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{{Short description|Iranian royal dynasty (1925–1979)}}
In 1921 Reza Khan (later ]), an officer in Iran's only military force (Cossack Brigade) used his troops to support a coup against the government of ] Dynasty. Within four years he had established himself as the most powerful person in the country by suppressing rebellions and establishing order. In 1925 a specially convened assembly deposed Ahmad Shah, the last ruler of the ], and named Reza Khan, who earlier had adopted the surname Pahlavi, as the new shah.
{{About|the Iranian royal dynasty|the country under its rule|Pahlavi Iran}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox family
| name = Pahlavi
| type = ]
| coat_of_arms = Imperial Coat of Arms of Iran.svg
| coat_of_arms_size = 200px
| alt =
| coat_of_arms_caption = ] of the ]s, and therefore ], of ] from 1932. The emblem of the dynasty is the mountain and sun in the blue circle in the middle.
| image =
| image_size =
| alt2 =
| image_caption =
| parent_family = <!-- Family (or house, clan) from which the family in subject is descended -->
| country = ]
| region = <!-- Main current location - please note, countries that are merely associated with titles should be indicated in "titles" -->
| early_forms =
| etymology = <!-- Etymology; name origin and/or meaning -->
| origin = ]
| founded = {{Start date|1925|12|15|df=y}}
| founder = ]
| current_head = ]
| final_ruler = ]
| final_head = <!-- I.e. last person with family name or else subject to end of continuous consistency -->
| titles = <!-- If multiple ones, please consider using {{tlx|Template:Collapsible list}} -->
| styles = <!-- Styles (manners of address) -->
| members =
| connected_members = <!-- Notable members in selection, only if relevant in infobox and readability-wise applicable -->
| other_families = ]
| distinctions = <!-- Primarily associated distinctions such as orders, prizes, awards, etc. -->
| traditions = <!-- Philosophy, movement, adherence, allegiance, etc. -->
| motto = {{lang|fa|مرا داد فرمود و خود داور است}}<br />{{transliteration|fa|Marā dād farmud o Khod dāvar ast}}
| motto_lang =
| motto_trans = He ordered me to be just and he himself is the judge
| heirlooms = <!-- Inheritances; antiques, mementos, jewelry, etc. -->
| estate = <!-- Residence, seat, etc. -->
| properties =
| dissolution = <!-- {{End date|YYYY}}, removal of public status applicable primarily to royal and aristocratic houses -->
| deposition = {{End date|1979|02|11|df=y}} (])
| cadet_branches = <!-- Branches families - if multiple ones, please consider using {{tlx|Template:Collapsible list}} -->
| website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}}, website of the family association/foundation/memorial, etc. -->
| footnotes =
}}
The '''Pahlavi dynasty''' ({{langx|fa|دودمان پهلوی}}) was the last ] ] that ruled for roughly 53 years between 1925 and 1979. The dynasty was founded by ], a non-aristocratic ] soldier<ref>{{Cite book|last=Aghaie|first=Kamran Scot|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=egGgUM_YdL8C&dq=Reza+shah+is+Mazanderani&pg=PA49|title=The Martyrs of Karbala: Shi'i Symbols and Rituals in Modern Iran|date=1 December 2011|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-80078-3|language=en}}</ref> in modern times, who took on the name of the ] spoken in the pre-Islamic ] to strengthen his nationalist credentials.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=کوروش |first1=نوروز مرادی |last2=نوری |first2=مصطفی |title=سندی نویافته از نیای رضاشاه |journal=پیام بهارستان |date=1388 |volume=د۲،س ۱،ش۴ |url=http://ensani.ir/file/download/article/20101205103251-0%20(51).pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=معتضد |first1=خسرو |title=تاج های زنانه |date=1387 |publisher=نشر البرز |location=تهران |isbn=9789644425974 |pages=46 47 48 49 50 51 جلد اول |edition=چاپ اول}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=نیازمند |first1=رضا |title=رضاشاه از تولد تا سلطنت |date=1387 |publisher=حکایت قلم نوین |location=تهران |isbn=9645925460 |pages=15 16 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 39 40 43 44 45 |edition=چاپ ششم}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=زیباکلام |first1=صادق |title=رضاشاه |date=1398 |publisher=روزنه،لندن:اچ انداس |location=تهران |isbn=9781780837628 |pages=61, 62 |edition=اول}}</ref>


The dynasty replaced the ] in 1925 after the ], beginning on 14 January 1921 when 42-year-old soldier ] was promoted by British General ] to lead the British-run ].<ref name="GhaniGhanī2001">{{cite book|author1=Cyrus Ghani|author2=Sīrūs Ghanī|title=Iran and the Rise of the Reza Shah: From Qajar Collapse to Pahlavi Power|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VGZItY9kL0AC&pg=PA147|date=6 January 2001|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-86064-629-4|pages=147–}}</ref> About a month later, under British direction, Reza Khan's 3,000–4,000 strong detachment of the Cossack Brigade reached Tehran in what became known as the ].<ref name=Zirinsky/><ref>Brysac, Shareen Blair. "A Very British Coup: How Reza Shah Won and Lost His Throne." ''World Policy Journal'' 24, no. 2 (2007): 90–103. Accessed 8 August 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40210096</ref> The rest of the country was taken by 1923, and by October 1925 the ] agreed to depose and formally exile ]. The Majlis declared Reza Pahlavi as the new Shah of Iran on 12 December 1925, pursuant to the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ajoudani.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=62&Itemid=27|title=Mashallah Ajudani|work=Ajoudani|access-date=17 January 2013|archive-date=22 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022170922/http://ajoudani.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=62&Itemid=27|url-status=dead}}</ref> Initially, Pahlavi had planned to declare the country a republic, as his contemporary ] had done in ], but abandoned the idea in the face of British and clerical opposition.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Curtis|first1=Glenn E.|last2=Hooglund|first2=Eric|author-link2=Eric Hooglund|title=Iran: A Country Study: A Country Study|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yPf_f7skJUYC&pg=PA27|publisher=Government Printing Office|isbn=978-0-8444-1187-3|page=27}}</ref>
Reza Shah had ambitious plans for modernizing of Iran. These plans included developing large-scale industries, implementing major infrastructure projects, building a cross-country railroad system, establishing a national public education system, reforming the judiciary, and improving health care. He believed a strong, centralized government managed by educated personnel could carry out his plans.


The dynasty ruled Iran for 28 years as a form of ] from 1925 until 1953, and following ], for a further 26 years as a more autocratic monarchy until the dynasty was ].
He sent hundreds of Iranians including his son to Europe for training. During 16 years from 1925 and 1941, Reza Shah's numerous development projects transformed Iran into an industrial, urbanized country. Public education progressed rapidly, and new social classes were formed. A professional middle class and an industrial working class had emerged.


==Family background==
By the mid 1930's Reza Shah's dictatorial style of rule caused dissatisfaction in Iran. And in 1935 the country’s name was changed from Persia to Iran.
{{See also|Pahlavi family tree}}
In 1878, Reza Khan was born at the village of ] in ], Mazandaran Province. His parents were Abbas Ali Khan and Noushafarin Ayromlou.<ref name="Afkhami2008">{{cite book|author=Gholam Reza Afkhami|title=The Life and Times of the Shah|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pTVSPmyvtkAC&pg=PP2|access-date=2 November 2012|date=27 October 2008|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-25328-5|page=4}}</ref><ref name=Zirinsky>{{cite journal|last=Zirinsky|first=Michael P.|title=Imperial power and dictatorship: Britain and the rise of Reza Shah, 1921-1926|journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies|year=1992|volume=24|issue=4|pages=639–663|url=http://scholarworks.boisestate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=history_facpubs&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com%2Fscholar%3Fstart%3D20%26q%3Dlife%2Bof%2Bshah%2Bmohammed%2Breza%26hl%3Den%26as_sdt%3D0%2C5#search=%22life%20shah%20mohammed%20reza%22|access-date=2 November 2012|doi=10.1017/s0020743800022388|s2cid=159878744 }}</ref> His mother was a Muslim immigrant from ] (then part of the ]),<ref>{{cite book |quote="(..) His mother, who was of Georgian origin, died not long after, leaving Reza in her brother's care in Tehran. (...)."|title=The Life and Times of the Shah|first1= Gholam Reza |last1=Afkhami |publisher= University of California Press | date = 2009 |page=4 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |quote="(...) His mother, Nush Afarin, was a Georgian Muslim immigrant (...)."|title=The Pahlavi Dynasty: An Entry from Encyclopaedia of the World of Islam |author= GholamAli Haddad Adel |publisher= EWI Press | date = 2012 |page=3 |display-authors=etal}}</ref> whose family had emigrated to mainland ] after Iran was forced to cede all of its territories in the ] following the ] several decades prior to Reza Shah's birth.<ref>Homa Katouzian. I.B.Tauris, 2006. {{ISBN|978-1845112721}} p 269</ref> His father was a Mazandarani, commissioned in the 7th ] Regiment, and served in the ] in 1856.


==Heads of House of Pahlavi==
Reza Shah tried to avoid involvement with Britain and the ] (USSR; formed from the Russian Empire in 1922). But many of his development projects required foreign technical expertise. He avoided awarding contracts to British and Soviet Companies. Although Britain, through its ownership of the ], controlled all of Iran's oil resources, Reza Shah preferred to obtain technical assistance from Germany, France, Italy and other European countries. This made problems for Iran after 1939, when Germany and Britain became enemies in World War II. Reza Shah proclaimed Iran as a neutral country, but Britain insisted that German engineers and technicians in Iran were spies with missions to sabotage British oil facilities in southwestern Iran. Britain demanded that Iran expel all German citizens, but Reza Shah refused, claiming this would adversely impact his development projects.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan=2| Name !! Portrait !! Family relations !! Lifespan !! Entered office !! Left office
|-
! colspan=7 align=center|'']''
|-
! | 1
| ] || ] || Son of Abbas Ali || 1878–1944 || 15 December 1925 || 16 September 1941<br>('']'')
|-
! | 2
| ] || ]|| Son of Reza Shah || 1919–1980 || 16 September 1941 || 27 July 1980<br>(''Death'')
|-
! | 3
| ] || ] || Son of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi || 1960–current|| 27 July 1980 || ''Incumbent''
|}


== Consorts ==
Following Germany's invasion of the USSR in June 1941, Britain and the Soviet Union became allies. Both turned their attention to Iran. Britain and the USSR saw the newly opened Trans-Iranian Railroad as an attractive route to transport from Persian Gulf to the Soviet region. In August 1941, because of refusing to expel the German nationals, Britain and the USSR invaded Iran, arrested Reza Shah and sent him into exile, taking control of Iran's communications and coveted railroad. In 1942 the United States, an ally of Britain and the USSR during the war, sent a military force to Iran to help maintain and operate sections of the railroad. The British and Soviet authorities allowed Reza Shah's system of government to collapse and limited the constitutional government interfaces. They permitted Reza Shah's son, ] to succeed to the throne.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! Picture
! Name
! Father
! Birth
! Marriage
! Became Consort
! Ceased to be Consort
! Death
! ]
|-
| ]
| ]
| ]
| 1896
| 1916
| 15 December 1925
| rowspan=2|16 September 1941<br />''husband's abdication''
| 1982
| rowspan=3|]
|-
| ]
| ]
| Gholam Ali Mirza Dowlatshahi
| 1905
| 1923
| 15 December 1925
| 1995
|-
| ]
| ]
| Prince Isa Khan Majd es-Saltaneh Amirsoleimani
| 1905
| 1922
| 15 December 1925
| 1923
| 1994
|-
|]
|]
|]
|1921
|1939
|16 September 1941
|17 November 1948<br />''divorced''
|2013
|rowspan=3|]
|-
|]
|]
|]
|1932
|colspan=2|12 February 1951
|15 March 1958<br />''divorced''
|2001
|-
|]
|]
|Sohrab Diba
|1938
|colspan=2|21 December 1959
|11 February 1979<br />''husband's deposition''
|''Alive''
|}


== Heirs ==
In January 1942 they signed an agreement with Iran to respect Iran's independence and to withdraw their troops within six months of the war's end. In 1943 at a Tehran Conference U.S. reaffirmed this commitment. In 1945, the USSR refused to announce a timetable to leave Iran's northwestern provinces of East Azerbaijan and West Azerbaijan, where Soviet supported autonomy movements had developed.
], the heir presumptive until his death in 1954]]
The ] specifically provided that only a male who was not descended from ] could become the ].<ref name="Dareini">{{cite book |last1=Dareini |first1=Ali Akbar |title=The rise and fall of the Pahlavi dynasty |year=1999 |isbn=81-208-1642-0 |page=446 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |quote=2. The Shah gives another account for his separation with Fawzia. "For reasons still obscure to medical science, Queen Fawzia bore only one child; thus unfortunately no male heir issued from our marriage. Under the Persian Constitution the crown must pass by direct line of descent to a male heir. This rules out not only my daughter but also my three sisters. The Constitution further stipulates that no one descended from the previous Qajar dynasty is eligible to become king. Since two of my father’s wives were of Qajar blood, my half-brothers who are their sons are ineligible. In fact I had only one brother not related to the Qajar line, and to my sorrow he was to die in an aeroplane crash in 1954. With these limitations it is no wonder that my advisors felt it important for my wife to bear a son. It is true that the Constitution might have been amended, but the dimate of opinion seemed opposed to tampering with the provisions relating to the royal succession. Besides, I was young and, quite apart from the constitutional factor, I wanted more children. When Queen Fawzia went to Egypt on an extended stay, we decided on a divorce." Please see Mission for My Country His Imperial Majesty Mohammad Reza Shah Pahiavi, Hutchinson and Co. (Publishers) Ltd., London, 1961–1968; pp. 219–220}}</ref> This made all half-brothers of ] ineligible to become heirs to the throne.<ref name="Dareini"/> Until his death in 1954, the Shah's only full brother ] was his ].<ref name="Dareini"/>


The constitution also required the Shah to be of ] descent, meaning that his father and mother are Iranian.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hoyt|first1=Edwin Palmer |title=The Shah: The Glittering Story of Iran and Its People|publisher=P. S. Eriksson|year=1976 |isbn=9780839777533|page=49}}</ref>
The USSR withdrew its troops in May 1946, but tensions continued for several months. This episode was one of the precipitating events of the emerging Cold War, the postwar rivalry between the United States and its allies and the USSR and its allies.


=== Line of succession in February 1979 ===
Iran's political system became increasingly open. Political parties were developed, and in 1944 the Majlis election was the first genuinely competitive election in more than 20 years. Foreign remained very sensitive issues for all parties. The Angelo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC), which was owned by the British government continue to produce and market Iranian oil. In the beginning of 1930s some Iranian began to support the nationalization of the country's oil fields. After 1946 this caused a major common movement.
{{Tree list}}
* ] ''] (1878–1944)''
**{{Tree list/final branch}}] ''']''' (1919–1980)
***'''(1)''' ] (b. 1960)
***{{Tree list/final branch}} '''(2)''' ] (1966)
**{{Tree list/final branch}} ''] (1922–1954)''
***{{Tree list/final branch}} '''(3)''' ] (b. 1947)
****{{Tree list/final branch}} '''(4)''' Prince Davoud Pahlavi (b. 1972)
****{{Tree list/final branch}} '''(5)''' Prince Houd Pahlavi (b. 1973)
****{{Tree list/final branch}} '''(6)''' Prince Mohammad Pahlavi (b. 1976)
{{Tree list/end}}


=== Current Line of Succession ===
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi replaced his father on the throne on September 16, 1941. He wanted to continue the reform policies of his father, but a contest for control of the government soon erupted between the shah and an older professional politician, the nationalistic ].
{{Tree list}}
* ] ''] (1878–1944)''
**{{Tree list/final branch}}] ''']''' (1919–1980)
***'''(1)''' ] (b. 1960)
***{{Tree list/final branch}} ''] (1966–2011)''
**{{Tree list/final branch}} ''] (1922–1954)''
***{{Tree list/final branch}} '''(2)''' ] (b. 1947)
****{{Tree list/final branch}} '''(3)''' Prince Davoud Pahlavi (b. 1972)
****{{Tree list/final branch}} '''(4)''' Prince Houd Pahlavi (b. 1973)
*****{{Tree list/final branch}} '''(5)''' Prince Rafaël Pahlavi (b. 2006)
****{{Tree list/final branch}} '''(6)''' Prince Mohammad Pahlavi (b. 1976)
{{Tree list/end}}


=== List of crown princes ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
Despite his vow to act as a constitutional monarch who would defer to the power of the parliamentary government, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi increasingly involved himself in governmental affairs and opposed or thwarted strong prime ministers. Prone to indecision, however, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi relied more on manipulation than on leadership. He concentrated on reviving the army and ensuring that it would remain under royal control as the monarchy's main power base. In 1949 an assassination attempt on the Shah, attributed to the pro-Soviet Tudeh Party, resulted in the banning of that party and the expansion of the Shah's constitutional powers.
!colspan=2| Name !! Portrait !! Relationship to monarch !! Became heir !! Ceased to be heir; reason
|-
|colspan=6|''Office vacant from 15 December 1925 to 24 April 1926''
|-
! | 1
| ] || ] || Eldest son || 25 April 1926<ref name="LOC">{{Cite book |last1 = Curtis |first1 = Glenn |url = https://archive.org/details/irancountrystudy00curt_2/page/195 |last2 = Hooglund |first2 = Eric |title = Iran, a country study |place = Washington, D.C., US |publisher = Library of Congress |date = April 2008 |page =186 |isbn = 978-0-8444-1187-3 }}</ref> || 16 September 1941<br>
(''Became king'')
|-
|colspan=6|''Office vacant from 16 September 1941 to 26 October 1967''
|-
! | 2
| ] || ] || Eldest son || 1 November 1960 (''Proclaimed'')<ref name="LOC"/>
----
26 October 1967 (''Designated'')<ref name="LOC"/>
|| 11 February 1979<br>
(''Father deposed'')
|}


==Royal jewels==
In the context of regional turmoil and the Cold War, the Shah established himself as an indispensable ally of the West. Domestically, he advocated reform policies, culminating in the 1963 program known as the White Revolution, which included land reform, the extension of voting rights to women, and the elimination of illiteracy.
{{Main|Pahlavi Crown|Empress Crown|Iranian Crown Jewels}}


==Monuments==
These measures and the increasing arbitrariness of the Shah's rule provoked both religious leaders who feared losing their traditional authority and intellectuals seeking democratic reforms. These opponents criticized the Shah for violation of the constitution, which placed limits on royal power and provided for a representative government, and for subservience to the United States. The Shah saw himself as heir to the kings of ancient Iran, and in 1971 he held an extravagant celebration of 2,500 years of Persian monarchy. In 1976 he replaced the Islamic calendar with an "imperial" calendar, which began with the foundation of the Persian empire more than 25 centuries earlier. These actions were viewed as anti-Islamic and resulted in religious opposition.
{{Main|Mausoleum of Reza Shah|Shahyad Tower}}


==Use of titles==
The shah's regime suppressed and marginalized its opponents with the help of Iran's security and intelligence organization, the Savak. Relying on oil revenues, which sharply increased in late 1973, the Shah pursued his goal of developing Iran as a mighty regional power dedicated to social reform and economic development. Yet he continually sidestepped democratic arrangements and refused to allow meaningful civic and political liberties, remaining unresponsive to public opinion.
{{unreferenced section|date=June 2021}}
*]: Emperor, followed by Shâhanshâh of Iran, with style ''His Imperial Majesty''
*]: Shahbânu or Empress, followed by first name, followed by "of Iran", with style ''Her Imperial Majesty''
*Valiahd: Crown Prince of Iran, with style ''His Imperial Highness''
*Younger sons: Prince (Shâhpūr, or King's Son), followed by first name and surname (Pahlavi), and style ''His Imperial Highness''.
*Daughters: Princess (Shâhdokht, or King's Daughter), followed by first name and surname (Pahlavi), and style ''Her Imperial Highness''.
*Children of the monarch's daughter/s use another version of Prince (Vâlâ Gohar, "of superior essence") or Princess (Vâlâ Gohari), which indicate descent in the second generation through the female line, and use the styles ''His Highness'' or ''Her Highness''. This is then followed by first name and father's surname, whether he was royal or a commoner. However, the children by the last Shah's sister Fatemeh, who married an American businessman as her first husband, are surnamed Pahlavi Hillyer and do not use any titles.


==See also==
By the mid-1970s the Shah reigned amidst widespread discontent caused by the continuing repressiveness of his regime, socioeconomic changes that benefited some classes at the expense of others, and the increasing gap between the ruling elite and the disaffected populace. Islamic leaders, particularly the exiled cleric ], were able to focus this discontent with a populist ideology tied to Islamic principles and calls for the overthrow of the shah. The Shah's government collapsed following widespread uprisings in 1978 and 1979. The Pahlavi Dynasty was succeeded by an Islamic government under Ayatollah Khomeini in 1979 and the Shah fled the country dying a short while later in Egypt.
{{Portal|Iran|Monarchy|Modern history}}
*]
*]
*]
*]


==References==
'''Symbols of Iran during the Pahlavi Dynasty'''
{{reflist}}


== External links ==
] ] ]
* {{Commons category-inline|Pahlavi dynasty}}


{{s-start}}
]
{{s-royalhouse|House of Pahlavī||1925|1979|}}
{{s-bef|before=]}}
{{s-ttl|title=] of ]|years=15 December 1925 – 11 February 1979}}
{{s-vac|reason=]<br />''']'''}}
{{s-end}}
{{Iran topics}}
{{People executed by the Islamic Republic of Iran}}
{{Authority control}}

]
]

Latest revision as of 15:50, 27 December 2024

Iranian royal dynasty (1925–1979) This article is about the Iranian royal dynasty. For the country under its rule, see Pahlavi Iran.

Pahlavi
Royal house
Arms of dominion of the Shahs, and therefore coat of arms, of Pahlavi Iran from 1932. The emblem of the dynasty is the mountain and sun in the blue circle in the middle.
CountryImperial State of Iran
Place of originMazandaran
Founded15 December 1925 (1925-12-15)
FounderReza Shah
Current headReza Pahlavi
Final rulerMohammad Reza Pahlavi
Connected familiesAmirsoleimani Family
Mottoمرا داد فرمود و خود داور است
Marā dād farmud o Khod dāvar ast
(He ordered me to be just and he himself is the judge)
Deposition11 February 1979 (1979-02-11) (Iranian revolution)

The Pahlavi dynasty (Persian: دودمان پهلوی) was the last Iranian royal dynasty that ruled for roughly 53 years between 1925 and 1979. The dynasty was founded by Reza Shah Pahlavi, a non-aristocratic Mazanderani soldier in modern times, who took on the name of the Pahlavi language spoken in the pre-Islamic Sasanian Empire to strengthen his nationalist credentials.

The dynasty replaced the Qajar dynasty in 1925 after the 1921 coup d'état, beginning on 14 January 1921 when 42-year-old soldier Reza Khan was promoted by British General Edmund Ironside to lead the British-run Persian Cossack Brigade. About a month later, under British direction, Reza Khan's 3,000–4,000 strong detachment of the Cossack Brigade reached Tehran in what became known as the 1921 Persian coup d'état. The rest of the country was taken by 1923, and by October 1925 the Majlis agreed to depose and formally exile Ahmad Shah Qajar. The Majlis declared Reza Pahlavi as the new Shah of Iran on 12 December 1925, pursuant to the Persian Constitution of 1906. Initially, Pahlavi had planned to declare the country a republic, as his contemporary Atatürk had done in Turkey, but abandoned the idea in the face of British and clerical opposition.

The dynasty ruled Iran for 28 years as a form of constitutional monarchy from 1925 until 1953, and following the overthrow of the elected prime minister, for a further 26 years as a more autocratic monarchy until the dynasty was itself overthrown in 1979.

Family background

See also: Pahlavi family tree

In 1878, Reza Khan was born at the village of Alasht in Savadkuh County, Mazandaran Province. His parents were Abbas Ali Khan and Noushafarin Ayromlou. His mother was a Muslim immigrant from Georgia (then part of the Russian Empire), whose family had emigrated to mainland Qajar Iran after Iran was forced to cede all of its territories in the Caucasus following the Russo-Persian Wars several decades prior to Reza Shah's birth. His father was a Mazandarani, commissioned in the 7th Savadkuh Regiment, and served in the Anglo-Persian War in 1856.

Heads of House of Pahlavi

Name Portrait Family relations Lifespan Entered office Left office
Shahs of Iran
1 Reza Shah Pahlavi Reza Shah Son of Abbas Ali 1878–1944 15 December 1925 16 September 1941
(Abdication)
2 Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi Mohammad Reza Shah Son of Reza Shah 1919–1980 16 September 1941 27 July 1980
(Death)
3 Reza Pahlavi Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran Son of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 1960–current 27 July 1980 Incumbent

Consorts

Picture Name Father Birth Marriage Became Consort Ceased to be Consort Death Spouse
Tadj ol-Molouk Teymūr Khan Ayromlou 1896 1916 15 December 1925 16 September 1941
husband's abdication 		1982 Reza Shah
Esmat Dowlatshahi Gholam Ali Mirza Dowlatshahi 1905 1923 15 December 1925 1995
Turan Amirsoleimani Prince Isa Khan Majd es-Saltaneh Amirsoleimani 1905 1922 15 December 1925 1923 1994
Princess Fawzia of Egypt Fuad I of Egypt 1921 1939 16 September 1941 17 November 1948
divorced 		2013 Mohammad Reza Shah
Soraya Esfandiary-Bakhtiary Khalil Esfandiary-Bakhtiary 1932 12 February 1951 15 March 1958
divorced 		2001
Farah Diba Sohrab Diba 1938 21 December 1959 11 February 1979
husband's deposition 		Alive

Heirs

Prince Ali-Reza Pahlavi, the heir presumptive until his death in 1954

The former constitution of Iran specifically provided that only a male who was not descended from Qajar dynasty could become the heir apparent. This made all half-brothers of Mohammad Reza ineligible to become heirs to the throne. Until his death in 1954, the Shah's only full brother Ali Reza was his heir presumptive.

The constitution also required the Shah to be of Iranian descent, meaning that his father and mother are Iranian.

Line of succession in February 1979

Current Line of Succession

List of crown princes

Name Portrait Relationship to monarch Became heir Ceased to be heir; reason
Office vacant from 15 December 1925 to 24 April 1926
1 Mohammad Reza Pahlavi Mohammad Reza Shah Eldest son 25 April 1926 16 September 1941

(Became king)

Office vacant from 16 September 1941 to 26 October 1967
2 Reza Pahlavi II Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran Eldest son 1 November 1960 (Proclaimed)

26 October 1967 (Designated)

11 February 1979

(Father deposed)

Royal jewels

Main articles: Pahlavi Crown, Empress Crown, and Iranian Crown Jewels

Monuments

Main articles: Mausoleum of Reza Shah and Shahyad Tower

Use of titles

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  • Shâh: Emperor, followed by Shâhanshâh of Iran, with style His Imperial Majesty
  • Shahbânu: Shahbânu or Empress, followed by first name, followed by "of Iran", with style Her Imperial Majesty
  • Valiahd: Crown Prince of Iran, with style His Imperial Highness
  • Younger sons: Prince (Shâhpūr, or King's Son), followed by first name and surname (Pahlavi), and style His Imperial Highness.
  • Daughters: Princess (Shâhdokht, or King's Daughter), followed by first name and surname (Pahlavi), and style Her Imperial Highness.
  • Children of the monarch's daughter/s use another version of Prince (Vâlâ Gohar, "of superior essence") or Princess (Vâlâ Gohari), which indicate descent in the second generation through the female line, and use the styles His Highness or Her Highness. This is then followed by first name and father's surname, whether he was royal or a commoner. However, the children by the last Shah's sister Fatemeh, who married an American businessman as her first husband, are surnamed Pahlavi Hillyer and do not use any titles.

See also

References

  1. Aghaie, Kamran Scot (1 December 2011). The Martyrs of Karbala: Shi'i Symbols and Rituals in Modern Iran. University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-80078-3.
  2. کوروش, نوروز مرادی; نوری, مصطفی (1388). "سندی نویافته از نیای رضاشاه" (PDF). پیام بهارستان. د۲،س ۱،ش۴.
  3. معتضد, خسرو (1387). تاج های زنانه (چاپ اول ed.). تهران: نشر البرز. pp. 46 47 48 49 50 51 جلد اول. ISBN 9789644425974.
  4. نیازمند, رضا (1387). رضاشاه از تولد تا سلطنت (چاپ ششم ed.). تهران: حکایت قلم نوین. pp. 15 16 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 39 40 43 44 45. ISBN 9645925460.
  5. زیباکلام, صادق (1398). رضاشاه (اول ed.). تهران: روزنه،لندن:اچ انداس. pp. 61, 62. ISBN 9781780837628.
  6. Cyrus Ghani; Sīrūs Ghanī (6 January 2001). Iran and the Rise of the Reza Shah: From Qajar Collapse to Pahlavi Power. I.B.Tauris. pp. 147–. ISBN 978-1-86064-629-4.
  7. ^ Zirinsky, Michael P. (1992). "Imperial power and dictatorship: Britain and the rise of Reza Shah, 1921-1926". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 24 (4): 639–663. doi:10.1017/s0020743800022388. S2CID 159878744. Retrieved 2 November 2012.
  8. Brysac, Shareen Blair. "A Very British Coup: How Reza Shah Won and Lost His Throne." World Policy Journal 24, no. 2 (2007): 90–103. Accessed 8 August 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40210096
  9. "Mashallah Ajudani". Ajoudani. Archived from the original on 22 October 2018. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
  10. Curtis, Glenn E.; Hooglund, Eric. Iran: A Country Study: A Country Study. Government Printing Office. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-8444-1187-3.
  11. Gholam Reza Afkhami (27 October 2008). The Life and Times of the Shah. University of California Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-520-25328-5. Retrieved 2 November 2012.
  12. Afkhami, Gholam Reza (2009). The Life and Times of the Shah. University of California Press. p. 4. (..) His mother, who was of Georgian origin, died not long after, leaving Reza in her brother's care in Tehran. (...).
  13. GholamAli Haddad Adel; et al. (2012). The Pahlavi Dynasty: An Entry from Encyclopaedia of the World of Islam. EWI Press. p. 3. (...) His mother, Nush Afarin, was a Georgian Muslim immigrant (...).
  14. Homa Katouzian. "State and Society in Iran: The Eclipse of the Qajars and the Emergence of the Pahlavis" I.B.Tauris, 2006. ISBN 978-1845112721 p 269
  15. ^ Dareini, Ali Akbar (1999). The rise and fall of the Pahlavi dynasty. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 446. ISBN 81-208-1642-0. 2. The Shah gives another account for his separation with Fawzia. "For reasons still obscure to medical science, Queen Fawzia bore only one child; thus unfortunately no male heir issued from our marriage. Under the Persian Constitution the crown must pass by direct line of descent to a male heir. This rules out not only my daughter but also my three sisters. The Constitution further stipulates that no one descended from the previous Qajar dynasty is eligible to become king. Since two of my father's wives were of Qajar blood, my half-brothers who are their sons are ineligible. In fact I had only one brother not related to the Qajar line, and to my sorrow he was to die in an aeroplane crash in 1954. With these limitations it is no wonder that my advisors felt it important for my wife to bear a son. It is true that the Constitution might have been amended, but the dimate of opinion seemed opposed to tampering with the provisions relating to the royal succession. Besides, I was young and, quite apart from the constitutional factor, I wanted more children. When Queen Fawzia went to Egypt on an extended stay, we decided on a divorce." Please see Mission for My Country His Imperial Majesty Mohammad Reza Shah Pahiavi, Hutchinson and Co. (Publishers) Ltd., London, 1961–1968; pp. 219–220
  16. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (1976). The Shah: The Glittering Story of Iran and Its People. P. S. Eriksson. p. 49. ISBN 9780839777533.
  17. ^ Curtis, Glenn; Hooglund, Eric (April 2008). Iran, a country study. Washington, D.C., US: Library of Congress. p. 186. ISBN 978-0-8444-1187-3.

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— Royal house —House of PahlavīFounding year: 1925Deposition: 1979
Preceded byHouse of Qâjâr Ruling house of Iran
15 December 1925 – 11 February 1979 		VacantMonarchy abolished
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