Misplaced Pages

Latest revision as of 23:39, 25 December 2024

Justicialist Party Partido Justicialista
Abbreviation	PJ
President	Cristina Fernández de Kirchner
Vice-President	José Mayans
Senate leader	José Mayans (UP)
Chamber leader	Germán Martínez (UP)
Founders	Juan Perón Eva Perón
Founded	21 July 1946; 78 years ago (1946-07-21)
Merger of	Labour Party UCR Board Renewal Independent Party
Headquarters	130 Matheu Street Buenos Aires
Student wing	Peronist University Youth
Youth wing	Peronist Youth
Membership (2022)	3,204,329
Ideology	Peronism Factions: Kirchnerism Federal Peronism
Political position	Centre-left Kirchnerists: Centre-left to left-wing Federals: Centre-right
National affiliation	Union for the Homeland
Continental affiliation	Christian Democrat Organization of America São Paulo Forum COPPPAL
Colors	Light blue   White
Anthem	"Peronist March"
Seats in the Senate	31 / 72
Seats in the Chamber of Deputies	100 / 257
Governors	7 / 24
Election symbol
Flag
Website
pj.org.ar
Politics of Argentina Political parties Elections  A: The party has sometimes been described as syncretic or a "third way" party, but mostly as centre-left, left-wing, and leftist. This diversity in classifying the Justicialist Party is caused by Peronism historically stretching from far-left to far-right views. The party is classified as centre-left or left-wing because of the dominating position of Kirchnerism; Steven Levitsky notes that under Kirchnerism, the party "shifted programmatically to the left". Lastly, Juan Perón, the founder of the Peronist movement, is considered to have been ideologically left-wing.

The Justicialist Party (Spanish: Partido Justicialista, IPA: [paɾˈtiðo xustisjaˈlista]; abbr. PJ) is a major political party in Argentina, and the largest branch within Peronism. Following the 2023 presidential election, it has been the largest party in the opposition against President Javier Milei.

Founded by Juan Perón and his wife, First Lady Eva Perón, it was previously called the Peronist Party after its founder. It is overall the largest party in Congress; however, this does not reflect the divisions within the party over the role of Kirchnerism, the main, left-wing populist faction of the party, which is opposed by the dissident Peronists (also known as Federal Peronism or Menemism), the conservative faction of the party.

Aside Juan Perón, who governed Argentina on three occasions from 1946 to 1955 and later from 1973 to 1974, eleven presidents of Argentina have belonged to the Justicialist Party: Héctor Cámpora, Raúl Alberto Lastiri, Isabel Perón, Carlos Menem, Ramón Puerta, Adolfo Rodríguez Saá, Eduardo Camaño, Eduardo Duhalde, Néstor Kirchner, Cristina Fernández de Kirchner and Alberto Fernández. Justicialists have been the largest party in Congress almost consistently since 1987.

History

Overview

The Justicialist Party was founded in 1946 by Juan and Eva Perón, uniting the Labour Party, the Radical Civic Union Renewal Board and the Independent Party, the three parties that had supported Peron in the election. After the enactment of women's suffrage, the Female Peronist Party, led by the First Lady, was also established. All Peronist entities were banned from elections after 1955, when the Revolución Libertadora overthrew Perón, and civilian governments' attempt to lift Peronism's ban from legislative and local elections in 1962 and 1965 resulted in military coups.

Basing itself on the policies espoused by Perón as Argentine president, the party's platform has from its inception centered on populism, and its most consistent base of support has historically been the General Confederation of Labor, Argentina's largest trade union. Perón ordered the mass nationalization of public services, strategic industries, and the critical farm export sector; enacted progressive labor laws and social reforms; and accelerated public works investment.

His tenure also favored technical schools, harassed university staff, and promoted urbanization as it raised taxes on the agrarian sector. Those trends earned Peronism the loyalty of much of the working and lower classes but helped alienate the upper and middle classes of society. Censorship and repression intensified, and following his loss of support from the influential Argentine Catholic Church, Perón was ultimately deposed in a violent 1955 coup.

The alignment of groups as supporting or opposing Peronism has largely endured, but the policies of Peronism itself varied greatly over the subsequent decades, as did increasingly those put forth by its many competing figures. During Perón's exile, it became a big tent party united almost solely by its support for the aging leader's return. A series of violent incidents, as well as Perón's negotiations with both the military regime and diverse political factions, helped lead to his return to Argentina in 1973 and to his election in September that year.

An impasse followed in which the party had a place both for leftist armed organizations such as Montoneros, and far-right factions such as José López Rega's Argentine Anti-Communist Alliance. Following Perón's death in 1974, however, the tenuous understanding disintegrated, and a wave of political violence ensued, ultimately resulting in the March 1976 coup. The Dirty War of the late 1970s, which cost hundreds of Peronists (among thousands more) their lives, solidified the party's populist outlook, particularly following the failure of conservative Economy Minister José Alfredo Martínez de Hoz's free trade and deregulatory policies after 1980.

In the first democratic elections after the end of the dictatorship of the National Reorganization Process, in 1983, the Justicialist Party lost to the Radical Civic Union (UCR). Six years later, it returned to power with Carlos Menem, during whose term the Constitution was reformed to allow for presidential reelection. Menem (1989–1999) adopted neoliberal right-wing policies which changed the overall image of the party.

The Justicialist Party was defeated by a coalition formed by the UCR and the centre-left FrePaSo (itself a left-wing offshoot of the PJ) in 1999, but regained political weight in the 2001 legislative elections, and was ultimately left in charge of managing the selection of an interim president after the economic collapse of December 2001. Justicialist Eduardo Duhalde, chosen by Congress, ruled during 2002 and part of 2003.

The 2003 elections saw the constituency of the party split in three, as Carlos Menem, Néstor Kirchner (backed by Duhalde) and Adolfo Rodríguez Saá ran for the presidency leading different party coalitions. After Kirchner's victory, the party started to align behind his leadership, moving slightly to the left.

The Justicialist Party effectively broke apart in the 2005 legislative elections when two factions ran for a Senate seat in Buenos Aires Province: Cristina Fernández de Kirchner (then the First Lady) and Hilda González de Duhalde (wife of former president Duhalde). The campaign was particularly vicious. Kirchner's side allied with other minor forces and presented itself as a heterodox, left-leaning Front for Victory (FpV), while Duhalde's side stuck to older Peronist tradition. González de Duhalde's defeat to her opponent marked, according to many political analysts, the end to Duhalde's dominance over the province, and was followed by a steady defection of his supporters to the winner's side.

Néstor Kirchner proposed the entry of the party into the Socialist International in February 2008. His dominance of the party was undermined, however, by the 2008 Argentine government conflict with the agricultural sector, when a bill raising export taxes was introduced with presidential support. Subsequent growers' lockouts helped result in the defection of numerous Peronists from the FpV caucus, and further losses during the 2009 mid-term elections resulted in the loss of the FpV absolute majorities in both houses of Congress.

In 2015, the PJ, with its presidential candidate Daniel Scioli, was defeated by the Cambiemos coalition. Mauricio Macri was inaugurated as President of Argentina, ending 12 years of Kirchnerism.

However, in the elections of 2019, the PJ joined the Frente de Todos, which won the presidential elections. The PJ returned to power, with Alberto Fernández as President of the nation. On 10 December 2019, the Centre-left Alberto Fernández of the Justicialist Party was inaugurated president, after defeating the incumbent Mauricio Macri in the 2019 Argentine general election.

On 22 March 2021, Fernández was elected by the national congress of the Justicialist Party as the party's new national chairman, succeeding José Luis Gioja. Fernández ran unopposed, heading the Unidad y Federalismo list, which received the support of diverse sectors in the Peronist movement, including La Cámpora.

The Union for the Homeland (Unión por la Patria, UP) is a Centre-left political and electoral coalition of Peronist political parties in Argentina, formed to compete in the 2023 general election. The coalition is a successor to the previous Frente de Todos coalition. The coalition is centered on the Justicialist Party and its allies both on the federal and provincial levels, including the Renewal Front of Sergio Massa.

In April 2023, President Alberto Fernandez announced that he would not seek re-election in the next presidential election. In the primary elections on August of that year, Sergio Massa defeated Juan Grabois by a margin of nearly 16 percentage points, although it became the worst result for a ruling Peronist coalition since the PASO was first implemented in 2009.

In the runoff in November 2023, Libertarian candidate Javier Milei defeated Massa with 55.7% against 44.35% of the vote, the highest percentage of the vote since Argentina's transition to democracy. Massa conceded defeat shortly before the official results were published.

Beginning

The Justicialist party was created in November 1946, 10 months after Juan D. Perón was elected president of the nation, with the name Single Revolutionary party; previously this would be called the Peronist party. The party was a result of the fusion of three parties that had been created in 1945 in order to sustain the presidential candidacy of Perón: the Labor party, the Radical Renovating Together Civic Union, and the Independent party.

Peronism

Peronism is a political current that was established between November 1943 and October 1945, as a result of an alliance between a large number of unions, principally of socialist and revolutionary union ideology, and two soldiers – Juan Domingo Perón and Domingo Mercante, whose initial objective was to run the National Labor Department – later elevated to the level of Secretary of Labor and Social Security – and to drive until there were laws and measures for the worker's benefit. The Secretary was run by Perón, who in the course of those years was converted into the leader of a new political movement that would take the name Peronism in the course of 1945.

Since 1943, the country was governed by a military dictatorship self-designated as the Revolution of ‘43, made of a very heterogeneous composition, that had overthrown at its time a fraudulent regime, known as the Infamous Decade. At the start of 1945, the US ambassador to Argentina, Spruille Braden, organized a broad movement that was defined as anti-peronist, with the goal of opposing Perón and the sanctioned labor laws. Largely as a reaction to the union movement, principally the socialist and revolutionary union majority started to define themselves as peronists.

On 8 October 1945, at the loss of the vote from the officials of Campo de Mayo, Perón renounced, being later detained. Nine days later, a big worker mobilization known as Loyalty Day, compelled the military government to prepare Perón’s liberation and call elections. That day is the most cited as the date of peronism’s birth.

Party Organization until 1955

Many union leaders opposed him, but their political inexperience and Perón’s charisma before the masses made them unsuccessful. Lewinsky characterizes the Peronist party (PP) as a popular party that will differ from other European, union based parties in four aspects.

The first of them is that they had been created from above by agents of the State, destined to retain power more than to obtain it; operated in major part by their own government using State resources whereas PP never developed their own organization. The second is that they were an extremely personalist party that in the statutes of 1954 declared Perón is their “Supreme Leader” and gave him the authority to “modify or declare null and void the decision of the party authorities… to inspect, intervene, and replace” the leaders of the party and even prohibited party headquarters from displaying photographs that were not Perón or Eva Perón. The national party management intervened in permanent form in the provincial subsidiaries and used to choose the local candidates. Usually the leaders with independent support were displaced and replaced by those “loyal to the death” that followed Perón's directives exclusively. In this form, the political career inside the party depended exclusively on the bonds with Perón; there was not a structure for political promotion nor a stable bureaucratic hierarchy. For example, the reorganization of the party in 1947 signified the replacement of the entirety of the highest party leadership members.

Third, the party had a fluid structure that was maintained until the final days of the decade of 1940. In 1951, Perón once again reorganized the party structure creating a parallel hierarchy with a “strategic national command” and provincial “tactical commands” that would have representatives of the three party branches – masculine, feminine, and union – but in practice Perón and Eva Perón exercised strategic leadership, and the governors and “inventors” arrived ahead of the tactics. Lastly, differently from the English Labor party, the PP did not initially have rules about their relation with the unions. In the decade of 1950, the union was recognized as one of the three branches and, as such, was attributed to them by tradition – without a written norm – a right to a third of the candidacies, but until 1955 it was not complied with rigor.

Ideology

The Justicialist Party was historically left-wing populist. Founded by Juan Perón (who rose to Argentinian presidency in the 1940s with the support of his wife Eva Perón), the party was composed of Perón's loyalists and was a personification of populism in the form of a strong charismatic leader. The reforms carried out by Perón in 1940s and 1950s were described as socialist and populist. Christopher Wylde defines Peronism as "a form of leftist–populist nationalism, rooted in an urban working-class movement that was allied to elements of the domestic bourgeoisie as well as the military." Writing on Perón and his ideology, Charles D. Ameringer argued that "The rise to power of Juan Perón in 1943 was not the end of the socialist impulse in Argentina; it was the culmination" and added that "much of the social legislation either introduced or implemented by Perón . . . originated with the Socialist Party."

The basic principles of Peronism and the Justicialist Party were economic independence, political sovereignty, and social justice, as formulated by Perón. Economically, Perón expanded public spending and gave the state a dominating role in production and distribution (economic nationalism), implemented egalitarian distribution of national income (therefore Peronism is considered to represent syndicalism and/or non-Marxist socialism), and implemented a system of incentives and rewards that would direct economic activities towards local markets while severely limiting production for international markets (protectionism). Peronism rejected individualism in favor of communitarianism and sought a system that would reject both capitalism and liberalism in favor of an economic system that would be oriented around "social equity, rather than the individual pursuit of wealth." This was combined with Peronist redefinition of citizenship, as Perón attracted and empowered groups that were previously excluded socially and economically - urban poor, immigrant communities and unionised workers.

Socially, Peronism was authoritarian, yet it also implemented free suffrage and promoted causes such as feminism, indigenous rights and emancipation of the working class. Peter Ranis wrote that "paradoxically, Perón democratized Argentina in the sense of bringing the working class more fully into the political process, though his administrations often placed cultural and political restrictions on the opposition that severely compromised that democracy." The legitimacy of Peronism derived from trade unions who gave Perón their support, and his ideology was a reflection of demands and expectations of the Argentinian labor movement. According to historian Daniel James, the reliance of Peronism on trade unions was so strong, that in the Peronist movement, "the initiative very much lay with the trade union movement; Perón was more its creature than the labor movement was his."

Following the overthrow of Perón in 1955, Peronism would gradually shift further to the left, something that was influenced by political developments in Latin America such as the Cuban Revolution and the development of far-left liberation theology amongst Latin American Catholics, as well as by Perón's tactical endorsement and promotion of socialist and leftist currents within his movement. In 1956, exiled Perón picked left-wing activist John William Cooke to represent the Peronist movement in Argentina in his absence. Cooke promoted socialism and presented Peronism as a movement that was "antibureaucratic, socialist, profoundly national, and sister to all the world's exploited ", and praising Perón as the "leader of national liberation". In 1960, Cooke moved to Revolutionary Cuba, where he combined Peronism with Guevarism, Castroism and the foco theory.

Perón approved of Cooke's activism and wrote positively of Marxism himself, identifying Peronist struggle with the Cuban Revolution. With Perón's encouragement, Peronist youth formed left-wing, revolutionary organizations such as the Montoneros and the People's Revolutionary Army. Perón supported their struggle as a realisation of his justicialist doctrine, agreeing with the Montoneros' conclusion that "the only possible road for the people to seize power and install national socialism is total, national, and prolonged revolutionary war . . . the methods of rural and urban guerrillas." Following Vatican II that led to development of anti-capitalist, revolutionary and Marxist-aligned rhetoric amongst Latin American clergy, Perón also gained support of left-wing Catholics who supported the far-left liberation theology. Left-wing priests praised Peronism as a precursor to liberation theology, and the Movement of Priests for the Third World argued that "the Peronist movement, revolutionary, with its massive force... will necessarily lead to the revolution which will make possible an original and Latin American socialism."

From the return of Perón in 1973 and under the leadership of Isabel Perón, the Justicialist Party was no longer characterized by anti-imperialist and revolutionary tones but by a strong focus on Orthodox Peronism and anti-communism (of which it became the main bulwark in South America).

That line continued even after the military dictatorship of the National Reorganization Process, with the government of Carlos Menem until that of Eduardo Duhalde. The party moved from Orthodox Peronism to the centre-right, while its rival Radical Civic Union acted as a centre-left party.

Since 2003, the party has undergone an abrupt revolution, with the rise of a faction known as the Front for Victory, led by Néstor Kirchner. The policies and ideology of that faction were dubbed Kirchnerism, a mix of anti-neoliberalism, left-wing nationalism and radicalism. Kirchner was elected President of Argentina and soon became a popular left-wing figure. The party shifted to being left-wing populist, while the Radical Civic Union joined with other anti-Kirchnerist centrist and center-right parties including Republican Proposal. After his death in 2010, his wife, Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, took over the leadership of the Front for Victory, which continues to be a major faction of the Justicialist Party.

Leaders

The party is headed by a National Committee, whose president is the de facto leader of the party.

• 1946–1974: Juan Perón (President: 1946–1955, 1973–1974)
• 1974–1985: Isabel Perón (President: 1974–1976)
• 1985–1990: Antonio Cafiero
• 1990–2001: Carlos Menem (President: 1989–1999)
• 2001: Rubén Marín (interim)
• 2001–2003: Carlos Menem
• 2003–2004: Eduardo Fellner
• 2004–2005: (No leader)
• 2005–2008: Ramón Ruiz
• 2008–2009: Néstor Kirchner (President: 2003–2007)
• 2009: Daniel Scioli (interim)
• 2009–2010: Néstor Kirchner
• 2010–2014: Daniel Scioli (interim)
• 2016–2018: José Luis Gioja
• 2018: Luis Barrionuevo [es] (judicial controller)
• 2018–2021: José Luis Gioja
• 2021–2024: Alberto Fernández (President: 2019–2023)
• 2024–: Cristina Fernández de Kirchner

Electoral history

Presidential elections

Election year	Candidate(s)	First Round		Second Round		Result	Note
		# votes	% vote	# votes	% vote
1951	Juan Perón	4,745,168	63.40			Y Elected	as the Peronist Party
1958	no candidate (banished)					—	Perón-Frondizi Pact
1963	no candidate (banished)					—
M-1973	Héctor Cámpora	5,907,464	49.56			Y Elected	as the Justicialist Party part of the Justicialist Liberation Front
S-1973	Juan Perón	7,359,252	61.85			Y Elected	part of the Justicialist Liberation Front
1983	Ítalo Lúder	5,944,402	40.16			N Defeated	247 Electoral College seats
1989	Carlos Menem	7,953,301	47.49			Y Elected	325 Electoral College seats, part of the Popular Justicialist Front
1995	Carlos Menem	8,687,319	49.94			Y Elected	Joint-ticket (PJ—UCeDé)
1999	Eduardo Duhalde	7,254,417	38.27			N Defeated	part of the Justicialist Coalition for Change
2003	Carlos Menem	4,740,907	24.45	null	0	N 2nd-R Forfeited	Front for Loyalty, a faction of PJ
	Néstor Kirchner	4,312,517	22.24	null	0	Y 2nd-R Unopposed	Front for Victory, a faction of PJ
	Adolfo Rodríguez Saá	2,735,829	14.11			N 1st-R Defeated	Front of the Popular Movement, a faction of PJ
2007	Cristina Kirchner	8,651,066	45.29			Y Elected	part of the Front for Victory Alliance
	Alberto Rodríguez Saá	1,458,955	7.64			N Defeated	part of the Justice, Union and Liberty Front Alliance
2011	Cristina Kirchner	11,865,055	54.11			Y Elected	Front for Victory, a faction of PJ
2015	Daniel Scioli	9,338,449	37.08	12,198,441	48.60	N 2nd-R Defeated	part of the Front for Victory Alliance
2019	Alberto Fernández	12,473,709	48.10			Y Elected	part of the Everyone's Front Alliance
2023	Sergio Massa	9,853,492	36.78	11,516,142	44.31	N 2nd-R Defeated	part of the Union for the Homeland
	Juan Schiaretti	1,802,068	6.73			N 1st-R Defeated	part of the Hacemos por Nuestro País

Congressional elections

Chamber of Deputies

Senate elections

References

1. "Justicialista Party declares Cristina Kirchner party president". Buenos Aires Herald. 5 November 2024. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
2. "Se crea la Unión Cívica Radical Junta Renovadora UCR-JR". Laopinionpopular.com.ar. Retrieved 13 October 2017.
3. "Cuántos afiliados a un partido político hay en el país y qué agrupaciones crecieron más en el último año". 2 April 2023.
4. Claeys, Gregory (2013). CQ Press (ed.). Encyclopedia of Modern Political Thought (set). CQ Press. p. 617. ISBN 9781506317588.
5. Ameringer, Charles D. (1992). Greenwood (ed.). Political Parties of the Americas, 1980s to 1990s: Canada, Latin America, and the West Indies. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 43. ISBN 9780313274183.
6. "The persistence of Peronism". The Economist. 15 October 2015.
7. Dube, Ryan (19 August 2019). "Argentina's Fernández Moves from Little-Known Politician to Next Likely President". Wall Street Journal.
8. Jalalzai, Farida (2015). Routledge (ed.). Women Presidents of Latin America: Beyond Family Ties?. Routledge. p. 27. ISBN 9781317668350.
9. Agustín, Óscar G.; Briziarelli, Marco (2017). Springer (ed.). Podemos and the New Political Cycle: Left-Wing Populism and Anti-Establishment Politics. Springer. p. 195. ISBN 9783319634326.
10. Gallego-Díaz, Soledad (19 October 2011). "El peronista Duhalde intenta conservar una parcela de poder en Buenos Aires". El País.
11. Silva, Eduardo; Rossi, Federico (2018). University of Pittsburgh Press (ed.). Reshaping the Political Arena in Latin America: From Resisting Neoliberalism to the Second Incorporation. University of Pittsburgh Press. ISBN 9780822983101.
12. Wallihan, Jake (2023). "The Strength of Democracy in Argentina and Where it Stands Today". The Journal of Foreign Affairs at Carolina. 8 (2). University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill: 29. doi:10.17615/kj66-1m54. With the election and successful completion in office of Macri's administration, there has been a re-establishment of a clear left-right, where the PJ fell on the left side of the political spectrum and PRO fell on the right (a facet that was somewhat evident in the 1980s but not present in the 1990s).
13. ^ Cupples, Julie (2021). Development and Decolonization in Latin America. Routledge. p. 104. ISBN 9780367627089. The centre-left Justicialist Party returned to power in 2019, and Cristina Fernández became vice-president.
14. "Página/12 :: El país :: Kirchner con Capitanich". www.pagina12.com.ar.
15. • "Argentina shifts to the right after Mauricio Macri wins presidential runoff". The Guardian. 23 November 2015.
    • "Argentine President Stumps for Congressional Candidates". The Wall Street Journal. 29 June 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2020. Speaking to thousands of supporters in a packed soccer stadium, Mrs. Kirchner stumped for the candidates who will represent her left-wing coalition, the FPV, in October's vote.
    • "Argentinian president Macri vows 'many reforms' after strong election result". The Guardian. 24 October 2017.
    • "Analysis: Latin America's new left axis". BBC Online. 18 April 2006. Retrieved 25 January 2010.
16. ABDO, GERARDO DAVID OMAR (13 November 2014). "Peronismo Federal: ambicion y despretigio hechos fuerza politica". Monografias.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 December 2023.
17. "Fernández acordó con Sergio Massa". Télam - Agencia Nacional de Noticias. 12 June 2019. Retrieved 27 July 2019.
18. "Partidos | ODCA.cl".
19. "Países y Partidos Miembros de la COPPPAL – Copppal". Archived from the original on 21 August 2020. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
20. Galvan, D.; Sil, R. (2007). Springer (ed.). Reconfiguring Institutions Across Time and Space: Syncretic Responses to Challenges of Political and Economic Transformation. Springer. p. 107. ISBN 9780230603066.
21. Weitz-Shapiro, Rebecca (2014). Cambridge University Press (ed.). Curbing Clientelism in Argentina. Cambridge University Press. p. 19. ISBN 9781107073623.
22. Del Real, Deisy (2019). Documenting the Undocumented: the Construction of Legal Residency as a Substantive Right Under the Mercosur Residency Agreements. Los Angeles: University of California. pp. 106–107. These included Argentina's President Nestor Kirchner (2003-2007) of the left-wing Justicialist Party; Bolivia's President Evo Morales (2006–present) of the left-wing Movement for Socialism-Political Instrument for the Sovereignty of the Peoples; Uruguay's President Tabaré Vázquez (2005-2010) of the left-wing Socialist Party; and Brazil's Presidents Lula da Silva (2003-2010) and Dilma Rousseff (2011-2016) of the left-wing Workers' Party.
23. Singer, Matthew M. (2014). "The 2013 congressional elections in Argentina". Electoral Studies. 35 (1). Elsevier Ltd.: 371. doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2014.01.003. ISSN 0261-3794. This tendency started in the 1980s as the economic collapse decimated the unions that had formed the base of the leftist Justicialist Party (PJ, although it is more commonly referenced as the Peronist Party).
24. Levitsky, Steven; Roberts, Kenneth M. (2011). The Resurgence of the Latin American Left. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 285. ISBN 978-1-4214-0110-2.
25. Levitsky, Steven; Roberts, Kenneth M. (2011). The Resurgence of the Latin American Left. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-4214-0110-2.
26. Ellner, Steve (2020). Latin America's Pink Tide: Breakthroughs and Shortcomings. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 7. ISBN 9781538125649. These writers also argue that twenty-first-century Latin American leftist governments, like Peronism in the 1940s, were doomed to failure since the success of their defiance of powerful actors was contingent on the indefinite duration of favorable international markets for their nations' exports.
27. Wylde, Christopher (2017). Emerging Markets and the State: Developmentalism in the 21st Century. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 138–139. doi:10.1057/978-1-137-55655-4. ISBN 978-1-137-55654-7. Perón and Peronismo (Peronism) therefore represented a form of leftist–populist nationalism, rooted in an urban working-class movement that was allied to elements of the domestic bourgeoisie as well as the military.
28. "Partido Justicialista". Pj.org.ar. Retrieved 13 October 2017.
29. ^ Crassweller, Robert. Perón and the Enigmas of Argentina. W.W. Norton & Company, 1988.
30. ^ Poneman, Daniel. Argentina: Democracy on Trial. Paragon House, 1987.
31. ^ "Argentina's new president sworn in". BBC News. 13 October 2017. Retrieved 13 October 2017.
32. "Argentina hopes for new beginning". BBC News. 26 May 2003. Retrieved 13 October 2017.
33. "The return of populism". The Economist. 12 April 2006. Retrieved 13 October 2017.
34. Clarin.com (30 June 2009). "Tras la derrota, Kirchner renunció a la jefatura del PJ y dejó a Scioli". Clarin.com. Retrieved 13 October 2017.
35. "Argentina – A Defeat for Populism". PRS Group. 10 December 2015. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
36. "Argentina's Cambiemos: A party from the elite, by the elite, for the elite?". NACLA. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
37. Goñi, Uki (28 October 2019). "Argentina election: Macri out as Cristina Fernández de Kirchner returns to office as VP". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
38. Camarano, Cecilia (22 March 2021). "Con un llamado a mantener la unidad, Alberto asumió la presidencia del PJ". Ámbito Financiero (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 23 March 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
39. "Alberto Fernández asume la presidencia del Consejo del Partido Justicialista". Télam (in Spanish). 22 March 2021. Archived from the original on 12 July 2022. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
40. "Elecciones Argentina 2023: "Unión por la Patria" es el nuevo nombre del Frente de Todos". Página12 (in Spanish). 14 June 2023.
41. "Argentine incumbent Mauricio Macri concedes defeat in presidential vote". CNBC. 27 October 2019.
42. Múgica Díaz, Joaquín (14 June 2023). "Unión por la Patria es el nuevo nombre elegido por el Frente de Todos para las elecciones". Infobae (in Spanish).
43. ^ Goñi, Uki (14 August 2023). "Far-right outsider takes shock lead in Argentina primary election". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
44. "Argentina's President Fernandez will not seek re-election". Al-Jazeera. 21 April 2023.
45. "Balotaje 2023, en vivo: los resultados y las noticias minuto a minuto de las elecciones". LA NACION (in Spanish). 19 November 2023. Archived from the original on 19 November 2023. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
46. Tagliabúe, Leonardo (19 November 2023). "Contundente triunfo de Javier Milei: será el próximo presidente de la Argentina". Infobae (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 20 November 2023. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
47. Matsushita, Hiroshi (1986). Movimiento obrero argentino, 1930–1945 : sus proyecciones en los orígenes del peronismo. Buenos Aires: Hyspamerica. ISBN 950-614-427-3. OCLC 15206718.
48. Luna, Félix (1984). El 45. Buenos Aires: Hyspamérica. p. 219.
49. Plotkin, Mariano Ben (2012). El día que se inventó el peronismo. Sudamericana.
50. Torre, Juan Carlos (1990). La vieja guardia sindical y Perón : sobre los orígenes del peronismo. Buenos Aires: Editorial Sudamericana. ISBN 950-07-0602-4. OCLC 22454334.
51. ^ Levitsky, Steven (2005). La transformación del justicialismo : del partido sindical al partido clientelista, 1983–1999. Leandro Wolfson (1a. ed.). Buenos Aires: Siglo XXI. ISBN 987-1013-38-8. OCLC 66904266.
52. Wallihan, Jake (2023). "The Strength of Democracy in Argentina and Where it Stands Today". The Journal of Foreign Affairs at Carolina. 8 (2). University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill: 27. doi:10.17615/kj66-1m54. Historically, the PJ was a leftist, populist party with statist policies commonly seen in Latin America during this period.)
53. Herkman, Juha (2022). A Cultural Approach to Populism. Routledge. p. 43. doi:10.4324/9781003267539. hdl:20.500.12657/75920. ISBN 978-1-003-26753-9.
54. ^ Wylde, Christopher (2017). Emerging Markets and the State: Developmentalism in the 21st Century. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 138–139. doi:10.1057/978-1-137-55655-4. ISBN 978-1-137-55654-7.
55. Ameringer, Charles D. (2009). The Socialist Impulse: Latin America in the Twentieth Century. University Press of Florida. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-8130-3812-4.
56. Wylde, Christopher (2017). Emerging Markets and the State: Developmentalism in the 21st Century. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 140. doi:10.1057/978-1-137-55655-4. ISBN 978-1-137-55654-7.
57. Ranis, Peter (1992). Argentine Workers: Peronism and Contemporary Class Consciousness. University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 20–25. ISBN 0-8229-3703-4.
58. James P. Brennan (1998). Peronism and Argentina. Scholarly Resources Inc. p. 6. ISBN 0-8420-2706-8.
59. Crassweller, Robert D. (1987). Peron and the Enigmas of Argentina. Penguin Books Canada Ltd. p. 334. ISBN 0-393-02381-8.
60. Collier, Ruth Berins; Collier, David (1991). Shaping the political arena: critical junctures, the labor movement, and regime dynamics in Latin America. Princeton University Press. pp. 495–496. ISBN 0-691-02313-1.
61. James, Daniel (1988). Resistance and integration: Peronism and the Argentine working class, 1946-1976. Cambridge University Press. p. 210. ISBN 0-521-46682-2.
62. Hodges, Donald (1991). Argentina's "Dirty War": An Intellectual Biography. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-292-77689-0.
63. Hedges, Jill (2021). Juan Perón: The Life of the People's Colonel. I.B. Tauris. p. 211. ISBN 978-0-7556-0268-1.

External links

• Official website

v t e Political parties in Argentina
Parliamentary parties	Chamber of Deputies Union for the Homeland – 118 Justicialist Party Renewal Front Civic Front for Santiago Evita Movement Federal Commitment New Encounter FORJA Kolina Revolutionary Communist Party Victory Party Patria Grande Front Solidary Party Culture, Education and Labour Juntos por el Cambio – 117 Republican Proposal Radical Civic Union Civic Coalition ARI GEN Integration and Development Movement UNIR Constitutional Nationalist Party Production and Labour Advance San Luis Dialogue Party United Republicans Federal Consensus – 8 We Do for Córdoba Socialist Party Third Position Party Provincial Parties – 5 Front for the Renewal of Concord Together We Are Río Negro Neuquén People's Movement Workers' Left Front – 4 Workers' Party Socialist Workers' Party Libertarians – 4 Avanza Libertad La Libertad Avanza Senate Union for the Homeland – 35 Radical Civic Union – 20 Republican Proposal – 9 Advance San Luis – 1 Party of Social Concord – 1 Neuquén People's Movement – 1 Federal Peronism – 1 Production and Labour – 1 Together We Are Río Negro – 1 We Do for Córdoba – 1
Extra-parliamentary	Authentic Socialist Party Broad Front Christian Democratic Party Conservative People's Party Communist Party Democratic Party Democratic Progressive Party Faith Party Federal Commitment Federal Party Freemen of the South Green Party Humanist Party Independent Movement of Justice and Dignity Intransigent Party Light Blue and White Union Neighbourhood Action Movement New Leadership New Movement for Socialism Open Politics for Social Integrity Federal Popular Union Popular Unity Proyecto Sur Renewal Crusade Social Progress Party Socialist Left Somos Union of the Democratic Centre Workers' Socialist Movement
Provincial parties (Recognized in only one province)	Federal Capital (Communist Party (Extraordinary Congress) Self-determination and Freedom Public Trust) Buenos Aires (Patriot Front) Catamarca (Civic and Social Front of Catamarca) Chaco (Chaco Action New Space of Participation) Chubut (We Are All Chubut) Córdoba (We Do for Córdoba Civic Front of Córdoba) Corrientes (Action for the Republic Autonomist Party of Corrientes Liberal Party of Corrientes New Party) Jujuy (Jujuy People's Movement Party for Popular Sovereignty) Mendoza (Protector Political Force) Misiones (Party of Social Concord) Neuquén (Neuquén People's Movement) Río Negro (Together We Are Río Negro) Salta (Fatherland Now Salta Identity Salta Renewal Party) San Juan (Bloquista Party Production and Labour) San Luis (Advance San Luis Unity and Liberty Party) Santiago del Estero (Civic Front for Santiago) Tierra del Fuego (Fueguian People's Movement Patagonian Social Party) Tucumán (Republican Force Party for Social Justice)
Portal:Politics List of political parties Politics of Argentina Argentine former political parties

v t e Peronism
Variants	Federal Kirchnerism Menemism Orthodox Revolutionary
Presidents	Juan Perón (1946–1955; 1973–1974) Héctor J. Cámpora (1973) Raúl Lastiri (1973) Isabel Perón (1974–1976) Carlos Menem (1989–1999) Eduardo Duhalde (2002–2003) Néstor Kirchner (2003–2007) Cristina Fernández de Kirchner (2007–2015) Alberto Fernández (2019–2023)
Other leaders	Eva Perón Domingo Mercante John William Cooke Delia Parodi Juan Manuel Abal Medina Antonio J. Benítez José Ignacio Rucci Augusto Vandor Agustín Tosco José López Rega Lorenzo Miguel Antonio Cafiero Saúl Ubaldini Hugo Moyano Sergio Massa Máximo Kirchner
Parties and subgroups	Current Justicialist Party Popular Union Broad Front Federal Commitment Evita Movement La Cámpora Renewal Front Historical Labour Party Radical Civic Union (Junta Renovadora) Independent Party Female Peronist Party Tendencia Revolucionaria Peronist Armed Forces Montoneros
Alliances	FREJULI FREJUPO Justicialist Front Concertación Front for Victory Frente de Todos
Key events	October 17th Demonstration 1946 general election 1955 coup d'état Expulsion of Montoneros from Plaza de Mayo Ezeiza massacre Pact of Olivos
Other	General Confederation of Labour Marcha Peronista 1949 Constitution Category:Peronists
Category

34°36′40.5″S 58°24′0.5″W / 34.611250°S 58.400139°W / -34.611250; -58.400139

• Justicialist Party
• 1946 establishments in Argentina
• Center-left parties in Argentina
• Centre-right parties
• Kirchnerism
• Left-wing nationalist parties
• Peronist parties and alliances in Argentina
• Political parties established in 1946
• Political parties in Argentina
• Formerly banned political parties