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*Cuyler p.143
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*this<ref name=nippon>{{Cite web |author=Nagayama Satoshi |url=https://www.nippon.com/ja/in-depth/d00974/ |title=揺らぐ「相撲部屋」制度―入門者減が招く大相撲の危機とは |date=19 January 2024 |publisher=Nippon.com|access-date=10 November 2024|language=ja}}</ref> *this<ref name=nippon>{{Cite web |author=Nagayama Satoshi |url=https://www.nippon.com/ja/in-depth/d00974/ |title=揺らぐ「相撲部屋」制度―入門者減が招く大相撲の危機とは |date=19 January 2024 |publisher=Nippon.com|access-date=10 November 2024|language=ja}}</ref>
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At the top of the social pyramid, the {{transl|ja|shishō}}, or stablemaster, takes on a paternal role.{{sfn|Buckingham|1994|p=82}}{{sfn|West|1997|p=171}} Of all the coaches potentially present in the stable, he alone is the owner of the stable and therefore the highest authority in communal life.{{sfn|Buckingham|1994|p=83}} At the top of the social pyramid, the {{transl|ja|shishō}}, or stablemaster, takes on a paternal role.{{sfn|Buckingham|1994|p=82}}{{sfn|West|1997|p=171}} Of all the coaches potentially present in the stable, he alone is the owner of the stable and therefore the highest authority in communal life.{{sfn|Buckingham|1994|p=83}}

{{transl|ja|Oyakata}} is a prefix used in the ] as an ] attached to proper nouns.{{sfn|Kakuma|1993|p=189}}


==History== ==History==
] in 1909 surrounded by various {{transl|ja|toshiyori}}]] ] in 1909 surrounded by various {{transl|ja|toshiyori}}]]
The function of sumo elder was born with the organization of the first tournaments authorized by the municipal administrations of major Japanese cities. Although sumo as a sport goes back several centuries, its professionalization dates back to the beginning of the ]. During this period, the peace established by the ] led to the ] for many ] who had lost their social standing with their previous masters, who had been deposed or killed so that the shogunate could assert itself.{{sfn|Cuyler|1979|p=57}}{{sfn|Kakuma|1993|p=16}} Masterless samurai, called {{transl|ja|]}}, had no choice but to put their martial art skills to good use in street sumo tournaments, called {{Nihongo|''tsuji-zumō''|辻相撲|tsuji-sumo|{{lit|street-corner wrestling}}}}, for the entertainment of passers-by.{{sfn|Cuyler|1979|p=58}} Eventually, the mix of disgraced {{transl|ja|rōnins}} with the commoners who took part in the contests of strength of the street tournaments created many conflicts over betting money.{{sfn|Kakuma|1993|p=14}}{{sfn|Cuyler|1979|p=59}} Tense brawls, even deaths, sometimes occurred.{{sfn|Cuyler|1979|p=59}} During the ], public order became so disturbed that, in 1648, the ] authorities issued an edict banning street sumo and matches organized to raise funds during festivities.{{sfn|Cuyler|1979|p=60}} In 1684 (]), a sumo {{transl|ja|rōnin}} named Ikazuchi Gondaiyū obtained permission to lift the sumo ban edicted by the Edo authorities.{{sfn|Cuyler|1979|pp=62-63}} Because he allowed the return of matches by proposing a new etiquette associated with the conduct of fights, Ikazuchi was recognized as a key interlocutor by the authorities, which earned him a tournament organizer's license referring to him as a "{{transl|ja|toshiyori}}", one of the first mentions of the term in sumo.{{sfn|Cuyler|1979|p=63}} Later, the term was definitively adopted by his successors in the organization of tournaments where it came to be used specifically to refer to the masters at the head of groups of wrestlers who took part in charity tournaments in support of ], and who were responsible for enforcing discipline during festivities and avoiding fights.{{sfn|Cuyler|1979|pp=63-64}} In parallel with the emergence of {{transl|ja|toshiyori}} in the Edo-based sumo association, the associations in the cities of ] and ] were organized around elders known as "{{transl|ja|totori}}".{{sfn|Cuyler|1979|p=72}} The function of sumo elder was born with the organization of the first tournaments authorized by the municipal administrations of major Japanese cities. Although sumo as a sport goes back several centuries, its professionalization dates back to the beginning of the ]. During this period, the peace established by the ] led to the ] for many ] who had lost their social standing with their previous masters, who had been deposed or killed so that the shogunate could assert itself.{{sfn|Cuyler|1979|p=57}}{{sfn|Kakuma|1993|p=16}} Masterless samurai, called {{transl|ja|]}}, had no choice but to put their martial art skills to good use in street sumo tournaments, called {{Nihongo|''tsuji-zumō''|辻相撲|tsuji-sumo|{{lit|street-corner wrestling}}}}, for the entertainment of passers-by.{{sfn|Cuyler|1979|p=58}} Eventually, the mix of disgraced {{transl|ja|rōnins}} with the commoners who took part in the contests of strength of the street tournaments created many conflicts over betting money.{{sfn|Kakuma|1993|p=14}}{{sfn|Cuyler|1979|p=59}} Tense brawls, even deaths, sometimes occurred.{{sfn|Cuyler|1979|p=59}} During the ], public order became so disturbed that, in 1648, the ] authorities issued an edict banning street sumo and matches organized to raise funds during festivities.{{sfn|Cuyler|1979|p=60}} In 1684 (]), a sumo {{transl|ja|rōnin}} named Ikazuchi Gondaiyū obtained permission to lift the sumo ban edicted by the Edo authorities.{{sfn|Cuyler|1979|pp=62-63}} Because he allowed the return of matches by proposing a new etiquette associated with the conduct of fights, Ikazuchi was recognized as a key interlocutor by the authorities, which earned him a tournament organizer's license referring to him as a "{{transl|ja|toshiyori}}", one of the first mentions of the term in sumo.{{sfn|Cuyler|1979|p=63}} Later, the term was definitively adopted by his successors in the organization of tournaments where it came to be used specifically to refer to the masters at the head of groups of wrestlers who took part in charity tournaments in support of ], and who were responsible for enforcing discipline during festivities and avoiding fights.{{sfn|Cuyler|1979|pp=63-64}} In parallel with the emergence of {{transl|ja|toshiyori}} in the Edo-based sumo association, the associations in the cities of ] and ] were organized around elders known as {{Nihongo|{{transl|ja|totori}} or {{transl|ja|tōdori}}|{{lang|ja|]}}}}.{{sfn|Cuyler|1979|p=72}}<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=相撲年寄 |encyclopedia=The World Encyclopaedia |publisher=] |url=https://kotobank.jp/word/%E7%9B%B8%E6%92%B2%E5%B9%B4%E5%AF%84-1348325|language=ja |accessdate=7 December 2023 |via=]}}</ref><ref name=osakamuseum>{{cite web|author=Naoki Iida|title=第32回 特集展示 大阪相撲の歴史|url=https://www.osakamushis.jp/news/2004/osaka_sumo.html|publisher=]|date=9 March 2005|access-date=26 December 2024|language=ja}}</ref>

⚫ During the ], the various sumo groups were no longer scattered across the country, but rather concentrated in the major cities of Edo, Osaka and Kyoto.<ref name=heibonsha>{{cite encyclopedia |title=相撲部屋 |last=Ikeda |first=Masao |encyclopedia=The Revised New Edition of the World Encyclopaedia |publisher=] |url=https://kotobank.jp/word/%E7%9B%B8%E6%92%B2%E9%83%A8%E5%B1%8B-85075 |date=1998 |isbn=4582040012 |language=ja |accessdate=23 February 2024 |via=]}}</ref> These groups were self-organised under the leadership of elders, who welcomed the ]s into their homes, which took the name of {{transl|ja|]}} (meaning "fraternity house") in reference to the rooms in which these elders met to organise matches during tournaments.<ref name=heibonsha/> In 1719, the Edo municipal authorities issued an edict prohibiting all sumo groups that had not become professionalized from taking part in charity tournaments.{{sfn|Cuyler|1979|p=72}} The direct consequence of this edict was the disappearance of the elders who came directly from the ranks of the {{transl|ja|rōnins}}, and only the elders who were wrestlers who had retired from the ring remained.{{sfn|Cuyler|1979|p=72}} The organization based on Edo municipality edicts was gradually implemented in the other major sumo associations based in Osaka, Kyoto and ] during the eighteenth century.{{sfn|Cuyler|1979|p=72}} With the reform of the charity tournaments, the number of elders grew significantly, tripling in Edo between 1720 and 1780.{{sfn|Cuyler|1979|p=72}}

During the ], masters began to inherit the names of their predecessors, and {{transl|ja|heya}} were gradually referred to by the name borne by the master.<ref name=heibonsha/> The practice of becoming an elder until death or final retirement also became widespread around this time.{{sfn|Cuyler|1979|p=72}} From the 1750s onwards, the practice of welcoming novice wrestlers into the elders' homes became more widespread, these houses becoming the first examples of ].{{sfn|Cuyler|1979|p=72}}

During the Edo period, any wrestler or ] of any rank could inherit the name of his master, under whose protection he had placed himself, in order to perpetuate his legacy.{{sfn|Cuyler|1979|p=144}}

⚫ At the beginning of the twentieth century, however, the conditions for inheriting one's master's name became stricter. In 1920, it was decided that only wrestlers and referees who had obtained the status of {{transl|ja|sekitori}} would be eligible for the privilege of inheriting the names.{{sfn|Cuyler|1979|p=144}} In 1951, some historical shares (including the name Negishi) were discontinued.{{sfn|Cuyler|1979|p=144}} In 1958, referees definitively lost their right to inherit a name share.{{sfn|Cuyler|1979|p=144}}





⚫ During the ], the various sumo groups were no longer scattered across the country, but rather concentrated in the major cities of Edo, Osaka and Kyoto.<ref name=heibonsha>{{cite encyclopedia |title=相撲部屋 |last=Ikeda |first=Masao |encyclopedia=The Revised New Edition of the World Encyclopaedia |publisher=] |url=https://kotobank.jp/word/%E7%9B%B8%E6%92%B2%E9%83%A8%E5%B1%8B-85075 |date=1998 |isbn=4582040012 |language=ja |accessdate=23 February 2024 |via=]}}</ref> These groups were self-organised under the leadership of elders, who welcomed the ]s into their homes, which took the name of {{transl|ja|]}} (meaning "fraternity house") in reference to the rooms in which these elders met to organise matches during tournaments.<ref name=heibonsha/> In 1719, the Edo municipal authorities issued an edict prohibiting all sumo groups that had not become professionalized from taking part in charity tournaments.{{sfn|Cuyler|1979|p=72}} The direct consequence of this edict was the disappearance of the elders who came directly from the ranks of the {{transl|ja|rōnins}}, and only the elders who were wrestlers who had retired from the ring remained.{{sfn|Cuyler|1979|p=72}} The organization based on Edo municipality edicts was gradually implemented in the other major sumo associations based in Osaka, Kyoto and ] during the eighteenth century.{{sfn|Cuyler|1979|p=72}} With the reform of the charity tournaments, the number of elders grew significantly, tripling in Edo between 1720 and 1780.{{sfn|Cuyler|1979|p=72}} During the ], masters began to inherit the names of their predecessors, and {{transl|ja|heya}} were gradually referred to by the name borne by the master.<ref name=heibonsha/> The practice of becoming an elder until death or final retirement also became widespread around this time.{{sfn|Cuyler|1979|p=72}} From the 1750s onwards, the practice of welcoming novice wrestlers into the elders' homes became more widespread, these houses becoming the first examples of ].{{sfn|Cuyler|1979|p=72}} During the Edo period, any wrestler or ] of any rank could inherit the name of his master, under whose protection he had placed himself, in order to perpetuate his legacy.{{sfn|Cuyler|1979|p=144}}


⚫ The practice of allowing former wrestlers to coach new aspirants was eventually capped in 1927, when the sumo associations based in Osaka and Tokyo ]. At that time it was decided that the quota of Tokyo (and its eighty-eight elders) and Osaka (seventeen elders) would form the maximum number of names that could be inherited into the newly proclaimed All Japan Sumo Association.{{sfn|Cuyler|1979|p=143}} At the beginning of the twentieth century, the conditions for inheriting one's master's name generally became stricter. In 1920, it was decided that only wrestlers and referees who had obtained the status of {{transl|ja|sekitori}} would be eligible for the privilege of inheriting the names.{{sfn|Cuyler|1979|p=144}} In 1951, some historical shares (including the name Negishi) were discontinued.{{sfn|Cuyler|1979|p=144}} In 1958, referees definitively lost their right to inherit a name share.{{sfn|Cuyler|1979|p=144}}


During the 1970s, the question of opening up the {{transl|ja|toshiyori}} title, and ultimately the creation of stables, to ] arose for the Japan Sumo Association, the latter declaring firstly that sumo being Japan's ], it was inconceivable that a foreigner could participate as a trainer.{{sfn|Cuyler|1979|p=128}} In 1976, an internal rule defined that only Japanese nationals could become elders, with the unofficial aim of preventing foreigners from having a lasting influence on the sport by occupying decision-making positions within the association.{{sfn|Hall|1997|p=125}} The statement was subsequently severely criticized in the press.{{sfn|Cuyler|1979|pp=128-129}} There have also been calls for foreign wrestlers with notable careers to benefit from an exceptional regime and inherit {{transl|ja|toshiyori}} status.{{sfn|Hall|1997|p=125}} This led the association to correct its position in this regard, with the JSA subsequently declaring that the two rising stars of foreign origin ] and ] would indeed be eligible to become coaches within the association after their retirements.{{sfn|Cuyler|1979|p=129}} Takamiyama was the first to retire, becoming a coach under the name Azumazeki and founding ], the first foreign-born sumo wrestler to do so.{{sfn|Cuyler|1979|p=129}}{{sfn|West|1997|pp=195-196}}
{{clear}}


==Known shares== ==Known shares==
===List of normal shares=== ===List of normal shares===
The current number of elder shares was defined at the time of ] between the Tokyo and Osaka sumo associations in 1927.{{sfn|Cuyler|1979|p=143}} At the time, the Osaka association was composed of 17 elders while the Tokyo association was headed by 88 elders.{{sfn|Cuyler|1979|p=143}} Since the merger, the official elder shares are:<ref>{{cite web | title=List of elder stocks by occupation and attachment to sumo stables and clans | publisher=Sumo Reference | url=https://sumodb.sumogames.de/Kabu.aspx | access-date=1 April 2024}}</ref> The current 105 elder shares was defined at the time of ] between the Tokyo and Osaka sumo associations in 1927.{{sfn|Cuyler|1979|p=143}}{{sfn|Hall|1997|p=95}} At the time, the Osaka association was composed of 17 elders while the Tokyo association was headed by 88 elders.{{sfn|Cuyler|1979|p=143}} Since the merger, the official elder shares are:<ref>{{cite web | title=List of elder stocks by occupation and attachment to sumo stables and clans | publisher=Sumo Reference | url=https://sumodb.sumogames.de/Kabu.aspx | access-date=1 April 2024}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" {| class="wikitable"
|+ |+
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|Ajigawa |Ajigawa
|{{nihongo2|安治川}} |{{nihongo2|安治川}}
|The name originates from ] with the former {{transl|ja|]}} {{Ill|Tomegata Seiichi|ja|巴潟誠一|lt=Tomegata}} (later transferred to {{Ill|Tomozuna stable (1893–1946)|ja|友綱部屋 (1891-1946)|lt=Tomozuna stable}}). After his retirement, he took the name Tamagaki before reviving in 1942 the tradition of the Ajigawa name, which had been discontinued after ] between the Tokyo and Osaka sumo associations.<ref name=baseballtatsunami>{{Cite journal |title=大相撲名門列伝シリーズ(4) 立浪部屋 |trans-title=Sumo Famous Biographies Series (4): The Tatsunami stable |journal={{Interlanguage link|Sumo (magazine)|ja|3=相撲 (雑誌)|lt=Sumo Magazine}} |publisher=Baseball Magazine, Inc. |issue=November 2017 |page=25 }}</ref> |The name originates from ] with the former {{transl|ja|]}} {{Ill|Tomoegata Seiichi|ja|巴潟誠一|lt=Tomoegata}} (later transferred to {{Ill|Tomozuna stable (1893–1946)|ja|友綱部屋 (1891-1946)|lt=Tomozuna stable}}). After his retirement, he took the name Tamagaki before reviving in 1942 the tradition of the Ajigawa name, which had been discontinued after ] between the Tokyo and Osaka sumo associations.<ref name=baseballtatsunami>{{Cite journal |title=大相撲名門列伝シリーズ(4) 立浪部屋 |trans-title=Sumo Famous Biographies Series (4): The Tatsunami stable |journal={{Interlanguage link|Sumo (magazine)|ja|3=相撲 (雑誌)|lt=Sumo Magazine}} |publisher=Baseball Magazine, Inc. |issue=November 2017 |page=25 }}</ref>
|- |-
|Araiso |Araiso
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|Jinmaku |Jinmaku
|{{nihongo2|陣幕}} |{{nihongo2|陣幕}}
|The name originates from the Osaka-based sumo association.<ref name=osakamuseum/>
|
|- |-
|Kabutoyama |Kabutoyama
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|Mihogaseki |Mihogaseki
|{{nihongo2|三保ヶ関}} |{{nihongo2|三保ヶ関}}
|The name has its origins in the Osaka-based sumo association and was an iconic share there before the two associations merged. Mihogaseki was also the name of a stable that had the distinction of being managed by a wrestler trained in a Mihogaseki stable until the retirement of ] in ].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Koike |first=Ken'ichi |title=名門歴史探訪 相撲部屋物語1 三保ケ関部屋 |trans-title=Prestigious Sumo Stable History Investigation (1): Mihogaseki Stable |journal={{Interlanguage link|Sumo (magazine)|ja|3=相撲 (雑誌)|lt=Sumo Magazine}} |publisher=Baseball Magazine, Inc. |issue=January 2016 |page=30 }}</ref> |The name has its origins in the Osaka-based sumo association.<ref name=osakamuseum/> There, it was an iconic share before the two associations merged. Mihogaseki was also the name of a stable that had the distinction of being managed by a wrestler trained in a Mihogaseki stable until the retirement of ] in ].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Koike |first=Ken'ichi |title=名門歴史探訪 相撲部屋物語1 三保ケ関部屋 |trans-title=Prestigious Sumo Stable History Investigation (1): Mihogaseki Stable |journal={{Interlanguage link|Sumo (magazine)|ja|3=相撲 (雑誌)|lt=Sumo Magazine}} |publisher=Baseball Magazine, Inc. |issue=January 2016 |page=30 }}</ref>
|- |-
|Minato |Minato
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|Oshiogawa |Oshiogawa
|{{nihongo2|押尾川}} |{{nihongo2|押尾川}}
|The name originates from the Osaka-based sumo association.<ref name=osakamuseum/>
|
|- |-
|Ōtake |Ōtake
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|Takasago |Takasago
|{{nihongo2|高砂}} |{{nihongo2|高砂}}
|The name comes from ], who, after his retirement, kept his ring name and trained his own recruits. The name itself comes from a ] legacy inspired by the {{nihongo|Takasago-no-Ura|高砂の浦}}, a famous beach in ] (now ] in ]).{{sfn|Cuyler|1979|p=98}}<ref>{{cite web |title=演目事典 高砂（たかさご）|website=the-noh.com |url=https://www.the-noh.com/jp/plays/data/program_015.html|language=ja|access-date=8 March 2024}}</ref> |The name comes from ], who, after his retirement, kept his ring name and trained his own recruits. The name itself comes from a ] legacy inspired by the {{nihongo|Takasago-no-Ura|高砂の浦}}, a famous beach in ] (now ] in ]).{{sfn|Cuyler|1979|p=98}}
|- |-
|Takasaki |Takasaki
Line 455: Line 445:
|Tokitsukaze |Tokitsukaze
|{{nihongo2|時津風}} |{{nihongo2|時津風}}
|The name Tokitsukaze has its origins in the Osaka-based sumo association and had long been used for eleven generations before its incorporation into the Tokyo association.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=大相撲名門列伝シリーズ(5) 時津風部屋 |trans-title=Sumo Famous Biographies Series (5): The Tokitsukaze stable |journal={{Interlanguage link|Sumo (magazine)|ja|3=相撲 (雑誌)|lt=Sumo Magazine}} |publisher=Baseball Magazine, Inc. |issue=January 2018|pages=36-39 }}</ref> |The name Tokitsukaze has its origins in the Osaka-based sumo association and had long been used for eleven generations before its incorporation into the Tokyo association.<ref name=osakamuseum/><ref>{{Cite journal |title=大相撲名門列伝シリーズ(5) 時津風部屋 |trans-title=Sumo Famous Biographies Series (5): The Tokitsukaze stable |journal={{Interlanguage link|Sumo (magazine)|ja|3=相撲 (雑誌)|lt=Sumo Magazine}} |publisher=Baseball Magazine, Inc. |issue=January 2018|pages=36-39 }}</ref>
|- |-
|Tokiwayama |Tokiwayama
Line 550: Line 540:
|Kimura Shōnosuke |Kimura Shōnosuke
|{{nihongo2|木村 庄之助}} |{{nihongo2|木村 庄之助}}
|Name of the senior {{transl|ja|tate-gyōji}} |Name of the senior {{transl|ja|tate-gyōji}}. Considered an elder share in respect of their rank.{{sfn|Kakuma|1993|p=55}}
|- |-
|Kitanoumi |Kitanoumi
Line 594: Line 584:
|Negishi |Negishi
|{{nihongo2|根岸}} |{{nihongo2|根岸}}
|Elder share discontinued in 1951. Previously considered as a formal share created in honor of a printer called Mikawa Jiemon who was in charge of printing the {{transl|ja|]}} (sumo rankings sheet).{{sfn|Cuyler|1979|p=152}} |Elder share discontinued in 1951. Previously considered as a formal share created in honor of a printer called Mikawa Jiemon who was in charge of printing the {{transl|ja|]}} (sumo rankings sheet).{{sfn|Cuyler|1979|p=152}} At the time of their disappearance, the Negishi elders had been responsible for the {{transl|ja|banzuke}} calligraphy since the mid-eighteenth century.{{sfn|Cuyler|1979|p=144}}
|- |-
|Ōhashi |Ōhashi
Line 610: Line 600:
|Shikimori Inosuke |Shikimori Inosuke
|{{nihongo2|式守 伊之助}} |{{nihongo2|式守 伊之助}}
|Name of the junior {{transl|ja|tate-gyōji}} |Name of the junior {{transl|ja|tate-gyōji}}. Considered an elder share in respect of their rank.{{sfn|Kakuma|1993|p=55}}
|- |-
|Taihō |Taihō
Line 642: Line 632:


==Becoming a {{transl|ja|toshiyori}}== ==Becoming a {{transl|ja|toshiyori}}==
The term {{transl|ja|toshiyori}} refers to ] who have retired from active service.{{sfn|Sharnoff|1993|p=143}} The Japan Sumo Association relations between its members are primarily shaped by rules and norms related to the ownership and transfer of "elder ]s" held by the association coaches.{{sfn|West|1997|p=165}} Of all the employees of the association only the holders of 105 shares can manage the organization.{{sfn|West|1997|pp=174-175}} The Japan Sumo Association relations between its members are primarily shaped by rules and norms related to the ownership and transfer of "elder ]s" held by the association coaches.{{sfn|West|1997|p=165}} It can take several years for a share to become available for purchase, during which time many wrestlers retire without being able to continue as coaches in the Sumo Association.{{sfn|Kakuma|1993|p=42}} Acquiring a share is extremely difficult, as the elders' privileged status within the association, with a guaranteed position and salary, develops a strong demand among retired wrestlers, which keeps the value of a share very high.{{sfn|Cuyler|1979|p=144}} Since shares are limited in number, their monetary value is high, and a retired wrestler must be able to buy his share.{{sfn|Hall|1997|p=95}} At the very least, a share is worth millions of ], traded in the 1990s at around ¥200 million.{{sfn|Hall|1997|p=95}}{{sfn|Kakuma|1993|p=43}}


===Standard share=== ===Standard share===
]) addresses the public at the beginning of the last day of the ].]] ]) addresses the public at the beginning of the last day of the ].]]


{{color|red|Hakuho and Magaki !!!}} {{color|red|Normal process}}


* {{color|red|Hakuho and Magaki !!!}}


To become a {{transl|ja|toshiyori}}, a retired wrestler must acquire an elder share (called {{transl|ja|toshiyori-kabu}}) within the Japan Sumo Association.<ref name=NHK-toshiyori>{{cite web|author=Kitade Koichi |url=https://www.nhk.jp/p/ts/Z8WRRJ9K96/blog/bl/pp5q5BdEZp/bp/plPj4RAewq/ |title=「力士をやめたらどうなるの？」 |language=ja |website=] |date=29 March 2024 |accessdate=14 November 2024}}</ref> Only wrestlers who have reached the ranks of {{transl|ja|]}} (meaning {{transl|ja|]}}, {{transl|ja|]}} or {{transl|ja|]}} and {{transl|ja|]}}) and have held it for at least one tournament are directly entitled to apply to remain as an executive within the association. Wrestlers who have attained the rank of {{transl|ja|]}} must have held their status for twenty tournaments, while {{transl|ja|]}} wrestlers must have held theirs for thirty tournaments.<ref name=NHK-toshiyori/> To become a {{transl|ja|toshiyori}}, a retired wrestler must acquire an elder share, called {{nihongo|{{transl|ja|kabu}}|]}}, within the Japan Sumo Association.{{sfn|Cuyler|1979|p=144}}<ref name=NHK-toshiyori>{{cite web|author=Kitade Koichi |url=https://www.nhk.jp/p/ts/Z8WRRJ9K96/blog/bl/pp5q5BdEZp/bp/plPj4RAewq/ |title=「力士をやめたらどうなるの？」 |language=ja |website=] |date=29 March 2024 |accessdate=14 November 2024}}</ref><ref name=spaia>{{cite web |url=https://spaia.jp/column/sumo/1515|title=知っておきたい！大相撲の年寄株についてわかりやすく解説！|date=11 August 2016|work=Spaia Sports|access-date=27 December 2023|language=ja}}</ref> Each {{transl|ja|kabu}} is named after a {{nihongo|{{transl|ja|myōseki}}|]}}, or ].<ref name=spaia/>

Only wrestlers who have reached the ranks of {{transl|ja|]}} (meaning {{transl|ja|]}}, {{transl|ja|]}} or {{transl|ja|]}} and {{transl|ja|]}}) and have held it for at least one tournament are directly entitled to apply to remain as an executive within the association. Wrestlers who have attained the rank of {{transl|ja|]}} must have held their status for twenty tournaments, while {{transl|ja|]}} wrestlers must have held theirs for thirty tournaments.<ref name=NHK-toshiyori/> However, these conditions of access to {{transl|ja|toshiyori}} status are much stricter than they were in the 1990s. During those years, the conditions were to have competed in one {{transl|ja|makuuchi}} tournament or twenty {{transl|ja|jūryō}} tournaments.{{sfn|Kakuma|1993|p=42}} Wrestlers who had competed professionally for a total of twenty-five tournaments in any division were also eligible for a share inheritance.{{sfn|Kakuma|1993|p=42}}

The number of shares has been fixed, in particular to avoid the proliferation of unnecessary titles.<ref name=spaia/> The transfer of a share to a new owner is not automatic, and prospective buyers must wait until an elder has left the association, usually because he has reached the maximum age for membership of the association (set at 65 years old), to obtain his share.{{sfn|Cuyler|1979|p=144}} In the event of the death of an elder, a purchaser can also obtain the share through the deceased's family.{{sfn|Cuyler|1979|p=144}} In the latter case, the new buyer is traditionally expected to provide financially for the family of the deceased, although transfers are often simply settled with a sum of money.{{sfn|Cuyler|1979|p=144}}


===Special cases=== ===Special cases===
{{color|red|Share rented to a family or owner who is still active}}


{{transl|ja|Yokozuna}} and {{transl|ja|ōzeki}} receive preferential treatment and can remain in the association without acquiring elder status for five years ({{transl|ja|yokozuna}}) and three years ({{transl|ja|ōzeki}}).<ref name="NHK-retirement">{{cite web|author=Kitade Koichi |url=https://www3.nhk.or.jp/sports/story/16748/ |title=特集 - 大相撲の力士をやめたらどうなるの？ |language=ja |website=NHK |date=6 July 2021 |accessdate=16 December 2023}}</ref> {{transl|ja|Yokozuna}} and {{transl|ja|ōzeki}} receive preferential treatment and can remain in the association without acquiring elder status for five years ({{transl|ja|yokozuna}}) and three years ({{transl|ja|ōzeki}}).<ref name="NHK-retirement">{{cite web|author=Kitade Koichi |url=https://www3.nhk.or.jp/sports/story/16748/ |title=特集 - 大相撲の力士をやめたらどうなるの？ |language=ja |website=NHK |date=6 July 2021 |accessdate=16 December 2023}}</ref>

Since it's not uncommon for several wrestlers to come from the same family, it's commonly accepted that a retiring wrestler can avoid the minimum tournament requirements if he wishes to inherit a share already owned by a family member.{{sfn|Hall|1997|p=95}}

Since shares are difficult to obtain, an active wrestler who has already secured possession of a share can rent it to a retired wrestler in a process known as {{nihongo|{{transl|ja|kari-kabu}}|借株}}.{{sfn|Hall|1997|p=95}} This system enables the tenant of the share to work as a {{transl|ja|toshiyori}}, while also having more time to obtain a share of his own. For the annuitant, this system ensures an inflow of cash without encroaching on the use of his share, which he retains in full ownership.{{sfn|Hall|1997|p=95}}


===Extraordinary process=== ===Extraordinary process===
{{color|red|Former lifetime share system}}
⚫ An exception to the normal acquisition is made for the most successful {{transl|ja|rikishi}}, with era-defining {{transl|ja|yokozuna}} being offered a "single generation" or "lifetime" elder stock, called {{Nihongo||一代年寄|ichidai toshiyori}}.{{sfn|Buckingham|1994|p=89}}{{sfn|West|1997|p=181}} This process allows the wrestler to stay as an elder without having to use a traditional share in the association, and enter his retirement duties with his ring name.{{sfn|West|1997|p=181}}{{sfn|Buckingham|1994|pp=89-90}} This exception system has been offered to three former wrestlers : ], ] and ].{{sfn|Hall|1997|p=95}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Injured Takanohana retires from sumo|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/ss20030121a2.html|work=]|date=21 January 2003|access-date=30 March 2024|archive-date=14 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120914160620/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/ss20030121a2.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=hakuhotoshiyori>{{cite web|url=https://www.asahi.com/articles/ASP4M5V91P4MUTQP00J.html|title=白鵬が目安クリアの一代年寄、第三者委が問題視|work=The Asahi Shimbun|date=19 April 2021|access-date=22 August 2024|language=ja}}</ref> A fourth, ], was offered this status but preferred a normal share and became known as ].<ref name=hakuhotoshiyori/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.asahi.com/articles/ASQCT35H3QCRUTIL005.html|title=一代年寄の栄誉、辞退した千代の富士 北の富士さんが明かす舞台裏|work=The Asahi Shimbun|date=26 November 2022|url-access=subscription|access-date=21 August 2024|language=ja}}</ref> These four all achieved more than twenty tournament championships in their active careers.{{sfn|Hall|1997|p=95}} In October 2021, {{transl|ja|Yokozuna}} ], the Emperor's Cup number record holder, was however denied the {{transl|ja|ichidai toshiyori kabu}} and Masayuki Yamauchi (a ] member) declared to a press conference that "no such system exists" under the new Public Interest Incorporated Foundation statutes of the association, implying that the system would no longer be used.<ref name=hakuhotoshiyori/><ref>{{cite web|author=Yoshiaki Shichino|url=https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2021/10/a9e7303e4a8c-focus-sumo-fights-hard-to-muzzle-era-defining-former-yokozuna-hakuho.html|title=FOCUS: Sumo fights hard to muzzle era-defining former yokozuna Hakuhō|date=3 October 2021|work=Kyodo News|access-date=6 September 2022}}</ref>

An exception to the normal acquisition is made for the most successful {{transl|ja|rikishi}}, with era-defining {{transl|ja|yokozuna}} being offered a "single generation" or "lifetime" elder share, called {{nihongo|{{transl|ja|ichidai toshiyori kabu}}|一代年寄株}}.{{sfn|Hall|1997|p=95}}{{sfn|Buckingham|1994|p=89}}{{sfn|West|1997|p=181}} This process allows a wrestler to stay as an elder without having to use a traditional share in the association, and enter his retirement duties with his ring name.{{sfn|Hall|1997|p=95}}{{sfn|West|1997|p=181}}{{sfn|Buckingham|1994|pp=89-90}} Only wrestlers with extraordinary careers were eligible for this privilege.{{sfn|Hall|1997|p=95}}

⚫ This exception system has been offered to three former wrestlers : ], ] and ].{{sfn|Hall|1997|p=95}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Injured Takanohana retires from sumo|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/ss20030121a2.html|work=]|date=21 January 2003|access-date=30 March 2024|archive-date=14 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120914160620/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/ss20030121a2.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=hakuhotoshiyori>{{cite web|url=https://www.asahi.com/articles/ASP4M5V91P4MUTQP00J.html|title=白鵬が目安クリアの一代年寄、第三者委が問題視|work=The Asahi Shimbun|date=19 April 2021|access-date=22 August 2024|language=ja}}</ref> A fourth, ], was offered this status but preferred a normal share and became known as ].<ref name=hakuhotoshiyori/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.asahi.com/articles/ASQCT35H3QCRUTIL005.html|title=一代年寄の栄誉、辞退した千代の富士 北の富士さんが明かす舞台裏|work=The Asahi Shimbun|date=26 November 2022|url-access=subscription|access-date=21 August 2024|language=ja}}</ref> These four all achieved more than twenty tournament championships in their active careers.{{sfn|Hall|1997|p=95}} This system of obtaining {{transl|ja|toshiyori}} status is the only way to extend the maximum number of elders within the association. During the 1990s, 107 elders coexisted, with the 105 classic shares and Taihō and Kitanoumi, who had both earned the right to become elders under their ring names.{{sfn|Kakuma|1993|p=42}}

In October 2021, {{transl|ja|Yokozuna}} ], the Emperor's Cup number record holder, was however denied the {{transl|ja|ichidai toshiyori kabu}} and Masayuki Yamauchi (a ] member) declared to a press conference that "no such system exists" under the new {{Interlanguage link|Public Interest Incorporated Foundation|ja|3=公益法人|lt=Public Interest Incorporated Foundation}} statutes of the association, implying that the system would no longer be used.<ref name=hakuhotoshiyori/><ref>{{cite web|author=Yoshiaki Shichino|url=https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2021/10/a9e7303e4a8c-focus-sumo-fights-hard-to-muzzle-era-defining-former-yokozuna-hakuho.html|title=FOCUS: Sumo fights hard to muzzle era-defining former yokozuna Hakuhō|date=3 October 2021|work=Kyodo News|access-date=6 September 2022}}</ref>


==Ranking== ==Ranking==
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* {{nihongo3|]|参与|san'yo}}, elders re-hired as consultant between 65 and 70 years old * {{nihongo3|]|参与|san'yo}}, elders re-hired as consultant between 65 and 70 years old


Promotion up to {{transl|ja|iin}} occurs almost exclusively by seniority and is generally a fairly quick process; the majority of all elders are ranked as {{transl|ja|iin}}. Two exceptions apply: Elders using a borrowed share cannot be promoted from {{transl|ja|toshiyori}}, while very successful former wrestlers (generally, {{transl|ja|yokozuna}} and {{transl|ja|ōzeki}}) immediately receive full {{transl|ja|iin}} privileges as {{transl|ja|iin taigu toshiyori}} upon their retirement from active competition, even before their normal advancement up the ladder will take them to {{transl|ja|shunin}} and later {{transl|ja|iin}} status. However, it is customary for all new elders, even former {{transl|ja|yokozuna}}, to be assigned as security guards for the {{transl|ja|]}} in their first tournament after retirement.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20211115/p2a/00m/0sp/019000c|title=Ex-yokozuna Hakuho begins new role, provides security at Kyushu sumo tournament|work=The Mainichi|publisher=15 November 2021|access-date=15 November 2021}}</ref> The association members are also split into various ranks. A new retiree will begin his career as a coach at {{transl|ja|toshiyori}} rank (commonly called {{transl|ja|oyakata}}), except for former {{transl|ja|]}} and {{transl|ja|]}} who are automatically granted "Committee Member" rank. The most senior Association members are "Committee Members." Promotion up to {{transl|ja|iin}} occurs almost exclusively by seniority and is generally a fairly quick process; the majority of all elders are ranked as {{transl|ja|iin}}. Two exceptions apply: Elders using a borrowed share cannot be promoted from {{transl|ja|toshiyori}}, while very successful former wrestlers (generally, {{transl|ja|yokozuna}} and {{transl|ja|ōzeki}}) immediately receive full {{transl|ja|iin}} privileges as {{transl|ja|iin taigu toshiyori}} upon their retirement from active competition, even before their normal advancement up the ladder will take them to {{transl|ja|shunin}} and later {{transl|ja|iin}} status. However, it is customary for all new elders, even former {{transl|ja|yokozuna}}, to be assigned as security guards for the {{transl|ja|]}} in their first tournament after retirement.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20211115/p2a/00m/0sp/019000c|title=Ex-yokozuna Hakuho begins new role, provides security at Kyushu sumo tournament|work=The Mainichi|publisher=15 November 2021|access-date=15 November 2021}}</ref>


Furthermore, the {{transl|ja|fuku-riji}} and {{transl|ja|riji}} positions require a nomination for and subsequent election to the board of the JSA (or direct confirmation in case there are no more candidates than positions), with elections being held biennially. {{transl|ja|Yakuin taigu iin}} are named to their position by the chief director. Furthermore, the {{transl|ja|fuku-riji}} and {{transl|ja|riji}} positions require a nomination for and subsequent election to the board of the JSA (or direct confirmation in case there are no more candidates than positions), with elections being held biennially. {{transl|ja|Yakuin taigu iin}} are named to their position by the chief director.
Line 684: Line 692:


==Tasks and occupations== ==Tasks and occupations==
Association members who have secured ownership of a share are involved in the management of the association's various departments until their compulsory retirement at the age of 65.{{sfn|Kakuma|1993|p=42}} Officially, {{transl|ja|toshiyori}} are recognized as ]s in the association's statutes.{{sfn|Kakuma|1993|p=42}}

===Coaching=== ===Coaching===
Only retired wrestlers can open stables.{{sfn|West|1997|p=176}} Only retired wrestlers can open stables.{{sfn|West|1997|p=176}}
Line 690: Line 700:


===Running the association=== ===Running the association===
Management of the association is organized solely around the elders, who are the only ones that can manage the organization.{{sfn|West|1997|pp=174-175}} Elders are divided into a board of trustees overseeing the actions of a board of directors, itself made up exclusively of elders.{{sfn|Cuyler|1979|p=143}}
⚫ The members of the association receive a salary and are expected to assist in the running of their stable and the association, from selling tickets and security work at the most junior level, to taking charge of one of the association departments as a director. These members are also the only persons given the authority to train new sumo wrestlers. They do this by opening or taking over a training stable, or {{transl|ja|]}} (changed to {{transl|ja|-beya}} as a suffix) which will take the same name as the founder's elder name. Thus Dewanoumi will be the owner of Dewanoumi stable. Typically about 50% of the association members have their own stable, while the rest are required to be affiliated with one and assist the principal owner. It is common for the most senior members of the association to concentrate on their association responsibilities and pass the day-to-day management of a stable to another. If a senior {{transl|ja|oyakata}} wishes to do this, the two may elect to swap names so that the stable can keep the more prestigious name. A recent example was in 1996, when the association's chairman Dewanoumi (former {{transl|ja|yokozuna}} ]), swapped names with Sakaigawa (former {{transl|ja|sekiwake}} ]) who took over the running of ].


The sumo association is made up of several departments that oversee all the association's activities and are staffed by elders elected to these positions.{{sfn|Cuyler|1979|p=143}}
The association members are also split into various ranks. A new retiree will begin his career as a coach at {{transl|ja|toshiyori}} rank (commonly called {{transl|ja|oyakata}}), except for former {{transl|ja|]}} and {{transl|ja|]}} who are automatically granted "Committee Member" rank. The most senior Association members are "Committee Members."

⚫ The members receive a salary and are expected to assist in the running of their stable and the association, from selling tickets and security work at the most junior level, to taking charge of one of the association departments as a director. These members are also the only persons given the authority to train new sumo wrestlers. They do this by opening or taking over a training stable, or {{transl|ja|]}} (changed to {{transl|ja|-beya}} as a suffix) which will take the same name as the founder's elder name. Thus Dewanoumi will be the owner of Dewanoumi stable. Typically about 50% of the association members have their own stable, while the rest are required to be affiliated with one and assist the principal owner. It is common for the most senior members of the association to concentrate on their association responsibilities and pass the day-to-day management of a stable to another. If a senior {{transl|ja|oyakata}} wishes to do this, the two may elect to swap names so that the stable can keep the more prestigious name. A recent example was in 1996, when the association's chairman Dewanoumi (former {{transl|ja|yokozuna}} ]), swapped names with Sakaigawa (former {{transl|ja|sekiwake}} ]) who took over the running of ].


+
*adding *adding


Line 701: Line 712:
] during matches; seen here debating a call by the {{transl|ja|]}}.]] ] during matches; seen here debating a call by the {{transl|ja|]}}.]]
The elders' judging function developed around 1750, with the emergence of interests linked to the prestige of ]. The latter, by sponsoring wrestlers, increasingly questioned the refereeing of matches involving their wrestlers, to the detriment of the {{transl|ja|]}}'s decisions. To avoid tensions, elders were placed in the corners of the ] to discuss the results of matches.{{sfn|Cuyler|1979|p=75}} The elders' judging function developed around 1750, with the emergence of interests linked to the prestige of ]. The latter, by sponsoring wrestlers, increasingly questioned the refereeing of matches involving their wrestlers, to the detriment of the {{transl|ja|]}}'s decisions. To avoid tensions, elders were placed in the corners of the ] to discuss the results of matches.{{sfn|Cuyler|1979|p=75}}

Like any other senior manager in the Sumo Association, the elders responsible for judging matches have a two-year term.{{sfn|Hall|1997|p=98}} The number of judges is set at twenty, and places are distributed equitably among the various {{transl|ja|]}}, or clans, of stables within the association.{{sfn|Hall|1997|p=98}} Among the five judges seated around the ring, one serves as group leader and another as timekeeper. The latter is responsible for keeping the pre-bout rituals on schedule, discreetly announcing to the {{transl|ja|gyōji}} (referee) that the time is up.{{sfn|Hall|1997|p=98}} In the event of a disputed result, it is the {{transl|ja|shimpan}} who can challenge the {{transl|ja|gyōji}}'s decision by calling in a {{nihongo|mono-ii|物言い||{{literal translation|talk about things}}}}. When doing so, they correspond through an earpiece to a further two judges in a ] room.{{sfn|Hall|1997|p=75}} Judges can confirm the decision of the {{transl|ja|gyōji}} by announcing {{nihongo|{{transl|ja|]-dōri}}|軍配通り||{{literal translation|way of the {{transl|ja|gunbai}}}}}}, overturn it by announcing {{nihongo|{{transl|ja|gunbai-sashichigae}}|軍配差し違え||{{literal translation|{{transl|ja|gunbai}} mistake}}}}, or order a {{nihongo|{{transl|ja|torinaoshi}}|取り直し||rematch}}.{{sfn|Buckingham|1994|p=72}}


==See also== ==See also==

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Japan Sumo Association executives This page is about sumo elders. For the Japanese poet Minamoto Toshiyori, see Minamoto no Shunrai.

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Takanohana and Kitanoumi as toshiyori in 2013

A toshiyori (年寄), also known as an oyakata (親方), is a sumo elder exercising both coaching functions with active wrestlers and responsibilities within the Japan Sumo Association (JSA). All toshiyori are former wrestlers who reached a sufficiently high rank to be eligible to this status. The benefits are considerable, as only toshiyori are allowed to run and coach in sumo stables, known as heya, and they are also the only former wrestlers given retirement pay.

Designations

There are many terms used to define a trainer in the world of professional sumo. Alongside the official term of toshiyori (年寄), a sumo coach is also referred by the terms of oyakata (親方) and shishō (師匠).

At the top of the social pyramid, the shishō, or stablemaster, takes on a paternal role. Of all the coaches potentially present in the stable, he alone is the owner of the stable and therefore the highest authority in communal life.

Oyakata is a prefix used in the honorific system as an honorific attached to proper nouns.

History

Commemorative postcard of the first Ryōgoku Kokugikan in 1909 surrounded by various toshiyori

The function of sumo elder was born with the organization of the first tournaments authorized by the municipal administrations of major Japanese cities. Although sumo as a sport goes back several centuries, its professionalization dates back to the beginning of the Edo period. During this period, the peace established by the Tokugawa shogunate led to the vagrancy for many samurai who had lost their social standing with their previous masters, who had been deposed or killed so that the shogunate could assert itself. Masterless samurai, called rōnin, had no choice but to put their martial art skills to good use in street sumo tournaments, called tsuji-zumō (辻相撲, tsuji-sumo, lit. 'street-corner wrestling'), for the entertainment of passers-by. Eventually, the mix of disgraced rōnins with the commoners who took part in the contests of strength of the street tournaments created many conflicts over betting money. Tense brawls, even deaths, sometimes occurred. During the Keian era, public order became so disturbed that, in 1648, the Edo authorities issued an edict banning street sumo and matches organized to raise funds during festivities. In 1684 (Jōkyō era), a sumo rōnin named Ikazuchi Gondaiyū obtained permission to lift the sumo ban edicted by the Edo authorities. Because he allowed the return of matches by proposing a new etiquette associated with the conduct of fights, Ikazuchi was recognized as a key interlocutor by the authorities, which earned him a tournament organizer's license referring to him as a "toshiyori", one of the first mentions of the term in sumo. Later, the term was definitively adopted by his successors in the organization of tournaments where it came to be used specifically to refer to the masters at the head of groups of wrestlers who took part in charity tournaments in support of sanctuaries, and who were responsible for enforcing discipline during festivities and avoiding fights. In parallel with the emergence of toshiyori in the Edo-based sumo association, the associations in the cities of Osaka and Kyoto were organized around elders known as totori or tōdori (頭取).

During the Genroku period, the various sumo groups were no longer scattered across the country, but rather concentrated in the major cities of Edo, Osaka and Kyoto. These groups were self-organised under the leadership of elders, who welcomed the wrestlers into their homes, which took the name of heya (meaning "fraternity house") in reference to the rooms in which these elders met to organise matches during tournaments. In 1719, the Edo municipal authorities issued an edict prohibiting all sumo groups that had not become professionalized from taking part in charity tournaments. The direct consequence of this edict was the disappearance of the elders who came directly from the ranks of the rōnins, and only the elders who were wrestlers who had retired from the ring remained. The organization based on Edo municipality edicts was gradually implemented in the other major sumo associations based in Osaka, Kyoto and Nagoya during the eighteenth century. With the reform of the charity tournaments, the number of elders grew significantly, tripling in Edo between 1720 and 1780. During the Hōreki era, masters began to inherit the names of their predecessors, and heya were gradually referred to by the name borne by the master. The practice of becoming an elder until death or final retirement also became widespread around this time. From the 1750s onwards, the practice of welcoming novice wrestlers into the elders' homes became more widespread, these houses becoming the first examples of stables. During the Edo period, any wrestler or referee of any rank could inherit the name of his master, under whose protection he had placed himself, in order to perpetuate his legacy.

The practice of allowing former wrestlers to coach new aspirants was eventually capped in 1927, when the sumo associations based in Osaka and Tokyo merged. At that time it was decided that the quota of Tokyo (and its eighty-eight elders) and Osaka (seventeen elders) would form the maximum number of names that could be inherited into the newly proclaimed All Japan Sumo Association. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the conditions for inheriting one's master's name generally became stricter. In 1920, it was decided that only wrestlers and referees who had obtained the status of sekitori would be eligible for the privilege of inheriting the names. In 1951, some historical shares (including the name Negishi) were discontinued. In 1958, referees definitively lost their right to inherit a name share.

During the 1970s, the question of opening up the toshiyori title, and ultimately the creation of stables, to foreign wrestlers arose for the Japan Sumo Association, the latter declaring firstly that sumo being Japan's national sport, it was inconceivable that a foreigner could participate as a trainer. In 1976, an internal rule defined that only Japanese nationals could become elders, with the unofficial aim of preventing foreigners from having a lasting influence on the sport by occupying decision-making positions within the association. The statement was subsequently severely criticized in the press. There have also been calls for foreign wrestlers with notable careers to benefit from an exceptional regime and inherit toshiyori status. This led the association to correct its position in this regard, with the JSA subsequently declaring that the two rising stars of foreign origin Takamiyama and Kaneshiro would indeed be eligible to become coaches within the association after their retirements. Takamiyama was the first to retire, becoming a coach under the name Azumazeki and founding Azumazeki stable, the first foreign-born sumo wrestler to do so.

Known shares

List of normal shares

The current 105 elder shares was defined at the time of the merger between the Tokyo and Osaka sumo associations in 1927. At the time, the Osaka association was composed of 17 elders while the Tokyo association was headed by 88 elders. Since the merger, the official elder shares are:

Name of the share Origins and observations
Rōmaji transliteration Japanese
Ajigawa 安治川 The name originates from Takashima stable with the former komusubi Tomoegata [ja] (later transferred to Tomozuna stable [ja]). After his retirement, he took the name Tamagaki before reviving in 1942 the tradition of the Ajigawa name, which had been discontinued after the merger between the Tokyo and Osaka sumo associations.
Araiso 荒磯
Arashio 荒汐
Asahiyama 朝日山
Asakayama 浅香山
Azumazeki 東関
Chiganoura 千賀ノ浦
Dekiyama 出来山
Dewanoumi 出羽海 An iconic name in professional sumo, Dewanoumi comes from the Kansei era and was the origin of a wrestler named Dewanoumi Unemon [ja]. He and the first successor to his name (Shikamazu Takiemon) were wrestlers who benefited from the patronage of the Shōnai Domain, and Unemon was originally named after the Dewa Province where the fiefdom of his lords was located.
Edagawa 枝川
Fujigane 富士ヶ根
Fujishima 藤島
Furiwake 振分
Futagoyama 二子山
Hakkaku 八角
Hamakaze 浜風
Hanakago 花籠
Hanaregoma 放駒
Hatachiyama 二十山
Hidenoyama 秀ノ山 The name emerged at the end of the eighteenth century when it was used by a komusubi called Hidenoyama Denjirō, who was still an active wrestler and used the two-licence system to be both a trainer and an active wrestler. In 1828, his name and stable were inherited by former ōzeki Genjiyama.
Ikazuchi 雷 The name has its roots in the early years of the Tokugawa shogunate's pacification of Japanese territory, when many samurai (known as rōnin) found themselves without status or income and turned to sumo to put their martial skills to good use which disrupted public order. In 1648, the Edo authorities issued an edict banning street sumo and matches organized to raise funds during festivities and in 1684, a sumo rōnin named Ikazuchi Gondaiyū obtained permission to lift the ban and hold a tournament after proposing a new etiquette associated with matches organization.
Inagawa 稲川
Irumagawa 入間川
Isegahama 伊勢ヶ濱 The name first appeared when the fifth Shikimori Inosuke [ja], a gyōji, began training wrestlers using the two-licence system.
Isenoumi 伊勢ノ海 The name originates from the Shikimori gyōji family-line. This family was founded by a former wrestler who became an elder under the name Isenoumi Godaiyū. Isenoumi himself was named after the Ise Bay. Isenoumi later changed his name to Shikimori Godaiyū and launched his own line of referees, while his initial name was kept as an elder share.
Iwatomo 岩友
Izutsu 井筒
Jinmaku 陣幕 The name originates from the Osaka-based sumo association.
Kabutoyama 甲山
Kagamiyama 鏡山
Kasugano 春日野
Kasugayama 春日山
Kataonami 片男波 The name is inspired by Kataonami beach in Wakayama.
Katsunoura 勝ノ浦
Kimigahama 君ヶ濱
Kiriyama 桐山
Kise 木瀬 The name is a contraction of the name of its first holder, the gyōji Kimura Sehei (木村瀬平), who obtained the right to train wrestlers while continuing his activities as a referee. His name is then considered a share in its own right and is inherited by the ninth Kimura Shōnosuke [ja].
Kitajin 北陣
Kiyomigata 清見潟
Kokonoe 九重
Kumagatani 熊ヶ谷
Kumegawa 粂川
Magaki 間垣
Matsuchiyama 待乳山
Matsugane 松ヶ根
Michinoku 陸奥
Mihogaseki 三保ヶ関 The name has its origins in the Osaka-based sumo association. There, it was an iconic share before the two associations merged. Mihogaseki was also the name of a stable that had the distinction of being managed by a wrestler trained in a Mihogaseki stable until the retirement of Masuiyama II in 2013.
Minato 湊
Minatogawa 湊川
Minezaki 峰崎
Miyagino 宮城野 The founder of the name is former sekiwake Miyagino Nishikinosuke, who was named after a locality under the control of his patrons of the Sendai Domain (now Miyagi prefecture).
Musashigawa 武蔵川
Nakadachi 中立 The name origin is linked to the fourth Kimura Shōnosuke [ja], a gyōji who obtained the right to train wrestlers while continuing his activities as a referee under the name Nakadachi Shōnosuke (中立庄之助).
Nakagawa 中川
Nakamura 中村
Naruto 鳴戸
Nishiiwa 西岩
Nishikido 錦戸
Nishikijima 錦島
Nishonoseki 二所ノ関 The name originated in the late Edo period with former ōzeki Nishonoseki Gunemon [ja] who obtained the right to train recruits and continue to compete in tournaments under the double-licence system. Gunemon's name is said to have been inspired by the Nisho shrines that were set up on the edge of the Ōshū Kaidō, on the border of the Hachinohe Domain, which was patron to Gunemon. Today, the stone marking the border is still called Nisho's frontier/gate (二所の関, Nishonoseki).
Oguruma 尾車
Oitekaze 追手風
Ōnaruto 大鳴戸
Onoe 尾上
Onogawa 小野川
Ōnomatsu 阿武松 The name originated with the promotion of Ōnomatsu (later regarded as sumo's sixth yokozuna) to the rank of ōzeki in October 1826. Ōnomatsu was given his definitive ring name by his patrons of the Chōshū domain to evoke a famous scenic spot in Hagi, Yamaguchi.
Ōshima 大島
Oshiogawa 押尾川 The name originates from the Osaka-based sumo association.
Ōtake 大嶽
Otowayama 音羽山
Ōyama 大山
Sadogatake 佐渡ヶ嶽 The name has its origins with a Meiwa era maegashira by the name of Sadogatake Sawaemon [ja], who himself took his name from Sado Island.
Sakaigawa 境川
Sanoyama 佐ノ山
Sekinoto 関ノ戸
Sendagawa 千田川
Shibatayama 芝田山
Shikihide 式秀 The name is a contraction of the name of its first holder, the gyōji Shikimori Hidegorō (式守秀五郎), who obtained the right to train wrestlers while continuing his activities as a referee. At first a name in the gyōji hierarchy, Hidegorō became an official name when the third holder of the title succeeded in imposing his name as a fully-fledged trainer's licence.
Shikoroyama 錣山
Shiranui 不知火
Shiratama 白玉
Taganoura 田子ノ浦
Takadagawa 高田川
Takasago 高砂 The name comes from Takasago Uragorō, who, after his retirement, kept his ring name and trained his own recruits. The name itself comes from a Himeji Domain legacy inspired by the Takasago-no-Ura (高砂の浦), a famous beach in Harima Province (now Takasago in Hyōgo Prefecture).
Takasaki 高崎
Takashima 高島
Takekuma 武隈
Takenawa 竹縄
Tamagaki 玉垣
Tamanoi 玉ノ井
Tanigawa 谷川
Tatekawa 立川
Tateyama 楯山
Tatsunami 立浪 The name as a coach's share has its origins in the Meiji Restoration and former maegashira Onigasaki Tsunanosuke [ja], but the reason for its choice is not explained by the sumo historiography.
Tatsutagawa 立田川
Tatsutayama 立田山
Tokitsukaze 時津風 The name Tokitsukaze has its origins in the Osaka-based sumo association and had long been used for eleven generations before its incorporation into the Tokyo association.
Tokiwayama 常盤山
Tomozuna 友綱
Urakaze 浦風
Wakafuji 若藤
Wakamatsu 若松
Yamahibiki 山響
Yamashina 山科
Yamawake 山分

Historical shares

Before the establishment of a fixed number of elder shares, the various sumo associations had lineages of elders whose legacy of names has now disappeared. Others, such as the names of the two tate-gyōji, or those of wrestlers who became elder under the lifetime share system, have been discontinued and can no longer be used as elder shares.

Name of the share Observation
Rōmaji transliteration Japanese
Akaō 赤翁 Used by former ōzeki Hiodoshi after his retirement
Akitsushima 秋津嶋
Araiwa 荒岩
Asogatake 阿蘇ヶ嶽
Chitosegawa 千歳川
Gofuku 呉服
Goshoguruma 御所車
Goshonoura 御所ヶ浦
Izumigawa 出水川
Kagamiyama 鏡山
Kagura 神楽
Kimenzan 鬼面山
Kimura Shōnosuke 木村 庄之助 Name of the senior tate-gyōji. Considered an elder share in respect of their rank.
Kitanoumi 北の湖 Lifetime share of the eponymous yokozuna Kitanoumi
Komatsuyama 小松山
Kujiranami 鯨波
Kusakaze 草風
Matawatetsu 捻鉄
Matsugae 松ヶ枝
Minanogawa 男女ノ川
Nagahama 永浜
Nanatsumori 四賀峰
Natorigawa 名取川
Negishi 根岸 Elder share discontinued in 1951. Previously considered as a formal share created in honor of a printer called Mikawa Jiemon who was in charge of printing the banzuke (sumo rankings sheet). At the time of their disappearance, the Negishi elders had been responsible for the banzuke calligraphy since the mid-eighteenth century.
Ōhashi 大橋
Ōikazuchi 大雷 Honorary title of former yokozuna Umegatani I
Ōkido 大木戸
Shikimori Inosuke 式守 伊之助 Name of the junior tate-gyōji. Considered an elder share in respect of their rank.
Taihō 大鵬 Lifetime share of the eponymous yokozuna Taihō
Takanohana 貴乃花 Lifetime share of the eponymous yokozuna Takanohana
Takeshima 竹嶋
Tomagashima 笘ヶ嶋
Yatsugamine 八ッヶ峰
Yukimiyama 雪見山
Yotsugamine 四賀峰

Becoming a toshiyori

The Japan Sumo Association relations between its members are primarily shaped by rules and norms related to the ownership and transfer of "elder shares" held by the association coaches. It can take several years for a share to become available for purchase, during which time many wrestlers retire without being able to continue as coaches in the Sumo Association. Acquiring a share is extremely difficult, as the elders' privileged status within the association, with a guaranteed position and salary, develops a strong demand among retired wrestlers, which keeps the value of a share very high. Since shares are limited in number, their monetary value is high, and a retired wrestler must be able to buy his share. At the very least, a share is worth millions of yen, traded in the 1990s at around ¥200 million.

Standard share

JSA chairman Musashigawa (former Mienoumi) addresses the public at the beginning of the last day of the 2008 September tournament.

Normal process

To become a toshiyori, a retired wrestler must acquire an elder share, called kabu (株), within the Japan Sumo Association. Each kabu is named after a myōseki (名跡), or family name.

Only wrestlers who have reached the ranks of san'yaku (meaning yokozuna, ōzeki or sekiwake and komusubi) and have held it for at least one tournament are directly entitled to apply to remain as an executive within the association. Wrestlers who have attained the rank of maegashira must have held their status for twenty tournaments, while jūryō wrestlers must have held theirs for thirty tournaments. However, these conditions of access to toshiyori status are much stricter than they were in the 1990s. During those years, the conditions were to have competed in one makuuchi tournament or twenty jūryō tournaments. Wrestlers who had competed professionally for a total of twenty-five tournaments in any division were also eligible for a share inheritance.

The number of shares has been fixed, in particular to avoid the proliferation of unnecessary titles. The transfer of a share to a new owner is not automatic, and prospective buyers must wait until an elder has left the association, usually because he has reached the maximum age for membership of the association (set at 65 years old), to obtain his share. In the event of the death of an elder, a purchaser can also obtain the share through the deceased's family. In the latter case, the new buyer is traditionally expected to provide financially for the family of the deceased, although transfers are often simply settled with a sum of money.

Special cases

Share rented to a family or owner who is still active


Yokozuna and ōzeki receive preferential treatment and can remain in the association without acquiring elder status for five years (yokozuna) and three years (ōzeki).

Since it's not uncommon for several wrestlers to come from the same family, it's commonly accepted that a retiring wrestler can avoid the minimum tournament requirements if he wishes to inherit a share already owned by a family member.

Since shares are difficult to obtain, an active wrestler who has already secured possession of a share can rent it to a retired wrestler in a process known as kari-kabu (借株). This system enables the tenant of the share to work as a toshiyori, while also having more time to obtain a share of his own. For the annuitant, this system ensures an inflow of cash without encroaching on the use of his share, which he retains in full ownership.

Extraordinary process

Former lifetime share system

An exception to the normal acquisition is made for the most successful rikishi, with era-defining yokozuna being offered a "single generation" or "lifetime" elder share, called ichidai toshiyori kabu (一代年寄株). This process allows a wrestler to stay as an elder without having to use a traditional share in the association, and enter his retirement duties with his ring name. Only wrestlers with extraordinary careers were eligible for this privilege.

This exception system has been offered to three former wrestlers : Taihō, Kitanoumi and Takanohana. A fourth, Chiyonofuji, was offered this status but preferred a normal share and became known as Kokonoe. These four all achieved more than twenty tournament championships in their active careers. This system of obtaining toshiyori status is the only way to extend the maximum number of elders within the association. During the 1990s, 107 elders coexisted, with the 105 classic shares and Taihō and Kitanoumi, who had both earned the right to become elders under their ring names.

In October 2021, Yokozuna Hakuhō, the Emperor's Cup number record holder, was however denied the ichidai toshiyori kabu and Masayuki Yamauchi (a Yokozuna Deliberation Council member) declared to a press conference that "no such system exists" under the new Public Interest Incorporated Foundation [ja] statutes of the association, implying that the system would no longer be used.

Ranking

See also: Corporate title

Historically, the beginnings of a hierarchical organization developed around the 1780s, when the highly profitable charity tournaments were organized. During this period, the main tournament organizer and his assistant emerged as the two most important elders of the Edo-based sumo association.



Much like other staff members of the JSA (such as referees and ushers), elders are also subject to a rank structure; only the lowest-ranking members are strictly known as toshiyori. The current ranks are as follows:

The association members are also split into various ranks. A new retiree will begin his career as a coach at toshiyori rank (commonly called oyakata), except for former ōzeki and yokozuna who are automatically granted "Committee Member" rank. The most senior Association members are "Committee Members." Promotion up to iin occurs almost exclusively by seniority and is generally a fairly quick process; the majority of all elders are ranked as iin. Two exceptions apply: Elders using a borrowed share cannot be promoted from toshiyori, while very successful former wrestlers (generally, yokozuna and ōzeki) immediately receive full iin privileges as iin taigu toshiyori upon their retirement from active competition, even before their normal advancement up the ladder will take them to shunin and later iin status. However, it is customary for all new elders, even former yokozuna, to be assigned as security guards for the hanamichi in their first tournament after retirement.

Furthermore, the fuku-riji and riji positions require a nomination for and subsequent election to the board of the JSA (or direct confirmation in case there are no more candidates than positions), with elections being held biennially. Yakuin taigu iin are named to their position by the chief director.

The elders of the Association receive a salary that depends on their rank within the association.

Tasks and occupations

Association members who have secured ownership of a share are involved in the management of the association's various departments until their compulsory retirement at the age of 65. Officially, toshiyori are recognized as trustees in the association's statutes.

Coaching

Only retired wrestlers can open stables.

Elders are not distributed evenly between stables. This distribution creates quite wide discrepancies in the quality of training within the stables, with some, like Musashigawa stable having only the stablemaster for fourteen wrestlers, and others, like Kasugano stable, having seven masters for almost the same number of wrestlers.

Running the association

Management of the association is organized solely around the elders, who are the only ones that can manage the organization. Elders are divided into a board of trustees overseeing the actions of a board of directors, itself made up exclusively of elders.

The sumo association is made up of several departments that oversee all the association's activities and are staffed by elders elected to these positions.

The members receive a salary and are expected to assist in the running of their stable and the association, from selling tickets and security work at the most junior level, to taking charge of one of the association departments as a director. These members are also the only persons given the authority to train new sumo wrestlers. They do this by opening or taking over a training stable, or heya (changed to -beya as a suffix) which will take the same name as the founder's elder name. Thus Dewanoumi will be the owner of Dewanoumi stable. Typically about 50% of the association members have their own stable, while the rest are required to be affiliated with one and assist the principal owner. It is common for the most senior members of the association to concentrate on their association responsibilities and pass the day-to-day management of a stable to another. If a senior oyakata wishes to do this, the two may elect to swap names so that the stable can keep the more prestigious name. A recent example was in 1996, when the association's chairman Dewanoumi (former yokozuna Sadanoyama), swapped names with Sakaigawa (former sekiwake Washūyama) who took over the running of Dewanoumi stable.

Supervising the matches

Main article: Judge (sumo)
Some toshiyori serve as ring-side judges during matches; seen here debating a call by the gyōji.

The elders' judging function developed around 1750, with the emergence of interests linked to the prestige of local lords. The latter, by sponsoring wrestlers, increasingly questioned the refereeing of matches involving their wrestlers, to the detriment of the gyōji's decisions. To avoid tensions, elders were placed in the corners of the ring to discuss the results of matches.

Like any other senior manager in the Sumo Association, the elders responsible for judging matches have a two-year term. The number of judges is set at twenty, and places are distributed equitably among the various ichimon, or clans, of stables within the association. Among the five judges seated around the ring, one serves as group leader and another as timekeeper. The latter is responsible for keeping the pre-bout rituals on schedule, discreetly announcing to the gyōji (referee) that the time is up. In the event of a disputed result, it is the shimpan who can challenge the gyōji's decision by calling in a mono-ii (物言い, lit. 'talk about things'). When doing so, they correspond through an earpiece to a further two judges in a video review room. Judges can confirm the decision of the gyōji by announcing gunbai-dōri (軍配通り, lit. 'way of the gunbai'), overturn it by announcing gunbai-sashichigae (軍配差し違え, lit. 'gunbai mistake'), or order a torinaoshi (取り直し, rematch).

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Although spelled similarly, two shares named Kagamiyama coexisted in the Tokyo and Osaka based sumo association until both merged in 1927, at which point only the Tokyo line survived when the Osaka line was discontinued.

References

Citations

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  3. Buckingham 1994, p. 82.
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  5. Buckingham 1994, p. 83.
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  7. Cuyler 1979, p. 57.
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  50. Kakuma 1993, p. 43.
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Bibliography

External links

Toshiyori Category:Sumo terminology Category:Titles and rank in Japanese martial arts Category:Titles Category:Management occupations Category:Japanese business executives Category:Nonprofit chief executives Category:Education and training occupations