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{{Short description|Bible manuscript}}
⚫ The '''León Bible of 960''' or '''Codex Biblicus Legionensis''' is a Bible manuscript copied and illuminated in ] at the monastery of Valeránica in ]. It is now held in the library of the ] - why it moved there is unknown, though the monastery in which it was produced disappeared at the end of the 10th century and so it could have been given to the Basilica during the 11th century by ] and his wife Sancha, the main patrons of the basilica<ref name="FS">{{es icon}} ''Codex biblicus legionensis : veinte estudios'', Editorial Isidoriana, 1999, 340 p. (ISBN 978-8474970081)</ref>.
]
{{distinguish|León Bible of 920}}
⚫ The '''León Bible of 960''' or '''Codex Biblicus Legionensis''' is a ] Bible manuscript copied and illuminated in 960 at the monastery of Valeránica in ]. It is now held in the library of the ] - why it moved there is unknown, though the monastery in which it was produced disappeared at the end of the 10th century and so it could have been given to the Basilica during the 11th century by ] and his wife Sancha, the main patrons of the basilica.<ref name="FS">{{cite book | last=Alvarez | first=César Alvarez | date=1999 | title=Codex Biblicus Legionensis : veinte estudios | trans-title=Codex Biblicus Legionensis: Twenty studies | language=es | publication-place=León, Spain | publisher=Real colegiata de San Isidoro / Editorial Isidoriana | isbn=978-84-7497-008-1 | oclc=45326344}}</ref>


Its ] shows it was completed in the monastery of Valeránica on 19 June 960, copied and illuminated by a copyist named Sanctus and his master Florentinus, though it is difficult to distinguish between the two men's work. They are shown together toasting its completion beneath a large ] (f.514r)<ref name="AMS">''The Art of Medieval Spain: A. D. 500 - 1200'', Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1993, 358 p. (ISBN 9780810964334), p. 235-236</ref>. Its ] shows it was completed in the monastery of Valeránica on 19 June 960, copied and illuminated by a copyist named Sanctus and his master ], though it is difficult to distinguish between the two men's work. They are shown together toasting its completion beneath a large ] (f.514r),<ref name="AMS">{{cite book | editor-last=O'Neill | editor-first=John P. | date=1993 | title=The art of medieval Spain, A.D. 500-1200 | language=en | publication-place=New York City | publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art | isbn=978-0-8109-6433-4 | oclc=28508384 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WdXQnaME1gMC&pg=PA235 | pages=235-236}}</ref> which may have been influenced by Islamic scenes of the heavenly banquet in Islamic art.<ref name="W61">Williams 1977, p. 61</ref>


Its text is in two columns of ] ], usually used in Spanish manuscripts between the 8th and 12th centuries. It contains a high number of ] in Latin and Arabic. It begins with a large full-page image showing Christ and the four symbols of the ] in medallions. This is followed by ten pages of tables showing Christ's descent from Adam and Eve. The Old Testament is decorated with 80 images within the columns, illustrating the passages immediately above them. The New Testament is less decorated, with ten pages of ] and small miniatures of ] at the start of the epistles. The illuminations' style is close to that of ] manuscripts of the same era and of Spanish High Medieval illuminated manuscripts<ref name="AMS"/>. Its text is in two columns of ], usually used in Spanish manuscripts between the 8th and 12th centuries. It contains a high number of ] in Latin and Arabic. It begins with a large full-page image showing Christ and the four symbols of the ] in medallions. This is followed by ten pages of tables showing Christ's descent from Adam and Eve. The Old Testament is decorated with 80 images within the columns, illustrating the passages immediately above them. The New Testament is less decorated, with ten pages of ] and small miniatures of ] at the start of the epistles. The illuminations' style is close to that of '']'' manuscripts of the same era and of Spanish High Medieval illuminated manuscripts.<ref name="AMS"/>{{page needed|date=February 2017}}


==Gallery==
<gallery> <gallery>
Leon Bible of 960 - Maiestas Domini Pantocrator.jpg|Frontispiece - Christ and evangelists Leon Bible of 960 - Maiestas Domini Pantocrator.jpg|Frontispiece - Christ and evangelists
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== Sources of its iconography == == Sources of its iconography ==
Its iconography has various sources. Its arrangement of Old Testament illustrations seems to show it was copied from a lost Visigothic bible, which had itself been copied from older illuminated manuscripts.<ref>Williams, p.57</ref> A more recent model could have served as an intermediary stage - the copyist Florentinus produced a (now lost) bible in the same monastery in 943, which also acted as the model for a bible copied at San Isidoro around 1162. Florentinus also produced the ], which might have been another inspiration for the illuminations in the 960 Bible<ref name="AMS"/>{{,}}<ref name="W61">Williams, p.61</ref>. Its iconography has various sources. Its arrangement of Old Testament illustrations seems to show it was copied from a lost Visigothic bible, which had itself been copied from older illuminated manuscripts.<ref>Williams 1977, p. 57</ref> A more recent model could have served as an intermediary stage - the copyist Florentinus produced a (now lost) bible in the same monastery in 943, which also acted as the model for a bible copied at San Isidoro around 1162. Florentinus also produced the ], which might have been another inspiration for the illuminations in the 960 Bible.<ref name="AMS"/><ref name="W61" />


Palmettes and half-leaves also show Islamic influence as does the portrait of the copyists (which may have been influenced by Islamic scenes of the heavenly banquet<ref name="W61"/>), whilst the frontispiece of Christ and the evangelists' symbols and its colours are influenced by ] models.<ref>Williams, p.55</ref> A third influence may be a Jewish manuscript drawing on the wall-paintings in the ], such as the sacrifice of Isaac or Aaron in front of the tabernacle<ref>Williams, p.60</ref>, though this hypothesis is questioned<ref>Joseph Gutmann, "The Dura Europos Synagogue Paintings and Their Influence on Later Christian and Jewish Art", ''Artibus et Historiae'', vol. 9, no 17,‎ 1988, p. 25-29 (JSTOR 1483314)</ref> Palmettes and half-leaves also show Islamic influence whilst the frontispiece of Christ and the evangelists' symbols is influenced by ] models, particularly in its colour scheme.<ref>Williams 1977, p. 55</ref> A third influence may be a Jewish manuscript drawing on the wall-paintings in the ], such as the sacrifice of Isaac or Aaron in front of the tabernacle,<ref>Williams 1977, p. 60</ref> though this hypothesis is questioned.<ref>{{cite journal | first=Joseph | last=Gutmann | title=The Dura Europos synagogue paintings and their influence on later Christian and Jewish art | language=en | work=Artibus et Historiae | volume=9 | number=17 | date=1988 | pages=25-29 | jstor=1483314 | issn=0391-9064}}</ref>


== Bibliography== == Bibliography==
*{{fr icon}} John Williams, Manuscrits espagnols du Haut Moyen Âge, Chêne, 1977, 119 p. (ISBN 2851081470), p. 35 et 55-61 * {{cite book | last=Williams | first=John | date=1977 | title=Manuscrits espagnols du Haut Moyen Age | trans-title=Spanish manuscripts from the early Middle Ages | language=fr | publisher=Chêne | publication-place=Paris | isbn=978-2-85108-147-6 | oclc=10962257 | pages=35, 55-61}}


==References== ==References==
<references/> <references/>


{{DEFAULTSORT:Leon Bible of 960}}
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Latest revision as of 12:04, 26 December 2024

Bible manuscript
Omega (folio 514, recto).
Not to be confused with León Bible of 920.

The León Bible of 960 or Codex Biblicus Legionensis is a mozarabic Bible manuscript copied and illuminated in 960 at the monastery of Valeránica in Tordómar. It is now held in the library of the Basílica de San Isidoro, León - why it moved there is unknown, though the monastery in which it was produced disappeared at the end of the 10th century and so it could have been given to the Basilica during the 11th century by Ferdinand I of Leon and his wife Sancha, the main patrons of the basilica.

Its colophon shows it was completed in the monastery of Valeránica on 19 June 960, copied and illuminated by a copyist named Sanctus and his master Florentius, though it is difficult to distinguish between the two men's work. They are shown together toasting its completion beneath a large omega (f.514r), which may have been influenced by Islamic scenes of the heavenly banquet in Islamic art.

Its text is in two columns of Visigothic minuscule, usually used in Spanish manuscripts between the 8th and 12th centuries. It contains a high number of glosses in Latin and Arabic. It begins with a large full-page image showing Christ and the four symbols of the evangelists in medallions. This is followed by ten pages of tables showing Christ's descent from Adam and Eve. The Old Testament is decorated with 80 images within the columns, illustrating the passages immediately above them. The New Testament is less decorated, with ten pages of canon tables and small miniatures of saint Paul at the start of the epistles. The illuminations' style is close to that of Beatus manuscripts of the same era and of Spanish High Medieval illuminated manuscripts.

Gallery

Sources of its iconography

Its iconography has various sources. Its arrangement of Old Testament illustrations seems to show it was copied from a lost Visigothic bible, which had itself been copied from older illuminated manuscripts. A more recent model could have served as an intermediary stage - the copyist Florentinus produced a (now lost) bible in the same monastery in 943, which also acted as the model for a bible copied at San Isidoro around 1162. Florentinus also produced the Commentary on Job of 945, which might have been another inspiration for the illuminations in the 960 Bible.

Palmettes and half-leaves also show Islamic influence whilst the frontispiece of Christ and the evangelists' symbols is influenced by Carolingian models, particularly in its colour scheme. A third influence may be a Jewish manuscript drawing on the wall-paintings in the Dura-Europos synagogue, such as the sacrifice of Isaac or Aaron in front of the tabernacle, though this hypothesis is questioned.

Bibliography

  • Williams, John (1977). Manuscrits espagnols du Haut Moyen Age [Spanish manuscripts from the early Middle Ages] (in French). Paris: Chêne. pp. 35, 55–61. ISBN 978-2-85108-147-6. OCLC 10962257.

References

  1. Alvarez, César Alvarez (1999). Codex Biblicus Legionensis : veinte estudios [Codex Biblicus Legionensis: Twenty studies] (in Spanish). León, Spain: Real colegiata de San Isidoro / Editorial Isidoriana. ISBN 978-84-7497-008-1. OCLC 45326344.
  2. ^ O'Neill, John P., ed. (1993). The art of medieval Spain, A.D. 500-1200. New York City: Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 235–236. ISBN 978-0-8109-6433-4. OCLC 28508384.
  3. ^ Williams 1977, p. 61
  4. Williams 1977, p. 57
  5. Williams 1977, p. 55
  6. Williams 1977, p. 60
  7. Gutmann, Joseph (1988). "The Dura Europos synagogue paintings and their influence on later Christian and Jewish art". Artibus et Historiae. 9 (17): 25–29. ISSN 0391-9064. JSTOR 1483314.
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