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{{Infobox language {{Infobox language
| name = Mekong Delta Malay | name = Mekong Delta Malay
| altname = Cham Malay
| nativename = {{Lang|ms|bạhsa Malayu Cam}}<br>بهسا ملياو چم | nativename = {{Lang|ms|bạhsa Malayu Cam}}<br>بهسا ملياو چم
| image = A book about the characters used to write the Cham language.jpg | image = A book about the characters used to write the Cham language.jpg
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| glottorefname = | glottorefname =
| map = Mekong Delta Malay.png | map = Mekong Delta Malay.png
| mapcaption = Distribution map of the Mekong Delta Malay around the ] basin. | mapcaption = Distribution map of the Mekong Delta Malay around the ] basin. Accompanied by the following dialect divisions:
{{legend|blue|Cambodian Malay}}
{{legend|red|Vietnamese Malay}}
}} }}


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==History== ==History==
The ] is known to have a community of speakers outside the ], this language is also known to have a presence on the ], namely in ], ], and ], which are known to have extensive influences from the ].<ref name="omar2019">{{cite journal|url=|title=The Malay Language in Mainland Southeast Asia|first=Asmah Haji|last=Omar|date=2019|location=Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia|publisher=]|journal=Asian Linguistic Anthropology|volume=1|number=3|doi=10.47298/jala.v1-i3-a3|doi-access=free|pp=23–29}}</ref> Although the Malays in these three countries are a minority group, even the smallest minority group, they have a fairly strong cultural and linguistic influence.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Asmah Haji|last=Omar|date=2003|title=Geolinguistics and the Diffusion of Malay|editor=Omar, Asmah Haji|journal=The Genius of Malay Civilization|location=Tanjong Malim, Malaysia|publisher=Institute of Malay Civilization, UPSI|pp=333–361}}</ref> The ] is known to have a community of speakers outside the ], this language is also known to have a presence on the ], namely in ], ], and ], which are known to have extensive influences from the ].<ref name="omar2019">{{cite journal|url=|title=The Malay Language in Mainland Southeast Asia|first=Asmah Haji|last=Omar|date=2019|location=Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia|publisher=]|journal=Asian Linguistic Anthropology|volume=1|number=3|doi=10.47298/jala.v1-i3-a3|doi-access=free|pages=23–29}}</ref> Although the Malays in these three countries are a minority group, even the smallest minority group, they have a fairly strong cultural and linguistic influence.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Asmah Haji|last=Omar|date=2003|title=Geolinguistics and the Diffusion of Malay|editor=Omar, Asmah Haji|journal=The Genius of Malay Civilization|location=Tanjong Malim, Malaysia|publisher=Institute of Malay Civilization, UPSI|pages=333–361}}</ref>


In Cambodia, Malay language is spoken by people known as ], a mixture of Malay and Cham.<ref name="omar2019"/> As recorded in history, the Cham people originated from ], which is currently in the southern region of Vietnam.<ref name="po2000"/> Cambodian Chams community is mainly located in ], ], ], as well as some other places in the south where they have mostly assimilated with the Malays as Chvea.<ref>{{cite book|url=|last=Taylor|first=P.|date=2007|title=Cham Muslims of the Mekong Delta: Place and Mobility in the Cosmopolitan Periphery|location=Honolulu, United States|publisher=University of Hawai’i Press}}</ref> Throughout history, the Champa state was successfully falls several times by ], some of the Cham people chose Cambodia (at that time ]) because it was not far from where they lived, while others who were in the same situation fled to the ], and to ], as told in the ''Sejarah Melayu'' (History of Malay).<ref name="omar2019"/> In Cambodia, Malay language is spoken by people known as ], a mixture of Malay and Cham.<ref name="omar2019"/> As recorded in history, the Cham people originated from ], which is currently in the southern region of Vietnam.<ref name="po2000"/> Cambodian Chams community is mainly located in ], ], ], as well as some other places in the south where they have mostly assimilated with the Malays as Chvea.<ref>{{cite book|url=|last=Taylor|first=P.|date=2007|title=Cham Muslims of the Mekong Delta: Place and Mobility in the Cosmopolitan Periphery|location=Honolulu, United States|publisher=University of Hawai’i Press}}</ref> Throughout history, the Champa state was successfully falls several times by ], some of the Cham people chose Cambodia (at that time ]) because it was not far from where they lived, while others who were in the same situation fled to the ], and to ], as told in the ''Sejarah Melayu'' (History of Malay).<ref name="omar2019"/>
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Despite being a minority group, the Cham and Malay people in Cambodia are not prohibited from using their ancestral language, namely Cham and Cham Malay, and some no longer embraced Islam, especially in 1975–1978 when ] was ruled by ].<ref name="bruckmayr2018">{{cite book|url=https://icas.asia/ibp2021/cambodias-muslims-and-malay-world-malay-language-jawi-script-and-islamic-factionalism-19th|title=Cambodia's Muslims and the Malay World: Malay Language, Jawi Script, and Islamic Factionalism from the 19th Century to the Present|language=en|first=Philipp|last=Bruckmayr|date=2018|publisher=]|isbn=978-90-04-34605-5}}</ref> With language and education policies similar to Thailand's that aim for the assimilation of all ethnic groups, children grow up educated entirely in ], the ] of Cambodia. Over time, the Khmer language has become the ] of the Cham and Malay communities, replacing the Cham and Malay languages.<ref name="omar2019"/> Despite being a minority group, the Cham and Malay people in Cambodia are not prohibited from using their ancestral language, namely Cham and Cham Malay, and some no longer embraced Islam, especially in 1975–1978 when ] was ruled by ].<ref name="bruckmayr2018">{{cite book|url=https://icas.asia/ibp2021/cambodias-muslims-and-malay-world-malay-language-jawi-script-and-islamic-factionalism-19th|title=Cambodia's Muslims and the Malay World: Malay Language, Jawi Script, and Islamic Factionalism from the 19th Century to the Present|language=en|first=Philipp|last=Bruckmayr|date=2018|publisher=]|isbn=978-90-04-34605-5}}</ref> With language and education policies similar to Thailand's that aim for the assimilation of all ethnic groups, children grow up educated entirely in ], the ] of Cambodia. Over time, the Khmer language has become the ] of the Cham and Malay communities, replacing the Cham and Malay languages.<ref name="omar2019"/>


In Vietnam, there are three distinct Cham groups based on their religion, namely the Cham Jat (Balamon), Cham Bani, and Cham Muslim. The first group consists of the Cham Jat who still maintain their original religion (Jat), namely ] with a mixture of local ]. When Islam first came to Champa, estimated to be around the 10th to 11th century AD, some of the Champa population converted to Islam. There are no statistics to rely on, but informants have their own rough estimates of the proportions between these groups, Cham Jat (65%), Cham Bani (25%), and Cham Muslim (10%). The population is said to be less than 100,000 people. The Cham language spoken in Vietnam today is a language that appears to be closely related to Malay language, but not easily understood by Malay speakers in Malaysia and ]. Judging from the word list in the 17th century, the Cham language at that time was a dialect of the Malay language, just like the Malay dialect in Malaysia. This is evident from a set of four lexicons compiled by 17th-century Champa sailors who frequently visited the Malay Archipelago.<ref name="po2000">{{cite book|url=|first=Po|last=Dharma.|date=2000|title=Empat Leksikon Bahasa Melayu-Bahasa Cam yang disusun di Campa pada abad ke-17|location=Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia|publisher=Institut Alam dan Tamadun Melayu (ATMA-UKM); Ecole Française d’Extrême Orient|language=ms}}</ref> This collection is a dual dialect, namely Champa Malay and the Malay language commonly used in the Malay Archipelago at that time. ] (1852), in his book on Malay grammar and dictionary, noted that the Cham language is Malay but with some elements from other languages (especially ]). ] became the mother tongue of the Cham people due to the state's language assimilation policy, is the only language used in life outside the home and at work.<ref name="Herb 2008 p1271"/> At home, among Cham Muslims, Malay is spoken, which is the mainstream Malay language that can be understood by other Malays in the Malay Archipelago. This is due to the existence of a community program to preserve regional languages through Islamic religious studies in ]s on school holidays and their contact with Malaysia, especially in ] and ].<ref name="omar2019"/> The ], who all Muslims, from ] in the ] (now Indonesia) who came to Vietnam in the 1800s, also speak Malay language, and also their ] as their mother tongue. However, in 2015, out of a total of 400 people, only the elderly were able to speak Malay and Bawean languages.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/majalah/2015/08/150727_majalahlain_bawean_vietnam|publisher=]|title=Menelusuri jejak keturunan Indonesia asal Bawean di Vietnam|website=www.bbc.com|language=id|access-date=25 December 2024}}</ref> In Vietnam, there are three distinct Cham groups based on their religion, namely the Cham Jat (Balamon), Cham Bani, and Cham Muslim. The first group consists of the Cham Jat who still maintain their original religion (Jat), namely ] with a mixture of local ]. When Islam first came to Champa, estimated to be around the 10th to 11th century AD, some of the Champa population converted to Islam. There are no statistics to rely on, but informants have their own rough estimates of the proportions between these groups, Cham Jat (65%), Cham Bani (25%), and Cham Muslim (10%). The population is said to be less than 100,000 people. The Cham language spoken in Vietnam today is a language that appears to be closely related to Malay language, but not easily understood by Malay speakers in Malaysia and ]. Judging from the word list in the 17th century, the Cham language at that time was a dialect of the Malay language, just like the Malay dialect in Malaysia. This is evident from a set of four lexicons compiled by 17th-century Champa sailors who frequently visited the Malay Archipelago.<ref name="po2000">{{cite book|url=|first=Po|last=Dharma.|date=2000|title=Empat Leksikon Bahasa Melayu-Bahasa Cam yang disusun di Campa pada abad ke-17|location=Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia|publisher=Institut Alam dan Tamadun Melayu (ATMA-UKM); Ecole Française d’Extrême Orient|language=ms}}</ref> This collection is a dual dialect, namely Champa Malay and the Malay language commonly used in the Malay Archipelago at that time. ] (1852), in his book on Malay grammar and dictionary, noted that the Cham language is Malay but with some elements from other languages (especially ]). ] became the mother tongue of the Cham people due to the state's language assimilation policy, is the only language used in life outside the home and at work.<ref name="Herb 2008 p1271"/> At home, among Cham Muslims, Malay is spoken, which is the mainstream Malay language that can be understood by other Malays in the Malay Archipelago. This is due to the existence of a community program to preserve regional languages through Islamic religious studies in ]s on school holidays and their contact with Malaysia, especially in ] and ].<ref name="omar2019"/> The ], who all Muslims, from ] in the ] (now Indonesia) who came to Vietnam in the 1800s, also speak Malay language, and also their ] as their mother tongue. However, in 2015, out of a total of 400 people, only the elderly were able to speak Malay and Bawean languages.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/majalah/2015/08/150727_majalahlain_bawean_vietnam|publisher=]|title=Menelusuri jejak keturunan Indonesia asal Bawean di Vietnam|website=www.bbc.com|date=2 August 2015 |language=id|access-date=25 December 2024}}</ref>


==Toponymic influence== ==Toponymic influence==
The influence of Malay language on the ] of place names in Cambodia and southern Vietnam is also quite influential. Place names such as ''Kampong'' 'village', ''Pulo'' 'island', and so on are still used especially in Cambodia,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.academia.edu/44253117/CHAM_CULTURE_and_HISTORY_STORY_OF_CAMBODIA|title=Cham: Culture & History Story of Cambodia|first=Rachel|last=Kellian|date=2018|publisher=Documentation Center of Cambodia (DC-CAM|language=en|location=Belfast, Northern Ireland|isbn=978-99950-60-28-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.visitkohrong.com/a-list-of-cambodian-islands/|title=A List of Cambodian Islands|date=2019-10-26|website=Visit Koh Rong|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-09}}</ref> while in Vietnam most of the names have been changed to Vietnamese for the purpose of ].<ref name="Herb 2008 p1271">{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2UoQ-ueHjdEC&q=vietnamization+assimilation&pg=PA1271 |title = Nations and Nationalism: A Global Historical Overview &#91;4 volumes&#93;: A Global Historical Overview|isbn = 978-1-85109-908-5|last1 = Herb|first1 = Guntram H.|last2 = Kaplan|first2 = David H.|date = 2008-05-22 |page=1271| publisher=Abc-Clio }}</ref> The influence of Malay language on the ] of place names in Cambodia and southern Vietnam is also quite influential. Place names such as ''Kampong'' 'village', ''Pulo'' 'island', and so on are still used especially in Cambodia,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.academia.edu/44253117|title=Cham: Culture & History Story of Cambodia|first=Rachel|last=Kellian|date=2018|publisher=Documentation Center of Cambodia (DC-CAM)|language=en|location=Belfast, Northern Ireland|isbn=978-99950-60-28-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.visitkohrong.com/a-list-of-cambodian-islands/|title=A List of Cambodian Islands|date=2019-10-26|website=Visit Koh Rong|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-09}}</ref> while in Vietnam most of the names have been changed to Vietnamese for the purpose of ].<ref name="Herb 2008 p1271">{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2UoQ-ueHjdEC&q=vietnamization+assimilation&pg=PA1271 |title = Nations and Nationalism: A Global Historical Overview &#91;4 volumes&#93;: A Global Historical Overview|isbn = 978-1-85109-908-5|last1 = Herb|first1 = Guntram H.|last2 = Kaplan|first2 = David H.|date = 2008-05-22 |page=1271| publisher=Abc-Clio }}</ref>


==Writing system== ==Writing system==
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==Geographic distribution and usage== ==Geographic distribution and usage==
The local variety of Malay language around the ] is heavily influenced by Cham language because its speakers are of mixed ethnicity of Cham and Malay.<ref name="po2000"/> Most of the speakers are Cham Muslims. Meanwhile, the traditional Islamic Cham Bani and the Hindu-animist Cham Jat (Balamon) usually still use the original Cham language (]) and Vietnamese language.<ref name="bruckmayr2018"/> There are also speakers from the Baweanese people (considered to be Malay ethnic) in ].<ref name=":0"/> The dialects are generally divided into two, the one used in Cambodia with Khmer influence and also in Vietnam with Vietnamese influence.<ref name=":1">{{cite book|url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.21832/9781847693419-005/pdf?licenseType=restricted&srsltid=AfmBOoptY8CiFoUxN5glZlRBex_gS9YOKqnSpiBVVy31wGW8QsgWV0Zd|title=The Language Difference|date=2011|publisher=Multilingual Matters|doi=10.21832/9781847693419-005|doi-access=free|language=en|first=Paulin G.|last=Djité|chapter=Language and Education in the Greater Mekong Sub-Region (Chapter 2)|location=Bristol, England}}</ref> The speaker is certainly unknown, but in 1975 there were about 150,000 to 200,000 Cham Muslims according to ] who could probably speak Malay language.<ref name="omar2019"/> The local variety of Malay language around the ] is heavily influenced by Cham language because its speakers are of mixed ethnicity of Cham and Malay.<ref name="po2000"/> Most of the speakers are Cham Muslims. Meanwhile, the traditional Islamic Cham Bani and the Hindu-animist Cham Jat (Balamon) usually still use the original Cham language (]) and Vietnamese language.<ref name="bruckmayr2018"/> There are also speakers from the Baweanese people (considered to be Malay ethnic) in ].<ref name=":0"/> The dialects are generally divided into two, the one used in Cambodia with Khmer influence and also in Vietnam with Vietnamese influence.<ref name=":1">{{cite book|title=The Language Difference|date=2011|publisher=Multilingual Matters|doi=10.21832/9781847693419-005|doi-access=free|language=en|first=Paulin G.|last=Djité|chapter=Language and Education in the Greater Mekong Sub-Region (Chapter 2)|location=Bristol, England}}</ref> The speaker is certainly unknown, but in 1975 there were about 150,000 to 200,000 Cham Muslims according to ] who could probably speak Malay language.<ref name="omar2019"/>


==See also== ==See also==
Line 74: Line 77:
==External links== ==External links==
{{InterWiki|code=ms}} {{InterWiki|code=ms}}
*{{Cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27192683|title=Unwritten Rule: State-Making through Land Reform in Cambodia|journal=Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia|volume=37|number=3|date=2022|pp=553–556|first=Alice|last=Beban|publisher=]|location=Singapore}} *{{Cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27192683|title=Unwritten Rule: State-Making through Land Reform in Cambodia|journal=Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia|volume=37|number=3|date=2022|pages=553–556|first=Alice|last=Beban|publisher=]|location=Singapore|doi=10.1355/sj37-3l |jstor=27192683 }}


{{Languages of Cambodia}} {{Languages of Cambodia}}

Revision as of 07:25, 28 December 2024

Variation of the Malay language that developed in modern Cambodia and Southern Vietnam
Mekong Delta Malay
Cham Malay
bạhsa Malayu Cam
بهسا ملياو چم
An unknown title book about the characters used to write the Cham language, written using Cham and Malay.
Native toCambodia
Vietnam
RegionSouthern and Coastal (Cambodia)
Southern and Mekong Delta (Vietnam)
EthnicityChvea
Native speakers150,000–200,000 (1975)
Notes: Cham Muslims population according to Po Dharma.
Language familyAustronesian
Early formsOld Malay
Dialects
  • Cambodian Malay
  • Vietnamese Malay
Writing systemLatin
Jawi (Cham Jawi)
Language codes
ISO 639-3–
Distribution map of the Mekong Delta Malay around the Mekong River basin. Accompanied by the following dialect divisions:   Cambodian Malay   Vietnamese Malay

Mekong Delta Malay (bạhsa Malayu Cam; lit. 'Malay language of Cham people') is a variation of the Malay language that developed in modern Cambodia and Southern Vietnam, especially along in Mekong River. Used as a lingua franca for the local Muslim community there. Brought by Malay traders during the reign of the Khmer Empire even since the 14th century, these Malays eventually developed independently and assimilated with the local Cham and Khmer to become the Chvea Muslims community.

Malay language has a long history as a lingua franca in Southeast Asia. It even started during the Srivijaya, which was centered in Sumatra from the 7th to 13th centuries, with its Old Malay form. Then the Malacca Sultanate in the 15th century further strengthened the status of the Malay language as an important language in trade and diplomacy in the region. Also mainly because of their relations with the Champa in trade and the spread of Islam.

History

The Malay language is known to have a community of speakers outside the Malay Archipelago, this language is also known to have a presence on the Mainland Southeast Asia, namely in Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam, which are known to have extensive influences from the Malay World. Although the Malays in these three countries are a minority group, even the smallest minority group, they have a fairly strong cultural and linguistic influence.

In Cambodia, Malay language is spoken by people known as Chvea, a mixture of Malay and Cham. As recorded in history, the Cham people originated from Champa, which is currently in the southern region of Vietnam. Cambodian Chams community is mainly located in Siem Reap, Tonle Sap, Phnom Penh, as well as some other places in the south where they have mostly assimilated with the Malays as Chvea. Throughout history, the Champa state was successfully falls several times by Đại Việt, some of the Cham people chose Cambodia (at that time Khmer Empire) because it was not far from where they lived, while others who were in the same situation fled to the Malay Peninsula, and to Sultanate of Aceh, as told in the Sejarah Melayu (History of Malay).

Despite being a minority group, the Cham and Malay people in Cambodia are not prohibited from using their ancestral language, namely Cham and Cham Malay, and some no longer embraced Islam, especially in 1975–1978 when Democratic Kampuchea was ruled by Pol Pot. With language and education policies similar to Thailand's that aim for the assimilation of all ethnic groups, children grow up educated entirely in Khmer language, the national language of Cambodia. Over time, the Khmer language has become the mother tongue of the Cham and Malay communities, replacing the Cham and Malay languages.

In Vietnam, there are three distinct Cham groups based on their religion, namely the Cham Jat (Balamon), Cham Bani, and Cham Muslim. The first group consists of the Cham Jat who still maintain their original religion (Jat), namely Hinduism with a mixture of local animism. When Islam first came to Champa, estimated to be around the 10th to 11th century AD, some of the Champa population converted to Islam. There are no statistics to rely on, but informants have their own rough estimates of the proportions between these groups, Cham Jat (65%), Cham Bani (25%), and Cham Muslim (10%). The population is said to be less than 100,000 people. The Cham language spoken in Vietnam today is a language that appears to be closely related to Malay language, but not easily understood by Malay speakers in Malaysia and Indonesia. Judging from the word list in the 17th century, the Cham language at that time was a dialect of the Malay language, just like the Malay dialect in Malaysia. This is evident from a set of four lexicons compiled by 17th-century Champa sailors who frequently visited the Malay Archipelago. This collection is a dual dialect, namely Champa Malay and the Malay language commonly used in the Malay Archipelago at that time. John Crawfurd (1852), in his book on Malay grammar and dictionary, noted that the Cham language is Malay but with some elements from other languages (especially Austroasiatic languages). Vietnamese language became the mother tongue of the Cham people due to the state's language assimilation policy, is the only language used in life outside the home and at work. At home, among Cham Muslims, Malay is spoken, which is the mainstream Malay language that can be understood by other Malays in the Malay Archipelago. This is due to the existence of a community program to preserve regional languages through Islamic religious studies in mosques on school holidays and their contact with Malaysia, especially in Kedah and Kelantan. The Baweanese people, who all Muslims, from Bawean Island in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) who came to Vietnam in the 1800s, also speak Malay language, and also their Bawean language as their mother tongue. However, in 2015, out of a total of 400 people, only the elderly were able to speak Malay and Bawean languages.

Toponymic influence

The influence of Malay language on the toponymy of place names in Cambodia and southern Vietnam is also quite influential. Place names such as Kampong 'village', Pulo 'island', and so on are still used especially in Cambodia, while in Vietnam most of the names have been changed to Vietnamese for the purpose of Vietnamization.

Writing system

The writing system used to write Mekong Delta Malay is the Jawi script, a variation of the Arabic script for the Malay language. From the Jawi script brought by the Malays, the Cham Jawi script was then derived to write the Cham language by the local population, especially the Western Cham variety.

Sample text

The following is a sample of Mekong Delta Malay text in Jawi and Latin scripts, and also translation into English.

Latin script Nama kita ni Ahmad, asal kita Campa. Kita guna dua bạhsa, bạhsa Malayu Cam lagi bạhsa Cam. Kita dok di Kelantan, Malaysia ada klau tahun juga ama kita.
Jawi script نام كيت ني احمد، اصل كيت چمڤا. كيت ڬونا دوا بهاس، بهاس ملياو چم لاڬي بهاس چم. كيت دوق د كلنتن، مليسيا اد كلاو تاهون جوڬ اما كيت.
English translation My name is Ahmad, I come from Champa. I use two languages, Cham Malay and Cham. I live in Kelantan, Malaysia for three years with my father.

Geographic distribution and usage

The local variety of Malay language around the Mekong Delta is heavily influenced by Cham language because its speakers are of mixed ethnicity of Cham and Malay. Most of the speakers are Cham Muslims. Meanwhile, the traditional Islamic Cham Bani and the Hindu-animist Cham Jat (Balamon) usually still use the original Cham language (Eastern Cham) and Vietnamese language. There are also speakers from the Baweanese people (considered to be Malay ethnic) in Ho Chi Minh City. The dialects are generally divided into two, the one used in Cambodia with Khmer influence and also in Vietnam with Vietnamese influence. The speaker is certainly unknown, but in 1975 there were about 150,000 to 200,000 Cham Muslims according to Po Dharma who could probably speak Malay language.

See also

References

  1. ^ Omar, Asmah Haji (2019). "The Malay Language in Mainland Southeast Asia". Asian Linguistic Anthropology. 1 (3). Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: University of Malaya: 23–29. doi:10.47298/jala.v1-i3-a3.
  2. ^ Djité, Paulin G. (2011). "Language and Education in the Greater Mekong Sub-Region (Chapter 2)". The Language Difference. Bristol, England: Multilingual Matters. doi:10.21832/9781847693419-005.
  3. De Féo, Agnès (2007). Transnational Islamic movement in Cambodia. Dynamics of contemporary Islam and economic development in Asia, From the Caucasus to China. New Delhi: Centre de Sciences Humaines (CSH) and India International Centre (IIC).
  4. Ng, Daniel C.F. (2024-06-14). "The Malay Language: A Unifying Force for Southeast Asia". medium.com. Retrieved 2024-12-27.
  5. Omar, Asmah Haji (2003). Omar, Asmah Haji (ed.). "Geolinguistics and the Diffusion of Malay". The Genius of Malay Civilization. Tanjong Malim, Malaysia: Institute of Malay Civilization, UPSI: 333–361.
  6. ^ Dharma., Po (2000). Empat Leksikon Bahasa Melayu-Bahasa Cam yang disusun di Campa pada abad ke-17 (in Malay). Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Institut Alam dan Tamadun Melayu (ATMA-UKM); Ecole Française d’Extrême Orient.
  7. Taylor, P. (2007). Cham Muslims of the Mekong Delta: Place and Mobility in the Cosmopolitan Periphery. Honolulu, United States: University of Hawai’i Press.
  8. ^ Bruckmayr, Philipp (2018). Cambodia's Muslims and the Malay World: Malay Language, Jawi Script, and Islamic Factionalism from the 19th Century to the Present. Brill Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-34605-5.
  9. ^ Herb, Guntram H.; Kaplan, David H. (2008-05-22). Nations and Nationalism: A Global Historical Overview [4 volumes]: A Global Historical Overview. Abc-Clio. p. 1271. ISBN 978-1-85109-908-5.
  10. ^ "Menelusuri jejak keturunan Indonesia asal Bawean di Vietnam". www.bbc.com (in Indonesian). British Broadcasting Corporation. 2 August 2015. Retrieved 25 December 2024.
  11. Kellian, Rachel (2018). Cham: Culture & History Story of Cambodia. Belfast, Northern Ireland: Documentation Center of Cambodia (DC-CAM). ISBN 978-99950-60-28-2.
  12. "A List of Cambodian Islands". Visit Koh Rong. 2019-10-26. Retrieved 2019-11-09.

External links

Languages of Cambodia
Official language
Indigenous
languages
Mon–Khmer
Other
Main foreign languages
Languages of Vietnam
Official language
Indigenous
languages
Austroasiatic
Bahnaric
Katuic
Khmer
Vietic
Other
Austronesian
Hmong-Mien
Sino-Tibetan
Kra-Dai
Foreign languages
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