state somewhere between those two states of matter. And yet glass's liquidlike properties are not enough to explain the thicker-bottomed windows, because glass atoms move too slowly for changes to be visible." |title=Fact or Fiction?: Glass Is a (Supercooled) Liquid |magazine=] |date=February 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214122430/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=fact-fiction-glass-liquid |archive-date=December 14, 2013}}</ref> Although glass shares some molecular properties found in liquids, glass at room temperature is an ] that only begins to flow above the ] temperature,<ref name="Halem">{{cite web|author=Halem, Henry|url=http://www.glassnotes.com/WindowPanes.html |title=Does Glass Flow|publisher=Glassnotes.com|date=May 30, 1998 |access-date=August 29, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131022034746/http://www.glassnotes.com/WindowPanes.html |archive-date = October 22, 2013| url-status=live}}</ref> though the exact nature of the glass transition is not considered settled among scientists.<ref name="NYTglass">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/29/science/29glass.html|work=The New York Times|title=The Nature of Glass Remains Anything but Clear|first=Kenneth|last=Chang |date=July 29, 2008 |access-date=April 4, 2010}}</ref> Panes of ] windows are often thicker at the bottom than at the top, and this has been cited as an example of the slow flow of glass over centuries. However, this unevenness is due to the window manufacturing processes used at the time.<ref name="Halem" /><ref name="NYTglass" /> No such distortion is observed in other glass objects, such as sculptures or optical instruments, that are of similar or even greater age.<ref name="Halem" /><ref name="NYTglass" /><ref name="Zanotto">{{cite journal|last=Zanotto|first= E.D.|date=May 1998 |title=Do cathedral glasses flow? |journal=]|volume=66 |issue= 5|page=392|doi=10.1119/1.19026 |bibcode = 1998AmJPh..66..392Z }}</ref>
* Glass does not flow at ] as a high-] ].<ref name="Curtin">{{cite magazine |last=Curtin |first=Ciara |date=February 2007 |title=Fact or Fiction?: Glass Is a (Supercooled) Liquid |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=fact-fiction-glass-liquid |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214122430/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=fact-fiction-glass-liquid |archive-date=December 14, 2013 |magazine=]}}</ref> Although ], it is a solid at room temperature and only begins to flow at ].<ref name="Halem">{{#invoke:cite web||author=Halem, Henry|url=http://www.glassnotes.com/WindowPanes.html |title=Does Glass Flow|publisher=Glassnotes.com|date=May 30, 1998 |access-date=August 29, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131022034746/http://www.glassnotes.com/WindowPanes.html |archive-date = October 22, 2013| url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NYTglass">{{#invoke:cite news||url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/29/science/29glass.html|work=The New York Times|title=The Nature of Glass Remains Anything but Clear|first=Kenneth|last=Chang |date=July 29, 2008 |access-date=April 4, 2010}}</ref> Old glass which is thicker at the bottom than at the top comes from the production process, not from slow flow;<ref name="Halem" /><ref name="NYTglass" /> no such distortion is observed in other glass objects of similar or even greater age.<ref name="Halem" /><ref name="NYTglass" /><ref name="Zanotto">{{#invoke:cite journal||last=Zanotto|first= E.D.|date=May 1998 |title=Do cathedral glasses flow? |journal=]|volume=66 |issue= 5|page=392|doi=10.1119/1.19026 |bibcode = 1998AmJPh..66..392Z }}</ref>
* Most ]s are not formed from highly compressed ]. More than 99 percent of diamonds ever mined have formed in the conditions of extreme heat and pressure about {{convert|140|km|||abbr=|sp=us}} below the earth's surface. Coal is formed from prehistoric plants buried much closer to the surface, and is unlikely to migrate below {{Convert|3.2|km||abbr=|sp=us}} through common geological processes. Most diamonds that have been dated are older than the first land plants, and are therefore older than coal. It is possible that diamonds can form from coal in ]s and in ] impacts, but diamonds formed in this way are rare and the carbon source is more likely carbonate rocks and organic carbon in sediments, rather than coal.<ref>
a. {{cite web|url=http://geology.com/articles/diamonds-from-coal/|title=How do diamonds form? They don't form from coal!|first=Hobart|last=King|date=2012|work=geology.com|publisher=geology.com|access-date=June 29, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030014537/http://geology.com/articles/diamonds-from-coal/ |archive-date = October 30, 2013|url-status=live}} * Diamonds are not formed from highly compressed coal. Almost all commercially mined diamonds were ] about {{convert|150|km|||abbr=|sp=us}} below the earth's surface. Coal is formed from prehistoric plants buried much closer to the surface, and is unlikely to migrate below {{Convert|3.2|km||abbr=|sp=us}} through geological processes. Most diamonds that have been dated are older than the ], and are therefore older than coal. Diamonds used in industrial processes are almost always lab-created diamonds.<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite web||url=http://geology.com/articles/diamonds-from-coal/|title=How do diamonds form? They don't form from coal!|first=Hobart|last=King|date=2012|work=geology.com|access-date=June 29, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030014537/http://geology.com/articles/diamonds-from-coal/ |archive-date = October 30, 2013|url-status=live}}
<br />b. "10 common scientific misconceptions" Amelia Pak-Harvey CSMonitor October 31, 2013 http://www.csmonitor.com/Science/2013/1031/10-common-scientific-misconceptions/Diamonds-form-from-pressurized-coal</ref> <br />b. {{#invoke:cite web||title=10 common scientific misconceptions |author=Amelia Pak-Harvey |date=October 31, 2013 |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/Science/2013/1031/10-common-scientific-misconceptions/Diamonds-form-from-pressurized-coal |work=Christian Science Monitor}}</ref>
* Neither "tin" foil nor "tin" cans still use tin as a primary material. Aluminum foil has replaced tin foil in almost all uses since the 20th century; tin cans now primarily use steel or aluminum as their main metal.<ref>{{#invoke:cite book||url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Ikg0vIlGHMC&q=No+cans+currently+in+wide+use+are+made+of+tin&pg=PT61|title=Putting Food By: Fifth Edition|last1=Hertzberg|first1=Ruth|last2=Greene|first2=Janet|last3=Vaughan|first3=Beatrice|date=2010|publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-1-101-53990-3|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206163535/https://books.google.com/books?id=4Ikg0vIlGHMC&pg=PT61&dq=No+cans+currently+in+wide+use+are+made+of+tin&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjCpf2dif3UAhUO0mMKHeszBk4Q6AEITjAI#v=onepage&q=No%20cans%20currently%20in%20wide%20use%20are%20made%20of%20tin&f=false|archive-date=February 6, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web|| url=https://www.allrecipes.com/article/what-happened-to-tin-foil/ | title=Why Don't We Use Tin Foil Anymore? }}</ref><ref>https://krcgtv.com/features/beyond-the-trivia/beyond-the-trivia-the-tin-can "Are today's so-called "tin cans" actually made with tin? No... The modern metal can is made of steel or aluminum."</ref>
* Diamonds are not infinitely hard, and are subject to wear and scratching: although they are the hardest known material on ], they can be scratched by other diamonds<ref>
* There is no ] added to the water in swimming pools that will reveal the presence of urine and catch those who urinate in the pool.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web|| url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/piscine-of-the-crime/ | title=FACT CHECK: Does a Urine-Revealing Pool Chemical Exist? | date=December 14, 2000 }}</ref>
M. Seal, "The abrasion of diamond", ''Proceedings of the Royal Society A'' '''248''':1254 (25 November 1958) {{doi|10.1098/rspa.1958.0250}}</ref> and worn down even by much softer materials, such as vinyl records.<ref>
* Although the core of a wooden pencil is commonly referred to as "lead", wooden pencils do not contain the chemical element lead, nor have they ever contained it; "black lead" was formerly a name of graphite, which is commonly used for pencil leads.<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite web||title=Have pencils ever contained lead?|url=https://www.sciencefocus.com/science/have-pencils-ever-contained-lead/|access-date=2020-08-27|website=BBC Science Focus Magazine|language=en}}
Harold D. Weiler, "The wear and care of records and styli", 1954, </ref>
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite news||title = Ever wondered about the lead in pencils?|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/kidspost/ever-wondered-about-the-lead-in-pencils/2014/11/26/f8b5869c-548a-11e4-809b-8cc0a295c773_story.html|newspaper = The Washington Post|date = 26 November 2014|access-date = 5 October 2015|issn = 0190-8286|first = Howard J.|last = Bennett|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151106222853/https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/kidspost/ever-wondered-about-the-lead-in-pencils/2014/11/26/f8b5869c-548a-11e4-809b-8cc0a295c773_story.html|archive-date = 6 November 2015|df = dmy-all}}
* Neither ] nor ]s still use ] as a primary material. ] has replaced tin foil in almost all uses since the 20th century; tin cans now primarily use ] or aluminum as their main metal.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Ikg0vIlGHMC&q=No+cans+currently+in+wide+use+are+made+of+tin&pg=PT61|title=Putting Food By: Fifth Edition|last1=Hertzberg|first1=Ruth|last2=Greene|first2=Janet|last3=Vaughan|first3=Beatrice|date=2010|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-1101539903|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206163535/https://books.google.com/books?id=4Ikg0vIlGHMC&pg=PT61&dq=No+cans+currently+in+wide+use+are+made+of+tin&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjCpf2dif3UAhUO0mMKHeszBk4Q6AEITjAI#v=onepage&q=No%20cans%20currently%20in%20wide%20use%20are%20made%20of%20tin&f=false|archive-date=2018-02-06}}</ref>
<br />c. {{#invoke:cite web||title = Pencil swallowing: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|url = https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002817.htm|website = www.nlm.nih.gov|access-date = 5 October 2015|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151006022505/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002817.htm|archive-date = 6 October 2015|df = dmy-all}}
<br />d. {{#invoke:cite web||url=http://www.sciencekids.co.nz/sciencefacts/metals/lead.html|title=Lead Facts – Uses, Properties, Element Pb, Plumbing, Pipes, Weights|website=www.sciencekids.co.nz|access-date=2016-10-29|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030075725/http://www.sciencekids.co.nz/sciencefacts/metals/lead.html|archive-date=30 October 2016}}
<br />e. '']'', 3rd ed., ''s.v.'' '' 3 and '' 2a</ref>


=== Computing and the Internet === === Computing and the Internet ===
* Computers running ] or ] are not immune to ] such as ] or ]es.<ref name="malware">a. {{cite journal|url=http://news.techworld.com/security/1798/mac-os-x-security-myth-exposed/|title=Mac OS X Security Myth Exposed|journal=TechWorld|first=Matthew|last=Broersma|date=June 24, 2004|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5yyPTKBhT?url=http://arstechnica.com/apple/news/2011/05/fake-mac-defender-antivirus-app-scams-users-for-money-cc-numbers.ars|archive-date=May 26, 2011|url-status=dead|access-date=August 12, 2011}} * The ] and ] operating systems are not immune to ] such as ] or ]es.<ref name="malware">a. {{#invoke:cite journal||url=http://news.techworld.com/security/1798/mac-os-x-security-myth-exposed/|title=Mac OS X Security Myth Exposed|journal=TechWorld|first=Matthew|last=Broersma|date=June 24, 2004|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5yyPTKBhT?url=http://arstechnica.com/apple/news/2011/05/fake-mac-defender-antivirus-app-scams-users-for-money-cc-numbers.ars|archive-date=May 26, 2011|access-date=August 12, 2011}}
<br />b. {{cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/apple/news/2011/05/fake-mac-defender-antivirus-app-scams-users-for-money-cc-numbers.ars|title=Fake "MAC Defender" antivirus app scams users for money, CC numbers|date=May 2, 2011|first=Chris|last=Foresman|website=Ars Technica|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5yyPTKBhT?url=http://arstechnica.com/apple/news/2011/05/fake-mac-defender-antivirus-app-scams-users-for-money-cc-numbers.ars|archive-date=May 26, 2011|url-status=live}} <br />b. {{#invoke:cite web||url=https://arstechnica.com/apple/news/2011/05/fake-mac-defender-antivirus-app-scams-users-for-money-cc-numbers.ars|title=Fake "MAC Defender" antivirus app scams users for money, CC numbers|date=May 2, 2011|first=Chris|last=Foresman|website=Ars Technica|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5yyPTKBhT?url=http://arstechnica.com/apple/news/2011/05/fake-mac-defender-antivirus-app-scams-users-for-money-cc-numbers.ars|archive-date=May 26, 2011|url-status=live}}
<br />c. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140430080334/http://www.linux.com/learn/tutorials/284124-myth-busting-is-linux-immune-to-viruses |date=April 30, 2014 }}</ref> Specialized malware designed to attack ] and ] systems does exist. However, the vast majority of viruses are developed for ].<ref name="mookhey-2005">a. {{cite book |author=Mookhey, K.K. |title=Linux: Security, Audit and Control Features |publisher=ISACA |year=2005 |isbn=978-1893209787 |page=128 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-kD0sxQ0EkIC&pg=PA128 |display-authors=etal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201043333/https://books.google.com/books?id=-kD0sxQ0EkIC&pg=PA128|archive-date=2016-12-01}} <br />c. {{#invoke:cite web||url=http://www.linux.com/learn/tutorials/284124-myth-busting-is-linux-immune-to-viruses |title=Myth Busting: Is Linux Immune to Viruses? |website=Linux.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140430080334/http://www.linux.com/learn/tutorials/284124-myth-busting-is-linux-immune-to-viruses |archive-date=April 30, 2014}}</ref> Specialized malware designed to attack those systems does exist. However, the vast majority of viruses are developed for ].<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite book||last=Mookhey |first=K. K. |title=Linux: Security, Audit and Control Features |publisher=ISACA |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-893209-78-7 |page=128 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-kD0sxQ0EkIC&pg=PA128 |display-authors=etal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201043333/https://books.google.com/books?id=-kD0sxQ0EkIC&pg=PA128|archive-date=December 1, 2016}}
<br />b. {{Cite book |author=Toxen, Bob|title=Real World Linux Security: Intrusion Prevention, Detection, and Recovery |publisher=Prentice Hall Professional |year=2003|isbn=978-0130464569|page=365|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_-1jwRwNaEoC&pg=PA365|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201111057/https://books.google.com/books?id=_-1jwRwNaEoC&pg=PA365|archive-date=2016-12-01}} <br />b. {{#invoke:cite book||author=Toxen, Bob|title=Real World Linux Security: Intrusion Prevention, Detection, and Recovery |publisher=Prentice Hall Professional |year=2003|isbn=978-0-13-046456-9|page=365|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_-1jwRwNaEoC&pg=PA365|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201111057/https://books.google.com/books?id=_-1jwRwNaEoC&pg=PA365|archive-date=December 1, 2016}}
<br />c. {{cite news|author=Noyes, Katherine|title=Why Linux Is More Secure Than Windows|work=PCWorld|date=Aug 3, 2010|url=https://www.pcworld.com/article/202452/why_linux_is_more_secure_than_windows.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901151841/http://www.pcworld.com/article/202452/why_linux_is_more_secure_than_windows.html|archive-date=2013-09-01}}</ref> <br />c. {{#invoke:cite news||author=Noyes, Katherine|title=Why Linux Is More Secure Than Windows|work=PCWorld|date=August 3, 2010|url=https://www.pcworld.com/article/202452/why_linux_is_more_secure_than_windows.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901151841/http://www.pcworld.com/article/202452/why_linux_is_more_secure_than_windows.html|archive-date=September 1, 2013}}
<br />d. {{#invoke:cite web||last=Wallen |first=Jack |date=February 9, 2010 |title=Myth Busting: Is Linux Immune to Viruses? |url=https://www.linux.com/training-tutorials/myth-busting-linux-immune-viruses/ |access-date=April 9, 2022 |website=Linux.com |language=en-US}}
* The ] is not primarily full of ], ] websites and stolen bank details. The area that contains this illegal information is a small portion of the deep web known as the "]". Much of the deep web consists of academic libraries, databases, and anything that is not indexed by normal search engines.<ref>
<br />e. {{#invoke:cite web||title=Do I need anti-virus software? |url=https://help.ubuntu.com/stable/ubuntu-help/net-antivirus.html.en#:~:text=Anti-virus%20software%20does%20exist,one%20writes%20viruses%20for%20it. |access-date=April 9, 2022 |website=help.ubuntu.com}}
{{Cite web|url=https://www.pandasecurity.com/mediacenter/news/deep-web-myths-truths-need-know/|title=The Deep Web: Myths And Truths You Need To Know | website=Panda Security | publisher=Panda Security|date=April 27, 2017}}</ref>
<br />f. {{#invoke:cite web||last=Hoffman |first=Chris |title=Why You Don't Need an Antivirus On Linux (Usually) |url=https://www.howtogeek.com/135392/htg-explains-why-you-dont-need-an-antivirus-on-linux-and-when-you-do/ |access-date=April 9, 2022 |website=How-To Geek |date=September 21, 2016 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* ], such as incognito mode, does not protect users from being ] by websites or their ] (ISP). Such entities can still use information such as ]es and ] to uniquely identify users.<ref>a. {{Cite web|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90311396/incognito-mode-wont-keep-you-private-try-browser-compartmentalization|title=Incognito mode won't keep your browsing private. Do this instead|last=Grothaus|first=Michael|date=2019-04-12|website=Fast Company|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-14}}
* The ] is not primarily full of pornography, illegal drug trade websites, and stolen bank details. This information is primarily found in a small portion of the deep web known as the "]". Much of the deep web consists of academic libraries, databases, and anything that is not indexed by normal search engines, including most private ] accounts and ].<ref>a. {{cite magazine |last1=Greenberg |first1=Andy |title=Hacker Lexicon: What Is the Dark Web? |url=https://www.wired.com/2014/11/hacker-lexicon-whats-dark-web/ |magazine=Wired}}
<br />b. {{Cite web|url=https://www.privacyflake.com/2018/08/incognito-mode-browsing-myths.html|title=Incognito mode while browsing – Myths Busted|first=Anirudh|last=B|access-date=September 6, 2019|archive-date=May 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516215450/https://www.privacyflake.com/2018/08/incognito-mode-browsing-myths.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite web||last=Callaghan|first=Greg|url=https://www.smh.com.au/technology/the-dark-web-uncovering-monsters-and-myths-in-the-net-s-evil-twin-20180307-p4z39d.html|title=The dark web: uncovering monsters (and myths) in the Net's 'evil twin'|website=]|date=March 9, 2018|access-date=August 8, 2022}}
* ] cannot solve difficult ]s by simply trying all the possibilities. Quantum computers do use ] to simultaneously examine huge numbers of possible solutions at once, effectively a form of ], but the computer cannot "pick" the right one.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scottaaronson.com/blog/?p=4342|title=From quantum supremacy to classical fallacy|date=October 3, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ted.com/talks/scott_aaronson_what_quantum_computing_isn_t/transcript|title=Transcript of "What quantum computing isn't &#124; Scott Aaronson &#124; TEDxDresden"|first=Scott|last=Aaronson|website=www.ted.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blog.paessler.com/quantum-computers-what-they-can-and-what-they-can-not|title=Quantum Computers: What They Can (and What They Can Not Do)|first=Patrick|last=Gebhardt|website=blog.paessler.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gigaom.com/2019/01/17/quantum-computing-capabilities-and-limits-an-interview-with-scott-aaronson/|title=Quantum Computing, Capabilities and Limits: An Interview with Scott Aaronson|first=Byron|last=Reese|date=January 17, 2019|website=gigaom.com}}</ref>
<br />c. {{cite magazine |last1=Cox |first1=Joseph |date=June 18, 2015 |title=The Dark Web as You Know It Is a Myth |url=https://www.wired.com/2015/06/dark-web-know-myth/ |access-date=August 8, 2022 |magazine=Wired}}
<br />d. {{#invoke:cite web||last1=Beckett|first1=Andy|title=The dark side of the internet|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/nov/26/dark-side-internet-freenet/|website=The Guardian|date=November 25, 2009|access-date=August 8, 2022}}</ref>
* ] (such as ]'s "Incognito Mode") does not protect users from being ] by websites, governments, or one's ] (ISP), nor does it hide one's information when using devices or networks owned or maintained by one's employer, school, or other entity, such as a coffee shop. Such entities can still use information such as ]es and ] to uniquely identify users.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90311396/incognito-mode-wont-keep-you-private-try-browser-compartmentalization|title=Incognito mode won't keep your browsing private. Do this instead |last=Grothaus |first=Michael|date=April 12, 2019|website=Fast Company|language=en-US|access-date=August 14, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://www.privacyflake.com/2018/08/incognito-mode-browsing-myths.html|title=Incognito mode while browsing – Myths Busted |first=Anirudh |last=B|access-date=September 6, 2019|archive-date=May 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516215450/https://www.privacyflake.com/2018/08/incognito-mode-browsing-myths.html}}</ref> Private browsing also does not provide additional protection against viruses or malware.<ref>{{#invoke:cite book||title=Proceedings of the 2018 World Wide Web Conference: Your Secrets Are Safe: How Browsers' Explanations Impact Misconceptions About Private Browsing Mode|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3178876.3186088|first1=Yuxi|last1=Wu|first2=Panya|last2=Gupta|first3=Miranda|last3=Wei|first4=Yasemin|last4=Acar|first5=Sascha|last5=Fahl|first6=Blase|last6=Ur|date=23 April 2018|isbn=978-1-4503-5639-8|publisher=International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee|location=Republic and Canton of Geneva, CHE in Lyon, France|doi=10.1145/3178876.3186088|pages=217–226|series=WWW '18|s2cid=4881375 }}</ref>
* ] after it has suffered from water damage has not been shown to be effective in repairing it.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Zelenko |first=Michael |date=September 14, 2015 |title=Putting your wet phone in rice probably won't save it. But do it anyway |url=https://www.theverge.com/2015/9/14/9326035/can-rice-actually-save-your-wet-phone |access-date=March 18, 2022 |website=] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Chugh |first=Ritesh |title=Phone wet and won't turn on? Here's how to deal with water damage (hint: soaking it in rice won't work) |url=http://theconversation.com/phone-wet-and-wont-turn-on-heres-how-to-deal-with-water-damage-hint-soaking-it-in-rice-wont-work-158633 |access-date=March 18, 2022 |website=] |date=April 8, 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Even if submerging them in a ] were more effective than leaving them to dry in open air, common desiccants such as silica gel or cat litter are better than ].<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Aguilar |first=Nelson |url=https://smartphones.gadgethacks.com/how-to/myth-debunked-uncooked-rice-isnt-best-way-save-your-water-damaged-phone-0154799/ |title=Myth Debunked: Uncooked Rice Isn't the Best Way to Save Your Water-Damaged Phone « Smartphones :: Gadget Hacks |publisher=Smartphones.gadgethacks.com |date=April 30, 2014 |access-date=May 16, 2022}}</ref>
* ]s do not create considerable ] when ].<ref name="Vreeman 2007" />


===Economics=== === Economics ===
[[File:Total population living in extreme poverty, by world region (PovcalNet, World Bank (1987 to 2013)), OWID.svg|thumb|upright=1.7|Total population living in extreme poverty, by world region 1987 to 2015<ref> ]
* The total number of people living in ] ] globally, by the widely used metric of $1.00/day (in 1990 U.S. dollars) has decreased over the last several decades, but most people surveyed in several countries incorrectly think it has increased or stayed the same.<ref>* {{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Roser |first1=Max |last2=Ortiz-Ospina |first2=Esteban |date=May 25, 2013 |title=Global Extreme Poverty |url=https://ourworldindata.org/extreme-poverty |journal=Our World in Data}}
{{cite web |title=Total population living in extreme poverty, by world region |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/total-population-living-in-extreme-poverty-by-world-region |website=Our World in Data |access-date=7 March 2020}}</ref>]]
* {{#invoke:cite book||last1=Rosling |first1=Hans |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j-4yDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA7 |title=Factfulness: Ten Reasons We're Wrong About the World{{snd}}and Why Things Are Better Than You Think |last2=Rönnlund |first2=Anna |last3=Rosling |first3=Ola |publisher=Flatiron Books |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-250-12381-7 |page=7}}
* The total number of people living in ] ] globally, by the widely used metric of $1.00/day (in 1990 U.S. dollars) has decreased over the last several decades, but most people surveyed in several countries incorrectly think it has increased or stayed the same.<ref>
* {{#invoke:cite web||last=Bailey |first=Ronald |date=January 31, 2019 |title=Global Poverty Decline Denialism |url=https://reason.com/2019/01/31/global-poverty-decline-denialism/ |website=]}}</ref> However, this depends on the poverty line calculation used. For instance, if the metric used is instead one that prioritizes meeting a standard life expectancy that no longer significantly rises with additional consumption enabled by income, the number of individuals in poverty has risen by nearly 1 billion.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||date=2015-11-01 |title=Could you live on $1.90 a day? That's the international poverty line |url=http://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2015/nov/01/global-poverty-is-worse-than-you-think-could-you-live-on-190-a-day |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||last=Edward |first=Peter |date=8 August 2006 |title=The ethical poverty line: a moral quantification of absolute poverty |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01436590500432739 |journal=Third World Quarterly |language=en |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=377–393 |doi=10.1080/01436590500432739 |s2cid=154522588 |issn=0143-6597}}</ref>
a. {{cite journal | url=https://ourworldindata.org/extreme-poverty | title=Global Extreme Poverty| journal=Our World in Data| date=May 25, 2013| last1=Roser| first1=Max| last2=Ortiz-Ospina| first2=Esteban}}
* ] is decreasing and the world population is expected to peak and then begin falling during the 21st century. Improvements in agricultural productivity and technology are expected to be able to meet anticipated increased demand for resources, making a global ] scenario unlikely.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||last=Scudellari|first=Megan|date=December 1, 2015|title=The science myths that will not die|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=528|issue=7582|pages=322–325|doi=10.1038/528322a|pmid=26672537|bibcode=2015Natur.528..322S|s2cid=1414926|issn=1476-4687|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Human Overpopulation: Still an Issue of Concern?|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/human-overpopulation-still-an-issue-of-concern/|access-date=October 21, 2021|website=Scientific American|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Piper|first=Kelsey|date=August 20, 2019|title=We've worried about overpopulation for centuries. And we've always been wrong.|url=https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2019/8/20/20802413/overpopulation-demographic-transition-population-explained|access-date=October 21, 2021|website=Vox|language=en}}</ref>
<br />b. {{cite book|last1=Rosling|first1=Hans|last2=Rönnlund|first2=Anna| last3=Rosling|first3=Ola|title=Factfulness: Ten Reasons We're Wrong About the World{{snd}}and Why Things Are Better Than You Think|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j-4yDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA7|year=2018|publisher=Flatiron Books|isbn=978-1250123817|page=7}}
* For any given ], there is not a set amount of labor input (a "]") to produce that output. This fallacy is commonly seen in ] and later, related movements as an argument either that automation causes permanent, structural unemployment, or that labor-limiting regulation can decrease unemployment. In fact, changes in capital allocation, efficiency, and ] can change the amount of labor input for a given set of production.<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite news||url=http://www.economist.com/economics-a-to-z/l|title=Economics A-Z terms beginning with L|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=December 21, 2016}}
<br />c. {{Cite web|url=https://reason.com/2019/01/31/global-poverty-decline-denialism/|title=Global Poverty Decline Denialism|date=January 31, 2019}}</ref>
<br />b. {{cite encyclopedia |last1=Bishop |first1=Matthew |author-link1=Matthew Bishop (journalist) |title=Essential Economics: An A to Z Guide |year=2004 |publisher=Bloomberg Press |isbn=978-1-86197-580-5 |chapter-url=http://www.economist.com/economics-a-to-z/l#node-21529454 |chapter=Lump of labour fallacy |quote=One of the best-known fallacies in ECONOMICS is the notion that there is a fixed amount of work to be done – a lump of LABOUR – which can be shared out in different ways to create fewer or more jobs... |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/essentialeconomi00bish}}</ref>
* ] do not try to sell items for the highest possible price, nor do they try to maximize profit per unit, but rather they try to maximize total profit.<ref>
* Income is not a direct factor in determining ]. Rather, credit score is affected by the amount of unused available credit, which is in turn affected by income.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=http://okcfox.com/news/consumer-watch/consumer-watch-many-americans-think-income-affects-credit-score|title=Consumer Watch: Many Americans think income affects credit score|first=Mireya|last=Garcia|date=July 15, 2019|website=KOKH}}</ref> Income is also considered when evaluating creditworthiness more generally.
McConnell, Campbell R. Economics : principles, problems, and policies / Campbell R. McConnell, Stanley L. Brue.– 17th ed. p. 431</ref>
* The US public vastly overestimates the amount spent on ].<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last1=DiJulio|first1=Bianca|last2=Norton|first2=Mira|last3=Brodie|first3=Mollyann|date=January 20, 2016|title=Americans' Views on the U.S. Role in Global Health|url=https://www.kff.org/global-health-policy/poll-finding/americans-views-on-the-u-s-role-in-global-health/|access-date=January 12, 2021|website=]|language=en-US}}</ref>
* For any given ], there is not a set amount of labor input (a "]") to produce that output. This fallacy is commonly seen in ] and later, related movements as an argument either that automation causes permanent, structural unemployment, or that labor-limiting regulation can decrease unemployment. But, in fact, changes in capital allocation, efficiency, and ] can change the amount of labor input for a given set of production.<ref>
* In the US, an increase in ] will never reduce a taxpayer's post-tax earnings (]) by putting them in a higher ]. Tax brackets specify ]: only income earned in the higher tax bracket is taxed at the higher rate.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://www.inc.com/mediafeed/lance-cothern/4-myths-about-how-taxes-work-debunked.html|title = 4 Common Misconceptions About Taxes, Debunked |website=Inc. Magazine |date = March 25, 2019}}</ref> An increase in gross income can reduce net income in a ], however, when benefits are withdrawn when passing a certain income threshold.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Addressing Benefits Cliffs |url=https://www.ncsl.org/research/human-services/addressing-benefits-cliffs.aspx |website=] |access-date=September 15, 2021 |date=August 20, 2019}}</ref> Prevalence of the misconception varies by political party affiliation.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web|| url=https://today.yougov.com/politics/articles/5057-understanding-how-marginal-taxes-work-its-all-part | title=Understanding How Marginal Taxes Work: It's all Party (Yet Again) &#124; YouGov }}</ref>
a. {{Cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/economics-a-to-z/l|title=Economics A-Z terms beginning with L|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=December 21, 2016}}
* Constructing new housing decreases the cost of rent and the price of homes in both the immediate neighborhood and in the city as a whole. In ], "supply skepticism" leads many Americans to misunderstand the effect of increasing the supply of housing on housing costs. The misconception is unique to the housing market.<ref>{{Cite SSRN |last1=Nall |first1=Clayton |last2=Elmendorf |first2=Christopher |last3=Oklobdzija |first3=Stan |date=15 Nov 2022 |title=Folk Economics and the Persistence of Political Opposition to New Housing |ssrn=4266459}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Levitz |first=Eric |date=2023-08-04 |title=Rent Growth Is Slowing (Where Housing Got Built) |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2023/08/rent-growth-is-slowing-where-housing-got-built.html |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=Intelligencer |language=en-us}}</ref>
<br />b. {{cite dictionary |last1=Bishop |first1=Matthew |author-link1=Matthew Bishop (journalist) |title=Essential Economics: An A to Z Guide|year=2004 |publisher=Bloomberg Press |isbn=978-1861975805 |chapter-url=http://www.economist.com/economics-a-to-z/l#node-21529454 |chapter=Lump of labour fallacy |quote=One of the best-known fallacies in ECONOMICS is the notion that there is a fixed amount of work to be done – a lump of LABOUR – which can be shared out in different ways to create fewer or more jobs... |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/essentialeconomi00bish }}</ref>
* Businesses do not get a tax benefit by ]. Corporation taxes are based on ]; the customer's donation would not change the amount of profit and therefore the tax payable. A business would need to donate ''its own'' money to receive a tax break.<ref name="corptaxusatoday">{{cite news |last=Link |first=Devon |date=2021-06-10 |title=Fact check: Stores cannot use checkout charity funds to offset their own taxes |url=https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/factcheck/2021/06/10/fact-check-false-claim-checkout-charities-offset-corporate-taxes/7622379002/|work=] |access-date=2023-04-01}}</ref><ref name="corptaxtaxpolicy">{{cite web | url = https://www.taxpolicycenter.org/taxvox/who-gets-tax-benefit-those-checkout-donations-0| title = Who Gets the Tax Benefit For Those Checkout Donations?| last = Zaretsky| first = Renu| date = 2020-11-04| website = ]| access-date = 2023-04-01}}</ref><ref name="corptaxap">{{cite news | last=Swenson | first=Ali | date=2021-11-30 |title =Stores can't write off customer donations made at checkout |url=https://apnews.com/article/fact-checking-000329849244|work=]| access-date=2024-11-14}}</ref>
* Income is not a direct factor in determining ]. Rather, credit score is impacted by the amount of unused available credit, which is in turn affected by income.<ref>
* There is a near-unanimous consensus among economists that ] have a net-negative effect on economic growth and welfare, and harm consumers through higher prices by more than they benefit domestic producers and governments. Additionally, import tariffs are taxes paid to the government by importers, not by exporting countries or manufacturers as is claimed by some, including ].<ref>{{cite news |last=Wiseman | first=Paul | date=2024-09-27 | title=Trump favors huge new tariffs. How do they work?| url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/economy/trump-favors-huge-new-tariffs-how-do-they-work| work=]| access-date = 2024-12-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last=Lotz | first=Avery |date = 2024-11-06 | title=Trump's tariffs: How they work, and who would pay| url=https://www.axios.com/2024/09/28/how-tariffs-work-trump-china | work=]| access-date = 2024-12-02}}</ref>
{{Cite web|url=http://okcfox.com/news/consumer-watch/consumer-watch-many-americans-think-income-affects-credit-score|title=Consumer Watch: Many Americans think income affects credit score|first=Mireya|last=Garcia|date=July 15, 2019|website=KOKH}}</ref> Income is also considered when evaluating creditworthiness more generally.
* The US public vastly overestimates the amount spent on ].<ref>
{{Cite web|last1=DiJulio|first1=Bianca|last2=Norton|first2=Mira|last3=Brodie|first3=Mollyann|date=January 20, 2016|title=Americans' Views on the U.S. Role in Global Health|url=https://www.kff.org/global-health-policy/poll-finding/americans-views-on-the-u-s-role-in-global-health/|access-date=January 12, 2021|website=]|language=en-US}}</ref>
* An increase in ] will never reduce one's post-tax earnings (]) due to putting one in a higher ]. In every country with tax brackets, they only indicate the ], as opposed to the ''total'' income tax rate; only the additional income earned in the higher tax bracket is taxed at the elevated rate.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.inc.com/mediafeed/lance-cothern/4-myths-about-how-taxes-work-debunked.html|title = 4 Common Misconceptions About Taxes, Debunked |website=Inc. Magazine |date = March 25, 2019}}</ref> An increase in gross income can reduce one's net income in a ], however, when benefits are suddenly withdrawn when passing a certain income threshold.<ref>{{cite web |title=Addressing Benefits Cliffs |url=https://www.ncsl.org/research/human-services/addressing-benefits-cliffs.aspx |website=] |access-date=15 September 2021 |date=20 August 2019}}</ref>


=== Earth and environmental sciences ===
===Environmental science===
] is not a cause of ].]]
{{See also|Tornado myths}} {{See also|Tornado myths}}
] reconstruction over the last 2000 years using proxy data from tree rings, corals, and ice cores in blue.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Neukom |first1=Raphael |last2=Barboza |first2=Luis A. |last3=Erb |first3=Michael P. |last4=Shi|first4=Feng |last5=Emile-Geay|first5=Julien |last6=Evans|first6=Michael N. |last7=Franke|first7=Jörg |last8=Kaufman|first8=Darrell S. |last9=Lücke|first9=Lucie |last10=Rehfeld|first10=Kira |last11=Schurer|first11=Andrew |date=2019 |title=Consistent multidecadal variability in global temperature reconstructions and simulations over the Common Era |journal=Nature Geoscience |volume=12 |issue=8 |pages=643–649|doi=10.1038/s41561-019-0400-0|pmid=31372180 |pmc=6675609 |bibcode=2019NatGe..12..643P |issn=1752-0908}}</ref> Directly observed data is in red.<ref name="nasa temperatures">{{#invoke:cite web||title=Global Annual Mean Surface Air Temperature Change |publisher=NASA |url=https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/graphs_v4/ |access-date=February 23, 2020}}</ref>]]
* ] is not caused by the ]. Ozone depletion is a separate problem caused by ]s (CFCs)<ref name="Jacob">Jacob, Daniel J. ''Introduction to Atmospheric Chemistry''. pp. 177–87. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999.</ref> which have been released into the atmosphere.<ref>
* Contemporary ] is ],<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Powell |first1=James |date=November 20, 2019 |title=Scientists Reach 100% Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming |journal=Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=183–184 |doi=10.1177/0270467619886266 |s2cid=213454806}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Lynas |first1=Mark|last2=Houlton |first2=Benjamin Z.|last3=Perry |first3=Simon |date=2021 |title=Greater than 99% consensus on human caused climate change in the peer-reviewed scientific literature |journal=Environmental Research Letters|volume=16 |issue=11|at=114005 |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/ac2966 |bibcode=2021ERL....16k4005L|s2cid=239032360|issn=1748-9326|doi-access=free }}</ref> despite claims that it is ], ], or that warming is ].<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||publisher=Pew Research Center |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/science/2015/01/29/public-and-scientists-views-on-science-and-society/ |title=Public and Scientists' Views on Science and Society|date=January 29, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||author=Lydia Saad |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/355427/americans-concerned-global-warming.aspx |title=Are Americans Concerned About Global Warming?|publisher=Gallup|date=October 5, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Begley |first=Sharon |author-link=Sharon Begley |date=August 13, 2007 |title=The Truth About Denial |url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/32482 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021024942/http://www.newsweek.com/id/32482 |archive-date=October 21, 2007 |magazine=]}} ()</ref> No scientific body of national or international standing disagrees with the decades-old, near-complete ].<ref>a. {{cite report |title=Understanding and responding to climate change: Highlights of National Academies Reports, 2008 edition |year=2008 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences |page=2 |url=http://dels.nas.edu/resources/static-assets/materials-based-on-reports/booklets/climate_change_2008_final.pdf |access-date=November 9, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011182257/http://dels.nas.edu/resources/static-assets/materials-based-on-reports/booklets/climate_change_2008_final.pdf |archive-date=October 11, 2017}}<br />b. {{#invoke:cite book||chapter=The scientific consensus on climate change: How do we know we're not wrong? |last1=Oreskes |first1=Naomi |author1-link=Naomi Oreskes |title=Climate Change: What It Means for Us, Our Children, and Our Grandchildren |editor-last1=DiMento |editor-first1=Joseph F. C. |editor-last2=Doughman |editor-first2=Pamela M. |publisher=The MIT Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-262-54193-0 |page=}}<br />c. {{#invoke:cite news||last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |title=Statements on Climate Change from Major Scientific Academies, Societies, and Associations (January 2017 update) |date=January 7, 2017 |work=ScienceBlogs |access-date=April 2, 2020|url=https://scienceblogs.com/significantfigures/index.php/2017/01/07/statements-on-climate-change-from-major-scientific-academies-societies-and-associations-january-2017-update}}</ref> Global warming is primarily a result of the increase in atmospheric ] concentrations (like ] and ]) via the ] of ]s as well as other ] such as ], with secondary ] mechanisms (such as the ]) assisting to perpetuate the change.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||url=https://www.un.org/en/global-issues/climate-change|title=Climate Change|newspaper=United Nations }}</ref>
"Chlorofluorocarbons". ''NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information''. NOAA. <https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/monitoring-references/faq/greenhouse-gases.php?section=cfc></ref> However, CFCs are strong ]es.<ref>https://blogs.nasa.gov/whatonearth/tag/cfcs/</ref><ref>https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z3bbb9q/revision/3</ref>
] is not a cause of ].]]
* The idea that ] never strikes the same place twice is one of the oldest and best-known ]s about lightning, but has no basis in evidence. Lightning in a thunderstorm is more likely to strike objects and spots the more prominent or conductive they are. For instance, lightning strikes the ] in ] about 100 times per year.<ref>
* ] is not caused by the ]. Ozone depletion is a separate problem caused by ]s (CFCs)<ref name="Jacob">Jacob, Daniel J. ''Introduction to Atmospheric Chemistry''. pp. 177–87. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999.</ref> which have been released into the atmosphere.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Chlorofluorocarbons |website=Greenhouse Gases |publisher=NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information |url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/monitoring-references/faq/greenhouse-gases.php?section=cfc |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150830030045/https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/monitoring-references/faq/greenhouse-gases.php?section=cfc |archive-date=August 30, 2015 |access-date=October 21, 2018 }}</ref> However, CFCs are strong ]es.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/whatonearth/tag/cfcs/ |title=CFCS – What on Earth|date=February 24, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z3bbb9q/revision/3 |title=The enhanced greenhouse effect and global warming – Physical and human causes of climate change – Higher Geography Revision |website=BBC Bitesize |date=January 1, 1970 |access-date=February 9, 2022}}</ref> Further, the hole in the ozone layer is shrinking and in 2019 was the smallest it had been since 1982,<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||date=2019-10-21 |title=2019 Ozone Hole is the Smallest on Record Since Its Discovery – NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/goddard/2019-ozone-hole-is-the-smallest-on-record-since-its-discovery/ |access-date=2024-04-14 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Ansari |first=Talal |title=Ozone Hole Above Antarctica Shrinks to Smallest Size on Record |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/ozone-hole-above-antarctica-shrinks-to-smallest-size-on-record-11571847944 |access-date=2024-04-14 |work=WSJ |language=en-US}}</ref> while global warming continues.
{{cite web|url=http://www.sti.nasa.gov/tto/Spinoff2005/ps_3.html|title=spinoff 2005 – Lightning Often Strikes Twice|publisher=Office of the Chief Technologist, NASA|work=Spinoff|date=March 25, 2010|access-date=June 23, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325015918/http://www.sti.nasa.gov/tto/Spinoff2005/ps_3.html|archive-date=March 25, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>
]
{{cite web|author=Staff |url=http://weather.weatherbug.com/weather-news/weather-reports.html?story=6571 |title=Full weather report story from WeatherBug.com |publisher=Weather.weatherbug.com|date=May 17, 2010|access-date=June 23, 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140109065138/http://weather.weatherbug.com/weather-news/weather-reports.html?story=6571 | archive-date = January 9, 2014| url-status=live}}</ref>
* ]s in ]s and other facilities do not emit ] or harmful fumes; they emit ] and do not contribute to climate change.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||date=February 15, 2007 |title=Myth of cooling towers is symptomatic of global warming information shortage |url=https://www.rsc.org/news-events/articles/2007/02-february/cooling-towers/ |access-date=March 2, 2022 |website=] |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web|| url=https://climate.mit.edu/ask-mit/why-do-we-blame-climate-change-carbon-dioxide-when-water-vapor-much-more-common-greenhouse | title=Why do we blame climate change on carbon dioxide, when water vapor is a much more common greenhouse gas? &#124; MIT Climate Portal }}</ref>
* ] does not exist as a distinct phenomenon. What is mistaken for "heat lightning" is usually ordinary lightning from storms too distant to hear the associated thunder.<ref>
* ] is ], resulting in orders of magnitude fewer deaths than conventional power sources per unit of energy produced. Extremely few people are killed or injured due to nuclear power on a yearly basis.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Energy |first=Duke |title=Common Myths About Nuclear Energy |url=https://nuclear.duke-energy.com/2013/06/12/common-myths-about-nuclear-energy |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=Duke Energy {{!}} Nuclear Information Center |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=10 myths about nuclear energy {{!}} Argonne National Laboratory |url=https://www.anl.gov/article/10-myths-about-nuclear-energy |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=www.anl.gov |date=September 9, 2013 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=What are the safest sources of energy? |url=https://ourworldindata.org/safest-sources-of-energy |access-date=2020-05-27 |website=Our World in Data}}</ref><ref name="Frank N. von Hippel 27–36">{{#invoke:cite journal||author=Frank N. von Hippel |date=September–October 2011 |title=The radiological and psychological consequences of the Fukushima Daiichi accident |url=http://bos.sagepub.com/content/67/5/27.full |journal=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists |volume=67 |issue=5 |pages=27–36 |bibcode=2011BuAtS..67e..27V |doi=10.1177/0096340211421588 |s2cid=218769799}}</ref> (See also: ])
{{cite web |title=What Is Heat Lightning?|url=https://weather.com/science/weather-explainers/news/heat-lightning-explainer |publisher=] }}</ref>
* ] strength (or magnitude) is not commonly measured using the ]. Although the Richter scale was used ''historically'' to measure earthquake magnitude (although, notably, not ]), it was found in the 1970s that it does not reliably represent the magnitude of large earthquakes. It has therefore been largely replaced by the ],<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||date=2016-04-28 |title=USGS Earthquake Magnitude Policy (implemented on January 18, 2002) |url=http://earthquake.usgs.gov:80/aboutus/docs/020204mag_policy.php |access-date=2023-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428095841/http://earthquake.usgs.gov:80/aboutus/docs/020204mag_policy.php |archive-date=April 28, 2016 }}</ref> although very small earthquakes are still sometimes measured using the Richter scale.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=British Geological Survey Seismology Monitoring Page |url=https://www.earthquakes.bgs.ac.uk/education/faqs/faq15.html |access-date=2023-11-08 |website=www.earthquakes.bgs.ac.uk}}</ref> Nevertheless, earthquake magnitude is still widely misattributed to the Richter scale.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||date=2011-05-10 |title=Explained: Measuring earthquakes |url=https://news.mit.edu/2011/exp-measuring-earthquakes-0510 |access-date=2023-11-08 |website=MIT News {{!}} Massachusetts Institute of Technology |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Reich |first=Kenneth |date=1988-02-29 |title=Science / Medicine: The Richter Scale: Caltech Seismologists Say Temblor Rating Has a Magnitude of Problems |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-02-29-me-179-story.html |access-date=2023-11-08 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||date=2015-05-15 |title=What are the faultlines with the Richter scale? |url=https://www.euronews.com/2015/05/15/what-are-the-faultlines-with-the-richter-scale |access-date=2023-11-08 |website=euronews |language=en}}</ref>]
* The ] is not overdue for a ] eruption.<ref>{{cite press release |date= December 19, 2013 |title= Monitoring Upgrades Result in New Insight Into Yellowstone's Magma System |url=http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/observatories/yvo/yvo_news_archive.html |publisher=] (USGS) |access-date=January 2, 2014}}</ref>
* ] can, and often does, ] the same place twice. Lightning in a thunderstorm is more likely to strike objects and spots that are more prominent or conductive. For instance, lightning strikes the ] in ] on average 23 times per year.<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite web||url=https://www.weather.gov/safety/lightning-myths|title=Lightning Myths and Facts|publisher=National Weather Service|quote=Fact: Lightning often strikes the same place repeatedly, especially if it's a tall, pointy, isolated object. The Empire State Building is hit an average of 23 times a year}}
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite web||title=Lightning Often Strikes Twice|work=NASA Spinoff|publisher=Office of the Chief Technologist, NASA|url=http://www.sti.nasa.gov/tto/Spinoff2005/ps_3.html|access-date=June 23, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325015918/http://www.sti.nasa.gov/tto/Spinoff2005/ps_3.html|archive-date=March 25, 2012}}
<br />c. {{#invoke:cite web||author=WeatherBug Meteorologists|title=The Myths and Facts of Lightning|website=WeatherBug|url=http://weather.weatherbug.com/weather-news/weather-reports.html?story=6571|publisher=Earth Works|date=May 17, 2010|access-date=June 23, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100711061017/http://weather.weatherbug.com/weather-news/weather-reports.html?story=6571|archive-date=2010-07-11|url-status=live}}
<br />d. {{#invoke:cite web||author=Tristan Simpson|date=Apr 29, 2022|url=https://www.theweathernetwork.com/ca/news/article/can-lightning-strike-the-same-place-twice|title=Can lightning strike the same place twice?|website=The Weather Network}}</ref>
* ] does not exist as a distinct phenomenon. What is mistaken for "heat lightning" is usually ordinary lightning from storms too distant to hear the associated ].<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=What Is Heat Lightning?|url=https://weather.com/science/weather-explainers/news/heat-lightning-explainer |publisher=] }}</ref>
* The ] is ] for a ] eruption.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||date= May 8, 2015 |title= Five Things Most People Get Wrong About the Yellowstone Volcano (2015) |url=https://www.usgs.gov/volcanoes/yellowstone/five-things-most-people-get-wrong-about-yellowstone-volcano-2015 |publisher=] (USGS) |access-date=April 2, 2022}}</ref> There is also no evidence that it will erupt in the near future. In fact, data indicates there will not be an eruption in the coming centuries.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Modeling the Ash Distribution of a Yellowstone Supereruption (2014) {{!}} U.S. Geological Survey |url=https://www.usgs.gov/volcanoes/yellowstone/modeling-ash-distribution-yellowstone-supereruption-2014 |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=www.usgs.gov}}</ref> The most likely eruption would be ] rather than volcanic. A ]-forming volcanic eruption (and subsequent impacts on global weather patterns and agricultural production) is the least likely scenario and has an extremely low likelihood.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Questions About Future Volcanic Activity at Yellowstone {{!}} U.S. Geological Survey |url=https://www.usgs.gov/volcanoes/yellowstone/questions-about-future-volcanic-activity-yellowstone |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=www.usgs.gov}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Could a large Yellowstone eruption significantly change the climate? {{!}} U.S. Geological Survey |url=https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/could-a-large-yellowstone-eruption-significantly-change-climate |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=www.usgs.gov}}</ref>
* The ] is not molten rock. This misconception may originate from a misunderstanding based on the fact that the ], and the incorrect assumption that only liquids and gases can convect. In fact, a solid with a large ] can also convect, given enough time, which is what occurs in the solid mantle due to the very large thermal gradient across it.<ref>{{#invoke:cite book||last1=Gupta |first1=H.K. |title=Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysics |date=2011 |publisher=Springer Dordrecht |isbn=978-90-481-8701-0 |page=1539}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last1=Robertson |first1=E.C. |title=The Interior of the Earth |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/interior/ |publisher=USGS |access-date=July 8, 2022}}</ref> There are small pockets of ] in the upper mantle, but these make up a tiny fraction of the mantle's volume.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Hata |first1=M. |last2=Uyeshima |first2=M. |title=Temperature and melt fraction distributions in a mantle wedge determined from the electrical conductivity structure: Application to one nonvolcanic and two volcanic regions in the Kyushu subduction zone, Japan |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |date=March 31, 2015 |volume=42 |issue=8 |pages=2709–2717 |doi=10.1002/2015GL063308|bibcode=2015GeoRL..42.2709H |s2cid=128585826 }}</ref> The Earth's ] ''is'' liquid, but it is liquid metal, not rock.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Clement |first1=B.M. |last2=Holzheid |first2=A. |last3=Tilgner |first3=A. |title=Core geophysics |journal=PNAS |date=October 25, 1997 |volume=94 |issue=24 |pages=12742–12743 |doi=10.1073/pnas.94.24.12742|pmid=9370529 |pmc=34384 |bibcode=1997PNAS...9412742C |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* The ] does not provide 20% of Earth's oxygen. This is a misinterpretation of a 2010 study which found that approximately 34% of photosynthesis by terrestrial plants occurs in tropical rainforests (so the Amazon rainforest would account for approximately half of this). Due to respiration by the resident organisms, all ecosystems (including the Amazon rainforest) have a net output of oxygen of approximately zero. The oxygen currently present in the atmosphere was accumulated over billions of years.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Katarina|first=Zimmer|date=August 28, 2019|title=Why the Amazon doesn't really produce 20% of the world's oxygen |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/why-amazon-doesnt-produce-20-percent-worlds-oxygen|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218183525/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/why-amazon-doesnt-produce-20-percent-worlds-oxygen|archive-date=February 18, 2021|access-date=October 8, 2021|website=National Geographic}}</ref>


===Human body and health=== === Geography ===
{{See also|Urban legends about drugs}} {{See also|Mercator projection#Examples of size distortion}}
] and ], the southernmost point of Africa]]
]
* The ] is not the southern tip of Africa, which is actually ], about {{convert|150|km|-1}} to the east-southeast.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://www.airpano.com/360photo/cape-good-hope-rsa|title=Cape of Good Hope, South Africa. The Most South-Western Point of The African Continent|website=AirPano}}</ref>
* Sleeping in a closed room with an ] running does not result in "]," as is widely believed in ].<ref>
* The majority of the ] consists of ], rather than ].<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||date=June 19, 2024 |title=Journey through a stunning diversity of cultures and sounds in the Sahara Desert |url=https://www.abc.net.au/listen/programs/passenger/passenger-sahara-cultures-and-sounds/103948632 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619110922/https://www.abc.net.au/listen/programs/passenger/passenger-sahara-cultures-and-sounds/103948632 |archive-date=June 19, 2024 |access-date=June 20, 2024 |website=]}}</ref><ref name="sciencedirect.com"/>
{{cite web|url=http://www.esquire.com/news-politics/q-and-a/a5522/korean-fan-death-0209/|title=Why Do Koreans Think Electric Fans Will Kill Them?|date=January 22, 2009|website=Esquire|access-date=August 2, 2016}}</ref>
* Rivers do not predominantly flow from north to south. ] in all compass directions, often changing direction along their course.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal|| url=https://journals.flvc.org/flgeog/article/view/76274 | title=More Than a Few Northerly Running Rivers in the World | journal=The Florida Geographer | date=May 23, 2008 | volume=39 | last1=Kamiar | first1=Mohammad }}</ref><ref name="Rosenberg 2020">{{#invoke:cite web||last=Rosenberg |first=Matt |date=April 5, 2020 |title=Major Rivers That Flow North |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/rivers-flowing-north-1435099 |access-date=November 8, 2022 |website=ThoughtCo.}}</ref> Many major rivers flow northward, including the ], the ], the ], the ], the ], and the ].<ref name="Rosenberg 2020" /><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://www.worldatlas.com/rivers/rivers-that-flow-north.html|title=Rivers That Flow North|date=May 6, 2021 }}</ref>
* Waking up a ] does not harm them. Sleepwalkers may be confused or disoriented for a short time after awakening, but the health risks associated with sleepwalking are from injury or insomnia, not from being awakened.<ref>
a. {{cite web|url=http://www.medicinenet.com/sleepwalking/article.htm|title=Sleepwalking: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments|publisher=MedicineNet, Inc| author1=Mersch, John |access-date=May 10, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131026073747/http://www.medicinenet.com/sleepwalking/article.htm | archive-date = October 26, 2013| url-status=live}}
<br />b. {{cite web|url=http://www.sleepfoundation.org/article/sleep-related-problems/sleepwalking|title=Sleepwalking|publisher=National Sleep Foundation|access-date=May 10, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131229075629/http://www.sleepfoundation.org/article/sleep-related-problems/sleepwalking | archive-date = December 29, 2013| url-status=live}}</ref>
* ] is often inconspicuous to onlookers.<ref name="Vittone">{{cite journal |url=http://www.uscg.mil/hq/cg5/cg534/On%20Scene/OSFall06.pdf |title=It Doesn't Look Like They're Drowning |last=Vittone |first=Mario |page=14 |journal=On Scene: The Journal of U.S. Coast Guard Search and Rescue}}</ref> In most cases, the ] prevents the victim from waving or yelling (known as "aquatic distress"),<ref name="Vittone" /> which are therefore not dependable signs of trouble; indeed, most drowning victims undergoing the response do not show prior evidence of distress.<ref>
{{cite book |last=Fletemeyer|first=John R. |title=Drowning: new perspectives on intervention and prevention |volume=1998|date=1999|page=234|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xcnwm8zE24QC|author2=Pia (Chapter author)|chapter=Chapter 14 ("Reflections on Lifeguard surveillance programs")|isbn=978-1574442236}}</ref>
* Human ] in ] is not actually blue. Blood is red due to the presence of ]; deoxygenated blood (in veins) has a deep red color, and oxygenated blood (in ]) has a light cherry-red color. Veins below the skin can appear blue or green due to ] of light through the skin, and aspects of human color perception. Many medical diagrams also use blue to show veins, and red to show arteries, which contributes to this misconception.<ref>
a. {{cite journal|last1=Kienle |first1=Alwin |first2=Lothar|last2=Lilge|first3=I.Alex|last3=Vitkin |first4=Michael S.|last4=Patterson|first5=Brian C.|last5=Wilson|first6=Raimund|last6=Hibst |first7=Rudolf|last7=Steiner|date=March 1, 1996|title=Why do veins appear blue? A new look at an old question |journal=Applied Optics |volume=35|issue=7|pages=1151–60|url=http://www.imt.liu.se/edu/courses/TBMT36/pdf/blue.pdf |doi=10.1364/AO.35.001151 |pmid=21085227 |bibcode=1996ApOpt..35.1151K |access-date=April 30, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210145120/https://www.imt.liu.se/edu/courses/TBMT36/pdf/blue.pdf |archive-date=February 10, 2012 |url-status=dead}}
<br />b. {{cite web|title=Students' Misconceptions in Science: The Color of Blood|url=https://www.msu.edu/~kalinkat/professionalpages/TechMatrixMaterials/documentarybloodmisconceptions.htm|publisher=Michigan State University|access-date=April 30, 2012}}</ref>
* Exposure to a ], or experiencing all but the most extreme ], does not cause the body to explode, or internal fluids to boil. (However, fluids in the mouth or lungs will boil at altitudes above the ].) Instead, it will lead to a loss of ] once the body has depleted the supply of oxygen in the blood, followed by death from ] within minutes.<ref>
a. {{cite web|url=http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/ask_astro/answers/970603.html|title=Ask an Astrophysicist|publisher=]|quote=If you don't try to hold your breath, exposure to space for half a minute or so is unlikely to produce permanent injury. Holding your breath is likely to damage your lungs, ... but theory predicts—and animal experiments confirm—that otherwise, exposure to vacuum causes no immediate injury. You do not explode. Your blood does not boil. You do not freeze. You do not instantly lose consciousness|url-status=live|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/68Aef3glC?url=http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/ask_astro/answers/970603.html|archive-date=June 4, 2012}}
<br />b. {{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2005/04/07/1320013.htm|title=Exploding Body in Vacuum|work=ABC Science|date=April 6, 2005|url-status=live|quote=...will we humans explode in the full vacuum of space, as urban legends claim? The answer is that we won't explode, and if the exposure is short enough, we can even survive.|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/68Aef3glC?url=http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/ask_astro/answers/970603.html|archive-date=June 4, 2012}}</ref>
* ] before or after exercise does not reduce ].<ref>
{{cite journal |last1=Henschke |first1=Nicholas |last2=Lin |first2=C. Christine |title=Stretching before or after exercise does not reduce delayed-onset muscle soreness |journal=Br J Sports Med |date=December 1, 2011 |volume=45 |issue=15 |pages=1249–50 |doi=10.1136/bjsports-2011-090599 |pmid=22006932 |s2cid=32498886 |url=https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/45/15/1249.full |access-date=September 11, 2018 |language=en |issn=0306-3674}}</ref>
* Exercise-induced ] is not caused by ] build-up. Muscular lactic acid levels return to normal levels within an hour after exercise; delayed onset muscle soreness is thought to be due to ] from unaccustomed or strenuous exercise.<ref>
a. {{cite journal|last=Cheung|first=K|author2=Hume, P |author3=Maxwell, L |title=Delayed onset muscle soreness: treatment strategies and performance factors|journal=Sports Medicine|year=2003|volume=33|issue=2|pages=145–64|pmid=12617692|doi=10.2165/00007256-200333020-00005}}
<br />b.{{cite journal |last1=McHugh |first1=Malachy P. |title=Recent advances in the understanding of the repeated bout effect: the protective effect against muscle damage from a single bout of eccentric exercise |journal=Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports |date=2003 |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=88–97 |issn=0905-7188|pmid=12641640 |doi=10.1034/j.1600-0838.2003.02477.x |s2cid=6697478 }}</ref>
* Swallowing ] does not generally require special emergency treatment, as long as it goes into the stomach and not the lungs, and inducing ] can make it worse.<ref>
a. {{Cite web|url=https://healthcare.utah.edu/the-scope/shows.php?shows=0_g9tzppx4 |publisher=]|title= Dos and Don'ts in Case of Gasoline Poisoning |author=University of Utah Poison Control Center|date=June 24, 2014}}
<br />b. {{Cite web|url= https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/MMG/MMG.asp?id=465&tid=83 |title= Medical Management Guidelines for Gasoline (Mixture) CAS# 86290-81-5 and 8006-61-9 |publisher=] |date= October 21, 2014 |author= Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry |author-link= Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry }}</ref>
* ] is not sterile, not even in the bladder.<ref>
{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencenews.org/blog/gory-details/urine-not-sterile-and-neither-rest-you|title=Urine is not sterile, and neither is the rest of you|last1=Engelhaupt|first1=Erika|date=22 May 2014|website=Science News|language=en|access-date=31 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622083801/https://www.sciencenews.org/blog/gory-details/urine-not-sterile-and-neither-rest-you|archive-date=22 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Sudden immersion into freezing water does not typically cause death by ], but rather from the ], which can cause ], ], or ] leading to ].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Tipton|first1=M. J.|last2=Collier|first2=N.|last3=Massey|first3=H.|last4=Corbett|first4=J.|last5=Harper|first5=M.|date=2017-11-01|title=Cold water immersion: kill or cure?: Cold water immersion: kill or cure?|journal=Experimental Physiology|language=en|volume=102|issue=11|pages=1335–55|doi=10.1113/EP086283|pmid=28833689|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* ] are not ashes in the usual sense. After the incineration is completed, the dry bone fragments are swept out of the retort and pulverized by a machine called a ''Cremulator''—essentially a high-capacity, high-speed ]—to process them into "ashes" or "cremated remains".<ref name="green2006">In the Netherlands these are removed by either the undertaker or the hospital where the person died.{{cite book| last = Green| first = Jennifer|author2=Green, Michael| title = Dealing With Death: Practices and Procedures| year = 2006| publisher = Jessica Kingsley Publishers| isbn = 1-84310-381-8| pages = 112 }}</ref>


====Brain==== === Human body and health ===
{{See also|Urban legends about drugs|Common misconceptions about birth control}}
* ]'s brain injuries, caused by a several-foot-long tamping rod driven through his skull, did not cause him to become a "psychopath", as many sources claim;<ref>
].]]
{{cite book
* Eating burnt food{{snd}}which contains ]{{snd}} does not increase the risk of getting cancer.<ref name=cruk>{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/causes-of-cancer/cancer-myths/can-eating-burnt-foods-cause-cancer |publisher=Cancer Research UK |title=Can eating burnt foods cause cancer? |date=15 October 2021 }}</ref>
|title=Encyclopedia of the Neurological Sciences
* Cancer cannot be treated by ] and carbohydrate intake to "starve" tumours.<ref name="mis">{{cite journal |vauthors=Grimes DR, O'Riordan E |date=November 2023 |title=Starving cancer and other dangerous dietary misconceptions |url= |journal=Lancet Oncol |volume=24 |issue=11 |pages=1177–1178 |doi=10.1016/S1470-2045(23)00483-7 |pmid=37922928}}</ref>
|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hfjSVIWViRUC|year=2014
* It is not just ] which can be toxic; other metals (for example ] and ]) can be toxic too.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2024 |entry=Metal Toxicity |title=Dictionary of Toxicology |publisher=Springer |doi=10.1007/978-981-99-9283-6_1678}}</ref>
|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0123851581|page=383
* Sleeping in a closed room with an electric fan running does not result in "]", as is widely believed in South Korea among older people.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=http://www.esquire.com/news-politics/q-and-a/a5522/korean-fan-death-0209/|title=Why Do Koreans Think Electric Fans Will Kill Them?|date=January 22, 2009|website=Esquire|access-date=August 2, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Shapiro |first=Ari |date=August 9, 2015 |title=South Korea's Quirky Notions About Electric Fans |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2015/08/09/430341089/south-koreas-quirky-notions-about-electric-fans |access-date=June 15, 2024 |work=]}}</ref> As of 2019 this belief was in decline.<ref>{{#invoke:cite book||last=Paolucci |first=Paul |url=https://brill.com/display/title/54437 |title=Acquiring Modernity |chapter=Acquiring Modernity: An Investigation into the Rise, Structure, and Future of the Modern World |publisher=] |isbn=978-90-04-39395-0 |series=Studies in Critical Social Sciences, Volume: 136 |location=Leiden, The Netherlands |publication-date=July 18, 2019 |page=9}}</ref>
|last=Macmillan|first=Malcolm B.|chapter=Phineas Gage
* ] (waking up at night to urinate) is equally prevalent in women and men,<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=van Kerrebroeck P, Hashim H, Holm-Larsen T, Robinson D, Stanley N |title=Thinking beyond the bladder: antidiuretic treatment of nocturia |journal=Int J Clin Pract |volume=64 |issue=6 |pages=807–16 |date=May 2010 |pmid=20337753 |doi=10.1111/j.1742-1241.2010.02336.x |url=}}</ref> although it is more common among both men and women over 50.<ref>{{#invoke cite web ||url= |publisher=Cleveland Clinic |title=Nocturia|access-date=Aug 1, 2024 }}</ref>
}}</ref> while he was temporarily disabled by the accident, far from "gambling" himself into "emotional and reputational{{nbsp}}... bankruptcy",<ref>
* ]. Sleepwalkers may be confused or disoriented for a short time after awakening, but the health risks associated with sleepwalking are from injury or insomnia, not from being awakened.<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite web||url=http://www.medicinenet.com/sleepwalking/article.htm|title=Sleepwalking: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments|publisher=MedicineNet, Inc| author1=Mersch, John |access-date=May 10, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131026073747/http://www.medicinenet.com/sleepwalking/article.htm | archive-date = October 26, 2013| url-status=live}}
{{cite book
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite web||url=http://www.sleepfoundation.org/article/sleep-related-problems/sleepwalking|title=Sleepwalking|publisher=National Sleep Foundation|access-date=May 10, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131229075629/http://www.sleepfoundation.org/article/sleep-related-problems/sleepwalking | archive-date = December 29, 2013| url-status=live}}</ref>
|last=Plante|first=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ZN3BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1440832703
* ]s cannot cause a person to swallow their own tongue,<ref>{{ cite book |vauthors=Tarulli A |year=2021 |chapter=Seizures and Epilepsy |title=Neurology |publisher=Springer |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-55598-6_20 |isbn=978-3-030-55597-9 |pages=289–315}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Rossi |first1=Kyle C. |last2=Baumgartner |first2=Alexander J. |last3=Goldenholz |first3=Shira R. |last4=Goldenholz |first4=Daniel M. |date=December 2020 |title=Recognizing and refuting the myth of tongue swallowing during a seizure |journal=Seizure |volume=83 |pages=32–37 |doi=10.1016/j.seizure.2020.09.023 |issn=1532-2688 |pmid=33080482|s2cid=222137755 |doi-access=free }}</ref> and it is dangerous to attempt to place a foreign object into a convulsing person's mouth. Instead it is recommended to gently lay a convulsing person on their side to minimize the risk of asphyxiation.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||date=2022-01-03 |title=Seizure First Aid {{!}} Epilepsy {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/epilepsy/about/first-aid.htm |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}</ref>
|title=The Psychology of Compassion and Cruelty: Understanding the Emotional, Spiritual, and Religious Influences |page=18 |year=2015
* ] is often inconspicuous to onlookers.<ref name="Vittone">{{#invoke:cite journal||url=http://www.uscg.mil/hq/cg5/cg534/On%20Scene/OSFall06.pdf |title=It Doesn't Look Like They're Drowning |last=Vittone |first=Mario |page=14 |journal=On Scene: The Journal of U.S. Coast Guard Search and Rescue}}</ref> In most cases, the ] prevents the victim from waving or yelling (known as "aquatic distress"),<ref name="Vittone" /> which are therefore not dependable signs of trouble; indeed, most drowning victims undergoing the response do not show prior evidence of distress.<ref>{{#invoke:cite book||editor-last1=Fletemeyer|editor-first1=John R. |editor-last2=Freas |editor-first2=Samuel J.|title=Drowning: new perspectives on intervention and prevention |volume=1998|date=1999|page=234|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xcnwm8zE24QC|last=Pia|first=Frank|chapter=Chapter 14: Reflections on Lifeguard surveillance programs|publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-57444-223-6}}</ref>
}}</ref> Gage eventually moved to Chile and found success in the physically and mentally demanding job of ] driver. Fanciful descriptions of his "immoral behavior" in later life are without factual basis.<ref>
* ]s are not necessarily safe and side-effect free; such medicines can have ]s.<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Kumar P, Nandave M, Kumar A, Nandave D |year=2024 |chapter= Herbovigilance|veditors=Nandave M, Kumar A |title=Pharmacovigilance Essentials |publisher=Springer | doi=10.1007/978-981-99-8949-2_12 |pages=243–267|isbn=978-981-99-8948-5 }}</ref>
{{cite journal
* Human blood in veins is not actually blue. Blood is red due to the presence of ]; deoxygenated blood (in veins) has a deep red color, and oxygenated blood (in ]) has a light cherry-red color. Veins below the skin can appear blue or green due to ] of light through the skin, and aspects of human color perception. Many medical diagrams also use blue to show veins, and red to show arteries, which contributes to this misconception.<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Kienle|first1=Alwin|first2=Lothar|last2=Lilge|first3=I.Alex|last3=Vitkin|first4=Michael S.|last4=Patterson|first5=Brian C.|last5=Wilson|first6=Raimund|last6=Hibst|first7=Rudolf|last7=Steiner|date=March 1, 1996|title=Why do veins appear blue? A new look at an old question|journal=Applied Optics|volume=35|issue=7|pages=1151–60|url=http://www.imt.liu.se/edu/courses/TBMT36/pdf/blue.pdf|doi=10.1364/AO.35.001151|pmid=21085227|bibcode=1996ApOpt..35.1151K|access-date=April 30, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210145120/https://www.imt.liu.se/edu/courses/TBMT36/pdf/blue.pdf|archive-date=February 10, 2012}}</ref>
|last=Barker |first=F. G. II |year=1995 |pmid=7897537 |url=http://mysois.uwm.edu/omeka/archive/files/b7cf786e3d97d4cf63ac3b7d14e1f88e.pdf |title=Phineas among the phrenologists: the American crowbar case and nineteenth-century theories of cerebral localization |journal=Journal of Neurosurgery |volume=82 |pages=672–82 |doi=10.3171/jns.1995.82.4.0672 |issue=4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006074853/http://mysois.uwm.edu/omeka/archive/files/b7cf786e3d97d4cf63ac3b7d14e1f88e.pdf |archive-date=October 6, 2014 }}</ref>
* Exposure to a vacuum, or experiencing all but the most extreme ], does not cause the body to explode or internal fluids to boil (although the fluids in the mouth and lungs will indeed boil at altitudes above the ]); rather, it will lead to a loss of ] once the body has depleted the supply of oxygen in the blood, followed by death from ] within minutes.<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite web||url=https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/ask_astro/space_travel.html|title=Ask an Astrophysicist: How would the unprotected human body react to the vacuum of outer space?|publisher=]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/68Aef3glC?url=http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/ask_astro/answers/970603.html|archive-date=June 4, 2012}}
* Mental abilities are not absolutely separated into the left and right ]s of the brain.<ref name="Westen 2006">Westen et al. 2006 "Psychology: Australian and New Zealand edition" John Wiley p. 107</ref> Some mental functions, such as ] and ] (such as ] and ]), tend to activate ] in some kinds of tasks. If one hemisphere is damaged or removed at an early age, these functions can often be recovered in part, or even in full, by the other hemisphere (see '']''). Other abilities, such as ], ], and general ], are served equally by the two hemispheres.<ref>
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite web||url=http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2005/04/07/1320013.htm|title=Exploding Body in Vacuum|work=ABC Science|date=April 6, 2005|url-status=live|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/68Aef3glC?url=http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/ask_astro/answers/970603.html|archive-date=June 4, 2012}}</ref>
{{cite journal |last1=Goswami |first1=U |title=Neuroscience and education: from research to practice? |journal=Nature Reviews. Neuroscience |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=406–11 |date=2006 |pmid=16607400 |doi=10.1038/nrn1907|s2cid=3113512 }}</ref>
* Exercise-induced ] is not caused by ] build-up. Muscular lactic acid levels return to normal levels within an hour after exercise; delayed onset muscle soreness is thought to be due to ] from unaccustomed or strenuous exercise.<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite journal||last=Cheung|first=K|author2=Hume, P |author3=Maxwell, L |title=Delayed onset muscle soreness: treatment strategies and performance factors|journal=Sports Medicine|year=2003|volume=33|issue=2|pages=145–64|pmid=12617692|doi=10.2165/00007256-200333020-00005|s2cid=26525519}}
]s in human ] tissue. It is commonly believed that humans will not grow new brain cells, but research has shown that some neurons can reform in humans.]]
<br />b.{{#invoke:cite journal||last1=McHugh |first1=Malachy P. |title=Recent advances in the understanding of the repeated bout effect: the protective effect against muscle damage from a single bout of eccentric exercise |journal=Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports |date=2003 |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=88–97 |issn=0905-7188|pmid=12641640 |doi=10.1034/j.1600-0838.2003.02477.x |s2cid=6697478 }}</ref>
* It is not true that by the age of two years, humans have generated all of the brain cells they will ever have, a belief held by medical experts until 1998.<ref>
* Stretching before or after exercise does not reduce ].<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Henschke |first1=Nicholas |last2=Lin |first2=C. Christine |title=Stretching before or after exercise does not reduce delayed-onset muscle soreness |journal=Br J Sports Med |date=December 1, 2011 |volume=45 |issue=15 |pages=1249–50 |doi=10.1136/bjsports-2011-090599 |pmid=22006932 |s2cid=32498886 |url=https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/45/15/1249.full |access-date=September 11, 2018 |language=en |issn=0306-3674}}</ref>
a. {{cite journal | author = Eriksson, Gage | display-authors = etal | date = 1998 | title = Neurogenesis in the adult human hippocampus | journal = Nature Medicine | volume = 4 | issue = 11| pages = 1313–17 | doi = 10.1038/3305 | pmid=9809557| doi-access = free }}
* ], not even in the bladder.<ref name="Engelhaupt 2014">{{#invoke:cite news||url=https://www.sciencenews.org/blog/gory-details/urine-not-sterile-and-neither-rest-you|title=Urine is not sterile, and neither is the rest of you|last1=Engelhaupt|first1=Erika|date=May 22, 2014|website=Science News|language=en|access-date=July 31, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622083801/https://www.sciencenews.org/blog/gory-details/urine-not-sterile-and-neither-rest-you|archive-date=June 22, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> This misconception may derive from urine bacterial screening tests, which return "negative" when bacteria levels are low, but nonzero.<ref name="Engelhaupt 2014" />
<br />b. {{cite journal | author = Gross C. G. | date = 2000 | title = Neurogenesis in the adult brain: death of a dogma | journal = Nat Rev Neurosci | volume = 1 | issue = 1| pages = 67–73 | doi = 10.1038/35036235| pmid = 11252770 | s2cid = 2347812 }}
* Sudden immersion into freezing water does not typically cause death by ], but rather from the ], which can cause ], ], or ] leading to ].<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Tipton|first1=M. J.|last2=Collier|first2=N.|last3=Massey|first3=H.|last4=Corbett|first4=J.|last5=Harper|first5=M.|date=November 1, 2017|title=Cold water immersion: kill or cure?: Cold water immersion: kill or cure?|journal=Experimental Physiology|language=en|volume=102|issue=11|pages=1335–55|doi=10.1113/EP086283|pmid=28833689|doi-access=free}}</ref>
<br />c. {{cite web|publisher=BrainFacts.org |website=Brain Briefings |date=2012 |title=Are you born with all your brain cells, or do you grow new ones? |url=http://www.brainfacts.org/about-neuroscience/ask-an-expert/articles/2012/are-you-born-with-all-your-brain-cells-or-do-you-grow-new-ones/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140427083400/http://www.brainfacts.org/about-neuroscience/ask-an-expert/articles/2012/are-you-born-with-all-your-brain-cells-or-do-you-grow-new-ones/ | archive-date = April 27, 2014| url-status=live}}</ref> It is now understood that new ]s can be created in some parts of the ] brain.<ref>
* ] are not ashes in the usual sense. After the incineration is completed, the dry bone fragments are swept out of the retort and pulverized by a machine called a ''cremulator'' (essentially a high-capacity, high-speed blender) to process them into "ashes" or "cremated remains".<ref name="green2006">{{#invoke:cite book||last=Green |first=Jennifer |title=Dealing With Death: Practices and Procedures |author2=Green, Michael |publisher=Jessica Kingsley Publishers |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-84310-381-3 |page=112}}</ref>
{{cite journal |last1=Eriksson |first1=Peter S. |last2=Perfilieva |first2=Ekaterina |last3=Björk-Eriksson |first3=Thomas |last4=Alborn |first4=Ann-Marie |last5=Nordborg |first5=Claes |last6=Peterson |first6=Daniel A. |last7=Gage |first7=Fred H. |title=Neurogenesis in the adult human hippocampus |journal=Nature Medicine |volume=4 |issue=11 |pages=1313–17 |date=1998 |pmid=9809557 |doi=10.1038/3305|doi-access=free }}</ref> A 2013 study showed that also in old age, about 700 new neurons are produced in the ] daily.<ref name="harv">{{cite web|url=https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/can-you-grow-new-brain-cells|title=Can you grow new brain cells?|date=September 2016|publisher=]|access-date=April 28, 2018}}</ref>
* The lung's ] are not tiny ]s that expand and contract under ] following the ], as is taught in some physiology and medical textbooks. The tissue structure is more like a sponge with polygonal spaces that unfold and fold under negative pressure from the chest wall.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||doi=10.1152/advan.00024.2002 |pmid=12594072 |volume=27 |issue=1 |title=Laplace's Law and the Alveolus: A Misconception of Anatomy and a Misapplication of Physics |journal=Advances in Physiology Education |pages=34–40 |last1=Prange |first1=Henry D. |year=2003|s2cid=7791096 }}</ref>
* ]s do not cause ]. Although ] by British ex-doctor ] claimed a connection, repeated attempts to ] the results ended in failure, and the research was ultimately shown to have been manipulated.<ref>
* Half of ] is not lost through the head, and covering the head is no more effective at preventing ] than covering any other portion of the body. Heat is lost from the body in proportion to the amount of exposed skin.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||first6=Joseph|vauthors=Sessler DI, Moayeri A, Støen R, Glosten B, Hynson J, McGuire J|year=1990|title=Thermoregulatory vasoconstriction decreases cutaneous heat loss|journal=Anesthesiology |volume=73|issue=4|pages=656–60|doi=10.1097/00000542-199010000-00011|pmid=2221434|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Gammon 2013">{{#invoke:cite web||first=Katharine|last=Gammon|date=February 1, 2013|title=Do We Really Lose Half our Body Heat From our Heads?|url=https://www.livescience.com/34411-body-heat-loss-head.html|access-date=January 18, 2022|website=]|language=en}}</ref> The head accounts for around 7–9% of the body's surface, and studies have shown that having one's head submerged in cold water only causes a person to lose 10% more heat overall.<ref name="Sample 2008">{{cite news |last1=Sample |first1=Ian |date=17 December 2008 |title=Scientists debunk the myth that you lose most heat through your head |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2008/dec/17/medicalresearch-humanbehaviour |access-date=29 July 2024 |work=The Guardian}}</ref>{{Medical citation needed|date=July 2024}}
{{cite journal|url=http://www.bmj.com/content/342/bmj.c7452.full|title=British Medical Journal: Wakefield's article linking MMR vaccine and autism was fraudulent|journal=BMJ|volume=342|page=c7452|access-date=January 5, 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131111093448/http://www.bmj.com/content/342/bmj.c7452.full | archive-date = November 11, 2013| url-status=live|doi=10.1136/bmj.c7452|pmid=21209060|year=2011|last1=Godlee|first1=F.|last2=Smith|first2=J.|last3=Marcovitch|first3=H.|s2cid=43640126}}</ref>
* ] is not harvested from living people and has no use as a recreational drug. ] conceived a fictional drug of the same name in his book '']'', apparently as a metaphor and unaware that a real substance by that name existed; it is Thompson's fictional adrenochrome, and not the real chemical compound, that is the source of numerous conspiracy theories revolving around human trafficking to harvest the fictional drug.<ref name=adams>{{#invoke:cite news||last1=Adams |first1=Josie |date=April 7, 2020 |title=The truth about adrenochrome |url=https://thespinoff.co.nz/society/07-04-2020/explainer-adrenochrome-the-drug-that-doesnt-exist/ |access-date=June 28, 2020 |work=The Spinoff}}</ref><ref name="friedberg">{{cite magazine |last=Friedberg |first=Brian |title=The Dark Virality of a Hollywood Blood-Harvesting Conspiracy |magazine=Wired |url=https://www.wired.com/story/opinion-the-dark-virality-of-a-hollywood-blood-harvesting-conspiracy/ |access-date=February 21, 2021}}</ref>
* People do not use ]. While it is true that a small minority of neurons in the brain are actively firing at any one time, the inactive neurons are important as well.<ref>
* Men and women have the same number of ribs: 24, or 12 pairs. The erroneous idea that women have one more rib than men may stem from the ] of ].<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||date=March 12, 2020 |title=How many ribs do humans have? Men, women, and anatomy |first=Danielle |last=Dresden |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/how-many-ribs-do-humans-have#men-vs-women |access-date=June 5, 2022 |website=Medical News Today |language=en |quote=Although many people might think that males have fewer ribs than females — most likely sparked by the biblical story of Adam and Eve — there is no factual evidence.}}</ref>
a. {{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/science/stats/10percent.asp|title=Snopes on brains|website=Snopes.com|access-date=August 29, 2009 }}
* The use of ]s (aka cotton buds or Q-Tips) in the ear canal has no associated medical benefits and poses definite medical risks.<ref>a. {{citation |last=Moser |first=Rod |url=http://blogs.webmd.com/all-ears/2006/11/q-tips-weapons-of-ear-destruction.html |title=Q-Tips – Weapons of Ear Destruction? |publisher=WebMD |date=13 November 2006}}
<br />b. {{cite journal|last=Radford|first=Benjamin|date=March–April 1999|title=The Ten-Percent Myth|journal=Skeptical Inquirer|issn=0194-6730|url=http://www.csicop.org/si/show/the_ten-percent_myth/|access-date=April 15, 2009|quote=It's the old myth heard time and again about how people use only ten percent of their brains | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131030034901/http://www.csicop.org/si/show/the_ten-percent_myth/ | archive-date = October 30, 2013| url-status=live}}</ref> This misconception has been commonplace in ] at least as far back as the start of the 20th century, and was attributed to ], who apparently used the expression only metaphorically.<ref name="beyersteinbrain">{{cite book|last=Beyerstein|first=Barry L.|title=Mind Myths: Exploring Popular Assumptions About the Mind and Brain|editor=Sergio Della Sala|publisher=Wiley|date=1999|pages=3–24|chapter=Whence Cometh the Myth that We Only Use 10% of our Brains?|isbn=978-0471983033}}</ref>
<br />b. {{citation |first=Joel |last=Stein |url=http://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,105556,00.html |title=Something Evil in the Ear Canal |magazine=Time |date=26 March 2001}}
<br />c. {{#invoke:cite journal||last=American Academy of Family Physicians|title=Information from Your Family Doctor—Earwax: What You Should Know|journal=American Family Physician|date=May 2007|volume=75|issue=10|page=1530|url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/2007/0515/p1523.html|pmid=17555145}}
<br />d. {{#invoke:cite web||url = http://commonhealth.wbur.org/2012/11/q-tips-ears-danger|title = Why You Really, Truly Should Not Put Q-Tips Into Your Ears|website = commonhealth|access-date = 6 March 2016|archive-date = March 3, 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303043728/http://commonhealth.wbur.org/2012/11/q-tips-ears-danger}}</ref>
* The idea that a precise number of stages of grief exist is not supported in peer-reviewed research or objective clinical observation, let alone the ] model.<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite news||url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2042372-2,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110131162817/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2042372-2,00.html|archive-date=January 31, 2011|title=New Ways to Think About Grief|first=Ruth Davis|last=Konigsberg |date=January 29, 2011|access-date=27 November 2016|via=www.time.com}}
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite journal|| vauthors = Corr CA |date=23 October 2018|title=The 'five stages' in coping with dying and bereavement: strengths, weaknesses and some alternatives|journal=Mortality|volume=24|issue=4|pages=405–417|doi=10.1080/13576275.2018.1527826|s2cid=149545381}}
<br />c. {{#invoke:cite web||last1=Shermer |first1=Michael |title=Five Fallacies of Grief: Debunking Psychological Stages |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/five-fallacies-of-grief/ |website=www.scientificamerican.com |publisher=] |date=1 November 2008 |access-date=29 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511014903/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/five-fallacies-of-grief/ |archive-date=11 May 2020 }}
<br />d. {{#invoke:cite journal|| vauthors = Wortman CB, Silver RC | title = The myths of coping with loss | journal = Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology | volume = 57 | issue = 3 | pages = 349–357 | date = June 1989 | pmid = 2661609 | doi = 10.1037/0022-006x.57.3.349 }}</ref>
* {{Convert|98.6|F|C}} is not the normal or average ]. That figure comes from an 1860 study,<ref>{{#invoke:cite book||url=https://archive.org/details/dasverhaltender00wundgoog|first=Carl Reinhold August|last=Wunderlich|title=Das Verhalten der Eigenwärme in Krankheiten |trans-title=The behavior of the self-warmth in diseases|location=Leipzig|year=1868 <!-- Original print date, per -->|publisher=O. Wigand }}; its 1871 2nd edition translated into English and published with the title .</ref> but modern research shows that the average internal temperature is {{convert|36.4|C}}, with small fluctuations.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last1=Weintraub |first1=Karen |title=Are Human Body Temperatures Cooling Down? |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/are-human-body-temperatures-cooling-down/ |website=Scientific American |date=April 2020 |access-date=10 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal|| pmid=1302471 | date=1992 | title=A critical appraisal of 98.6 degrees F, the upper limit of the normal body temperature, and other legacies of Carl Reinhold August Wunderlich | journal=JAMA | volume=268 | issue=12 | pages=1578–1580 | doi=10.1001/jama.1992.03490120092034 | vauthors = MacKowiak PA, Wasserman SS, Levine MM }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web|| url=https://www.realclearscience.com/blog/2015/08/the_average_body_temperature_is_not_986_degrees.html | title=The Average Body Temperature is Not 98.6 &#124; RealClearScience | date=August 26, 2015 }}</ref>
* The ] are not outnumbered 10 to 1 by ]s. The 10 to 1 ratio was an estimate made in 1972; current estimates put the ratio at either 3 to 1 or 1.3 to 1.<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite journal|| url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature.2016.19136 | doi=10.1038/nature.2016.19136 | title=Scientists bust myth that our bodies have more bacteria than human cells | date=2016 | last1=Abbott | first1=Alison | journal=Nature }}<br />b. {{#invoke:cite book||last1=Engelhaupt |first1=Erika |title=Gory details: adventures from the dark side of science |title-link=Gory Details |last2=Morrow-Cribbs |first2=Briony |date=2020 |publisher=National geographic partners |isbn=978-1-4262-2097-5 |location=Washington}}<br />c. {{#invoke:cite web|| url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/bodys-bacteria-dont-outnumber-human-cells-so-much-after-all | title=Body's bacteria don't outnumber human cells so much after all | date=January 8, 2016 }}</ref>
* The total length of capillaries in the human body is not 100,000 km. That figure comes from a 1929 book by August Krogh, who used an unrealistically large model person and an inaccurately high density of capillaries. The true number is believed to be between 9,000 and 19,000 km. <ref>{{#invoke:cite journal|| pmid=33242636 | date=24 Nov 2020 | title=August Krogh: Muscle capillary function and oxygen delivery | journal=Comp Biochem Physiol a Mol Integr Physiol | doi=10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.110852 | vauthors = Poole DC, Kano Y, Koga S, Musch TI | volume=253 | pmc=7867635 }}</ref>


===={{anchor|Disease}}Disease and preventive healthcare==== ==== Disease and preventive healthcare ====
{{see also|Misconceptions about HIV and AIDS|COVID-19 misinformation}} {{See also|Misconceptions about HIV and AIDS|COVID-19 misinformation}}
* ] is not purely a disease of the lungs that has symptoms of coughing. It may instead infect a wide range of other organs in the body.<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Kamboj A, Lause M, Kamboj K |year=2023 |chapter=The Problem of Tuberculosis: Myths, Stigma, and Mimics |veditors=Rezaei N |title=Tuberculosis |series=Integrated Science |volume=11 |publisher=Springer |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-15955-8_50 |pages=1046–1062 |isbn=978-3-031-15954-1}}</ref>
* The ] is caused by ], not cold temperature, although cold temperature may somewhat weaken the immune system.<ref>
* Cancer cannot be treated by restricting food intake and so supposedly "starving" tumors. Rather, the health of people with cancer is best served by maintaining a ].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Grimes DR, O'Riordan E |title=Starving cancer and other dangerous dietary misconceptions |journal=Lancet Oncol |volume=24 |issue=11 |pages=1177–1178 |date=November 2023 |pmid=37922928 |doi=10.1016/S1470-2045(23)00483-7 |url=}}</ref>
a. {{Cite journal |doi = 10.1177/1090198111407187|pmid = 21586668|title = Age and Ethnic Differences in Cold Weather and Contagion Theories of Colds and Flu|journal = Health Education & Behavior|volume = 39|issue = 1|pages = 67–76|year = 2012|last1 = Sigelman|first1 = Carol K.|s2cid = 206684728}}
* The ] and the ] are caused by ]es, not exposure to cold temperatures. However, low temperatures may somewhat weaken the immune system, and someone already infected with a cold or influenza virus but showing no symptoms can become symptomatic after they are exposed to low temperatures.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||title=Temperature-dependent innate defense against the common cold virus limits viral replication at warm temperature in mouse airway cells |year=2015 |pmc=4311828 |last1=Foxman |first1=E. F. |last2=Storer |first2=J. A. |last3=Fitzgerald |first3=M. E. |last4=Wasik |first4=B. R. |last5=Hou |first5=L. |last6=Zhao |first6=H. |last7=Turner |first7=P. E. |last8=Pyle |first8=A. M. |last9=Iwasaki |first9=A. |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=112 |issue=3 |pages=827–832 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1411030112 |pmid=25561542 |bibcode=2015PNAS..112..827F |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Mourtzoukou">{{#invoke:cite journal|| vauthors = Mourtzoukou EG, Falagas ME | title = Exposure to cold and respiratory tract infections | journal = The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease | volume = 11 | issue = 9 | pages = 938–43 | date = September 2007 | pmid = 17705968 }}</ref> Viruses are more likely to spread during the winter for a variety of reasons such as dry air, less air circulation in homes, people spending more time indoors, and lower ] levels in humans.<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite journal||doi = 10.1177/1090198111407187|pmid = 21586668|title = Age and Ethnic Differences in Cold Weather and Contagion Theories of Colds and Flu|journal = Health Education & Behavior|volume = 39|issue = 1|pages = 67–76 |year = 2012|last1 = Sigelman|first1 = Carol K.|s2cid = 206684728}}
<br />b. {{cite journal| pmc=1011011 | pmid=6364570 | volume=139 | issue=6 | title=Traditional health beliefs and practices among lower class black Americans | year=1983 | author=Snow LF | journal=West J Med | pages=820–28}}
<br />c. {{cite journal| pmc=1011011 | pmid=6364570 | volume=139 | title=Traditional health beliefs and practices among lower class black Americans | year=1983 | author=Snow LF | journal=West J Med | issue=6 | pages=820–28}} <br />b. {{#invoke:cite journal|| pmc=1011011 | pmid=6364570 | volume=139 | issue=6 | title=Traditional health beliefs and practices among lower class black Americans | year=1983 | author=Snow LF | journal=West J Med | pages=820–28}}
<br />c. {{#invoke:cite journal|| pmc=1011011 | pmid=6364570 | volume=139 | title=Traditional health beliefs and practices among lower class black Americans | year=1983 | author=Snow LF | journal=West J Med | issue=6 | pages=820–28}}
<br />d. {{Cite web|url=http://theconversation.com/mondays-medical-myth-you-can-catch-a-cold-by-getting-cold-2488|title=Monday's medical myth: you can catch a cold by getting cold|first=Merlin|last=Thomas|website=The Conversation}}
<br />d. {{#invoke:cite web||url=http://theconversation.com/mondays-medical-myth-you-can-catch-a-cold-by-getting-cold-2488|title=Monday's medical myth: you can catch a cold by getting cold|first=Merlin|last=Thomas|website=The Conversation|date=July 25, 2011 }}
<br />e. {{Cite web|url=https://blogs.unimelb.edu.au/sciencecommunication/2017/08/17/feeling-cold-causing-colds/|title=Feeling cold causing colds? – Scientific Scribbles}}
<br />f. {{Cite web|url=https://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/06/29/11-health-myths-that-may-surprise-you/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190418031550/https://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/06/29/11-health-myths-that-may-surprise-you/?mtrref=www.google.com&gwh=930ECABDD5CB84FF9CAB5CCC66B35FE7&gwt=pay|url-status=dead|title=11 Health Myths That May Surprise You|first=Tara|last=Parker-Pope|date=June 29, 2009|archive-date = April 18, 2019}}</ref> <br />e. {{#invoke:cite web||url=https://blogs.unimelb.edu.au/sciencecommunication/2017/08/17/feeling-cold-causing-colds/|title=Feeling cold causing colds? – Scientific Scribbles}}
<br />f. {{#invoke:cite web||url=https://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/06/29/11-health-myths-that-may-surprise-you/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190418031550/https://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/06/29/11-health-myths-that-may-surprise-you/?mtrref=www.google.com&gwh=930ECABDD5CB84FF9CAB5CCC66B35FE7&gwt=pay|title=11 Health Myths That May Surprise You|first=Tara|last=Parker-Pope|date=June 29, 2009|archive-date = April 18, 2019}}
* In those with the ], the color of the ] or nasal secretion may vary from clear to yellow to green and does not indicate the class of agent causing the infection.<ref>
a. {{cite book|editor-first=Ronald |editor-last=Eccles |editor2-first=Olaf |editor2-last=Weber|title=Common cold|page=7|date=2009|publisher=Birkhäuser|location=Basel|isbn=978-3764398941 }}
<br />b. {{cite book|last=Rutter|first=Paul|title=Community pharmacy : symptoms, diagnosis and treatment |date=2009|publisher=Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone |location=Edinburgh |isbn=978-0702029950 |page=7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MVLvW6qS2PAC&pg=PA7|edition=2nd}}</ref>
* ] ] the ], although it may have a protective effect during intense cold-weather exercise. If taken daily, it may slightly reduce the duration and severity of colds, but it has no effect if taken after the cold starts.<ref>
a. {{cite web|url=http://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/cold-guide/vitamin-c-for-common-cold |title=Vitamin C for the Common Cold |website=WebMD |access-date=September 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5tnrUWK5U?url=http://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/cold-guide/vitamin-c-for-common-cold |archive-date=October 27, 2010 |url-status=live}}
<br />b. {{cite journal|title=Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold |author=Harri Hemilä |author2=Elizabeth Chalker |journal=] |date=Jan 2013 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD000980.pub4 |pmid=23440782 |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=CD000980 |pmc=1160577 }}</ref>
]s, and therefore cannot cause warts on humans.]]
* Humans cannot catch warts from ]s or other animals; the bumps on a toad are not warts.<ref>
a. {{cite web|url=http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/warts-faq-questions-answers#1 | title=Warts: 10 Answers to Common Questions}}
<br />b. {{cite web|url=http://www.londondrugs.com/Cultures/en-US/FocusOnHealth/Fall2002/Warts.htm|title=Putting an End to Warts|publisher=Londondrugs.com|access-date=August 29, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120609023506/http://www.londondrugs.com/Cultures/en-US/FocusOnHealth/Fall2002/Warts.htm | archive-date = June 9, 2012| url-status=live}}</ref> ]s on human skin are caused by ], which is unique to humans.
* Neither ] nor exercising while in good health causes ].<ref>
a. {{cite journal |author=Bosomworth NJ |title=Exercise and knee osteoarthritis: benefit or hazard? |journal=Can Fam Physician |volume=55 |issue=9 |pages=871–78 |date=September 2009 |pmid=19752252 |pmc=2743580}}
<br />b. {{cite journal|last=Deweber|first=K|author2=Olszewski, M |author3=Ortolano, R |title=Knuckle cracking and hand osteoarthritis|journal=Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine|date=Mar–Apr 2011|volume=24|issue=2|pages=169–74|pmid=21383216|doi=10.3122/jabfm.2011.02.100156|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* ] does not play a ] in ], although it is widely believed to do so by lay people.<ref name="stress">{{cite journal|last=Marshall|first=IJ|author2=Wolfe, CD |author3=McKevitt, C |title=Lay perspectives on hypertension and drug adherence: systematic review of qualitative research|journal=BMJ |edition=Clinical research|date=July 9, 2012|volume=345|page=e3953|pmid=22777025|pmc=3392078|doi=10.1136/bmj.e3953}}</ref> Specific relaxation therapies are not supported by the evidence.<ref name="Relax2006">{{cite journal|last=Dickinson|first=HO|author2=Mason, JM |author3=Nicolson, DJ |author4=Campbell, F |author5=Beyer, FR |author6=Cook, JV |author7=Williams, B |author8= Ford, GA |title=Lifestyle interventions to reduce raised blood pressure: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials|journal=Journal of Hypertension|date=February 2006|volume=24|issue=2|pages=215–33|pmid=16508562|doi=10.1097/01.hjh.0000199800.72563.26|s2cid=9125890}}</ref> ''Acute'' stress has been shown to ''temporarily'' increase blood-pressure levels.<ref name="stress" /> Chronic stress may cause a sustained rise in high blood-pressure.<ref name="stress" />
* In people with ], bathing does not dry the skin and may in fact be beneficial.<ref>
a. {{cite web|title=Daily Skin Care Essential to Control Atopic Dermatitis|publisher=] | url=http://www.skincarephysicians.com/eczemanet/daily_care.html|access-date=March 24, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131017060636/http://www.skincarephysicians.com/eczemanet/daily_care.html | archive-date = October 17, 2013| url-status=live}}
<br />b. {{cite journal|last=McAleer|first=MA|author2=Flohr, C |author3=Irvine, AD |title=Management of difficult and severe eczema in childhood |journal=]|date=Jul 23, 2012|volume=345|page=e4770|pmid=22826585|doi=10.1136/bmj.e4770|hdl=2262/75991|s2cid=36038433|url=http://www.tara.tcd.ie/bitstream/2262/75991/1/PMID%2022826585%20Difficult%20and%20severe%20AD%20in%20childhood.pdf|hdl-access=free}}</ref>
* There have never been any programs in the US that provide access to ] machines in exchange for pull tabs on ]s.<ref>
{{cite web | url=http://www.snopes.com/business/redeem/pulltabs.asp | title=Keeping Tabs | website=Snopes | date=March 24, 2012 | access-date=March 30, 2014 | author=Mikkelson, Barbara}}</ref> This rumor has existed since at least the 1970s, and usually cites the ] as the organization offering the program. The Foundation itself has denied the rumor, noting that dialysis machines are primarily funded by ].<ref>
{{cite web | url=https://www.kidney.org/news/newsroom/newsitemArchive.cfm?id=100 | title=NKF Dispels Pull Tabs for Dialysis Time Rumor | publisher=National Kidney Foundation | date=June 1, 1998 | access-date=March 30, 2014| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140407102004/https://www.kidney.org/news/newsroom/newsitemArchive.cfm?id=100 | archive-date = April 7, 2014| url-status=live}}</ref><!-- Is this really a common misconception?-->
* ] in powdered form is not used as an ] in ] as ''Cornu Rhinoceri Asiatici'' (犀角, ''xījiǎo'', "rhinoceros horn"). It is prescribed for fevers and convulsions,<ref>
Bensky, Dan; Clavey, Steven; Stoger, Erich and Gamble, Andrew (2004) ''Chinese Herbal Medicine: Materia Medica'', 3rd Edition. Eastland Press. {{ISBN|0939616424}}</ref> a treatment not supported by ].
* ] is not auto-degenerative as commonly supposed, meaning that it will not (on its own) cause body parts to be damaged or fall off.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://harpers.org/archive/2013/06/the-separating-sickness/|title=The Separating Sickness|first=Rebecca|last=Solnit|date=June 12, 2013|via=Harpers}}</ref> Leprosy causes rashes to form and may degrade cartilage and, if untreated, ]. In addition, leprosy is only mildly contagious, partly because 95% of those infected with the mycobacteria that causes leprosy do not develop the disease.<ref>
{{Cite web|url=https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/tuberculosis-and-related-infections/leprosy|title=Leprosy – Infections|website=Merck Manuals Consumer Version}}</ref><ref name="auto"/> ], a Biblical disease that disfigures the skin is often identified as leprosy, and may be the source of many myths about the disease.<ref>
a. {{cite journal|last1=Grzybowski|first1=Andrzej|last2=Nita|first2=Małgorzata|title=Leprosy in the Bible|journal=Clinics in Dermatology|volume=34|issue=1|year=2016|pages=3–7|issn=0738-081X|doi=10.1016/j.clindermatol.2015.10.003|pmid=26773616}}
<br />b. {{cite book|title=HaTalmud V'Chachmas HaRefuah|location=Berlin|year=1928|page=323}} </ref>
* ] does not cause ]. The ''Clostridium tetani'' bacterium is generally found in dirty environments. Since the same conditions that harbor tetanus bacteria also promote rusting of metal, many people associate rust with tetanus. ''C. tetani'' requires ] conditions to reproduce and these are found in the permeable layers of rust that form on oxygen-absorbing, unprotected ironwork.<ref>
{{cite web|title=Tetanus – Can a Rusty Nail Cause Tetanus?|url=http://www.ehso.com/disease/tetanus.php|website=Environmental Safety and Health Online|access-date=November 9, 2015}}</ref>
* ] has never been a standard procedure for those with ], despite the condition's popular nickname ("bubble boy syndrome") and its portrayal in films. A ] in the earliest months of life is the standard course of treatment. The exceptional case of ], who indeed lived much of his life encased in a sterile environment because he would not receive a transplant until age 12 (the transplant, because of failure to detect ], instead killed Vetter), was one of the primary inspirations for the "bubble boy" trope.<ref>
{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/04/17/health/bubble-boy-disease-cure-study/index.html|title=Doctors develop 'cure' for babies with 'bubble boy' disease|author=Jacqueline Howard|website=CNN|date=April 17, 2019}}</ref>
* ], did not avoid the ] by using ]. The implementation of protective sequestration did prevent the virus from spreading outside a single household after a single carrier came into the town while it was in effect, but the sequestration was not sustainable and had to be lifted in February 1919. A month later, the flu hit the town, killing five and infecting dozens of others.<ref>
{{cite news|title=The 1918 Spanish flu killed 8,000 people in Colorado, but Gunnison only had 2 cases. Here's why|url=https://www.9news.com/article/news/local/next/gunnison-spanish-flu-epidemic-response-coronavirus-research/73-67791a7a-0492-48d4-abe2-b0184f672825|first=Alison|last=Sylte|work=KUSA|date=March 4, 2020|access-date=September 11, 2020}}</ref>
* ] are ineffective in treating many diseases, and their overuse is not innocuous; the misconception that they are effective against many common viral infections leads to their overuse. In fact, antibiotics are used to treat bacterial diseases, not viral diseases.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dailytargum.com//article/2021/02/rutgers-study-finds-antibiotic-overuse-is-caused-by-misconceptions-financial|title=Rutgers study finds antibiotic overuse is caused by misconceptions, financial incentives|first=Sasha|last=Barnes|website=The Daily Targum}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/bies.202000163|title=Accounting for variation in and overuse of antibiotics among humans|first1=Martin J.|last1=Blaser|first2=Melissa K.|last2=Melby|first3=Margaret|last3=Lock|first4=Mark|last4=Nichter|date=16 February 2021|journal=BioEssays|volume=43|issue=2|page=2000163|via=Wiley Online Library|doi=10.1002/bies.202000163|pmid=33410142|s2cid=230811912}}</ref>
* The frequency of ]s in ]s describes how often the effect occurs ''after'' taking a drug, not ''because'' of the drug.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mühlbauer|first1=Viktoria|last2=Prinz|first2=Roman|last3=Mühlhauser|first3=Ingrid|last4=Wegwarth|first4=Odette|date=2018-09-13|title=Alternative package leaflets improve people's understanding of drug side effects{{snd}}A randomized controlled exploratory survey|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=13|issue=9|page=e0203800|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0203800|issn=1932-6203|pmc=6136776|pmid=30212555|bibcode=2018PLoSO..1303800M|doi-access=free}}</ref>
<!--* It is a common misconception that ] is a ] or ] for treating wounds.<ref>
a. {{cite news|title = Really? The Claim: Hydrogen Peroxide Is a Good Treatment for Small Wounds|first = Anahd|last = O'Connor|work=]| date=June 19, 2007| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/19/health/19real.html| access-date =July 13, 2011 }}
<br />b. {{cite news| title = Medical myths don't die easily| first = Aaron E. | last = Carroll|author2=Rachel C. Vreeman| publisher = CNN| date=July 12, 2011| url = http://www.cnn.com/2011/OPINION/07/12/vreeman.carroll.medical.myths/index.html| access-date =July 13, 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140116095801/http://www.cnn.com/2011/OPINION/07/12/vreeman.carroll.medical.myths/index.html |archive-date = January 16, 2014| url-status=live}}</ref> While it is an effective cleaning agent, hydrogen peroxide is not an effective agent for reducing ] of wounds. Furthermore, hydrogen peroxide applied to wounds can impede ] and lead to ]ring because it destroys newly formed ] ].<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=17151171 |title=Hydrogen peroxide disrupts scarless fetal wound repair |publisher=Cat.inist.fr |access-date=September 5, 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131214114412/http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=17151171 | archive-date = December 14, 2013| url-status=live}}</ref>-->
* A ] is not cleaner than a human's mouth, and letting a dog lick a wound does not promote healing. A dog's mouth contains almost as much bacteria as a human mouth.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethosvet.com/blog-post/9-pet-myths-debunked/|title=9 Pet Myths: Debunked!|website=Ethos Veterinary Health}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/au/blog/canine-corner/201106/can-dogs-help-humans-heal|title=Can Dogs Help Humans Heal? &#124; Psychology Today Australia|website=www.psychologytoday.com}}</ref>


<br />g. {{#invoke:cite web||date=December 6, 2021 |title=Winter Illness Guide |url=https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/winter-illness-guide |access-date=June 21, 2022 |website=www.hopkinsmedicine.org |language=en}}
====Human sexuality====
* There is no physical test for ], and the condition of the ] says nothing about a person's sexual experience.<ref name="Perlman">{{cite book|last1=Perlman |first1=Sally E. |last2=Nakajyma |first2=Steven T.|last3=Hertweck |first3=S. Paige |title=Clinical protocols in pediatric and adolescent gynecology |year=2004|publisher=Parthenon |page=131 |isbn=978-1842141991}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web|url=https://nerdfighteria.info/v/CnRCI2cjg9U/|title=The Hymen Doesn't Tell You Anything About a Person|date=December 14, 2019|work=SciShow|last=Green |first=Hank |author-link=Hank Green}}</ref> Bleeding is not directly associated with first vaginal ], and indicates nothing about sexual experience.<ref name="Perlman" /> Physical ]s have no scientific merit.<ref>
{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/17-10-2018-united-nations-agencies-call-for-ban-on-virginity-testing|title=United Nations agencies call for ban on virginity testing|date=17 October 2018|publisher=World Health Organization|access-date=22 October 2018}}</ref>
* Neither race<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1464-410X.2005.05238.x |doi-access=free |pmid=15638885 |title=Idiopathic short penis: Myth or reality? |journal=BJU International |volume=95 |issue=1 |pages=8–9 |year=2005 |last1=Mondaini |first1=Nicola |last2=Gontero |first2=Paolo }}</ref> nor hand size<ref>
{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2016/03/08/health/trump-small-hands-penis/index.html|title=Trump: Do small hands equal small penis, or a myth?|first=Jen | last=Christensen|website=CNN}}</ref> correlate with ], but ] may.<ref>
{{cite web|url=https://articles.latimes.com/2011/jul/04/news/la-heb-finger-ratio-penis-length-20110704|title=Judging penis size by comparing index, ring fingers|first=Thomas H. Maugh|last=II|date=July 4, 2011|via=LA Times}}</ref>
* While pregnancies from sex between ] do carry a small risk of ]s, this risk is often exaggerated.<ref name="kershaw">{{cite news |first = Sarah |last = Kershaw |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/26/garden/26cousins.html |title = Shaking Off the Shame |date = November 26, 2009 | work=The New York Times}}</ref> The risk is 5–6% (similar to that of a 40-year-old woman giving birth),<ref name="kershaw" /><ref name="Bennett">{{cite journal|last1=Bennett|first1=Robin L.|last2=Motulsky|first2=Arno G.|last3=Bittles|first3=Alan|last4=Hudgins|first4=Louanne|last5=Uhrich|first5=Stefanie|last6=Doyle|first6=Debra Lochner|last7=Silvey|first7=Kerry|last8=Scott|first8=C. Ronald|last9=Cheng|first9=Edith|last10=McGillivray|first10=Barbara|last11=Steiner|first11=Robert D.|last12=Olson|first12=Debra|title=Genetic Counseling and Screening of Consanguineous Couples and Their Offspring|journal=Journal of Genetic Counseling|date=2002|volume=11|issue=2|pages=97–119|doi=10.1023/A:1014593404915|pmid=26141656|s2cid=23922750|doi-access=free}}</ref> compared with a baseline risk of 3–4%.<ref name="Bennett" /> The effects of ], while still relatively small compared to other factors (and thus difficult to control for in a scientific experiment), become more noticeable if isolated and maintained for several generations.<ref>
a. {{cite journal | pmc = 1377721 | pmid=9915962 | doi=10.1086/302198 | volume=64 | issue=1 | title=Inbreeding effects on fertility in humans: evidence for reproductive compensation | date=January 1999 | journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet. | pages=225–31 | last1 = Ober | first1 = C | last2 = Hyslop | first2 = T | last3 = Hauck | first3 = WW}}
<br />b. {{Cite journal | doi=10.1038/ejhg.2008.237|pmid = 19092776| pmc=2986271| title=Impact of inbreeding on fertility in a pre-industrial population| journal=European Journal of Human Genetics| volume=17| issue=5| pages=673–81| year=2009| last1=Robert| first1=Alexandre| last2=Toupance| first2=Bruno| last3=Tremblay| first3=Marc| last4=Heyer| first4=Evelyne}}</ref>
* There is no ] basis for the belief that having sex in the days leading up to a sporting event or contest is detrimental to performance.<ref>
{{cite journal
|url=http://www.nature.com/news/2006/060609/full/news060605-16.html
|title=Sex before the big game?
|journal=Nature
|date=June 9, 2006|access-date=January 16, 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121104140935/http://www.nature.com/news/2006/060609/full/news060605-16.html |archive-date = November 4, 2012| url-status=live|doi=10.1038/news060605-16|author=Ainsworth Claire|s2cid=179920555
}}</ref> In fact it has been suggested that sex prior to sports activity can elevate male ] level, which could potentially enhance performance.<ref>
{{cite magazine|title=Sex and Sports: Should Athletes Abstain Before Big Events?|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/02/0222_060222_sex.html
|magazine=National Geographic|date=February 22, 2006|access-date=January 16, 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140301110507/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/02/0222_060222_sex.html |archive-date = March 1, 2014| url-status=live}}</ref>
* There is no definitive proof of the existence of the vaginal ], and the general consensus is that no such spot exists on the female body.<ref>
a. {{cite book|first1=Richard |last1=Balon |first2=Robert Taylor |last2=Segraves|title=Clinical Manual of Sexual Disorders |publisher= ]|year=2009|access-date=January 24, 2014|page=258|isbn=978-1585629053|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YuP3Hb0TMLQC&pg=PA258}}
<br />b. {{cite book|first1=Jerrold S.|last1=Greenberg|first2=Clint E.|last2=Bruess|first3=Sara B. |last3=Oswalt|title=Exploring the Dimensions of Human Sexuality|pages=102–04|isbn=978-1449648510|date=2014|access-date=October 30, 2014|publisher=]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hm3aTuANFroC&pg=PA102}}
<br />c. {{cite journal |author=Hines T |s2cid=32381437 |date=August 2001 |title=The G-Spot: A modern gynecologic myth |journal=Am J Obstet Gynecol |volume=185 |issue=2 |pages=359–62 | doi=10.1067/mob.2001.115995 |pmid=11518892}}
<br />d. {{cite journal |last1=Kilchevsky |first1=A |last2=Vardi |first2=Y |last3=Lowenstein|first3=L|last4=Gruenwald |first4=I|title=Is the Female G-Spot Truly a Distinct Anatomic Entity?|journal=]|volume= 9|issue= 3|pages= 719–26|date=January 2012|pmid=22240236|doi=10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02623.x|lay-url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/01/19/g-spot-does-not-exist_n_1215822.html |lay-source=]|lay-date=January 19, 2012}}</ref>
* ] or ] is not correlated with ]. A 1996 study claiming a connection in men<ref name=homophobiastudy>{{Cite journal|url=http://my.psychologytoday.com/files/u47/Henry_et_al.pdf|pmid=8772014|year=1996|last1=Adams|first1=HE|last2=Wright Jr|first2=LW|last3=Lohr|first3=BA|title=Is homophobia associated with homosexual arousal?|volume=105|issue=3|pages=440–45|journal=Journal of Abnormal Psychology|doi=10.1037/0021-843X.105.3.440}}</ref> has not been verified by subsequent studies, including a 2013 study that found no correlation.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22989040/|pmid=22989040|year=2013|title=Is homophobia associated with an implicit same-sex attraction?|volume=50|pages=777–85|journal=J Sex Res|issue=8|doi=10.1080/00224499.2012.690111|last1=MacInnis|first1=Cara C.|last2=Hodson|first2=Gordon|s2cid=205442892}}</ref>
* Not all ] commit ], and not all child sexual abuse is committed by pedophiles. Pedophilia is the ''condition'' of an adult being exclusively or predominantly attracted to pre-pubescent children, while child sexual abuse is the ''act'' of an adult, pedophile or not, having sexual relations with pre-pubescent children.<ref>
a. {{cite journal |first1=M. Ashley|last1=Ames|first2=David A.|last2=Houston|title = Legal, social, and biological definitions of pedophilia|journal=]|volume= 19|issue=4|pages=333–42|date = August 1990|pmid=2205170|doi=10.1007/BF01541928|s2cid=16719658}}
<br />b. {{cite web |title=Child Molesters: A Behavioral Analysis |edition=Fifth |first=Kenneth V.|last=Lanning |year=2010|website=National Center for Missing and Exploited Children |url=http://www.missingkids.com/en_US/publications/NC70.pdf |page=79 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101224092439/http://www.missingkids.com/en_US/publications/NC70.pdf |archive-date=2010-12-24 }}
<br />c. {{cite journal|vauthors=Fagan PJ, Wise TN, Schmidt CW, Berlin FS | title=Pedophilia|journal=JAMA|volume=288|issue=19|pages=2458–65|date= November 2002|pmid = 12435259|doi=10.1001/jama.288.19.2458|url=http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12435259}}
<br />d. {{cite journal |vauthors=Hall RC, Hall RC | title = A profile of pedophilia: definition, characteristics of offenders, recidivism, treatment outcomes, and forensic issues |journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings|volume=82|issue=4|pages=457–71|year=2007|pmid=17418075|doi=10.4065/82.4.457}}</ref>


<br />h. {{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Acharya |first1=B. |last2=Thapa |first2=K. |date=January 2016 |title=Indoor Staying During Winter Season Makes People More Susceptible to Flu |journal=Journal of Nepal Health Research Council |volume=14 |issue=32 |pages=69–70 |issn=1999-6217 |pmid=27426715}}</ref>
====Nutrition, food, and drink====
* ] will not cure a cold; they treat bacterial diseases and are ineffectual against viruses.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://www.cdc.gov/antibiotic-use/colds.html|title=Suffering from a cold?|date=October 6, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/resources-you-drugs/warning-antibiotics-dont-work-viruses-colds-and-flu|title = WARNING: Antibiotics don't work for viruses like colds and the flu|journal = FDA|date = November 3, 2018}}</ref> However, they are sometimes prescribed to prevent or treat ].<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Arroll |first1=B |last2=Kenealy |first2=T |title=Antibiotics for the common cold and acute purulent rhinitis |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |date=October 21, 2002 |issue=3 |pages=CD000247 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD000247 |pmid=12137610 }}</ref>
* Diet has little influence on the body's ], and there is no evidence that ] rids the body of toxins,<ref name="Mayo Clinic Website">
* There is little to no evidence that any illnesses are curable through ]s or ],<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Lee|first1=Myeong Soo|last2=Choi|first2=Jiae Choi|title=Aromatherapy for health care: an overview of systematic reviews|journal=Maturitas|date=2012|volume=3|issue=71|pages=257–260|doi=10.1016/j.maturitas.2011.12.018|pmid=22285469}}</ref> and ] has not been shown to cure ].<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/do-essential-oils-work-heres-what-science-says/|title=Do Essential Oils Work? Here's What Science Says|publisher=Scientific American|date=March 7, 2020}}</ref>
Compare: {{cite web|url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/detox-diets/AN01334|title=Do detox diets offer any health benefits?|publisher=]|last=Zeratsky|first=Katherine|date=April 21, 2012|access-date=May 9, 2015|quote=here's little evidence that detox diets actually remove toxins from the body. Indeed, the kidneys and liver are generally quite effective at filtering and eliminating most ingested toxins.}}</ref> despite a commonly held belief to the contrary.<ref>
* In those with the common cold, the color of the ] or nasal secretion may vary from clear to yellow to green and does not indicate the class of agent causing the infection.<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite book||editor-first=Ronald |editor-last=Eccles |editor2-first=Olaf |editor2-last=Weber|title=Common cold|page=7|date=2009|publisher=Birkhäuser|location=Basel|isbn=978-3-7643-9894-1 }}
a. {{cite web|url=http://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/detox_overview.html| title="Detoxification" schemes and scams|last=Barrett|first=Stephen|author-link=Stephen Barrett|publisher=]|access-date = June 18, 2014|date=June 8, 2011}}
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite book||last=Rutter|first=Paul|title=Community pharmacy: symptoms, diagnosis and treatment|date=2009|publisher=Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone|location=Edinburgh|isbn=978-0-7020-2995-0|page=7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5nYPvgAACAAJ|edition=2nd}}</ref> The color of the sputum is determined by ] fighting an infection in the nasal area.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||last=Davis |first=Daniel M. |date=2021-11-05 |title=Immunology meets the masses|journal=Science |volume=374 |issue=6568 |page=697 |doi=10.1126/science.abm0134 |pmid=34735237 |bibcode=2021Sci...374..697D |s2cid=243761609 |issn=0036-8075}}</ref>
* ] ] the common cold, although it may have a protective effect during intense cold-weather exercise. If taken daily, it may slightly reduce the duration and severity of colds, but it has no effect if taken after the cold starts.<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite web||url=http://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/cold-guide/vitamin-c-for-common-cold |title=Vitamin C for the Common Cold |website=WebMD |access-date=September 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101024044649/http://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/cold-guide/vitamin-c-for-common-cold |archive-date=October 24, 2010 |url-status=live}}
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite journal||title=Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold |author=Harri Hemilä |author2=Elizabeth Chalker |journal=] |date=Jan 2013 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD000980.pub4 |pmid=23440782 |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=CD000980 |pmc=1160577 }}</ref>
]s and cannot cause warts on humans.]]
* Humans cannot catch warts from toads or other animals; the bumps on a toad are not warts.<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite web||url=http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/warts-faq-questions-answers#1 | title=Warts: 10 Answers to Common Questions}}
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite web||url=http://www.londondrugs.com/Cultures/en-US/FocusOnHealth/Fall2002/Warts.htm|title=Putting an End to Warts|publisher=Londondrugs.com|access-date=August 29, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120609023506/http://www.londondrugs.com/Cultures/en-US/FocusOnHealth/Fall2002/Warts.htm | archive-date = June 9, 2012| url-status=live}}</ref> ]s on human skin are caused by ], which is only known to affect humans.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Pink Book (Human Papillomavirus) |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/downloads/hpv.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321110050/https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/downloads/hpv.pdf |archive-date=21 March 2017 |access-date=18 April 2017 |website=]}}</ref>
* ] does not cause ].<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Rizvi|first1=Asad|last2=Loukas|first2=Marios|last3=Oskouian|first3=Rod J.|last4=Tubbs|first4=R. Shane|date=August 2018|title=Let's get a hand on this: Review of the clinical anatomy of "knuckle cracking"|journal=Clinical Anatomy|language=en|volume=31|issue=6|pages=942–945|doi=10.1002/ca.23243|pmid=30080300|s2cid=51920825|issn=0897-3806}}</ref><ref>a. {{#invoke:cite journal||author=Bosomworth NJ |title=Exercise and knee osteoarthritis: benefit or hazard? |journal=Can Fam Physician |volume=55 |issue=9 |pages=871–78 |date=September 2009 |pmid=19752252 |pmc=2743580}}
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite journal||last=Deweber|first=K|author2=Olszewski, M |author3=Ortolano, R |title=Knuckle cracking and hand osteoarthritis|journal=Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine|date=Mar–Apr 2011 |volume=24 |issue=2|pages=169–74|pmid=21383216|doi=10.3122/jabfm.2011.02.100156|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* In people with ], bathing does not dry the skin as long as a moisturizer is applied soon after. If moisturizer is not applied after bathing, then the evaporation of water from the skin can result in dryness.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||vauthors=Eichenfield LF, Tom WL, Berger TG, Krol A, Paller AS, Schwarzenberger K | display-authors=etal| title=Guidelines of care for the management of atopic dermatitis: section 2. Management and treatment of atopic dermatitis with topical therapies. | journal=J Am Acad Dermatol | year= 2014 | volume= 71 | issue= 1 | pages= 116–32 | pmid=24813302 | doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2014.03.023 | pmc=4326095 }}</ref>
* There have never been any programs in the US that provide access to ] machines in exchange for pull tabs on ]s.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web|| url=http://www.snopes.com/business/redeem/pulltabs.asp | title=Keeping Tabs | website=] | date=March 24, 2012 | access-date=March 30, 2014 | author=Mikkelson, Barbara}}</ref> This rumor has existed since at least the 1970s, and usually cites the ] as the organization offering the program. The Foundation itself has denied the rumor, noting that dialysis machines are primarily funded by ].<ref>{{#invoke:cite web|| url=https://www.kidney.org/news/newsroom/newsitemArchive.cfm?id=100 | title=NKF Dispels Pull Tabs for Dialysis Time Rumor | publisher=National Kidney Foundation | date=June 1, 1998 | access-date=March 30, 2014| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140407102004/https://www.kidney.org/news/newsroom/newsitemArchive.cfm?id=100 | archive-date = April 7, 2014| url-status=live}}</ref>
* High dietary protein intake is not associated with ] in healthy people.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web|| url=https://academic.oup.com/ndt/article/35/1/1/5614387 | title=High-protein diet is bad for kidney health: unleashing the taboo | website=Oxford Academic | date=November 7, 2019 | access-date=May 5, 2022 | author=Kamyar Kalantar-Zadeh}}</ref> While significantly increased protein intake in the short-term is associated with changes in renal function, there is no evidence to suggest this effect persists in the long-term and results in kidney damage or disease.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web|| url=https://examine.com/nutrition/can-eating-too-much-protein-be-bad-for-you/ | title=Can eating too much protein be bad for you? | website=Examine.com | date=November 2, 2020 | access-date=May 5, 2022 | author=Kamal Patel}}</ref>
* ] in powdered form is not used as an ] in ] as ''Cornu Rhinoceri Asiatici'' (犀角, ''xījiǎo'', "rhinoceros horn"). It is prescribed for fevers and convulsions,<ref>Bensky, Dan; Clavey, Steven; Stoger, Erich and Gamble, Andrew (2004) ''Chinese Herbal Medicine: Materia Medica'', 3rd Edition. Eastland Press. {{ISBN|978-0-939616-42-8}}</ref> a treatment not supported by ].
* ] is not auto-degenerative as commonly supposed, meaning that it will not (on its own) cause body parts to be damaged or fall off.<ref name="Solnit 2013">{{Cite magazine |url=https://harpers.org/archive/2013/06/the-separating-sickness/ |title=The Separating Sickness |first=Rebecca |last=Solnit |magazine=Harper's Magazine |date=June 12, 2013 |access-date=29 July 2024}}</ref> Leprosy causes rashes to form and may degrade cartilage and, if untreated, ]. In addition, leprosy is only mildly contagious, partly because 95% of those infected with the mycobacteria that causes leprosy do not develop the disease.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/tuberculosis-and-related-infections/leprosy|title=Leprosy – Infections|website=Merck Manuals Consumer Version}}</ref><ref name="Solnit 2013" /> ], a Biblical disease that disfigures the skin, is often identified as leprosy, and may be the source of many myths about the disease.<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Grzybowski|first1=Andrzej|last2=Nita|first2=Małgorzata|title=Leprosy in the Bible|journal=Clinics in Dermatology|volume=34|issue=1|year=2016|pages=3–7|issn=0738-081X |doi=10.1016/j.clindermatol.2015.10.003 |pmid=26773616}}
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite book||title=HaTalmud V'Chachmas HaRefuah|location=Berlin|year=1928|page=323|publisher=JALKUT G.m.b.H.|first=Katznelson|last=Yehuda Liv Binyamin Ben Israel}} </ref>
* Rust does not cause ] infection. The '']'' bacterium is generally found in dirty environments. Since the same conditions that harbor tetanus bacteria also promote rusting of metal, many people associate rust with tetanus. ''C. tetani'' requires ] conditions to reproduce and these are found in the permeable layers of rust that form on oxygen-absorbing, unprotected ironwork.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Tetanus – Can a Rusty Nail Cause Tetanus?|url=http://www.ehso.com/disease/tetanus.php|website=Environmental Safety and Health Online|access-date=November 9, 2015}}</ref>
* ] has never been a standard procedure for those with ], despite the condition's popular nickname ("bubble boy syndrome") and its portrayal in films. A ] in the earliest months of life is the standard course of treatment. The exceptional case of ], who lived much of his life encased in a sterile environment because he would not receive a transplant until age 12, was an inspiration for the "bubble boy" trope.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/04/17/health/bubble-boy-disease-cure-study/index.html|title=Doctors develop 'cure' for babies with 'bubble boy' disease|author=Jacqueline Howard|publisher=CNN|date=April 17, 2019}}</ref>
* Statements in ]s listing the frequency of ]s describe how often the effect occurs after taking a drug, but are not making any assertion that there is a causal connection between taking the drug and the occurrence of the side effect. In other words, what is being reported on is correlation, not necessarily causation.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Mühlbauer|first1=Viktoria |last2=Prinz |first2=Roman|last3=Mühlhauser|first3=Ingrid|last4=Wegwarth|first4=Odette|date=September 13, 2018|title=Alternative package leaflets improve people's understanding of drug side effects{{snd}}A randomized controlled exploratory survey |journal=PLOS ONE|volume=13|issue=9|page=e0203800|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0203800|issn=1932-6203|pmc=6136776|pmid=30212555|bibcode=2018PLoSO..1303800M|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* There is no peer-reviewed scientific evidence that ] has any effect beyond acting as a placebo.<ref name="LS">{{#invoke:cite web||date=June 23, 2017 |title=Live Science |url=https://www.livescience.com/40347-crystal-healing.html |access-date=July 29, 2018 |website=]}}</ref><ref name="Spellman">Spellman, Frank R; Price-Bayer, Joni. (2010). ''In Defense of Science: Why Scientific Literacy Matters''. The Scarecrow Press. p. 81. {{ISBN|978-1-60590-735-2}} "There is no scientific evidence that crystal healing has any effect. It has been called a pseudoscience. Pleasant feelings or the apparent successes of crystal healing can be attributed to the placebo effect or cognitive bias—a believer wanting it to be true."</ref><ref name="Regal">Regal, Brian. (2009). ''Pseudoscience: A Critical Encyclopedia''. Greenwood. p. 51. {{ISBN|978-0-313-35507-3}}</ref>
* There is a scientific consensus<ref>a.
{{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Nicolia |first1=Alessandro |last2=Manzo |first2=Alberto |last3=Veronesi |first3=Fabio |last4=Rosellini |first4=Daniele |date=March 2014 |title=An overview of the last 10 years of genetically engineered crop safety research |journal=] |volume=34 |issue=1 |page=84 |doi=10.3109/07388551.2013.823595 |pmid=24041244 }}
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite journal||last=Ronald |first=Pamela |date=May 1, 2011 |title=Plant Genetics, Sustainable Agriculture and Global Food Security |journal=] |volume=188 |issue=1 |page=12 |doi=10.1534/genetics.111.128553|pmid=21546547 |pmc=3120150 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Domingo |first1=José L |last2=Bordonaba |first2=Jordi Giné |date=2011 |title=A literature review on the safety assessment of genetically modified plants |url=https://gaiapresse.ca/images/nouvelles/28563.pdf |journal=] |volume=37 |issue=4 |page=741 |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2011.01.003|pmid=21296423 |bibcode=2011EnInt..37..734D }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Freedman |first=David H |date=September 1, 2013 |title=The Truth about Genetically Modified Food |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-truth-about-genetically-modified-food/ |access-date=July 6, 2024 |work=]}}</ref> that currently available food derived from ] poses no greater risk to human health than conventional food.<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite web||date=October 20, 2012 |title=Statement by the AAAS Board of Directors On Labeling of Genetically Modified Foods |url=https://www.aaas.org/sites/default/files/AAAS_GM_statement.pdf |access-date=July 7, 2024 |publisher=]}}
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite book||author1=European Commission. Directorate-General for Research|url=http://ec.europa.eu/research/biosociety/pdf/a_decade_of_eu-funded_gmo_research.pdf|title=A decade of EU-funded GMO research (2001–2010)|date=2010|publisher=Directorate-General for Research and Innovation. Biotechnologies, Agriculture, Food. European Commission, European Union.|isbn=978-92-79-16344-9|doi=10.2777/97784|access-date=August 30, 2019}}
c. {{Cite report |url=http://www.ama-assn.org/resources/doc/csaph/a12-csaph2-bioengineeredfoods.pdf |title=Report 2 of the Council on Science and Public Health (A-12): Labeling of Bioengineered Foods |date=2012 |publisher=] |access-date=July 7, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907023039/http://www.ama-assn.org/resources/doc/csaph/a12-csaph2-bioengineeredfoods.pdf |archive-date=September 7, 2012 }}
d. {{Cite report |url=http://www.loc.gov/law/help/restrictions-on-gmos/usa.php#Opinion |title=Restrictions on Genetically Modified Organisms: United States |date=March 2014 |access-date=July 7, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206104730/http://www.loc.gov/law/help/restrictions-on-gmos/usa.php#Opinion |archive-date=February 6, 2016 }}</ref>
* Reading in dim light causes ] rather than permanent damage to the eye.<ref name="Vreeman 2007" />
* ] cannot be significantly alleviated by ]. While there are lenses marketed towards the colorblind, their efficacy is doubted by professionals, and they do not enable wearers to see new colors.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |author1=Almutairi, Nawaf |author2=Kundart, James |author3=Muthuramalingam, Naganathan |author4=Hayes, John |author5=Citek, Karl |author6=Aljohani, Saad |date=2017 |title=Assessment of EnChroma Filter for Correcting Color Vision Deficiency |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/141726688.pdf |access-date=24 November 2018 |website=Pacific University}}</ref>
* A ] from infection does not cause brain damage by itself.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fever – Myths Versus Facts |url=https://www.seattlechildrens.org/conditions/a-z/fever-myths-versus-facts/ |website=] |access-date=29 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Top five fever myths and facts |url=https://www.texaschildrens.org/content/wellness/top-five-fever-myths-and-facts |website=] |access-date=29 November 2024 |language=en |date=8 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Fever – Facts Versus Myths |url=https://www.childrensmercy.org/siteassets/media-documents-for-depts-section/documents-for-health-and-safety/fever-facts-versus-myths.pdf |website=] |access-date=29 November 2024}}</ref> The myth has been linked to the association between fevers and typically non-serious ].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pulliam |first1=Dr Patrick |title=Fever myths and facts |url=https://www.covenantcarepediatrics.com/fever-myths-and-facts/ |website=Covenant Care Pediatrics |access-date=29 November 2024 |date=20 February 2024}}</ref>

==== Nutrition, food, and drink ====
* ] has little influence on the body's ], and there is no evidence that ] rid the body of toxins.<ref name="Mayo Clinic Website">Compare: {{#invoke:cite web||url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/detox-diets/AN01334|title=Do detox diets offer any health benefits?|publisher=]|last=Zeratsky|first=Katherine|date=April 21, 2012|access-date=May 9, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216032647/https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/expert-answers/detox-diets/faq-20058040|archive-date=December 16, 2019|quote=here's little evidence that detox diets actually remove toxins from the body. Indeed, the kidneys and liver are generally quite effective at filtering and eliminating most ingested toxins.}}</ref><ref>a. {{#invoke:cite web||url=http://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/detox_overview.html| title="Detoxification" schemes and scams|last=Barrett|first=Stephen|author-link=Stephen Barrett|publisher=]|access-date = June 18, 2014|date=June 8, 2011}}
<br />b. <br />b.
{{cite web|url=http://www.webmd.com/diet/features/detox-diets-cleansing-body-feature | title = Detox Diets: Cleansing the Body|website = ]| access-date = June 23, 2010 }}</ref> Toxins are removed from the body naturally by the liver and kidneys.<ref name="Mayo Clinic Website"/> {{#invoke:cite web||url=http://www.webmd.com/diet/features/detox-diets-cleansing-body-feature | title = Detox Diets: Cleansing the Body|website = ]| access-date = June 23, 2010 }}</ref> Toxins are metabolized and removed from the bloodstream by the liver and kidneys, and they are primarily removed from the body in urine and bile (excreted with the feces).<ref name="Mayo Clinic Website" />
* Drinking milk or consuming other ] does not increase ] production.<ref> * Drinking milk or consuming other ] does not increase ] production.<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Pinnock |first1=CB |last2=Graham |first2=NM |last3=Mylvaganam |first3=A |last4=Douglas |first4=RM |title=Relationship between milk intake and mucus production in adult volunteers challenged with rhinovirus-2 |journal=The American Review of Respiratory Disease |volume=141 |issue=2 |pages=352–56 |date=1990 |pmid=2154152 |doi=10.1164/ajrccm/141.2.352}}
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite book||title=Handbook of pediatric nutrition |author1=Patricia Queen Samour |author2=Kathy King Helm |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning |date=2005 |isbn=978-0-7637-8356-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J8Xgyvr9038C&pg=PA337}}</ref> As a result, they do not need to be avoided by those with the flu or cold ]. However, milk and ] in one's mouth mix to create a thick liquid that can briefly coat the mouth and throat. The sensation that lingers may be mistaken for increased ].<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Cold symptoms: Does drinking milk increase phlegm? |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/common-cold/expert-answers/phlegm/faq-20058015 |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=Mayo Clinic |language=en}}</ref>
a. {{cite journal |last1=Pinnock |first1=CB |last2=Graham |first2=NM |last3=Mylvaganam |first3=A |last4=Douglas |first4=RM |title=Relationship between milk intake and mucus production in adult volunteers challenged with rhinovirus-2 |journal=The American Review of Respiratory Disease |volume=141 |issue=2 |pages=352–56 |date=1990 |pmid=2154152 |doi=10.1164/ajrccm/141.2.352}}
* ] is not needed to maintain health.<ref name="Eightglasses">a. {{#invoke:cite journal||last=Valtin|first=Heinz|title="Drink at least eight glasses of water a day." Really? Is there scientific evidence for "8 × 8"?|journal=American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology|volume=283|issue=5|date=2002|pages=R993–R1004|doi=10.1152/ajpregu.00365.2002|pmid=12376390}}
<br />b. {{cite book|title=Handbook of pediatric nutrition |author1=Patricia Queen Samour |author2=Kathy King Helm |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning |date=2005 |isbn=978-0763783563 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J8Xgyvr9038C&pg=PA337}}</ref> As a result, they do not need to be avoided by those with the flu or cold ].
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite news||title=Über den Durst|publisher=Die Zeit|url=http://www.zeit.de/2009/04/Stimmts|language=de|access-date=April 7, 2012}}
* ] is not needed to maintain health.<ref name="Eightglasses">a. {{cite journal|last=Valtin|first=Heinz|title="Drink at least eight glasses of water a day." Really? Is there scientific evidence for "8 × 8"?|journal=American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology|volume=283|issue=5|date=2002|pages=R993–R1004|doi=10.1152/ajpregu.00365.2002|pmid=12376390}}
<br />c. {{#invoke:cite web||title=Muss ich wirklich 3&nbsp;Liter Wasser am Tag trinken|url=http://www.medipresse.de/muss-ich-wirklich-3-liter-wasser-am-tag-trinken-049.html|language=de|access-date=April 7, 2012|archive-date=September 3, 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120903173518/http://www.medipresse.de/muss-ich-wirklich-3-liter-wasser-am-tag-trinken-049.html}}</ref> The amount of water needed varies by person, weight, diet, activity level, clothing, and the ambient heat and humidity. Water does not actually need to be drunk in pure form, and can be derived from liquids such as juices, tea, milk, soups, etc., and from foods including fruits and vegetables.<ref name="Eightglasses" /><ref name="NPRHydrationMyths">{{#invoke:cite web|| url=https://www.npr.org/2022/09/21/1124371309/busting-common-hydration-water-myths | title=Busting 5 common myths about water and hydration: Life Kit | website=NPR }}</ref>
<br />b. {{cite news|title=Über den Durst|publisher=Die Zeit|url=http://www.zeit.de/2009/04/Stimmts|language=de|access-date=April 7, 2012
* Drinking coffee and other caffeinated beverages does not cause dehydration for regular drinkers, although it can for occasional drinkers.<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite journal|| author1 = Sophie C. Killer | author2 = Andrew K. Blannin | author3 = Asker E. Jeukendrup | s2cid = 18643248 | title = No Evidence of Dehydration with Moderate Daily Coffee Intake: A Counterbalanced Cross-Over Study in a Free-Living Population | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 9 | issue = 1 | pages = e84154 | date = January 2014 | pmid = 24416202 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0084154| pmc = 3886980 | bibcode = 2014PLoSO...984154K | doi-access = free }}
}}
<br />b. {{cite magazine |first=Alexa |last=Erickson |date=May 11, 2017 |url=https://www.rd.com/article/is-coffee-a-diuretic/ |title=Science Just Debunked a Coffee Myth That's Been Around Since 1928 |magazine=Reader's Digest}}
<br />c. {{cite web|title=Muss ich wirklich 3&nbsp;Liter Wasser am Tag trinken|url=http://www.medipresse.de/muss-ich-wirklich-3-liter-wasser-am-tag-trinken-049.html|language=de|access-date=April 7, 2012}}</ref> The amount of water needed varies by person (weight), diet, activity level, clothing, and environment (heat and humidity). Water does not actually need to be drunk in pure form, but can be derived from liquids such as juices, tea, milk, soups, etc., and from foods including fruits and vegetables.<ref name="Eightglasses" />
<br />c. {{#invoke:cite journal||first1=Ronald J.|last1=Maughan|first2=Phillip|last2=Watson|first3=Philip A.A.|last3=Cordery|first4=Neil P.|last4=Walsh|first5=Samuel J.|last5=Oliver|first6=Alberto|last6=Dolci|first7=Nidia|last7=Rodriguez-Sanchez|first8=Stuart|last8=Galloway|s2cid = 378245|title=A randomized trial to assess the potential of different beverages to affect hydration status: development of a beverage hydration index | journal = The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition|volume=103|issue=3|pages=717–23|date=December 23, 2015|pmid = 26702122|doi = 10.3945/ajcn.115.114769|doi-access=free|hdl=1893/22892|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="NPRHydrationMyths" />
* Drinking ] and other ] beverages does not cause dehydration for regular drinkers, although it can for occasional drinkers.<ref>
* ]s do not exclusively affect women: women are merely more likely than men to suffer from eating disorders.<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=El Hayek R, Sfeir M, AlMutairi MS, Alqadheeb B, El Hayek S |year=2024 |pages=347–372 |chapter=Chapter 16: Myths about diet and mental health |veditors=Mohamed W, Kobeissy F |title=Nutrition and Psychiatric Disorders |publisher=Springer |doi=10.1007/978-981-97-2681-3_16}}</ref>
a. {{cite journal | authors = Sophie C. Killer, Andrew K. Blannin, Asker E. Jeukendrup | s2cid = 18643248 | title = No Evidence of Dehydration with Moderate Daily Coffee Intake: A Counterbalanced Cross-Over Study in a Free-Living Population | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 9 | issue = 1 | pages = e84154 | date = January 2014 | pmid = 24416202 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0084154| pmc = 3886980 | bibcode = 2014PLoSO...984154K | doi-access = free }}
* Neither spicy food nor coffee has a significant effect on the development of ].<ref>{{#invoke:cite book||editor=Raphael Rubin|editor2=David S. Strayer|editor3=Emanuel Rubin|editor4=Gonzalo Aponte|title=Rubin's pathology: clinicopathologic foundations of medicine|date=2012|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-1-60547-968-2|page=623|edition=6th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wb2TzY9AgJ0C&pg=PA623}}</ref>
<br />b. {{cite book|first=Alexa|last=Erickson|date=May 11, 2017|url=https://www.rd.com/article/is-coffee-a-diuretic/|title=Science Just Debunked a Coffee Myth That's Been Around Since 1928|work=Reader's Digest}}
* Sugar does not cause ] in children.<ref>{{anchor|Sugar does not cause hyperactivity in children}}
<br />c. {{cite journal|first1=Ronald J.|last1=Maughan|first2=Phillip|last2=Watson|first3=Philip A.A.|last3=Cordery|first4=Neil P.|last4=Walsh|first5=Samuel J.|last5=Oliver|first6=Alberto|last6=Dolci|first7=Nidia|last7=Rodriguez-Sanchez|first8=Stuart|last8=Galloway|s2cid = 378245|title=A randomized trial to assess the potential of different beverages to affect hydration status: development of a beverage hydration index | journal = The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition|volume=103|issue=3|pages=717–23|date=December 23, 2015|pmid = 26702122|doi = 10.3945/ajcn.115.114769|doi-access=free}}</ref>
a. {{#invoke:cite journal||author=Vreeman R. C. |author2=Carroll A.E.|title=Festive medical myths|journal=BMJ|volume=337|page=a2769|date=2008|pmid=19091758|doi=10.1136/bmj.a2769|s2cid=29006871}}
* ] does not cause ] in children.<ref>{{anchor|Sugar does not cause hyperactivity in children}}
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite web||url=http://www.uamshealth.com/?id=877&sid=1|title=Medical Myths |publisher=]|access-date=February 10, 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140109065139/http://www.uamshealth.com/?id=877&sid=1 | archive-date = January 9, 2014| url-status=live}}</ref> ] have shown no difference in behavior between children given sugar-full or sugar-free diets, even in studies specifically looking at children with ] or those considered sensitive to sugar.<ref>{{#invoke:cite book||last=Fullerton-Smith|first=Jill|title=The Truth About Food|publisher=Bloomsbury|date=2007|pages=115–17|isbn=978-0-7475-8685-2|quote=Most parents assume that children plus sugary foods equals raucous and uncontrollable behaviour.&nbsp;... according to nutrition experts, the belief that children experience a 'sugar high' is a myth.}}</ref> A 2019 ] found no positive effect of sugar consumption on ] but did find an association with lower alertness and increased fatigue within an hour of consumption, known as a ].<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Mantantzis|first1=Konstantinos|last2=Schlaghecken|first2=Friederike|last3=Sünram-Lea|first3=Sandra I.|last4=Maylor|first4=Elizabeth A.|date=June 1, 2019|title=Sugar rush or sugar crash? A meta-analysis of carbohydrate effects on mood|journal=Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews|language=en|volume=101|pages=45–67|doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.03.016|pmid=30951762|s2cid=92575160|url=http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/115618/1/WRAP-Sugar-rush-crash-meta-analysis-carbohydrate-effects-mood-Maylor-2019.pdf}}</ref>
a. {{cite journal|author=Vreeman R. C. |author2=Carroll A.E.|title=Festive medical myths|journal=BMJ|volume=337|page=a2769|date=2008|pmid=19091758|doi=10.1136/bmj.a2769|s2cid=29006871}}
** Sugar can however lead to jump in blood sugar levels, causing temporary hyperactivity even if it does not cause clinical hyperactivity. <ref>https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002426.htm</ref>
<br />b. {{cite web|url=http://www.uamshealth.com/?id=877&sid=1|title=Medical Myths |publisher=]|access-date=February 10, 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140109065139/http://www.uamshealth.com/?id=877&sid=1 | archive-date = January 9, 2014| url-status=live}}</ref> ] have shown no difference in behavior between children given sugar-full or sugar-free diets, even in studies specifically looking at children with ] or those considered sensitive to sugar.<ref>
* Eating nuts, popcorn, or seeds does not increase the risk of ].<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Atkins|first=William|title=Diverticulitis isn't anti-nut any more|url=http://discuss.itwire.com/viewtopic.php?f=30&t=6493|access-date=July 1, 2011| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120404030039/http://discuss.itwire.com/viewtopic.php?f=30&t=6493 | archive-date = April 4, 2012}}</ref> These foods may actually have a protective effect.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||last=Weisberger|first=L|author2=Jamieson, B |title=Clinical inquiries: How can you help prevent a recurrence of diverticulitis?|journal=The Journal of Family Practice|date=July 2009|volume=58|issue=7|pages=381–82|pmid=19607778}}</ref>
{{cite book|last=Fullerton-Smith|first=Jill|title=The Truth About Food|publisher=Bloomsbury|date=2007|pages=115–17|isbn=978-0747586852|quote=Most parents assume that children plus sugary foods equals raucous and uncontrollable behaviour.&nbsp;... according to nutrition experts, the belief that children experience a 'sugar high' is a myth.}}</ref> A 2019 ] found no positive effect of sugar consumption on ] but did find an association with lower alertness and increased fatigue within an hour of consumption, known as a ].<ref>
* Eating less than an hour before swimming does not significantly increase the risk of experiencing muscle cramps, and does not increase the risk of drowning. One study shows a correlation between alcohol consumption and drowning, but not between eating and stomach cramps.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/28/health/28real.html|title=The Claim: Never Swim After Eating |work=]|date=June 28, 2005|access-date=January 16, 2011|first=Anahad|last=O'Connor}}; {{#invoke:cite web||url=http://www.snopes.com/oldwives/hourwait.asp|title=Hour Missed Brooks|website=]|date=January 3, 2005|access-date=January 16, 2011 }}</ref>
{{Cite journal|last1=Mantantzis|first1=Konstantinos|last2=Schlaghecken|first2=Friederike|last3=Sünram-Lea|first3=Sandra I.|last4=Maylor|first4=Elizabeth A.|date=1 June 2019|title=Sugar rush or sugar crash? A meta-analysis of carbohydrate effects on mood|journal=Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews|language=en|volume=101|pages=45–67|doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.03.016|pmid=30951762|s2cid=92575160|url=http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/115618/1/WRAP-Sugar-rush-crash-meta-analysis-carbohydrate-effects-mood-Maylor-2019.pdf}}</ref>
* ] and ] diets can provide enough protein for adequate nutrition.<ref name="DefendingVeganDiet">a. {{#invoke:cite journal||last=Webb|first = Densie|title=Defending Vegan Diets – RDs Aim to Clear Up Common Misconceptions About Vegan Diets|journal = Today's Dietician|page = 20|date = September 2010|url=http://www.todaysdietitian.com/newarchives/082510p20.shtml|access-date =March 9, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214120735/http://www.todaysdietitian.com/newarchives/082510p20.shtml|archive-date=December 14, 2013|url-status=live}}
* Eating nuts, popcorn, or seeds does not increase the risk of ].<ref>
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite web||url=http://www.acefitness.org/blog/86/are-vegetarian-diets-safe/|title=Are vegetarian diets safe?|last=Matthews|first=Jessica|publisher=American Council on Exercise|date=November 4, 2009|access-date=March 9, 2011|website=Ask the Expert|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106231722/http://www.acefitness.org/blog/86/are-vegetarian-diets-safe|archive-date=January 6, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> In fact, typical protein intakes of ] meet or exceed requirements.<ref name="DieticiansGuide">{{#invoke:cite book||title=The dietitian's guide to vegetarian diets |last=Messina |first=Virginia |author2=Reed Mangles |author3=Mark Messina |date=2004 |publisher=Jones and Bartlett Publishers |location=Sudbury, MA |isbn=978-0-7637-3241-7}}</ref> The American Dietetic Association maintains that appropriately planned vegetarian diets are healthful.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||title=Position of the American Dietetic Association: vegetarian diets |journal=Journal of the American Dietetic Association|year=2009 |pmid=19562864 |last1=Craig |first1=W. J. |last2=Mangels |first2=A. R. |author3=American Dietetic Association |volume=109 |issue=7 |pages=1266–1282 |doi=10.1016/j.jada.2009.05.027 |s2cid=7906168 |url=https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/pubs/1954 }}</ref> However, a vegan diet does require ] of ],<ref name="DefendingVeganDiet" /> and ] occurs in up to 80% of vegans that do not supplement their diet.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Woo |first1=Kam |last2=Kwok |first2=Timothy |last3=Celermajer |first3=David |date=19 August 2014 |title=Vegan Diet, Subnormal Vitamin B-12 Status and Cardiovascular Health |journal=Nutrients |volume=6 |issue=8 |pages=3259–3273 |doi=10.3390/nu6083259 |pmc=4145307 |pmid=25195560 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Consuming no animal products increases the risk of deficiencies of vitamins B<sub>12</sub> and ], ], ], ]s,<ref name="nutsoc">{{#invoke:cite journal||vauthors=Zampelas A, Magriplis E |date=February 2020 |title=Dietary patterns and risk of cardiovascular diseases: a review of the evidence |journal=Proc Nutr Soc |type=Review |volume=79 |issue=1 |pages=68–75 |doi=10.1017/S0029665119000946 |pmid=31250769 |s2cid=195757764 |quote=Few studies have reported the health benefits of vegan diets and therefore no conclusive evidence can be proposed|doi-access=free }}</ref> and sometimes ].<ref name="ReferenceB">{{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Eveleigh |first1=Elizabeth R. |last2=Coneyworth |first2=Lisa J. |last3=Avery |first3=Amanda |last4=Welham |first4=Simon J. M. |date=2020-05-29 |title=Vegans, Vegetarians, and Omnivores: How Does Dietary Choice Influence Iodine Intake? A Systematic Review |journal=Nutrients |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=E1606 |doi=10.3390/nu12061606 |issn=2072-6643 |pmc=7352501 |pmid=32486114 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Vegans are also at risk of low ] without supplementation for the aforementioned nutrients.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Iguacel |first1=Isabel |last2=Miguel-Berges |first2=María L |last3=Gómez-Bruton |first3=Alejandro |last4=Moreno |first4=Luis A |last5=Julián |first5=Cristina |date=January 2019 |title=Veganism, vegetarianism, bone mineral density, and fracture risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis |url=http://zaguan.unizar.es/record/84310 |journal=Nutrition Reviews |volume=77 |issue=1 |pages=1–18 |doi=10.1093/nutrit/nuy045 |pmid=30376075 |s2cid=53111636 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
{{cite news|last=Atkins|first=William|title=Diverticulitis isn't anti-nut any more|url=http://discuss.itwire.com/viewtopic.php?f=30&t=6493|access-date=July 1, 2011| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120404030039/http://discuss.itwire.com/viewtopic.php?f=30&t=6493 | archive-date = April 4, 2012| url-status=dead}}</ref> These foods may actually have a protective effect.<ref>
* ] does not take seven years to digest. Chewing gum is mostly indigestible, and passes through the digestive system at the same rate as other matter.<ref>a. {{cite magazine |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=fact-or-fiction-chewing-gum-takes-seven-years-to-digest |title=Fact or Fiction?: Chewing Gum Takes Seven Years to Digest |magazine=Scientific American |first=John |last=Matson |date=October 11, 2007 |access-date=February 4, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109065142/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=fact-or-fiction-chewing-gum-takes-seven-years-to-digest |archive-date=January 9, 2014 |url-status=live}}
{{cite journal|last=Weisberger|first=L|author2=Jamieson, B |title=Clinical inquiries: How can you help prevent a recurrence of diverticulitis?|journal=The Journal of Family Practice|date=July 2009|volume=58|issue=7|pages=381–82|pmid=19607778}}</ref>
* Eating less than an hour before swimming does not increase the risk of experiencing muscle ]s or drowning. One study shows a correlation between ] and drowning, but there is no evidence cited regarding the consumption of food or stomach cramps.<ref>
{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/28/health/28real.html|title=The Claim: Never Swim After Eating |work=]|date=June 28, 2005|access-date=January 16, 2011|first=Anahad|last=O'Connor}}; {{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/oldwives/hourwait.asp|title=Hour Missed Brooks|website=Snopes|date=January 3, 2005|access-date=January 16, 2011 }}</ref>
* A ] or ] diet can provide enough protein for adequate nutrition.<ref name="DefendingVeganDiet">a. {{cite journal|last=Webb|first = Densie|title=Defending Vegan Diets – RDs Aim to Clear Up Common Misconceptions About Vegan Diets|journal = Today's Dietician|page = 20|date = September 2010|url=http://www.todaysdietitian.com/newarchives/082510p20.shtml|access-date =March 9, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214120735/http://www.todaysdietitian.com/newarchives/082510p20.shtml|archive-date=December 14, 2013|url-status=live}}
<br />b. {{cite web|url=http://www.acefitness.org/blog/86/are-vegetarian-diets-safe/|title=Are vegetarian diets safe?|last=Matthews|first=Jessica|publisher=American Council on Exercise|date=November 4, 2009|access-date=March 9, 2011|website=Ask the Expert|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106231722/http://www.acefitness.org/blog/86/are-vegetarian-diets-safe|archive-date=January 6, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> In fact, typical protein intakes of ] and vegans meet or exceed requirements.<ref name="DieticiansGuide">{{cite book |title=The dietitian's guide to vegetarian diets |last=Messina |first=Virginia |author2=Reed Mangles |author3=Mark Messina |date=2004 |publisher=Jones and Bartlett Publishers |location=Sudbury, MA |isbn=978-0763732417}}</ref> However, a vegan diet does require ] of ].<ref name="DefendingVeganDiet" />
* ] does not take seven years to digest. In fact, chewing gum is mostly indigestible, and passes through the digestive system at the same rate as other matter.<ref>
a. {{cite magazine|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=fact-or-fiction-chewing-gum-takes-seven-years-to-digest|title=Fact or Fiction?: Chewing Gum Takes Seven Years to Digest|magazine=Scientific American|first=John|last=Matson|date=October 11, 2007|access-date=February 4, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109065142/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=fact-or-fiction-chewing-gum-takes-seven-years-to-digest | archive-date = January 9, 2014| url-status=live}}
<br />b. </ref> <br />b. </ref>
* ] (MSG) might not cause headaches or other symptoms of so-called ] in the general population. Many studies that found a biological effect were done on rats or other lab animals, or used unusually large doses of MSG, and these can't necessarily be extrapolated to humans. There is also little evidence it impacts body weight.<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite journal||last=Zanfirescu|first=A.|date=May 2019|title=A Review of the Alleged Health Hazards of Monosodium Glutamate|journal=Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety|volume=18|issue=4|pages=1111–34|doi=10.1111/1541-4337.12448|pmid=31920467|pmc=6952072 }}{{#invoke:cite journal||last=Tarasoff|first=L.|date=December 1993|title=Monosodium L-glutamate: A double-blind study and review|journal=Food and Chemical Toxicology|volume=31|issue=12|pages=1019–35|doi=10.1016/0278-6915(93)90012-N|pmid=8282275}}<br />b. {{#invoke:cite journal||last=Freeman |first=M. |date=October 2006 |title=Reconsidering the effects of monosodium glutamate: A literature review |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners |volume=18 |issue=10 |pages=482–86 |doi=10.1111/j.1745-7599.2006.00160.x |pmid=16999713 |s2cid=21084909 }}{{#invoke:cite news||title=Is MSG (Monosodium Glutamate) bad for your health?|url=https://examine.com/nutrition/is-msg-bad-for-your-health/|newspaper=Examine.com|date=February 23, 2022}}</ref>
* ] (MSG) does not trigger ] headaches or other symptoms of so-called ], nor is there evidence that some individuals are especially sensitive to MSG.<ref>
* The ] in carrots does not enhance ] beyond normal levels for people receiving an adequate amount, only in those with a ].<ref name="Carrots and vitamin A">{{#invoke:cite web||url=http://www.dietary-supplements.info.nih.gov/factsheets/vitamina.asp |title=Fact sheet for health professionals: Vitamin A |date=June 3, 2013 |access-date=December 29, 2016 |website=Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517093019/http://dietary-supplements.info.nih.gov/factsheets/vitamina.asp |archive-date=May 17, 2008 }}</ref> The belief that it does may have originated from ] British ] meant to explain the ]'s improved success in night battles, which was actually due to radar and the use of red lights on instrument panels.<ref name="Carrots and British propaganda">{{#invoke:cite web||url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/fact-or-fiction-carrots-improve-your-vision/ |title=Fact or Fiction?: Carrots Improve Your Vision |website=] |author=Maron DF|date=June 23, 2014|access-date=December 29, 2016}}</ref>
a. {{cite journal|last=Tarasoff|first=L.|date=December 1993|title=Monosodium L-glutamate: A double-blind study and review|journal=Food and Chemical Toxicology|volume=31|issue=12|pages=1019–35|doi=10.1016/0278-6915(93)90012-N|pmid=8282275}}
* ] is not a particularly good source of ]. While it does contain more iron than many vegetables such as asparagus, Swiss chard, kale, or arugula, it contains only about one-third to one-fifth of the iron in lima beans, chickpeas, apricots, or wheat germ. Additionally, the ] iron found in spinach and other vegetables is not as readily absorbed as the ] iron found in meats and fish.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Dunkin |first=Mary Anne |title=Top Iron-Rich Foods List |url=https://www.webmd.com/diet/iron-rich-foods |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=WebMD |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=High Iron Content of Spinach – More Than a Myth? |url=https://www.healwithfood.org/articles/spinach-iron-content.php |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=www.healwithfood.org}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Mielewczik |first1=M. |last2=Moll |first2=J. |date=2016 |title=Spinach in Blunderland: How the myth that spinach is rich in iron became an urban academic legend |url=https://repository.rothamsted.ac.uk/item/8wq15/spinach-in-blunderland-how-the-myth-that-spinach-is-rich-in-iron-became-an-urban-academic-legend |journal=Annals of the History and Philosophy of Biology |volume=21 |pages=61–142 |doi=10.17875/gup2018-1125|doi-access=free }}</ref>
<br />b. {{cite journal|last=Freeman |first=M. |date=October 2006 |title=Reconsidering the effects of monosodium glutamate: A literature review |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners |volume=18 |issue=10 |pages=482–86 |doi=10.1111/j.1745-7599.2006.00160.x |pmid=16999713 |s2cid=21084909 }}</ref>
* Most cases of ] are not related to slower ]. Resting metabolic rate does not vary much between people. Overweight people tend to underestimate the amount of food they eat, and underweight people tend to overestimate. In fact, overweight people tend to have faster metabolic rates due to the increased energy required by the larger body.<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite news||title=Does metabolism vary between two people?|url=https://examine.com/nutrition/does-metabolism-vary-between-two-people|newspaper=Examine.com|date=January 28, 2013}}
* Spicy food or coffee does not have a significant effect on the development of ].<ref>
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite journal||first1=Kevin D.|last1=Hall|first2=Steven B.|last2=Heymsfield|first3=Joseph W.|last3=Kemnitz|first4=Samuel|last4=Klein|first5=Dale A.|last5=Schoeller|first6=John R.|last6=Speakman|title=Energy balance and its components: implications for body weight regulation|journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition|date=April 1, 2012|issn=1938-3207|pages=989–94|volume=95|issue=4|pmid=22434603|doi=10.3945/ajcn.112.036350|pmc=3302369}}
{{cite book |editor=Raphael Rubin |editor2=David S. Strayer |editor3=Emanuel Rubin |editor4=Gonzalo Aponte |title=Rubin's pathology : clinicopathologic foundations of medicine|date=2012|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |location=Philadelphia, PA |isbn= 978-1605479682|page=623|edition=Sixth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wb2TzY9AgJ0C&pg=PA623}}</ref>
<br />c. {{#invoke:cite news||title=The truth about slow metabolism|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/weight-loss/expert-answers/slow-metabolism/faq-20058480|newspaper=Mayo Clinic}}
* The ] in ]s does not enhance ] beyond normal levels for people receiving an adequate amount, only in those suffering from a ].<ref name="Carrots and vitamin A">{{cite web|url=http://www.dietary-supplements.info.nih.gov/factsheets/vitamina.asp |title=Fact sheet for health professionals: Vitamin A |date=June 3, 2013 |access-date=December 29, 2016 |website=Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517093019/http://dietary-supplements.info.nih.gov/factsheets/vitamina.asp |archive-date=May 17, 2008 }}</ref> The belief that it does may have originated from ] British ] meant to explain the ]'s improved success in night battles, which was actually due to ] and the use of red lights on instrument panels.<ref name="Carrots and British propaganda">{{cite web |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/fact-or-fiction-carrots-improve-your-vision/ |title=Fact or Fiction?: Carrots Improve Your Vision |website=] |author=Maron DF|date=June 23, 2014|access-date=December 29, 2016}}</ref>
<br />d. {{#invoke:cite news||first1=Tim|last1=Crowe|title=Monday's medical myth: 'my slow metabolism makes me fat'|url=http://theconversation.com/mondays-medical-myth-my-slow-metabolism-makes-me-fat-4962|newspaper=The Conversation}}
* Most cases of ] are not related to slower ]. Resting metabolic rate does not vary much between people. Overweight people tend to underestimate the amount of food they eat, and underweight people tend to overestimate. In fact, overweight people tend to have faster metabolic rates due to the increased energy required by the larger body.<ref>
<br />e. {{#invoke:cite journal||first1=Catharine|last1=Wang|first2=Elliot J.|last2=Coups|title=Causal beliefs about obesity and associated health behaviors: results from a population-based survey|journal=International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity|date=March 3, 2010|issn=1479-5868|page=19|volume=7|doi=10.1186/1479-5868-7-19|pmid=20199677|pmc=2842229 |doi-access=free }}
a. {{cite news|title=Does metabolism vary between two people?|url=https://examine.com/nutrition/does-metabolism-vary-between-two-people|newspaper=Examine.com|date=January 28, 2013}}
<br />b. {{cite journal|first1=Kevin D.|last1=Hall|first2=Steven B.|last2=Heymsfield|first3=Joseph W.|last3=Kemnitz|first4=Samuel|last4=Klein|first5=Dale A.|last5=Schoeller|first6=John R.|last6=Speakman|title=Energy balance and its components: implications for body weight regulation|journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition|date=April 1, 2012|issn=1938-3207|pages=989–94|volume=95|issue=4|pmid=22434603|doi=10.3945/ajcn.112.036350|pmc=3302369}} <br />f. {{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Barry|first1=Colleen L.|last2=Brescoll|first2=Victoria L.|last3=Brownell |first3=Kelly D.|last4=Schlesinger|first4=Mark|title=Obesity Metaphors: How Beliefs about the Causes of Obesity Affect Support for Public Policy|journal=The Milbank Quarterly|date=2009|volume=87|issue=1|pages=7–47|pmid=19298414|doi=10.1111/j.1468-0009.2009.00546.x|pmc=2879183|citeseerx=10.1.1.175.4460}}
<br />g. {{#invoke:cite journal||first1=J. Eric|last1=Oliver|first2=Taeku|last2=Lee|title=Public Opinion and the Politics of Obesity in America|journal=Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law|date=October 1, 2005|issn=0361-6878 |pages=923–954|volume=30|issue=5|pmid=16477792|doi=10.1215/03616878-30-5-923}}
<br />c. {{cite news|title=The truth about slow metabolism|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/weight-loss/expert-answers/slow-metabolism/faq-20058480|newspaper=Mayo Clinic}}
<br />h. {{#invoke:cite journal||first1=C. R.|last1=Hankey|first2=S.|last2=Eley|first3=W. S.|last3=Leslie|first4=C. M.|last4=Hunter|first5=M. E. J.|last5=Lean|title=Eating habits, beliefs, attitudes and knowledge among health professionals regarding the links between obesity, nutrition and health|journal=Public Health Nutrition|date=2004|issn=1368-9800|pages=337–43|volume=7|issue=2|pmid=15003142|doi=10.1079/PHN2003526|doi-access=free}}
<br />d. {{cite news|first1=Tim|last1=Crowe|title=Monday's medical myth: 'my slow metabolism makes me fat'|url=http://theconversation.com/mondays-medical-myth-my-slow-metabolism-makes-me-fat-4962|newspaper=The Conversation}}
<br />i. {{#invoke:cite web||url=https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/healthy-weight/metabolism-and-weight-loss/|title=How can I speed up my metabolism?|date=April 26, 2018|website=nhs.uk|language=en|access-date=August 16, 2019}}</ref>
<br />e. {{cite journal|first1=Catharine|last1=Wang|first2=Elliot J.|last2=Coups|title=Causal beliefs about obesity and associated health behaviors: results from a population-based survey|journal=International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity|date=March 3, 2010|issn=1479-5868|page=19|volume=7|doi=10.1186/1479-5868-7-19|pmid=20199677|pmc=2842229}}
* Eating normal amounts of soy does not cause ] ].<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite web||url=https://ucdintegrativemedicine.com/2015/06/the-startling-truth-about-soy/|title=The Startling Truth About Soy|first=Rosane|last=Oliveira|date=June 9, 2015|access-date=February 28, 2019|archive-date=March 31, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331193006/https://ucdintegrativemedicine.com/2015/06/the-startling-truth-about-soy/}}
<br />f. {{cite journal|last1=Barry|first1=Colleen L.|last2=Brescoll|first2=Victoria L.|last3=Brownell|first3=Kelly D.|last4=Schlesinger|first4=Mark|title=Obesity Metaphors: How Beliefs about the Causes of Obesity Affect Support for Public Policy|journal=The Milbank Quarterly|date=2009|volume=87|issue=1|pages=7–47|pmid=19298414|doi=10.1111/j.1468-0009.2009.00546.x|pmc=2879183|citeseerx=10.1.1.175.4460}}
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite news||url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/soya-male-body-health-side-effects-truth-milk-sexual-function-a8382976.html|title=The truth about what soya does to men's bodies|date=June 12, 2018|website=The Independent}}
<br />g. {{cite journal|first1=J. Eric|last1=Oliver|first2=Taeku|last2=Lee|title=Public Opinion and the Politics of Obesity in America|journal=Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law|date=October 1, 2005|issn=0361-6878|pages=923–54|volume=30|issue=5|pmid=16477792|doi=10.1215/03616878-30-5-923}}
<br />c. {{#invoke:cite journal||title=Misconception and Concerns about Bioidentical Hormones Used for Custom-Compounded Hormone Therapy|first1=Frank Z.|last1=Stanczyk|first2=Bhagu R.|last2=Bhavnani|date=March 1, 2012|journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism|volume=97|issue=3|pages=756–59|doi=10.1210/jc.2011-2492|pmid=22205711|doi-access=free}}
<br />h. {{cite journal|first1=C. R.|last1=Hankey|first2=S.|last2=Eley|first3=W. S.|last3=Leslie|first4=C. M.|last4=Hunter|first5=M. E. J.|last5=Lean|title=Eating habits, beliefs, attitudes and knowledge among health professionals regarding the links between obesity, nutrition and health|journal=Public Health Nutrition|date=2004|issn=1368-9800|pages=337–43|volume=7|issue=2|pmid=15003142|doi=10.1079/PHN2003526|doi-access=free}}
<br />i. {{Cite web|url=https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/healthy-weight/metabolism-and-weight-loss/|title=How can I speed up my metabolism?|date=April 26, 2018|website=nhs.uk|language=en|access-date=August 16, 2019}}</ref> <br />d. {{#invoke:cite web||url=https://www.huhs.edu/sites/default/files/files/Soy%20protein%20article.pdf |title=Soy |website=www.huhs.edu }}
<br />e. {{#invoke:cite news||url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/25/style/sperm-count.html|title=The Dawning of Sperm Awareness|first=Nellie|last=Bowles|work=The New York Times|date=July 25, 2018|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref>
* Eating normal amounts of ] does not cause hormonal imbalance.<ref>

a. {{cite web|url=https://ucdintegrativemedicine.com/2015/06/the-startling-truth-about-soy/|title=The Startling Truth About Soy|first=Rosane|last=Oliveira|date=June 9, 2015}}
===== Alcoholic beverages =====
<br />b. {{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/soya-male-body-health-side-effects-truth-milk-sexual-function-a8382976.html|title=The truth about what soya does to men's bodies|date=June 12, 2018|website=The Independent}}
* ]s do not make the entire body warmer.<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite news||url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=kG5BAAAAIBAJ&pg=5953,3984482|title=Popular Misconceptions Regarding Intoxication|last=Brandstadt|first=William G.|date=December 19, 1967|work=Middlesboro Daily News|access-date=January 13, 2011}}
<br />c. {{cite journal|title=Misconception and Concerns about Bioidentical Hormones Used for Custom-Compounded Hormone Therapy|first1=Frank Z.|last1=Stanczyk|first2=Bhagu R.|last2=Bhavnani|date=March 1, 2012|journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism|volume=97|issue=3|pages=756–59|doi=10.1210/jc.2011-2492|pmid=22205711|doi-access=free}}
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite news||url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Y7QOAAAAIBAJ&pg=6314,2739204|title=Hypothermia main outdoors threat|last=Pierson|first=Rebecca|date=December 9, 2004|work=Elizabethton Star|access-date=January 13, 2011}}
<br />d. {{cite web|url=https://www.huhs.edu/sites/default/files/files/Soy%20protein%20article.pdf |title=Soy |website=www.huhs.edu }}
<br />c. {{#invoke:cite news||url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=AnRaAAAAIBAJ&pg=6238%2C1782448|title=Writer Tells Of Alcohol Dangers, Misconceptions|last=Seixas|first=Judy|date=April 15, 1977|work=The Virgin Islands Daily News|access-date=January 13, 2011}}</ref> Alcoholic drinks create the sensation of warmth because they cause blood vessels to dilate and stimulate nerve endings near the surface of the skin with an influx of warm blood. This can actually result in making the core body temperature lower, as it allows for easier heat exchange with a cold external environment.
<br />e. {{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/25/style/sperm-count.html|title=The Dawning of Sperm Awareness|first=Nellie|last=Bowles|date=July 25, 2018|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref>
* Alcohol does not necessarily kill brain cells.<ref name="StudyFindsAlcoholDoesntKillOffBrainCells">{{#invoke:cite news||url=http://www.news.com.au/national/study-finds-alcohol-doesnt-kill-off-brain-cells/story-e6frfkp9-1111113923217|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129195758/http://www.news.com.au/national/study-finds-alcohol-doesnt-kill-off-brain-cells/story-e6frfkp9-1111113923217|archive-date=November 29, 2016|title=Study finds alcohol doesn't kill off brain cells &#124; News.com.au|access-date=March 10, 2019|date=July 10, 2007 }}</ref> Alcohol can, however, lead ''indirectly'' to the death of brain cells in two ways. First, in chronic, heavy alcohol users whose brains have adapted to the effects of alcohol, abrupt ceasing following heavy use can cause ] leading to cellular death in multiple areas of the brain.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||author=Lovinger, D. M.|date=1993| title=Excitotoxicity and Alcohol-Related Brain Damage |journal=Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research |volume=17 |issue=1|pages=19–27 |doi=10.1111/j.1530-0277.1993.tb00720.x|pmid=8383925}}</ref> Second, in alcoholics who get most of their daily calories from alcohol, a deficiency of ] can produce ], which is associated with serious brain damage.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||author=Kopelman M. D.|author2=Thomson A.D.|author3=Guerrini I.|author4=Marshall E.J.|title=The Korsakoff syndrome: clinical aspects, psychology and treatment|journal=Alcohol and Alcoholism |volume=44|issue=2 |pages=148–54 |date=2009 |pmid=19151162|doi=10.1093/alcalc/agn118|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* ] does not have any psychoactive or hallucinogenic properties, and is no more dangerous than any other alcoholic beverage of equivalent proof.<ref name="sap_absinthism">{{cite journal |title=Absinthism: a fictitious 19th century syndrome with present impact|doi=10.1186/1747-597X-1-14 |pmid=16722551 |pmc=1475830 |year=2006 |last1=Padosch |first1=Stephan A |last2=Lachenmeier |first2=Dirk W |last3=Kröner |first3=Lars U |journal=Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy |volume=1 |page=14}}</ref> This misconception stems from late 19th and early 20th century distillers who produced cheap knockoff versions of absinthe, which used ] to recreate the distinct green color of true absinthe, and some also reportedly adulterated cheap absinthe with poisonous ], reputed to enhance the ].<ref name="lafeeabsinthe.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.lafeeabsinthe.com/absinthe-news-newsmenu-131/205-class-magazine-may-2009 |title=Class Mag May/June 2009 La Fee |publisher=Lafeeabsinthe.com |access-date=2 December 2016}}</ref>
* The order in which different types of alcoholic beverages are consumed ("Grape or grain but never the twain" and "Beer before liquor never sicker; liquor before beer in the clear") does not affect intoxication or create adverse side effects.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||title=Grape or grain but never the twain? A randomized controlled multiarm matched-triplet crossover trial of beer and wine|first1=Jöran|last1=Köchling|first2=Berit|last2=Geis|first3=Stefan|last3=Wirth |first4=Kai O.|last4=Hensel|date=February 1, 2019|journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition|volume=109|issue=2|pages=345–52|doi=10.1093/ajcn/nqy309|pmid=30753321|pmc=6410559}}</ref>
* Authentic ] has no ]ic properties, and is no more dangerous than any other alcoholic beverage of equivalent proof.<ref name="sap_absinthism">{{#invoke:cite journal||title=Absinthism: a fictitious 19th century syndrome with present impact|doi=10.1186/1747-597X-1-14 |pmid=16722551 |pmc=1475830 |year=2006 |last1=Padosch |first1=Stephan A |last2=Lachenmeier |first2=Dirk W |last3=Kröner |first3=Lars U |journal=Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy |volume=1 |page=14 |doi-access=free }}</ref> This misconception stems from late-19th- and early-20th-century distillers who produced cheap knockoff versions of absinthe, which used ] to recreate the distinct green color of true absinthe, and some also reportedly adulterated cheap absinthe with poisonous ], reputed to enhance the ].<ref name="lafeeabsinthe.com">{{#invoke:cite web||url=http://www.lafeeabsinthe.com/absinthe-news-newsmenu-131/205-class-magazine-may-2009 |title=Class Mag May/June 2009 La Fee |publisher=Lafeeabsinthe.com |access-date=2 December 2016 |archive-date=December 2, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202172106/http://www.lafeeabsinthe.com/absinthe-news-newsmenu-131/205-class-magazine-may-2009 }}</ref>

==== Sexuality and reproduction ====
* ] are not necessarily sexually inactive nor have they lost interest in sex; although the frequency of sexual activity tends to decline with age, older adults are still sexually active. One survey in ] of people aged 60–69 recorded 86% of men and 60% of women as sexually active.<ref name=letstalk>{{cite journal |vauthors=Steckenrider J |title=Sexual activity of older adults: let's talk about it |journal=Lancet Healthy Longev |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=e96–e97 |date=March 2023 |pmid=36739874 |doi=10.1016/S2666-7568(23)00003-X |url=}}</ref>
* "Double bagging", the practice of using two condoms at once, is not an extra-effective method of birth control; instead such use is more likely to cause condom breakage due to friction between the condoms.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=Kopa Z, Scafa R, Graziani A, Goulis DG, Ferlin A | title=Male contraception: Focus on behavioral and barrier methods | journal=Andrology | date=29 July 2024 | volume=12 | issue=7 | pages=1535–1540 | issn=2047-2919 | doi=10.1111/andr.13722 | pmid=39075932 |type=Review}}</ref>
* It is not possible to get pregnant from semen released in a commercial ] ]. The sperm cells would be quickly killed by the ] and would not survive long enough to reach the vagina.<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite web||last=Mikkelson |first=David |date=2009-07-12 |title=Sperm in Swimming Pool |url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/pool-party/ |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=] |language=en-US}}<br />b. {{#invoke:cite news||last=Andelane |first=Lana |date=2020-02-26 |title=Family Planning debunks claim women can get pregnant 'without penetration' in pools |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/lifestyle/2020/02/family-planning-debunks-claim-women-can-get-pregnant-without-penetration-in-pools.html |access-date=2022-07-23}}<br />c. {{#invoke:cite web||last=Taylor |first=Magdalene |date=2020-06-13 |title=Fact-Checking the Urban Legends About Getting Pregnant in Swimming Pools |url=https://melmagazine.com/en-us/story/swimming-pool-pregnancy-sperm |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=] |language=en-US}}<br />d. {{#invoke:cite web||last=Ewe |first=Koh |date=2020-02-24 |title=Indonesian Government Official Sitti Hikmawatty Thinks Women Can Get Pregnant From Swimming in Pools With Men |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/k7enze/strong-sperm-women-pregnant-swimming-pool-indonesian-official |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=] |language=en}}</ref>
* An examination of the ] is not an accurate or reliable indicator that a woman or girl has had penetrative ], because the tearing of the hymen may have been the result of some other event, and some women are born without one.<ref name="Hymen">{{#invoke:cite book||last1=Perlman |first1=Sally E. |url=https://archive.org/details/clinicalprotocol0000perl |title=Clinical protocols in pediatric and adolescent gynecology |last2=Nakajyma |first2=Steven T. |last3=Hertweck |first3=S. Paige |publisher=Parthenon |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-84214-199-1 |page= |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://nerdfighteria.info/v/CnRCI2cjg9U/|title=The Hymen Doesn't Tell You Anything About a Person|date=December 14, 2019|work=SciShow|last=Green |first=Hank |author-link=Hank Green}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Mishori |first1=R. |last2=Ferdowsian |first2=H. |last3=Naimer |first3=K. |last4=Volpellier |first4=M. |last5=McHale |first5=T. |date=2019-06-03 |title=The little tissue that couldn't – dispelling myths about the Hymen's role in determining sexual history and assault |journal=Reproductive Health |volume=16 |issue=1 |page=74 |doi=10.1186/s12978-019-0731-8 |pmc=6547601 |pmid=31159818 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ]s, such as the ]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-11-13|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=Virginity test#Two-finger test|reason=Anchor "Virginity test#Two-finger test" links to a specific web page: "Two-finger test". The anchor (Two-finger test) ].}}, are widely considered to be unscientific.<ref name="Perlman">{{#invoke:cite book||last1=Perlman |first1=Sally E. |title=Clinical protocols in pediatric and adolescent gynecology |last2=Nakajyma |first2=Steven T. |last3=Hertweck |first3=S. Paige |publisher=Parthenon |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-84214-199-1 |page=131}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/17-10-2018-united-nations-agencies-call-for-ban-on-virginity-testing|title=United Nations agencies call for ban on virginity testing|date=October 17, 2018|publisher=World Health Organization|access-date=October 22, 2018}}</ref><ref name="ncjrs"> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708172707/http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ovw/206554.pdf|date=July 8, 2011}} National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS). September 2004</ref>
* Hand size<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||url=https://www.cnn.com/2016/03/08/health/trump-small-hands-penis/index.html|title=Trump: Do small hands equal small penis, or a myth?|first=Jen | last=Christensen|publisher=CNN}}</ref> and foot size<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Shah |first1=J. |last2=Christopher |first2=N. |title=Can shoe size predict penile length? |journal=BJU International |date=2002 |volume=90 |issue=6 |pages=586–587 |doi=10.1046/j.1464-410X.2002.02974.x |pmid=12230622 |s2cid=20887458 |url=https://bjui-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1464-410X.2002.02974.x |access-date=January 28, 2022 |language=en |issn=1464-410X}}</ref> do not correlate with ], but ] may.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://articles.latimes.com/2011/jul/04/news/la-heb-finger-ratio-penis-length-20110704|title=Judging penis size by comparing index, ring fingers|first=Thomas H. |last=Maugh II|date=July 4, 2011|newspaper=]}}</ref>
* While pregnancies from sex between ] do carry a slightly elevated risk of ]s, this risk is often exaggerated.<ref name="kershaw">{{#invoke:cite news||first = Sarah |last = Kershaw |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/26/garden/26cousins.html |title = Shaking Off the Shame |date = November 26, 2009 | work=The New York Times}}</ref> The risk is 5–6% (similar to that of a woman in her early 40s giving birth),<ref name="kershaw" /><ref name="Bennett">{{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Bennett|first1=Robin L.|last2=Motulsky|first2=Arno G.|last3=Bittles|first3=Alan|last4=Hudgins|first4=Louanne|last5=Uhrich|first5=Stefanie|last6=Doyle |first6=Debra Lochner |last7=Silvey|first7=Kerry|last8=Scott|first8=C. Ronald|last9=Cheng|first9=Edith|last10=McGillivray|first10=Barbara|last11=Steiner|first11=Robert D.|last12=Olson|first12=Debra|title=Genetic Counseling and Screening of Consanguineous Couples and Their Offspring|journal=Journal of Genetic Counseling|date=2002|volume=11|issue=2|pages=97–119|doi=10.1023/A:1014593404915|pmid=26141656|s2cid=23922750|doi-access=free}}</ref> compared with a baseline risk of 3–4%.<ref name="Bennett" /> The effects of ], while still relatively small compared to other factors (and thus difficult to control for in a scientific experiment), become more noticeable if isolated and maintained for several generations.<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite journal|| pmc = 1377721 | pmid=9915962 | doi=10.1086/302198 | volume=64 | issue=1 | title=Inbreeding effects on fertility in humans: evidence for reproductive compensation | date=January 1999 | journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet. | pages=225–31 | last1 = Ober | first1 = C | last2 = Hyslop | first2 = T | last3 = Hauck | first3 = WW}}
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite journal|| doi=10.1038/ejhg.2008.237|pmid = 19092776| pmc=2986271| title=Impact of inbreeding on fertility in a pre-industrial population| journal=European Journal of Human Genetics| volume=17| issue=5| pages=673–81| year=2009| last1=Robert| first1=Alexandre| last2=Toupance| first2=Bruno| last3=Tremblay| first3=Marc| last4=Heyer| first4=Evelyne}}</ref>
* Having sex before a sporting event or contest is not physiologically detrimental to performance.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||url=http://www.nature.com/news/2006/060609/full/news060605-16.html |title=Sex before the big game? |journal=Nature |date=June 9, 2006 |access-date=January 16, 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121104140935/http://www.nature.com/news/2006/060609/full/news060605-16.html |archive-date= November 4, 2012 |url-status=live |doi=10.1038/news060605-16 |author=Ainsworth Claire |s2cid=179920555}}</ref> In fact it has been suggested that sex prior to sports activity can elevate male ] levels, which could potentially enhance performance for male athletes.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Sex and Sports: Should Athletes Abstain Before Big Events? |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/02/0222_060222_sex.html |magazine=National Geographic |date=February 22, 2006 |access-date=January 16, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301110507/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/02/0222_060222_sex.html |archive-date=March 1, 2014}}</ref>
* The heightened sensitivity some women experience at the ] is not due to it being a distinct anatomical structure, but rather because pressure in that area may stimulate other internal structures, notably the ]. Many sexologists take issue with the term, concerned that women who "fail to find their G-spot" may feel abnormal.<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite book||first1=Richard |last1=Balon |first2=Robert Taylor |last2=Segraves|title=Clinical Manual of Sexual Disorders |publisher= ]|year=2009|access-date=January 24, 2014|page=258|isbn=978-1-58562-905-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YuP3Hb0TMLQC&pg=PA258}}
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite book||first1=Jerrold S.|last1=Greenberg|first2=Clint E.|last2=Bruess|first3=Sara B. |last3=Oswalt|title=Exploring the Dimensions of Human Sexuality|pages=102–04|isbn=978-1-4496-4851-0|date=2014|access-date=October 30, 2014|publisher=]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hm3aTuANFroC&pg=PA102}}
<br />c. {{#invoke:cite journal||author=Hines T |s2cid=32381437 |date=August 2001 |title=The G-Spot: A modern gynecologic myth |journal=Am J Obstet Gynecol |volume=185 |issue=2 |pages=359–62 | doi=10.1067/mob.2001.115995 |pmid=11518892}}
<br />d. {{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Kilchevsky |first1=A |last2=Vardi |first2=Y |last3=Lowenstein|first3=L|last4=Gruenwald |first4=I|title=Is the Female G-Spot Truly a Distinct Anatomic Entity?|journal=]|volume= 9|issue= 3|pages= 719–26|date=January 2012|pmid=22240236|doi=10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02623.x}}
<br />e. {{lay source |template=cite news |date=January 19, 2012 |title=G-Spot Does Not Exist, 'Without A Doubt,' Say Researchers |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/01/19/g-spot-does-not-exist_n_1215822.html |work=]}}
<br />f. {{#invoke:cite journal||author=Vincenzo Puppo|date=June 6, 2012 |title=Does the G-spot exist? A review of the current literature|journal=International Urogynecology Journal|volume=23 |issue=12 |pages=1665–1669 | doi=10.1007/s00192-012-1831-y |pmid=22669428 |s2cid=1861061 |url=https://rdcu.be/c0ly8|quote="All published scientific data point to the fact that the G-spot does not exist..."}}</ref>
* ] or ] is not correlated with ]. A 1996 study claiming a connection in men<ref name=homophobiastudy>{{#invoke:cite journal||pmid=8772014|year=1996|vauthors=Adams HE, Wright Jr LW, Lohr BA|title=Is homophobia associated with homosexual arousal?|volume=105|issue=3|pages=440–45|journal=Journal of Abnormal Psychology|doi=10.1037/0021-843X.105.3.440|url=http://my.psychologytoday.com/files/u47/Henry_et_al.pdf|access-date=June 14, 2021|archive-date=July 3, 2017|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170703071551/http://my.psychologytoday.com/files/u47/Henry_et_al.pdf}}</ref> has not been verified by subsequent studies, including a 2013 study that found no correlation.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||last1=MacInnis |first1=Cara C. |last2=Hodson |first2=Gordon |title=Is Homophobia Associated with an Implicit Same-Sex Attraction? |journal=Journal of Sex Research |date=November 2013 |volume=50 |issue=8 |pages=777–785 |doi=10.1080/00224499.2012.690111 |pmid=22989040 |s2cid=205442892 }}</ref>
* The ]s of women who live together do not ]. A 1971 study made this claim, but subsequent research has not supported it.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=do-women-who-live-together-menstruate-together |title=Do Women Who Live Together Menstruate Together? |first=Anna |last=Gosline |date=December 7, 2007 |publisher=Scientific American |access-date=January 2, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||doi=10.1080/00224499.2012.763085 |title=Darwin's Legacy: An Evolutionary View of Women's Reproductive and Sexual Functioning |year=2013 |last1=Harris |first1=Amy L. |last2=Vitzthum |first2=Virginia J. |journal=Journal of Sex Research |volume=50 |issue=3–4 |pages=207–46 |pmid=23480070|s2cid=30229421 }}</ref>


=====Alcoholic beverages===== ==== Skin and hair ====
* ] are not caused by the skin absorbing water and swelling.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last=Botcharova|first=Maria|title=A gripping tale: scientists claim to have discovered why skin wrinkles in water|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/jan/09/skin-wrinkle-water-grip?intcmp=239|access-date=January 28, 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|date=January 10, 2013 }}</ref> They are caused by the ], which triggers localized ] in response to wet skin, yielding a wrinkled appearance.<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Changizi|first1=Mark |last2=Weber|first2=Romann |last3=Kotecha|first3=Ritesh |last4=Palazzo|first4=Joseph |title=Are Wet-Induced Wrinkled Fingers Primate Rain Treads?|journal=Brain Behav. Evol.|date=2011 |volume=77|pages=286–90|doi=10.1159/000328223|pmid=21701145|issue=4|doi-access=free}}
* ]s do not make the entire body warmer.<ref>
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite journal||last=Kareklas|first=Kyriacos|author2=Nettle, Daniel |author3=Smulders, Tom V. |title=Water-induced finger wrinkles improve handling of wet objects|journal=Biol. Lett.|date=April 23, 2013|volume=9|issue=2 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2012.0999|pmid=23302867|page=20120999|pmc=3639753}}</ref>
a. {{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=kG5BAAAAIBAJ&pg=5953,3984482|title=Popular Misconceptions Regarding Intoxication|last=Brandstadt|first=William G.|date=December 19, 1967|work=Middlesboro Daily News|access-date=January 13, 2011}}
* A person's hair and fingernails do not continue to ]. Rather, the skin dries and shrinks away from the bases of hairs and nails, giving the appearance of growth.<ref>{{#invoke:cite book||last=Graham-Brown|first=Robin |author2=Tony Burns |title=Lecture Notes on Dermatology|publisher=Blackwell|date=2007|page=6|isbn=978-1-4051-3977-9}}</ref>
<br />b. {{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Y7QOAAAAIBAJ&pg=6314,2739204|title=Hypothermia main outdoors threat|last=Pierson|first=Rebecca|date=December 9, 2004|work=Elizabethton Star|access-date=January 13, 2011}}
* Shaving does not cause ] to grow back thicker or darker. This belief is thought to be due to the fact that hair that has never been cut has a tapered end, so after cutting, the base of the hair is blunt and appears thicker and feels coarser. That short hairs are less flexible than longer hairs contributes to this effect.<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite web||url=http://snopes.com/oldwives/hairgrow.asp|title=Shaved Hair Grows Darker|website=]|date=October 2, 2003 |access-date=August 29, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101222541/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/hair-removal/an00638|archive-date=January 1, 2014|url-status=live}}
<br />c. {{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=AnRaAAAAIBAJ&pg=6238%2C1782448|title=Writer Tells Of Alcohol Dangers, Misconceptions|last=Seixas|first=Judy|date=April 15, 1977|work=The Virgin Islands Daily News|access-date=January 13, 2011}}</ref> Alcoholic drinks create the sensation of warmth because they cause blood vessels to dilate and stimulate nerve endings near the surface of the skin with an influx of warm blood. This can actually result in making the core body temperature lower, as it allows for easier heat exchange with a cold external environment.<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://firstaid.about.com/od/heatcoldexposur1/f/07_alcohol_warm.htm|title=Alcohol for Warmth | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140413035244/http://firstaid.about.com/od/heatcoldexposur1/f/07_alcohol_warm.htm | archive-date = April 13, 2014| url-status=live}}</ref> <br />b. {{#invoke:cite web||url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/hair-removal/an00638|title=Does shaving make hair grow back thicker?|website=]|date=October 26, 2011|access-date=February 9, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101222541/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/hair-removal/an00638|archive-date=January 1, 2014|url-status=live}}
<br />c. {{#invoke:cite web||url=http://www.webmd.com/skin-beauty/shaving-tips-girls?page=2|title=Shaving Tips for Teen Girls|website=]|access-date=February 9, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101222541/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/hair-removal/an00638|archive-date=January 1, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Alcohol does not necessarily kill brain cells.<ref name="StudyFindsAlcoholDoesntKillOffBrainCells">{{cite news|url=http://www.news.com.au/national/study-finds-alcohol-doesnt-kill-off-brain-cells/story-e6frfkp9-1111113923217|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129195758/http://www.news.com.au/national/study-finds-alcohol-doesnt-kill-off-brain-cells/story-e6frfkp9-1111113923217|archive-date=November 29, 2016|title=Study finds alcohol doesn't kill off brain cells &#124; News.com.au|publisher=]|access-date=March 10, 2019|date=July 10, 2007 | url-status=dead}}</ref> Alcohol can, however, lead ''indirectly'' to the death of brain cells in two ways: (1) In chronic, heavy alcohol users whose brains have adapted to the effects of alcohol, abrupt ceasing following heavy use can cause ] leading to cellular death in multiple areas of the brain.<ref>
* ], the gene mostly responsible for red hair, is not ], nor will the ] do so, although both are ] ]s. Redheads and blonds may become rarer but will not die out unless everyone who carries those alleles dies without passing their hair color genes on to their children.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Silverman|first=Jacob|title=Are redheads going extinct?|url=http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/life/genetic/redhead-extinction.htm|publisher=HowStuffWorks|access-date=July 15, 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121203143345/http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/life/genetic/redhead-extinction.htm | archive-date = December 3, 2012| url-status=live|date=September 9, 2007}}</ref>
{{cite journal|author=Lovinger, D. M.|date=1993| title=Excitotoxicity and Alcohol-Related Brain Damage |journal=Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research |volume=17 |issue=1|pages=19–27 |doi=10.1111/j.1530-0277.1993.tb00720.x|pmid=8383925}}</ref> (2) In alcoholics who get most of their daily calories from alcohol, a deficiency of ] can produce ], which is associated with serious brain damage.<ref>
* ] is not caused by a lack of hygiene or eating fatty foods, though certain medication or a ]-rich diet may worsen it.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Acne |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acne/symptoms-causes/syc-20368047 |website=Mayo Clinic |access-date=August 20, 2021}}</ref>
{{cite journal|author=Kopelman M. D.|author2=Thomson A.D.|author3=Guerrini I.|author4=Marshall E.J.|title=The Korsakoff syndrome: clinical aspects, psychology and treatment|journal=Alcohol and Alcoholism |volume=44|issue=2|pages=148–54 |date=2009 |pmid=19151162|doi=10.1093/alcalc/agn118|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* Dandruff is not caused by poor hygiene, though infrequent hair-washing can make it more obvious. The exact ] are uncertain, but they are believed to be mostly genetic and environmental factors.<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite web||title=How to treat dandruff |url=https://www.aad.org/public/everyday-care/hair-scalp-care/scalp/treat-dandruff |access-date=July 2, 2022 |website=] |language=en |quote=Many people believe that dandruff is caused by poor hygiene, but this is not true.}}<br />b. {{#invoke:cite web||last=Rosenblum |first=Katie |date=September 25, 2019 |title=Dandruff: What It Is and What to Do About It |url=https://www.cedars-sinai.org/blog/what-is-dandruff.html |access-date=July 2, 2022 |website=] |language=en-US |quote=It's often associated with poor hygiene, but that's a misconception—no one's really sure what causes it.}}<br />c. {{#invoke:cite web||date=October 18, 2017 |title=Dandruff |url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/dandruff/ |access-date=July 2, 2022 |website=] |language=en |quote=Dandruff is not caused by poor hygiene, although it may be more obvious if you do not wash your hair regularly.}}</ref>
* The order in which different types of alcoholic beverages are consumed ("Grape or grain but never the twain" and "Beer before liquor never sicker; liquor before beer in the clear") does not affect ] or create adverse side effects.<ref>
{{Cite journal|title=Grape or grain but never the twain? A randomized controlled multiarm matched-triplet crossover trial of beer and wine|first1=Jöran|last1=Köchling|first2=Berit|last2=Geis|first3=Stefan|last3=Wirth|first4=Kai O.|last4=Hensel|date=February 1, 2019|journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition|volume=109|issue=2|pages=345–52|doi=10.1093/ajcn/nqy309|pmid=30753321|pmc=6410559}}</ref>


====Senses==== === Inventions ===
* ] did not invent the ],<ref name="JamesWatt">a. {{#invoke:cite book||last=Rolt|first=L. T. C.|title=James Watt|date=1962|publisher=Batsford|isbn=978-1-163-47052-7|page=10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VNrlAAAAIAAJ}}
] showing zones that taste ] (1), ] (2), ] (3) and ] (4). Actually, all zones can sense all tastes, and there is also the taste of ] (not shown on picture).]]
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite book||last=Carroll|first=John Millar|title=Designing interaction: psychology at the human-computer interface|date=1991|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-40056-5|page=76|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=coY6AAAAIAAJ}}
* Infants can and do ].<ref>
<br />c. {{#invoke:cite book||last=Green|first=Joey|title=Contrary to Popular Belief: More Than 250 False Facts Revealed|date=2005|publisher=Broadway Books|isbn=978-0-7679-1992-0|page=20|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ew38DByz-DQC}}
a. {{cite book | last = Twycross | first = Alison | title = Managing pain in children : a clinical guide for nurses and healthcare professionals | publisher = Wiley Blackwell | location = Hoboken, NJ | year = 2014 | isbn = 978-0470670545|page = 7 }}
<br />d. {{#invoke:cite web||url=http://physicsworldarchive.iop.org/index.cfm?action=summary&doc=3%2F12%2Fphwv3i12a41%40pwa-xml&qt=|title=Invention – Myth and Reality|publisher=Physics World|date=1990}}</ref> nor were his ideas on steam engine power inspired by a ] lid pressured open by steam.<ref name="DPMiller">{{#invoke:cite journal||title=True Myths: James Watt's Kettle, His Condenser, and His Chemistry|date=2004|bibcode=2004HisSc..42..333M|last1=Miller|first1=David Philip|volume=42|issue=3|pages=333–60|journal=History of Science|doi=10.1177/007327530404200304|s2cid=161722497}}</ref> Watt improved upon the already commercially successful ] (invented in 1712) in the 1760s and 1770s, making certain improvements critical to its future usage, particularly the external condenser, increasing its efficiency, and later the mechanism for transforming reciprocating motion into rotary motion; his new steam engine later gained huge fame as a result.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=http://dspace.dsto.defence.gov.au/dspace/bitstream/1947/3295/1/DSTO-RR-0287%20PR.pdf|title=An Evolutionary Framework for Experimental Innovation|publisher=Australian Government Department of Defence Defence Science and Technology Organisation|access-date=May 1, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815072201/http://dspace.dsto.defence.gov.au/dspace/bitstream/1947/3295/1/DSTO-RR-0287%20PR.pdf|archive-date=August 15, 2011}}</ref>
<br />b. {{cite journal|url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/108/3/793|title=The Assessment and Management of Acute Pain in Infants, Children, and Adolescents|first1=Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family|last1=Health|first2=Children|last2=Task Force on Pain in Infants|date=September 1, 2001|journal=Pediatrics|volume=108|issue=3|pages=793–97|via=pediatrics.aappublications.org|doi=10.1542/peds.108.3.793|pmid=11533354|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* Although the ] was named after the French physician ], he neither invented nor was executed with this device. He died peacefully in his own bed in 1814. Rather, it was Guillotin's speech favouring beheadings over other forms of execution that led to the device being referred to as "La machine Guillotine" and later simply guillotine.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||access-date=June 5, 2020|title=Origins of the Guillotine|url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/head-man/|website=]|date=September 4, 2011 }}</ref>
* All different ]s can be detected on all parts of the ] by ]s,<ref>
* ] did not invent the ].<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=http://www.snopes.com/business/names/crapper.asp|title=Thomas Crapper|work=]|date=February 22, 2007|access-date=December 13, 2008 }}</ref> A forerunner of the modern toilet was invented by the Elizabethan courtier ] in the 16th century,<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||last=Kinghorn|first=Jonathan| title=A Privvie in Perfection: Sir John Harrington's Water Closet | journal=Bath History | volume=1 | date=1986 | pages=173–88 }} {{ISBN|978-0-86299-294-1}}</ref> and in 1775 the Scottish mechanic ] developed and patented a design for a toilet with an ] and flushing mechanism.<ref name="Cumming">{{#invoke:cite news||title=From Charles Mackintosh's waterproof to Dolly the sheep: 43 innovations Scotland has given the world|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/charles-mackintosh-chemist-waterproof-google-doodle-scotland-inventions-innovation-bicycles-a7499911.html|work=The independent|date=December 30, 2016}}</ref> Crapper, however, did much to increase the popularity of the flush toilet and introduced several innovations in the late 19th century, holding nine patents, including one for the floating ].<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||title=Thomas Crapper: Myth & Reality|url=https://theplumber.com/thomas-crapper-myth-reality/|work=Plumbing & Mechanical Magazine|publisher=BNP Media|date=June 1, 1993}}</ref>
{{cite journal|author=Huang AL|title=The cells and logic for mammalian sour taste detection|journal=Nature|volume=442|issue=7105|pages=934–38|date=August 2006|pmid=16929298|pmc=1571047|doi=10.1038/nature05084|bibcode = 2006Natur.442..934H|name-list-style=vanc|author2=Chen X|author3=Hoon MA|display-authors=3|last4=Chandrashekar|first4=Jayaram|last5=Guo|first5=Wei|last6=Tränkner|first6=Dimitri|last7=Ryba|first7=Nicholas J. P.|last8=Zuker|first8=Charles S. }}</ref> with slightly increased sensitivities in different locations depending on the person, contrary to the popular belief that specific tastes only correspond to specific ].<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://www.asha.org/Publications/leader/2002/021022/f021022a.htm|title=Beyond the Tongue Map|publisher=Asha.org|date=October 22, 2002|access-date=August 29, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214115137/http://www.asha.org/Publications/leader/2002/021022/f021022a.htm|archive-date=December 14, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* There are not four ], but five: in addition to ], ], ], and ], humans have taste receptors for ], which is a "savory" or "meaty" taste.<ref>
a. {{cite book|title=Food Science and Technology |last=Campbell-Platt |first=Geoffrey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E7GXHploJasC&pg=PA31 |date=2009 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0632064212 |page=31}}
<br />b. {{cite web|url=http://www.rtc.edu/programs/generaleducation/biology/biology220/files/Senses_notes.pdf |title=Senses Notes |access-date=January 13, 2011|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720040515/http://www.rtc.edu/programs/generaleducation/biology/biology220/files/Senses_notes.pdf |archive-date=July 20, 2011}}
<br />c. {{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=15819485 |title=Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter&nbsp;... and Umami |author=Krulwich, Robert |date=November 5, 2007 |website=Krulwich Wonders, an NPR Science Blog |publisher=NPR |access-date=January 13, 2011 }}</ref> Fat does interact with specific ] in ], but whether it is a sixth primary taste remains inconclusive.<ref>
{{cite journal|last=Besnard|first=P|date=December 2015|title=Taste of Fat: A Sixth Taste Modality?|journal=Physiological Reviews|volume=96|issue=1|pages=151–76|doi=10.1152/physrev.00002.2015|pmid=26631596|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* Humans have more than the commonly cited five ]s. The number of senses in various categorizations ranges from five to more than 20. In addition to ], ], ], ], and ], which were the senses identified by ], humans can sense ] and acceleration (]), pain (]), body and limb position (] or kinesthetic sense), and relative temperature (]).<ref>
{{cite web |url=http://harvardmedicine.hms.harvard.edu/fascinoma/fivesenses/beyond/extra.php |title=Extra Sensory Perceptions |author=Cerretani, Jessica |date=Spring 2010 |website=Harvard Medicine |publisher=Harvard College |access-date=January 13, 2011| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120211190433/http://harvardmedicine.hms.harvard.edu/fascinoma/fivesenses/beyond/extra.php | archive-date = February 11, 2012| url-status=dead}}</ref> Other senses sometimes identified are the sense of time, ], itching, pressure, hunger, thirst, fullness of the stomach, need to urinate, need to defecate, and blood ] (CO<sub>2</sub>) levels.<ref>
a. {{cite web |url=http://health.howstuffworks.com/mental-health/human-nature/perception/question242.htm |title=How many senses does a human being have? |website=Discovery Health |publisher=] |access-date=January 13, 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111106034223/http://health.howstuffworks.com/mental-health/human-nature/perception/question242.htm | archive-date = November 6, 2011| url-status=live|date=April 2000 }}
<br />b. {{cite web |url=http://www.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/Human-Senses.topicArticleId-8741,articleId-8725.html |title=Biology: Human Senses |website=CliffNotes |publisher=Wiley Publishing, Inc. |access-date=January 13, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429064356/http://www.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/Human-Senses.topicArticleId-8741%2CarticleId-8725.html |archive-date=April 29, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>


]
====Skin and hair====
* ] are not caused by the skin absorbing water and swelling.<ref>
{{cite news|last=Botcharova|first=Maria|title=A gripping tale: scientists claim to have discovered why skin wrinkles in water|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/jan/09/skin-wrinkle-water-grip?intcmp=239|access-date=January 28, 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|date=January 10, 2013 }}</ref> They are caused by the ], which triggers localized ] in response to wet skin, yielding a wrinkled appearance.<ref>
a. {{cite journal |last1=Changizi|first1=Mark |last2=Weber|first2=Romann |last3=Kotecha|first3=Ritesh |last4=Palazzo|first4=Joseph |title=Are Wet-Induced Wrinkled Fingers Primate Rain Treads?|journal=Brain Behav. Evol.|date=2011|volume=77|pages=286–90|doi=10.1159/000328223|pmid=21701145|issue=4|doi-access=free}}
<br />b. {{cite journal|last=Kareklas|first=Kyriacos|author2=Nettle, Daniel |author3=Smulders, Tom V. |title=Water-induced finger wrinkles improve handling of wet objects|journal=Biol. Lett.|date=April 23, 2013|volume=9|issue=2|doi=10.1098/rsbl.2012.0999|pmid=23302867|page=20120999|pmc=3639753}}</ref>
* A person's hair and fingernails do not continue to grow after death. Rather, the skin dries and shrinks away from the bases of hairs and nails, giving the appearance of growth.<ref>{{cite book|last=Graham-Brown|first=Robin|author2=Tony Burns |title=Lecture Notes on Dermatology|publisher=Blackwell|date=2007|page=6|isbn=978-1405139779}}</ref>
* ] does not cause ] to grow back thicker or darker. This belief is thought to be due to the fact that hair that has never been cut has a tapered end, so after cutting, the base of the hair is blunt and appears thicker and feels coarser. That short hairs are less flexible than longer hairs also contributes to this effect.<ref>
a. {{cite web|url=http://snopes.com/oldwives/hairgrow.asp|title=Shaved Hair Grows Darker|publisher=snopes.com|access-date=August 29, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101222541/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/hair-removal/an00638|archive-date=January 1, 2014|url-status=live}}
<br />b. {{cite web|url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/hair-removal/an00638|title=Does shaving make hair grow back thicker?|publisher=Mayoclinic.com|date=October 26, 2011|access-date=February 9, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101222541/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/hair-removal/an00638|archive-date=January 1, 2014|url-status=live}}
<br />c. {{cite web|url=http://www.webmd.com/skin-beauty/shaving-tips-girls?page=2|title=Shaving Tips for Teen Girls|publisher=Webmd.com|access-date=February 9, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101222541/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/hair-removal/an00638|archive-date=January 1, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Hair care products cannot actually "repair" ] and damaged hair. They can prevent damage from occurring in the first place, and they can also smooth down the cuticle in a glue-like fashion so that it appears repaired, and generally make hair appear in better condition.<ref name="HairCare"/>
* Pulling or cutting a grey hair will not cause two grey hairs to grow in its place. It will only cause the one hair to grow back because only one hair can grow from each follicle.<ref>
{{Cite web|url=https://www.today.com/health/myth-busted-does-plucking-gray-hairs-make-more-grow-back-t73481|title=Myth, busted: Does plucking gray hairs make more grow back?|website=TODAY.com}}</ref>
* ], the gene mostly responsible for red hair, is not ], nor will the ] do so, although both are ] ]s. Redheads and blonds may become rarer but will not die out unless everyone who carries those alleles dies or fails to reproduce.<ref>
{{cite web|last=Silverman|first=Jacob|title=Are redheads going extinct?|url=http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/life/genetic/redhead-extinction.htm|publisher=HowStuffWorks|access-date=July 15, 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121203143345/http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/life/genetic/redhead-extinction.htm | archive-date = December 3, 2012| url-status=live|date=September 9, 2007}}</ref>
* ] is mostly caused by genetics, and is not caused by a lack of hygiene or eating fatty foods, though certain medication or a ]-rich diet may worsen it.<ref>{{cite web |title=Acne |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acne/symptoms-causes/syc-20368047 |website=Mayo Clinic |access-date=20 August 2021}}</ref>


* ] did not invent the ].<ref>{{#invoke:cite book||last=Robert|first=Friedel|author2=Paul Israel|title=Edison's Electric Light: Biography of an Invention|location=New Brunswick, NJ|publisher=Rutgers University Press|pages=|date=1987|isbn=978-0-8135-1118-4|url=https://archive.org/details/edisonselectricl00frie/page/115}}</ref> The team of inventors Edison employed at his laboratories in ] did, however, develop the first ''practical'' light bulb in 1880 (employing a carbonized ] filament), shortly prior to ], who invented an even more efficient bulb in 1881 (which used a cellulose filament).
===Inventions===
* ] did not invent either the automobile or the assembly line. He did improve the assembly line process substantially, sometimes through his own engineering but more often through sponsoring the work of his employees, and he was the main person behind the introduction of the ], regarded as the first ''affordable'' automobile.<ref>a. {{Hounshell1984}}, pp. 15–47.
* ] did not invent ]. He did compile hundreds of uses for and products that could be made from ]s (some of which, like peanut butter, were variants of products that already existed) and hundreds more for ]s, ]s, and ]es to promote his system of ].<ref>
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite book|| last = Sorensen | first = Charles E. |author2=Williamson, Samuel T. | author-link = Charles E. Sorensen | date = 1956 | title = My Forty Years with Ford | publisher = Norton | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-8143-3279-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fv9WPvAXpGMC&pg=PA128|page=128 | lccn = 56010854}}</ref> ] (co-founder of ]) is credited with the invention of the first modern automobile,<ref>{{#invoke:cite book||title=The Automobile Book| publisher=Paul Hamlyn Ltd| date=1967|
a. {{cite web |url=http://peanut-butter.org/peanut-butter/History+of+Peanut+Butter |title=History of Peanut Butter |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727170350/http://peanut-butter.org/peanut-butter/History+of+Peanut+Butter |archive-date=July 27, 2011 }} Peanut-butter.org.
<br />b. {{cite web |url=http://www.americanscientist.org/bookshelf/pub/a-true-renaissance-man |title=A True Renaissance Man | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120319152901/http://www.americanscientist.org/bookshelf/pub/a-true-renaissance-man | archive-date = March 19, 2012| url-status=live|publisher=American Scientist}}.</ref>
* ] did not invent the ],<ref name="JamesWatt" /> nor were his ideas on steam engine power inspired by a ] lid pressured open by steam.<ref name="DPMiller">{{cite journal|title=True Myths: James Watt's Kettle, His Condenser, and His Chemistry|date=2004|bibcode=2004HisSc..42..333M|last1=Miller|first1=David Philip|volume=42|issue=3|pages=333–60|journal=History of Science|doi=10.1177/007327530404200304|s2cid=161722497}}</ref> Watt improved upon the already commercially successful ] (invented in 1712) in the 1760s and 1770s, making certain improvements critical to its future usage, particularly the external condenser, increasing its efficiency, and later the mechanism for transforming reciprocating motion into rotary motion; his new steam engine later gained huge fame as a result.<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://dspace.dsto.defence.gov.au/dspace/bitstream/1947/3295/1/DSTO-RR-0287%20PR.pdf|title=An Evolutionary Framework for Experimental Innovation|publisher=Australian Government Department of Defence Defence Science and Technology Organisation|access-date=May 1, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815072201/http://dspace.dsto.defence.gov.au/dspace/bitstream/1947/3295/1/DSTO-RR-0287%20PR.pdf|archive-date=August 15, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Although the ] was named after the French physician ], he neither invented nor was executed with this device. He died peacefully on his own bed in 1814.<ref>
{{cite web|access-date=2020-06-05|title=Origins of the Guillotine|url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/head-man/|website=Snopes.com}}</ref>
* ] did not invent the ].<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/business/names/crapper.asp|title=Thomas Crapper|work=]|date=February 22, 2007|access-date=December 13, 2008 }}</ref> A forerunner of the modern toilet was invented by the Elizabethan courtier ] in the 16th century,<ref>
{{Cite journal|last=Kinghorn|first=Jonathan| title=A Privvie in Perfection: Sir John Harrington's Water Closet | journal=Bath History | volume=1 | date=1986 | pages=173–88 }} {{ISBN|978-0-86299-294-1}}</ref> and in 1775 the Scottish mechanic ] developed and patented a design for a toilet with an ] and flushing mechanism.<ref name="Cumming">{{cite news|title=From Charles Mackintosh's waterproof to Dolly the sheep: 43 innovations Scotland has given the world|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/charles-mackintosh-chemist-waterproof-google-doodle-scotland-inventions-innovation-bicycles-a7499911.html|work=The independent|date=30 December 2016}}</ref> Crapper, however, did much to increase the popularity of the flush toilet and introduced several innovations in the late 19th century, holding nine patents, including one for the floating ].<ref>
{{cite news|title=Thomas Crapper: Myth & Reality|url=https://theplumber.com/thomas-crapper-myth-reality/|work=Plumbing & Mechanical Magazine|publisher=BNP Media|date=June 1, 1993}}</ref> The word ''crap'' is also not derived from his name (see the ] section above).<ref>
{{cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=crap&searchmode=term |title=Crap |last1=Harper |first1=Douglas |work=Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=May 21, 2013| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140427083545/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=crap&searchmode=term | archive-date = April 27, 2014| url-status=live}}</ref>
* ] did not invent the ].<ref>
{{cite book|last=Robert|first=Friedel|author2=Paul Israel|title=Edison's Electric Light: Biography of an Invention|location=New Brunswick, NJ|publisher=Rutgers University Press|pages=|date=1987|isbn=978-0813511184|url=https://archive.org/details/edisonselectricl00frie/page/115}}</ref> He did, however, develop the first ''practical'' light bulb in 1880 (employing a carbonized ] filament), shortly prior to ], who invented an even more efficient bulb in 1881 (which used a cellulose filament).
* ] did not invent either the automobile or the ]. He did improve the assembly line process substantially, sometimes through his own engineering but more often through sponsoring the work of his employees.<ref>
a. {{Hounshell1984}}, pp. 15–47.
<br />b. {{cite book | last = Sorensen | first = Charles E. |author2=Williamson, Samuel T. | author-link = Charles E. Sorensen | date = 1956 | title = My Forty Years with Ford | publisher = Norton | location = New York | isbn = 978-0814332795 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fv9WPvAXpGMC&pg=PA128|page=128 | lccn = 56010854}}</ref> ] (co-founder of ]) is credited with the invention of the first modern automobile,<ref>
{{cite book|title=The Automobile Book| publisher=Paul Hamlyn Ltd| date=1967|
last=Stein|first=Ralph}}</ref> and the assembly line has existed ]. last=Stein|first=Ralph}}</ref> and the assembly line has existed ].
* ] never said that he had "invented" the Internet. What Gore actually said was, "During my service in the United States Congress, I took the initiative in creating the Internet", in reference to his political work towards developing the Internet for widespread public use.<ref> * ] never said that he had "invented" the Internet. What Gore actually said was, "During my service in the United States Congress, I took the initiative in creating the Internet", in reference to his political work towards developing the Internet for widespread public use.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=http://www.snopes.com/quotes/internet.asp|title=Al Gore on the invention of the internet|website=]|date=May 5, 2005 |access-date=August 29, 2009 }}</ref> Gore was the original drafter of the ], which provided significant funding for supercomputing centers,<ref name="cautionarytale" /> and this in turn led to upgrades of a major part of the already-existing early 1990s Internet backbone, the ],<ref name="motherofgores">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.wired.com/2000/10/the-mother-of-gores-invention/ |title=The Mother of Gore's Invention |magazine=] |date=October 17, 2000}}</ref> and development of ], the ] that popularized the ].<ref name="cautionarytale">{{#invoke:cite news|| last = Kessler| first = Glenn| title = A cautionary tale for politicians: Al Gore and the 'invention' of the Internet| newspaper = Washington Post| date = November 4, 2013}}</ref> (See also: ])
a. {{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/quotes/internet.asp|title=Al Gore on the invention of the internet|website=Snopes|access-date=August 29, 2009 }}
<br />b. {{cite journal|author=O'Carroll, Eoin |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/Environment/Bright-Green/2009/0309/al-gore-joins-call-for-new-eco-internet-domain |title=Al Gore joins call for new .ECO Internet domain |journal=Christian Science Monitor |date=March 9, 2009 |access-date=February 9, 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131214110208/http://www.csmonitor.com/Environment/Bright-Green/2009/0309/al-gore-joins-call-for-new-eco-internet-domain | archive-date = December 14, 2013| url-status=live}}</ref> Gore was the original drafter of the ], which provided significant funding for supercomputing centers,<ref name="cautionarytale"/> and this in turn led to upgrades of a major part of the already-existing early 1990s Internet backbone, the ],<ref name="motherofgores">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/2000/10/the-mother-of-gores-invention/|title=The Mother of Gore's Invention|magazine=]|date=October 17, 2000}}</ref> and development of ], the ] that popularized the ].<ref name="cautionarytale">{{cite news| last = Kessler| first = Glenn| title = A cautionary tale for politicians: Al Gore and the 'invention' of the Internet| newspaper = Washington Post| date = November 4, 2013}}</ref> (See also ].)


===Mathematics=== === Mathematics ===
{{See also|All horses are the same color|Mathematical fallacy}} {{See also|All horses are the same color|Mathematical fallacy}}
] in the ], ].{{sfn|Joost-Gaugier|2006|page=143}} Classical historians dispute whether he ever made any mathematical discoveries.{{sfn|Burkert|1972|pages=428–33}}{{sfn|Kahn|2001|pages=2–3}}]] ] made any mathematical discoveries.<ref>{{citation |last=Burkert |first=Walter |author-link=Walter Burkert |date=June 1, 1972 |title=Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0qqp4Vk1zG0C |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-53918-1 |pages=428–33}}</ref>{{sfn|Kahn|2001|pages=2–3}}]]
* Although the Greek philosopher ] is most famous today for his supposed mathematical discoveries,{{sfn|Kahn|2001|pages=1–2}}{{sfn|Gregory|2015|pages=21–22}} classical historians dispute whether he himself ever actually made any significant contributions to the field.{{sfn|Burkert|1972|pages=428–33}}{{sfn|Kahn|2001|pages=2–3}} He was not the first to discover ], because it was known and used by the ] and ] centuries before him,{{sfn|Burkert|1972|pages=429, 462}}{{sfn|Riedweg|2005|page=27}}{{sfn|Kahn|2001|page=32}}{{sfn|Ferguson|2008|pages=6–7}} but he may have been the first to introduce it to the Greeks.{{sfn|Burkert|1972|page=429}}{{sfn|Kahn|2001|page=32}} It has also been argued that the Pythagorean theorem is an example of ].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rediscovery of knowledge: Pythagoras’ theorem, Stigler’s law and others|url=https://amaral.northwestern.edu/blog/rediscovery-knowledge-pythagoras-theorem-stiglers|access-date=2021-10-01|website=amaral.northwestern.edu – Amaral Lab Blog}}</ref> * The Greek philosopher ] was not the first to discover the equation expressed in the ], as it was known and used by the ] and ] centuries before him.{{sfn|Burkert|1972|pages=429, 462}}<ref>{{citation |last=Riedweg |first=Christoph |date=2005 |orig-date=2002 |title=Pythagoras: His Life, Teachings, and Influence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8ixyQJA7_MC&q=Pythagoras |location=Ithaca, New York |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-0-8014-7452-1 |page=27}}</ref>{{sfn|Kahn|2001|page=32}}<ref>{{citation |last=Ferguson |first=Kitty |date=2008 |title=The Music of Pythagoras: How an Ancient Brotherhood Cracked the Code of the Universe and Lit the Path from Antiquity to Outer Space |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h83m1i3QhhYC&q=Pythagoras+Theano&pg=PA59 |location=New York City, New York |publisher=Walker & Company |isbn=978-0-8027-1631-6 |pages=6–7}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Joost-Gaugier |first=Christiane L. |title=Measuring Heaven: Pythagoras and his Influence on Thought and Art in Antiquity and the Middle Ages |date=2006 |page=143 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cf9Rj_ADZU4C&q=Pythagoreanism&pg=PA116 |location=Ithaca, New York |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-0-8014-7409-5 |author-link=Christiane Joost-Gaugier}}</ref> Pythagoras may have been ],{{sfn|Burkert|1972|page=429}}{{sfn|Kahn|2001|page=32}} but the first record of it being ] as a ] is in ] which was published some 200 years after Pythagoras.
* There is no evidence that the ancient Greeks deliberately designed the ] to match the ].<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite web||author=Jesse Galef|url=http://measureofdoubt.com/2011/08/29/lies-and-legends-about-the-golden-ratio/|title=Lies and Debunked Legends about the Golden Ratio|date=August 29, 2011|access-date=April 10, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427083317/http://measureofdoubt.com/2011/08/29/lies-and-legends-about-the-golden-ratio/|archive-date=April 27, 2014}}
* In mathematics, the ] commonly written as ] represents exactly the same quantity as the number ]. Despite having the appearance of representing a smaller number, ] is a symbol for the number ] in exactly the same way that .333... is an equivalent notation for the number represented by the fraction 1/3.<ref>
<br />b. "Two other beliefs about are often mentioned in magazines and books: that the ancient Greeks believed it was the proportion of the rectangle the eye finds most pleasing and that they accordingly incorporated the rectangle in many of their buildings, including the famous Parthenon. These two equally persistent beliefs are likewise assuredly false and, in any case, are completely without any evidence." {{#invoke:cite book||last=Devlin|first=Keith|title=The Unfinished Game: Pascal, Fermat, and the Seventeenth-Century Letter that Made the World Modern|date=2008|publisher=Basic Books|page=35}}</ref> The Parthenon was completed in 438&nbsp;BCE, more than a century before the first recorded mention of the ratio by ]. Similarly, ]'s '']'' makes no mention of the golden ratio in its text, although it describes many other proportions.<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite web||author=Donald E. Simanek |url=http://www.lhup.edu/~dsimanek/pseudo/fibonacc.htm |title=Fibonacci Flim-Flam |access-date=April 9, 2013 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5nDtkyeKW?url=http://www.lhup.edu/~dsimanek/pseudo/fibonacc.htm |archive-date=February 1, 2010 }}
a. {{cite book|first=John |last=Stillwell |author-link=John Stillwell |title=Elements of algebra: geometry, numbers, equations|year=1994|publisher=Springer |page=42 }}
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite web||first=Keith|last=Devlin|url=http://www.maa.org/devlin/devlin_05_07.html|title=The Myth That Will Not Go Away|access-date=April 10, 2013|date=May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701231044/http://www.maa.org/devlin/devlin_05_07.html|archive-date =July 1, 2013|quote=Part of the process of becoming a mathematics writer is, it appears, learning that you cannot refer to the golden ratio without following the first mention by a phrase that goes something like 'which the ancient Greeks and others believed to have divine and mystical properties.' Almost as compulsive is the urge to add a second factoid along the lines of 'Leonardo Da Vinci believed that the human form displays the golden ratio.' There is not a shred of evidence to back up either claim, and every reason to assume they are both false. Yet both claims, along with various others in a similar vein, live on.}}</ref>
<br />b. {{cite book |last=Bunch |first=Bryan H. |title=Mathematical fallacies and paradoxes |year=1982 |publisher=Van Nostrand Reinhold |isbn=0442249055|page=119}}
* The ] commonly written as ] represents exactly the same quantity as the number ]. Despite having the appearance of representing a smaller number, 0.999... is a symbol for the number ] in exactly the same way that 0.333... is an equivalent notation for the number represented by the fraction {{frac|1|3}}.<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite book||first=John |last=Stillwell |author-link=John Stillwell |title=Elements of algebra: geometry, numbers, equations|year=1994|publisher=Springer |page=42 }}
<br />c. {{cite journal|last1=Tall|first1=David|author-link1=David Tall |last2=Schwarzenberger|first2=R. L. E.|author-link2=Rolph Ludwig Edward Schwarzenberger |title=Conflicts in the Learning of Real Numbers and Limits|journal=Mathematics Teaching|year=1978|volume=82|pages=6, 44–49|url=http://www.warwick.ac.uk/staff/David.Tall/pdfs/dot1978c-with-rolph.pdf |access-date=May 3, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090530043040/http://www.warwick.ac.uk/staff/David.Tall/pdfs/dot1978c-with-rolph.pdf| archive-date=May 30, 2009}}</ref>
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite book||last=Bunch |first=Bryan H. |title=Mathematical fallacies and paradoxes |year=1982 |publisher=Van Nostrand Reinhold |isbn=978-0-442-24905-2|page=119}}
* There is no evidence that the ] deliberately designed the ] to match the ].<ref>
a. {{cite web|author=Jesse Galef|url=http://measureofdoubt.com/2011/08/29/lies-and-legends-about-the-golden-ratio/|title=Lies and Debunked Legends about the Golden Ratio|date=August 29, 2011|access-date=April 10, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427083317/http://measureofdoubt.com/2011/08/29/lies-and-legends-about-the-golden-ratio/|archive-date=April 27, 2014|url-status=dead}} <br />c. {{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Tall|first1=David|author-link1=David Tall |last2=Schwarzenberger|first2=R. L. E.|author-link2=Rolph Ludwig Edward Schwarzenberger |title=Conflicts in the Learning of Real Numbers and Limits|journal=Mathematics Teaching|year=1978|volume=82|pages=6, 44–49|url=http://www.warwick.ac.uk/staff/David.Tall/pdfs/dot1978c-with-rolph.pdf |access-date=May 3, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090530043040/http://www.warwick.ac.uk/staff/David.Tall/pdfs/dot1978c-with-rolph.pdf| archive-date=May 30, 2009}}</ref>
* The ] is not the probability that the ] is true, or the probability that the ] is false; it is the probability of obtaining results at least as extreme as the results actually observed under the assumption that the null hypothesis was correct, which can indicate the incompatibility of results with the specific statistical model assumed in the null hypothesis.<ref name="asa2016">{{#invoke:cite journal||vauthors=Wasserstein RL, Lazar NA |year=2016 |title=The ASA's statement on ''p''-values: context, process, and purpose |journal=] |volume=70 |issue=2 |pages=129–33 |doi=10.1080/00031305.2016.1154108|s2cid=124084622 |url=https://www.stat.berkeley.edu/~aldous/Real_World/ASA_statement.pdf |doi-access=free }}</ref> This misconception, and similar ones like it, contributes to the common ] in education and research.<ref name="asa2016" /><ref name="Sterne2001">{{#invoke:cite journal|| vauthors = Sterne JA, Davey Smith G | title = Sifting the evidence-what's wrong with significance tests? | journal = BMJ | volume = 322 | issue = 7280 | pages = 226–31 | date = January 2001 | pmid = 11159626 | pmc = 1119478 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.322.7280.226 }}</ref>
<br />b. "Two other beliefs about are often mentioned in magazines and books: that the ancient Greeks believed it was the proportion of the rectangle the eye finds most pleasing and that they accordingly incorporated the rectangle in many of their buildings, including the famous Parthenon. These two equally persistent beliefs are likewise assuredly false and, in any case, are completely without any evidence." {{cite book|last=Devlin|first=Keith|title=The Unfinished Game: Pascal, Fermat, and the Seventeenth-Century Letter that Made the World Modern|date=2008|publisher=Basic Books|page=35}}</ref> The Parthenon was completed in 438&nbsp;BCE, more than a century before the first recorded mention of the ratio by ]. Similarly, ]'s '']'' makes no mention of the golden ratio in its text, although it describes many other proportions.<ref>
* If one were to flip a ] five times and get heads each time, it would not be any more likely for a sixth flip to come up tails. Phrased another way, after a long and/or unlikely ] of ] ] events, the probability of the next event is not influenced by the preceding events. ], as if it is due to happen. Such thinking may be attributed to the mistaken belief that gambling, or even chance itself, is a fair process that can correct itself in the event of streaks.<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite journal||author=J. Michael Shaughnessy |year=1977 |title=Misconceptions of probability: An experiment with a small-group, activity-based, model building approach to introductory probability at the college level |journal=Educational Studies in Mathematics |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=295–316 |doi=10.1007/BF00385927|s2cid=120555285 }}
a. {{cite web |author=Donald E. Simanek |url=http://www.lhup.edu/~dsimanek/pseudo/fibonacc.htm |title=Fibonacci Flim-Flam |access-date=April 9, 2013 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5nDtkyeKW?url=http://www.lhup.edu/~dsimanek/pseudo/fibonacc.htm |archive-date=February 1, 2010 |url-status=dead }}
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite book||author=Henk&nbsp;Tijms |title=Understanding Probability: Chance Rules in Everyday Life |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-521-70172-3 |page=79}}
<br />b. {{cite web|first=Keith|last=Devlin|url=http://www.maa.org/devlin/devlin_05_07.html|title=The Myth That Will Not Go Away|access-date=April 10, 2013|date=May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701231044/http://www.maa.org/devlin/devlin_05_07.html|archive-date =July 1, 2013|url-status=dead|quote=Part of the process of becoming a mathematics writer is, it appears, learning that you cannot refer to the golden ratio without following the first mention by a phrase that goes something like 'which the ancient Greeks and others believed to have divine and mystical properties.' Almost as compulsive is the urge to add a second factoid along the lines of 'Leonardo Da Vinci believed that the human form displays the golden ratio.' There is not a shred of evidence to back up either claim, and every reason to assume they are both false. Yet both claims, along with various others in a similar vein, live on.}}</ref>
<br />c. {{#invoke:cite book||author=Maxwell, Nicholas |title=Data Matters: Conceptual Statistics for a Random World |publisher=Key College |year=2004 |isbn=1-930190-89-1 |page=63}}
* The ] is not the probability that the ] is true, or the probability that the ] is false; it is the probability of obtaining results at least as extreme as the results actually observed under the assumption that the null hypothesis was correct, which can indicate the incompatibility of results with the specific statistical model assumed in the null hypothesis.<ref name="asa2016">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wasserstein RL, Lazar NA |year=2016 |title=The ASA's statement on ''p''-values: context, process, and purpose |journal=] |volume=70 |issue=2 |pages=129–33 |doi=10.1080/00031305.2016.1154108|s2cid=124084622 |url=https://www.stat.berkeley.edu/~aldous/Real_World/ASA_statement.pdf |doi-access=free }}</ref> This misconception, and similar ones like it, contributes to the common ] in education and research.<ref name="asa2016"/><ref name="Sterne2001">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sterne JA, Davey Smith G | title = Sifting the evidence-what's wrong with significance tests? | journal = BMJ | volume = 322 | issue = 7280 | pages = 226–31 | date = January 2001 | pmid = 11159626 | pmc = 1119478 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.322.7280.226 }}</ref>
<br />d. {{#invoke:cite book||title=The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology and Behavioral Science |publisher=Wiley |year=2000 |isbn=0-471-24097-4 |editor=W.&nbsp;Edward&nbsp;Craighead, Charles&nbsp;B.&nbsp;Nemeroff |volume=2 |page=617}}
<br />e. Oppenheimer, D.M., & Monin, B. (2009). The retrospective gambler's fallacy: Unlikely events, constructing the past, and multiple universes. ''Judgment and Decision Making, vol. 4, no. 5,'' pp. 326-334
<br />f. {{#invoke:cite web||date=2015-01-02 |title=Why we gamble like monkeys |url=http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20150127-why-we-gamble-like-monkeys |work=BBC.com}}
<br />g. {{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Rogers |first1=Paul |year=1998 |title=The cognitive psychology of lottery gambling: A theoretical review |journal=Journal of Gambling Studies |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=111–134 |doi=10.1023/A:1023042708217 |issn=1050-5350 |pmid=12766438 |s2cid=21141130}}</ref>


===Physics=== === Physics ===
] ]
* The ] is not generated by the air taking the same time to travel above and below an aircraft's wing.<ref name="NASA_Incorrect_Theory1">{{cite web |url=http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/wrong1.html |title=Incorrect Lift Theory |publisher=NASA Glenn Research Center |work=grc.nasa.gov |date=July 28, 2008 |access-date=January 13, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427084226/http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/wrong1.html |archive-date=April 27, 2014 |url-status=dead }} (Java applet).</ref> This misconception, sometimes called the ], is widespread among textbooks and non-technical reference books, and even appears in pilot training materials. In fact, the air moving over the top of an aerofoil generating lift is always moving much faster than the equal transit theory would imply,<ref name="NASA_Incorrect_Theory1" /> as described in the ] and ] of lift force. * The ] is not generated by the air taking the same time to travel above and below an aircraft's wing.<ref name="NASA_Incorrect_Theory1">{{#invoke:cite web||url=http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/wrong1.html |title=Incorrect Lift Theory |publisher=NASA Glenn Research Center |work=grc.nasa.gov |date=July 28, 2008 |access-date=January 13, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427084226/http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/wrong1.html |archive-date=April 27, 2014 }} (Java applet).</ref> This misconception, sometimes called the ], is widespread among textbooks and non-technical reference books, and even appears in pilot training materials. In fact, the air moving over the top of an aerofoil generating lift is always moving much faster than the equal transit theory would imply,<ref name="NASA_Incorrect_Theory1" /> as described in the ] and ] of lift force.
* Blowing over a curved piece of paper does not demonstrate ]. Although a common classroom experiment is often explained this way,<ref>a. {{cite magazine|url=http://makeprojects.com/Project/Origami-Flying-Disk/327/1|title=This occurs because of Bernoulli's principle – fast-moving air has lower pressure than non-moving air|magazine=Make Magazine|access-date=September 5, 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103152803/http://makeprojects.com/Project/Origami-Flying-Disk/327/1%23.UOWjZ33LdRw|archive-date=January 3, 2013|url-status=dead}} * Blowing over a curved piece of paper does not demonstrate ]. Although a common classroom experiment is often explained this way,<ref>a. {{cite magazine |title=This occurs because of Bernoulli's principle – fast-moving air has lower pressure than non-moving air |url=http://makeprojects.com/Project/Origami-Flying-Disk/327/1 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103152803/http://makeprojects.com/Project/Origami-Flying-Disk/327/1%23.UOWjZ33LdRw |archive-date=January 3, 2013 |access-date=September 5, 2012 |magazine=Make Magazine}}
<br />b. {{cite web|url=https://physicsforce.umn.edu/content/paper-lift-0|title=Paper Lift|work=Physics Force|publisher=University of Minnesota|quote=... When the demonstrator holds the paper in front of his mouth and blows across the top, he is creating an area of faster-moving air. The slower-moving air under the paper now has higher pressure, thus pushing the paper up, towards the area of lower pressure.|access-date=January 7, 2021|archive-date=November 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112021453/https://physicsforce.umn.edu/content/paper-lift-0|url-status=dead}}. <br />b. {{#invoke:cite web||title=Paper Lift |url=https://physicsforce.umn.edu/content/paper-lift-0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112021453/https://physicsforce.umn.edu/content/paper-lift-0 |archive-date=November 12, 2020 |access-date=January 7, 2021 |work=Physics Force |publisher=University of Minnesota}}.
<br />c. {{cite web|url=http://www.tallshipschannelislands.com/PDFs/Educational_Packet.pdf|title=Educational Packet|work=Tall Ships Festival: Channel Islands Harbor|access-date=June 25, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203014334/http://www.tallshipschannelislands.com/PDFs/Educational_Packet.pdf|archive-date=December 3, 2013|df=mdy|quote=Bernoulli's Principle states that faster moving air has lower pressure... You can demonstrate Bernoulli's Principle by blowing over a piece of paper held horizontally across your lips."}}</ref> it is false to make a connection between the flow on the two sides of the paper using Bernoulli's equation since the air above and below are different flow fields and Bernoulli's principle only applies within a flow field.<ref> <br />c. {{#invoke:cite web||title=Educational Packet |url=http://www.tallshipschannelislands.com/PDFs/Educational_Packet.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203014334/http://www.tallshipschannelislands.com/PDFs/Educational_Packet.pdf |archive-date=December 3, 2013 |access-date=June 25, 2012 |work=Tall Ships Festival: Channel Islands Harbor |quote=Bernoulli's Principle states that faster moving air has lower pressure... You can demonstrate Bernoulli's Principle by blowing over a piece of paper held horizontally across your lips."}}</ref> Bernoulli's principle only applies within a flow field, and the air above and below the paper is in different flow fields.<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite web||last=Craig |first=Gale M. |title=Physical Principles of Winged Flight |url=http://www.regenpress.com/aerodynamics.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307172349/http://regenpress.com/aerodynamics.pdf |archive-date=March 7, 2021 |access-date=September 5, 2012 |quote=If the lift in figure A were caused by "Bernoulli principle," then the paper in figure B should droop further when air is blown beneath it. However, as shown, it raises when the upward pressure gradient in downward-curving flow adds to atmospheric pressure at the paper lower surface.}}
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite journal||last=Babinsky |first=Holger |year=2003 |title=How Do Wings Work |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230910482 |journal=Physics Education |volume=38 |pages=497–502 |bibcode=2003PhyEd..38..497B |doi=10.1088/0031-9120/38/6/001 |s2cid=1657792 |access-date=January 7, 2021 |number=6}}
a. {{cite web|first=Gale M.|last=Craig|title=Physical Principles of Winged Flight|url=http://www.regenpress.com/aerodynamics.pdf|quote=If the lift in figure A were caused by "Bernoulli principle," then the paper in figure B should droop further when air is blown beneath it. However, as shown, it raises when the upward pressure gradient in downward-curving flow adds to atmospheric pressure at the paper lower surface.}}
<br />c. {{#invoke:cite journal||last=Eastwell |first=Peter |year=2007 |title=Bernoulli? Perhaps, but What About Viscosity? |url=http://d1vdx9ifs4n5d7.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/davidson_images/eastwell-bernoulli.pdf |journal=The Science Education Review |volume=6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318183632/http://d1vdx9ifs4n5d7.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/davidson_images/eastwell-bernoulli.pdf |archive-date=March 18, 2018 |access-date=September 10, 2023 |quote=...air does not have a reduced lateral pressure (or static pressure...) simply because it is caused to move, the static pressure of free air does not decrease as the speed of the air increases, it misunderstanding Bernoulli's principle to suggest that this is what it tells us, and the behavior of the curved paper is explained by other reasoning than Bernoulli's principle. ... An explanation based on Bernoulli's principle is not applicable to this situation, because this principle has nothing to say about the interaction of air masses having different speeds... Also, while Bernoulli's principle allows us to compare fluid speeds and pressures along a single streamline and... along two different streamlines that originate under identical fluid conditions, using Bernoulli's principle to compare the air above and below the curved paper in Figure 1 is nonsensical; in this case, there aren't any streamlines at all below the paper!}}
<br />b. {{cite journal|last=Babinsky|first=Holger|year=2003|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230910482|title=How Do Wings Work|journal=Physics Education|volume=38|number=6|pages=497–503|doi=10.1088/0031-9120/38/6/001|bibcode=2003PhyEd..38..497B|access-date=January 7, 2021|quote=In fact, the pressure in the air blown out of the lungs is equal to that of the surrounding air... Blowing over a piece of paper does not demonstrate Bernoulli's equation. While it is true that a curved paper lifts when flow is applied on one side, this is not because air is moving at different speeds on the two sides... It is false to make a connection between the flow on the two sides of the paper using Bernoulli's equation.}}
<br />d. {{#invoke:cite web||last=Raskin |first=Jef |title=Coanda Effect: Understanding Why Wings Work |url=http://karmak.org/archive/2003/02/coanda_effect.html}}
<br />c. {{cite journal|first=Peter|last=Eastwell|url=http://d1vdx9ifs4n5d7.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/davidson_images/eastwell-bernoulli.pdf|title=Bernoulli? Perhaps, but What About Viscosity?|journal=The Science Education Review|volume=6|number=1|year=2007|quote=...air does not have a reduced lateral pressure (or static pressure...) simply because it is caused to move, the static pressure of free air does not decrease as the speed of the air increases, it misunderstanding Bernoulli's principle to suggest that this is what it tells us, and the behavior of the curved paper is explained by other reasoning than Bernoulli's principle. ... An explanation based on Bernoulli's principle is not applicable to this situation, because this principle has nothing to say about the interaction of air masses having different speeds... Also, while Bernoulli's principle allows us to compare fluid speeds and pressures along a single streamline and... along two different streamlines that originate under identical fluid conditions, using Bernoulli's principle to compare the air above and below the curved paper in Figure 1 is nonsensical; in this case, there aren't any streamlines at all below the paper!}}
<br />e. {{#invoke:cite journal||last=Auerbach |first=David |year=2000 |title=Why Aircraft Fly |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230994575 |journal=European Journal of Physics |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=292, 295 |bibcode=2000EJPh...21..289A |doi=10.1088/0143-0807/21/4/302 |s2cid=250821727}}
<br />d. {{cite web|url=http://karmak.org/archive/2003/02/coanda_effect.html|first=Jef|last=Raskin|title=Coanda Effect: Understanding Why Wings Work|quote=Make a strip of writing paper about 5&nbsp;cm X 25&nbsp;cm. Hold it in front of your lips so that it hangs out and down making a convex upward surface. When you blow across the top of the paper, it rises. Many books attribute this to the lowering of the air pressure on top solely to the Bernoulli effect. Now use your fingers to form the paper into a curve that it is slightly concave upward along its whole length and again blow along the top of this strip. The paper now bends downward...an often-cited experiment which is usually taken as demonstrating the common explanation of lift does not do so...}}
<br />f. {{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Smith |first1=Norman F. |date=November 1972 |title=Bernoulli and Newton in Fluid Mechanics |journal=The Physics Teacher |volume=10 |issue=8 |pages=451–455 |bibcode=1972PhTea..10..451S |doi=10.1119/1.2352317}}</ref> The paper rises because the air follows the curve of the paper and a curved ] will develop pressure differences perpendicular to the airflow.<ref name="airflow">a. {{#invoke:cite journal||last=Babinsky |first=Holger |year=2003 |title=How Do Wings Work |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230910482 |journal=Physics Education |volume=38 |issue=6 |pages=497–503 |bibcode=2003PhyEd..38..497B |doi=10.1088/0031-9120/38/6/001 |s2cid=1657792 |access-date=January 7, 2021 |quote=...if a streamline is curved, there must be a pressure gradient across the streamline, with the pressure increasing in the direction away from the centre of curvature.}}
<br />e. {{cite journal|first=David|last=Auerbach|year=2000|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230994575|title=Why Aircraft Fly|journal=European Journal of Physics|volume=21|issue=4|page=289|doi=10.1088/0143-0807/21/4/302|bibcode=2000EJPh...21..289A|quote= The well-known demonstration of the phenomenon of lift by means of lifting a page cantilevered in one's hand by blowing horizontally along it is probably more a demonstration of the forces inherent in the Coanda effect than a demonstration of Bernoulli's law; for, here, an air jet issues from the mouth and attaches to a curved (and, in this case pliable) surface. The upper edge is a complicated vortex-laden mixing layer and the distant flow is quiescent, so that Bernoulli's law is hardly applicable.}}
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Smith |first1=Norman F. |date=April 1973 |title=Bernoulli, Newton, and Dynamic Lift Part II*: Bernoulli or Newton? |journal=School Science and Mathematics |volume=73 |issue=4 |pages=327–335 |doi=10.1111/j.1949-8594.1973.tb09040.x |quote=The curved paper turns the stream of air downward, and this action produces the lift reaction that lifts the paper.}}
<br />f. {{cite journal|first=Norman F.|last=Smith|date=November 1972|url=https://aapt.scitation.org/doi/10.1119/1.2352317|title=Bernoulli and Newton in Fluid Mechanics|journal=The Physics Teacher|volume=10|issue=8|page=451|doi=10.1119/1.2352317|bibcode=1972PhTea..10..451S|quote=Millions of children in science classes are being asked to blow over curved pieces of paper and observe that the paper "lifts"... They are then asked to believe that Bernoulli's theorem is responsible... Unfortunately, the "dynamic lift" involved...is not properly explained by Bernoulli's theorem.}}</ref> The paper rises because the air follows the curve of the paper and a curved streamline will develop pressure differences perpendicular to the airflow.<ref name="airflow">a. {{cite journal|last=Babinsky|first=Holger|year=2003|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230910482|title=How Do Wings Work|journal=Physics Education|volume=38|number=6|pages=497–503|doi=10.1088/0031-9120/38/6/001|bibcode=2003PhyEd..38..497B|access-date=January 7, 2021|quote=...if a streamline is curved, there must be a pressure gradient across the streamline, with the pressure increasing in the direction away from the centre of curvature.}}
<br />c. {{#invoke:cite web||title=AERONAUTICS: An Educator's Guide with Activities in Science, Mathematics, and Technology Education |url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/58152main_Aeronautics.Educator.pdf |access-date=January 7, 2021 |publisher=NASA |page=26 |quote=The curved surface of the tongue creates unequal air pressure and a lifting action. ... Lift is caused by air moving over a curved surface.}}</ref><ref>a. {{#invoke:cite book||last1=Anderson |first1=David F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=52Hfn7uEGSoC&pg=PA229 |title=Understanding Flight |last2=Eberhardt |first2=Scott |publisher=McGraw Hill Professional |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-07-138666-1 |page=229 |quote=Demonstrations" of Bernoulli's principle are often given as demonstrations of the physics of lift. They are truly demonstrations of lift, but certainly not of Bernoulli's principle. |via=Google Books}}
<br />b. {{cite journal|first=Norman F.|last=Smith|date=March 17, 2010|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1949-8594.1973.tb09040.x|title=Bernoulli, Newton, and Dynamic Lift Part II|journal=School Science and Mathematics|page=333|issue=4|volume=73 |doi=10.1111/j.1949-8594.1973.tb09040.x|quote=The curved paper turns the stream of air downward, and this action produces the lift reaction that lifts the paper.}}
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite book||last=Feil |first=Max |title=The Aeronautics File |quote=As an example, take the misleading experiment most often used to "demonstrate" Bernoulli's principle. Hold a piece of paper so that it curves over your finger, then blow across the top. The paper will rise. However most people do not realize that the paper would NOT rise if it was flat, even though you are blowing air across the top of it at a furious rate. Bernoulli's principle does not apply directly in this case. This is because the air on the two sides of the paper did not start out from the same source. The air on the bottom is ambient air from the room, but the air on the top came from your mouth where you actually increased its speed without decreasing its pressure by forcing it out of your mouth. As a result the air on both sides of the flat paper actually has the same pressure, even though the air on the top is moving faster. The reason that a curved piece of paper does rise is that the air from your mouth speeds up even more as it follows the curve of the paper, which in turn lowers the pressure according to Bernoulli.}}</ref>
<br />c. {{cite web|url= http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/58152main_Aeronautics.Educator.pdf|title=AERONAUTICS: An Educator's Guide with Activities in Science, Mathematics, and Technology Education|page=26|publisher=NASA|access-date=January 7, 2021|quote=The curved surface of the tongue creates unequal air pressure and a lifting action. ... Lift is caused by air moving over a curved surface.}}</ref> Bernoulli's principle predicts that the decrease in pressure is associated with an increase in speed, that is, that as the air passes over the paper it speeds up and moves faster than it was moving when it left the demonstrator's mouth, but this is not apparent from the demonstration.<ref>
* The ] does not cause water to consistently drain from basins in a clockwise/counter-clockwise direction depending on the hemisphere. The common myth often refers to the draining action of flush toilets and bathtubs. In fact, rotation is determined by whatever minor rotation is initially present at the time the water starts to drain, as the magnitude of the coriolis acceleration is ] compared to the inertial acceleration of flow within a typical basin.<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite web||title=Bad Coriolis |url=http://www.ems.psu.edu/~fraser/Bad/BadCoriolis.html |access-date=2016-12-21 |work=www.ems.psu.edu}}
a. {{cite book|first1=David F.|last1=Anderson|first2=Scott|last2=Eberhardt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=52Hfn7uEGSoC&pg=PA229|title=Understanding Flight|year= 2000|page=229|isbn=978-0071386661|via=Google Books|quote=Demonstrations" of Bernoulli's principle are often given as demonstrations of the physics of lift. They are truly demonstrations of lift, but certainly not of Bernoulli's principle.}}
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite web||date=April 28, 2003 |title=Flush Bosh |url=http://www.snopes.com/science/coriolis.asp |access-date=2016-12-21 |work=]}}
<br />b. {{cite book|first=Max|last=Feil|title=The Aeronautics File|quote=As an example, take the misleading experiment most often used to "demonstrate" Bernoulli's principle. Hold a piece of paper so that it curves over your finger, then blow across the top. The paper will rise. However most people do not realize that the paper would NOT rise if it was flat, even though you are blowing air across the top of it at a furious rate. Bernoulli's principle does not apply directly in this case. This is because the air on the two sides of the paper did not start out from the same source. The air on the bottom is ambient air from the room, but the air on the top came from your mouth where you actually increased its speed without decreasing its pressure by forcing it out of your mouth. As a result the air on both sides of the flat paper actually has the same pressure, even though the air on the top is moving faster. The reason that a curved piece of paper does rise is that the air from your mouth speeds up even more as it follows the curve of the paper, which in turn lowers the pressure according to Bernoulli.}}</ref>
<br />c. {{#invoke:cite web||date=2009-07-20 |title=Does the rotation of the Earth affect toilets and baseball games? |url=http://science.howstuffworks.com/science-vs-myth/everyday-myths/rotation-earth-toilet-baseball2.htm |access-date=2016-12-21}}
* The ] does not cause water to consistently drain from basins in a clockwise/counter-clockwise direction depending on the hemisphere. The common myth often refers to the draining action of ] and ]. Rotation is determined by whatever minor rotation is initially present at the time the water starts to drain. The Coriolis force can impact the direction of the flow of water but only in rare circumstances. The water has to be so still that the effective rotation rate of the Earth is faster than that of the water relative to its container and the externally applied ]s (such as might be caused by flow over an uneven bottom surface) have to be very small.
<br />d. {{#invoke:cite web||title=Can somebody finally settle this question: Does water flowing down a drain spin in different directions depending on which hemisphere you're in? And if so, why? |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/can-somebody-finally-sett/ |access-date=2016-12-21 |work=www.scientificamerican.com}}
* Neither ] nor ] are required for a rider to ] a bicycle or for it to demonstrate ].<ref name="KMPRS">{{cite journal
<br />e. {{#invoke:cite book||author1=Larry D. Kirkpatrick |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8hOLs-bmiYYC&pg=PA168 |title=Physics: A World View |author2=Gregory E. Francis |publisher=Cengage Learning |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-495-01088-3 |pages=168–9}}
| journal = ] | author = J. D. G. Kooijman | author2 = J. P. Meijaard | author3 = J. M. Papadopoulos| author4 = A. Ruina | author5 = A. L. Schwab | name-list-style = amp | title = A bicycle can be self-stable without gyrosocpic or caster effects | url = http://bicycle.tudelft.nl/stablebicycle/StableBicyclev34Revised.pdf | volume = 332 | issue = 6027 | pages = 339–42 | doi = 10.1126/science.1201959 | pmid = 21493856 | date = April 15, 2011 | access-date = January 22, 2013 | bibcode=2011Sci...332..339K| s2cid = 12296078 }}</ref><ref name="BikeGyro" /> Although gyroscopic forces and trail can be contributing factors, it ] that those factors are neither required nor sufficient by themselves.<ref name="KMPRS" />
<br />f. {{#invoke:cite journal||author1=Y. A. Stepanyants |author2=G. H. Yeoh |year=2008 |title=Stationary bathtub vortices and a critical regime of liquid discharge |url=http://eprints.usq.edu.au/5726/2/Stepanyants_Yeoh_2008_PV.pdf |journal=Journal of Fluid Mechanics |volume=604 |issue=1 |pages=77–98 |bibcode=2008JFM...604...77S |doi=10.1017/S0022112008001080 |s2cid=53071268 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723091453/https://eprints.usq.edu.au/5726/2/Stepanyants_Yeoh_2008_PV.pdf |archive-date=July 23, 2022 |access-date=July 23, 2022}}
* A ] dropped from the ] would not kill a person or crack the sidewalk, though it could cause injury.<ref>
<br />g. {{#invoke:cite book||author=Creative Media Applications |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fF0TTZVQuZoC&pg=PA22 |title=A Student's Guide to Earth Science: Words and terms |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-313-32902-9 |page=22}}</ref>
{{cite web|url=http://www.misconceptionjunction.com/index.php/2010/10/dropping-a-penny-from-the-top-of-the-empire-state-building-isnt-dangerous/|title=Dropping A Penny From The Top Of The Empire State Building Isn't Dangerous|publisher=misconceptionjunction.com | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110928152107/http://www.misconceptionjunction.com/index.php/2010/10/dropping-a-penny-from-the-top-of-the-empire-state-building-isnt-dangerous/ | archive-date = September 28, 2011| url-status=live|date=October 28, 2010}}</ref>
* Neither ] nor ] are required for a rider to ] a bicycle or for it to demonstrate ].<ref name="KMPRS">{{#invoke:cite journal||journal=] |author=J. D. G. Kooijman |author2=J. P. Meijaard |author3=J. M. Papadopoulos| author4=A. Ruina |author5=A. L. Schwab |date=April 15, 2011 |title=A bicycle can be self-stable without gyroscopic or caster effects |volume=332 |issue=6027 |pages=339–342 |doi=10.1126/science.1201959 |pmid=21493856 |bibcode=2011Sci...332..339K |s2cid=12296078 |url=http://bicycle.tudelft.nl/stablebicycle/StableBicyclev34Revised.pdf |access-date=January 22, 2013}}</ref><ref name="BikeGyro">a. {{#invoke:cite book||title=Bicycling Science|edition=2nd|last1=Whitt|first1=Frank R.|first2=David G.|last2=Wilson|date=1982|publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology|isbn=978-0-262-23111-4|pages=198–233}}
* Using a ]'s setback feature to limit heating or cooling in a temporarily unoccupied building does not waste as much energy as leaving the temperature constant. Using setback saves energy (five to fifteen percent) because ] across the surface of the building is roughly proportional to the temperature difference between its inside and the outside.<ref>
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite web||last=Klein |first=Richard E. |display-authors=etal |title=Bicycle Science |url=http://www.losethetrainingwheels.org/default.aspx?Lev=2&ID=34 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061010070125/http://www.losethetrainingwheels.org/default.aspx?Lev=2&ID=34 |archive-date=October 10, 2006 |access-date=August 4, 2006 |publisher=LoseTheTrainingWheels.org}}
{{cite web|url=https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/thermostats|title=Thermostats|website=Energy.gov}}</ref><ref>
<br />c. {{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Jones |first1=David E. H. |date=1970 |title=The Stability of the Bicycle |url=http://socrates.berkeley.edu/%7Efajans/Teaching/MoreBikeFiles/JonesBikeBW.pdf |journal=Physics Today |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=34–40 |bibcode=1970PhT....23d..34J |doi=10.1063/1.3022064}}</ref> Although gyroscopic forces and trail can be contributing factors, it ] that those factors are neither required nor sufficient by themselves.<ref name="KMPRS" />
{{cite web|url=https://www.achrnews.com/articles/98114-programmable-thermostat-myths-know-the-facts-and-boost-your-profits|title=Programmable thermostat myths: Know the facts and boost your profits|website=www.achrnews.com}}</ref>
* A penny dropped from the ] would not kill a person or crack the sidewalk. A penny is too light and has too much air resistance to acquire enough speed to do much damage since it reaches ] after falling about {{convert|50|ft|0|disp=flip}}. Heavier or more aerodynamic objects could cause significant damage if dropped from that height.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Could a Penny Dropped off a Skyscraper Actually Kill You? |author=Wolchover, Natalie|date=March 5, 2012|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/could-a-penny-dropped-off/ |website=]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=What would happen if you were hit by a penny falling from a skyscraper?|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2017/03/15/what-would-happen-if-you-were-hit-penny-falling-skyscraper/99160982/|website=]}}</ref>
* It is not possible for a person to completely drown in ], as commonly depicted in fiction,<ref>
* Using a ]'s setback feature to limit heating or cooling in a temporarily unoccupied building does not waste as much energy as leaving the temperature constant. Using setback saves energy (5–15%) because ] across the surface of the building is roughly proportional to the temperature difference between its inside and the outside.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Thermostats|website=Energy.gov |url=https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/thermostats}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://www.achrnews.com/articles/98114-programmable-thermostat-myths-know-the-facts-and-boost-your-profits|title=Programmable thermostat myths: Know the facts and boost your profits|website=www.achrnews.com}}</ref>
{{Cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2005/09/29/1471116.htm|title=Quicksand myth exposed|last=Thursday|first=29 September 2005 Patricia ReaneyReuters|date=2005-09-29|website=www.abc.net.au|language=en-AU|access-date=2020-04-08}}</ref> although sand entrapment in the ] of a body of water can be a drowning hazard as the tide rises.<ref>
{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20160323-can-quicksand-really-suck-you-to-your-death|title=Can quicksand really suck you to your death?|last=Hammond|first=Claudia|website=www.bbc.com|language=en|access-date=2020-04-08}}</ref> * It is not possible for a person to completely submerge in ], as commonly depicted in fiction,<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Quicksand myth exposed|author=Patricia Reaney|date=September 29, 2005|agency=Reuters |url=https://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2005/09/29/1471116.htm|website=www.abc.net.au|language=en-AU|access-date=April 8, 2020}}</ref> although sand entrapment in the nearshore of a body of water can be a drowning hazard as the tide rises.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20160323-can-quicksand-really-suck-you-to-your-death|title=Can quicksand really suck you to your death?|last=Hammond|first=Claudia|website=www.bbc.com|language=en|access-date=April 8, 2020}}</ref>
* ] caused by ] does not allow ] or imply instant ], despite its common characterization as "spooky action at a distance". Rather, it means that ] cannot be explained by ].<ref name = "ASPECT">{{ cite journal |last =Aspect| first = Alain|author2= Dalibard, Jean | author3= Roger, Gérard \date =December 1982 |title = Experimental Test of Bell's Inequalities Using Time- Varying Analyzers |journal = Physical Review Letters |volume = 49 |issue = 25| pages = 1804–07| doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.49.1804| year = 1982| bibcode = 1982PhRvL..49.1804A|doi-access = free}}</ref><ref name='Bohr1935'>{{cite journal |title=Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality be Considered Complete? |date=1935-10-13 |first=N. |last=Bohr |journal=] |volume=48 |issue=8 |pages=696–702 |doi=10.1103/PhysRev.48.696|bibcode=1935PhRv...48..696B |url=http://cds.cern.ch/record/1060284/files/PhysRev.48.696.pdf |doi-access=free }}</ref> * ] caused by ] does not allow ] or imply instant ], despite its common characterization as "spooky action at a distance". Rather, it means that ] cannot be explained by ].<ref name="ASPECT">{{#invoke:cite journal||author1=Aspect, Alain |author2=Dalibard, Jean |author3=Roger, Gérard |date=December 1982 |title=Experimental Test of Bell's Inequalities Using Time- Varying Analyzers |journal=Physical Review Letters |volume=49 |issue=25| pages=1804–1807| doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.49.1804| bibcode=1982PhRvL..49.1804A|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name='Bohr1935'>{{#invoke:cite journal||title=Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality be Considered Complete? |date=October 13, 1935 |first=N. |last=Bohr |journal=] |volume=48 |issue=8 |pages=696–702 |doi=10.1103/PhysRev.48.696|bibcode=1935PhRv...48..696B |url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/1060284/files/PhysRev.48.696.pdf |doi-access=free}}</ref>
* ] is not due to ]. While it is true that increased pressure, such as that exerted by someone standing on a sheet of ice, will lower the melting point of ice, experiments show that the effect is too weak to account for the lowered friction. ] still debate whether ] is the dominant cause of ice's slipperiness.<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite journal||title=Pressure melting and ice skating |vauthors=Colbeck SC |journal=American Journal of Physics |volume=63 |page=888 |date=1995 |issue=10 |quote=Pressure melting cannot be responsible for the low friction of ice. The pressure needed to reach the melting temperature is above the compressive failure stress..." |doi=10.1119/1.18028|bibcode=1995AmJPh..63..888C }}
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite web||title=Explaining Ice: The Answers Are Slippery |author=Kenneth Chang |date=Feb 21, 2006 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/21/science/21ice.html |url-access=subscription |work=The New York Times |quote=According to the frequently cited — if incorrect — explanation of why ice is slippery under an ice skate, the pressure exerted along the blade lowers the melting temperature of the top layer of ice, the ice melts and the blade glides on a thin layer of water that refreezes to ice as soon as the blade passes... But the explanation fails... because the pressure-melting effect is small.}}
<br />c. {{#invoke:cite journal||author=Robert Rosenberg |url=https://www.asc.ohio-state.edu/jayaprakash.1/846/skating.pdf |date=December 2005 |title=Why is Ice slippery? |journal=Physics Today |pages=50–55}}</ref><ref name="Bl">{{#invoke:cite journal||last=Bluhm |first=H. |author2=T. Inoue |author3=M. Salmeron |date=2000 |title=Friction of ice measured using lateral force microscopy |journal=Phys. Rev. B |volume=61 |issue=11 |page=7760 |bibcode=2000PhRvB..61.7760B |doi=10.1103/PhysRevB.61.7760 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1233739}}</ref>


===Psychology=== === Psychology and neuroscience ===
* ] is not low risk. The ] exposure resulting from cannabis use affects fetal brain development and the male offspring of cannabis users are, as a result, more susceptible to ].<ref name=frau>{{cite journal |vauthors=Frau R, Melis M |title=Sex-specific susceptibility to psychotic-like states provoked by prenatal THC exposure: Reversal by pregnenolone |journal=J Neuroendocrinol |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=e13240 |date=February 2023 |pmid=36810840 |doi=10.1111/jne.13240 |type=Review |hdl=11584/360819 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> As of 2015, 70% of American women thought that consumption of cannabis once or twice per week while pregnant is harmless.<ref name="pmid25772211">{{cite journal| author=Ko JY, Farr SL, Tong VT, Creanga AA, Callaghan WM| title=Prevalence and patterns of marijuana use among pregnant and nonpregnant women of reproductive age. | journal=Am J Obstet Gynecol | year= 2015 | volume= 213 | issue= 2 | pages= 201.e1–201.e10 | pmid=25772211 | doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2015.03.021 | pmc=7469257 }} </ref>
* ] is not a cognitive disorder characterized by the reversal of letters or words and ], it is a disorder of people who have at least average intelligence and who have difficulty in reading and writing. Although some dyslexic people also have problems with letter reversal, letter reversal is common in children learning to read and write and it is not a defining symptom that forms the basis of a diagnosis of dyslexia.<ref>
* True ] (the ability to remember endless images, particularly pages or numbers, with such a high degree of precision that the image mimics a photo) has never been demonstrated to exist in any individual,<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||title=Photographic Memory |url=http://indianapublicmedia.org/amomentofscience/photographic-memory/|publisher=indianapublicmedia.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427082738/http://indianapublicmedia.org/amomentofscience/photographic-memory/ |archive-date=April 27, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> although a small number of young children have ], where they can recall an object with high precision for a few minutes after it is no longer present.<ref name="Simola">{{#invoke:cite book||author=Anthony Simola|title=The Roving Mind: A Modern Approach to Cognitive Enhancement|publisher=ST Press|isbn=978-0-692-40905-3|year=2015|page=117|access-date=May 10, 2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p4ZMBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT117}}</ref> Many people have claimed to have a photographic memory, but those people have been shown to have high precision memories as a result of ] devices rather than a natural capacity for detailed memory encoding.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=http://www.slate.com/id/2140685/ |title=Kaavya Syndrome: The accused Harvard plagiarist doesn't have a photographic memory. No one does |author=Foer, Joshua |date=April 27, 2006 |work=Slate |access-date=January 20, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924094531/http://www.slate.com/id/2140685 |archive-date=September 24, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> There are rare cases of individuals with ], but none of them have a memory that mimics that of a camera.
a. {{cite book|last1=Lilienfeld|first1=Scott O.|author-link1=Scott Lilienfeld|last2=Lynn|first2=Steven Jay|last3=Ruscio|first3=John|last4=Beyerstein|first4=Barry L.|author-link4=Barry Beyerstein|title=50 Great Myths of Popular Psychology: Shattering Widespread Misconceptions about Human Behavior|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8DlS0gfO_QUC&pg=PT88|year=2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1444360745|pages=88–89}}
* The phase of the Moon does not influence fertility, cause a fluctuation in crime, or affect the stock market. There is no correlation between the ] and human biology or behavior. However, the increased amount of illumination during the full moon may account for increased epileptic episodes, motorcycle accidents, or sleep disorders.<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Martens|first1=R.|last2=Kelly|first2=I. W.|last3=Saklofske|first3=D. H.|date=December 1988|title=Lunar Phase and Birthrate: A 50-Year Critical Review|journal=Psychological Reports|volume=63|issue=3|pages=923–934|doi=10.2466/pr0.1988.63.3.923|pmid=3070616|s2cid=34184527}}
<br />b. {{Cite web|url=https://www.commlearn.com/common-misconceptions-about-dyslexia/|title=Common Misconceptions about Dyslexia|last=Dinelli|first=Beth|website=Commonwealth Learning Center|access-date=August 2, 2019}}</ref>
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Rotton|first1=James|last2=Kelly|first2=I. W.|date=1985|title=Much ado about the full moon: A meta-analysis of lunar-lunacy research|journal=Psychological Bulletin|volume=97|issue=2|pages=286–306|doi=10.1037/0033-2909.97.2.286|pmid=3885282}}
* There is no scientific evidence for the existence of "photographic" memory in adults (the ability to remember images with so high a precision as to mimic a camera),<ref>
<br />c. {{Citation |last1=Kelly |first1=Ivan |title=The Moon Was Full and Nothing Happened: A Review of Studies on the Moon and Human Behavior |date=1986 |journal=Skeptical Inquirer |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=129–43 |last2=Rotton |first2=James |last3=Culver |first3=Roger}}. Reprinted in ''The Hundredth Monkey – and other paradigms of the paranormal'', edited by ], Prometheus Books. Revised and updated in ''The Outer Edge: Classic Investigations of the Paranormal'', edited by ], ], and ], 1996, ].
{{cite web|url=http://indianapublicmedia.org/amomentofscience/photographic-memory/|title=Photographic Memory|publisher=indianapublicmedia.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427082738/http://indianapublicmedia.org/amomentofscience/photographic-memory/ |archive-date=April 27, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> but some young children have ].<ref name="Simola">{{cite book|author=Anthony Simola|title=The Roving Mind: A Modern Approach to Cognitive Enhancement|publisher=ST Press|isbn=978-0692409053|year=2015|page=117|access-date=May 10, 2016|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p4ZMBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT117}}</ref> Many people have claimed to have a photographic memory, but those people have been shown to have good memories as a result of ] rather than a natural capacity for detailed memory encoding.<ref>
<br />d. {{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Foster|first1=Russell G.|last2=Roenneberg|first2=Till|date=2008|title=Human Responses to the Geophysical Daily, Annual and Lunar Cycles|journal=Current Biology|volume=18|issue=17|pages=R784–R794|bibcode=2008CBio...18.R784F|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2008.07.003|pmid=18786384|s2cid=15429616|doi-access=free}}</ref>
{{cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/id/2140685/ |title=Kaavya Syndrome: The accused Harvard plagiarist doesn't have a photographic memory. No one does |author=Foer, Joshua |date=April 27, 2006 |work=Slate |access-date=January 20, 2013 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6Hne6im3E?url=http://www.slate.com/id/2140685/ |archive-date=July 2, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> There are rare cases of individuals with ], but none of them has a memory that mimics that of a camera.
* ] is not split or multiple personality disorder—a split or multiple personality is ].<ref name="MultiplePersonalities"/> The term was coined from the Greek roots ''schizein'' and ''phrēn'', "to split" and "mind", in reference to a "splitting of mental functions" seen in schizophrenia, not a splitting of the personality.<ref>
{{cite book |author= Baucum, Don |title= Psychology |year= 2006 |publisher= Barron's |location= Hauppauge, NY |isbn= 978-0764134210 |page= 182 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=iCVSdYdA36EC&pg=PA182 |edition= 2nd}}</ref>
* All humans learn in fundamentally similar ways.<ref name="neuromyth">{{cite journal|last1=Howard-Jones|first1=Paul A.|title=Neuroscience and education: myths and messages|journal=Nature Reviews Neuroscience|date=December 1, 2014|volume=15|issue=12|pages=817–24|doi=10.1038/nrn3817|issn=1471-003X|pmid=25315391|s2cid=3346477}}</ref> In particular, there is no evidence that people have different ]s,<ref name="neuromyth" /> or that catering teaching styles to purported learning styles improves information retention.<ref>
{{cite book|last1=Coffield|first1=Frank|title=Learning styles and pedagogy in post-16 learning: a systematic and critical review|date=2004|publisher=Learning and Skills Research Centre|location=London|isbn=978-1853389184|pages=119–33|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232929341|access-date=January 8, 2016|display-authors=etal}}</ref>
* While most people believe they have more friends than others in their social group,<ref>
{{cite journal|last1 = Zuckerman |first1 = Ezra W. |first2 = John T. |last2 = Jost |year = 2001 |url = http://www.psych.nyu.edu/jost/Zuckerman%20&%20Jost%20(2001)%20What%20Makes%20You%20Think%20You%27re%20So%20Popular1.pdf |title = What makes you think you're so popular? Self evaluation maintenance and the subjective side of the "friendship paradox"|journal=Social Psychology Quarterly|volume=64|issue =3|pages=207–23|doi=10.2307/3090112|jstor=3090112}}</ref> it is actually the case that most people have fewer friends than their friends do, on average.<ref>
{{cite journal|first = Scott L. |last = Feld |year = 1991 |title = Why your friends have more friends than you do |journal = ] |volume = 96 |issue = 6 |pages = 1464–77 |jstor = 2781907 |doi = 10.1086/229693 |s2cid = 56043992 }}</ref> Known as the ] it is a mathematical form of ] in which people with more friends than the study participants have are also likelier than average to be observed among the participants' own friends.
* ] is not generally an ] behavior. Many self-harmers are very self-conscious of their wounds and scars and feel guilty about their behavior, leading them to go to great lengths to conceal their behavior from others.<ref name="MHF">{{cite book|title=Truth Hurts Report |url=http://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/publications/?EntryId5=38712 |isbn= 978-1903645819 |publisher=Mental Health Foundation |year=2006 |access-date=June 11, 2008}}</ref> They may offer alternative explanations for their injuries, or conceal their scars with clothing.<ref>
a. {{cite book|year=1996 |title=Who's Hurting Who? Young people, self-harm and suicide |place=Manchester |publisher=42nd Street |isbn=978-1900782005 |author=Helen Spandler}}
<br />b. {{cite book |editor=Pembroke, L. R. |year=1994 |title=Self-harm – Perspectives from personal experience |publisher=Chipmunka/Survivors Speak Out |isbn=978-1904697046 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/selfharmperspect0000unse }}</ref>
* There is no evidence that ] cause people to become violent. Studies have consistently found no link between aggression and violent video games,<ref>
{{cite news |last1=Etchells |first1=Pete |title=Five damaging myths about video games – let's shoot 'em up |url=https://www.theguardian.com/games/2019/apr/06/five-damaging-myths-about-video-games-lets-shoot-em-up |access-date=23 December 2020 |agency=The Guardian |date=6 April 2019}}</ref> and the popularity of gaming has coincided with a ''decrease'' in youth violence.<ref>
a. {{cite web |title=Reality Bytes: Eight Myths About Video Games Debunked |url=https://www.pbs.org/kcts/videogamerevolution/impact/myths.html |website=PBS |access-date=23 December 2020}}
<br />b. {{cite web |title=Misconceptions – Video Game Dissection |url=https://sites.psu.edu/videogamebreakdown/stereotypes/ |website=Pennsylvania State University |access-date=23 December 2020}}</ref> The ] surrounding video games in the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s, alongside isolated incidents of violence and legislation in many countries, likely contributed to proliferating this idea.<ref>
{{cite journal |last1=Markey |first1=Patrick M. |last2=Ferguson |first2=Christopher J. |title=Teaching Us to Fear: The Violent Video Game Moral Panic and the Politics of Game Research |journal=American Journal of Play |date=1 October 2017 |pages=99–115 |url=https://www.journalofplay.org/sites/www.journalofplay.org/files/pdf-articles/10-1-Article-4-Teaching-us-to-fear.pdf |access-date=23 December 2020}}</ref>


===Transportation=== ==== Mental disorders ====
* ]. There have been no successful attempts to ] ] by British ex-doctor ], where the misconception likely originates. Wakefield's research was ultimately shown to have been manipulated.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Godlee |first1=F. |last2=Smith |first2=J. |last3=Marcovitch |first3=H. |year=2011 |title=British Medical Journal: Wakefield's article linking MMR vaccine and autism was fraudulent |url=http://www.bmj.com/content/342/bmj.c7452.full |url-status=live |journal=BMJ |volume=342 |page=c7452 |doi=10.1136/bmj.c7452 |pmid=21209060 |s2cid=43640126 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111093448/http://www.bmj.com/content/342/bmj.c7452.full |archive-date=November 11, 2013 |access-date=January 5, 2011}}</ref>
* The ] does not have any more shipwrecks or mysterious disappearances than most other waterways.<ref>
* ] is not defined or diagnosed as ] or reading letters or words backwards.<ref name="LilienfeldLynn2011">{{#invoke:cite book||last1=Lilienfeld |first1=Scott O. |author-link1=Scott Lilienfeld |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8DlS0gfO_QUC&pg=PT88 |title=50 Great Myths of Popular Psychology: Shattering Widespread Misconceptions about Human Behavior |last2=Lynn |first2=Steven Jay |last3=Ruscio |first3=John |last4=Beyerstein |first4=Barry L. |author-link4=Barry Beyerstein |date=15 September 2011 |publisher=] |isbn=978-1-4443-6074-5 |pages=88–91 |access-date=19 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109130327/https://books.google.com/books?id=8DlS0gfO_QUC&pg=PT88 |archive-date=9 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Handler2011">{{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Handler |first1=Sheryl M |last2=Fierson |first2=Walter M |date=March 1, 2011 |title=Learning disabilities, dyslexia, and vision. |url=https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/127/3/e818/64947/Learning-Disabilities-Dyslexia-and-Vision?autologincheck=redirected |journal=Pediatrics |publisher=] |volume=127 |issue=3 |pages=e820 |doi=10.1542/peds.2010-3670 |pmid=21357342 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mirror writing and reading letters or words backwards are behaviors seen in many children (dyslexic or not) as they learn to read and write.<ref name="LilienfeldLynn2011" /><ref name="Handler2011" /> ] is a neurodevelopmental disorder of people who have at least average intelligence and who have difficulty in reading and writing that is not otherwise explained by low intelligence.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||last=Dinelli |first=Beth |title=Common Misconceptions about Dyslexia |url=https://www.commlearn.com/common-misconceptions-about-dyslexia/ |access-date=August 2, 2019 |website=Commonwealth Learning Center}}</ref>
a. {{cite news|url =https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-22806362|title =Study finds shipwrecks threaten precious seas|date =7 June 2013|access-date = 7 June 2013|publisher =BBC News/science}}
* ] is not generally an ] behavior. People who engage in self-harm are typically very self-conscious of their wounds and scars and feel guilty about their behavior, leading them to go to great lengths to conceal it from others.<ref name="MHF">{{#invoke:cite book||url=http://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/publications/?EntryId5=38712 |title=Truth Hurts Report |publisher=Mental Health Foundation |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-903645-81-9 |access-date=June 11, 2008}}</ref> They may offer alternative explanations for their injuries, or conceal their scars with clothing.<ref>{{#invoke:cite book||author=Helen Spandler |title=Who's Hurting Who? Young people, self-harm and suicide |publisher=42nd Street |year=1996 |isbn=978-1-900782-00-5 |place=Manchester}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite book||url=https://archive.org/details/selfharmperspect0000unse |title=Self-harm – Perspectives from personal experience |publisher=Chipmunka/Survivors Speak Out |year=1994 |isbn=978-1-904697-04-6 |editor=Pembroke, L. R. |url-access=registration}}</ref>
<br />b. {{cite journal | url=http://www.csmonitor.com/Science/2013/0610/Bermuda-Triangle-doesn-t-make-the-cut-on-list-of-world-s-most-dangerous-oceans | title=Bermuda Triangle doesn't make the cut on list of world's most dangerous oceans | journal=The Christian Science Monitor | access-date=22 March 2016| date=2013-06-10 }}
* There is no evidence that a chemical imbalance or neurotransmitter deficiency is the sole factor in ] and other mental disorders, but rather a combination of biological, psychological, and social factors.<ref>{{#invoke:cite book||last=Stahl |first=S. M. |title=Stahl's essential psychopharmacology: Neuroscientific basis and practical applications |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2021 |isbn=978-1-108-98585-7 |edition=5th |page=264}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web||date=March 17, 2022 |title=The Myth of the Chemical Imbalance {{!}} Ronald Pies |url=https://return.life/2022/03/17/the-myth-of-the-chemical-imbalance/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201222841/https://return.life/2022/03/17/the-myth-of-the-chemical-imbalance/ |archive-date=1 December 2022 |access-date=June 1, 2022 |website=Return}}</ref>
<br />c. {{cite book|title=The Bermuda Triangle Mystery Solved| year=1975|first=Lawrence David|last= Kusche|isbn = 0879759712|publisher=Prometheus Books|location = Buffalo, NY|ref=Kusche, 1975}}</ref>
* ] is characterized by continuous or relapsing episodes of psychosis. Major symptoms include hallucinations (typically hearing voices), delusions, paranoia, and disorganized thinking. Other symptoms include social withdrawal, decreased emotional expression, and apathy.<ref>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual 5th edition.</ref> The term was coined from the Greek roots ''schizein'' and ''phrēn'', "to split" and "mind", in reference to a "splitting of mental functions" seen in schizophrenia, not a splitting of the personality.<ref>{{#invoke:cite book||author=Baucum, Don |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iCVSdYdA36EC&pg=PA182 |title=Psychology |publisher=Barron's |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7641-3421-0 |edition=2nd |location=Hauppauge, NY |page=182}}</ref> It does not involve split or multiple personalities—a split or multiple personality is ].<ref name="MultiplePersonalities">a. {{#invoke:cite web||title=Schizophrenia |url=http://www.nami.org/Template.cfm?Section=Schizophrenia9&Template=/ContentManagement/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=118290 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504155431/http://www.nami.org/Template.cfm?Section=Schizophrenia9&Template=%2FContentManagement%2FContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=118290 |archive-date=May 4, 2012 |publisher=National Alliance on Mental Illness}}
* Toilet waste is never intentionally jettisoned from an aircraft. All waste is collected in tanks and emptied into ].<ref>
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite web||title=10 Myths About Mental Illness |url=http://www.mha-oc.org/10myths.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519221144/http://www.mha-oc.org/10myths.html |archive-date=May 19, 2011 |publisher=Mental Health Association}}</ref>
{{cite news|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/middleseat/2008/11/19/on-world-toilet-day-let-us-praise-the-airline-lav/|last=Philips|first=Matt|title=On World Toilet Day, Let Us Praise the Airline Lav|work=The Middle Seat Terminal (Wall Street Journal)|access-date=April 2, 2009|date=November 19, 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131214105710/https://blogs.wsj.com/middleseat/2008/11/19/on-world-toilet-day-let-us-praise-the-airline-lav/ | archive-date = December 14, 2013| url-status=live}}</ref> ] is caused by accidental leakage from the waste tank. Passenger trains, on the other hand, have indeed historically ]; modern trains usually have retention tanks on board and therefore do not dispose of waste in such a manner.
* ] stored on a ] floor do not discharge any faster than they would on other surfaces,<ref name="Snopes">{{Cite web|url= http://www.snopes.com/autos/techno/battery.asp |title= Battery Parked |work= ] |date= February 8, 2011 |access-date= June 2, 2013 }}</ref> in spite of worry among Americans that concrete harms batteries.<ref name="example_list">Examples of car battery on concrete misconception in the US from 1983–2011:
<br />a. {{Cite magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m9gDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA22 |magazine=]|date=December 1983|first= Mort|last= Shulz|title=Car Clinic|page=37}}
<br />b. {{Cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=2hhPIyxe754C&pg=PA215 |page= 215 |title= How to Restore Your Ford Pick-Up |first= Tom |last= Brownell |publisher= MotorBooks International |date=1993 |isbn= 978-1610590297 }}
<br />c. {{Cite book|title= Popular Mechanics Complete Car Care Manual; Popular Mechanics Series |publisher= Hearst Books |date= 2005 |isbn= 978-1588164391 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=39xxTCsBjUAC&pg=PA289 |page= 289}}
<br />d. {{Cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=l_1ngoGACCUC&pg=PA210 |title= Ford Mustang Buyer's and Restoration Guide, 1964 1/2-2007 |first= Nilda|last=Sessler|publisher= Indy Tech Publishing |date= 2006 |isbn= 978-0790613260 }}
<br />e. {{Cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=t5uTktdsu3AC&pg=PA30 |page= 30 |title= Advanced photovoltaic installations |first1= John |last1= Balfour |first2= Michael |last2= Shaw |first3= Nicole |last3= Bremer Nash |publisher= Jones & Bartlett Publishers |date= 2011 |isbn= 978-1449624712 |access-date= June 2, 2013 }}</ref> Early batteries with porous, leaky cases may have been susceptible to moisture from floors, but for many years ] have had impermeable ] cases.<ref>
{{Cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=k8BIAAAAIBAJ&pg=2232,1623674|title= No End to Battery Storage Debate|newspaper=The Vindicator |date= November 4, 1999|first1=Tom|last1=Magliozzi|author1-link= Tom Magliozzi|first2= Ray|last2= Magliozzi|author2-link=Ray Magliozzi|page=37}}</ref> While most modern automotive batteries are ], and do not leak battery acid when properly stored and maintained,<ref>
a. {{Cite book|title=Ask Click and Clack: Answers from Car Talk|first1=Tom|last1= Magliozzi|author1-link=Tom Magliozzi|first2=Ray|last2=Magliozzi|author2-link=Ray Magliozzi|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Z1nntWoIBp4C&pg=PA68|pages=68–69|publisher=Chronicle Books|date=2008|isbn= 978-0811864770 |access-date= June 2, 2013 }}
<br />b. {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MxXlKb9wIe0C&pg=PA136 |title= Car Care Auto Clinic |magazine= ] |date= November 2000 |volume= 177 |issue= 11 |issn=0032-4558 |page=136 |access-date= June 2, 2013 |publisher= Hearst Magazines }}</ref> the sulfuric acid in them can leak out and stain, etch, or corrode concrete floors if their cases crack or tip over or their vent-holes are breached by floods.<ref>
a. {{cite news|title=Use care in cleaning battery-acid stain|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/life/lifestyle/use-care-in-cleaning-battery-acid-stain/|website=The Seattle Times|access-date=May 9, 2018|date=October 4, 2008}}
<br />b. {{cite web|title=Managing Used Lead-Acid Batteries|url=http://www.gecap.org/pdf/lead-acid_batteries.pdf|website=Georgia Environmental Compliance Assistance Program|publisher=Georgia Tech Research Institute|access-date=May 9, 2018|date=July 2002}}</ref>


==See also== ==== Brain ====
* Broad generalizations are often made in popular psychology about certain brain functions being ], or more predominant in one hemisphere than the other. These claims are often inaccurate or overstated.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Goswami |first1=U |title=Neuroscience and education: from research to practice? |journal=Nature Reviews. Neuroscience |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=406–11 |date=2006 |pmid=16607400 |doi=10.1038/nrn1907|s2cid=3113512 }}</ref>
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* The ], particularly the prefrontal cortex, does not reach ] at any particular age (e.g. 16, 18, 21, 25, 30). Changes in structure and myelination of gray matter are recorded to continue with relative consistency all throughout life including until death. Different mental abilities peak earlier or later in life.<ref>a. More modern research suggests that the prefrontal cortex region of the brain is changing in structure even well past the age of 30.{{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Hartshorne |first1=Joshua K. |last2=Germine |first2=Laura T. |title=When Does Cognitive Functioning Peak? The Asynchronous Rise and Fall of Different Cognitive Abilities Across the Life Span |journal=Psychological Science |date=April 2015 |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=433–443 |doi=10.1177/0956797614567339 |pmid=25770099 |pmc=4441622|quote="Some abilities peak and begin to decline around high school graduation; some abilities plateau in early adulthood, beginning to decline in subjects' 30s; and still others do not peak until subjects reach their 40s or later. These findings motivate a nuanced theory of maturation and age-related decline, in which multiple, dissociable factors differentially affect different domains of cognition." }}
* ]
b. {{#invoke:cite web||url=https://www.menshealth.com/health/a26868313/when-does-your-brain-fully-mature/ |title=People's Brains Don't Reach Adulthood Until Age 30, Study Finds|website=Men's Health|first=MEelissa|last=Matthews |date=March 19, 2019|quote="What we're really saying is that to have a definition of when you move from childhood to adulthood looks increasingly absurd... It's a much more nuanced transition that takes place over three decades."}}<br />
* ]
c. {{#invoke:cite web||url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/adult-brain-30s-teenagers-crime-mental-health-research-a8828681.html |title=Scientists think you are not a proper adult until you enter your 30s |website=] |date=March 18, 2019}}<br />
d. {{#invoke:cite web||url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/health/news/8204782/Brain-only-fully-matures-in-middle-age-claims-neuroscientist.html#:~:text=You%20might%20think%20that%20you,developing%20until%20your%20late%2040s.&text=Scientists%20used%20to%20believe%20that,changing%20well%20into%20middle%20age | title=Brain only fully 'matures' in middle age, claims neuroscientist| date=December 16, 2010}}<br />
e. {{#invoke:cite journal||doi=10.1073/pnas.1105108108 |title=Extraordinary neoteny of synaptic spines in the human prefrontal cortex |year=2011 |last1=Petanjek |first1=Zdravko |last2=Judaš |first2=Miloš |last3=Šimić |first3=Goran |last4=Rašin |first4=Mladen Roko |last5=Uylings |first5=Harry B. M. |last6=Rakic |first6=Pasko |last7=Kostović |first7=Ivica |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=108 |issue=32 |pages=13281–13286 |pmid=21788513 |pmc=3156171 |bibcode=2011PNAS..10813281P |doi-access=free}}<br />
f. {{cite magazine |url=https://slate.com/human-interest/2020/01/age-of-consent-25-advice.html |title=My Progressive Friends Say It's Immoral to Have Sex With Anyone Under 25 |first=Stoya |last=Juzwiak |author2=Rich Juzwiak |date=January 9, 2020 |magazine=Slate}}<br />
g. {{#invoke:cite news||url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/22/magazine/22Adulthood-t.html|title=What Is It About 20-Somethings?|newspaper=The New York Times|first=Robin Marantz |last=Henig|date=August 18, 2010}}<br />
h. {{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Cockcroft |first1=Kate |title=The role of working memory in childhood education: Five questions and answers |journal=South African Journal of Childhood Education |date=4 September 2015 |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=18 |id={{ProQuest|1898641293}} |doi=10.4102/sajce.v5i1.347 |doi-access=free }} <br />
i. {{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Hartshorne |first1=Joshua K. |last2=Germine |first2=Laura T. |title=When Does Cognitive Functioning Peak? The Asynchronous Rise and Fall of Different Cognitive Abilities Across the Life Span |journal=Psychological Science |date=April 2015 |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=433–443 |doi=10.1177/0956797614567339 |pmid=25770099 |pmc=4441622 }}<br />
j. {{#invoke:cite web||last=Hu |first=Jane C. |date=2022-11-28 |title=A Powerful Idea About Our Brains Stormed Pop Culture and Captured Minds. It's Mostly Bunk. |url=https://slate.com/technology/2022/11/brain-development-25-year-old-mature-myth.html |access-date=2022-11-28 |website=Slate Magazine |language=en}}</ref> The myth is believed to have originated from Jay Giedd's work on the adolescent brain funded by the National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy,<ref>{{#invoke:cite web|| url=https://www.iflscience.com/does-the-brain-really-mature-at-the-age-of-25-68979 | title=Does the Brain Really Mature at the Age of 25? | date=May 19, 2023 }}</ref> though it has also been popularized by ] in his work with adolescent criminal reform who has considered ages 10–25 to constitute cognitive adolescence, despite denying any connection to the notion of the brain maturing at '25'.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news|| url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/parenting/redefining-teenagers-and-the-adolescent-mind/article20789085/ | title=Why we need to treat adolescents in a radical new way | newspaper=The Globe and Mail | date=September 25, 2014 }}</ref>
]
* Humans do not generate all of the brain cells they will ever have by the age of two years. Although this belief was held by medical experts until 1998, it is now understood that new ]s can be created ] in some parts of the brain into late adulthood.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal|| author = Gross C. G. | date = 2000 | title = Neurogenesis in the adult brain: death of a dogma | journal = Nat Rev Neurosci | volume = 1 | issue = 1| pages = 67–73 | doi = 10.1038/35036235| pmid = 11252770 | s2cid = 2347812 }}</ref>
* People do not use ].<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=http://www.snopes.com/science/stats/10percent.asp|title=Snopes on brains|website=]|date=February 8, 2000 |access-date=August 29, 2009 }}</ref><ref name="Radford 1999">{{#invoke:cite journal||last=Radford|first=Benjamin|date=March–April 1999|title=The Ten-Percent Myth|journal=Skeptical Inquirer|issn=0194-6730|url=http://www.csicop.org/si/show/the_ten-percent_myth/|access-date=April 15, 2009|quote=It's the old myth heard time and again about how people use only ten percent of their brains | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131030034901/http://www.csicop.org/si/show/the_ten-percent_myth/ | archive-date = October 30, 2013| url-status=live}}</ref> While it is true that a small minority of ]s in the brain are actively firing at any one time, a healthy human will normally use most of their brain over the course of a day, and the inactive neurons are important as well. The idea that activating 100% of the brain would allow someone to achieve their maximum potential and/or gain various psychic abilities is common in ],<ref name="Radford 1999" /><ref name="beyersteinbrain" /><ref name="msnbc news ref">{{#invoke:cite web||last=Bahn |first=Christopher |title='Limitless' brainpower plot isn't all that crazy |url=http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/41953704/ns/today-entertainment/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110313105800/http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/41953704/ns/today-entertainment/ |archive-date=March 13, 2011 |access-date=March 31, 2011}}</ref> but doing so in real life would likely result in a fatal ].<ref name="Fish2014">{{#invoke:cite journal||vauthors=Fisher RS, Acevedo C, Arzimanoglou A, Bogacz A, Cross JH, Elger CE, Engel J, Forsgren L, French JA, Glynn M, Hesdorffer DC, Lee BI, Mathern GW, Moshé SL, Perucca E, Scheffer IE, Tomson T, Watanabe M, Wiebe S |date=April 2014 |title=ILAE official report: a practical clinical definition of epilepsy |journal=Epilepsia |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=475–482 |doi=10.1111/epi.12550 |pmid=24730690 |doi-access=free |s2cid=35958237}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||date=February 13, 2018 |title=The Life and Times of the 10% Neuromyth – Knowing Neurons |language=en-GB |work=Knowing Neurons |url=https://knowingneurons.com/2018/02/13/10-neuromyth/ |url-status=live |access-date=February 24, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315133927/https://knowingneurons.com/2018/02/13/10-neuromyth/ |archive-date=March 15, 2018}}</ref> This misconception was attributed to late 19th century leading thinker ], who apparently used the expression only metaphorically.<ref name="beyersteinbrain">{{#invoke:cite book||last=Beyerstein|first=Barry L.|title=Mind Myths: Exploring Popular Assumptions About the Mind and Brain|editor=Sergio Della Sala |publisher=Wiley |date=1999 |pages=3–24 |chapter=Whence Cometh the Myth that We Only Use 10% of our Brains? |isbn=978-0-471-98303-3}}</ref>
* Although ]'s brain injuries, caused by a several-foot-long tamping rod driven completely through his skull, caused him to become temporarily disabled, many fanciful descriptions of his aberrant behavior in later life are without factual basis or contradicted by known facts.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||last=Barker |first=F. G. II |year=1995 |url=http://mysois.uwm.edu/omeka/archive/files/b7cf786e3d97d4cf63ac3b7d14e1f88e.pdf |title=Phineas among the phrenologists: the American crowbar case and nineteenth-century theories of cerebral localization |journal=Journal of Neurosurgery |volume=82 |issue=4 |pages=672–82 |pmid=7897537 |doi=10.3171/jns.1995.82.4.0672 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006074853/http://mysois.uwm.edu/omeka/archive/files/b7cf786e3d97d4cf63ac3b7d14e1f88e.pdf |archive-date=October 6, 2014 }}</ref>

==== Senses ====
] showing taste zones. In fact, all zones can sense all tastes.]]
* Humans have more than the commonly cited five senses. The number of senses in various categorizations ranges from 5 to more than 20. In addition to ], ], ], ], and ], which were the senses identified by ], humans can sense ] and acceleration (]), pain (]), body and limb position (] or kinesthetic sense), and relative temperature (]).<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||author=Cerretani, Jessica |date=Spring 2010 |website=Harvard Medicine |publisher=Harvard College |url=http://harvardmedicine.hms.harvard.edu/fascinoma/fivesenses/beyond/extra.php |title=Extra Sensory Perceptions |access-date=January 13, 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120211190433/http://harvardmedicine.hms.harvard.edu/fascinoma/fivesenses/beyond/extra.php |archive-date=February 11, 2012}}</ref> Other senses sometimes identified are the sense of time, ], itching, pressure, hunger, thirst, fullness of the stomach, need to urinate, need to defecate, blood ] (CO<sub>2</sub>) levels,<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||url=http://health.howstuffworks.com/mental-health/human-nature/perception/question242.htm |date=April 2000 |title=How many senses does a human being have? |website=Discovery Health |publisher=] |access-date=January 13, 2011 |archive-date=November 6, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111106034223/http://health.howstuffworks.com/mental-health/human-nature/perception/question242.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> and electric field sensation.<ref name="Shimizu">{{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Odagiri-Shimizu |first1=H |last2=Shimizu |first2=K |title=Experimental analysis of the human perception threshold of a DC electric field |journal=Medical * Biological Engineering & Computing |date=Nov 1999 |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=727–732 |doi=10.1007/BF02513374 |pmid=10723879}}</ref>
* All different tastes can be detected on all parts of the tongue by taste buds,<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||title=The cells and logic for mammalian sour taste detection|journal=Nature|volume=442|issue=7105 |pages=934–938 |date=August 2006|pmid=16929298|pmc=1571047 |doi=10.1038/nature05084|bibcode=2006Natur.442..934H |vauthors=Huang AL, Chen X, Hoon MA, Chandrashekar J, Guo W, Tränkner D, Ryba NJ, Zuker CS}}</ref> with slightly increased sensitivities in different locations depending on the person; the ] showing the contrary is fallacious.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web||date=October 22, 2002|title=Beyond the Tongue Map|publisher=Asha.org |url=http://www.asha.org/Publications/leader/2002/021022/f021022a.htm|access-date=August 29, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214115137/http://www.asha.org/Publications/leader/2002/021022/f021022a.htm|archive-date=December 14, 2013}}</ref>
* There are not four ], but five: in addition to ], ], ], and ], humans have taste receptors for ], which is a "savory" or "meaty" taste.<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite book||title=Food Science and Technology |last=Campbell-Platt |first=Geoffrey |date=2009 |publisher=Wiley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E7GXHploJasC&pg=PA31 |isbn=978-0-632-06421-2 |page=31}}
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite web||url=http://www.rtc.edu/programs/generaleducation/biology/biology220/files/Senses_notes.pdf |title=Senses Notes |access-date=January 13, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720040515/http://www.rtc.edu/programs/generaleducation/biology/biology220/files/Senses_notes.pdf |archive-date=July 20, 2011}}
<br />c. {{#invoke:cite web||author=Krulwich, Robert |date=November 5, 2007 |title=Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter&nbsp;... and Umami |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=15819485 |website=Krulwich Wonders, an NPR Science Blog |publisher=NPR |access-date=January 13, 2011 }}
<br />d. {{Cite web |title=Probing Question: What is umami? {{!}} Penn State University |url=https://www.psu.edu/news/research/story/probing-question-what-umami/ |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=www.psu.edu |language=en}}</ref> Fat does interact with specific ] in ] cells, but whether it is a sixth primary taste remains inconclusive.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||last=Besnard|first=P |date=December 2015|title=Taste of Fat: A Sixth Taste Modality?|journal=Physiological Reviews|volume=96|issue=1 |pages=151–176|doi=10.1152/physrev.00002.2015|pmid=26631596 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
* The human ] is not weak or underdeveloped. Humans have similar senses of smell to other mammals, and are more sensitive to some odors than rodents and dogs.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||last=McGann |first=John P. |date=2017-05-12 |title=Poor human olfaction is a 19th-century myth |journal=Science |language=en |volume=356 |issue=6338 |pages=eaam7263 |doi=10.1126/science.aam7263 |issn=0036-8075 |pmc=5512720 |pmid=28495701}}</ref>

=== Toxicology ===
* ] is not a "safe" alternative to conventional tobacco; smokeless tobacco products contain ] and are therefore highly addictive.<ref name="VidyasagaranSiddiqi2016">{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Vidyasagaran |first1=A. L. |last2=Siddiqi |first2=K. |last3=Kanaan |first3=M. |year=2016 |title=Use of smokeless tobacco and risk of cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis |url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/101100/1/EJPC_D_16_00085_R1_2016.pdf |journal=European Journal of Preventive Cardiology |volume=23 |issue=18 |pages=1970–1981 |doi=10.1177/2047487316654026 |issn=2047-4873 |pmid=27256827 |s2cid=206820997}}</ref> They also can cause various harmful effects such as dental disease, ], ], and ], ], as well as negative reproductive effects including ], ] and ].<ref name="VidyasagaranSiddiqi2016" /><ref name="Gupta 2019">{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Gupta |first1=Ruchika |last2=Gupta |first2=Sanjay |last3=Sharma |first3=Shashi |last4=Sinha |first4=Dhirendra N |last5=Mehrotra |first5=Ravi |date=2019-01-01 |title=Risk of Coronary Heart Disease Among Smokeless Tobacco Users: Results of Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Global Data |url=https://academic.oup.com/ntr/article/21/1/25/4793346 |journal=Nicotine & Tobacco Research |language=en |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=25–31 |doi=10.1093/ntr/nty002 |issn=1469-994X |pmc=6941711 |pmid=29325111}}</ref>
* Swallowing gasoline does not generally require special emergency treatment, as long as it goes into the stomach and not the lungs; inducing vomiting can make it worse.<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite web||url=https://healthcare.utah.edu/the-scope/shows.php?shows=0_g9tzppx4 |publisher=]|title= Dos and Don'ts in Case of Gasoline Poisoning |author=University of Utah Poison Control Center|date=June 24, 2014}}
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite web||url= https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/MMG/MMG.asp?id=465&tid=83 |title= Medical Management Guidelines for Gasoline (Mixture) CAS# 86290-81-5 and 8006-61-9 |publisher=] |date= October 21, 2014 |author= Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry |author-link= Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry }}</ref>
* A ]-soaked rag cannot instantly incapacitate a person.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||last=Payne|first=J. P.|s2cid=1718276|date=July 1998|title=The criminal use of chloroform|journal=]|volume=53|issue=7|pages=685–690|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2044.1998.528-az0572.x|pmid=9771177|doi-access=free}}</ref> It takes at least five minutes of inhaling an item soaked in chloroform to render a person unconscious. Most criminal cases involving chloroform also involve another drug being co-administered, such as alcohol or ], or the victim being found to have been complicit in its administration. The misconception that chloroform can be used as an ]<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||title=Medical Annotation: Chloroform amongst Thieves |journal=] |date=1865 |volume=2 |issue=2200 |pages=490–491|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(02)58434-8}}</ref> has been popularized by crime fiction authors.
* Although bananas contain naturally occurring ]s, particularly ] (<sup>40</sup>K), which emit ] when undergoing ], the levels of such radiation are far too low to induce ], and bananas are not a radiation hazard. It would not be physically possible to eat enough bananas to cause radiation poisoning, as ].<ref name="AdventHealth 2018">{{#invoke:cite web||title=The Most Common Medical Radiation Myths Dispelled |url=https://www.ahu.edu/blog/the-most-common-medical-radiation-myths-dispelled |access-date=2022-11-05 |website=AdventHealth University |date=May 21, 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Loughran 2022">{{#invoke:cite web||last=Loughran |first=Sarah |title=Are bananas really 'radioactive'? An expert clears up common misunderstandings about radiation |url=http://theconversation.com/are-bananas-really-radioactive-an-expert-clears-up-common-misunderstandings-about-radiation-193211 |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=The Conversation |date=November 3, 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>a. {{#invoke:cite book||last1=Eisenbud |first1=Merril |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=67Pn4ydLOVAC |title=Environmental radioactivity: from natural, industrial, and military sources |last2=Gesell |first2=Thomas F. |publisher=Academic Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-12-235154-9 |pages= |quote=It is important to recognize that the potassium content of the body is under strict homeostatic control and is not influenced by variations in environmental levels. For this reason, the dose from {{sup|40}}K in the body is constant.}}
<br />b. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (1999), , page 16: "For example, the ingestion coefficient risk for 40K would not be appropriate for an application to ingestion of <sup>40</sup>K in conjunction with an elevated intake of natural potassium. This is because the biokinetic model for potassium used in this document represents the relatively slow removal of potassium (biological half-time 30 days) that is estimated to occur for typical intakes of potassium, whereas an elevated intake of potassium would result in excretion of a nearly equal mass of natural potassium, and hence of <sup>40</sup>K, over a short period."
<br />c. {{#invoke:cite web||author=Maggie Koerth-Baker |author-link=Maggie Koerth-Baker |date=Aug 27, 2010 |title=Bananas are radioactive—But they aren't a good way to explain radiation exposure |url=http://boingboing.net/2010/08/27/bananas-are-radioact.html |access-date=25 May 2011}}. Attributes the title statement to Geoff Meggitt, former UK Atomic Energy Authority.</ref> (See also: ])
* Ingesting ], a brand of eye drops, does not cause diarrhea. It is ], with consumption causing several serious side-effects. Pranks spiking people with Visine rose after the misconception was popularized by the film '']''.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||date=July 24, 2013 |title=Nothing funny about so-called 'Visine prank,' says pharmacist |url=https://www.therecord.com/news/waterloo-region/nothing-funny-about-so-called-visine-prank-says-pharmacist/article_c955e29f-ffab-5c9b-a82f-671ff7ea9dc3.html |work=]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Blum |first=Deborah |date=March 25, 2013 |title=Just an (Eye) Drop of Poison |url=https://www.wired.com/2013/03/just-an-eye-drop-of-poison/ |magazine=]}}</ref>

=== Transportation ===

]
* The ] does not have any more shipwrecks or mysterious disappearances than most other waterways.<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite news||url =https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-22806362|title =Study finds shipwrecks threaten precious seas|date =June 7, 2013|access-date = June 7, 2013|publisher =BBC News/science}}

<br />b. {{#invoke:cite journal|| url=http://www.csmonitor.com/Science/2013/0610/Bermuda-Triangle-doesn-t-make-the-cut-on-list-of-world-s-most-dangerous-oceans | title=Bermuda Triangle doesn't make the cut on list of world's most dangerous oceans | journal=The Christian Science Monitor | access-date=March 22, 2016| date=June 10, 2013 }}
<br />c. {{#invoke:cite book||title=The Bermuda Triangle Mystery Solved| year=1975|first=Lawrence David|last= Kusche|isbn = 978-0-87975-971-1|publisher=Prometheus Books|location = Buffalo, NY|ref=Kusche, 1975}}</ref>
* Toilet waste is never intentionally jettisoned from an aircraft. All waste is collected in tanks and emptied into ].<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||url=https://blogs.wsj.com/middleseat/2008/11/19/on-world-toilet-day-let-us-praise-the-airline-lav/|last=Philips|first=Matt|title=On World Toilet Day, Let Us Praise the Airline Lav|work=The Middle Seat Terminal (Wall Street Journal)|access-date=April 2, 2009|date=November 19, 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131214105710/https://blogs.wsj.com/middleseat/2008/11/19/on-world-toilet-day-let-us-praise-the-airline-lav/ | archive-date = December 14, 2013| url-status=live}}</ref> ] is caused by accidental leakage from the waste tank. ]s, on the other hand, have indeed historically flushed onto the tracks; modern trains in most developed countries usually have retention tanks on board and therefore do not dispose of waste in such a manner.
* ] stored on a concrete floor do not discharge any faster than they would on other surfaces, in spite of a worry that concrete harms batteries.<ref name="Snopes">{{#invoke:cite web||url=http://www.snopes.com/autos/techno/battery.asp|title=Battery Parked|work=]|date=February 8, 2011|access-date=June 2, 2013}}</ref> Early batteries with porous, leaky cases may have been susceptible to moisture from floors, but for many years ] have had impermeable ] cases.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=k8BIAAAAIBAJ&pg=2232,1623674|title= No End to Battery Storage Debate|newspaper=The Vindicator |date= November 4, 1999|first1=Tom|last1=Magliozzi|author1-link= Tom Magliozzi|first2= Ray|last2= Magliozzi|author2-link=Ray Magliozzi|page=37}}</ref> While most modern automotive batteries are ], and do not leak battery acid when properly stored and maintained,<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite book||title=Ask Click and Clack: Answers from Car Talk|first1=Tom|last1= Magliozzi|author1-link=Tom Magliozzi|first2=Ray|last2=Magliozzi|author2-link=Ray Magliozzi|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Z1nntWoIBp4C&pg=PA68|pages=68–69|publisher=Chronicle Books|date=2008|isbn= 978-0-8118-6477-0 |access-date= June 2, 2013 }}
<br />b. {{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MxXlKb9wIe0C&pg=PA136 |title=Car Care Auto Clinic |magazine=] |date=November 2000 |volume=177 |issue=11 |issn=0032-4558 |page=136 |access-date=June 2, 2013}}</ref> the sulfuric acid in them can leak out and stain, etch, or corrode concrete floors if their cases crack or tip over or their vent-holes are breached by floods.<ref>a. {{#invoke:cite news||title=Use care in cleaning battery-acid stain|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/life/lifestyle/use-care-in-cleaning-battery-acid-stain/|first=Karen|last=Youso|website=The Seattle Times|access-date=May 9, 2018|date=October 4, 2008}}
<br />b. {{#invoke:cite web||title=Managing Used Lead-Acid Batteries|url=http://www.gecap.org/pdf/lead-acid_batteries.pdf|website=Georgia Environmental Compliance Assistance Program|publisher=Georgia Tech Research Institute|access-date=May 9, 2018|date=July 2002|archive-date=October 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028080456/https://www.gecap.org/pdf/lead-acid_batteries.pdf}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
* ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* '']'' * '']''
* ]
* '']'' * '']''
* ]
* ]
* ] * '']''
* ] * ]
{{Div col end}} {{Div col end}}


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* {{citation |last=Kahn |first=Charles H. |author-link=Charles H. Kahn |date=2001 |title=Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans: A Brief History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GKUtAwAAQBAJ&q=Pythagoreanism&pg=PA72 |location=Indianapolis, Indiana and Cambridge, England |publisher=Hackett Publishing Company |isbn=978-0-87220-575-8}}
<br />c. {{cite journal|last1=Jones|first1=David E. H.|pages=34–40|title=The Stability of the Bicycle|volume=23|journal=Physics Today|date=1970|url=http://socrates.berkeley.edu/%7Efajans/Teaching/MoreBikeFiles/JonesBikeBW.pdf|doi=10.1063/1.3022064|issue=4|bibcode=1970PhT....23d..34J}}</ref>
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<br />d. {{cite web |last1=Duke |first1=Alan |title=Fake News: Bob Marley NOT Singing 'Don't Worry Be Happy' {{!}} Lead Stories |url=https://leadstories.com/hoax-alert/2019/08/fake-news-bob-marley-did-not-sing-dont-worry-be-happy.html |website=Lead Stories |date=August 24, 2019}}</ref>
}}


==Further reading== == Further reading ==
* {{cite book|last=Diefendorf|first=David|title=Amazing... But False!: Hundreds of "Facts" You Thought Were True, But Aren't|publisher=Sterling|date=2007|isbn=978-1402737916|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/amazingbutfalseh0000dief}} * {{#invoke:cite book||last=Diefendorf|first=David|title=Amazing... But False!: Hundreds of "Facts" You Thought Were True, But Aren't|publisher=Sterling|date=2007|isbn=978-1-4027-3791-6|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/amazingbutfalseh0000dief}}
* {{cite book|last=Green|first=Joey|title=Contrary to Popular Belief: More than 250 False Facts Revealed|publisher=Broadway|date=2005|isbn=978-0767919920}} * {{#invoke:cite book||last=Green|first=Joey|title=Contrary to Popular Belief: More than 250 False Facts Revealed|publisher=Broadway|date=2005|isbn=978-0-7679-1992-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Johnsen|first=Ferris|title=The Encyclopedia of Popular Misconceptions: The Ultimate Debunker's Guide to Widely Accepted Fallacies|publisher=Carol Publishing Group|date=1994|isbn=978-0806515564|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofpo0000john}} * {{#invoke:cite book||last=Johnsen|first=Ferris|title=The Encyclopedia of Popular Misconceptions: The Ultimate Debunker's Guide to Widely Accepted Fallacies|publisher=Carol Publishing Group|date=1994|isbn=978-0-8065-1556-4|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofpo0000john}}
* {{#invoke:cite book||last=Kruszelnicki|first=Karl|author2=Adam Yazxhi |title=Great Mythconceptions: The Science Behind the Myths|publisher=Andrews McMeel Publishing|date=2006|isbn=978-0-7407-5364-0}}
* {{citation|last=Kahn|first=Charles H.|author-link=Charles H. Kahn|date=2001|title=Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans: A Brief History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GKUtAwAAQBAJ&q=Pythagoreanism&pg=PA72|location=Indianapolis, Indiana and Cambridge, England|publisher=Hackett Publishing Company|isbn=978-0872205758}}
* {{cite book|last=Kruszelnicki|first=Karl|author2=Adam Yazxhi |title=Great Mythconceptions: The Science Behind the Myths|publisher=Andrews McMeel Publishing|date=2006|isbn=978-0740753640}} * {{#invoke:cite book||last=Lloyd|first=John|author2=John Mitchinson|title=The Book of General Ignorance|publisher=Harmony Books|date=2006|isbn=978-0-307-39491-0|url=https://archive.org/details/bookofgeneralign00lloy}}
* {{cite book|last=Lloyd|first=John|author2=John Mitchinson|title=The Book of General Ignorance|publisher=Harmony Books|date=2006|isbn=978-0307394910|url=https://archive.org/details/bookofgeneralign00lloy}} * {{#invoke:cite book||last=Lloyd|first=John|author2=John Mitchinson |title=The Second Book Of General Ignorance|publisher=Faber and Faber|date=2010|isbn=978-0-571-26965-5}}
* {{#invoke:cite journal||last=Scudellari|first=Megan|title=The science myths that will not die|date=December 17, 2015|doi=10.1038/528322a|pmid=26672537|volume=528|issue=7582|journal=Nature|pages=322–25|bibcode = 2015Natur.528..322S |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite book|last=Lloyd|first=John|author2=John Mitchinson |title=The Second Book Of General Ignorance|publisher=Faber and Faber|date=2010|isbn=978-0-571-26965-5}}
* {{#invoke:cite book||last=Tuleja|first=Tad|title=Fabulous Fallacies: More Than 300 Popular Beliefs That Are Not True|publisher=Galahad Books|date=1999|isbn=978-1-57866-065-0}}
* {{cite book|title=Origins of the Specious: Myths and Misconceptions of the English Language|last1=O'Conner|first1=Patricia T.|last2=Kellerman|first2=Stewart|date=2009|publisher=Random House|location=New York|isbn=978-1400066605}}
* {{cite journal|last=Scudellari|first=Megan|title=The science myths that will not die|date=December 17, 2015|doi=10.1038/528322a|pmid=26672537|volume=528|issue=7582|journal=Nature|pages=322–25|bibcode = 2015Natur.528..322S |doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite book| edition = 1st| publisher = HarperCollins| isbn = 978-0060190460| last = Solomon| first = Maynard| author-link = Maynard Solomon| title = Mozart: A Life| location = New York| year = 1995| url = https://archive.org/details/mozartlife0002solo| url-access = registration| oclc = 31435799}}
* {{cite book|last=Tuleja|first=Tad|title=Fabulous Fallacies: More Than 300 Popular Beliefs That Are Not True|publisher=Galahad Books|date=1999|isbn=978-1578660650}}
* {{cite book|last=Varasdi|first=J. Allen|title=Myth Information: More Than 590 Popular Misconceptions, Fallacies, and Misbeliefs Explained!|publisher=Ballantine Books|date=1996|isbn=978-0345410498}}


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{{Portal bar|History of science|Science|Society|Technology}} {{#invoke:Portal bar|main|The arts|History of science|Science|Society|Technology}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Common Misconceptions}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Common misconceptions}}
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Latest revision as of 17:39, 25 December 2024

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.
It has been suggested that this article be split into multiple articles. (discuss) (October 2024)

Each entry on this list of common misconceptions is worded as a correction; the misconceptions themselves are implied rather than stated. These entries are concise summaries; the main subject articles can be consulted for more detail.

Common misconceptions are viewpoints or factoids that are often accepted as true, but which are actually false. They generally arise from conventional wisdom (such as old wives' tales), stereotypes, superstitions, fallacies, a misunderstanding of science, or the popularization of pseudoscience. Some common misconceptions are also considered to be urban legends, and they are sometimes involved in moral panics.

Arts and culture

Business

  • Federal legal tender laws in the United States do not require that private businesses, persons, or organizations accept cash for payment, though it must be treated as valid payment for debts when tendered to a creditor.
  • Adidas is not an acronym for "All day I dream about sports", "All day I dream about soccer", or "All day I dream about sex". The company was named after its founder Adolf "Adi" Dassler in 1949. The earliest publication found of the latter backronym was in 1978, as a joke.
  • The letters "AR" in AR-15 stand for "ArmaLite Rifle", reflecting the company (ArmaLite) that originally manufactured the weapon. They do not stand for "assault rifle".
  • The Coca-Cola bottle's contour bottle was not designed by famous industrial designer Raymond Loewy.
  • The common image of Santa Claus (Father Christmas) as a jolly large man in red garments was not created by The Coca-Cola Company as an advertising tool. Santa Claus had already taken this form in American popular culture by the late 19th century, long before Coca-Cola used his image in the 1930s.
  • The Chevrolet Nova sold well in Latin American markets; General Motors did not rename the car. While no va does mean "doesn't go" in Spanish, nova was easily understood to mean "new".
  • Netflix was not founded after its co-founder Reed Hastings was charged a $40 late fee by Blockbuster. Hastings made the story up to summarize Netflix's value proposition; Netflix's founders were actually inspired by Amazon.
  • PepsiCo in no real sense ever owned the "6th most powerful navy" in the world after a deal with the Soviet Union. In 1989, Pepsi acquired several decommissioned warships as part of a barter deal. The oil tankers were leased out or sold and the other ships sold for scrap. A follow-on deal involved another 10 ships.

Food and cooking

Seared tuna
  • Searing does not seal in moisture in meat; it causes it to lose some moisture. Meat is seared to brown it and to affect its color, flavor, and texture.
  • Braising meat does not add moisture; it causes it to lose some moisture. Moisture appears to be added when the gentle cooking breaks down connective tissue and collagen, which lubricates and tenderizes fibers.
  • Mussels and clams that do not open when cooked can still be fully cooked and safe to eat.
  • Twinkies, an American snack cake generally considered to be "junk food", have a shelf life of around 25 days, despite the common claim (usually facetious) that they remain edible for decades. The official shelf life is 45 days. Twinkies normally remain on a store shelf for 7 to 10 days.
  • Packaged foods, when properly stored, can safely be eaten past their "expiration" dates in the US. While some US states regulate expiration dates for some products, generally "use-by" and "best-by" dates are manufacturer suggestions for best quality.
  • Storing bread in the refrigerator makes it go stale faster than leaving it at room temperature. It does, however, slow mold growth.
Crystallized honey
  • Crystallized honey is not spoiled. The crystals are formed by low temperature crystallization, a high glucose level, and the presence of pollen. The crystallization can be reversed by gentle heating.
  • Seeds are not the spiciest part of chili peppers. In fact, seeds contain a low amount of capsaicin, one of several compounds which induce the hot sensation (pungency) in mammals. The highest concentration of capsaicin is located in the placental tissue (the pith) to which the seeds are attached.
  • Turkey meat is not particularly high in tryptophan, and does not cause more drowsiness than other foods. Drowsiness after large meals such as Christmas or Thanksgiving dinner generally comes from overeating.
  • Darker roasts of coffee do not always contain more caffeine than lighter roasts. When coffee is roasted, it expands and loses water. When the resultant coffee is ground and measured volumetrically, the denser lighter roasts have more coffee per cup, meaning they contain more caffeine.
  • Bourbon whiskey does not have to be distilled in Kentucky. Bourbon is also distilled in states such as New York, California, Wyoming and Washington, as the legal requirement is only that it be made in the US. However, Kentucky does produce the majority of bourbon.
  • Using mild soap on well-seasoned cast-iron cookware will not damage the seasoning. This is not because modern soaps are gentler than older soaps.
Kappa-maki contains cucumber and no seafood
  • Sushi does not mean raw seafood; some sushi, such as kappamaki, contains no seafood. The word refers to the vinegar-prepared rice the dish contains.
  • Allspice is not a mix of spices. It is a single spice, so called because it seems to combine the flavours and scents of many spices, especially cinnamon, nutmeg, cloves and black pepper.
  • Monosodium glutamate does not cause headaches and other feelings of discomfort, known as "Chinese restaurant syndrome". Although there are reports of MSG sensitivity among a subset of the population, this has not been demonstrated in placebo‐controlled trials.

Food and drink history

  • Steak tartare was not invented by Mongol warriors who tenderized horse meat under their saddles. It is likely named after the French tartar sauce, evolving from an early 20th century French dish where the sauce was served with steaks.
  • Marco Polo did not introduce pasta to Italy from China. The misconception originated as promotional material in the Macaroni Journal, a newsletter published by an association of American pasta makers.
  • Spices were not used in the Middle Ages to mask the flavor of rotten meat before refrigeration. Spices were an expensive luxury item; those who could afford them could afford good meat, and there are no contemporaneous documents calling for spices to disguise the taste of bad meat.
  • Catherine de' Medici's cooks did not introduce Italian foods and techniques to the French royal court, laying the foundations for the development of French haute cuisine.
  • Whipped cream was not invented by François Vatel in 1661 and later named at the Château de Chantilly where it was notably served; similar recipes are attested at least a century earlier in France and England.
  • Dom Pérignon did not invent champagne. Wine naturally starts to bubble after being pressed, and bubbles at the time were considered a flaw which Pérignon worked unsuccessfully to eliminate.
  • Potato chips were not invented by a frustrated George Speck in response to a customer, sometimes given as Cornelius Vanderbilt, complaining that his French fries were too thick and not salty enough. Recipes for potato chips were published as early as 1817. The misconception was popularized by a 1973 advertising campaign by the St. Regis Paper Company.
  • George Washington Carver was not the inventor of peanut butter. The first peanut butter related patent was filed by John Harvey Kellogg in 1895, and peanut butter was used by the Incas centuries prior to that. Carver did compile hundreds of uses for peanuts, in addition to uses for pecans, and sweet potatoes. An opinion piece by William F. Buckley Jr. may have been the source of the misconception.
Fortune cookies are rarely found in China
  • Fortune cookies are not found in Chinese cuisine, despite their presence in Chinese restaurants in the United States and other Western countries. They originated in Japan and were introduced to the US by the Japanese. In China, they are considered American, and are rare.
  • Julius Caesar did not invent Caesar salad. Its creator was Caesar Cardini, an Italian-American restauranteur, in Tijuana, Mexico, in 1924.
  • Hydrox is not a knock-off of Oreos. Hydrox, invented in 1908, predates Oreos by four years and was initially more popular than Oreos. The name "Hydrox" being said to sound like a laundry detergent contributed to its market decline.
  • The difference between the taste of "banana-flavored" candy and a real banana is not due to the former being specifically designed to replicate the taste of Gros Michel bananas, the cultivar that dominated the American banana market before the rise of Cavendish bananas. All banana cultivars derive their flavor from a complex mix of many compounds, while a single compound, isoamyl acetate, gives banana candy its flavor. Isoamyl acetate naturally occurs in bananas as well as many other fruits and fermented beverages. It is more concentrated in Gros Michel bananas than in Cavendish bananas, but its use in candy production was due to its simple production, not any specific resemblance to a banana's flavor.

Microwave ovens

A microwave oven, c. 2005
  • Microwave ovens are not tuned to any specific resonant frequency for water molecules in the food. They cook food via dielectric heating of polar molecules, notably water and fats.
  • Microwave ovens do not cook food from the inside out. 2.45 GHz microwaves can only penetrate approximately 1–1.5 inches (2+1⁄2–3+3⁄4 centimeters) into most foods. The inside portions of thicker foods are mainly heated by heat conducted from the outer layers.
  • The radiation produced by a microwave oven is non-ionizing, similar to visible light or radio waves. It therefore does not have the cancer risks associated with ionizing radiation such as X-rays and high-energy particles, nor does it render the food radioactive. All microwave radiation dissipates as heat. Long-term rodent studies to assess cancer risk have so far failed to identify any carcinogenicity from 2.45 GHz microwave radiation even with chronic exposure levels (i.e. large fraction of life span) far larger than humans are likely to encounter from any leaking ovens. The risk of injury from direct exposure to microwaves is not cumulative, but instead the result of a high-intensity exposure resulting in tissue burns, in much the same way that a high-intensity laser can burn.
  • Microwaving food does not significantly reduce its nutritive value more than other ways of heating and may preserve it better than other cooking processes due to shorter cooking times.

Film and television

Humphrey Bogart in Casablanca

Language

See also: List of common misconceptions about language learning
Chinese word for "crisis"
  • The Chinese word for "crisis" (危机) is not composed of the symbols for "danger" and "opportunity"; the first does represent danger, but the second instead means "inflection point" (the original meaning of the word "crisis"). The misconception was popularized mainly by campaign speeches by John F. Kennedy.
  • The word "gringo" did not originate during the Mexican–American War (1846–1848) as a corruption of "Green, go home!", in reference to the green uniforms of American troops. The word originally simply meant "foreigner", and is probably a corruption of the Spanish word griego for "Greek" (along the lines of the idiom "It's Greek to me").

English language

Main articles: List of common false etymologies and Common English usage misconceptions
"Xmas" and a modern Santa Claus on a Christmas postcard (1910)
  • Xmas did not originate as a secular plan to "take Christ out of Christmas". X represents the Greek letter chi, the first letter of Χριστός (Christós), "Christ" in Greek, as found in the chi-rho symbol (ΧΡ) since the 4th century. In English, "X" was first used as a scribal abbreviation for "Christ" in 1021.
  • The word crap did not originate as a back-formation of British plumber Thomas Crapper's apt surname. The word crap ultimately comes from Medieval Latin crappa.
  • The word fuck did not originate in the Middle Ages as an acronym. Proposed acronyms include "fornicating under consent of king" or "for unlawful carnal knowledge", used as a sign posted above adulterers in the stocks. Nor did it originate as a corruption of "pluck yew" (an idiom falsely attributed to the English for drawing a longbow). It is most likely derived from Middle Dutch or other Germanic languages, where it either meant "to thrust" or "to copulate with" (fokken in Middle Dutch), "to copulate", or "to strike, push, copulate" or "penis". Either way, these variations would have been derived from the Indo-European root word -peuk, meaning "to prick".
  • The expression "rule of thumb" did not originate from an English law allowing a man to beat his wife with a stick no thicker than his thumb, and there is no evidence that such a law ever existed. The expression originates from the late seventeenth century from various trades where quantities were measured by comparison to the width or length of a thumb.
  • The term "blue laws", denoting laws banning certain activities on specific days, did not originate from such laws being originally written on blue paper.
  • The word the was never pronounced or spelled "ye" in Old or Middle English. The confusion, seen in the common stock phrase "ye olde", derives from the use of the character thorn (þ), which in Middle English represented the sound now represented in Modern English by "th". This evolved as early printing presses substituted the word the with "yͤ", a "y" character with a superscript "e".
  • Chocolate does not derive from the Nahuatl word chocolatl; early texts documenting the Nahuatl word for chocolate drink use a different term, cacahuatl, meaning "cacao water".
  • The anti-Italian slur wop did not originate from an acronym for "without papers" or "without passport"; it is actually derived from the term guappo (roughly meaning thug), from the Spanish guapo.

Law, crime, and military

Violent crime rates in the United States declined between 1991 and 2022.
  • Crime rates are declining for most types of crime, beginning in the mid to late 1980s and early 1990s. In Europe, crime statistics show this is part of a broader pattern of crime decline since the late Middle Ages, with a reversal from the 1960s to the 1980s and 1990s, before the decline continued. In the United States, between 1993 and 2022, the rate of violent crime per 100,000 people fell by almost 50%, and the rate of property crime fell by more than half. The number of gun homicides also decreased.
  • Despite parents of many cultures having been regarded as having the right, if not duty, to physically punish misbehaving children to teach appropriate behavior such as by spanking, many studies consistently find that corporal punishment may have the opposite effect in the long run, decreasing long-term obedience, while increasing the chances of aggressive behavior, depression, anxiety, suicide, and physical abuse. (Some alternatives.)
  • Chewing gum is not punishable by caning in Singapore. Although importing and selling chewing gum has been illegal in Singapore since 1992, and corporal punishment is still an applicable penalty for certain offenses in the country, the two facts are unrelated; chewing gum-related offenses have always been only subject to fines and incarceration, and the possession or consumption of chewing gum itself is not illegal.
  • Employees of the international police organization Interpol cannot conduct investigations, arrest criminals or use fake passports. Interpol's role is facilitating international communication between law enforcement agencies of sovereign states.
  • No cases have been proven of strangers killing or permanently injuring children by intentionally hiding poisons or sharp objects such as razor blades in candy or apples during Halloween trick-or-treating and the belief has been "thoroughly debunked". However, in at least one case, adult family members have spread this story to cover up filicide.
  • There has never been a documented case of pet black cats being tortured or ritually sacrificed around Halloween. Where violent deaths of black cats have been documented around Halloween, the death has usually been ascribed to natural predators, such as coyotes, eagles, or raptors.
  • It is not necessary to wait 24 hours before filing a missing person report. When there is evidence of violence or of an unusual absence, it is important to start an investigation promptly. Criminology experts say the first 72 hours in a missing person investigation are the most critical.
  • Perry Mason moments, in which a person on trial for a crime is suddenly exonerated by newly introduced revelations, are exceptionally rare in real-life court proceedings, despite their ubiquity in legal drama. The vast majority of evidence is unveiled in pretrial discovery; should new revelations occur, a trial is usually stayed until both the prosecution and defense can review it.

United States

Immigrants had lower arrest rates than citizens in Texas, 2012–2018
  • Undocumented immigrants in the US have substantially lower crime rates than US-born citizens. Compared to undocumented immigrants, US-born citizens are more than twice as likely to be arrested for violent crimes, 2.5 times more likely to be arrested for drug crimes, and over 4 times more likely to be arrested for property crimes. Immigrants are 60% less likely to be incarcerated than US-born citizens.
  • The First Amendment to the United States Constitution generally prevents only government restrictions on the freedoms of religion, speech, press, assembly, or petition, not restrictions imposed by other entities unless they are acting on behalf of the government. Other laws may limit the ability of private businesses and individuals to restrict the speech of others.
  • In the United States, a defendant may not have their case dismissed simply because they were not read their Miranda rights at the time of their arrest. Miranda warnings cover the rights of a person when they are taken into custody and then interrogated by law enforcement. If a person is not given a Miranda warning before the interrogation is conducted, statements made by them during the interrogation may not be admissible in a trial. The prosecution may still present other forms of evidence, or statements made during interrogations where the defendant was read their Miranda rights, to get a conviction.
  • The United States does not require police officers to identify themselves as police in the case of a sting or other undercover work, and police officers may lie when engaged in such work. Claiming entrapment as a defense instead focuses on whether the defendant was improperly induced by undue pressure from government officials to commit crimes they would not have otherwise committed.
  • It is not illegal in the US to shout "fire" in a crowded theater. Although this is often given as an example of speech that is not protected by the First Amendment, it is not now nor has it ever been binding law. The phrase originates from Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.'s opinion in the United States Supreme Court case Schenck v. United States in 1919, which held that the defendant's speech in opposition to the draft during World War I was not protected free speech. However, that case was not about shouting "fire" and the decision was later overturned by Brandenburg v. Ohio in 1969.
  • The US Armed Forces have generally forbidden military enlistment as a form of deferred adjudication (that is, an option for convicts to avoid jail time) since the 1980s. US Navy protocols discourage the practice, while the other four branches have specific regulations against it.
  • Last meal requests do not have to be fulfilled. States have various restrictions on what can be requested, up to not permitting them at all.
  • Although popularly known as the "red telephone", the Moscow–Washington hotline was never a telephone line, nor were red phones used. The first implementation of the hotline used teletype equipment, which was replaced by facsimile (fax) machines in 1988. Since 2008, the hotline has been a secure computer link over which the two countries exchange email. Moreover, the hotline links the Kremlin to the Pentagon, not the White House.
  • Likewise, the nuclear football, the briefcase used by presidents to launch nuclear attacks, does not contain a large red button to launch an attack. Rather, its primary use is to confirm the president's identity, and to facilitate communication with the Pentagon.
  • Twinkies were not claimed to be the cause of San Francisco mayor George Moscone's and supervisor Harvey Milk's murders. In the trial of Dan White, the defense successfully argued White's diminished capacity as a result of depression. While eating Twinkies was cited as evidence of this depression, it was never claimed to be the cause of the murders.
  • Neither the Mafia nor other criminal organizations regularly use or have used cement shoes to drown their victims. There are only two documented cases of this method being used in murders: one in 1964 and one in 2016 (although, in the former, the victim had concrete blocks tied to his legs rather than being enclosed in cement). The French Army did use cement shoes on Algerians killed in death flights during the Algerian War.
  • Embalming is not legally required in the United States. The Federal Trade Commission passed a rule in 1984 forbidding making this claim, to prevent the funeral industry from promoting the misconception for financial gain.

Literature

Main article: Wikiquote:Misquotations

Fine arts

Classical sculptures were originally painted in colors.

Music

See also: Mondegreen § In songs

Classical music

Minute Waltz Pronunciation of minute in "Minute Waltz"
Problems playing this file? See media help.
  • The "Minute Waltz" takes, on average, two minutes to play as originally written. Its name comes from the adjective minute, meaning "small", and not the noun spelled the same.

Popular music

Religion

Buddhism

Statue of the Buddha (Siddhartha Gautama)Statue of Budai, often incorrectly referred to as the "Buddha"
  • The chubby, bald monk with lengthened ears who is often depicted laughing, known as the "fat Buddha" or "laughing Buddha" in the West, is not the actual Buddha, but a 10th-century Chinese Buddhist folk hero by the name of Budai. The historical Buddha, Siddhartha Gautama, who lived in the 5th century BC, is most often depicted in normal weight and concentrated in meditation.

Christianity

  • Jesus was most likely not born on December 25, when his birth is traditionally celebrated as Christmas. It is more likely that his birth was in either the season of spring or perhaps summer. Although the Common Era ostensibly counts the years since the birth of Jesus, it is unlikely that he was born in either AD 1 or 1 BC, as such a numbering system would imply. Modern historians estimate a date closer to between 6 BC and 4 BC.
  • The Bible does not say that exactly three magi came to visit the baby Jesus, nor that they were kings, or rode on camels, or that their names were Caspar, Melchior, and Balthazar, nor what color their skin was. Three magi are inferred because three gifts are described, but the Bible says only that there was more than one magus.
No evidence supports Mary Magdalene having been a prostitute.
  • The idea that Mary Magdalene was a prostitute before she met Jesus is not found in the Bible or in any of the other earliest Christian writings. It has been a disputed doctrine in several theological traditions whether Mary Magdalene, Mary of Bethany (who anoints Jesus' feet in John 11:1–12), and the unnamed "sinful woman" who anoints Jesus' feet in Luke 7:36–50 were the same woman.
  • Paul the Apostle's name was not changed from Saul. He was born a Jew, with Roman citizenship inherited from his father, and thus carried both a Hebrew and a Greco-Roman name from birth, as mentioned by Luke in Acts 13:9: "...Saul, who also is called Paul...".
  • The Roman Catholic dogma of the Immaculate Conception is unrelated to the Christian doctrine that Mary conceived and gave birth to Jesus while remaining a virgin. The Immaculate Conception is the belief that Mary was free of original sin from the moment of her own conception by her parents, Joachim and Anne. A less common mistake is to think that the Immaculate Conception means that Mary herself was conceived without sexual intercourse.
  • Roman Catholic dogma does not say that the pope is either sinless (as is commonly believed among non-Catholic Christians) or always infallible. Catholic dogma since 1870 does state that a divine revelation by the pope (generally called ex cathedra) is free from error, but it does not hold that he is always free from error, even when speaking in his official capacity.
  • Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) no longer practice polygamy. The Church excommunicates any members who practice polygamy within the organization. Some Mormon fundamentalist sects do practice polygamy.
  • The First Council of Nicaea did not establish the books of the Bible. The Old Testament had likely already been established by Hebrew scribes before Christ. The development of the New Testament canon was mostly completed in the third century before the Nicaea Council was convened in 325; it was finalized, along with the deuterocanon, at the Council of Rome in 382.
  • Constantine the Great did not make Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire. While he was the first Christian emperor and promoted religious tolerance with the Edict of Milan, Christianity was not declared the official religion of the Roman Empire until 380 AD, some 43 years after Constantine's death.
  • The Seven Deadly Sins are never listed in the Bible. The concept originated with Tertullian, and originally consisted of nine vices. This was later reduced to seven by Gregory I.

Islam

Afghan women wearing burqasTurkish women wearing niqābsTurkish women wearing hijabs
  • The burqa (also transliterated as burka or burkha) is often confused with other types of head-wear worn by Muslim women, particularly the niqāb and the hijab. A burqa covers the body, head, and face, with a mesh grille to see through. A niqab covers the hair and face, excluding the eyes. A hijab covers the hair and chest but not the face.
  • Not all Muslim women wear face or head coverings.
  • A fatwa is a generally non-binding legal opinion issued by an Islamic scholar under Islamic law; it is therefore commonplace for fatawa from different authors to disagree. The misconception that it is a death sentence stems from a decree issued by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini of Iran in 1989 where he said that the author Salman Rushdie had earned a death sentence for blasphemy. It is debated whether this was a fatwa.
  • The word jihad does not always mean 'holy war'; its literal meaning in Arabic is 'struggle'. While there is such a thing as jihad by the sword, jihad can be any spiritual or moral effort or struggle, such as seeking knowledge, putting others before oneself, and inviting others to Islam.
  • The Quran does not promise martyrs 72 virgins in heaven. It does mention that virgin female companions, houri, are given to all people, martyr or not, in heaven, but no number is specified. The source for the 72 virgins is a hadith in Sunan al-Tirmidhi by Imam Tirmidhi. Hadiths are sayings and acts of Muhammad as reported by others, not part of the Quran itself.

Judaism

The fruit in the Garden of Eden is not named in the Book of Genesis.

Sports

  • Artificial turf is not maintenance free. It requires regular maintenance, such as raking and patching, to keep it functional and safe.
  • The name golf is not an acronym for "Gentlemen Only, Ladies Forbidden". It may have come from the Dutch word kolf or kolve, meaning "club", or from the Scottish word goulf or gowf meaning "to strike or cuff".
  • Baseball was not invented by Abner Doubleday, nor did it originate in Cooperstown, New York. It is believed to have evolved from the bat-and-ball game rounders and first took its modern form in New York City.
A BJJ black belt with a red bar indicating first degree
  • The black belt in martial arts does not necessarily indicate expert level. It was introduced for judo in the 1880s to indicate competency at all of the basic techniques of the sport. Promotion beyond 1st dan (the first black belt rank) varies among different martial arts.
  • The use of triangular corner flags in English football is not a privilege reserved for those teams that have won an FA Cup in the past, as depicted in a scene in the film Twin Town. The Football Association's rules are silent on the subject, and the decision over what shape flag to use has been up to the individual club's groundskeepers.
  • India did not withdraw from the 1950 FIFA World Cup because their squad wanted to play barefoot. In reality, India withdrew because the country's managing body, the All India Football Federation (AIFF), was insufficiently prepared for the team's participation.

Video games

  • There is no definitive proof that violent video games cause people to become violent. Some studies have found no link between aggression and violent video games, and the popularity of gaming has coincided with a decrease in youth violence. The moral panic surrounding video games in the 1980s through to the 2020s, alongside several studies and incidents of violence and legislation in many countries, likely contributed to proliferating this idea.
  • The so-called "Nuclear Gandhi" glitch, in which peaceful leader Mahatma Gandhi would become unusually aggressive if democracy was adopted, did not exist in either the original Civilization game or Civilization II. The games' designer Sid Meier attributed the origins of the rumor to both a TV Tropes thread and a Know Your Meme entry, while Reddit and a Kotaku article helped popularize it. Gandhi's supposed behavior did appear in the 2010 Civilization V as a joke, and in 2016's VI as a reference to the legend.
  • The Japanese government did not pass a law banning Square Enix from releasing the Dragon Quest games on weekdays due to it causing too many schoolchildren to cut class. This rule is self-imposed by the developers themselves.
  • The release of Space Invaders in 1978 did not cause a shortage of ¥100 coins in Japan. An advertising campaign by Taito and an erroneous 1980 article in New Scientist are the sources of this claim.

History

Ancient

  • The Pyramids of Egypt were not constructed with slave labor. Archaeological evidence shows that the laborers were a combination of skilled workers and poor farmers working in the off-season with the participants paid in high-quality food and tax exemptions. The idea that slaves were used originated with Herodotus, and the idea that they were Israelites arose centuries after the pyramids were constructed.
  • Galleys in ancient times were not commonly operated by chained slaves or prisoners, as depicted in films such as Ben Hur, but by paid laborers or soldiers, with slaves used only in times of crisis, in some cases even gaining freedom after the crisis was averted. Ptolemaic Egypt was a possible exception. Other types of vessels, such as Roman merchant vessels, were manned by slaves, sometimes even with slaves as ship's master.
  • Tutankhamun's tomb is not inscribed with a curse on those who disturb it. This was a media invention of 20th-century tabloid journalists.
  • The Minoan civilization was not destroyed by the eruption of Thera and was not the inspiration for Plato's parable of Atlantis.
    The ancient Romans did not use the Roman salute depicted in The Oath of the Horatii (1784).
  • The ancient Greeks did not use the word "idiot" (Ancient Greek: ἰδιώτης, romanized: idiṓtēs) to disparage people who did not take part in civic life. An ἰδιώτης was simply a private citizen as opposed to a government official. The word also meant any sort of non-expert or layman, then later someone uneducated or ignorant, and much later to mean stupid or mentally deficient.
  • The so-called Roman salute, in which the arm is fully extended forwards or diagonally with palm down and fingers touching, was not used in ancient Rome. The gesture was first associated with ancient Rome in the 1784 painting The Oath of the Horatii by the French artist Jacques-Louis David, which inspired later salutes, most notably the Nazi salute.
A vomitorium in a Roman amphitheater
  • Wealthy Ancient Romans did not use rooms called vomitoria to purge food during meals so they could continue eating and vomiting was not a regular part of Roman dining customs. A vomitorium of an amphitheatre or stadium was a passageway allowing quick exit at the end of an event.
  • Scipio Aemilianus did not sow salt over the city of Carthage after defeating it in the Third Punic War.
  • Julius Caesar was not born via caesarean section. Such a procedure would have been fatal to the mother at the time, and Caesar's mother was still alive when he was 45 years old.

Middle Ages

See also: List of common misconceptions about the Middle Ages
  • The Middle Ages were not "a time of ignorance, barbarism and superstition"; the Church did not place religious authority over personal experience and rational activity; and the term "Dark Ages" is rejected by modern historians.
  • While modern life expectancies are much higher than those in the Middle Ages and earlier, adults in the Middle Ages did not die in their 30s on average. That was the life expectancy at birth, which was skewed by high infant and adolescent mortality. The life expectancy among adults was much higher; a 21-year-old man in medieval England, for example, could expect to live to the age of 64. However, in various places and eras, life expectancy was noticeably lower. For example, monks often died in their 20s or 30s.
  • There is no evidence that Viking warriors wore horns on their helmets; this would have been impractical in battle.
  • Vikings did not drink out of the skulls of vanquished enemies. This was based on a mistranslation of the skaldic poetic use of ór bjúgviðum hausa (branches of skulls) to refer to drinking horns.
  • Vikings did not name Iceland "Iceland" as a ploy to discourage oversettlement. According to the Sagas of Icelanders, Hrafna-Flóki Vilgerðarson saw icebergs on the island when he traveled there, and named the island after them. Popular legend holds that Greenland was named in the hopes of attracting settlers.
  • In the tale of King Canute and the tide, the king did not command the tide to reverse in a fit of delusional arrogance. According to the story, his intent was to prove a point that no man is all-powerful, and that all people must bend to forces beyond their control, such as the tides.
  • There is no evidence that iron maidens were used for torture, or even yet invented, in the Middle Ages. Instead they were pieced together in the 18th century from several artifacts found in museums, arsenals and the like to create spectacular objects intended for commercial exhibition.
  • Spiral staircases in castles were not designed in a clockwise direction to hinder right-handed attackers. While clockwise spiral staircases are more common in castles than anti-clockwise, they were even more common in medieval structures without a military role, such as religious buildings.
  • The plate armor of European soldiers did not stop soldiers from moving around or necessitate a crane to get them into a saddle. They needed to be able to fight on foot in case they could not ride their horse and could mount and dismount without help. However, armor used in tournaments in the late Middle Ages was significantly heavier than that used in warfare.
  • Whether chastity belts, devices designed to prevent women from having sexual intercourse, were invented in medieval times is disputed by modern historians. Most existing chastity belts are now thought to be deliberate fakes from the 19th century.
Medieval depiction of a spherical Earth

Early modern

Further information: Black legend
  • The Mexica people of the Aztec Empire did not mistake Hernán Cortés and his landing party for gods during Cortés' conquest of the empire. This notion came from Francisco López de Gómara, who never went to Mexico and concocted the myth while working for the retired Cortés in Spain years after the conquest.
  • The elite of the Dutch Golden Age wore black clothes primarily as a status symbol rather than out of Puritan self-restraint. The clothes attracted status from the difficulty of the dyeing process and the cost of elaborate embellishments.
  • The early settlers (commonly known as Pilgrims) of the Plymouth Colony in North America usually did not wear all black, and their capotains (hats) did not include buckles. Instead, their fashion was based on that of the late Elizabethan era. The traditional image was formed in the 19th century when buckles were a kind of emblem of quaintness. (The Puritans, who settled in the adjacent Massachusetts Bay Colony shortly after the Pilgrims arrived in Plymouth, did frequently wear all black.)
  • Shah Jahan, the Indian Mughal Emperor who commissioned the Taj Mahal, did not cut off the hands of the rumored 40,000 workers or lead designers so as to not allow the construction of another monument more beautiful than the Taj Mahal. This is an urban myth that goes back to the 1960s.
  • The story that Isaac Newton was inspired to research the nature of gravity when an apple fell on his head is almost certainly apocryphal. All Newton himself ever said was that the idea came to him as he sat "in a contemplative mood" and "was occasioned by the fall of an apple".
  • People accused of witchcraft were not burned at the stake during the Salem witch trials. Of the accused, nineteen people convicted of witchcraft were executed by hanging, at least five died in prison, and one man was pressed to death by stones while trying to extract a confession from him.
Portrait of Marie Antoinette
The phrase "let them eat cake" is misattributed to Marie Antoinette.
  • Marie Antoinette did not say "let them eat cake" when she heard that the French peasantry were starving due to a shortage of bread. The phrase was first published in Rousseau's Confessions, written when Marie Antoinette was only nine years old and not attributed to her, just to "a great princess". It was first attributed to her in 1843.
  • George Washington did not have wooden teeth. His dentures were made of lead, gold, hippopotamus ivory, the teeth of various animals, including horse and donkey teeth, and human teeth, possibly bought from slaves or poor people. Because ivory teeth quickly became stained, they may have had the appearance of wood to observers.
George Washington's dentures
  • The signing of the United States Declaration of Independence did not occur on July 4, 1776. After the Second Continental Congress voted to declare independence on July 2, the final language of the document was approved on July 4, and it was printed and distributed on July 4–5. However, the actual signing occurred on August 2, 1776.
  • Benjamin Franklin did not propose that the wild turkey be used as the symbol for the United States instead of the bald eagle. While he did serve on a commission that tried to design a seal after the Declaration of Independence, his proposal was an image of Moses. His objections to the eagle as a national symbol and preference for the turkey were stated in a 1784 letter to his daughter in response to the Society of the Cincinnati's use of the former; he never expressed that sentiment publicly.
  • There was never a bill to make German the official language of the United States that was defeated by one vote in the House of Representatives, nor has one been proposed at the state level. In 1794, a petition from a group of German immigrants was put aside on a procedural vote of 42 to 41, that would have had the government publish some laws in German. This was the basis of the Muhlenberg legend, named after the Speaker of the House at the time, Frederick Muhlenberg, who was of German descent and abstained from this vote.

Modern

Napoleon was not especially short.
  • Napoleon Bonaparte was not especially short for a Frenchman of his time. He was the height of an average French male in 1800, but short for an aristocrat or officer. After his death in 1821, the French emperor's height was recorded as 5 feet 2 inches in French feet, which in English measurements is 5 feet 7 inches (1.70 m).
  • The nose of the Great Sphinx of Giza was not shot off by Napoleon's troops during the French campaign in Egypt (1798–1801); it has been missing since at least the 10th century.
  • Cinco de Mayo is not Mexico's Independence Day, but the celebration of the Mexican Army's victory over the French in the Battle of Puebla on May 5, 1862. Mexico's Declaration of Independence from Spain in 1810 is celebrated on September 16.
  • Victorian-era doctors did not invent the vibrator to cure female "hysteria" by triggering orgasm.
Albert Einstein, photographed at 14, did not fail mathematics at school.
  • Albert Einstein did not fail mathematics classes in school. Einstein remarked, "I never failed in mathematics.... Before I was fifteen I had mastered differential and integral calculus." Einstein did, however, fail his first entrance exam into the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School (ETH) in 1895, when he was two years younger than his fellow students, but scored exceedingly well in the mathematics and science sections, and then passed on his second attempt.
  • Alfred Nobel did not omit mathematics in the Nobel Prize due to a rivalry with mathematician Gösta Mittag-Leffler, as there is little evidence the two ever met, nor was it because Nobel's spouse had an affair with a mathematician, as Nobel was never married. The more likely explanation is that Nobel believed mathematics was too theoretical to benefit humankind, as well as his personal lack of interest in the field. (See also: Nobel Prize controversies)
  • Grigori Rasputin was not assassinated by being fed cyanide-laced cakes and wine, shot multiple times, and then thrown into the Little Nevka river when he survived the former two. A contemporary autopsy reported that he was just killed with gunshots. A sensationalized account from the memoirs of co-conspirator Prince Felix Yusupov is the only source of this story.
  • The Italian dictator Benito Mussolini did not "make the trains run on time". Much of the repair work had been performed before he and the Fascist Party came to power in 1922. Moreover, the Italian railways' supposed adherence to timetables was more propaganda than reality.
  • There is no evidence of Polish cavalry mounting a brave but futile charge against German tanks using lances and sabers during the German invasion of Poland in 1939. This story may have originated from German propaganda efforts following the charge at Krojanty.
  • The Nazis did not use the term "Nazi" to refer to themselves. The full name of the Nazi Party was Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (National Socialist German Workers' Party), and members referred to themselves as Nationalsozialisten (National Socialists) or Parteigenossen (party comrades). The term "Nazi" was in use prior to the rise of the Nazis as a colloquial and derogatory word for a backwards farmer or peasant. Opponents of the National Socialists abbreviated their name as "Nazi" for derogatory effect and the term was popularized by German exiles outside of Germany.
  • During the occupation of Denmark by the Nazis during World War II, King Christian X of Denmark did not thwart Nazi attempts to identify Jews by wearing a yellow star himself. Jews in Denmark were never forced to wear the Star of David. The Danish resistance did help most Jews flee the country before the end of the war.
  • Not all skinheads are white supremacists; many skinheads identify as left-wing or apolitical, and many oppose racism, such as the Skinheads Against Racial Prejudice. Originating from the 1960s British working class, many of its initial adherents were black and West Indian; it became associated with white supremacy in the 1970s as a result of far-right groups like the National Front recruiting from the subculture for grassroot support.

United States

The flag that Betsy Ross purportedly designed
  • Betsy Ross did not design or make the first official U.S. flag, despite it being widely known as the Betsy Ross flag. The claim was first made by her grandson a century later.
The Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery in the United States nationwide, not the Emancipation Proclamation (red areas only).
  • Abraham Lincoln did not write his Gettysburg Address speech on the back of an envelope on his train ride to Gettysburg. The speech was substantially complete before Lincoln left Washington for Gettysburg.
  • The Emancipation Proclamation did not free all slaves in the United States; the Proclamation applied in the ten states that were still in rebellion in 1863, and thus did not cover the nearly five hundred thousand slaves in the slaveholding border states that had not seceded. (See also: Abolition of slavery timeline)
  • Likewise, the June 19, 1865 order celebrated annually as "Juneteenth" only applied in Texas, not the United States at large. The Thirteenth Amendment, ratified and proclaimed in December 1865, was the article that banned slavery nationwide except as punishment for a crime.
  • The Alaska Purchase was generally viewed as positive or neutral in the United States, both among the public and the press. The opponents of the purchase who characterized it as "Seward's Folly", alluding to William H. Seward, the Secretary of State who negotiated it, represented a minority opinion at the time.
  • Cowboy hats were not initially popular in the Western American frontier, with derby or bowler hats being the typical headgear of choice. Heavy marketing of the Stetson "Boss of the Plains" model in the years following the American Civil War was the primary driving force behind the cowboy hat's popularity, with its characteristic dented top not becoming standard until near the end of the 19th century.
  • The Great Chicago Fire of 1871 was not caused by Mrs. O'Leary's cow kicking over a lantern. A newspaper reporter later admitted to having invented the story to make colorful copy.
  • There is no evidence that Frederic Remington, on assignment to Cuba in 1897, telegraphed William Randolph Hearst: "There will be no war. I wish to return," nor that Hearst responded: "Please remain. You furnish the pictures, and I'll furnish the war". The anecdote was originally included in a book by James Creelman and probably never happened.
  • The electrocution of Topsy the Elephant was not an anti-alternating current demonstration organized by Thomas A. Edison during the war of the currents. Edison was never at Luna Park, and the electrocution of Topsy took place ten years after the war of currents. This myth may stem from the fact that the recording of the event was produced by the Edison film company.
  • Mary Mallon, known as "Typhoid Mary", testified at her 1909 trial that she did not believe she was contagious while an asymptomatic carrier of the bacteria Salmonella typhi. She later infected many others, while using fake names and evading health authorities.
  • Immigrants' last names were not Americanized (voluntarily, mistakenly, or otherwise) upon arrival at Ellis Island. Officials there kept no records other than checking ship manifests created at the point of origin, and there was simply no paperwork that would have let them recast surnames, let alone any law. At the time in New York, anyone could change the spelling of their name simply by using that new spelling. These names are often referred to as an "Ellis Island Special".
  • Prohibition did not make drinking alcohol illegal in the United States. The Eighteenth Amendment and the subsequent Volstead Act prohibited the production, sale, and transport of "intoxicating liquors" within the United States, but their possession and consumption were never outlawed.
  • Distraught stockbrokers did not jump to their deaths in large numbers after the Wall Street Crash of 1929. Although extensively reported by the news media, the phenomenon was limited in number and the overall suicide rate following the 1929 crash did not increase.
  • There was no widespread outbreak of panic across the United States in response to Orson Welles' 1938 radio adaptation of H.G. Wells' The War of the Worlds. Only a very small share of the radio audience was listening to it, but newspapers, being eager to discredit radio as a competitor for advertising, played up isolated reports of incidents and increased emergency calls. Both Welles and CBS, which had initially reacted apologetically, later came to realize that the myth benefited them and actively embraced it in later years.
  • American pilot Kenneth Arnold did not coin the term flying saucer; he did not use that phrase when describing his 1947 UFO sighting at Mount Rainier, Washington. The East Oregonian, the first newspaper to report on the incident, merely quoted him as saying the objects "flew like a saucer" and were "flat like a pie pan".
  • U.S. Senator George Smathers never gave a speech to a less-educated audience describing his opponent, Claude Pepper, as an "extrovert" whose sister was a "thespian", in the apparent hope they would confuse them with similar-sounding words like "pervert" and "lesbian". Smathers offered US$10,000 to anyone who could prove he had made the speech; it was never claimed.
  • Dwight D. Eisenhower did not order the construction of the Interstate Highway System for the sole purpose of evacuating cities in the event of nuclear warfare. While military motivations were present, the primary motivations were civilian.
  • Rosa Parks was not sitting in the front ("white") section of the bus during the event that made her famous and incited the Montgomery bus boycott. Rather, she was sitting in the front of the back ("colored") section of the bus, where African Americans were expected to sit, and rejected an order from the driver to vacate her seat in favor of a white passenger when the "white" section of the bus had become full.
  • The African-American intellectual and activist W. E. B. Du Bois did not renounce his U.S. citizenship while living in Ghana shortly before his death. In early 1963, his membership in the Communist Party and support for the Soviet Union led the U.S. State Department to refuse to renew his passport while he was already in Ghana. After leaving the embassy, he stated his intention to renounce his citizenship in protest, but while he took Ghanaian citizenship, he never actually renounced his American citizenship.
  • US President John F. Kennedy's words "Ich bin ein Berliner" are standard German for "I am a Berliner (citizen of Berlin)." It is not true that by using the indefinite article ein, he changed the meaning of the sentence from the intended "I am a citizen of Berlin" to "I am a Berliner", a Berliner being a type of German pastry, similar to a jelly doughnut, amusing Germans. Furthermore, the pastry, which is known by many names in Germany, was not then — nor is it now — commonly called "Berliner" in the Berlin area.
  • When Kitty Genovese was murdered outside her apartment in 1964, there were not 38 neighbors standing idly by and watching who failed to call the police until after she was dead, as was initially reported to widespread public outrage that persisted for years and even became the basis of a theory in social psychology. In fact, witnesses only heard brief portions of the attack and did not realize what was occurring, and only six or seven actually saw anything. One witness, who had called the police, said when interviewed by officers at the scene, "I didn't want to get involved", an attitude later attributed to all the neighbors.
The Wendell O. Pruitt Homes and William Igoe Apartments complex
  • While it was praised by one architectural magazine before it was built as "the best high apartment of the year", the Pruitt–Igoe housing project in St. Louis, Missouri never won any awards for its design. The architectural firm that designed the buildings did win an award for an earlier St. Louis project, which may have been confused with Pruitt–Igoe.
  • There is little contemporary documentary evidence for the notion that US Vietnam veterans were spat upon by anti-war protesters upon return to the United States. This belief was detailed in some biographical accounts and was later popularized by films such as Rambo.
  • Women did not burn their bras outside the Miss America contest in 1969 as a protest in support of women's liberation. They did symbolically throw bras in a trash can, along with other articles seen as emblematic of women's position in American society such as mops, make-up, and high-heeled shoes. The myth of bra burning came when a journalist hypothetically suggested that women may do so in the future, as men of the era burned their draft cards.
  • The American space program in the 1960s never had a wide base of public support and didn't unify America. Belief that the Apollo program was worth the time and money invested peaked at 51% for a few months after the 1969 Apollo 11 moon landing, and otherwise had fluctuated between 35-45% support.
  • Despite popularizing the phrase "drinking the Kool-Aid", Kool-Aid was not used for the potassium cyanide-fruit punch mix ingested as part of the Jonestown massacre. A similar product, Flavor-Aid, was used.

Science, technology, and mathematics

See also: Scientific misconceptions, Superseded theories in science, and List of topics characterized as pseudoscience

Astronomy and spaceflight

The dark side of the Moon illuminated by the Sun.
  • The dark (far) side of the Moon receives about the same amount of light from the Sun as the near side. It is called "dark" not because it never receives light but because it had never been seen until humans sent spacecraft around the Moon, since the same side of the Moon always faces the Earth due to tidal locking.
  • Black holes have the same gravitational effects as any other equal mass in their place. They will draw objects nearby towards them, just as any other celestial body does, except at very close distances to the black hole, comparable to its Schwarzschild radius. If, for example, the Sun were replaced by a black hole of equal mass, the orbits of the planets would be essentially unaffected. A stellar mass black hole can pull in a substantial inflow of surrounding matter, but only if the star from which it formed was already doing so.
The Earth's equator does not line up with the plane of the Earth's orbit, so for half of the year the Northern Hemisphere is tilted more towards the Sun and for the other half the Northern Hemisphere is tilted more away, causing seasonal temperature variation.
A satellite image of a section of the Great Wall of China, running diagonally from lower left to upper right (not to be confused with the much more prominent river running from upper left to lower right).
  • The Great Wall of China is not the only human-made object visible from space or from the Moon. None of the Apollo astronauts reported seeing any specific human-made object from the Moon, and even Earth-orbiting astronauts can see it only with magnification. City lights, however, are easily visible on the night side of Earth from orbit.
  • The Big Bang model does not fully explain the origin of the universe. It does not describe how energy, time, and space were caused, but rather it describes the emergence of the present universe from an ultra-dense and high-temperature initial state.

Biology

See also: Common misunderstandings of genetics

Mammals

The color of a red cape does not enrage a bull.
  • Bulls are not enraged by the color red, used in capes by professional bullfighters. Cattle are dichromats, so red does not stand out as a bright color. It is not the color of the cape, but the perceived threat by the bullfighter that incites it to charge.
  • Domestic cats' behavioral and personality traits cannot be predicted from their coat color. Rather, these traits depend on a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors.
  • Not all cats are attracted and intoxicated by catnip, which only affects about two thirds of them. Alternatives exist, such as valerian root and leaves.
  • Lemmings do not engage in mass suicidal dives off cliffs when migrating. The scenes of lemming suicides in the 1958 Disney documentary film White Wilderness, which popularized this idea, were completely fabricated. The lemmings in the film were actually purchased from Inuit children, transported to the filming location in Canada and repeatedly shoved off a nearby cliff by the filmmakers to create the illusion of a mass suicide. The misconception itself is much older, dating back to at least the late 19th century, though its exact origins are uncertain.
  • Dogs do not consistently age seven times as quickly as humans. Aging in dogs varies widely depending on the breed; certain breeds, such as giant dog breeds and English bulldogs, have much shorter lifespans than average. Most dogs reach adolescence by one year old; smaller and medium-sized breeds begin to age more slowly in adulthood.
  • The phases of the Moon have no effect on the vocalizations of wolves, and wolves do not howl at the Moon. Wolves howl to assemble the pack usually before and after hunts, to pass on an alarm particularly at a den site, to locate each other during a storm, while crossing unfamiliar territory, and to communicate across great distances.
  • There is no such thing as an "alpha" in a wolf pack. An early study that coined the term "alpha wolf" had only observed unrelated adult wolves living in captivity. In the wild, wolf packs operate like families: parents are in charge until the young grow up and start their own families, and younger wolves do not overthrow an "alpha" to become the new leader.
  • Bats are not blind. While about 70% of bat species, mainly in the microbat family, use echolocation to navigate, all bat species have eyes and are capable of sight. In addition, almost all bats in the megabat or fruit bat family cannot echolocate and have excellent night vision.
  • Tomato juice and sauce are ineffective at neutralizing the odor of a skunk. Effective treatments for skunk odor involve artificial compounds rather than household remedies.
  • Porcupines do not shoot their quills. They can detach, and porcupines will deliberately back into attackers to impale them, but their quills do not project.
  • Mice do not have a special appetite for cheese, and will eat it only for lack of better options; they actually favor sweet, sugary foods. The myth may have come from the fact that before the advent of refrigeration, cheese was usually stored outside and was therefore an easy food for mice to reach.
  • The hippopotamus does not produce pink milk, nor does it sweat blood. The skin secretions of the hippopotamus are red due to the presence of hipposudoric acid, a red pigment which acts as a natural sunscreen, and is neither sweat nor blood. It does not affect the color of their milk, which is white or beige.
  • Rabbits are not especially partial to carrots. Their diet in the wild primarily consists of dark green vegetables such as grasses and clovers, and excessive carrot consumption is unhealthy for them due to containing high levels of sugar. This misconception originated from Bugs Bunny cartoons, whose carrot-chomping habit was meant as a reference to the character played by Clark Gable in It Happened One Night.

Birds

  • A human touching or handling eggs or baby birds will not cause the adult birds to abandon them. The same is generally true for other animals having their young touched by humans as well, with the possible exception of rabbits (as rabbits will sometimes abandon their nest after an event they perceive as traumatizing).
  • Eating rice, yeast, or Alka-Seltzer does not cause birds to explode and is rarely fatal. Birds can flatulate and regurgitate to expel gas, and some birds even include wild rice as part of their diet. The misconception has often led to weddings using millet, confetti, or other materials to shower the newlyweds as they leave the ceremony, instead of the throwing of rice that is traditional in some places.
Bald eagle call A recording of a bald eagle at Yellowstone National Park
Red-tailed hawk call A recording of a red tailed hawk
  • The bold, powerful cry commonly associated with the bald eagle in popular culture is actually that of a red-tailed hawk. Bald eagle vocalizations are much softer and chirpier, and bear far more resemblance to the calls of gulls.
  • Ostriches do not stick their heads in the sand to hide from enemies or to sleep. This misconception's origins are uncertain but it was probably popularized by Pliny the Elder (23–79 CE), who wrote that ostriches "imagine, when they have thrust their head and neck into a bush, that the whole of their body is concealed".
  • A duck's quack actually does echo, although the echo may be difficult to hear for humans under some circumstances. Despite this, a British panel show compiling interesting facts has been given the name Duck Quacks Don't Echo.
  • 60 common starlings were released in 1890 into New York's Central Park by Eugene Schieffelin, but there is no evidence that he was trying to introduce every bird species mentioned in the works of William Shakespeare into North America. This claim has been traced to an essay in 1948 by naturalist Edwin Way Teale, whose notes appear to indicate that it was speculation.

Other vertebrates

  • Contrary to the allegorical story about the boiling frog, frogs die immediately when cast into boiling water, rather than leaping out; furthermore, frogs will attempt to escape cold water that is slowly heated past their critical thermal maximum.
  • The memory span of goldfish is much longer than just a few seconds. It is up to a few months long.
  • Sharks can get cancer. The misconception that sharks do not get cancer was spread by the 1992 book Sharks Don't Get Cancer, which was used to sell extracts of shark cartilage as cancer prevention treatments. Reports of carcinomas in sharks exist, and current data does not support any conclusions about the incidence of tumors in sharks.
  • Great white sharks do not mistake human divers for seals or other pinnipeds. When attacking pinnipeds, the shark surfaces quickly and attacks violently. In contrast, attacks on humans are slower and less violent: the shark charges at a normal pace, bites, and swims off. Great white sharks have efficient eyesight and color vision; the bite is not predatory, but rather for identification of an unfamiliar object.
  • Snake jaws cannot unhinge. The posterior end of the lower jaw bones contains a quadrate bone, allowing jaw extension. The anterior tips of the lower jaw bones are joined by a flexible ligament allowing them to bow outwards, increasing the mouth gape.
  • The Pacific tree frog and the Baja California chorus frog are some of the only frog species that make a "ribbit" sound. The misconception that all frogs, or at least all those found in North America, make this sound comes from its extensive use in Hollywood films.
  • There is no credible evidence that the candiru, a South American parasitic catfish, can swim up a human urethra if one urinates in the water in which it lives. The sole documented case of such an incident, written in 1997, has been heavily criticized upon peer review, and this phenomenon is now largely considered a myth.
  • Pacus, South American fish related to piranhas, do not attack or feed on human testicles. This myth originated from a misinterpreted joke in a 2013 report of a pacu being found in Øresund, the strait between Sweden and Denmark, which claimed that the fish ate "nuts".
  • Piranhas do not eat only meat but are omnivorous, and they only swim in schools to defend themselves from predators and not to attack. They very rarely attack humans, only when under stress and feeling threatened, and even then, bites typically only occur on hands and feet.
  • The skin of a chameleon is not adapted solely for camouflage purposes, nor can a chameleon change its skin color to match any background. Chameleons usually change color for social signaling, based on their mood, and for heat regulation. The use in social signaling may be to display bright colors for only brief periods of time to avoid increased visibility to predators.

Invertebrates

  • Not all earthworms become two worms when cut in half. Only a limited number of earthworm species are capable of anterior regeneration.
  • Houseflies have an average lifespan of 20 to 30 days, not 24 hours. However, members of one species of mayfly have an adult lifespan of as little as 5 minutes.
  • The daddy longlegs spider (Pholcidae) is not the most venomous spider in the world. Their fangs are capable of piercing human skin, but the tiny amount of venom they carry causes only a mild burning sensation for a few seconds. Other species such as harvestmen and crane flies are also called daddy longlegs, and share the misconception of being highly venomous but unable to pierce the skin of humans.
  • People do not swallow large numbers of spiders during sleep. A sleeping person makes noises that warn spiders of danger. Most people also wake up from sleep when they have a spider on their face.
A female Chinese mantis simultaneously copulating with and cannibalizing her mate; this does not occur every time mantises mate.
Aerodynamic theory does not predict that bumblebees should be incapable of flight.
  • It is not true that aerodynamic theory predicts that bumblebees should not be able to fly; the physics of insect flight is quite well understood. The misconception appears to come from a calculation based on a fixed-wing aircraft mentioned in a 1934 book, and was further popularized in the 2007 film Bee Movie.
  • While certainly critical to the pollination of many plant species, European honey bees are not essential to human food production, despite claims that without their pollination, humanity would starve or die out "within four years". In fact, the most essential staple food crops on the planet, like wheat, maize, rice, soybeans and sorghum are wind pollinated or self pollinating, and only slightly over 10% of the total human diet of plant crops is dependent upon insect pollination.
  • Bees do not always die if they use their sting. This only happens for a very small minority of species, which includes the honey bee, when they sting mammals, as they have thick skin. They are able to survive when they sting other insects.
  • Earwigs are not known to purposely climb into external ear canals, though there have been anecdotal reports of earwigs being found in the ear. The name may be a reference to the appearance of their hindwings, which are unique and distinctive among insects, and resemble a human ear when unfolded.
  • Ticks do not jump or fall from trees onto their hosts. Instead, they lie in wait to grasp and climb onto any passing host or otherwise trace down hosts via, for example, olfactory stimuli, the host's body heat, or carbon dioxide in the host's breath.
  • Though they are often called "white ants", termites are not ants, nor are they closely related to ants. Termites are actually highly derived cockroaches.
  • Cockroaches would not be the only organisms capable of surviving in an environment contaminated with nuclear fallout. While cockroaches have a much higher radiation resistance than vertebrates, they are not immune to radiation poisoning, nor are they exceptionally radiation-resistant compared to other insects.
  • Applying urine to jellyfish stings as urine therapy does not relieve pain; indeed, it may make the pain worse. The best immediate treatment for jellyfish stings is to rinse them in salt water.

Plants

  • Carnivorous plants can survive without food. Catching insects, however, supports their growth.
  • Poinsettias are not highly toxic to humans or cats. While it is true that they are mildly irritating to the skin or stomach, and may sometimes cause diarrhea and vomiting if eaten, they rarely cause serious medical problems.
Sunflowers with the Sun behind them
  • Sunflowers do not always point to the Sun. Flowering sunflowers face a fixed direction (often east) all day long, but do not necessarily face the Sun. However, in an earlier developmental stage, before the appearance of flower heads, the immature buds do track the Sun (a phenomenon called heliotropism). Mature flowers face east.
  • Mushrooms, molds, and other fungi are not plants, despite similarities in their morphology and lifestyle. The historical classification of fungi as plants is defunct, and although they are still commonly included in botany curricula and textbooks, modern molecular evidence shows that fungi are more closely related to animals than to plants.

Evolution and paleontology

Further information: Introduction to evolution and Objections to evolution
  • The word theory in "the theory of evolution" does not imply scientific doubt regarding its validity; the concepts of theory and hypothesis have specific meanings in a scientific context. While theory in colloquial usage may denote a hunch or conjecture, a scientific theory is a set of principles that explains an observable phenomenon in natural terms. "Scientific fact and theory are not categorically separable", and evolution is a theory in the same sense as germ theory or the theory of gravitation.
  • The theory of evolution does not attempt to explain the origin of life or the origin and development of the universe. The theory of evolution deals primarily with changes in successive generations over time after life has already originated. The scientific model concerned with the origin of the first organisms from organic or inorganic molecules is known as abiogenesis, and the prevailing theory for explaining the early development of the universe is the Big Bang model.
  • Evolution is not a progression from inferior to superior organisms, and it also does not necessarily result in an increase in complexity. Evolution through natural selection only causes organisms to become more fit for their environment. A population can evolve to become simpler or to have a smaller genome, and atavistic ancestral genetic traits can reappear after having been lost through evolutionary change in previous generations. Biological devolution or de-evolution is a misnomer, not only because it implies that organisms can only evolve backward or forward, but also because it implies that evolution may cause organisms to evolve in the "wrong" direction.
  • The phrase "survival of the fittest" refers to biological fitness, not physical fitness. Biological fitness is the quantitative measure of individual reproductive success, e.g. the tendency of lineages containing individuals that produce more offspring in a particular environment to persist and thrive in that environment. Further, while the related concepts of "survival of the fittest" and "natural selection" are often used interchangeably, they are not the same: natural selection is not the only form of selection that determines biological fitness (see sexual selection, fecundity selection, viability selection, and artificial selection).
  • Evolution does not "plan" to improve an organism's fitness to survive. This misconception is encouraged as it is common shorthand for biologists to speak of a purpose as a concise form of expression (sometimes called the "metaphor of purpose"); it is less cumbersome to say "Dinosaurs may have evolved feathers for courtship" than "Feathers may have been selected for when they arose as they gave dinosaurs a selective advantage during courtship over their non-feathered rivals". However, this can result in many students explaining evolution as an intentional and purposeful process.
  • Mutations are not entirely random, nor do they occur at the same frequency everywhere in the genome. Certain regions of an organism's genome will be more or less likely to undergo mutation depending on the presence of DNA repair mechanisms and other mutation biases. For instance, in a study on Arabidopsis thaliana, biologically important regions of the plant's genome were found to be protected from mutations, and beneficial mutations were found to be more likely, i.e. mutation was "non-random in a way that benefits the plant".
  • Although the word dinosaur can be used pejoratively to describe something that is becoming obsolete due to failing to adapt to changing conditions, non-avian dinosaurs themselves did not go extinct due to an inability to adapt to environmental change as was initially theorized. Moreover, not all dinosaurs are extinct (see below).
  • Birds are theropod dinosaurs, and consequently dinosaurs are not extinct. The word dinosaur is commonly used to refer only to non-avian dinosaurs, reflecting an outdated conception of the ancestry of avian dinosaurs, the birds. The evolutionary origin of birds was an open question in paleontology for over a century, but the modern scientific consensus is that birds evolved from small feathered theropods in the Jurassic. Not all dinosaur lineages were cut short at the end of the Cretaceous during the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, and over 11,000 species of avian theropods survive as part of the modern fauna.
An ichthyosaur and plesiosaur by Édouard Riou, 1863. This old representation of a plesiosaur lifting its head is not accurate.
Dimetrodon, the iconic sail-backed synapsid, was not a dinosaur, nor did it live at the same time as the dinosaurs.
  • Dimetrodon is often mistakenly called a dinosaur or considered to be a contemporary of dinosaurs in popular culture, but it became extinct some 40 million years before the first appearance of dinosaurs. Being a synapsid, Dimetrodon is actually more closely related to mammals than to dinosaurs, birds, lizards, or other diapsids.
  • Humans and avian dinosaurs currently coexist, but humans and non-avian dinosaurs did not coexist at any point. The last of the non-avian dinosaurs died 66 million years ago in the course of the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, whereas the earliest members of the genus Homo (humans) evolved between 2.3 and 2.4 million years ago. This places a 63-million-year expanse of time between the last non-avian dinosaurs and the earliest humans. Humans did coexist with woolly mammoths and saber-toothed cats: extinct mammals often erroneously depicted alongside non-avian dinosaurs.
  • Fossil fuels do not originate from dinosaur fossils. Petroleum is formed when algae and zooplankton die and sink in anoxic conditions to be buried on the ocean floor without being decomposed by aerobic bacteria, and only a tiny amount of the world's deposits of coal contain dinosaur fossils; the vast majority of coal is fossilized plant matter.
  • Mammals did not evolve from any modern group of reptiles; rather, mammals descend from a Reptiliomorph, "reptile-like," ancestor. The term reptile is problematic, since its conventional usage unnaturally excludes birds and mammals, and the modern consensus is that the reptiles are not a natural group. After the first fully terrestrial tetrapods evolved, one of their lineages split into the synapsids (the line leading to mammals) and the diapsids (the line leading to crocodiles, birds and other dinosaurs, tuatara, lizards, and snakes). The synapsids and the diapsids diverged about 320 million years ago, in the mid-Carboniferous period. Only later, in the Triassic, did the modern diapsid groups (the lepidosaurs and the archosaurs) emerge and diversify. The mammals themselves are the only survivors of the synapsid line.
Aegyptopithecus, a prehistoric monkey predating the split between apes and other Old World monkeys and the division of Old and New World monkeys, making it more closely related to humans than to New World monkeys.

Chemistry and materials science

  • Himalayan salt does not have lower levels of sodium than conventional table salt.
  • Glass does not flow at room temperature as a high-viscosity liquid. Although glass shares some molecular properties with liquids, it is a solid at room temperature and only begins to flow at hundreds of degrees above room temperature. Old glass which is thicker at the bottom than at the top comes from the production process, not from slow flow; no such distortion is observed in other glass objects of similar or even greater age.
  • Diamonds are not formed from highly compressed coal. Almost all commercially mined diamonds were formed in the conditions of extreme heat and pressure about 150 kilometers (93 mi) below the earth's surface. Coal is formed from prehistoric plants buried much closer to the surface, and is unlikely to migrate below 3.2 kilometers (2.0 mi) through geological processes. Most diamonds that have been dated are older than the first land plants, and are therefore older than coal. Diamonds used in industrial processes are almost always lab-created diamonds.
  • Neither "tin" foil nor "tin" cans still use tin as a primary material. Aluminum foil has replaced tin foil in almost all uses since the 20th century; tin cans now primarily use steel or aluminum as their main metal.
  • There is no special compound added to the water in swimming pools that will reveal the presence of urine and catch those who urinate in the pool.
  • Although the core of a wooden pencil is commonly referred to as "lead", wooden pencils do not contain the chemical element lead, nor have they ever contained it; "black lead" was formerly a name of graphite, which is commonly used for pencil leads.

Computing and the Internet

  • The macOS and Linux operating systems are not immune to malware such as trojan horses or computer viruses. Specialized malware designed to attack those systems does exist. However, the vast majority of viruses are developed for Microsoft Windows.
  • The deep web is not primarily full of pornography, illegal drug trade websites, and stolen bank details. This information is primarily found in a small portion of the deep web known as the "dark web". Much of the deep web consists of academic libraries, databases, and anything that is not indexed by normal search engines, including most private email accounts and direct messages.
  • Private browsing (such as Chrome's "Incognito Mode") does not protect users from being tracked by websites, governments, or one's internet service provider (ISP), nor does it hide one's information when using devices or networks owned or maintained by one's employer, school, or other entity, such as a coffee shop. Such entities can still use information such as IP addresses and user accounts to uniquely identify users. Private browsing also does not provide additional protection against viruses or malware.
  • Submerging a phone in rice after it has suffered from water damage has not been shown to be effective in repairing it. Even if submerging them in a desiccant were more effective than leaving them to dry in open air, common desiccants such as silica gel or cat litter are better than rice.
  • Mobile phones do not create considerable electromagnetic interference when used in hospitals.

Economics

Total population living in extreme poverty, by world region 1987 to 2015
  • The total number of people living in extreme absolute poverty globally, by the widely used metric of $1.00/day (in 1990 U.S. dollars) has decreased over the last several decades, but most people surveyed in several countries incorrectly think it has increased or stayed the same. However, this depends on the poverty line calculation used. For instance, if the metric used is instead one that prioritizes meeting a standard life expectancy that no longer significantly rises with additional consumption enabled by income, the number of individuals in poverty has risen by nearly 1 billion.
  • Human population growth is decreasing and the world population is expected to peak and then begin falling during the 21st century. Improvements in agricultural productivity and technology are expected to be able to meet anticipated increased demand for resources, making a global human overpopulation scenario unlikely.
  • For any given production set, there is not a set amount of labor input (a "lump of labor") to produce that output. This fallacy is commonly seen in Luddite and later, related movements as an argument either that automation causes permanent, structural unemployment, or that labor-limiting regulation can decrease unemployment. In fact, changes in capital allocation, efficiency, and economies of learning can change the amount of labor input for a given set of production.
  • Income is not a direct factor in determining credit score in the United States. Rather, credit score is affected by the amount of unused available credit, which is in turn affected by income. Income is also considered when evaluating creditworthiness more generally.
  • The US public vastly overestimates the amount spent on foreign aid.
  • In the US, an increase in gross income will never reduce a taxpayer's post-tax earnings (net income) by putting them in a higher tax bracket. Tax brackets specify marginal tax rates: only income earned in the higher tax bracket is taxed at the higher rate. An increase in gross income can reduce net income in a welfare cliff, however, when benefits are withdrawn when passing a certain income threshold. Prevalence of the misconception varies by political party affiliation.
  • Constructing new housing decreases the cost of rent and the price of homes in both the immediate neighborhood and in the city as a whole. In real estate economics, "supply skepticism" leads many Americans to misunderstand the effect of increasing the supply of housing on housing costs. The misconception is unique to the housing market.
  • Businesses do not get a tax benefit by collecting charitable donations from their customers. Corporation taxes are based on profit; the customer's donation would not change the amount of profit and therefore the tax payable. A business would need to donate its own money to receive a tax break.
  • There is a near-unanimous consensus among economists that import tariffs have a net-negative effect on economic growth and welfare, and harm consumers through higher prices by more than they benefit domestic producers and governments. Additionally, import tariffs are taxes paid to the government by importers, not by exporting countries or manufacturers as is claimed by some, including Donald Trump.

Earth and environmental sciences

See also: Tornado myths
Global surface temperature reconstruction over the last 2000 years using proxy data from tree rings, corals, and ice cores in blue. Directly observed data is in red.
Ozone depletion is not a cause of global warming.
Cooling towers from a nuclear power plant. The white clouds are harmless water vapor from the cooling process.
  • Cooling towers in power stations and other facilities do not emit smoke or harmful fumes; they emit water vapor and do not contribute to climate change.
  • Nuclear power is one of the safest sources of energy, resulting in orders of magnitude fewer deaths than conventional power sources per unit of energy produced. Extremely few people are killed or injured due to nuclear power on a yearly basis. (See also: Radiophobia)
  • Earthquake strength (or magnitude) is not commonly measured using the Richter scale. Although the Richter scale was used historically to measure earthquake magnitude (although, notably, not earthquake damage), it was found in the 1970s that it does not reliably represent the magnitude of large earthquakes. It has therefore been largely replaced by the moment magnitude scale, although very small earthquakes are still sometimes measured using the Richter scale. Nevertheless, earthquake magnitude is still widely misattributed to the Richter scale.
    Death rates from air pollution and accidents related to energy production, measured in deaths per terawatt hours (TWh) (left). Carbon emissions measured in tons per gigawatt hour (GWh) (right).
  • Lightning can, and often does, strike the same place twice. Lightning in a thunderstorm is more likely to strike objects and spots that are more prominent or conductive. For instance, lightning strikes the Empire State Building in New York City on average 23 times per year.
  • Heat lightning does not exist as a distinct phenomenon. What is mistaken for "heat lightning" is usually ordinary lightning from storms too distant to hear the associated thunder.
  • The Yellowstone Caldera is not overdue for a supervolcano eruption. There is also no evidence that it will erupt in the near future. In fact, data indicates there will not be an eruption in the coming centuries. The most likely eruption would be hydrothermal rather than volcanic. A caldera-forming volcanic eruption (and subsequent impacts on global weather patterns and agricultural production) is the least likely scenario and has an extremely low likelihood.
  • The Earth's interior is not molten rock. This misconception may originate from a misunderstanding based on the fact that the Earth's mantle convects, and the incorrect assumption that only liquids and gases can convect. In fact, a solid with a large Rayleigh number can also convect, given enough time, which is what occurs in the solid mantle due to the very large thermal gradient across it. There are small pockets of molten rock in the upper mantle, but these make up a tiny fraction of the mantle's volume. The Earth's outer core is liquid, but it is liquid metal, not rock.
  • The Amazon rainforest does not provide 20% of Earth's oxygen. This is a misinterpretation of a 2010 study which found that approximately 34% of photosynthesis by terrestrial plants occurs in tropical rainforests (so the Amazon rainforest would account for approximately half of this). Due to respiration by the resident organisms, all ecosystems (including the Amazon rainforest) have a net output of oxygen of approximately zero. The oxygen currently present in the atmosphere was accumulated over billions of years.

Geography

See also: Mercator projection § Examples of size distortion
The Cape of Good Hope and Cape Agulhas, the southernmost point of Africa
  • The Cape of Good Hope is not the southern tip of Africa, which is actually Cape Agulhas, about 150 kilometres (90 mi) to the east-southeast.
  • The majority of the Sahara consists of rocks, rather than sand.
  • Rivers do not predominantly flow from north to south. Rivers flow downhill in all compass directions, often changing direction along their course. Many major rivers flow northward, including the Nile, the Yenisey, the Ob, the Rhine, the Lena, and the Orinoco.

Human body and health

See also: Urban legends about drugs and Common misconceptions about birth control
Leaving electric fans on while asleep is not dangerous.
  • Eating burnt food – which contains acrylamide – does not increase the risk of getting cancer.
  • Cancer cannot be treated by reducing sugar and carbohydrate intake to "starve" tumours.
  • It is not just heavy metals which can be toxic; other metals (for example beryllium and lithium) can be toxic too.
  • Sleeping in a closed room with an electric fan running does not result in "fan death", as is widely believed in South Korea among older people. As of 2019 this belief was in decline.
  • Nocturia (waking up at night to urinate) is equally prevalent in women and men, although it is more common among both men and women over 50.
  • Waking up a sleepwalker does not harm them. Sleepwalkers may be confused or disoriented for a short time after awakening, but the health risks associated with sleepwalking are from injury or insomnia, not from being awakened.
  • Seizures cannot cause a person to swallow their own tongue, and it is dangerous to attempt to place a foreign object into a convulsing person's mouth. Instead it is recommended to gently lay a convulsing person on their side to minimize the risk of asphyxiation.
  • Drowning is often inconspicuous to onlookers. In most cases, the instinctive drowning response prevents the victim from waving or yelling (known as "aquatic distress"), which are therefore not dependable signs of trouble; indeed, most drowning victims undergoing the response do not show prior evidence of distress.
  • Herbal medicines are not necessarily safe and side-effect free; such medicines can have adverse effects.
  • Human blood in veins is not actually blue. Blood is red due to the presence of hemoglobin; deoxygenated blood (in veins) has a deep red color, and oxygenated blood (in arteries) has a light cherry-red color. Veins below the skin can appear blue or green due to subsurface scattering of light through the skin, and aspects of human color perception. Many medical diagrams also use blue to show veins, and red to show arteries, which contributes to this misconception.
  • Exposure to a vacuum, or experiencing all but the most extreme uncontrolled decompression, does not cause the body to explode or internal fluids to boil (although the fluids in the mouth and lungs will indeed boil at altitudes above the Armstrong limit); rather, it will lead to a loss of consciousness once the body has depleted the supply of oxygen in the blood, followed by death from hypoxia within minutes.
  • Exercise-induced delayed onset muscle soreness is not caused by lactic acid build-up. Muscular lactic acid levels return to normal levels within an hour after exercise; delayed onset muscle soreness is thought to be due to microtrauma from unaccustomed or strenuous exercise.
  • Stretching before or after exercise does not reduce delayed onset muscle soreness.
  • Urine is not sterile, not even in the bladder. This misconception may derive from urine bacterial screening tests, which return "negative" when bacteria levels are low, but nonzero.
  • Sudden immersion into freezing water does not typically cause death by hypothermia, but rather from the cold shock response, which can cause cardiac arrest, heart attack, or hyperventilation leading to drowning.
  • Cremated remains are not ashes in the usual sense. After the incineration is completed, the dry bone fragments are swept out of the retort and pulverized by a machine called a cremulator (essentially a high-capacity, high-speed blender) to process them into "ashes" or "cremated remains".
  • The lung's alveoli are not tiny balloons that expand and contract under positive pressure following the Young–Laplace equation, as is taught in some physiology and medical textbooks. The tissue structure is more like a sponge with polygonal spaces that unfold and fold under negative pressure from the chest wall.
  • Half of body heat is not lost through the head, and covering the head is no more effective at preventing heat loss than covering any other portion of the body. Heat is lost from the body in proportion to the amount of exposed skin. The head accounts for around 7–9% of the body's surface, and studies have shown that having one's head submerged in cold water only causes a person to lose 10% more heat overall.
  • Adrenochrome is not harvested from living people and has no use as a recreational drug. Hunter S. Thompson conceived a fictional drug of the same name in his book Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas, apparently as a metaphor and unaware that a real substance by that name existed; it is Thompson's fictional adrenochrome, and not the real chemical compound, that is the source of numerous conspiracy theories revolving around human trafficking to harvest the fictional drug.
  • Men and women have the same number of ribs: 24, or 12 pairs. The erroneous idea that women have one more rib than men may stem from the biblical creation story of Adam and Eve.
  • The use of cotton swabs (aka cotton buds or Q-Tips) in the ear canal has no associated medical benefits and poses definite medical risks.
  • The idea that a precise number of stages of grief exist is not supported in peer-reviewed research or objective clinical observation, let alone the five stages of grief model.
  • 98.6 °F (37.0 °C) is not the normal or average temperature of the human body. That figure comes from an 1860 study, but modern research shows that the average internal temperature is 36.4 °C (97.5 °F), with small fluctuations.
  • The cells in the human body are not outnumbered 10 to 1 by microorganisms. The 10 to 1 ratio was an estimate made in 1972; current estimates put the ratio at either 3 to 1 or 1.3 to 1.
  • The total length of capillaries in the human body is not 100,000 km. That figure comes from a 1929 book by August Krogh, who used an unrealistically large model person and an inaccurately high density of capillaries. The true number is believed to be between 9,000 and 19,000 km.

Disease and preventive healthcare

See also: Misconceptions about HIV and AIDS and COVID-19 misinformation
  • Tuberculosis is not purely a disease of the lungs that has symptoms of coughing. It may instead infect a wide range of other organs in the body.
  • Cancer cannot be treated by restricting food intake and so supposedly "starving" tumors. Rather, the health of people with cancer is best served by maintaining a healthy diet.
  • The common cold and the common flu are caused by viruses, not exposure to cold temperatures. However, low temperatures may somewhat weaken the immune system, and someone already infected with a cold or influenza virus but showing no symptoms can become symptomatic after they are exposed to low temperatures. Viruses are more likely to spread during the winter for a variety of reasons such as dry air, less air circulation in homes, people spending more time indoors, and lower vitamin D levels in humans.
  • Antibiotics will not cure a cold; they treat bacterial diseases and are ineffectual against viruses. However, they are sometimes prescribed to prevent or treat secondary infections.
  • There is little to no evidence that any illnesses are curable through essential oils or aromatherapy, and fish oil has not been shown to cure dementia.
  • In those with the common cold, the color of the sputum or nasal secretion may vary from clear to yellow to green and does not indicate the class of agent causing the infection. The color of the sputum is determined by immune cells fighting an infection in the nasal area.
  • Vitamin C does not prevent or treat the common cold, although it may have a protective effect during intense cold-weather exercise. If taken daily, it may slightly reduce the duration and severity of colds, but it has no effect if taken after the cold starts.
The bumps on a toad are not warts and cannot cause warts on humans.
  • Humans cannot catch warts from toads or other animals; the bumps on a toad are not warts. Warts on human skin are caused by human papillomavirus, which is only known to affect humans.
  • Cracking one's knuckles does not cause osteoarthritis.
  • In people with eczema, bathing does not dry the skin as long as a moisturizer is applied soon after. If moisturizer is not applied after bathing, then the evaporation of water from the skin can result in dryness.
  • There have never been any programs in the US that provide access to dialysis machines in exchange for pull tabs on beverage cans. This rumor has existed since at least the 1970s, and usually cites the National Kidney Foundation as the organization offering the program. The Foundation itself has denied the rumor, noting that dialysis machines are primarily funded by Medicare.
  • High dietary protein intake is not associated with kidney disease in healthy people. While significantly increased protein intake in the short-term is associated with changes in renal function, there is no evidence to suggest this effect persists in the long-term and results in kidney damage or disease.
  • Rhinoceros horn in powdered form is not used as an aphrodisiac in traditional Chinese medicine as Cornu Rhinoceri Asiatici (犀角, xījiǎo, "rhinoceros horn"). It is prescribed for fevers and convulsions, a treatment not supported by evidence-based medicine.
  • Leprosy is not auto-degenerative as commonly supposed, meaning that it will not (on its own) cause body parts to be damaged or fall off. Leprosy causes rashes to form and may degrade cartilage and, if untreated, inflame tissue. In addition, leprosy is only mildly contagious, partly because 95% of those infected with the mycobacteria that causes leprosy do not develop the disease. Tzaraath, a Biblical disease that disfigures the skin, is often identified as leprosy, and may be the source of many myths about the disease.
  • Rust does not cause tetanus infection. The Clostridium tetani bacterium is generally found in dirty environments. Since the same conditions that harbor tetanus bacteria also promote rusting of metal, many people associate rust with tetanus. C. tetani requires anoxic conditions to reproduce and these are found in the permeable layers of rust that form on oxygen-absorbing, unprotected ironwork.
  • Quarantine has never been a standard procedure for those with severe combined immunodeficiency, despite the condition's popular nickname ("bubble boy syndrome") and its portrayal in films. A bone marrow transplant in the earliest months of life is the standard course of treatment. The exceptional case of David Vetter, who lived much of his life encased in a sterile environment because he would not receive a transplant until age 12, was an inspiration for the "bubble boy" trope.
  • Statements in medication package inserts listing the frequency of side effects describe how often the effect occurs after taking a drug, but are not making any assertion that there is a causal connection between taking the drug and the occurrence of the side effect. In other words, what is being reported on is correlation, not necessarily causation.
  • There is no peer-reviewed scientific evidence that crystal healing has any effect beyond acting as a placebo.
  • There is a scientific consensus that currently available food derived from genetically modified crops poses no greater risk to human health than conventional food.
  • Reading in dim light causes eye strain rather than permanent damage to the eye.
  • Color blindness cannot be significantly alleviated by glasses or lenses. While there are lenses marketed towards the colorblind, their efficacy is doubted by professionals, and they do not enable wearers to see new colors.
  • A fever from infection does not cause brain damage by itself. The myth has been linked to the association between fevers and typically non-serious febrile seizures.

Nutrition, food, and drink

  • Diet has little influence on the body's detoxification, and there is no evidence that detoxification diets rid the body of toxins. Toxins are metabolized and removed from the bloodstream by the liver and kidneys, and they are primarily removed from the body in urine and bile (excreted with the feces).
  • Drinking milk or consuming other dairy products does not increase mucus production. As a result, they do not need to be avoided by those with the flu or cold congestion. However, milk and saliva in one's mouth mix to create a thick liquid that can briefly coat the mouth and throat. The sensation that lingers may be mistaken for increased phlegm.
  • Drinking eight glasses (2–3 liters) of water a day is not needed to maintain health. The amount of water needed varies by person, weight, diet, activity level, clothing, and the ambient heat and humidity. Water does not actually need to be drunk in pure form, and can be derived from liquids such as juices, tea, milk, soups, etc., and from foods including fruits and vegetables.
  • Drinking coffee and other caffeinated beverages does not cause dehydration for regular drinkers, although it can for occasional drinkers.
  • Eating disorders do not exclusively affect women: women are merely more likely than men to suffer from eating disorders.
  • Neither spicy food nor coffee has a significant effect on the development of peptic ulcers.
  • Sugar does not cause hyperactivity in children. Double-blind trials have shown no difference in behavior between children given sugar-full or sugar-free diets, even in studies specifically looking at children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or those considered sensitive to sugar. A 2019 meta-analysis found no positive effect of sugar consumption on mood but did find an association with lower alertness and increased fatigue within an hour of consumption, known as a sugar crash.
    • Sugar can however lead to jump in blood sugar levels, causing temporary hyperactivity even if it does not cause clinical hyperactivity.
  • Eating nuts, popcorn, or seeds does not increase the risk of diverticulitis. These foods may actually have a protective effect.
  • Eating less than an hour before swimming does not significantly increase the risk of experiencing muscle cramps, and does not increase the risk of drowning. One study shows a correlation between alcohol consumption and drowning, but not between eating and stomach cramps.
  • Vegan and vegetarian diets can provide enough protein for adequate nutrition. In fact, typical protein intakes of ovo-lacto vegetarians meet or exceed requirements. The American Dietetic Association maintains that appropriately planned vegetarian diets are healthful. However, a vegan diet does require supplementation of vitamin B12, and vitamin B12 deficiency occurs in up to 80% of vegans that do not supplement their diet. Consuming no animal products increases the risk of deficiencies of vitamins B12 and D, calcium, iron, omega-3 fatty acids, and sometimes iodine. Vegans are also at risk of low bone mineral density without supplementation for the aforementioned nutrients.
  • Swallowed chewing gum does not take seven years to digest. Chewing gum is mostly indigestible, and passes through the digestive system at the same rate as other matter.
  • Monosodium glutamate (MSG) might not cause headaches or other symptoms of so-called Chinese restaurant syndrome in the general population. Many studies that found a biological effect were done on rats or other lab animals, or used unusually large doses of MSG, and these can't necessarily be extrapolated to humans. There is also little evidence it impacts body weight.
  • The beta carotene in carrots does not enhance night vision beyond normal levels for people receiving an adequate amount, only in those with a deficiency of vitamin A. The belief that it does may have originated from World War II British disinformation meant to explain the Royal Air Force's improved success in night battles, which was actually due to radar and the use of red lights on instrument panels.
  • Spinach is not a particularly good source of dietary iron. While it does contain more iron than many vegetables such as asparagus, Swiss chard, kale, or arugula, it contains only about one-third to one-fifth of the iron in lima beans, chickpeas, apricots, or wheat germ. Additionally, the non-heme iron found in spinach and other vegetables is not as readily absorbed as the heme iron found in meats and fish.
  • Most cases of obesity are not related to slower resting metabolism. Resting metabolic rate does not vary much between people. Overweight people tend to underestimate the amount of food they eat, and underweight people tend to overestimate. In fact, overweight people tend to have faster metabolic rates due to the increased energy required by the larger body.
  • Eating normal amounts of soy does not cause hormonal imbalance.
Alcoholic beverages
  • Alcoholic beverages do not make the entire body warmer. Alcoholic drinks create the sensation of warmth because they cause blood vessels to dilate and stimulate nerve endings near the surface of the skin with an influx of warm blood. This can actually result in making the core body temperature lower, as it allows for easier heat exchange with a cold external environment.
  • Alcohol does not necessarily kill brain cells. Alcohol can, however, lead indirectly to the death of brain cells in two ways. First, in chronic, heavy alcohol users whose brains have adapted to the effects of alcohol, abrupt ceasing following heavy use can cause excitotoxicity leading to cellular death in multiple areas of the brain. Second, in alcoholics who get most of their daily calories from alcohol, a deficiency of thiamine can produce Korsakoff's syndrome, which is associated with serious brain damage.
  • The order in which different types of alcoholic beverages are consumed ("Grape or grain but never the twain" and "Beer before liquor never sicker; liquor before beer in the clear") does not affect intoxication or create adverse side effects.
  • Authentic absinthe has no hallucinogenic properties, and is no more dangerous than any other alcoholic beverage of equivalent proof. This misconception stems from late-19th- and early-20th-century distillers who produced cheap knockoff versions of absinthe, which used copper salts to recreate the distinct green color of true absinthe, and some also reportedly adulterated cheap absinthe with poisonous antimony trichloride, reputed to enhance the louche effect.

Sexuality and reproduction

  • Older adults are not necessarily sexually inactive nor have they lost interest in sex; although the frequency of sexual activity tends to decline with age, older adults are still sexually active. One survey in England of people aged 60–69 recorded 86% of men and 60% of women as sexually active.
  • "Double bagging", the practice of using two condoms at once, is not an extra-effective method of birth control; instead such use is more likely to cause condom breakage due to friction between the condoms.
  • It is not possible to get pregnant from semen released in a commercial swimming pool without penetration. The sperm cells would be quickly killed by the chlorinated water and would not survive long enough to reach the vagina.
  • An examination of the hymen is not an accurate or reliable indicator that a woman or girl has had penetrative sex, because the tearing of the hymen may have been the result of some other event, and some women are born without one. Virginity tests, such as the "two-finger" test, are widely considered to be unscientific.
  • Hand size and foot size do not correlate with human penis size, but finger length ratio may.
  • While pregnancies from sex between first cousins do carry a slightly elevated risk of birth defects, this risk is often exaggerated. The risk is 5–6% (similar to that of a woman in her early 40s giving birth), compared with a baseline risk of 3–4%. The effects of inbreeding depression, while still relatively small compared to other factors (and thus difficult to control for in a scientific experiment), become more noticeable if isolated and maintained for several generations.
  • Having sex before a sporting event or contest is not physiologically detrimental to performance. In fact it has been suggested that sex prior to sports activity can elevate male testosterone levels, which could potentially enhance performance for male athletes.
  • The heightened sensitivity some women experience at the G-spot is not due to it being a distinct anatomical structure, but rather because pressure in that area may stimulate other internal structures, notably the Skene's gland. Many sexologists take issue with the term, concerned that women who "fail to find their G-spot" may feel abnormal.
  • Closeted or latent homosexuality is not correlated with internalized homophobia. A 1996 study claiming a connection in men has not been verified by subsequent studies, including a 2013 study that found no correlation.
  • The menstrual cycles of women who live together do not tend to synchronize. A 1971 study made this claim, but subsequent research has not supported it.

Skin and hair

  • Water-induced wrinkles are not caused by the skin absorbing water and swelling. They are caused by the autonomic nervous system, which triggers localized vasoconstriction in response to wet skin, yielding a wrinkled appearance.
  • A person's hair and fingernails do not continue to grow after death. Rather, the skin dries and shrinks away from the bases of hairs and nails, giving the appearance of growth.
  • Shaving does not cause terminal hair to grow back thicker or darker. This belief is thought to be due to the fact that hair that has never been cut has a tapered end, so after cutting, the base of the hair is blunt and appears thicker and feels coarser. That short hairs are less flexible than longer hairs contributes to this effect.
  • MC1R, the gene mostly responsible for red hair, is not becoming extinct, nor will the gene for blond hair do so, although both are recessive alleles. Redheads and blonds may become rarer but will not die out unless everyone who carries those alleles dies without passing their hair color genes on to their children.
  • Acne is not caused by a lack of hygiene or eating fatty foods, though certain medication or a carbohydrate-rich diet may worsen it.
  • Dandruff is not caused by poor hygiene, though infrequent hair-washing can make it more obvious. The exact causes of dandruff are uncertain, but they are believed to be mostly genetic and environmental factors.

Inventions

  • James Watt did not invent the steam engine, nor were his ideas on steam engine power inspired by a kettle lid pressured open by steam. Watt improved upon the already commercially successful Newcomen atmospheric engine (invented in 1712) in the 1760s and 1770s, making certain improvements critical to its future usage, particularly the external condenser, increasing its efficiency, and later the mechanism for transforming reciprocating motion into rotary motion; his new steam engine later gained huge fame as a result.
  • Although the guillotine was named after the French physician Joseph-Ignace Guillotin, he neither invented nor was executed with this device. He died peacefully in his own bed in 1814. Rather, it was Guillotin's speech favouring beheadings over other forms of execution that led to the device being referred to as "La machine Guillotine" and later simply guillotine.
  • Thomas Crapper did not invent the flush toilet. A forerunner of the modern toilet was invented by the Elizabethan courtier Sir John Harington in the 16th century, and in 1775 the Scottish mechanic Alexander Cumming developed and patented a design for a toilet with an S-trap and flushing mechanism. Crapper, however, did much to increase the popularity of the flush toilet and introduced several innovations in the late 19th century, holding nine patents, including one for the floating ballcock.
A 230-volt incandescent light bulb.
  • Thomas Edison did not invent the light bulb. The team of inventors Edison employed at his laboratories in Menlo Park, New Jersey did, however, develop the first practical light bulb in 1880 (employing a carbonized bamboo filament), shortly prior to Joseph Swan, who invented an even more efficient bulb in 1881 (which used a cellulose filament).
  • Henry Ford did not invent either the automobile or the assembly line. He did improve the assembly line process substantially, sometimes through his own engineering but more often through sponsoring the work of his employees, and he was the main person behind the introduction of the Model T, regarded as the first affordable automobile. Karl Benz (co-founder of Mercedes-Benz) is credited with the invention of the first modern automobile, and the assembly line has existed throughout history.
  • Al Gore never said that he had "invented" the Internet. What Gore actually said was, "During my service in the United States Congress, I took the initiative in creating the Internet", in reference to his political work towards developing the Internet for widespread public use. Gore was the original drafter of the High Performance Computing and Communication Act of 1991, which provided significant funding for supercomputing centers, and this in turn led to upgrades of a major part of the already-existing early 1990s Internet backbone, the NSFNet, and development of NCSA Mosaic, the browser that popularized the World Wide Web. (See also: Al Gore and information technology)

Mathematics

See also: All horses are the same color and Mathematical fallacy
Marble bust of a man with a long, pointed beard, wearing a taenia, a kind of ancient Greek head covering in this case resembling a turban. The face is somewhat gaunt and has prominent, but thin, eyebrows, which seem halfway fixed into a scowl. The ends of his mustache are long a trail halfway down the length of his beard to about where the bottom of his chin would be if we could see it. None of the hair on his head is visible, since it is completely covered by the taenia.
Classical historians dispute whether Pythagoras made any mathematical discoveries.
  • The Greek philosopher Pythagoras was not the first to discover the equation expressed in the Pythagorean theorem, as it was known and used by the Babylonians and Indians centuries before him. Pythagoras may have been the first to introduce it to the Greeks, but the first record of it being mathematically proven as a theorem is in Euclid's Elements which was published some 200 years after Pythagoras.
  • There is no evidence that the ancient Greeks deliberately designed the Parthenon to match the golden ratio. The Parthenon was completed in 438 BCE, more than a century before the first recorded mention of the ratio by Euclid. Similarly, Leonardo da Vinci's Vitruvian Man makes no mention of the golden ratio in its text, although it describes many other proportions.
  • The repeating decimal commonly written as 0.999... represents exactly the same quantity as the number one. Despite having the appearance of representing a smaller number, 0.999... is a symbol for the number 1 in exactly the same way that 0.333... is an equivalent notation for the number represented by the fraction 1⁄3.
  • The p-value is not the probability that the null hypothesis is true, or the probability that the alternative hypothesis is false; it is the probability of obtaining results at least as extreme as the results actually observed under the assumption that the null hypothesis was correct, which can indicate the incompatibility of results with the specific statistical model assumed in the null hypothesis. This misconception, and similar ones like it, contributes to the common misuse of p-values in education and research.
  • If one were to flip a fair coin five times and get heads each time, it would not be any more likely for a sixth flip to come up tails. Phrased another way, after a long and/or unlikely streak of independently random events, the probability of the next event is not influenced by the preceding events. Humans often feel that the underrepresented outcome is more likely, as if it is due to happen. Such thinking may be attributed to the mistaken belief that gambling, or even chance itself, is a fair process that can correct itself in the event of streaks.

Physics

The incorrect equal-transit-time explanation of aerofoil lift
  • The lift force is not generated by the air taking the same time to travel above and below an aircraft's wing. This misconception, sometimes called the equal transit-time fallacy, is widespread among textbooks and non-technical reference books, and even appears in pilot training materials. In fact, the air moving over the top of an aerofoil generating lift is always moving much faster than the equal transit theory would imply, as described in the incorrect and correct explanations of lift force.
  • Blowing over a curved piece of paper does not demonstrate Bernoulli's principle. Although a common classroom experiment is often explained this way, Bernoulli's principle only applies within a flow field, and the air above and below the paper is in different flow fields. The paper rises because the air follows the curve of the paper and a curved streamline will develop pressure differences perpendicular to the airflow.
  • The Coriolis effect does not cause water to consistently drain from basins in a clockwise/counter-clockwise direction depending on the hemisphere. The common myth often refers to the draining action of flush toilets and bathtubs. In fact, rotation is determined by whatever minor rotation is initially present at the time the water starts to drain, as the magnitude of the coriolis acceleration is negligibly small compared to the inertial acceleration of flow within a typical basin.
  • Neither gyroscopic forces nor geometric trail are required for a rider to balance a bicycle or for it to demonstrate self-stability. Although gyroscopic forces and trail can be contributing factors, it has been demonstrated that those factors are neither required nor sufficient by themselves.
  • A penny dropped from the Empire State Building would not kill a person or crack the sidewalk. A penny is too light and has too much air resistance to acquire enough speed to do much damage since it reaches terminal velocity after falling about 15 metres (50 ft). Heavier or more aerodynamic objects could cause significant damage if dropped from that height.
  • Using a programmable thermostat's setback feature to limit heating or cooling in a temporarily unoccupied building does not waste as much energy as leaving the temperature constant. Using setback saves energy (5–15%) because heat transfer across the surface of the building is roughly proportional to the temperature difference between its inside and the outside.
  • It is not possible for a person to completely submerge in quicksand, as commonly depicted in fiction, although sand entrapment in the nearshore of a body of water can be a drowning hazard as the tide rises.
  • Quantum nonlocality caused by quantum entanglement does not allow faster-than-light communication or imply instant action at a distance, despite its common characterization as "spooky action at a distance". Rather, it means that certain experiments cannot be explained by local realism.
  • The slipperiness of ice is not due to pressure melting. While it is true that increased pressure, such as that exerted by someone standing on a sheet of ice, will lower the melting point of ice, experiments show that the effect is too weak to account for the lowered friction. Materials scientists still debate whether premelting or the heat of friction is the dominant cause of ice's slipperiness.

Psychology and neuroscience

  • Cannabis use in pregnancy is not low risk. The THC exposure resulting from cannabis use affects fetal brain development and the male offspring of cannabis users are, as a result, more susceptible to psychotic illness. As of 2015, 70% of American women thought that consumption of cannabis once or twice per week while pregnant is harmless.
  • True photographic memory (the ability to remember endless images, particularly pages or numbers, with such a high degree of precision that the image mimics a photo) has never been demonstrated to exist in any individual, although a small number of young children have eidetic memory, where they can recall an object with high precision for a few minutes after it is no longer present. Many people have claimed to have a photographic memory, but those people have been shown to have high precision memories as a result of mnemonic devices rather than a natural capacity for detailed memory encoding. There are rare cases of individuals with exceptional memory, but none of them have a memory that mimics that of a camera.
  • The phase of the Moon does not influence fertility, cause a fluctuation in crime, or affect the stock market. There is no correlation between the lunar cycle and human biology or behavior. However, the increased amount of illumination during the full moon may account for increased epileptic episodes, motorcycle accidents, or sleep disorders.

Mental disorders

  • Vaccines do not cause autism. There have been no successful attempts to reproduce fraudulent research by British ex-doctor Andrew Wakefield, where the misconception likely originates. Wakefield's research was ultimately shown to have been manipulated.
  • Dyslexia is not defined or diagnosed as mirror writing or reading letters or words backwards. Mirror writing and reading letters or words backwards are behaviors seen in many children (dyslexic or not) as they learn to read and write. Dyslexia is a neurodevelopmental disorder of people who have at least average intelligence and who have difficulty in reading and writing that is not otherwise explained by low intelligence.
  • Self-harm is not generally an attention-seeking behavior. People who engage in self-harm are typically very self-conscious of their wounds and scars and feel guilty about their behavior, leading them to go to great lengths to conceal it from others. They may offer alternative explanations for their injuries, or conceal their scars with clothing.
  • There is no evidence that a chemical imbalance or neurotransmitter deficiency is the sole factor in depression and other mental disorders, but rather a combination of biological, psychological, and social factors.
  • Schizophrenia is characterized by continuous or relapsing episodes of psychosis. Major symptoms include hallucinations (typically hearing voices), delusions, paranoia, and disorganized thinking. Other symptoms include social withdrawal, decreased emotional expression, and apathy. The term was coined from the Greek roots schizein and phrēn, "to split" and "mind", in reference to a "splitting of mental functions" seen in schizophrenia, not a splitting of the personality. It does not involve split or multiple personalities—a split or multiple personality is dissociative identity disorder.

Brain

  • Broad generalizations are often made in popular psychology about certain brain functions being lateralized, or more predominant in one hemisphere than the other. These claims are often inaccurate or overstated.
  • The human brain, particularly the prefrontal cortex, does not reach "full maturity" or "full development" at any particular age (e.g. 16, 18, 21, 25, 30). Changes in structure and myelination of gray matter are recorded to continue with relative consistency all throughout life including until death. Different mental abilities peak earlier or later in life. The myth is believed to have originated from Jay Giedd's work on the adolescent brain funded by the National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, though it has also been popularized by Laurence Steinberg in his work with adolescent criminal reform who has considered ages 10–25 to constitute cognitive adolescence, despite denying any connection to the notion of the brain maturing at '25'.
Some neurons can reform in the human brain.
  • Humans do not generate all of the brain cells they will ever have by the age of two years. Although this belief was held by medical experts until 1998, it is now understood that new neurons can be created after infancy in some parts of the brain into late adulthood.
  • People do not use only 10% of their brains. While it is true that a small minority of neurons in the brain are actively firing at any one time, a healthy human will normally use most of their brain over the course of a day, and the inactive neurons are important as well. The idea that activating 100% of the brain would allow someone to achieve their maximum potential and/or gain various psychic abilities is common in folklore and fiction, but doing so in real life would likely result in a fatal seizure. This misconception was attributed to late 19th century leading thinker William James, who apparently used the expression only metaphorically.
  • Although Phineas Gage's brain injuries, caused by a several-foot-long tamping rod driven completely through his skull, caused him to become temporarily disabled, many fanciful descriptions of his aberrant behavior in later life are without factual basis or contradicted by known facts.

Senses

An incorrect map of the tongue showing taste zones. In fact, all zones can sense all tastes.
  • Humans have more than the commonly cited five senses. The number of senses in various categorizations ranges from 5 to more than 20. In addition to sight, smell, taste, touch, and hearing, which were the senses identified by Aristotle, humans can sense balance and acceleration (equilibrioception), pain (nociception), body and limb position (proprioception or kinesthetic sense), and relative temperature (thermoception). Other senses sometimes identified are the sense of time, echolocation, itching, pressure, hunger, thirst, fullness of the stomach, need to urinate, need to defecate, blood carbon dioxide (CO2) levels, and electric field sensation.
  • All different tastes can be detected on all parts of the tongue by taste buds, with slightly increased sensitivities in different locations depending on the person; the tongue map showing the contrary is fallacious.
  • There are not four primary tastes, but five: in addition to bitter, sour, salty, and sweet, humans have taste receptors for umami, which is a "savory" or "meaty" taste. Fat does interact with specific receptors in taste bud cells, but whether it is a sixth primary taste remains inconclusive.
  • The human sense of smell is not weak or underdeveloped. Humans have similar senses of smell to other mammals, and are more sensitive to some odors than rodents and dogs.

Toxicology

Transportation

One version of the Bermuda Triangle area
  • The Bermuda Triangle does not have any more shipwrecks or mysterious disappearances than most other waterways.
  • Toilet waste is never intentionally jettisoned from an aircraft. All waste is collected in tanks and emptied into toilet waste vehicles. Blue ice is caused by accidental leakage from the waste tank. Passenger train toilets, on the other hand, have indeed historically flushed onto the tracks; modern trains in most developed countries usually have retention tanks on board and therefore do not dispose of waste in such a manner.
  • Automotive batteries stored on a concrete floor do not discharge any faster than they would on other surfaces, in spite of a worry that concrete harms batteries. Early batteries with porous, leaky cases may have been susceptible to moisture from floors, but for many years lead–acid car batteries have had impermeable polypropylene cases. While most modern automotive batteries are sealed, and do not leak battery acid when properly stored and maintained, the sulfuric acid in them can leak out and stain, etch, or corrode concrete floors if their cases crack or tip over or their vent-holes are breached by floods.

See also

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