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{{Short description|2001 speech by George W. Bush}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2024}} {{Use mdy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Redirect|Islam Is Peace|peace in Islam|Pacifism in Islam}}

{{Infobox event {{Infobox event
|partof = the ]
| title = Remarks at the Islamic<br>Center of Washington | title = Remarks at the Islamic Center of Washington
| image = 911- President George W. Bush at Islamic Center, 09-17-2001. (6124777178).jpg | image = 911- President George W. Bush at Islamic Center, 09-17-2001. (6124777178).jpg
| image_alt = Photograph of George W. Bush, president of the United States in 2001, stands at a pulpit with two microphones. He wears a black lightly pin-striped suit, a white button-up shirt, and a red necktie. An American flag pin is affixed to his lapel. Behind him, out of focus in the background, are three men and one woman. One of the men wears a kufi. The woman wears a hijab. | image_alt = George W. Bush, president of the United States in 2001, stands at a pulpit with two microphones. He wears a black lightly pin-striped suit, a white button-up shirt, and a red necktie. An American flag pin is affixed to his lapel. Behind him, out of focus in the background, are three men and one woman. One of the men wears a kufi. The woman wears a hijab.
| caption = Bush delivering the speech | caption = Bush delivering the speech
| date = {{start date|2001|09|17}} | date = {{start date|2001|09|17}}
Line 14: Line 15:
}} }}


On September 17, 2001—six days after ]'s ] on ] and ]—], then ], delivered '''remarks at the Islamic Center of Washington''' (also sometimes called '''"Islam Is Peace"''') which were noted for affirming that the vast majority of Muslims were unassociated with, and moreover were horrified by, Al-Qaeda and their September 11 attacks. He said ] contravened Muslim values because "Islam is peace".<ref name=":4" /> Bush praised ] for their contributions to society and noted that some feared they would become the targets of harassment or violence from Americans upset about the September 11 attacks. He condemned such ] and said American Muslims "love America just as much as I do".<ref name=":1" /> On September 17, 2001—six days after ]'s ] on the ] and ]—], then ], delivered '''remarks at the Islamic Center of Washington''' (also called the '''speech at the Islamic Center of Washington''' or "'''Islam Is Peace'''"), a speech that affirmed that the vast majority of Muslims were unassociated with, and moreover were horrified by al-Qaeda and their September 11 attacks. He said ] contravened Muslim values because "Islam is peace".<ref name=":4" /> Bush praised ] for their contributions to society and noted that some feared they would become the targets of harassment or violence from Americans upset about the September 11 attacks. He condemned such ] and said American Muslims "love America just as much as I do".<ref name=":1" />


Compared to the days preceding Bush's speech, the number of ]s committed against Muslims decreased after his remarks. Some conservative Christians criticized the ] for differentiating between Islam in general and terrorist organizations such as Al-Qaeda. Sociologists ] and Louise Cankar respectively praised and criticized Bush. Skaine argued that the speech was an example of how Bush had generally helped reduce ]. According to Cainkar, although the address was a "positive speech", Bush undermined it in different speeches that characterized Muslims as hostile to America.<ref name=":5" /> Compared to the days preceding Bush's speech, the number of ]s committed against Muslims decreased after his remarks. Some conservative Christians criticized the ] for differentiating between Islam in general and terrorist organizations such as al-Qaeda. Sociologists ] and Louise Cainkar respectively praised and criticized Bush. Skaine argued that the speech was an example of how Bush had generally helped reduce ]. According to Cainkar, although the address was a "positive speech", Bush undermined it in different speeches that characterized Muslims as hostile to America.<ref name=":5" />


== Background == == Background ==
], an ]<ref name=":6" /> and ] who was the ],<ref>{{Harvtxt|Duignan|2024}}.</ref> made his first public comments as president about ] in early 2001 as part of a statement commemorating ], a Muslim holiday. It was the first American presidential statement issued for Eid al-Adha, and Bush praised the "variety of nations and cultures represented by those who travel to Mecca each year" as "reminders that ethnic and racial differences need not divide us when we share common values and purposes".<ref>{{Harvtxt|al-Rahim|2016|pp=96, 115}}.</ref> ], an ]<ref name=":6" /> and ] who was the 43rd ],<ref>{{Harvtxt|Duignan|2024}}.</ref> made his first public comments as president about ] in early 2001 as part of a statement commemorating the Muslim holiday of ]. It was the first American presidential statement issued for Eid al-Adha, and Bush praised the "variety of nations and cultures represented by those who travel to Mecca each year" as "reminders that ethnic and racial differences need not divide us when we share common values and purposes".<ref>{{Harvtxt|al-Rahim|2016|pp=96, 115}}.</ref>


On September 11, 2001, ] organization ] attacked the ] and ] in the ] using hijacked airplanes, killing nearly three thousand people in what has been called the "worst terrorist incident in the history of the United States".<ref>{{Harvtxt|al-Rahim|2016|p=90}}; {{Harvtxt|Ching|2020|pp=432–436}}.</ref> Bush had not spoken publicly about Islam since his Eid al-Adha statement.<ref>{{Harvtxt|al-Rahim|2016|p=96}}.</ref> After the ], he worried some Americans might lash out against Muslims.<ref name=":0">{{Harvtxt|Hartig|Doherty|2021}}.</ref> ] had long faced prejudices and ], and from the 1980s onward a popular American media stereotype conflated Muslims in general with the idea of "terrorists".<ref>{{Harvtxt|Samari|2016|p=1920}}.</ref> While interacting with journalists on September 13, he urged Americans to be respectful to ] and Muslim Americans.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Bostdorff|2003|pp=302, 316n52}}.</ref> On September 14, which he had declared a ], Bush spoke at a memorial service alongside ], a Muslim ].<ref name=":3" /> On September 11, 2001, ] organization ] attacked the ] and ] in the ] using hijacked airplanes, killing nearly three thousand people in what has been called the "worst terrorist incident in the history of the United States".<ref>{{Harvtxt|al-Rahim|2016|p=90}}; {{Harvtxt|Ching|2020|pp=432–436}}.</ref> Bush had not spoken publicly about Islam since his Eid al-Adha statement.<ref>{{Harvtxt|al-Rahim|2016|p=96}}.</ref> After the ], he worried some Americans might lash out against Muslims.<ref name=":0">{{Harvtxt|Hartig|Doherty|2021}}.</ref> ] had long faced prejudices and ], and from the 1980s onward a popular American media stereotype conflated Muslims in general with the idea of "terrorists".<ref>{{Harvtxt|Samari|2016|p=1920}}.</ref> While interacting with journalists on September 13, he urged Americans to be respectful to ] and Muslim Americans.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Bostdorff|2003|pp=302, 316n52}}.</ref> On September 14, which he had declared a ], Bush spoke at a memorial service alongside ], a Muslim ].<ref name=":3" />


== Speech == == Speech ==
] at the ] on September 17, 2001|270x270px]] ] at the ] on September 17, 2001|270x270px]]
Bush visited the ], a mosque in ], on September 17, 2001.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Bostdorff|2003|p=302}}; {{Harvtxt|Lederman|2015}}.</ref> He met with Muslim community leaders and there delivered a speech, variously called "Remarks at the Islamic Center of Washington" and "Islam Is Peace".<ref>{{Harvtxt|Lee|2017|p=21}}; {{Harvtxt|Patel|Levinson-Waldman|2017}}</ref> In the speech, Bush drew a line of distinction between Muslims and Al-Qaeda, saying that Al-Qaeda had perverted Islam, as the "face of terror is not the true faith of Islam", and "Islam is peace".<ref name=":4">{{Harvtxt|Lee|2017|pp=7–8}}; {{Harvtxt|Etzioni|2018|p=196}}.</ref> He affirmed that Muslims, both in the United States and elsewhere, "were just appalled" by the September 11 attacks because "acts of violence against innocents violate the fundamental tenets of the Islamic faith" and that Al-Qaeda "represent evil and war", not Islam.<ref>{{Harvtxt|al-Rahim|2016|p=97}}.</ref> Bush then quoted a passage from the ] stating that "n the long run, evil in the extreme will be the end of those who do evil", invoking a nondenominational expression of ].<ref name=":6">{{Harvtxt|Bostdorff|2003|pp=301–302}}.</ref> In drawing this distinction between a peaceful Islam and violent terrorism, Bush characterized the United States as being an ally to the majority of the ] against what he depicted as the evils of terrorism and a false Islam.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Stewart|2005|pp=402–403}}.</ref> Bush visited the ], a mosque in ], on September 17, 2001.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Bostdorff|2003|p=302}}; {{Harvtxt|Lederman|2015}}.</ref> He met with Muslim community leaders and there delivered a speech, variously called "Remarks at the Islamic Center of Washington" and "Islam Is Peace".<ref>{{Harvtxt|Lee|2017|p=21}}; {{Harvtxt|Patel|Levinson-Waldman|2017}}</ref> In the speech, Bush drew a line of distinction between Muslims and al-Qaeda, saying that al-Qaeda had perverted Islam, as the "face of terror is not the true faith of Islam", and "Islam is peace".<ref name=":4">{{Harvtxt|Lee|2017|pp=7–8}}; {{Harvtxt|Etzioni|2018|p=196}}.</ref> He affirmed that Muslims, both in the United States and elsewhere, "were just appalled" by the September 11 attacks because "acts of violence against innocents violate the fundamental tenets of the Islamic faith" and that al-Qaeda "represent evil and war", not Islam.<ref>{{Harvtxt|al-Rahim|2016|p=97}}.</ref> Bush then quoted a passage from the ] stating that "n the long run, evil in the extreme will be the end of those who do evil", invoking a nondenominational expression of ].<ref name=":6">{{Harvtxt|Bostdorff|2003|pp=301–302}}.</ref> In drawing this distinction between a peaceful Islam and violent terrorism, Bush characterized the United States as being an ally to the majority of the ] against what he depicted as the evils of terrorism and a false Islam.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Stewart|2005|pp=402–403}}.</ref>
{{Quote box {{Quote box
| quote = America counts millions of Muslims amongst our citizens, and Muslims make an incredibly valuable contribution to our country. Muslims are doctors, lawyers, law professors, members of the military, entrepreneurs, shopkeepers, moms and dads. And they need to be treated with respect. | quote = America counts millions of Muslims amongst our citizens, and Muslims make an incredibly valuable contribution to our country. Muslims are doctors, lawyers, law professors, members of the military, entrepreneurs, shopkeepers, moms and dads. And they need to be treated with respect.
Line 32: Line 33:
| width = 30% | width = 30%
}} }}
In the speech, Bush praised American Muslims, noting that there were millions of Muslim ] who he said "make an incredibly valuable contribution to our country" in their professional and family lives.<ref name=":1">{{Harvtxt|Lee|2017|p=9}}.</ref> Intending to head off Islamophobic prejudice,<ref name=":2">{{Harvtxt|Ching|2020|p=454}}.</ref> he added that he was aware that some American Muslims, in the wake of the September 11 attacks, were "afraid they’ll be intimidated" if they tried to go about their "ordinary daily routines".<ref>{{Harvtxt|Beauchamp|2015}}.</ref> Bush condemned ], saying that people who would "take out their anger" about the September 11 attacks against Muslim individuals "represent the worst of humankind, and they should be ashamed of that kind of behavior".<ref name=":2" /> Bringing up ]-wearing Muslim women in particular, Bush insisted they should not have to feel afraid to go outside for fear of harassment because that was "not the America I know".<ref name=":3">{{Harvtxt|Skaine|2002|p=143}}.</ref> To end the speech, Bush personally identified with American Muslims, saying "hey love America just as much as I do".<ref name=":1" /> In the speech, Bush praised American Muslims, noting that there were millions of Muslim ] who he said "make an incredibly valuable contribution to our country" in their professional and family lives.<ref name=":1">{{Harvtxt|Lee|2017|p=9}}.</ref> Intending to head off Islamophobic prejudice,<ref name=":2">{{Harvtxt|Ching|2020|p=454}}.</ref> he added that he was aware that some American Muslims, in the wake of the September 11 attacks, were "afraid they'll be intimidated" if they tried to go about their "ordinary daily routines".<ref>{{Harvtxt|Beauchamp|2015}}.</ref> Bush condemned ], saying that people who would "take out their anger" about the September 11 attacks against Muslim individuals "represent the worst of humankind, and they should be ashamed of that kind of behavior".<ref name=":2" /> Bringing up ]-wearing Muslim women in particular, Bush insisted they should not have to feel afraid to go outside for fear of harassment because that was "not the America I know".<ref name=":3">{{Harvtxt|Skaine|2002|p=143}}.</ref> To end the speech, Bush personally identified with American Muslims, saying "hey love America just as much as I do".<ref name=":1" />


== Reception == == Reception ==
Compared to the days immediately preceding Bush's speech, there were fewer ]s against Muslims in the United States in the days after it.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Patel|Levinson-Waldman|2017}}.</ref> The ] reported that in November 2001, 59% of Americans, relatively evenly distributed among both ] and ], reported viewing Islam favorably, an increase in positive disposition compared to 45% that March; this shared outlook did not last, however, and over subsequent years views of Islam diverged along partisan lines as Republicans increasingly associated Islam with violence.<ref name=":0" /> To the consternation of some particularly conservative ]—such as apologist ], who criticized Bush for characterizing Islam as peaceful—the ] continued to reiterate that the ] was not against Islam writ large.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Kidd|2009|pp=144–146}}.</ref> Bush's remarks at the Islamic Center of Washington became only the first of several speeches he went on to deliver as president to Muslim American audiences.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Lee|2017|pp=7–8}}.</ref> Compared to the days immediately preceding Bush's speech, there were fewer ]s against Muslims in the United States in the days after it.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Patel|Levinson-Waldman|2017}}.</ref> The ] reported that in November 2001, 59% of Americans, relatively evenly distributed among both ] and ], reported viewing Islam favorably, an increase in positive disposition compared to 45% that March; this shared outlook did not last, however, and over subsequent years views of Islam diverged along partisan lines as Republicans increasingly associated Islam with violence.<ref name=":0" /> To the consternation of some particularly conservative ]—such as apologist ], who criticized Bush for characterizing Islam as peaceful—the ] continued to reiterate that the ] was not against Islam writ large.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Kidd|2009|pp=144–146}}.</ref> Bush's remarks at the Islamic Center of Washington became the first of several speeches he went on to deliver as president to Muslim American audiences.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Lee|2017|pp=7–8}}.</ref>


], a sociologist, credited Bush with helping reduce prejudice against Arab Americans and Muslim Americans through the example he set in his September 17 speech, among other addresses.<ref name=":3" /> ], a Democrat who succeeded Bush as president, recalled feeling "very proud" of Bush for being "adamant and clear about the fact that this is not a war on Islam".<ref>{{Harvtxt|Lederman|2015}}.</ref> Sociologist Louise Cainkar considered the remarks at the Islamic Center "a positive speech" but criticized Bush for undermining this effort in other addresses he delivered that played into stereotypes that Muslims opposed freedom, like his ] delivered only days later.<ref name=":5">{{Harvtxt|Cainkar|2021|p=446}}.</ref> '']'' contributor Aymann Ismail called Bush's September 17 remarks and his other speeches about Islam "lip service" because his actual policies were significantly negative for American Muslims, but he further argued that Bush's remarks at least demonstrated that his administration "felt responsible for how their words affected" American Muslims, which Ismail considered starkly different from later president ]'s overtly Islamophobic ].<ref>{{Harvtxt|Ismail|2020}}.</ref> ], a sociologist, credited Bush with helping reduce prejudice against Arab Americans and Muslim Americans through the example he set in his September 17 speech, among other addresses.<ref name=":3" /> ], a Democrat who succeeded Bush as president, recalled feeling "very proud" of Bush for being "adamant and clear about the fact that this is not a war on Islam".<ref>{{Harvtxt|Lederman|2015}}.</ref> Sociologist Louise Cainkar considered the remarks at the Islamic Center "a positive speech" but criticized Bush for undermining this effort in other addresses he delivered that played into stereotypes that Muslims opposed freedom, like his ] delivered only days later.<ref name=":5">{{Harvtxt|Cainkar|2021|p=446}}.</ref> '']'' contributor Aymann Ismail called Bush's September 17 remarks and his other speeches about Islam "lip service" because his actual policies were significantly negative for American Muslims, but he further argued that Bush's remarks at least demonstrated that his administration "felt responsible for how their words affected" American Muslims, which Ismail considered starkly different from the overtly Islamophobic ].<ref>{{Harvtxt|Ismail|2020}}.</ref>


== See also == == See also ==
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* {{Cite news |last=Beauchamp |first=Zack |date=September 22, 2015 |title=Today's GOP Should Take Lessons on Islam from George W. Bush |url=https://www.vox.com/2015/9/22/9371313/republicans-islam-bush |work=]}} * {{Cite news |last=Beauchamp |first=Zack |date=September 22, 2015 |title=Today's GOP Should Take Lessons on Islam from George W. Bush |url=https://www.vox.com/2015/9/22/9371313/republicans-islam-bush |work=]}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Bostdorff |first=Denise M. |date=2003 |title=George W. Bush's Post-September 11 Rhetoric of Covenant Renewal: Upholding the Faith of the Greatest Generation |journal=] |volume=89 |issue=3 |pages=293–319 |doi=10.1080/0033563032000160963}} * {{Cite journal |last=Bostdorff |first=Denise M. |date=2003 |title=George W. Bush's Post-September 11 Rhetoric of Covenant Renewal: Upholding the Faith of the Greatest Generation |journal=] |volume=89 |issue=3 |pages=293–319 |doi=10.1080/0033563032000160963}}
* {{Cite book |last=Cainkar |first=Louise |title=Arab American Women: Representation and Refusal |publisher=] |year=2021 |isbn=9780815636847 |editor-last=Suleiman |editor-first=Michael W. |series=Critical Arab American Studies |editor-last2=Joseph |editor-first2=Suad |editor-last3=Cainkar |editor-first3=Louise}} * {{Cite book |last=Cainkar |first=Louise |title=Arab American Women: Representation and Refusal |publisher=] |year=2021 |isbn=9780815636847 |editor-last=Suleiman |editor-first=Michael W. |series=Critical Arab American Studies |pages=432–461 |chapter=Dangerous Women / Women in Danger: Gendered Impacts of Hate and Repression, 9/11 and Beyond |doi=10.2307/j.ctv16x2bqm.23 |jstor=j.ctv16x2bqm.23 |editor-last2=Joseph |editor-first2=Suad |editor-last3=Cainkar |editor-first3=Louise}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Ching |first=Bruce |date=2020 |title=Echoes of 9/11: Rhetorical Analysis of Presidential Statements in the 'War on Terror' |url=https://scholarship.shu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1771&context=shlr |journal=] |volume=51 |pages=431–459}} * {{Cite journal |last=Ching |first=Bruce |date=2020 |title=Echoes of 9/11: Rhetorical Analysis of Presidential Statements in the 'War on Terror' |url=https://scholarship.shu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1771&context=shlr |journal=] |volume=51 |pages=431–459}}
* {{Cite web |last=Duignan |first=Brian |date=November 22, 2024 |title=George W. Bush |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/George-W-Bush |website=]}} * {{Cite web |last=Duignan |first=Brian |date=November 22, 2024 |title=George W. Bush |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/George-W-Bush |website=]}}
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* {{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=Michael J. |date=2017 |title=Us, Them, and the War on Terror: Reassessing George W. Bush's Rhetorical Legacy |journal=Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=3–30 |doi=10.1080/14791420.2016.1257817}} * {{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=Michael J. |date=2017 |title=Us, Them, and the War on Terror: Reassessing George W. Bush's Rhetorical Legacy |journal=Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=3–30 |doi=10.1080/14791420.2016.1257817}}
* {{Cite web |last1=Patel |first1=Faiza |last2=Levinson-Waldman |first2=Rachel |date=April 19, 2017 |title=The Islamophobic Administration |url=https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/islamophobic-administration |publisher=]}} * {{Cite web |last1=Patel |first1=Faiza |last2=Levinson-Waldman |first2=Rachel |date=April 19, 2017 |title=The Islamophobic Administration |url=https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/islamophobic-administration |publisher=]}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Purcell |first=Richard |date=July 2003 |title=The New State of Peace After 11 September 2001 |journal=] |volume=45 |issue=1–2 |pages=132–147|doi=10.1111/1467-8705.00481 }} * {{Cite journal |last=Purcell |first=Richard |date=July 2003 |title=The New State of Peace After 11 September 2001 |journal=] |volume=45 |issue=1–2 |pages=132–147 |doi=10.1111/1467-8705.00481}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Samari |first=Goleen |date=November 2016 |title=Islamophobia and Public Health in the United States |journal=] |volume=106 |issue=11 |pages=1920–1925 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2016.303374|pmid=27631738 |pmc=5055770 }} * {{Cite journal |last=Samari |first=Goleen |date=November 2016 |title=Islamophobia and Public Health in the United States |journal=] |volume=106 |issue=11 |pages=1920–1925 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2016.303374 |pmid=27631738 |pmc=5055770}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Skaine |first=Rosemarie |author-link=Rosemarie Skaine |date=June 2002 |title=Neither Afghan nor Islam |journal=] |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=142–144 |jstor=23890517}} * {{Cite journal |last=Skaine |first=Rosemarie |author-link=Rosemarie Skaine |date=June 2002 |title=Neither Afghan nor Islam |journal=] |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=142–144 |jstor=23890517}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Stewart |first=Dona J. |date=July 2005 |title=The Greater Middle East and Reform in the Bush Administration's Ideological Imagination |journal=] |volume=95 |issue=3 |pages=400–424 |doi=10.1111/j.1931-0846.2005.tb00373.x}} * {{Cite journal |last=Stewart |first=Dona J. |date=July 2005 |title=The Greater Middle East and Reform in the Bush Administration's Ideological Imagination |journal=] |volume=95 |issue=3 |pages=400–424 |doi=10.1111/j.1931-0846.2005.tb00373.x|bibcode=2005GeoRv..95..400S }}
* {{refend}} * {{refend}}


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Latest revision as of 04:46, 27 December 2024

2001 speech by George W. Bush

"Islam Is Peace" redirects here. For peace in Islam, see Pacifism in Islam.
Remarks at the Islamic Center of Washington
Part of the aftermath of the September 11 attacks
George W. Bush, president of the United States in 2001, stands at a pulpit with two microphones. He wears a black lightly pin-striped suit, a white button-up shirt, and a red necktie. An American flag pin is affixed to his lapel. Behind him, out of focus in the background, are three men and one woman. One of the men wears a kufi. The woman wears a hijab.Bush delivering the speech
DateSeptember 17, 2001 (2001-09-17)
VenueIslamic Center of Washington
LocationWashington, D.C.
ParticipantsGeorge W. Bush
The full text of the speech at Wikisource

On September 17, 2001—six days after al-Qaeda's September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon—George W. Bush, then president of the United States, delivered remarks at the Islamic Center of Washington (also called the speech at the Islamic Center of Washington or "Islam Is Peace"), a speech that affirmed that the vast majority of Muslims were unassociated with, and moreover were horrified by al-Qaeda and their September 11 attacks. He said Islamic terrorism contravened Muslim values because "Islam is peace". Bush praised Muslims in the United States for their contributions to society and noted that some feared they would become the targets of harassment or violence from Americans upset about the September 11 attacks. He condemned such Islamophobia and said American Muslims "love America just as much as I do".

Compared to the days preceding Bush's speech, the number of hate crimes committed against Muslims decreased after his remarks. Some conservative Christians criticized the Bush administration for differentiating between Islam in general and terrorist organizations such as al-Qaeda. Sociologists Rosemarie Skaine and Louise Cainkar respectively praised and criticized Bush. Skaine argued that the speech was an example of how Bush had generally helped reduce Islamophobia in the United States. According to Cainkar, although the address was a "positive speech", Bush undermined it in different speeches that characterized Muslims as hostile to America.

Background

George W. Bush, an Evangelical Christian and Republican who was the 43rd president of the United States, made his first public comments as president about Islam in early 2001 as part of a statement commemorating the Muslim holiday of Eid al-Adha. It was the first American presidential statement issued for Eid al-Adha, and Bush praised the "variety of nations and cultures represented by those who travel to Mecca each year" as "reminders that ethnic and racial differences need not divide us when we share common values and purposes".

On September 11, 2001, Islamist organization al-Qaeda attacked the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in the United States using hijacked airplanes, killing nearly three thousand people in what has been called the "worst terrorist incident in the history of the United States". Bush had not spoken publicly about Islam since his Eid al-Adha statement. After the September 11 attacks, he worried some Americans might lash out against Muslims. Muslims in the United States had long faced prejudices and Islamophobia, and from the 1980s onward a popular American media stereotype conflated Muslims in general with the idea of "terrorists". While interacting with journalists on September 13, he urged Americans to be respectful to Arab Americans and Muslim Americans. On September 14, which he had declared a National Day of Prayer, Bush spoke at a memorial service alongside Muzammil H. Siddiqi, a Muslim imam.

Speech

George W. Bush at the Islamic Center of Washington on September 17, 2001

Bush visited the Islamic Center of Washington, a mosque in Washington, D.C., on September 17, 2001. He met with Muslim community leaders and there delivered a speech, variously called "Remarks at the Islamic Center of Washington" and "Islam Is Peace". In the speech, Bush drew a line of distinction between Muslims and al-Qaeda, saying that al-Qaeda had perverted Islam, as the "face of terror is not the true faith of Islam", and "Islam is peace". He affirmed that Muslims, both in the United States and elsewhere, "were just appalled" by the September 11 attacks because "acts of violence against innocents violate the fundamental tenets of the Islamic faith" and that al-Qaeda "represent evil and war", not Islam. Bush then quoted a passage from the Quran stating that "n the long run, evil in the extreme will be the end of those who do evil", invoking a nondenominational expression of American civil religion. In drawing this distinction between a peaceful Islam and violent terrorism, Bush characterized the United States as being an ally to the majority of the Muslim world against what he depicted as the evils of terrorism and a false Islam.

America counts millions of Muslims amongst our citizens, and Muslims make an incredibly valuable contribution to our country. Muslims are doctors, lawyers, law professors, members of the military, entrepreneurs, shopkeepers, moms and dads. And they need to be treated with respect.

George W. Bush, Remarks at the Islamic Center of Washington, September 17, 2001

In the speech, Bush praised American Muslims, noting that there were millions of Muslim citizens of the United States who he said "make an incredibly valuable contribution to our country" in their professional and family lives. Intending to head off Islamophobic prejudice, he added that he was aware that some American Muslims, in the wake of the September 11 attacks, were "afraid they'll be intimidated" if they tried to go about their "ordinary daily routines". Bush condemned Islamophobia in the United States, saying that people who would "take out their anger" about the September 11 attacks against Muslim individuals "represent the worst of humankind, and they should be ashamed of that kind of behavior". Bringing up hijab-wearing Muslim women in particular, Bush insisted they should not have to feel afraid to go outside for fear of harassment because that was "not the America I know". To end the speech, Bush personally identified with American Muslims, saying "hey love America just as much as I do".

Reception

Compared to the days immediately preceding Bush's speech, there were fewer hate crimes against Muslims in the United States in the days after it. The Pew Research Center reported that in November 2001, 59% of Americans, relatively evenly distributed among both Republicans and Democrats, reported viewing Islam favorably, an increase in positive disposition compared to 45% that March; this shared outlook did not last, however, and over subsequent years views of Islam diverged along partisan lines as Republicans increasingly associated Islam with violence. To the consternation of some particularly conservative Christians—such as apologist Dave Hunt, who criticized Bush for characterizing Islam as peaceful—the Bush administration continued to reiterate that the war on terror was not against Islam writ large. Bush's remarks at the Islamic Center of Washington became the first of several speeches he went on to deliver as president to Muslim American audiences.

Rosemarie Skaine, a sociologist, credited Bush with helping reduce prejudice against Arab Americans and Muslim Americans through the example he set in his September 17 speech, among other addresses. Barack Obama, a Democrat who succeeded Bush as president, recalled feeling "very proud" of Bush for being "adamant and clear about the fact that this is not a war on Islam". Sociologist Louise Cainkar considered the remarks at the Islamic Center "a positive speech" but criticized Bush for undermining this effort in other addresses he delivered that played into stereotypes that Muslims opposed freedom, like his September 20 speech to a joint session of Congress delivered only days later. Salon contributor Aymann Ismail called Bush's September 17 remarks and his other speeches about Islam "lip service" because his actual policies were significantly negative for American Muslims, but he further argued that Bush's remarks at least demonstrated that his administration "felt responsible for how their words affected" American Muslims, which Ismail considered starkly different from the overtly Islamophobic first presidency of Donald Trump.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Lee (2017, pp. 7–8); Etzioni (2018, p. 196).
  2. ^ Lee (2017, p. 9).
  3. ^ Cainkar (2021, p. 446).
  4. ^ Bostdorff (2003, pp. 301–302).
  5. Duignan (2024).
  6. al-Rahim (2016, pp. 96, 115).
  7. al-Rahim (2016, p. 90); Ching (2020, pp. 432–436).
  8. al-Rahim (2016, p. 96).
  9. ^ Hartig & Doherty (2021).
  10. Samari (2016, p. 1920).
  11. Bostdorff (2003, pp. 302, 316n52).
  12. ^ Skaine (2002, p. 143).
  13. Bostdorff (2003, p. 302); Lederman (2015).
  14. Lee (2017, p. 21); Patel & Levinson-Waldman (2017)
  15. al-Rahim (2016, p. 97).
  16. Stewart (2005, pp. 402–403).
  17. ^ Ching (2020, p. 454).
  18. Beauchamp (2015).
  19. Patel & Levinson-Waldman (2017).
  20. Kidd (2009, pp. 144–146).
  21. Lee (2017, pp. 7–8).
  22. Lederman (2015).
  23. Ismail (2020).

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