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{{use dmy dates|date=December 2024}} {{use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
] (d. 1210), First independent ''Emperor of ].'']] ] (d. 1210), First independent ''Emperor of ].'']]
'''Emperor of Hindustan''' sometimes also translated as '''''Emperor of India'''''<ref group="Note">Only during the period of the ] during and after the ].</ref> was an ] used by the ]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Larned |first=Josephus Nelson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RJE3AQAAMAAJ&dq=%22sultan+of+hindustan%22&pg=PA1706 |title=History for Ready Reference: From the Best Historians, Biographers, and Specialists; Their Own Words in a Complete System of History ... |date=1895 |publisher=C.A. Nichols Company |language=en}}</ref> and the ]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hindustan) |first=Jahangir (Emperor of |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T_QNAQAAMAAJ&q=%22emperor+of+hindustan%22 |title=The Jahangirnama: Memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India |date=1999 |publisher=Freer Gallery of Art, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery |isbn=978-0-19-512718-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-u9tAAAAMAAJ |title=Journal of Historical Research |date=1983 |publisher=Department of History, Ranchi University. |language=en}}</ref> to signify their ] over ] and later much of the ] (excepting the Far-Southern states of present-day India and its Northeastern parts as well). '''Emperor of Hindustan''' sometimes also translated as '''''Emperor of India''''',<ref group="Note">Only during the period of the ] during and after the ]</ref> is the usual rendering in English of the ] used firstly by the ]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Larned |first=Josephus Nelson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RJE3AQAAMAAJ&dq=%22sultan+of+hindustan%22&pg=PA1706 |title=History for Ready Reference: From the Best Historians, Biographers, and Specialists; Their Own Words in a Complete System of History ... |date=1895 |publisher=C.A. Nichols Company |language=en}}</ref> and then their successors the ]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hindustan) |first=Jahangir (Emperor of |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T_QNAQAAMAAJ&q=%22emperor+of+hindustan%22 |title=The Jahangirnama: Memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India |date=1999 |publisher=Freer Gallery of Art, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery |isbn=978-0-19-512718-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-u9tAAAAMAAJ |title=Journal of Historical Research |date=1983 |publisher=Department of History, Ranchi University. |language=en}}</ref> It signified their ] over ] and later much of the ] (excepting the Far-Southern states of present-day India and its Northeastern parts as well).


], last ''Emperor of Hindustan''.]] ], last ''Emperor of Hindustan''.]]
The ] was simultaneously used for ] and the ] during the ]. During the rule of the ] in the 16th century, the term was equivalent to ''].'' The term ] was used for ] in particular, and also the whole ] during the ]. During the rule of the ] in the 16th century, the term was equivalent to ''].''


Even after Mughal rule had collapsed, by about 1720, the other powers in India, such as the ], the British ] and many others, continued to use the title in certain contexts until the Mughal Empire was formally abolished in 1858. For example, the East India Company issued coinage in the name of the "emperor", and bearing this title, until then. Part of the reason for this was to avoid other powers claiming the title, during the prolonged struggle for supremacy in India. Even after Mughal rule had collapsed, by about 1720, the other powers in India, such as the ], the British ] and many others, continued to use the title in certain contexts until the Mughal Empire was formally abolished in 1858. For example, the East India Company issued coinage in the name of the "emperor", and bearing this title, until then. Part of the reason for this was to avoid other powers claiming the title, during the prolonged struggle for supremacy in India.

Latest revision as of 19:58, 28 December 2024

Not to be confused with Emperor of India.

Grave of Qutb al-Din Aibak (d. 1210), First independent Emperor of Hindustan.

Emperor of Hindustan sometimes also translated as Emperor of India, is the usual rendering in English of the imperial title used firstly by the Delhi Sultanate and then their successors the Mughal Empire It signified their sovereignity over Northern India and later much of the Indian subcontinent (excepting the Far-Southern states of present-day India and its Northeastern parts as well).

Bahadur Shah Zafar, last Emperor of Hindustan.

The term Hindustan was used for Northern India in particular, and also the whole Indian subcontinent during the Medieval period. During the rule of the Mughal Empire in the 16th century, the term was equivalent to Emperor of India.

Even after Mughal rule had collapsed, by about 1720, the other powers in India, such as the Maratha Confederacy, the British East India Company and many others, continued to use the title in certain contexts until the Mughal Empire was formally abolished in 1858. For example, the East India Company issued coinage in the name of the "emperor", and bearing this title, until then. Part of the reason for this was to avoid other powers claiming the title, during the prolonged struggle for supremacy in India.

History

Delhi Sultanate

After the Delhi Sultanate gained independence from the Ghurid Empire, it called its land Hindustan, representing its sovereignity over Northern India (Punjab and the Indo-Gangetic plains) and later the Indian subcontinent.

Map of the Delhi Sultanate under Tuqhlaq dynasty, ruling over most of Hindustan.

Scholar Bratindra Nath Mukherjee states that during the Delhi Sultanate, Hindustan simultaneously represented Northern India as well as the entire Indian subcontinent.

Mughal Empire

The Delhi Sultanate was succeeded by the Mughal Empire, which called its polity Hindustan. By this period, Hindustan had come to mean the entirety of the Indian subcontinent rather than only Northern India.

Mughal Empire in 1700, ruling over entirety of the Indian subcontinent except deep south and northeast.

Variations

The title Emperor of India was also used for the Mughal emperors in some translated sources, a term later used by British monarchs.

Other variations were also used:

Sultan of Al-Hind (Salṭan-i-al-Hindīyyah)

Sultanate of Hindustan (Salṭan-i-Hindūstan)

See also

References and notes

  1. Only during the period of the Mughal Empire during and after the 16th century
  1. Larned, Josephus Nelson (1895). History for Ready Reference: From the Best Historians, Biographers, and Specialists; Their Own Words in a Complete System of History ... C.A. Nichols Company.
  2. Hindustan), Jahangir (Emperor of (1999). The Jahangirnama: Memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India. Freer Gallery of Art, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery. ISBN 978-0-19-512718-8.
  3. Journal of Historical Research. Department of History, Ranchi University. 1983.
  4. Jackson, Peter (16 October 2003). The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History. Cambridge University Press. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-521-54329-3.
  5. Mukherjee, Bratindra Nath (1989). The Foreign Names of the Indian Subcontinent. Place Names Society of India.
  6. Vanina, Evgenii͡a I͡Urʹevna (2012). Medieval Indian Mindscapes: Space, Time, Society, Man. Primus Books. ISBN 978-93-80607-19-1.
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