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| {{Short description|Species of fish}} | {{Short description|Species of fish}} | ||
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| | display_parents = 3 | | display_parents = 3 | ||
| | authority = de Pinna, Helmer, Britski & Nunes, 2010 | | authority = de Pinna, Helmer, Britski & Nunes, 2010 | ||
| | range_map={{Location map|Brazil | |||
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| |caption = | |||
| |width = 300 | |||
| |alt = Map of Brazil showing the only known occurrence of the species | |||
| |label = Mata de Caetés | |||
| |mark = Blue_pog.svg | |||
| |marksize = 9 | |||
| |lat_deg=-20.499639280125198 | |||
| |lon_deg=-41.035977799996296 | |||
| }} | |||
| | range_map_caption = Map of Brazil showing the only occurrence | |||
| }} | }} | ||
| '''''Trichogenes claviger''''', the '''Caetés catfish''', is a ] species of ] native to the ] of Brazil. It was discovered early in 2010 and ] later in the same year. One of three species within the genus '']'', it is restricted to an area of 16 km² in the {{lang|pt|Mata de Caetés}} (Caetés forest), an mountainous area in the Brazilian state of ]. When discovered, the rainforst in which it occurs was unprotected and threatened by ], but a private nature reserve has since been established. The species lives in small, shaded, and slow-moving streams in rainforest. A small fish, it is up to 50.8 mm in length. | |||
| '''''Trichogenes claviger''''' is a ] species of ] native to the ] of Brazil.<ref name="pinna2010"/><ref name="silva2023"/> | |||
| == Taxonomy == | == Taxonomy == | ||
| ''Trichogenes claviger'' is one of three known species within the ] '']'', and the second to be discovered and described. The first species of the genus, '']'', was described in 1983 from a very local population discovered in an remnant rainforest between the major cities Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. ''T. longipinnis'' was long considered to be unique; a strikingly distinct fish that is not closely related to any other ] freshwater fish |
''Trichogenes claviger'' is one of three known species within the ] '']'', and the second to be discovered and described. The first species of the genus, '']'', was described in 1983 from a very local population discovered in an remnant rainforest between the major cities Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. ''T. longipinnis'' was long considered to be unique; a strikingly distinct fish that is not closely related to any other ] freshwater fish.<ref name="pinna2010"/> | ||
| ''T. claviger'' was discovered in 2010 by biologists |
''T. claviger'' was discovered in 2010 by biologists during an assessment for environmental licensing purposes in an remnant rainforest in ], some 1200 km northeast of the ''T. longipinnis'' population.<ref name="pinna2010"/><ref name="silva2023"/><ref name="iucn"/> Specimens, including the ] (specimen MBML 3289) and 17 ]s, were collected in February 2010, and became part of the collections of the {{lang|pt|]}} (MBML) in ] and the {{lang|pt|]}} (MZUSP) in ]. The ] was published later in 2010 by the Brazilian ] Mário C. C. de Pinna and colleagues.<ref name="pinna2010"/> The ] ''Trichogenes'' is composed of the ] words {{lang|grc|thrix}} (meaning {{gloss|hair}}, referring to its family, the Trichomycteridae) and {{lang|grc|genes}} (meaning {{gloss|birth}}, referring to the genus '']'' due to its superficial resemblance to it).<ref name="britski1983"/><ref name="fishbase"/> The ] ''claviger'' is ] for {{gloss|club-bearing}} and refers to the distinctive club-shaped hind part of the ] seen in males.<ref name="pinna2010"/> A ] for the species is Caetés catfish (] {{lang|pt|bagre-de-caetés}}).<ref name="kaetes-claviger"/><ref name="worldlandtrust"/> | ||
| In 2020, a third species, '']'', was described from three specimens in |
In 2020, a third species, '']'', was described from three specimens found in a freezer in the ]; these specimens lack any documentation and the place of occurrence of the species is unknown. This new species is probably the closest relative of ''T. claviger''; the two species did probably not separate recently given their numerous morphological differences. Within its family, the ] (pencil catfishes), the genus ''Trichogenes'' is ] ("primitive") because of its many ] (ancestral) features.<ref name="pinna2020"/> The genus is most closely related to the ], which are endemic to the ] plateau in northeastern Brazil.<ref name="pinna2010"/> | ||
| == Description == | |||
| == Habitat and distribution == | |||
| ''T. claviger'' is a small fish; 18 collected specimens were between 15.9 and 50.8 mm in ] (measured from the snout to the end of the vertebral column). The body is deeper than broad; it is deepest at the abdomen and decreases in depth towards the tail. This results in convex upper and lower margins in side view, different from the more parallel upper and lower margins in ''T. longipinnis''. The ] is relatively large and consists of 9 or 10 ]. The ] has 5 or 6 rays. The ] is comparatively small and situated closer to the ] than to the snout.<ref name="pinna2010"/> The ] is extensive with 32 to 35 unbranched rays – an extensive anal fin is also seen in ''T. longipinnis'' and ''T. beagle'' and distinguishes the genus from other genera in their family. The lower margin of the anal fin is straight or convex. The upper half of the caudal fin has 9 or 10 rays, while the lower half has 6 or 7 rays.<ref name="pinna2010"/><ref name="pinna2020"/> | |||
| The species is known from only from the {{lang|pt|]}} (Caetés forest), a remnant of the ], in ], Brazil. Here, the fish lives in small streams that are part of the ] of the ], which is isolated from other catchment areas. This forest is primary, mountainous rainforest interspersed with plantations of exotic trees.<ref name="pinna2010"/> A second locality was discovered by a local farmer in 2019, nine years after the discovery of the species, some 4 or 5 km away.<ref name="silva2023"/> The occurrence of the species in the area appears to be patchy.<ref name="pinna2010"/> | |||
| The body behind the head sports dark spots on its sides that are round to oval and of various sizes. The largest of the spots are arranged in a continuous line that starts at the gills and runs obliquely down to close to the origin of the anal fin, and then continues parallel to the anal fin to the base of the caudal fin.<ref name="pinna2010"/> The spots are more numerous in ''T. longipinnis'', while they are small and do not form a line in ''T. beagle''. There is also a distinct dark line just above, and parallel to, the anal fin; this line is also found in ''T. beagle'' but absent in ''T. longipinnis''. The underside is whitish.<ref name="pinna2010"/><ref name="pinna2020"/> | |||
| The type locality, where it was first discovered, is a small shaded stream named {{lang|pt|Picada Comprida}}, within primary rainforest at an altitude of around 1150 m. The stream is ca. 30 cm deep, slow flowing and has brown but clear water. The stream bed is sandy but partly covered with dead leaves and other organic material. The fishes tend to dwell in the middle of the water column. It is the only species of fish to occur at the locality.<ref name="pinna2010"/> | |||
| ] | |||
| ⚫ | == Ecology == | ||
| The head is approximately three-quarters as deep as long. In side view, the eyes are positioned slightly anterior to the mid-length of the head, and in top view, the eyes are closer to the outer margin of the head than they are to the body midline. There are three pairs of ] – the down-facing maxillary and rictal barbels and the upward-facing nasal barbels. The maxillary and rictal barbels both originate at the gape of the mouth, and the former reaches up to the base of the pectoral fin. The nasal barbels reach the front margin of the eye when drawn to it.<ref name="pinna2010"/> The mouth is ] (facing forwards rather than being upturned or downturned), a trait also found in ''T. beagle'' but absent in all other members of their family. On each side of the skull, there are 19 to 23 teeth in the ] of the lower jaw and 20 to 22 teeth in the ] of the upper jaw. The teeth are bilobed and arranged in two rows; the teeth of the inner row are smaller.<ref name="pinna2010"/><ref name="pinna2020"/> | |||
| The species feeds on arthropods, as is the case with the related ''T. longipinnis''.<ref name="pinna2010"/> | |||
| The ] (bones that cover the gills) possess two patches of ] (dermal teeth). The largest patch is located at the end of a pronounced opercular process (protrusion). In males, this process is very elongated and club-like, unlike any other trichomycterid, and inspired the name of the species. The ] is short, consisting of a succession of four or five tubules that reaches from the back of the head up to the level of the rear margin of the pectoral fin. The ] invariably consists of 35 ], while ''T. longipinnis'' has 38 or 39 and the three known specimens of ''T. beagle'' have 36. The ]s (upper ends) of the foremost four vertebrae are bifurcated, and a claw-like process is present in front of each neural spine. Both features are unique for ''T. claviger'' and ''T. beagle'' and possibly related to the pelagic lifestyle of the species, as they increase the attachment surface for the dorsal musculature, facilitating feeding in the middle of the water column or on the water surface.<ref name="pinna2010"/> | |||
| ⚫ | == Status, |
||
| ⚫ | ''T. claviger'' has been classified as ] globally by the ] (IUCN) since 2018.<ref name="iucn"/> Since 2014, it is also listed as Critically Endangered in the {{lang|pt|Livro Vermelho}}, the ] of Brazil.<ref name="icmbio2018"/> | ||
| == Distribution and habitat == | |||
| ⚫ | The species was discovered in 2010 on |
||
| ] | |||
| ''T. claviger'' is a local ] of the ], the second largest ] of the Americas, and one of the most ] regions in the world. Originally, this forest covered 1.6 million hectares (4 million acres), mostly in Brazil but extending south into parts of Paraguay and Argentina.<ref name="marques2021"/> The species is known from only from the {{lang|pt|]}} (Caetés forest), a remnant of the Atlantic Forest in ] and ], Espírito Santo, Brazil. Here, the fish lives in small streams that are part of the ] of the ], which is isolated from other catchment areas. The type locality, where it was first discovered, is a small shaded stream named {{lang|pt|Picada Comprida}}, within primary rainforest at an altitude of around 1150 m. This forest is primary, mountainous rainforest interspersed with plantations of exotic trees.<ref name="pinna2010"/> The occurrence of the species in the immediate surroundings of the site appeared to be patchy.<ref name="pinna2010"/> A second locality at a different creek was discovered in 2019, 4 km away from the type locality, and a third locality was discovered by a local farmer in 2023.<ref name="silva2023"/> Together, these localities cover an area of over 16 km².<ref name="silva2023"/> | |||
| At the type locality, the creek containing the fish is ca. 30 cm deep, slow flowing and has brown but clear water. The stream bed is sandy but partly covered with dead leaves and other organic material.<ref name="pinna2010"/> The second locality, which was discovered in 2019, was examined during dry season when the water level was low. Here, the fishes were only found within two deeper pools 100 m apart from each other; the stream was flowing slowly and within secondary-growth forest. The habitat is markedly different from that of ''T. longipinnis'', which favours steep mountain streams with strong currents.<ref name="pinna2020"/> | |||
| ⚫ | == Ecology and biology == | ||
| ] | |||
| The fishes are ], dwelling in the middle of the water column; ''T. longipinnis'', in contrast, is ground-dwelling. The species does not solely rely on its gills for breathing but will also gulp air from the water surface and release air bubbles afterwards; such accessory air breathing is common in trichomycterids and ]. Individuals carrying air will swim with their bodies tilted downward. As with ''T. longipinnis'', the species is probably ] (active during the day). It is the only species of fish that occurs in its habitat, and it is unknown what prevents other species from entering these habitats.<ref name="pinna2010"/> It mostly feeds on terrestrial arthropods that have fallen onto the water surface, which is unusual for trichomycterids. An analysis of gut contents revealed that terrestrial insects such as ]ns and ] are taken; among the aquatic prey, ] larvae, which attach themselves near the water margin and close to the water surface, are more commonly consumed than ] larvae.<ref name="sarmento-soares2018"/> | |||
| Juveniles differ from adults in having larger eyes, a much shorter snout, a narrower head with a strongly sloping upper surface, and a prognathous mouth (i.e., the lower jaw is larger than the upper jaw). Such marked differences probably indicate differences in ecology between juveniles and adults. In ''T. longipinnis'', juveniles and adults are more similar.<ref name="pinna2010"/> | |||
| The conspicuous opercular process is short in females but elongated in males, and therefore ] – the only known ] in the Trichomycteridae. In their species description, de Pinna and colleagues suggested that the function of this process is sexual signalling, as the process is movable and bears a black spot on its end. Visual perception appears to be important in ''Trichogenes'' species, and the related ''T. longipinnis'' has been demonstrated to rely solely on sight to detect prey. Several other neotropical freshwater fishes also have a movable black-tipped structure somewhere along the body; this feature therefore ].<ref name="pinna2010"/> When caught in a net, the fishes may use their opercular processes to climb up the net walls.<ref name="pinna2020"/> | |||
| ⚫ | == Status, threats, and conservation == | ||
| ] at the type locality of ''T. claviger'']] | |||
| ⚫ | ''T. claviger'' has been classified as ] globally by the ] (IUCN) since 2018.<ref name="iucn"/> The main threats are its extremely small range and the ongoing deforestation, as this species depends on forests.<ref name="sarmento-soares2018"/> Since 2014, it is also listed as Critically Endangered in the {{lang|pt|Livro Vermelho}}, the ] of Brazil.<ref name="icmbio2018"/> | ||
| ⚫ | The species was discovered in 2010 on land of the Forno Grande farm, which was owned by a larger corporation. Much of this land was still forested and is part of the {{lang|pt|Mata de Caetés}}, a larger complex of remnant rainforest. In this forest complex, a population of a critically endangered species of bird, the ], had been discovered by a birdwatching party in 2003;<ref name="venturini2005"/> this population is one of only two known.<ref name="BOW"/> From 2011, the ] SAVE Brasil pushed for a large public ] in the {{lang|pt|Mata de Caetés}}. The state government approved the project in 2015 but later abandoned it due to local opposition.<ref name="action_plan"/>{{rp|9}}<ref name="zayed"/> Instead of a public reserve, a smaller ], the Águia Branca Private Reserve, was established in 2017 to protect 16.88 km² of the Mata de Caetés,<ref name="briefy"/> which, however, did not include the type locality of ''T. claviger''. The farm owners frequently denied access to the land, and in 2019, de Pinna and colleagues were forced to search for an additional locality outside of the farm to carry out further research. Such a site was detected on the land of another farm 3 km away from the type locality. In 2021, the Marcos Daniel Institute, supported by several nonprofits, acquired 6.67 km² of the Forno Grande farm to create a second private reserve, the {{lang|pt|Reserva Kaetés}}, this time including the type locality of ''T. claviger''.<ref name="silva2023"/><ref name="sairanews24"/> The type locality is now accessible to visitors, and the fishes are easy to see.<ref name="kaetes-claviger"/> The entire Mata de Caetés was also included in the Pedra Azul–Forno Grande ], a priority area for ] recognized by the state.<ref name="BOW"/> | ||
| The {{lang|pt|Reserva Kaetés}} is managed by the {{lang|pt|saíra-apunhalada}} project of the Marcos Daniel Institute ({{lang|pt|saíra-apunhalada}} is the Portuguese name of the cherry-throated tanager). A 2020 survey revealed negative attitudes towards the remaining forests in the local populace, and an action plan for the protection of the tanager, published in 2021, proposed to use the tanager as a ] to educate and involve local communities, amongst other conservation actions.<ref name="action_plan"/>{{rp|11,22,44}}<ref name="zayed"/><ref name="silva2023"/> As a result, locals became aware of the existence of the fish, and new localities of the species have been found within the reserve. In 2023, a farmer discovered the species at a new location outside the reserve, 5 km from the type locality, that contained hundreds of individuals and increases the known range of the species.<ref name="silva2023"/> | |||
| == References == | == References == | ||
| <references> | <references> | ||
| <ref name="worldlandtrust">{{cite web |title=Brazil |url=https://www.worldlandtrust.org/what-we-do/where-we-work/brazil/ |website=World Land Trust |language=en|access-date=20 December 2024}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="kaetes-claviger">{{cite web |title=Reserva Kaetés |url=https://reservakaetes.com.br/especies/trichogenes-claviger-bagre-de-caetes/ |website=reservakaetes.com.br |access-date=20 December 2024}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="action_plan">{{Cite book| publisher = Instituto Marcos Daniel| isbn = 978-65-89669-07-4 | last1 = Santos| first1 = Marcelo Renan de Deus| last2 = Barbosa| first2 = Antonio Eduardo Araujo| last3 = Caetano| first3 = Valdivia Rocha Ferreira| last4 = Cordero-Schmidt| first4 = Eugenia| last5 = Fernandes| first5 = Katlin Camila| last6 = Magnago| first6 = Gustavo| last7 = Phalan| first7 = Benjamin Timothy| last8 = Rocha| first8 = Fabiana Lopes| last9 = Somenzari| first9 = Marina| last10 = Alves| first10 = Maria Alice| last11 = Amaral| first11 = Fabio| last12 = Bichinski| first12 = Tony| last13 = Bosso| first13 = Paloma| last14 = Chaves| first14 = Flávia| last15 = Cometti| first15 = Sayonara| last16 = Develey| first16 = Pedro| last17 = Hennessey| first17 = Bennett| last18 = Bruslund| first18 = Simon| last19 = Hoffmann| first19 = Diego| last20 = Jones| first20 = Carl| last21 = Lobato| first21 = Aline| last22 = Massaioli| first22 = Marcos| last23 = Mathias| first23 = Leonardo Brioschi| last24 = Nunes| first24 = Savana de Freitas| last25 = Owen| first25 = Andrew| last26 = Passamani| first26 = Jacques| last27 = Reillo| first27 = Paul| last28 = Reisfeld| first28 = Alice| last29 = Ribon| first29 = Rômulo| last30 = Rosa| first30 = Gustavo| last31 = Sampaio| first31 = Claudia| last32 = Silveira| first32 = Luis Fábio| last33 = Son| first33 = Luiz| last34 = Whitney| first34 = Bret| last35 = Phalan| first35 = Benjamin T.| title = Workshop for the Preparation of the Action Plan and Integrated Management Strategies for the Conservation of the Cherry Throated Tanager (''Nemosia rourei''): Final report| location = Vitória, ES| date = 2021 |url=https://www.cpsg.org/sites/cbsg.org/files/documents/Report%20_Cherry-throated%20ENG_01-04-22.pdf}}</ref> | <ref name="action_plan">{{Cite book| publisher = Instituto Marcos Daniel| isbn = 978-65-89669-07-4 | last1 = Santos| first1 = Marcelo Renan de Deus| last2 = Barbosa| first2 = Antonio Eduardo Araujo| last3 = Caetano| first3 = Valdivia Rocha Ferreira| last4 = Cordero-Schmidt| first4 = Eugenia| last5 = Fernandes| first5 = Katlin Camila| last6 = Magnago| first6 = Gustavo| last7 = Phalan| first7 = Benjamin Timothy| last8 = Rocha| first8 = Fabiana Lopes| last9 = Somenzari| first9 = Marina| last10 = Alves| first10 = Maria Alice| last11 = Amaral| first11 = Fabio| last12 = Bichinski| first12 = Tony| last13 = Bosso| first13 = Paloma| last14 = Chaves| first14 = Flávia| last15 = Cometti| first15 = Sayonara| last16 = Develey| first16 = Pedro| last17 = Hennessey| first17 = Bennett| last18 = Bruslund| first18 = Simon| last19 = Hoffmann| first19 = Diego| last20 = Jones| first20 = Carl| last21 = Lobato| first21 = Aline| last22 = Massaioli| first22 = Marcos| last23 = Mathias| first23 = Leonardo Brioschi| last24 = Nunes| first24 = Savana de Freitas| last25 = Owen| first25 = Andrew| last26 = Passamani| first26 = Jacques| last27 = Reillo| first27 = Paul| last28 = Reisfeld| first28 = Alice| last29 = Ribon| first29 = Rômulo| last30 = Rosa| first30 = Gustavo| last31 = Sampaio| first31 = Claudia| last32 = Silveira| first32 = Luis Fábio| last33 = Son| first33 = Luiz| last34 = Whitney| first34 = Bret| last35 = Phalan| first35 = Benjamin T.| title = Workshop for the Preparation of the Action Plan and Integrated Management Strategies for the Conservation of the Cherry Throated Tanager (''Nemosia rourei''): Final report| location = Vitória, ES| date = 2021 |url=https://www.cpsg.org/sites/cbsg.org/files/documents/Report%20_Cherry-throated%20ENG_01-04-22.pdf}}</ref> | ||
| <ref name="marques2021">{{Cite book| publisher = Springer International Publishing| isbn = 978-3-030-55322-7| pages = 4| editor = Marcia C. M. Marques, Carlos E. V. Grelle | last1 = Marques| first1 = Marcia C. M.| last2 = Trindade| first2 = Weverton| last3 = Bohn| first3 = Amabily| last4 = Grelle| first4 = Carlos E. V.| title = The Atlantic Forest: History, Biodiversity, Threats and Opportunities of the Mega-diverse Forest| chapter = The Atlantic Forest: An Introduction to the Megadiverse Forest of South America| location = Cham| date = 2021| doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-55322-7_1| chapter-url = https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55322-7_1}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="BOW">{{Cite BOW|citation=Phalan, B. T., G. R. Magnago, and S. Hilty (2024). Cherry-throated Tanager (Nemosia rourei), version 2.0. In Birds of the World (G. M. Kirwan, B. K. Keeney, and N. D. Sly, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.chttan1.02}}</ref> | <ref name="BOW">{{Cite BOW|citation=Phalan, B. T., G. R. Magnago, and S. Hilty (2024). Cherry-throated Tanager (Nemosia rourei), version 2.0. In Birds of the World (G. M. Kirwan, B. K. Keeney, and N. D. Sly, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.chttan1.02}}</ref> | ||
| <ref name="briefy">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1017/S0030605317001302| issn = 0030-6053| volume = 51| issue = 4| pages = 571–580| vauthors = ((Fauna & Flora International))| title = Briefly| journal = Oryx| date = 2017| url = https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/briefly/03807C841A690A77457EECA4028A0FF9}}</ref> | <ref name="briefy">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1017/S0030605317001302| issn = 0030-6053| volume = 51| issue = 4| pages = 571–580| vauthors = ((Fauna & Flora International))| title = Briefly| journal = Oryx| date = 2017| url = https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/briefly/03807C841A690A77457EECA4028A0FF9}}</ref> | ||
| <ref name="sairanews24">{{Cite journal| volume = 003| vauthors = ((Instituto Marcos Daniel))| title = Reserva Kaetés| journal = Saíra News| date = 2024 |url=https://www.imd.org.br/en/_files/ugd/14f64f_83c62534b0a049baaa4ef9a892a6808c.pdf|lang=pt}}</ref> | <ref name="sairanews24">{{Cite journal| volume = 003| vauthors = ((Instituto Marcos Daniel))| title = Reserva Kaetés| journal = Saíra News| date = 2024 |url=https://www.imd.org.br/en/_files/ugd/14f64f_83c62534b0a049baaa4ef9a892a6808c.pdf|lang=pt}}</ref> | ||
| <ref name="zayed">{{Cite web| title = Cherry-throated tanager conservation case study |publisher=The Mohamed bin Zayed Species Conservation Fund| access-date =27 August 2024| url = https://www.speciesconservation.org/case-studies-projects/cherry-throated-tanager/7803}}</ref> | <ref name="zayed">{{Cite web| title = Cherry-throated tanager conservation case study |publisher=The Mohamed bin Zayed Species Conservation Fund| access-date =27 August 2024| url = https://www.speciesconservation.org/case-studies-projects/cherry-throated-tanager/7803}}</ref> | ||
| <ref name="fishbase">{{cite web |title=''Trichogenes claviger'' summary page |url=https://www.fishbase.se/Summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=65871&lang=portuguese_po |website=FishBase |access-date=18 December 2024}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="britski1983">{{cite journal|last1=Britski |first1=H. A. |last2=Ortega |first2=H. | date=1983| title=''Trichogenes longipinnis'', novo gênero e espécie de Trichomycterinae do sudeste do Brasil (Pisces, Siluriformes)| trans-title=''Trichogenes longipinnis'', a new genus and species of the Trichomycterinae from the southeast of Brazil (Pisces, Siluriformes)| journal=Revista Brasileira de Zoologia| volume=1| number=3| pages=211–216| language=pt| url=http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rbzool/v1n3/v1n3a11.pdf| doi=10.1590/s0101-81751982000300011| doi-access=free}}</ref> | <ref name="britski1983">{{cite journal|last1=Britski |first1=H. A. |last2=Ortega |first2=H. | date=1983| title=''Trichogenes longipinnis'', novo gênero e espécie de Trichomycterinae do sudeste do Brasil (Pisces, Siluriformes)| trans-title=''Trichogenes longipinnis'', a new genus and species of the Trichomycterinae from the southeast of Brazil (Pisces, Siluriformes)| journal=Revista Brasileira de Zoologia| volume=1| number=3| pages=211–216| language=pt| url=http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rbzool/v1n3/v1n3a11.pdf| doi=10.1590/s0101-81751982000300011| doi-access=free}}</ref> | ||
| <ref name="venturini2005">{{cite journal|year=2005| last1=Venturini| first1=Ana Cristina |last2=de Paz |first2=Pedro Rogerio |last3=Kirwan |first3=Guy M.|title=A new locality and records of Cherry-throated Tanager ''Nemosia rourei'' in Espírito Santo, south-east Brazil, with fresh natural history data for the species |journal=Cotinga |volume=24 |pages=60–70|url=http://www.neotropicalbirdclub.org/articles/24/Venturini.pdf}}</ref> | <ref name="venturini2005">{{cite journal|year=2005| last1=Venturini| first1=Ana Cristina |last2=de Paz |first2=Pedro Rogerio |last3=Kirwan |first3=Guy M.|title=A new locality and records of Cherry-throated Tanager ''Nemosia rourei'' in Espírito Santo, south-east Brazil, with fresh natural history data for the species |journal=Cotinga |volume=24 |pages=60–70|url=http://www.neotropicalbirdclub.org/articles/24/Venturini.pdf}}</ref> | ||
| <ref name="pinna2010">{{cite journal |last1=Pinna |first1=Mário C. C. de |last2=Helmer |first2=José Luiz |last3=Britski |first3=Heraldo A. |last4=Nunes |first4=Leandro Rodrigues |title=A new species of ''Trichogenes'' from the rio Itapemirim drainage, southeastern Brazil, with comments on the monophyly of the genus (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) |journal=Neotropical Ichthyology |date=2010 |volume=8 |pages=707–717 |doi=10.1590/S1679-62252010000400002}}</ref> | <ref name="pinna2010">{{cite journal |last1=Pinna |first1=Mário C. C. de |last2=Helmer |first2=José Luiz |last3=Britski |first3=Heraldo A. |last4=Nunes |first4=Leandro Rodrigues |title=A new species of ''Trichogenes'' from the rio Itapemirim drainage, southeastern Brazil, with comments on the monophyly of the genus (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) |journal=Neotropical Ichthyology |date=2010 |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=707–717 |doi=10.1590/S1679-62252010000400002}}</ref> | ||
| <ref name="icmbio2018">{{cite book |title=Livro Vermelho da Fauna Brasileira Ameaçada de Extinção - Volume I |date=18 August 2023 |publisher=Instituto Chico Mendes – ICMBio |isbn=978-85-61842-79-6| url=https://www.gov.br/icmbio/pt-br/centrais-de-conteudo/publicacoes/publicacoes-diversas/livro_vermelho_2018_vol1.pdf}}</ref> | <ref name="icmbio2018">{{cite book |title=Livro Vermelho da Fauna Brasileira Ameaçada de Extinção - Volume I |date=18 August 2023 |publisher=Instituto Chico Mendes – ICMBio |isbn=978-85-61842-79-6| url=https://www.gov.br/icmbio/pt-br/centrais-de-conteudo/publicacoes/publicacoes-diversas/livro_vermelho_2018_vol1.pdf}}</ref> | ||
| <ref name="sarmento-soares2018">{{Cite journal| volume = 127| pages = 13–19| last1 = Sarmento Soares| first1 = L.M.| last2 = Martins-Pinheiro| first2 = R.F.M.| last3 = Martins| first3 = L.S.F.| last4 = Nunes| first4 = S.| last5 = Helmer| first5 = J. L.| title = ''Trichogenes claviger'' um peixinho capixaba criticamente ameaçado de extinção:"Caetés" uma Unidade de Conservação que pode protegê-lo|lang=pt|trans-title=‘’Trichogenes claviger‘’ a critically endangered fish from Espírito Santo: ‘Caetés’ a Conservation Unit that can protect it| journal = Boletim Sociedade Brasileira de Ictiologia| date = 2018}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name="silva2023">{{cite journal |last1=Silva |first1=Juliana Paulo |last2=Sarmento-Soares |first2=Luisa Maria |last3=Tonini |first3=Lorena |last4=Freitas |first4=Joelcio |title=The contribution of local people to species conservation: the case of the catfish ''Trichogenes claviger'' in south-east Brazil |journal=Oryx |date=2023 |volume=57 |issue=6 |pages= |
<ref name="silva2023">{{cite journal |last1=Silva |first1=Juliana Paulo |last2=Sarmento-Soares |first2=Luisa Maria |last3=Tonini |first3=Lorena |last4=Freitas |first4=Joelcio |title=The contribution of local people to species conservation: the case of the catfish ''Trichogenes claviger'' in south-east Brazil |journal=Oryx |date=2023 |volume=57 |issue=6 |pages=693 |doi=10.1017/S0030605323000893}}</ref> | ||
| <ref name="pinna2020">{{Cite journal|last1=Pinna|first1=Mário C. C. de|last2=Reis|first2=Vinícius (Vinícius José Carvalho)|last3=Britski|first3=Heraldo A.|date=2020|title=A new species of ''Trichogenes'' (Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae), with a discussion on the homologies of the anterior orbital bones in trichomycterids and other loricarioids |journal=American Museum Novitates |number=3951|hdl=2246/7115 |url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/7115|language=en-US}}</ref> | <ref name="pinna2020">{{Cite journal|last1=Pinna|first1=Mário C. C. de|last2=Reis|first2=Vinícius (Vinícius José Carvalho)|last3=Britski|first3=Heraldo A.|date=2020|title=A new species of ''Trichogenes'' (Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae), with a discussion on the homologies of the anterior orbital bones in trichomycterids and other loricarioids |journal=American Museum Novitates |number=3951|hdl=2246/7115 |url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/7115|language=en-US}}</ref> | ||
| </references> | </references> | ||
| {{Reflist}} | |||
| {{Taxonbar|from=Q6418286}} | {{Taxonbar|from=Q6418286}} | ||
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Latest revision as of 09:57, 28 December 2024
Species of fish
| Trichogenes claviger | |
|---|---|
| |
| Trichogenes claviger | |
| Conservation status | |
 Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1) | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Siluriformes |
| Family: | Trichomycteridae |
| Subfamily: | Trichogeninae |
| Genus: | Trichogenes |
| Species: | T. claviger |
| Binomial name | |
| Trichogenes claviger de Pinna, Helmer, Britski & Nunes, 2010 | |
  Mata de Caetés
| |
| Map of Brazil showing the only occurrence | |
Trichogenes claviger, the Caetés catfish, is a critically endangered species of pencil catfish native to the Atlantic Forest of Brazil. It was discovered early in 2010 and scientifically described later in the same year. One of three species within the genus Trichogenes, it is restricted to an area of 16 km² in the Mata de Caetés (Caetés forest), an mountainous area in the Brazilian state of Espírito Santo. When discovered, the rainforst in which it occurs was unprotected and threatened by deforestation, but a private nature reserve has since been established. The species lives in small, shaded, and slow-moving streams in rainforest. A small fish, it is up to 50.8 mm in length.
Taxonomy
Trichogenes claviger is one of three known species within the genus Trichogenes, and the second to be discovered and described. The first species of the genus, T. longipinnis, was described in 1983 from a very local population discovered in an remnant rainforest between the major cities Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. T. longipinnis was long considered to be unique; a strikingly distinct fish that is not closely related to any other neotropical freshwater fish.
T. claviger was discovered in 2010 by biologists during an assessment for environmental licensing purposes in an remnant rainforest in Castelo, Espírito Santo, some 1200 km northeast of the T. longipinnis population. Specimens, including the holotype (specimen MBML 3289) and 17 paratypes, were collected in February 2010, and became part of the collections of the Museu de Biologia Mello Leitão (MBML) in Santa Teresa and the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (MZUSP) in São Paulo. The species description was published later in 2010 by the Brazilian ichthyologist Mário C. C. de Pinna and colleagues. The generic name Trichogenes is composed of the greek words thrix (meaning 'hair', referring to its family, the Trichomycteridae) and genes (meaning 'birth', referring to the genus Helogenes due to its superficial resemblance to it). The specific name claviger is Latin for 'club-bearing' and refers to the distinctive club-shaped hind part of the operculum seen in males. A common name for the species is Caetés catfish (Portuguese bagre-de-caetés).
In 2020, a third species, Trichogenes beagle, was described from three specimens found in a freezer in the Federal University of Viçosa; these specimens lack any documentation and the place of occurrence of the species is unknown. This new species is probably the closest relative of T. claviger; the two species did probably not separate recently given their numerous morphological differences. Within its family, the Trichomycteridae (pencil catfishes), the genus Trichogenes is basal ("primitive") because of its many plesiomorphic (ancestral) features. The genus is most closely related to the Copionodontinae, which are endemic to the Chapada Diamantina plateau in northeastern Brazil.
Description
T. claviger is a small fish; 18 collected specimens were between 15.9 and 50.8 mm in standard length (measured from the snout to the end of the vertebral column). The body is deeper than broad; it is deepest at the abdomen and decreases in depth towards the tail. This results in convex upper and lower margins in side view, different from the more parallel upper and lower margins in T. longipinnis. The pectoral fin is relatively large and consists of 9 or 10 fin rays. The pelvic fin has 5 or 6 rays. The dorsal fin is comparatively small and situated closer to the caudal fin than to the snout. The anal fin is extensive with 32 to 35 unbranched rays – an extensive anal fin is also seen in T. longipinnis and T. beagle and distinguishes the genus from other genera in their family. The lower margin of the anal fin is straight or convex. The upper half of the caudal fin has 9 or 10 rays, while the lower half has 6 or 7 rays.
The body behind the head sports dark spots on its sides that are round to oval and of various sizes. The largest of the spots are arranged in a continuous line that starts at the gills and runs obliquely down to close to the origin of the anal fin, and then continues parallel to the anal fin to the base of the caudal fin. The spots are more numerous in T. longipinnis, while they are small and do not form a line in T. beagle. There is also a distinct dark line just above, and parallel to, the anal fin; this line is also found in T. beagle but absent in T. longipinnis. The underside is whitish.
The head is approximately three-quarters as deep as long. In side view, the eyes are positioned slightly anterior to the mid-length of the head, and in top view, the eyes are closer to the outer margin of the head than they are to the body midline. There are three pairs of barbels – the down-facing maxillary and rictal barbels and the upward-facing nasal barbels. The maxillary and rictal barbels both originate at the gape of the mouth, and the former reaches up to the base of the pectoral fin. The nasal barbels reach the front margin of the eye when drawn to it. The mouth is terminal (facing forwards rather than being upturned or downturned), a trait also found in T. beagle but absent in all other members of their family. On each side of the skull, there are 19 to 23 teeth in the dentary of the lower jaw and 20 to 22 teeth in the premaxilla of the upper jaw. The teeth are bilobed and arranged in two rows; the teeth of the inner row are smaller.
The opercles (bones that cover the gills) possess two patches of odontodes (dermal teeth). The largest patch is located at the end of a pronounced opercular process (protrusion). In males, this process is very elongated and club-like, unlike any other trichomycterid, and inspired the name of the species. The lateral line is short, consisting of a succession of four or five tubules that reaches from the back of the head up to the level of the rear margin of the pectoral fin. The spine invariably consists of 35 vertebrae, while T. longipinnis has 38 or 39 and the three known specimens of T. beagle have 36. The neural spines (upper ends) of the foremost four vertebrae are bifurcated, and a claw-like process is present in front of each neural spine. Both features are unique for T. claviger and T. beagle and possibly related to the pelagic lifestyle of the species, as they increase the attachment surface for the dorsal musculature, facilitating feeding in the middle of the water column or on the water surface.
Distribution and habitat
T. claviger is a local endemic of the Atlantic Forest, the second largest rainforest of the Americas, and one of the most biodiverse regions in the world. Originally, this forest covered 1.6 million hectares (4 million acres), mostly in Brazil but extending south into parts of Paraguay and Argentina. The species is known from only from the Mata de Caetés (Caetés forest), a remnant of the Atlantic Forest in Castelo and Vargem Alta, Espírito Santo, Brazil. Here, the fish lives in small streams that are part of the catchment area of the Itapemirim River, which is isolated from other catchment areas. The type locality, where it was first discovered, is a small shaded stream named Picada Comprida, within primary rainforest at an altitude of around 1150 m. This forest is primary, mountainous rainforest interspersed with plantations of exotic trees. The occurrence of the species in the immediate surroundings of the site appeared to be patchy. A second locality at a different creek was discovered in 2019, 4 km away from the type locality, and a third locality was discovered by a local farmer in 2023. Together, these localities cover an area of over 16 km².
At the type locality, the creek containing the fish is ca. 30 cm deep, slow flowing and has brown but clear water. The stream bed is sandy but partly covered with dead leaves and other organic material. The second locality, which was discovered in 2019, was examined during dry season when the water level was low. Here, the fishes were only found within two deeper pools 100 m apart from each other; the stream was flowing slowly and within secondary-growth forest. The habitat is markedly different from that of T. longipinnis, which favours steep mountain streams with strong currents.
Ecology and biology
The fishes are nektonic, dwelling in the middle of the water column; T. longipinnis, in contrast, is ground-dwelling. The species does not solely rely on its gills for breathing but will also gulp air from the water surface and release air bubbles afterwards; such accessory air breathing is common in trichomycterids and loricarioids. Individuals carrying air will swim with their bodies tilted downward. As with T. longipinnis, the species is probably diurnal (active during the day). It is the only species of fish that occurs in its habitat, and it is unknown what prevents other species from entering these habitats. It mostly feeds on terrestrial arthropods that have fallen onto the water surface, which is unusual for trichomycterids. An analysis of gut contents revealed that terrestrial insects such as hymenopterans and beetles are taken; among the aquatic prey, black fly larvae, which attach themselves near the water margin and close to the water surface, are more commonly consumed than chironomid larvae.
Juveniles differ from adults in having larger eyes, a much shorter snout, a narrower head with a strongly sloping upper surface, and a prognathous mouth (i.e., the lower jaw is larger than the upper jaw). Such marked differences probably indicate differences in ecology between juveniles and adults. In T. longipinnis, juveniles and adults are more similar.
The conspicuous opercular process is short in females but elongated in males, and therefore sexually dimorphic – the only known secondary sex characteristic in the Trichomycteridae. In their species description, de Pinna and colleagues suggested that the function of this process is sexual signalling, as the process is movable and bears a black spot on its end. Visual perception appears to be important in Trichogenes species, and the related T. longipinnis has been demonstrated to rely solely on sight to detect prey. Several other neotropical freshwater fishes also have a movable black-tipped structure somewhere along the body; this feature therefore evolved independently several times. When caught in a net, the fishes may use their opercular processes to climb up the net walls.
Status, threats, and conservation
T. claviger has been classified as Critically Endangered globally by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) since 2018. The main threats are its extremely small range and the ongoing deforestation, as this species depends on forests. Since 2014, it is also listed as Critically Endangered in the Livro Vermelho, the Regional Red List of Brazil.
The species was discovered in 2010 on land of the Forno Grande farm, which was owned by a larger corporation. Much of this land was still forested and is part of the Mata de Caetés, a larger complex of remnant rainforest. In this forest complex, a population of a critically endangered species of bird, the cherry-throated tanager, had been discovered by a birdwatching party in 2003; this population is one of only two known. From 2011, the nonprofit organization SAVE Brasil pushed for a large public nature reserve in the Mata de Caetés. The state government approved the project in 2015 but later abandoned it due to local opposition. Instead of a public reserve, a smaller private nature reserve, the Águia Branca Private Reserve, was established in 2017 to protect 16.88 km² of the Mata de Caetés, which, however, did not include the type locality of T. claviger. The farm owners frequently denied access to the land, and in 2019, de Pinna and colleagues were forced to search for an additional locality outside of the farm to carry out further research. Such a site was detected on the land of another farm 3 km away from the type locality. In 2021, the Marcos Daniel Institute, supported by several nonprofits, acquired 6.67 km² of the Forno Grande farm to create a second private reserve, the Reserva Kaetés, this time including the type locality of T. claviger. The type locality is now accessible to visitors, and the fishes are easy to see. The entire Mata de Caetés was also included in the Pedra Azul–Forno Grande ecological corridor, a priority area for conservation recognized by the state.
The Reserva Kaetés is managed by the saíra-apunhalada project of the Marcos Daniel Institute (saíra-apunhalada is the Portuguese name of the cherry-throated tanager). A 2020 survey revealed negative attitudes towards the remaining forests in the local populace, and an action plan for the protection of the tanager, published in 2021, proposed to use the tanager as a flagship species to educate and involve local communities, amongst other conservation actions. As a result, locals became aware of the existence of the fish, and new localities of the species have been found within the reserve. In 2023, a farmer discovered the species at a new location outside the reserve, 5 km from the type locality, that contained hundreds of individuals and increases the known range of the species.
References
- ^ Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio) (2022). "Trichogenes claviger". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T141159992A141159997.pt. Retrieved 16 December 2024.
- ^ Pinna, Mário C. C. de; Helmer, José Luiz; Britski, Heraldo A.; Nunes, Leandro Rodrigues (2010). "A new species of Trichogenes from the rio Itapemirim drainage, southeastern Brazil, with comments on the monophyly of the genus (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae)". Neotropical Ichthyology. 8 (4): 707–717. doi:10.1590/S1679-62252010000400002.
- ^ Silva, Juliana Paulo; Sarmento-Soares, Luisa Maria; Tonini, Lorena; Freitas, Joelcio (2023). "The contribution of local people to species conservation: the case of the catfish Trichogenes claviger in south-east Brazil". Oryx. 57 (6): 693. doi:10.1017/S0030605323000893.
- Britski, H. A.; Ortega, H. (1983). "Trichogenes longipinnis, novo gênero e espécie de Trichomycterinae do sudeste do Brasil (Pisces, Siluriformes)" [Trichogenes longipinnis, a new genus and species of the Trichomycterinae from the southeast of Brazil (Pisces, Siluriformes)] (PDF). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia (in Portuguese). 1 (3): 211–216. doi:10.1590/s0101-81751982000300011.
- "Trichogenes claviger summary page". FishBase. Retrieved 18 December 2024.
- ^ "Reserva Kaetés". reservakaetes.com.br. Retrieved 20 December 2024.
- "Brazil". World Land Trust. Retrieved 20 December 2024.
- ^ Pinna, Mário C. C. de; Reis, Vinícius (Vinícius José Carvalho); Britski, Heraldo A. (2020). "A new species of Trichogenes (Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae), with a discussion on the homologies of the anterior orbital bones in trichomycterids and other loricarioids". American Museum Novitates (3951). hdl:2246/7115.
- Marques, Marcia C. M.; Trindade, Weverton; Bohn, Amabily; Grelle, Carlos E. V. (2021). "The Atlantic Forest: An Introduction to the Megadiverse Forest of South America". In Marcia C. M. Marques, Carlos E. V. Grelle (ed.). The Atlantic Forest: History, Biodiversity, Threats and Opportunities of the Mega-diverse Forest. Cham: Springer International Publishing. p. 4. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-55322-7_1. ISBN 978-3-030-55322-7.
- ^ Sarmento Soares, L.M.; Martins-Pinheiro, R.F.M.; Martins, L.S.F.; Nunes, S.; Helmer, J. L. (2018). "Trichogenes claviger um peixinho capixaba criticamente ameaçado de extinção:"Caetés" uma Unidade de Conservação que pode protegê-lo" [‘’Trichogenes claviger‘’ a critically endangered fish from Espírito Santo: ‘Caetés’ a Conservation Unit that can protect it]. Boletim Sociedade Brasileira de Ictiologia (in Portuguese). 127: 13–19.
- Livro Vermelho da Fauna Brasileira Ameaçada de Extinção - Volume I (PDF). Instituto Chico Mendes – ICMBio. 18 August 2023. ISBN 978-85-61842-79-6.
- Venturini, Ana Cristina; de Paz, Pedro Rogerio; Kirwan, Guy M. (2005). "A new locality and records of Cherry-throated Tanager Nemosia rourei in Espírito Santo, south-east Brazil, with fresh natural history data for the species" (PDF). Cotinga. 24: 60–70.
- ^ Phalan, B. T.; Magnago, G. R.; Hilty, S. (2024). Kirwan, G. M.; Keeney, B. K.; Sly, N. D. (eds.). "Cherry-throated Tanager (Nemosia rourei), version 2.0". Birds of the World Online. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY. doi:10.2173/bow.chttan1.02.
- ^ Santos, Marcelo Renan de Deus; Barbosa, Antonio Eduardo Araujo; Caetano, Valdivia Rocha Ferreira; Cordero-Schmidt, Eugenia; Fernandes, Katlin Camila; Magnago, Gustavo; Phalan, Benjamin Timothy; Rocha, Fabiana Lopes; Somenzari, Marina; Alves, Maria Alice; Amaral, Fabio; Bichinski, Tony; Bosso, Paloma; Chaves, Flávia; Cometti, Sayonara; Develey, Pedro; Hennessey, Bennett; Bruslund, Simon; Hoffmann, Diego; Jones, Carl; Lobato, Aline; Massaioli, Marcos; Mathias, Leonardo Brioschi; Nunes, Savana de Freitas; Owen, Andrew; Passamani, Jacques; Reillo, Paul; Reisfeld, Alice; Ribon, Rômulo; Rosa, Gustavo; Sampaio, Claudia; Silveira, Luis Fábio; Son, Luiz; Whitney, Bret; Phalan, Benjamin T. (2021). Workshop for the Preparation of the Action Plan and Integrated Management Strategies for the Conservation of the Cherry Throated Tanager (Nemosia rourei): Final report (PDF). Vitória, ES: Instituto Marcos Daniel. ISBN 978-65-89669-07-4.
- ^ "Cherry-throated tanager conservation case study". The Mohamed bin Zayed Species Conservation Fund. Retrieved 27 August 2024.
- Fauna & Flora International (2017). "Briefly". Oryx. 51 (4): 571–580. doi:10.1017/S0030605317001302. ISSN 0030-6053.
- Instituto Marcos Daniel (2024). "Reserva Kaetés" (PDF). Saíra News (in Portuguese). 003.
| Taxon identifiers | |
|---|---|
| Trichogenes claviger | |