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| {{Short description|Multi-sport event in London, England}} | |||
| {{Redirect|2012 Olympics|the Winter Youth Olympics|2012 Winter Youth Olympics|the Paralympic Games|2012 Summer Paralympics}} | |||
| {{ |
{{Redirect2|2012 Olympics|London 2012|the Summer Paralympics|2012 Summer Paralympics|the Winter Youth Olympics in Innsbruck, Austria|2012 Winter Youth Olympics|the video game|London 2012 (video game){{!}}''London 2012'' (video game)}} | ||
| {{pp-move}} | |||
| {{multiple issues| | |||
| {{ |
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}} | ||
| {{ |
{{Use British English|date=August 2012}} <!-- without Oxford commas --> | ||
| {{Infobox Olympic games|2012|Summer|Olympics| | |||
| {{prose|date=October 2012}} | |||
| |image = 2012 Summer Olympics logo.svg<!-- Please do not replace. This issue has been discussed. --> | |||
| {{very long|date=October 2012}} | |||
| |image_size = 200 | |||
| }} | |||
| |caption = Emblem of the 2012 Summer Olympics; other colour variants are shown ] | |||
| {{pp-move|small=yes}}{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}} | |||
| |alt = Four abstract shapes placed in a quadrant formation, spelling out "2012". The word "London" is written in the shape representing the "2", while the Olympic rings are placed in the shape representing the "0". | |||
| {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2012}} | |||
| |host_city = ], United Kingdom | |||
| {{Use British English|date=August 2012}} | |||
| |motto = ''Inspire a Generation'' | |||
| {{Infobox Olympic games|2012|Summer | |||
| |nations = 204+2 (including 2 ] teams) | |||
| | Logo = London Olympics 2012 logo.svg<!-- Please do not replace. This issue has been discussed. --> | |||
| |athletes = 10,518 (5,863 men, 4,655 women) | |||
| | Size = 200 | |||
| |events = 302 in 26 ] (39 disciplines) | |||
| | Name = Official Logo of the consolidated 2012 Olympic Games | |||
| |opening = 27 July 2012 | |||
| | Optional caption = <small>This is the clear version of the official logo.<br />There are four official base colours, and another version for the<br />].<br />For more details, see section "]" below.</small> | |||
| |closing = 12 August 2012 | |||
| | Motto = Inspire a Generation | |||
| |opened_by = ] ]<ref name="Opening and Cauldron">{{cite press release|title=Factsheet – Opening Ceremony of the Games of the Olympiad|url=https://stillmed.olympic.org/Documents/Reference_documents_Factsheets/Opening_ceremony_of_the_Games_of_the_Olympiad.pdf|url-status=live|publisher=International Olympic Committee|date=9 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814215458/https://stillmed.olympic.org/Documents/Reference_documents_Factsheets/Opening_ceremony_of_the_Games_of_the_Olympiad.pdf|archive-date=14 August 2016|access-date=22 December 2018}}</ref> | |||
| | Nations participating = 204 | |||
| |cauldron = {{Plainlist| | |||
| | Athletes participating = 10,820 | |||
| | Officially opened by = ] | |||
| | Athlete's Oath = ] | |||
| | Judge's Oath = Mik Basi | |||
| | Coach's Oath = Eric Farrell | |||
| | Olympic Torch = {{Plainlist| | |||
| * Callum Airlie | * Callum Airlie | ||
| * Jordan Duckitt | * Jordan Duckitt | ||
| * |
* ] | ||
| * Katie Kirk | * Katie Kirk | ||
| * Cameron MacRitchie | * Cameron MacRitchie | ||
| * Aidan Reynolds | * Aidan Reynolds | ||
| * Adelle Tracey | * ]<ref name="Opening and Cauldron"/> | ||
| * Austin Playfoot (relight)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.london2012.com/news/articles/cauldron-moved-into-position-olympic-stadium.html|title=Cauldron moved into position in Olympic Stadium|publisher=London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Organizing Committee|date=30 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731191336/http://www.london2012.com/news/articles/cauldron-moved-into-position-olympic-stadium.html|archive-date=31 July 2012}}</ref>}} | |||
| * Austin Playfoot (relight) | |||
| |stadium = ] | |||
| }} | |||
| |summer_prev = ] | |||
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.london2012.com/news/articles/cauldron-moved-into-position-olympic-stadium.html |title=Cauldron moved into position in Olympic Stadium |publisher=London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Organizing Committee|date=30 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| | |
|summer_next = ] | ||
| | |
|winter_prev = ] | ||
| |winter_next = ] | |||
| }} | |||
| |closed_by=] ]}} | |||
| {{2012 Summer Olympics}} | {{2012 Summer Olympics}} | ||
| The '''2012 Summer Olympics''', officially the '''Games of the XXX Olympiad''',<ref>The IOC numbers the Olympiads by ].</ref> and also more generally known as '''London 2012''', was a major international ], celebrated in the tradition of the ], as governed by the ] (IOC), that took place in ], ], from 27 July to 12 August 2012. The first event, the ]s in ], began two days earlier, on 25 July.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/london/index_uk.asp |publisher = International Olympic Committee |title=London 2012 |accessdate=3 August 2008 |archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080801100305/http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/london/index_uk.asp |archivedate=1 August 2008|deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/olympics/2012/schedule-results/list/football/20120725 |title=Olympics schedule and results – Wednesday 25 July |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> More than 10,000 athletes from 204 ]s (NOCs) participated.<ref name=athletecount/> | |||
| The '''2012 Summer Olympics''', officially the '''Games of the XXX Olympiad'''{{efn|The IOC numbers the Olympiads using ].}} and also known as '''London 2012''', were an international ] held from 27 July to 12 August 2012 in ], England, United Kingdom. The first event, the ] in ], began on 25 July at the ] in ], Wales, followed by the opening ceremony on 27 July.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/london/index_uk.asp|publisher=International Olympic Committee|website=olympic.org|title=London 2012|access-date=3 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080801100305/http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/london/index_uk.asp|archive-date=1 August 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/olympics/2012/schedule-results/list/football/20120725|title=Olympics Schedule & Results – Wednesday 25 July, Football|work=BBC Sport|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111234444/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/olympics/2012/schedule-results/list/football/20120725|archive-date=11 January 2016}}</ref> There were 10,518 athletes from 206 ]s (NOCs) who participated in the 2012 Olympics.<ref name=athletecount/> | |||
| Following a bid headed by former Olympic champion ] and then-] ], London was selected as the host city on 6 July 2005 during the ] ] in Singapore, defeating bids from Moscow, New York City, Madrid and Paris.<ref name="Election">{{cite web |url= http://www.olympic.org/en/content/Olympic-Games/All-Future-Olympic-Games/Summer/London-2012 |title=London 2012: Election |publisher=International Olympic Committee |accessdate=2 October 2009 |archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20091004234329/http://www.olympic.org/en/content/Olympic-Games/All-Future-Olympic-Games/Summer/London-2012 |archivedate=4 October 2009|deadurl=no}}</ref> London was the first city to officially host the modern Olympic Games ],<ref>{{Cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/olympics_2012/4654821.stm |title= Coe promises Olympics to remember |work=BBC Sport |date=6 July 2005 |accessdate=3 August 2008}}</ref><ref>] has also hosted three ]-organised events, in ], ] and the ] in ]. However, the 1906 Games are no longer officially recognised by the IOC, as they do not fit with the quadrennial pattern of the modern Olympics.</ref> having previously done so in ] and in ].<ref>{{Cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/olympics/7361921.stm |title=London's first Olympics |work=BBC Sport |date=26 April 2008 |accessdate=3 August 2008 |first=Mark |last=Barden}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/modern/olympics_1948_gallery.shtml|title=The 1948 London Olympics Gallery |publisher=BBC History |accessdate=3 August 2008 |archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080718202435/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/modern/olympics_1948_gallery.shtml |archivedate=18 July 2008|deadurl=no}}</ref> | |||
| Following a bid headed by former Olympic champion ] and the then-] ], London was selected as the host city at the ] in ] on 6 July 2005, defeating bids from ], ], ], and ].<ref name="Election">{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/en/content/Olympic-Games/All-Future-Olympic-Games/Summer/London-2012|title=London 2012: Election|website=olympic.org|publisher=International Olympic Committee|access-date=2 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091005010107/http://www.olympic.org/en/content/Olympic-Games/All-Future-Olympic-Games/Summer/London-2012|archive-date=5 October 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> London became the first city to host the modern Olympics three times,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/olympics_2012/4654821.stm|title=Coe promises Olympics to remember|work=BBC Sport|date=6 July 2005|access-date=3 August 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110609063729/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/olympics_2012/4654821.stm|archive-date=9 June 2011}}</ref>{{efn|] has also hosted three ]-organised events, in ], ] and the ] in ]. However, the 1906 Games are no longer officially recognised by the IOC, as they do not fit with the quadrennial pattern of the modern Olympics.}} having previously hosted the Summer Games in ] and ].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/olympics/7361921.stm|title=London's first Olympics|work=BBC Sport|date=26 April 2008|access-date=3 August 2008|first=Mark|last=Barden|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501025441/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/olympics/7361921.stm|archive-date=1 May 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/modern/olympics_1948_gallery.shtml|title=The 1948 London Olympics Gallery|work=BBC History|last=Greenberg|first=Stan|date=3 March 2011|access-date=3 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080718202435/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/modern/olympics_1948_gallery.shtml|archive-date=18 July 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> Construction for the Games involved considerable redevelopment, with an emphasis on ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.london2012.com/plans/sustainability/getting-ready/index.php|title=Building a sustainable Games|publisher=London 2012|access-date=2 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091018073244/http://www.london2012.com/plans/sustainability/getting-ready/index.php|archive-date=18 October 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> The main focus was a new {{convert|200|ha|acre|adj=on}} ], constructed on a former industrial site in ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newham.gov.uk/2012Games/AboutThe2012Games/TheOlympicPark.htm|title=Newham London: The Olympic Park|publisher=London Borough of Newham|access-date=1 April 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424194043/http://www.newham.gov.uk/2012Games/AboutThe2012Games/TheOlympicPark.htm|archive-date=24 April 2012}}</ref> The Games also used ] that already existed before the bid.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.london2012.com/mm%5CDocument%5CPublications%5CCandidateFile%5C01%5C24%5C07%5C59%5Cquestionnaire-response-english.pdf|title=Response to the questionnaire for cities applying to become Candidate cities to host the Games of the XXX Olympiad and the Paralympic Games in 2012|publisher=London 2012|access-date=29 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722094808/http://www.london2012.com/mm/Document/Publications/CandidateFile/01/24/07/59/questionnaire-response-english.pdf|archive-date=22 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| The |
The ] topped the ], winning the most gold medals (48) and the highest number of medals overall (105). ] finished second with a total of 91 medals (38 gold) and ] came third with 65 medals overall (29 gold). ] of the United States became the most decorated Olympic athlete of all time, winning his 22nd medal.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/jul/31/london-2012-michael-phelps-olympian|title=Michael Phelps becomes the greatest Olympian|access-date=11 August 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|last=McCrae|first=Donald|location=London|date=1 August 2012|page=1|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113193643/http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/jul/31/london-2012-michael-phelps-olympian|archive-date=13 November 2013}}</ref> ], ] and ] entered female athletes for the first time, meaning that every currently eligible country has now sent a female competitor to at least one Olympic Games.<ref>{{cite news|last=Magnay|first=Jacquelin|author-link=Jacquelin Magnay|title=London 2012 Olympics diary: three countries have failed to send any female athletes|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/9468113/London-2012-Olympics-diary-three-countries-have-failed-to-send-any-female-athletes.html|work=The Daily Telegraph|location=London|date=11 August 2012|access-date=14 August 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813231039/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/9468113/London-2012-Olympics-diary-three-countries-have-failed-to-send-any-female-athletes.html|archive-date=13 August 2012}}</ref> Women's boxing was included for the first time, and the 2012 Games became the first at which every sport had female competitors.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/olympics/19096530|title=London 2012 international digest – Day Six|date=2 August 2012|work=BBC Sport|access-date=11 August 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805011840/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/olympics/19096530|archive-date=5 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Saudis to send two women to London, make history|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2012/olympics/2012/07/12/saudi-arabia-women-london-olympics.ap/index.html|website=SI.com|agency=Associated Press|date=12 July 2012|access-date=13 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715100639/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2012/olympics/2012/07/12/saudi-arabia-women-london-olympics.ap/index.html|archive-date=15 July 2012}}</ref><ref name="latimes1">{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/opinion/editorials/la-xpm-2012-jul-27-la-ed-olympics-women-20120727-story.html|title=An Olympic moment for women|website=L.A. Times Archives|date=27 July 2012|access-date=3 September 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190917161757/https://www.latimes.com/opinion/editorials/la-xpm-2012-jul-27-la-ed-olympics-women-20120727-story.html|archive-date=17 September 2019}}</ref> | ||
| The Games received considerable praise for their organisation, with the volunteers, the British military and public enthusiasm commended particularly highly.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19233495|work=BBC News|title=London 2012: IOC chief Jacques Rogge 'very happy' with Games|date=12 August 2012|access-date=14 August 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813101505/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19233495|archive-date=13 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/london-2012-olympics-blog/2012/aug/12/has-olympics-changed-london-2012|title=Has the Olympics changed London?|work=The Guardian (London 2012 Olympics blog)|date=12 August 2012|access-date=14 August 2012|first=Hannah|last=Waldram|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113193544/http://www.theguardian.com/sport/london-2012-olympics-blog/2012/aug/12/has-olympics-changed-london-2012|archive-date=13 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Scanlan|first=Wayne|date=10 August 2012|url=https://calgaryherald.com/sports/2012-summer-games/Buoyed+record+medal+haul+suprisingly+sunny/7072134/story.html|title=Buoyed by a record medal haul – and surprisingly sunny skies – the British have embraced the Olympics, turning out to live sites in droves to cheer on Team GB|newspaper=Calgary Herald|location=London|access-date=14 August 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120816063024/https://calgaryherald.com/sports/2012-summer-games/Buoyed+record+medal+haul+suprisingly+sunny/7072134/story.html|archive-date=16 August 2012}}</ref> The Games were described as "]".<ref name=":1" /> The ], directed by Academy Award winner ], received widespread acclaim.<ref name="Goldsmith"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/jul/27/olympics-opening-ceremony-view-from-abroad|title=Olympics opening ceremony: the view from abroad|newspaper=The Guardian|last=Topping|first=Alexandra|date=28 July 2012|page=2|location=London|access-date=14 August 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105042926/http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/jul/27/olympics-opening-ceremony-view-from-abroad|archive-date=5 November 2013}}</ref> These were the final Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Belgian ], who was succeeded by German ] the next year. | |||
| ==Bidding process== | ==Bidding process== | ||
| {{Main|Bids for the 2012 Summer Olympics}} | {{Main|Bids for the 2012 Summer Olympics}} | ||
| ] was chosen over ] to represent ]'s bid by the ]. | |||
| By 15 July 2003, the deadline for interested cities to submit bids to the ] (IOC), nine cities had submitted bids to host the 2012 Summer Olympics. These cities were ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/3068323.stm |title=Olympic bids: The rivals|publisher=BBC Sport|date=15 July 2003|accessdate=3 August 2008}}</ref> | |||
| By 15 July 2003—the deadline for interested cities to submit bids to the ] (IOC)—nine cities had submitted bids to host the 2012 Summer Olympics: ], ], ], London, ], ], ], ], and ].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/3068323.stm|title=Olympic bids: The rivals|work=BBC Sport|date=15 July 2003|access-date=3 August 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210040857/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/3068323.stm|archive-date=10 February 2009}}</ref> On 18 May 2004, as a result of a scored technical evaluation, the IOC reduced the number of cities to five: London, Madrid, Moscow, New York and Paris.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/olympics_2012/3725157.stm|title=London bid team delighted|work=BBC Sport|date=18 May 2004|access-date=3 August 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060313040837/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/olympics_2012/3725157.stm|archive-date=13 March 2006}}</ref> All five submitted their candidate files by 19 November 2004 and were visited by the IOC inspection team during February and March 2005. The Paris bid suffered two setbacks during the IOC inspection visit: a number of strikes and demonstrations coinciding with the visits, and a report that a key member of the bid team, ], would face charges over alleged corrupt party political finances.<ref name="wrongb">{{Cite news|website=GamesBids.com|access-date=9 March 2005|url=http://www.gamesbids.com/cgi-bin/news/viewnews.cgi?category=1&id=1110389129|title=Day One Of Paris 2012 Inspection By IOC|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061020064434/http://www.gamesbids.com/cgi-bin/news/viewnews.cgi?category=1&id=1110389129|archive-date=20 October 2006}}</ref> | |||
| Since the United Kingdom hosted the ] in London, three bids had been made for a British city to host the Summer Olympics – ] for the 1992 Games and ] for the 1996 and ]. Preliminary planning for a possible London bid for the 2012 Olympics began in 1997.<ref>{{Cite news|title=London 2012 Olympics|url=http://www.politics.co.uk/reference/london-2012-olympics|work=politics.co.uk|accessdate=20 July 2012}}</ref> The United Kingdom had successfully hosted the ] and the ] which regenerated a large part of east Manchester. Both events satisfied the IOC that the United Kingdom as a whole could host large sporting events and generated impetus for the country to host ].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Can Britain stage the Olympics?|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport3/commonwealthgames2002/hi/sports_talk/newsid_2173000/2173240.stm|work=BBC News|date=5 August 2002|accessdate=20 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| Throughout the process, Paris was widely seen as the favourite, particularly as this was its third bid in recent years. London was initially seen as lagging behind Paris by a considerable margin.<ref name="London wins 2012 Olympics, The Guardian, 5 July 2005">{{cite web|title=London wins 2012 Olympics|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jul/06/olympics2012.olympicgames1|last=Oliver|first=Mark|date=6 July 2005|work=The Guardian|quote=The IOC president, Jacques Rogge, announced the result at 1248BST – around an hour after it had been decided in secret.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102192648/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jul/06/olympics2012.olympicgames1|archive-date=2 January 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Its position began to improve after the appointment of ] as the new chair of the ] (LOCOG) on 19 May 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bsr.london.edu/lbs-article/673/index.html|title=How London really won the games|access-date=24 June 2012|last=Payne|first=Michael|work=London Business School|archive-date=12 December 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121212085630/http://bsr.london.edu/lbs-article/673/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In late August 2004, reports predicted a tie between London and Paris.<ref name="wrongd">{{Cite news|website=GamesBids.com|access-date=31 August 2004|url=http://www.gamesbids.com/cgi-bin/news/viewnews.cgi?category=1&id=1093970849|title=London And Paris Tie In 2012 Bid|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041107021325/http://www.gamesbids.com/cgi-bin/news/viewnews.cgi?category=1&id=1093970849|archive-date=7 November 2004}}</ref> | |||
| ] in London]] | |||
| Then-], ], said his primary motivation for initiating and lobbying for the city's bid was to develop the ], neglected for over thirty years.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.metro.co.uk/news/144415-mayor-ken-in-olympics-bid-revelation|title= Mayor Ken in Olympics bid revelation|newspaper=Metro|location=London|date=14 October 2011 |accessdate=8 June 2012}}</ref> On 18 May 2004, the IOC, as a result of a scored technical evaluation, reduced the number of cities to five: London, Madrid, Moscow, New York and Paris.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/olympics_2012/3725157.stm|title=London bid team delighted|publisher=BBC Sport|date=18 May 2004|accessdate=3 August 2008}}</ref> | |||
| On 6 June 2005, the IOC released its evaluation reports for the five candidate cities. They did not contain any scores or rankings, but the report for Paris was considered the most positive. London was close behind, having closed most of the gap observed by the initial evaluation in 2004. New York and Madrid also received very positive evaluations.<ref name="wrongc">{{Cite news|website=GamesBids.com|access-date=6 June 2005|url=http://www.gamesbids.com/cgi-bin/news/viewnews.cgi?category=1&id=1118060827|title=Paris, London and New York Get Glowing IOC Reports|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060418052415/http://www.gamesbids.com/cgi-bin/news/viewnews.cgi?category=1&id=1118060827|archive-date=18 April 2006}}</ref> On 1 July 2005, when asked who would win, ] said, "I cannot predict it since I don't know how the IOC members will vote. But my gut feeling tells me that it will be very close. Perhaps it will come down to a difference of say ten votes, or maybe less."<ref name="Rogge quote">{{cite web|publisher=]|website=sailing.org|access-date=6 March 2007|url=http://www.sailing.org/news/12257.php|title=Rogge Arrives in Singapore|date=1 July 2005|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118194440/http://www.sailing.org/news/12257.php|archive-date=18 January 2012}}</ref> | |||
| All five cities submitted their candidate files by 19 November 2004, and were visited by the IOC inspection team during February and March 2005. The Paris bid suffered two setbacks during the IOC inspection visit: a number of strikes and demonstrations coinciding with the visits, and a report that a key member of the bid team, ], would face charges over alleged corrupt party political finances.<ref name="wrongb">{{Cite news |publisher=GamesBids |accessdate=9 March 2005 |url=http://www.gamesbids.com/cgi-bin/news/viewnews.cgi?category=1&id=1110389129 |title=Day One Of Paris 2012 Inspection By IOC}}</ref> | |||
| On 6 July 2005, the final selection was announced at the 117th IOC Session in ]. Moscow was the first city to be eliminated, followed by New York and Madrid. The final two contenders were London and Paris. At the end of the fourth round of voting, London won the right to host the 2012 Games with 54 votes to 50.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/front_page/4655555.stm|work=BBC Sport|title=London beats Paris to 2012 Games|date=6 July 2005|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170725072233/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/front_page/4655555.stm|archive-date=25 July 2017}}</ref> | |||
| On 6 June 2005, the IOC released its evaluation reports for the five candidate cities. Although these reports did not contain any scores or rankings, the evaluation report for Paris was considered the most positive, followed closely by London, which had narrowed most of the gap observed by the initial evaluation in 2004 regarding Paris. New York and Madrid also received very positive evaluation reports.<ref name="wrongc">{{Cite news |publisher=GamesBids |accessdate=6 June 2005 |url=http://www.gamesbids.com/cgi-bin/news/viewnews.cgi?category=1&id=1118060827 |title=Paris, London and New York Get Glowing IOC Reports}}</ref> | |||
| The celebrations in London were short-lived, being overshadowed by ] less than 24 hours after the announcement.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/sep/02/london.Olympics2012|title=The party that never was: capital marks the games at last|work=The Guardian|location=London|date=6 July 2005|access-date=22 August 2008|first=Andrew|last=Culf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081002091306/http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2005/sep/02/london.Olympics2012|archive-date=2 October 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> 12 years later, Paris would later be chosen as the host of the ] in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 September 2017 |title=IOC makes historic decision by simultaneously awarding Olympic Games 2024 to Paris and 2028 to Los Angeles |url=https://olympics.com/ioc/news/ioc-makes-historic-decision-by-simultaneously-awarding-olympic-games-2024-to-paris-and-2028-to-los-angeles |access-date=26 August 2024 |website=Olympics}}</ref> | |||
| ] – the head of the London 2012 bid]] | |||
| Throughout the process, Paris was widely seen as the favourite to win the nomination, particularly as this was its third bid in recent history. Originally London was seen as lagging Paris by a considerable margin; however, the situation began to improve with the appointment of ] as new head of London 2012 on 19 May 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bsr.london.edu/lbs-article/673/index.html|title=How London really won the games|accessdate=24 June 2012|last=Payne|first=Michael|publisher=London Business School}}</ref> | |||
| {|class=wikitable | |||
| In late August 2004, reports predicted a London and Paris tie in the 2012 bid.<ref name="wrongd">{{Cite news |publisher=GamesBids|accessdate=31 August 2004|url=http://www.gamesbids.com/cgi-bin/news/viewnews.cgi?category=1&id=1093970849|title=London And Paris Tie In 2012 Bid}}</ref> In the final run-up to the 117th IOC Session, London and Paris appeared to be increasingly in a neck-and-neck race. On 1 July 2005, ], when asked who the winner would be, told the assembled press: "I cannot predict it since I don't know how the IOC members will vote. But my gut feeling tells me that it will be very close. Perhaps it will come down to a difference of say ten votes, or maybe less".<ref name="Rogge quote">{{cite web |publisher=] |accessdate=6 March 2007 |url=http://www.sailing.org/news/12257.php |title=Rogge Arrives in Singapore |date=1 July 2005}}</ref> | |||
| |+ '''2012 host city election – ballot results''' | |||
| On 6 July 2005, the final selection was announced at the 117th IOC Session in ]. Moscow was the first city to be eliminated, followed by New York and Madrid. The final two cities left in contention were London and Paris. At the end of the fourth round of voting, London won the right to host the 2012 Games with 54 votes, defeating Paris's 50.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/front_page/4655555.stm |work=BBC News |title=London beats Paris to 2012 Games |date=6 July 2005}}</ref> The celebrations in London were short-lived, being overshadowed by ] less than 24 hours after the announcement.<ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2005/sep/02/london.Olympics2012 |title=The party that never was: capital marks the games at last—Eight weeks after Olympic celebrations were cut short by bombings, London puts on a low-key spectacle to show it means business |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=6 July 2005 |accessdate=22 August 2008 |first=Andrew |last=Culf |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20081002091306/http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2005/sep/02/london.Olympics2012 |archivedate=2 October 2008 |deadurl=no}}</ref> | |||
| {| class="wikitable" | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| ! rowspan=2 | City | |||
| ! colspan="7"|2012 Summer Olympics bidding results | |||
| ! rowspan=2 | Country | |||
| ! colspan=4 style="background:silver;"| Round | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| ! style="background:silver;"| 1 | |||
| ! City | |||
| ! style="background:silver;"| 2 | |||
| ! ] | |||
| ! style="background:silver;"| 3 | |||
| ! style="background:silver;"| 4 | |||
| | style="background:silver;"|'''Round 3''' | |||
| | style="background:silver;"|'''Round 4''' | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| | |
|''']'''||'''{{flag|Great Britain}}'''||'''22'''||27||'''39'''||'''54''' | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| |]||{{flag|France}}||21||25||33||50 | |||
| ||]||{{FRA}}|| style="text-align:center;"|21|| style="text-align:center;"|25|| style="text-align:center;"|33|| style="text-align:center;"|50 | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |]||{{flag|Spain}}||20||'''32'''||31||— | |||
| ||]||{{ESP}}|| style="text-align:center;"|20|| style="text-align:center;"|'''32'''|| style="text-align:center;"|31|| style="text-align:center;"|— | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |]||{{flag|United States}}||19||17||—||— | |||
| ||]||{{USA}}|| style="text-align:center;"|19|| style="text-align:center;"|16|| style="text-align:center;"|—|| style="text-align:center;"|— | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |]||{{flag|Russia}}||15||—||—||— | |||
| ||]||{{RUS}}|| style="text-align:center;"|15|| style="text-align:center;"|—|| style="text-align:center;"|—|| style="text-align:center;"|— | |||
| |- | |||
| | | |||
| |'''Total ballots''' | |||
| |97 | |||
| |101 | |||
| |103 | |||
| |104 | |||
| |} | |} | ||
| ==Development and |
==Development and preparations== | ||
| {{Main|2012 Summer Olympic development}} | {{Main|2012 Summer Olympic development}} | ||
| The ] (LOCOG) was created to oversee the staging of the Games |
The ] (LOCOG) was created to oversee the staging of the Games, and held its first board meeting on 3 October 2005.<ref name="temp board">{{cite press release|url=http://www.lda.gov.uk/news-and-events/media-centre/press-releases/2005/locog-formally-established-at-first-meeting-of-london-2012-transition-board.aspx|title=LOCOG formally established at first meeting of London 2012 Transition Board|work=London Development Agency|date=3 October 2005|access-date=15 October 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119122828/http://www.lda.gov.uk/news-and-events/media-centre/press-releases/2005/locog-formally-established-at-first-meeting-of-london-2012-transition-board.aspx|archive-date=19 January 2012}}</ref> The committee, chaired by ], was in charge of implementing and staging the Games, while the ] (ODA), established in April 2006, was in charge of construction of the venues and infrastructure.<ref name="temp board"/><ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.london2012.com/news/2006/07/lemley-chairs-first-oda-board-meeting.php|title=Lemley chairs first ODA board meeting|publisher=London 2012|access-date=15 October 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227155513/https://www.london2012.com/news/2006/07/lemley-chairs-first-oda-board-meeting.php|archive-date=27 February 2012}}</ref> | ||
| The ] (GOE), a unit within the ] (DCMS), was the lead government body for coordinating the London 2012 Olympics. It focused on oversight of the Games, cross- |
The ] (GOE), a unit within the ] (DCMS), was the lead government body for coordinating the London 2012 Olympics. It focused on oversight of the Games, cross-programme management, and the ] before and after the Games that would benefit London and the wider United Kingdom. The organisation was also responsible for the supervision of the £9.3 billion of public sector funding.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.culture.gov.uk/what_we_do/2012_olympic_games_and_paralympic_games/default.aspx|title=2012 Olympic Games & Paralympic Games|publisher=Department for Culture, Media and Sport|access-date=15 October 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026041400/http://www.culture.gov.uk/what_we_do/2012_olympic_games_and_paralympic_games/default.aspx|archive-date=26 October 2011}}</ref> | ||
| In August 2011, security concerns arose surrounding the hosting of the Olympic Games in London<ref>{{cite news|url= |
In August 2011, security concerns arose surrounding the hosting of the Olympic Games in London, following the ].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/10/sports/london-rioting-prompts-fears-over-soccer-matches-and-the-olympics.html|title=London Rioting Prompts Fears Over Soccer and Olympics|date=9 August 2011|access-date=11 August 2011|work=The New York Times|first1=Juliet|last1=Macur|first2=Eric|last2=Pfanner|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306212647/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/10/sports/london-rioting-prompts-fears-over-soccer-matches-and-the-olympics.html|archive-date=6 March 2012}}</ref> Some countries expressed safety concerns,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/8690809/London-riots-China-raises-questions-over-safety-of-2012-Olympic-Games.html|title=London riots: China raises questions over safety of 2012 Olympic Games|date=9 August 2011|access-date=11 August 2011|work=The Daily Telegraph|location=London|first=Peter|last=Foster|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811044036/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/8690809/London-riots-China-raises-questions-over-safety-of-2012-Olympic-Games.html|archive-date=11 August 2011}}</ref> despite the IOC's assurance that the riots would not affect the Games.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2011/aug/09/london-riots-2012-olympics|title=London riots will not affect 2012 Olympic security, says IOC|date=9 August 2011|access-date=11 August 2011|work=The Guardian|location=London|first=Jamie|last=Jackson|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113193520/http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2011/aug/09/london-riots-2012-olympics|archive-date=13 November 2013}}</ref> The IOC's Coordination Commission for the 2012 Games completed its tenth and final visit to London in March 2012. Its members concluded that "London is ready to host the world this summer".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/news?articlenewsgroup=-1&articleid=159094|title=London is ready to host the Olympic Games as excitement builds|publisher=Olympic.org|access-date=13 April 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815025657/http://www.olympic.org/news?articlenewsgroup=-1&articleid=159094|archive-date=15 August 2012}}</ref> | ||
| The IOC's Coordination Commission for the 2012 Games completed its tenth and final visit to London in March 2012. Its members concluded that "London is ready to host the world this summer".<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.olympic.org/news?articlenewsgroup=-1&articleid=159094 |title=London is ready to host the Olympic Games as excitement builds |publisher=Olympic.org |accessdate=13 April 2012}}</ref> | |||
| ===Venues=== | ===Venues=== | ||
| {{Main|Venues of the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics}} | {{Main|Venues of the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics}} | ||
| ]]] | |||
| ] on the ] in Dorset hosted the ] events]] | |||
| The 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games used a mixture of new venues, existing and historic facilities, and temporary facilities, some of them in well-known locations such as ] and ]. After the Games, some of the new facilities |
The 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games used a mixture of new venues, existing and historic facilities, and temporary facilities, some of them in well-known locations such as ] and ]. After the Games, some of the new facilities would be reused in their Olympic form, while others will be resized or relocated.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.excel-london.co.uk/mediacentre/pressoffice/london2012|title=London 2012|website=ExCel-London.co.uk|date=6 July 2005|access-date=15 October 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007091359/http://excel-london.co.uk/mediacentre/pressoffice/london2012|archive-date=7 October 2011}}</ref> | ||
| The majority of venues |
The majority of venues were divided into three zones within ]: the Olympic Zone, the River Zone and the Central Zone. In addition there were a few venues that, by necessity, were outside the boundaries of Greater London, such as the ] some {{convert|125|mi|0|abbr=on}} southwest of London, which hosted the ] events. The football tournament was staged at several grounds around the UK.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/olympic_games/7758646.stm|title=Olympics 2012 venue guide|work=BBC Sport|access-date=15 October 2011|date=3 December 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304063707/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/olympic_games/7758646.stm|archive-date=4 March 2012}}</ref> Work began on the Park in December 2006, when a sports hall in ] was pulled down.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/olympics_2012/6179069.stm|title=Work begins on 2012 Olympic Park|work=BBC Sport|date=14 December 2006|access-date=15 October 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070112232122/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/olympics_2012/6179069.stm|archive-date=12 January 2007}}</ref> The athletes' village in Portland was completed in September 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-dorset-14896476|title=Osprey Quay Olympic village topping out ceremony|work=BBC News|date=13 September 2011|access-date=15 October 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919010332/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-dorset-14896476|archive-date=19 September 2011}}</ref> | ||
| ] ]] | |||
| In November 2004, the 200-hectare (500-acre) ] plans were revealed.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/olympics_2012/3990319.stm|title=London reveals Olympic Park plans|work=BBC Sport|date=8 November 2004|access-date=15 October 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051029094314/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/olympics_2012/3990319.stm|archive-date=29 October 2005}}</ref> The plans for the site were approved in September 2004 by Tower Hamlets, Newham, Hackney and Waltham Forest.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/3639130.stm|title=2012 Olympic Park gets go ahead|work=BBC News|date=9 September 2004|access-date=15 October 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060618141714/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/3639130.stm|archive-date=18 June 2006}}</ref> The redevelopment of the area to build the Olympic Park required ] orders of property. The London Development Agency was in dispute with ] about the orders in November 2005. By May 2006, 86% of the land had been bought as businesses fought eviction.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/4753045.stm|title=Probe into Olympic land evictions|work=BBC News|date=9 May 2006|access-date=15 October 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061215074617/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/4753045.stm|archive-date=15 December 2006}}</ref> Residents who opposed the eviction tried to find ways to stop it by setting up campaigns, but they had to leave as 94% of land was bought and the other 6% bought as a £9 billion regeneration project started.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hartley |first=Debbie|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/olympic_games/7937133.stm|title=Stratford's last stand|work=BBC Sport|date=11 March 2009|access-date=15 October 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090316082113/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/olympic_games/7937133.stm|archive-date=16 March 2009}}</ref> | |||
| There were some issues with the original venues not being challenging enough or being financially unviable. Both the Olympic road races and the mountain bike event were initially considered to be too easy, so they were eventually scheduled on new locations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.london2012.com/games/olympic-sports/cycling-road.php|title=Cycling – Road|website=London2012.com|access-date=15 October 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907052443/http://www.london2012.com/games/olympic-sports/cycling-road.php|archive-date=7 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/olympics/london_2012/7554020.stm|title=Essex venue to host 2012 biking|work=BBC Sport|date=11 August 2008|access-date=15 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113051820/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/olympics/london_2012/7554020.stm|archive-date=13 January 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> The ], which was set to finish in the Olympic stadium, was moved to The Mall, since closing ] was deemed to cause traffic problems in central London.<ref>{{cite news|last=Gibson|first=Owen|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2010/oct/04/london-2012-marathon-mall|title=London 2012 marathon to finish at The Mall despite East End protests|work=The Guardian|location=London|access-date=15 October 2011|date=4 October 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113193533/http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2010/oct/04/london-2012-marathon-mall|archive-date=13 November 2013}}</ref> ] was scrapped in a cost-cutting exercise, ] being used for badminton and rhythmic gymnastics events instead.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2008/10/17/greenwich_o2_wembley_feature.shtml|title=Greenwich or Wembley?|work=BBC London|date=17 October 2008|access-date=15 October 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203123600/http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2008/10/17/greenwich_o2_wembley_feature.shtml|archive-date=3 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Henson|first=Mike|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/olympic_games/8101822.stm|title=Boxing chiefs voice 2012 concerns|work=BBC Sport|date=15 June 2009|access-date=15 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090616012530/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/olympic_games/8101822.stm|archive-date=16 June 2009|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/olympic_games/8015377.stm|title=Wembley may stage Olympic boxing|work=BBC Sport|date=23 April 2009|access-date=15 October 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426065958/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/olympic_games/8015377.stm|archive-date=26 April 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.morethanthegames.co.uk/summer-sports/2610926-badminton-and-rhythmic-gymnastics-agree-london-2012-wembley-move|title=Badminton and rhythmic gymnastics agree to London 2012 Wembley move|website=MoreThanTheGames.co.uk|date=26 May 2010|access-date=15 October 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120610234954/http://www.morethanthegames.co.uk/summer-sports/2610926-badminton-and-rhythmic-gymnastics-agree-london-2012-wembley-move|archive-date=10 June 2012}}</ref> | |||
| In November 2004, the 200-hectare (500-acre) Olympic Park plans were revealed.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/olympics_2012/3990319.stm|title=London reveals Olympic Park plans|publisher=BBC Sport|date=8 November 2004|accessdate=15 October 2011}}</ref> The plans for the site were approved in September 2004 by Tower Hamlets, Newham, Hackney and Waltham Forest.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/3639130.stm|title=2012 Olympic Park gets go ahead|publisher=BBC News|date=9 September 2004|accessdate=15 October 2011}}</ref> The redevelopment of the area to build the Olympic Park required ] orders of property. The London Development Agency was in dispute with ] about the orders in November 2005. By May 2006, 86% of the land had been bought as businesses fought eviction.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/4753045.stm|title=Probe into Olympic land evictions|publisher=BBC News|date=9 May 2006|accessdate=15 October 2011}}</ref> Residents who opposed the eviction tried to find ways to stop it by setting up campaigns, but they had to leave as 94% of land was bought and the other 6% bought as a £9 billion regeneration project started.<ref>{{cite news|author=Assistant Producer, Building the Olympic Dream|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/olympic_games/7937133.stm|title=Stratford's last stand|publisher=BBC Sport|date=11 March 2009|accessdate=15 October 2011}}</ref> | |||
| Test events were held throughout 2011 and 2012, either through an existing championship such as ] or as a specially created event held under the banner of '']''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/olympic_games/london_2012/9397066.stm|work=BBC Sport|title=London 2012 Olympic test event schedule unveiled|date=24 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110227194749/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/olympic_games/london_2012/9397066.stm|archive-date=27 February 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Team GB House was the British Olympic Association's operational HQ up to and during the 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games. Designed by architects Gebler Tooth on the top floor of an office building in Westfield Stratford City, it combined the team HQ, athletes' "Friends and Family" lounge, Press Centre, and VIP lounge. | |||
| {{clear}} | |||
| {{Wide image|Olympic Park, London, 16 April 2012 (2).jpg|800px|Aerial view of the ] in April 2012}} | |||
| There were some issues with the original venues not being challenging enough or being financially unviable. Both the Olympic road races and the mountain bike event were initially considered to be too easy, so they were eventually scheduled on new locations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.london2012.com/games/olympic-sports/cycling-road.php|title=Road cycling|publisher=London2012 |accessdate=15 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/olympics/london_2012/7554020.stm|title=Essex venue to host 2012 biking|publisher=BBC Sport|date=11 August 2008|accessdate=15 October 2011}}</ref> The ], which was set to finish in the Olympic stadium, was moved to The Mall, since closing Tower Bridge was deemed to cause traffic problems in central London.<ref>{{cite news|author=Gibson, Owen|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2010/oct/04/london-2012-marathon-mall|title=London 2012 marathon to finish at The Mall despite East End protests|work=The Guardian|location=London |accessdate=15 October 2011|date=4 October 2010}}</ref> ] was scrapped in a cost-cutting exercise, ] being used for badminton and rhythmic gymnastics events instead.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2008/10/17/greenwich_o2_wembley_feature.shtml|title=Greenwich or Wembley?|publisher=BBC News|date=17 October 2008|accessdate=15 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Henson|first=Mike|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/olympic_games/8101822.stm|title=Boxing chiefs voice 2012 concerns|publisher=BBC Sport |date=15 June 2009|accessdate=15 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/olympic_games/8015377.stm|title=Wembley may stage Olympic boxing|publisher=BBC Sport|date=23 April 2009|accessdate=15 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.morethanthegames.co.uk/summer-sports/2610926-badminton-and-rhythmic-gymnastics-agree-london-2012-wembley-move|title=Badminton and rhythmic gymnastics agree to London 2012 Wembley move|publisher=More than the Games|date=26 May 2010|accessdate=15 October 2011}}</ref> | |||
| Test events were held throughout 2011 and 2012, either through an existing championship such as ] or as a specially created event held under the banner of '']''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/olympic_games/london_2012/9397066.stm|work=BBC News|title=London 2012 test events unveiled|date=24 February 2011}}</ref> | |||
| ===Public transport=== | ===Public transport=== | ||
| ] service ran between ] and ], via ]]] | ] high-speed service ran between ] and ], via ].]] | ||
| IOC's initial evaluation felt that, if transport improvements were delivered in time for the Games, London would cope.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/Documents/Host_city_elections/2012_OG-Report_of_the_Evaluation_Commission.pdf|title=Report of the IOC Evaluation Commission for the Games of the XXX Olympiad in 2012|publisher=Olympic.org|access-date=23 June 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120803071036/http://www.olympic.org/Documents/Host_city_elections/2012_OG-Report_of_the_Evaluation_Commission.pdf|archive-date=3 August 2012}}</ref> ] (TfL) carried out numerous improvements in preparation for 2012, including the expansion of the ]'s ], upgrades to the ] and the ], and the introduction of a new "]" high-speed rail service.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/kent/3957867.stm|work=BBC News|title=High-speed rail links confirmed|date=27 October 2004|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215114217/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/kent/3957867.stm|archive-date=15 February 2009}}</ref> According to Network Rail, an additional 4,000 train services operated during the Games, and train operators ran longer trains during the day.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-13534021|work=BBC News|title=Extra trains planned for visitors to London 2012 venues|date=25 May 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319063640/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-13534021|archive-date=19 March 2012}}</ref> During the Games, ] was not served by any international services (just as it had not been before the Games),<ref name=bbc-stratford-int>{{cite news|title=Eurostar 'will not stop' at Stratford International|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10154343|access-date=24 July 2012|work=BBC News|date=25 May 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130303051015/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10154343|archive-date=3 March 2013}}</ref> westbound trains did not stop at ],<ref name=tfl-hackney>{{cite web|title=Hackney Wick|url=http://www.getaheadofthegames.com/travelinaffectedareas/city/transport/publictransportoverlay/hackneywick.html|archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20120719155804/http://www.getaheadofthegames.com/travelinaffectedareas/city/transport/publictransportoverlay/hackneywick.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 July 2012|work=Get Ahead of the Games|publisher=Transport for London|access-date=24 July 2012}}</ref> and ] closed entirely during the Games.<ref name=tfl-pudding>{{cite web|title=Pudding Mill Lane|url=http://www.getaheadofthegames.com/travelinaffectedareas/city/transport/publictransportoverlay/439.html|work=Get Ahead of the Games|publisher=Transport for London|access-date=24 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723070306/http://www.getaheadofthegames.com/travelinaffectedareas/city/transport/publictransportoverlay/439.html|archive-date=23 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| ] crosses the ] between ] and the ].]] | |||
| TfL also built a £25 million ] across the ], called the ], to link 2012 Olympics venues.<ref name="CableBBC">{{Cite news|title=Thames cable car to link 2012 Olympic Games venues|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/10501313.stm|work=BBC News|access-date=4 July 2010|date=4 July 2010|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20120424194220/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10501313|archive-date=24 April 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> It was inaugurated in June 2012 and crosses the Thames between ] and the ], carrying up to 2,500 passengers an hour, cutting journey times between ] and the ] and providing a crossing every 30 seconds.<ref name="tfl-announcement">{{Cite press release|title=Plans unveiled for a new Thames crossing with London's first cable car system.|url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/media/newscentre/archive/16125.aspx|access-date=5 July 2010|publisher=Transport for London|date=4 July 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100912182337/http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/media/newscentre/archive/16125.aspx|archive-date=12 September 2010}}</ref> | |||
| ] crosses the ] between ] and the ]]] | |||
| TfL also built a £25 million ] across the ], called the ], to link 2012 Olympics venues.<ref name="CableBBC">{{Cite news |title=Thames cable car to link 2012 Olympic Games venues |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/10501313.stm |publisher=BBC News|accessdate=4 July 2010 |date=4 July 2010 |archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100707085230/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/10501313.stm |archivedate=7 July 2010|deadurl=no}}</ref> It was inaugurated in June 2012, and crosses the Thames between ] and the ], carrying up to 2,500 passengers an hour, cutting journey times between the ] and the ] and providing a crossing every 30 seconds.<ref name="tfl-announcement">{{Cite press release |title=Plans unveiled for a new Thames crossing with London's first cable car system |url= http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/media/newscentre/archive/16125.aspx |accessdate=5 July 2010 |publisher=Transport for London|date=4 July 2010}}</ref> | |||
| The plan was to have 80% of athletes travel less than 20 minutes to their event,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200506/cmselect/cmtran/588/588i.pdf |title=Going for Gold: Transport for London's 2012 Olympic Games |publisher=House of Commons Transport Committee |date=8 March 2006|accessdate=15 October 2011}}</ref> and 93% of them within 30 minutes of their event.<ref name="transport">{{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/olympics/london_2012/4025027.stm |work=BBC Sport|title=London plan at-a-glance |date=6 July 2005}}</ref> The Olympic Park would be served by ten separate railway lines with a combined capacity of 240,000 passengers per hour.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/3866209.stm |work=BBC News |title=Free travel plan for Olympic bid |date=5 July 2004}}</ref> In addition, LOCOG planned for 90% of the venues to be served by three or more types of public transport.<ref name="transport"/> Two park-and-ride sites off the ] with a combined capacity of 12,000 cars were 25 minutes away from the Olympic Park. Another park-and-ride site was planned in ] with a capacity for 9,000 cars where spectators could board a 10-minute shuttle bus.<ref name="transport"/> To get spectators to ], four park-and-ride schemes were set up.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-berkshire-14911974 |title=Olympics 2012: Park and ride schemes for Dorney Lake events |work=BBC News |date=14 September 2011 |accessdate=15 October 2011}}</ref> | |||
| The plan was to have 80% of athletes travel less than 20 minutes to their event<ref>{{cite web|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200506/cmselect/cmtran/588/588i.pdf|title=Going for Gold: Transport for London's 2012 Olympic Games|publisher=House of Commons Transport Committee|date=8 March 2006|access-date=15 October 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125061150/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200506/cmselect/cmtran/588/588i.pdf|archive-date=25 November 2011}}</ref> and 93% of them within 30 minutes of their event.<ref name="transport">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/olympics/london_2012/4025027.stm|work=BBC Sport|title=London plan at-a-glance|date=6 July 2005|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209004335/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/olympics/london_2012/4025027.stm|archive-date=9 December 2008}}</ref> The Olympic Park would be served by ten separate railway lines with a combined capacity of 240,000 passengers per hour.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/3866209.stm|work=BBC News|title=Free travel plan for Olympic bid|date=5 July 2004|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302113322/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/3866209.stm|archive-date=2 March 2009}}</ref> In addition, LOCOG planned for 90% of the venues to be served by three or more types of public transport.<ref name="transport"/> Two park-and-ride sites off the ] with a combined capacity of 12,000 cars were 25 minutes away from the Olympic Park. Another park-and-ride site was planned in ] with a capacity for 9,000 cars where spectators could board a 10-minute shuttle train service.<ref name="transport"/> To get spectators to ], four park-and-ride schemes were set up.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-berkshire-14911974|title=Olympics 2012: Park and ride schemes for Dorney Lake events|work=BBC News|date=14 September 2011|access-date=15 October 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026054930/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-berkshire-14911974|archive-date=26 October 2011}}</ref> These Park and Ride services were operated by ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/north_east/8516359.stm|title=FirstGroup wins Olympics bus contract|date=15 February 2010|work=BBC News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218202247/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/north_east/8516359.stm|archive-date=18 February 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
| ] | |||
| TfL defined a network of roads leading between venues as the ]; roads connecting between all of the Olympic venues located within London. Many of these roads also contained special "Olympic lanes" marked with the Olympic rings{{emdash}}reserved for the use of Olympic athletes, officials, and other VIPs during the Games. Members of the public driving in an Olympic lane were subject to a fine of £130. Additionally, London buses would not include roads with Olympic lanes on their routes.<ref>, TfL</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.standard.co.uk/olympics/olympic-news/revealed-the-road-signs-that-will-ban-drivers-from-olympic-lanes-6368234.html |author=Beard, Matthew |title= Revealed: the road signs that will ban drivers from Olympic lanes |newspaper=London Evening Standard |date=15 November 2011}}</ref><ref name=guardian-cycling/> The painting of Olympic lane indicators in mid-July led to confusion from commuters, who wrongly believed that the Olympic lane restrictions had already taken effect (they were to take effect on 27 July). The ] experienced traffic jams due to drivers avoiding the Olympic lane, and likewise on a section of ], where the only lanes available in one direction were the Olympic lane and the bus lane.<ref name=dm-farce>{{cite news |last=Bond |first=Anthony |title=The road to nowhere: The most ridiculous example yet of how Olympics lanes are making a farce of driving in London |url= http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2174441/London-Olympics-2012-The-ridiculous-example-Olympics-lanes-making-farce-driving-London.html |newspaper=Daily Mail |location=London |date=16 July 2012 |accessdate=14 August 2012}}</ref> | |||
| Concerns were expressed at the logistics of spectators travelling to the events outside London. In particular, the ] |
TfL defined a network of roads leading between venues as the ]; roads connecting all of the Olympic venues located within London. Many of these roads also contained special "Olympic lanes" marked with the Olympic rings{{emdash}}reserved for the use of Olympic athletes, officials, and other VIPs during the Games. Members of the public driving in an Olympic lane were subject to a fine of £130. Additionally, London buses would not include roads with Olympic lanes on their routes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/projectsandschemes/18196.aspx|title=Olympic and Paralympic route network|website=TfL.gov.uk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305060001/http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/projectsandschemes/18196.aspx|archive-date=5 March 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/olympics/olympic-news/revealed-the-road-signs-that-will-ban-drivers-from-olympic-lanes-6368234.html|last=Beard|first=Matthew|title=Revealed: the road signs that will ban drivers from Olympic lanes|newspaper=London Evening Standard|date=15 November 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704130857/http://www.standard.co.uk/olympics/olympic-news/revealed-the-road-signs-that-will-ban-drivers-from-olympic-lanes-6368234.html|archive-date=4 July 2017}}</ref><ref name="guardian-cycling">{{cite news |last=Tuffrey |first=Laurie |date=10 July 2012 |title=Olympics regulations force cyclists to dismount |work=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/bike-blog/2012/jul/10/olympics-regulations-cyclists |url-status=live |access-date=24 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113192008/http://www.theguardian.com/environment/bike-blog/2012/jul/10/olympics-regulations-cyclists |archive-date=13 November 2013}}</ref> Concerns were expressed at the logistics of spectators travelling to the events outside London. In particular, the ] at ] had no direct motorway connections, and local roads are heavily congested by tourist traffic in the summer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.panamericanchauffeurs.com/london_olympics_2012_airport_transfers.html|title=2012 London Olympic Games | London Chauffeur Limo Service|publisher=Panamerican Chauffeurs|date=6 July 2005|access-date=15 October 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103172317/http://www.panamericanchauffeurs.com/london_olympics_2012_airport_transfers.html|archive-date=3 November 2011}}</ref> However, a £77 million relief road connecting Weymouth to Dorchester was built and opened in 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/dorset/6529709.stm|work=BBC News|title=Go-ahead won for £77m relief road|date=5 April 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006044624/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/dorset/6529709.stm|archive-date=6 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-dorset-12769307|work=BBC News|title=Weymouth Olympic relief road is opened|date=17 March 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919012001/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-dorset-12769307|archive-date=19 September 2011}}</ref> Some £16 million was put aside for the rest of the improvements.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/dorset/8323724.stm|work=BBC News|title=Olympics road plans put on show|date=24 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027053339/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/dorset/8323724.stm|archive-date=27 October 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
| TfL created a promotional campaign and website, ''Get Ahead of the Games'', to help provide information related to transport during the Olympics and Paralympics. Through the campaign, TfL also encouraged the use of cycling as a mode of transport |
TfL created a promotional campaign and website, ''Get Ahead of the Games'', to help provide information related to transport during the Olympics and Paralympics. Through the campaign, TfL also encouraged the use of cycling as a mode of transport.<ref name=les-cycling>{{cite news|title=The Olympic commute... Get ahead of the Games by bike|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/the-olympic-commute-get-ahead-of-the-games-by-bike-7978591.html|newspaper=London Evening Standard|date=26 July 2012|last=Gardner|first=Jasmine|access-date=14 August 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120803001316/http://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/the-olympic-commute-get-ahead-of-the-games-by-bike-7978591.html|archive-date=3 August 2012}}</ref> A temporary terminal was created at ] to be used by 10,100 departing athletes after the Games. Up to 35% more bags than normal were expected on 13 August, which was predicted to be the busiest day in the airport's history, according to Nick Cole, head of Olympic and Paralympic planning at Heathrow. | ||
| === |
===Cost and financing=== | ||
| A study from Oxford University found that the sports-related costs of London 2012 amounted to US$15 billion, compared with $4.6 billion for Rio 2016, $40–44 billion for Beijing 2008, and $51 billion for Sochi 2014 (the most expensive Olympics in history). London 2012 went over budget by 76% in real terms, measured from bid to completion. The cost per athlete was $1.4 million.<ref>{{Cite book|ssrn=2804554|title=The Oxford Olympics Study 2016: Cost and Cost Overrun at the Games|last1=Flyvbjerg|first1=Bent|last2=Stewart|first2=Allison|last3=Budzier|first3=Alexander|publisher=Saïd Business School, University of Oxford|year=2016|doi=10.2139/ssrn.2804554 |arxiv=1607.04484 |s2cid=156794182 |issn = 1556-5068 }}</ref> This does not include wider costs for urban and transport infrastructure, which often equal or exceed the sports-related costs. | |||
| The costs of mounting the Games are separate from those for building the venues and infrastructure, and redeveloping the land for the Olympic Park. While the Games are privately funded, the venues and Park costs are met largely by public money. | |||
| The costs of staging the Games were separate from those for building the venues and infrastructure and redeveloping the land for the Olympic Park. While the Games were privately funded, the venues and infrastructure were largely financed using public money. | |||
| The original budget for the Games was £2.4 billion, but this was increased almost fourfold to about £9.3 billion ($14.46 billion) in 2007.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pearman|first=Hugh|title=These Knock-Down, Shrinkable Games|url=http://professional.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702303754904577532921054250902.html?mod=ITP_personaljournal_3&mg=reno64-wsj|accessdate=25 July 2012|newspaper=]|date=25 July 2012|page=D6}}</ref> The revised figures were announced to the ] on 15 March 2007 by ]. Along with East End regeneration costs, the breakdown was: | |||
| *Building the venues and infrastructure — £5.3 billion | |||
| *Elite sport and Paralympic funding — £400 million. | |||
| *Security and policing — £600 million | |||
| *Regeneration of the Lower Lea Valley — £1.7 billion | |||
| According to ''The Wall Street Journal'', the original budget for the Games was increased to about £9.3 billion (US$15.28 billion) in 2007.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pearman|first=Hugh|title=These Knock-Down, Shrinkable Games|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303754904577532921054250902|access-date=25 July 2012|newspaper=]|date=24 July 2012|page=D6|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112014235/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303754904577532921054250902|archive-date=12 November 2020|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The revised figures were announced to the ] on 15 March 2007 by ]. Along with East End regeneration costs, the breakdown was: | |||
| *Contingency fund — £2.7 billion | |||
| * |
* Building the venues and infrastructure – £5.3 billion | ||
| * Elite sport and Paralympic funding – £400 million | |||
| * Security and policing – £600 million | |||
| * Regeneration of the Lower Lea Valley – £1.7 billion | |||
| * Contingency fund – £2.7 billion | |||
| ===Volunteers=== | ===Volunteers=== | ||
| Unpaid volunteers known as Games Makers performed a variety of tasks before and during the Games.<ref>{{cite web|title=Volunteering |
Unpaid volunteers known as Games Makers performed a variety of tasks before and during the Games.<ref>{{cite web|title=Volunteering – Making the Games happen|url=http://www.london2012.com/volunteer|publisher=London 2012|access-date=15 April 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424201321/http://www.london2012.com/volunteer|archive-date=24 April 2012}}</ref> A target of 70,000 volunteers was set as early as 2004.<ref>{{cite news|last=Shifrin|first=Tash|title=Olympic appeal as volunteer target hit|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2004/feb/10/volunteering|access-date=15 April 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|location=London|date=10 February 2004|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113193705/http://www.theguardian.com/society/2004/feb/10/volunteering|archive-date=13 November 2013}}</ref> When recruitment took place in 2010, more than 240,000 applications were received.<ref>{{cite web|title=10 Games Maker facts|url=http://www.london2012.com/get-involved/volunteer/london-2012-games-makers/10-games-maker-facts.php|publisher=London 2012|access-date=15 April 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424204030/http://www.london2012.com/get-involved/volunteer/london-2012-games-makers/10-games-maker-facts.php|archive-date=24 April 2012}}</ref> Sebastian Coe said in February 2012, "Our Games Makers will contribute a total of around eight million volunteer hours during the Games and the Games simply wouldn't happen without them".<ref>{{cite news|title=Volunteers training day at Wembley Stadium as they prepare for Games|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/9061305/London-2012-Olympics-volunteers-training-day-at-Wembley-Stadium-as-they-prepare-for-Games.html|access-date=15 April 2012|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|location=London|date=4 February 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206234020/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/9061305/London-2012-Olympics-volunteers-training-day-at-Wembley-Stadium-as-they-prepare-for-Games.html|archive-date=6 February 2012}}</ref> The volunteers wore clothing that included purple and red polo shirts and jackets, beige trousers, grey socks and grey-and-white ], which they collected from the ]. Volunteers also wore photo accreditation badges that were also worn by officials, athletes, family members and media, which gained them access to specific venues and buildings around the site. | ||
| ===Ticketing=== | ===Ticketing=== | ||
| Organisers estimated that some 8 million tickets would be available for the Olympic Games,<ref name=Justtheticket>{{cite web|title=Just the ticket|url=http://www.london2012.org/en/ourvision/Ticketing.htm| |
Organisers estimated that some 8 million tickets would be available for the Olympic Games,<ref name=Justtheticket>{{cite web|title=Just the ticket|url=http://www.london2012.org/en/ourvision/Ticketing.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202155136/http://www.london2012.org/en/ourvision/Ticketing.htm|archive-date=2 February 2007|work=London 2012|access-date=20 July 2012}}</ref> and 1.5 million tickets for the Paralympic Games.<ref name="Justtheticket"/> LOCOG aimed to raise £375–£400 million in ticket sales. There were also free events such as marathon, triathlon and road cycling,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Travel/wireStory?id=10171244|title=London Opens Ticket Process for 2012 Olympics|work=ABC News|access-date=20 May 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325093452/https://abcnews.go.com/Travel/wireStory?id=10171244|archive-date=25 March 2010}}</ref> although, for the first time in Olympic history, the sailing events were ticketed.<ref>{{cite web|author=ISAF|url=http://www.sailing.org/london2012/news/36364.php|title=ISAF: London 2012 Olympic Games Sailing Competition: What Is The Weymouth And Portland International Regatta?|publisher=Sailing.org|date=28 July 2011|access-date=15 October 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020014531/http://www.sailing.org/london2012/news/36364.php|archive-date=20 October 2011}}</ref> Eventually, more than 7,000,000 tickets were sold.<ref name="washingtonpost1">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/olympics/at-london-olympics-empty-seats-have-organizers-scrambling-giving-away-tickets-to-children-and-soldiers/2012/07/29/gJQA6YVBJX_story.html|newspaper=The Washington Post|first=Karla|last=Adam|title=At London Olympics, empty seats have organizers scrambling, giving away tickets to children and soldiers|date=30 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170719170354/https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/olympics/at-london-olympics-empty-seats-have-organizers-scrambling-giving-away-tickets-to-children-and-soldiers/2012/07/29/gJQA6YVBJX_story.html|archive-date=19 July 2017}}</ref> Following IOC rules, people applied for tickets from the NOC of their country of residence. European Union residents were able to apply for tickets in any EU country.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lynn|first=Guy|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-18161743|work=BBC News|title=Ukrainian Olympic official 'willing to sell tickets to black market'|date=22 May 2012|access-date=8 June 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607222537/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-18161743|archive-date=7 June 2012}}</ref> | ||
| In Great Britain, ticket prices ranged from £20 for many events to £2,012 for the most expensive seats at the opening ceremony. |
In Great Britain, ticket prices ranged from £20 for many events to £2,012 for the most expensive seats at the opening ceremony. Some free tickets were given to military personnel as part of the Tickets For Troops scheme,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13758141|work=BBC News|title=Olympic tickets offered to UK Armed Forces members|date=14 June 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110824064608/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13758141|archive-date=24 August 2011}}</ref> as well as to survivors and families of those who died during the ].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-13302220|work=BBC News|title=2012 Olympic tickets for 7/7 bomb attack victims|date=6 May 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719233157/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-13302220|archive-date=19 July 2011}}</ref> Initially, people were able to apply for tickets via a website from 15 March until 26 April 2011. There was a huge demand for tickets, with a demand of more than three times the number of tickets available.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/olympics/13209306|work=BBC News|title=London 2012 Olympic ticket demand passes 20m|last=Bond|first=David|date=27 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806103645/http://www.bbc.com/sport/olympics/13209306 |archive-date=6 August 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14008482|work=BBC News|title=750,000 Olympics tickets sold in 'second chance' round|date=3 July 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110825091749/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14008482|archive-date=25 August 2011}}</ref> On 11 May 2012 a round of nearly one million "second chance" tickets went on sale over a 10-day period between 23 June and 3 July 2011.<ref>{{cite news|title=Olympic tickets on sale in 'second chance' phase|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14066068|work=BBC News|access-date=17 August 2011|date=11 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718201248/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14066068|archive-date=18 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> About 1.7 million tickets were available for football and 600,000 for other sports, including archery, field hockey, football, judo, boxing and volleyball. Ten sports had sold out by 8 am of the first day.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13918958|work=BBC News|title=2012 Hopefuls miss out on tickets|date=26 June 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830050722/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13918958|archive-date=30 August 2011}}</ref> | ||
| ===Countdown=== | ===Countdown=== | ||
| ]]] | ]]] | ||
| During the ], the ] was formally handed over from the ] to the ]. This was followed by a section highlighting London,<ref>{{cite web |
During the ], the ] was formally handed over from the ] to the ]. This was followed by a section highlighting London,<ref>{{cite web|author=<!--lead container name-->Eight minute wonder|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2008/06/17/adrian_eight_minutes_feature.shtml|title=The BBC|publisher=BBC|date=17 June 2008|access-date=20 May 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090110133956/http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2008/06/17/adrian_eight_minutes_feature.shtml|archive-date=10 January 2009}}</ref> One month later, the Olympic and ]s were raised outside the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://legacy.london.gov.uk/view_press_release.jsp?releaseid=18998|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113113104/http://legacy.london.gov.uk/view_press_release.jsp?releaseid=18998|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 January 2012|title=1948 Olympians and 2012 hopefuls join Beijing heroes as Olympic and Paralympic flags raised at City Hall|publisher=Legacy.london.gov.uk|date=26 September 2008|access-date=15 October 2011}}</ref> | ||
| A countdown clock in ] was unveiled, 500 days before the Games.<ref>{{Cite news |
A countdown clock in ] was unveiled, 500 days before the Games.<ref>{{Cite news|title=London 2012 countdown clock stops in Trafalgar Square|work=BBC News|access-date=15 March 2011|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-12749912|date=15 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110318075539/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-12749912|archive-date=18 March 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/london-2012-olympics-blog/2011/jul/27/london-2012-year-to-go|location=London|work=The Guardian|first1=Scott|last1=Murray|first2=Katy|last2=Murrells|title=London 2012: The 'One Year To Go' Celebrations – as they happened|date=27 July 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104081343/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/london-2012-olympics-blog/2011/jul/27/london-2012-year-to-go|archive-date=4 January 2017}}</ref> It was a two-sided clock with the Paralympic countdown on the other side. The countdown to the start of the Olympics began with a ceremony for the lighting of the Olympic flame in ].<ref>{{cite news|title=Olympic flame lit for London Games|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tournaments/london-olympics/Olympic-flame-lit-for-London-Games/articleshow/13079554.cms|access-date=10 May 2012|work=The Times Of India|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510144844/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tournaments/london-olympics/Olympic-flame-lit-for-London-Games/articleshow/13079554.cms|archive-date=10 May 2012}}</ref> | ||
| The countdown to the start of the Olympics began with a ceremony for the lighting of the Olympic flame in ].<ref>{{cite news|title=Olympic flame lit for London Games|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tournaments/london-olympics/Olympic-flame-lit-for-London-Games/articleshow/13079554.cms|accessdate=10 May 2012 | work=The Times Of India}}</ref> | |||
| ===Security=== | ===Security=== | ||
| {{main|Security for the 2012 Summer Olympics}} | {{main|Security for the 2012 Summer Olympics}} | ||
| {{see also|Controversies surrounding G4S}} | |||
| The security operation was led by the police, with 10,000 officers available, supported by 13,500 members of the ]. ] and ] assets, including ships situated in the ], ] jets and surface-to-air missiles, were deployed as part of the security operation; the biggest security operation Britain had faced for decades. The cost of security increased from £282 million to £553 million, and the figure of 13,500 armed forces personnel was more than Britain currently had deployed in Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-16195861 |title= London 2012: 13,500 troops to provide Olympic security |date=15 December 2011 |publisher= BBC News}}</ref> The Metropolitan Police and the Royal Marines carried out security exercises in preparation for the Olympics on 19 January 2012, with 50 marine police officers in rigid inflatables and fast response boats, joined by up to 100 military personnel and a Lynx Navy helicopter.<ref>Seida, Jim (19 January 2012). . MSNBC.</ref> | |||
| The police led the security operation (named '''Operation Olympics''' by the Ministry of Defence), with 10,000 officers available, supported by 13,500 members of the ]. ] and ] assets were deployed as part of the security operation, including ships situated in the ], ] fighter jets and surface-to-air missiles;<ref>{{cite web|title=Manpower or mindset: Defence's contribution to the UK's pandemic response|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm5801/cmselect/cmdfence/357/full-report.html|website=publications.parliament.uk|date=25 March 2020|access-date=12 August 2021|quote='''Operation Olympics''' {{!}} 2012 {{!}} Wide-ranging support to delivery of the London Olympic |url-status=live|archive-date=5 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205222331/https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm5801/cmselect/cmdfence/357/full-report.html}}</ref> it was the biggest security operation Britain had faced in decades. The cost of security increased from £282 million to £553 million, and the figure of 13,500 armed forces personnel was greater than the number deployed at the time in Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-16195861|title=London 2012: 13,500 troops to provide Olympic security|date=15 December 2011|work=BBC News|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111216022738/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-16195861|archive-date=16 December 2011}}</ref> The ] and the ] carried out security exercises in preparation for the Olympics on 19 January 2012, with 50 marine police officers in rigid inflatables and fast response boats, joined by up to 100 military personnel and a Royal Navy ].<ref>{{cite web|last=Seida |first=Jim |date=19 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315020234/http://photoblog.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2012/01/19/10192015-metropolitan-police-and-the-royal-marines-perform-security-exercises-in-preparation-for-london-olympics |title=Metropolitan Police and the Royal Marines perform security exercises in preparation for London Olympics |website=]| url=http://photoblog.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2012/01/19/10192015-metropolitan-police-and-the-royal-marines-perform-security-exercises-in-preparation-for-london-olympics |archive-date=15 March 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | |||
| The ] distributed leaflets to residents of the Lexington building in ], announcing that a missile system was to be stationed on top of the water tower.<ref name=guardian-olympic-missiles>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/apr/29/london-rooftops-missiles-olympic-games|title=London rooftops to carry missiles during Olympic Games|last=Booth|first=Robert|newspaper=The Guardian|date=29 April 2012|location=London|access-date=29 April 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113192000/http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/apr/29/london-rooftops-missiles-olympic-games|archive-date=13 November 2013}}</ref><ref name=telegraph-olympic-missiles>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/news/9234544/London-Olympics-2012-MoD-rooftop-missile-base-plan-alarms-local-residents.html|title=London Olympics 2012: MoD rooftop missile base plan alarms local residents|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|location=London|date=29 April 2012|access-date=29 April 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120429213246/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/news/9234544/London-Olympics-2012-MoD-rooftop-missile-base-plan-alarms-local-residents.html|archive-date=29 April 2012}}</ref> This caused concern to some residents.<ref name=guardian-olympic-missiles/><ref name=telegraph-olympic-missiles/> The Ministry said it probably would use ] missiles and that site evaluations had taken place, but that no final decision had taken place.<ref name=guardian-olympic-missiles/><ref name=telegraph-olympic-missiles/> | |||
| The ] distributed leaflets to residents of the Lexington building in ], announcing that a missile system was to be stationed on top of the water tower.<ref name=guardian-olympic-missiles>{{cite news | |||
| |url= http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2012/apr/29/london-rooftops-missiles-olympic-games | |||
| |title= London rooftops to carry missiles during Olympic Games |last=Booth |first=Robert | |||
| |newspaper=The Guardian |date=29 April 2012 |location =London |accessdate=29 April 2012}}</ref><ref name=telegraph-olympic-missiles>{{cite news | |||
| |url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/news/9234544/London-Olympics-2012-MoD-rooftop-missile-base-plan-alarms-local-residents.html |title=London Olympics 2012: MoD rooftop missile base plan alarms local residents |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |location =London |date=29 April 2012 |accessdate=29 April 2012 |deadurl=yes}} {{Dead link|date=August 2012|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref> This caused concern to some residents.<ref name=guardian-olympic-missiles/><ref name=telegraph-olympic-missiles/> The Ministry said it probably would use ] missiles and that site evaluations had taken place, but that no final decision had taken place.<ref name=guardian-olympic-missiles/><ref name=telegraph-olympic-missiles/> | |||
| It emerged in July 2012 that ], the firm responsible for supplying security staff for the Olympics, had been unable to recruit enough, so the shortfall would have to be made up by 3,500 UK military servicepeople. There were also media reports that G4S had failed to respond to people applying for jobs as security staff, that recruits were inadequately trained, that some were teenagers, and some were not fully conversant in English. | |||
| ===Medals=== | ===Medals=== | ||
| ] | |||
| Approximately 4,700<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.royalmint.com/Corporate/media/London-2012-Olympic-games-victory-medals.aspx |title=London 2012 Olympic Games victory medals to be made by the Royal Mint |publisher=Royalmint.com |accessdate=15 October 2011}}</ref> ] have been produced by the ] at ].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-11989437 |work=BBC News |title=London 2012 medals deal struck for Royal Mint in Llantrisant |date=14 December 2010}}</ref> They were designed by ] (Olympics) and Lin Cheung (Paralympics).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-15475942 |work=BBC News |title=London 2012: Olympic medals go into production in Wales |date= 27 October 2011 |accessdate=4 July 2012}}</ref> 99% of the gold, silver and copper was donated by Rio Tinto from a mine in ] in the U.S.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ksl.com/?nid=148&sid=20827055 |title=Kennecott donating $7.3 million in gold, silver, bronze for Olympics |publisher=KSL.com |accessdate=25 July 2012}}</ref> The remaining 1% came from a ]n mine.<ref>http://sg.news.yahoo.com/mongolia-goes-gold-london-medals-192955303--finance.html</ref> Each medal weighs {{convert|375|–|400|g|oz|abbr=on}}, has a diameter of {{convert|85|mm|in|abbr=on}} and is {{convert|7|mm|in|abbr=on}} thick, with the sport and discipline engraved on the rim.<ref name=storage>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-18677289 |work=BBC News |title=London 2012: Olympic medals locked in Tower |date=2 July 2012|accessdate=4 July 2012}}</ref> The obverse, as is traditional, features ], the Greek goddess of victory, stepping from the ] that hosted the first modern Olympic Games in 1896, with Parthenon in the background; the reverse features the Games logo, the ] and a series of lines representing "the energy of athletes and a sense of pulling together".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14291544 |work=BBC News |title=London 2012: Olympic medals timeline |date=26 July 2011}}</ref> The medals were transferred to the Tower of London vaults on 2 July 2012 for storage.<ref name=storage /> | |||
| Approximately 4,700<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.royalmint.com/Corporate/media/London-2012-Olympic-games-victory-medals.aspx|title=London 2012 Olympic Games victory medals to be made by the Royal Mint|publisher=Royalmint.com|access-date=15 October 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025002237/http://www.royalmint.com/Corporate/media/London-2012-Olympic-games-victory-medals.aspx|archive-date=25 October 2011}}</ref> ] were produced by the ] at ].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-11989437|work=BBC News|title=London 2012 medals deal struck for Royal Mint in Llantrisant|date=14 December 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223050218/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-11989437|archive-date=23 February 2012}}</ref> They were designed by ] (Olympics) and Lin Cheung (Paralympics).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-15475942|work=BBC News|title=London 2012: Olympic medals go into production in Wales|date=27 October 2011|access-date=4 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111228155844/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-15475942|archive-date=28 December 2011}}</ref> 99% of the gold, silver and copper was donated by Rio Tinto from a mine in ] in the U.S.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ksl.com/?nid=148&sid=20827055 |first1= John |last1=Hollenhorst | date=June 13, 2012 |title=Kennecott donating $7.3 million in gold, silver, bronze for Olympics|publisher=KSL.com|access-date=25 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624071037/http://www.ksl.com/?nid=148&sid=20827055|archive-date=24 June 2012}}</ref> The remaining 1% came from a ]n mine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sg.news.yahoo.com/mongolia-goes-gold-london-medals-192955303--finance.html|title=Mongolia goes for gold with London medals – Yahoo! News Singapore|publisher=Sg.news.yahoo.com|date=18 July 2012|access-date=28 October 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024195417/http://sg.news.yahoo.com/mongolia-goes-gold-london-medals-192955303--finance.html|archive-date=24 October 2012}}</ref> Each medal weighs {{convert|375|–|400|g|oz|abbr=on}}, has a diameter of {{convert|85|mm|in|abbr=on}} and is {{convert|7|mm|in|abbr=on}} thick, with the sport and discipline engraved on the rim.<ref name=storage>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-18677289|work=BBC News|title=London 2012: Olympic medals locked in Tower|date=2 July 2012|access-date=4 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704142244/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-18677289|archive-date=4 July 2012}}</ref> The obverse, as is traditional, features ], the Greek goddess of victory, stepping from the ] that hosted the first modern Olympic Games in 1896, with Parthenon in the background; the reverse features the Games logo, the ] and a series of lines representing "the energy of athletes and a sense of pulling together".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14291544|work=BBC News|title=London 2012: Olympic medals timeline|date=26 July 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727171350/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14291544|archive-date=27 July 2011}}</ref> The medals were transferred to the Tower of London vaults on 2 July 2012 for storage.<ref name=storage/> | |||
| Each gold medal is |
Each gold medal is 92.5 percent silver and 1.34 percent gold, with the remainder copper. The silver medal is 92.5 percent silver, with the remainder copper. The bronze medal is made up of 97 percent copper, 2.5 percent zinc, and 0.5 per cent tin.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/anthonydemarco/2012/07/26/a-closer-look-at-the-olympic-gold-medal/|work=Forbes|title=London's Olympic Gold Medal Worth The Most In The History Of The Games|date=26 July 2012|access-date=30 July 2012|first=Anthony|last=DeMarco|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120729232146/http://www.forbes.com/sites/anthonydemarco/2012/07/26/a-closer-look-at-the-olympic-gold-medal/|archive-date=29 July 2012}}</ref> The value of the materials in the gold medal was about £410 (US$644), the silver about £210 (US$330), and the bronze about £3 (US$4.71) as of 30 July 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://olympics.yardbarker.com/blog/olympics/article/how_much_is_a_medal_actually_worth_not_as_much_as_youd_think/11334214|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731232433/http://olympics.yardbarker.com/blog/olympics/article/how_much_is_a_medal_actually_worth_not_as_much_as_youd_think/11334214|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 July 2012|work=Yardbarker.com|title=How much is a medal actually worth? Not as much as you'd think|date=30 July 2012}}</ref> | ||
| ===Torch relay=== | ===Torch relay=== | ||
| {{main|2012 Summer Olympics torch relay}} | {{main|2012 Summer Olympics torch relay}} | ||
| The Olympics torch relay ran from 19 May to 27 July 2012, before the Games. Plans for the relay were developed in 2010–11, with the torch-bearer selection process announced on 18 May 2011.<ref name="Torch relay">{{cite news|date=17 May 2011|title=London 2012 torch relay should focus on youth|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/olympics/8518637/London-2012-Olympics-torch-relay-should-focus-on-youth-says-Locog.html|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|location=London|access-date=17 May 2011|first=Jacquelin|last=Magnay|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521045410/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/olympics/8518637/London-2012-Olympics-torch-relay-should-focus-on-youth-says-Locog.html|archive-date=21 May 2011}}</ref> The torch was designed by ]. | |||
| ] in ]]] | |||
| The Olympics torch relay ran from 19 May to 27 July 2012, before the Games. Plans for the relay were developed in 2010–11, with the torch-bearer selection process announced on 18 May 2011.<ref name="Torch relay">{{cite news|date=17 May 2011 |title=London 2012 torch relay should focus on youth|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/olympics/8518637/London-2012-Olympics-torch-relay-should-focus-on-youth-says-Locog.html|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|location=London|accessdate=17 May 2011|first=Jacquelin|last=Magnay}}</ref> | |||
| On 18 May 2012 the ] arrived at ] in ] from Greece<ref name="Olympic Torch Dates">{{cite web|date=18 May 2011|title=The Olympic Torch Relay|url=http://www.london2012.com/olympic-torch-relay|publisher=]|access-date=18 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608061845/http://www.london2012.com/olympic-torch-relay|archive-date=8 June 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> on flight BA2012, operated by a ] ] named "Firefly". The relay lasted 70 days, with 66 evening celebrations and six island visits, and involved some 8,000 people carrying the torch about {{convert|8000|mi|0|abbr=on}}, starting from ] in Cornwall.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13426353|work=BBC News|title=London 2012 Olympic torch relay route revealed|date=18 May 2011|access-date=18 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518081518/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13426353|archive-date=18 May 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> The torch had three days outside the United Kingdom when it visited the ] on 2 June, ] in Ireland, on 6 June,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2011/1208/breaking40.html|newspaper=The Irish Times|agency=Reuters|location=Dublin|title=Dublin to host Olympic Torch|date=8 December 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111211165912/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2011/1208/breaking40.html|archive-date=11 December 2011}}</ref> and both ] and ] on 15 July. | |||
| The relay focused on National Heritage Sites, locations with sporting significance, key sporting events, schools registered with the Get Set School Network, green spaces and biodiversity, Live Sites (city locations with large screens), and festivals and other events.<ref>{{cite web|title=London Culture and 2012 Open Meeting|url=http://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/lcsg/docs/openmeetings/20091102/presentation3.pdf|publisher=Greater London Authority|access-date=19 May 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030062212/http://london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/lcsg/docs/openmeetings/20091102/presentation3.pdf|archive-date=30 October 2012}}</ref> ] was the only Region in the whole of the United Kingdom that had the Olympic Torch pass through it twice. A group of young athletes, nominated by retired Olympic athletes, ran the torch around the stadium. These torchbearers were ], ], ], ], ], Aidan Reynolds, and ]. Together the torchbearers each lit a petal that spread the fire to the 204 petals of the ], representing the countries that participated in the Games.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Urquhart|first1=Conal|title=Olympic Torchbearers who lit cauldron kept it secret from parents.|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk|access-date=8 December 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|date=28 July 2012|first2=Lizzy|last2=Davies|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214064224/http://www.guardian.co.uk/|archive-date=14 February 2012}}</ref> The cauldron was designed by ]. | |||
| ===Environmental policy=== | ===Environmental policy=== | ||
| The |
The Olympic Park was planned to incorporate 45 hectares of wildlife habitat, with a total of 525 bird boxes and 150 bat boxes. Local waterways and riverbanks were enhanced as part of the process.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.london2012.com/news/archive/2009-02/new-biodiversity-plan-sets-out-future-for-olympic-park-wildlife.php|title=New biodiversity plan sets out future for Olympic Park wildlife|work=London 2012|access-date=5 March 2009|date=27 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090309051828/http://www.london2012.com/news/archive/2009-02/new-biodiversity-plan-sets-out-future-for-olympic-park-wildlife.php|archive-date=9 March 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> Renewable energy also featured at the Olympics. It was originally planned to provide 20% of the energy for the Olympic Park and Village from renewable technologies; however, only 9% of it was achieved.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-13034546|title=London 2012 Olympics 'to miss renewable energy target'|work=BBC News|access-date=7 June 2011|date=11 April 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110528023613/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-13034546|archive-date=28 May 2011}}</ref> Proposals to meet the original target included large-scale on-site wind turbines and ] in the River Thames, but these plans were scrapped for safety reasons.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10234665|title=Olympic Games site wind turbine scrapped|work=BBC News|access-date=7 June 2011|date=4 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519213657/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10234665|archive-date=19 May 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> The focus subsequently moved to installing solar panels on some buildings, and providing the opportunity to recover energy from waste. Where it could not be reused or recycled, food packaging for use at the Olympics—including fast-food wrappers, sandwich boxes and drink cartons—was made from compostable materials like starch and cellulose-based ]. After use, many of these materials were suitable for ] (AD), allowing them to be made into renewable energy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nnfcc.co.uk/news/compostable-bioplastics-set-for-big-win-at-london-olympics|title=Compostable bioplastics set for big win at London Olympics|work=]|access-date=31 May 2011|date=31 May 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606000417/http://www.nnfcc.co.uk/news/compostable-bioplastics-set-for-big-win-at-london-olympics|archive-date=6 June 2011}}</ref> | ||
| Buildings like the] will be relocated elsewhere. Building Parts like Roofing Covers and membranes of different temporary venues will be recycled via ]. This allows to meet the standards of the ], concerning environmental protection. Through this recycling process, the Olympic Games PVC Policy is fulfilled. It says that | |||
| Post-Games, buildings like the ] were relocated elsewhere. Building parts like roofing covers and membranes of different temporary venues were recycled via ]. This allowed organisers to meet the standards of the ] concerning environmental protection. | |||
| :Where London 2012 procures PVC for temporary usage or where permanent usage is not assured, London 2012 is required to ensure that there is a take-back scheme that offers a closed loop reuse system or mechanical recycling system for post-consumer waste. | |||
| London 2012 inaugurated Olympic Games guidelines that included the recycling of PVC, which was used for temporary buildings such as the Basketball Arena and for the temporary parts of permanent venues such as the Olympic Stadium.<ref>{{cite web|title=London 2012 seeks sustainable solutions for temporary venues|url=http://www.london2012.com/news/articles/2009/5/london-2012-seeks-sustainable-solutions-for-temporary-ve-1243087.html|website=London2012|date=5 May 2009|access-date=20 August 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120827113019/http://www.london2012.com/news/articles/2009/5/london-2012-seeks-sustainable-solutions-for-temporary-ve-1243087.html|archive-date=27 August 2012}}</ref> In the Water Polo Arena, PVC roofing was made from recycled cushions to provide insulation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eurosport.com/olympics/water-polo-arena_sto3329059/story.shtml|title=Water Polo Arena|date=2 July 2012|work=Eurosport}}</ref> Through this recycling process, the Olympic Games PVC Policy was fulfilled; the policy states:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://library.olympics.com/Default/doc/SYRACUSE/25798/policy-on-the-use-of-pvc-for-the-london-2012-olympic-and-paralympic-games-olympic-delivery-authority|title=Policy On The Use Of PVC For The London 2012 Olympic And Paralympic Games |date=2009 |page=4 |website=library.olympics.com |publisher=] |access-date=30 June 2023}}</ref> | |||
| London 2012 are the first Olympic Games whose guidelines include the recycling of PVC.<ref>{{cite web|title=London 2012 seeks sustainable solutions for temporary venues|url=http://www.london2012.com/news/articles/2009/5/london-2012-seeks-sustainable-solutions-for-temporary-ve-1243087.html|publisher=ODA|accessdate=20 August 2012}}</ref> | |||
| :Where London 2012 procures PVC for temporary usage or where permanent usage is not assured, London 2012 is required to ensure that there is a take-back scheme that offers a closed-loop reuse system or mechanical recycling system for ]. | |||
| According to Kirsten Henson, Materials Manager for the London 2012 Olympic Park: "The majority of temporary facilities created for the Olympic Games including the ] temporary stands, basketball arena, Water Polo Arena, and the shooting facilities at the ], are essentially big tents. Basically, PVC stretched over lightweight steel frame. This design solution makes them efficient to install, reduces the need for any significant foundations and are, of course, reusable. We were challenged by the public around the use of PVC; but we considered it to be the right material for certain functions. We therefore challenged the PVC supply chain to have certain environmental performance criteria in place, including a take back and recycle scheme."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.plasticseurope.org/information-centre/televised-newslinks.aspx|title=Televised Newslinks: Discussing the Sustainability Legacy of the London Olympic Park |website=PlasticsEurope.org|date=22 June 2012|access-date=25 March 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308122835/http://www.plasticseurope.org/information-centre/televised-newslinks.aspx|archive-date=8 March 2013}}</ref> | |||
| ===Cultural Olympiad=== | ===Cultural Olympiad=== | ||
| {{Main|2012 Cultural Olympiad}} | {{Main|2012 Cultural Olympiad}} | ||
| The ], the set of rules and guidelines for the organization of the Olympic Games and for governing the Olympic Movement, states that <blockquote>"LOCOG shall organise a programme of cultural events which must cover at least the entire period during which the ] is open."<ref>{{cite web |title=Olympic Charter |url= http://www.olympic.org/Documents/Olympic%20Charter/Charter_en_2010.pdf |publisher=International Olympic Committee |accessdate=6 May 2011 |page=80 |date=11 February 2010}}</ref></blockquote> | |||
| The Cultural Olympiad comprises many programmes, with over 500 events spread over four years across the whole of the United Kingdom, and culminating in the ].<ref>{{cite web|title= Cultural Olympiad | url=http://www.london2012.com/cultural-olympiad | publisher=London 2012 | accessdate=27 March 2012}}</ref><ref name="boat project">{{cite news |title= Cultural Olympiad 2012 reaches the critical masses |author= Brown, Mark |date=12 March 2012 |url= http://www.guardian.co.uk/culture/2012/mar/12/cultural-olympiad-2012-critical-masses |accessdate=27 March 2012 | location=London | work=The Guardian}}</ref> | |||
| ] | |||
| ===Opening ceremony=== | |||
| The ], the set of rules and guidelines for the organization of the Olympic Games and for governing the Olympic Movement, states that | |||
| {{main|2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony|2012 Summer Olympics Parade of Nations}} | |||
| <blockquote>LOCOG shall organise a programme of cultural events which must cover at least the entire period during which the ] is open.<ref>{{cite web|title=Olympic Charter|url=http://www.olympic.org/Documents/Olympic%20Charter/Charter_en_2010.pdf|publisher=International Olympic Committee|access-date=6 May 2011|page=80|date=11 February 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110505101457/http://www.olympic.org/Documents/Olympic%20Charter/Charter_en_2010.pdf|archive-date=5 May 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref></blockquote> | |||
| The opening ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics was held on 27 July and called "Isles of Wonder".<ref>{{cite web|url= http://blog.oup.com/2012/08/isles-of-wonder-bermuda-avalon-london-2012/ |title=London 2012 Olympics opening ceremony called 'The Isles of Wonder' |date=27 January 2012 |publisher=Olympics Medal Tally}}</ref> Oscar-winning director ] was its artistic director, with the music directors being the electronic music duo Rick Smith and Karl Hyde of ].<ref>{{cite web |title= Underworld announced as Music Directors for the opening ceremony of the 2012 London Olympic Games |url= http://www.underworldlive.com/news/underworld-announced-as-music-directors-for-the-opening-ceremony-of-the-2012-london-olympic-games |date=No date |publisher=Underworld}}</ref> | |||
| The Cultural Olympiad comprised many programmes, with more than 500 events spread over four years across the whole of the United Kingdom, and culminating in the ].<ref>{{cite web|title=Cultural Olympiad|url=http://www.london2012.com/cultural-olympiad|publisher=London 2012|access-date=27 March 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321172831/http://www.london2012.com/cultural-olympiad|archive-date=21 March 2012}}</ref><ref name="boat project">{{cite news|title=Cultural Olympiad 2012 reaches the critical masses|last=Brown|first=Mark|date=12 March 2012|url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2012/mar/12/cultural-olympiad-2012-critical-masses|access-date=27 March 2012|location=London|work=The Guardian|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130829180955/http://www.theguardian.com/culture/2012/mar/12/cultural-olympiad-2012-critical-masses|archive-date=29 August 2013}}</ref> | |||
| The Games were officially opened by ], accompanied by ].<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19008471 |title=Young athletes light London 2012 Olympic flame |work=BBC News |date=28 July 2012}}</ref> It was the second Games the Queen had opened personally, the first being the ] in ]. All successive Olympics held in Canada or Australia have been opened by their respective ]. | |||
| ===Opening ceremony=== | |||
| A short comic film starring ] as secret agent ] and the Queen as herself was screened during the ceremony.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2012/apr/02/london-2012-daniel-craig-olympics-bond |date=2 April 2012 |title=London 2012: Daniel Craig to open Olympics as James Bond |work=The Guardian |location =London |accessdate=2 April 2012 |author=Child, Ben}}</ref> | |||
| {{main|2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony|2012 Summer Olympics Parade of Nations}} | |||
| ] | |||
| Titled "The Isles of Wonder", the opening ceremony began at 21:00 ] (]+1) on 27 July in the Olympic Stadium.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.oup.com/2012/08/isles-of-wonder-bermuda-avalon-london-2012/|title=London 2012 Olympics opening ceremony called 'The Isles of Wonder'|date=27 January 2012|publisher=Olympics Medal Tally|url-status=live|archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20120813181608/http://blog.oup.com/2012/08/isles-of-wonder-bermuda-avalon-london-2012/|archive-date=13 August 2012}}</ref> Oscar-winning director ] was artistic director and ] of ] was musical director.<ref>{{cite web|title=Underworld announced as Music Directors for the opening ceremony of the 2012 London Olympic Games|url=http://www.underworldlive.com/news/underworld-announced-as-music-directors-for-the-opening-ceremony-of-the-2012-london-olympic-games|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121216134401/http://www.underworldlive.com/news/underworld-announced-as-music-directors-for-the-opening-ceremony-of-the-2012-london-olympic-games|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 December 2012|date=n.d.|publisher=Underworld}}</ref> The opening ceremony was immediately seen as a tremendous success, widely praised as a "masterpiece" and "a love letter to Britain".<ref name="Dawson">{{cite web |last=Dawson |first=Andy |date=28 July 2012 |title=Boyle Command Performance is hampered by not-so-clever Trevor |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/tv/tv-reviews/bbcs-trevor-nelson-stumbles-but-danny-1177361 |access-date=31 July 2012 |work=Daily Mirror}}</ref><ref name="Goldsmith">{{cite news |last1=Goldsmith |first1=Harvey |last2=Phillips |first2=Arlene |last3=Quantick |first3=David |last4=Brown |first4=Mick |last5=Beard |first5=Mary |date=29 July 2012 |title=London 2012: the experts' view of the Olympic opening ceremony |work=The Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/9434563/London-2012-the-experts-view-of-the-Olympic-opening-ceremony.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=5 August 2012 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/9434563/London-2012-the-experts-view-of-the-Olympic-opening-ceremony.html |archive-date=12 January 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The principal sections of the artistic display represented Britain's ], ], literary heritage, popular music and ], and were noted for their vibrant ] and use of music. | |||
| The Games were officially opened by ], accompanied by ].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19008471|title=Young athletes light London 2012 Olympic flame|work=BBC News|date=28 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728013818/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19008471|archive-date=28 July 2012}}</ref> This was the second Olympic Games opened personally by the Queen, the first being in ] in ], Canada. The ceremony featured a short comic film starring ] as secret agent ] and the Queen as herself.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/apr/02/london-2012-daniel-craig-olympics-bond|date=2 April 2012|title=London 2012: Daniel Craig to open Olympics as James Bond|work=The Guardian|location=London|access-date=2 April 2012|last=Child|first=Ben|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113193629/http://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/apr/02/london-2012-daniel-craig-olympics-bond|archive-date=13 November 2013}}</ref> There was also a musical comedy item starring ] as ] playing along with the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.classicfm.com/artists/london-symphony-orchestra/rowan-atkinson-chariots-of-fire-sketch-2012-olympics/ |title=The iconic time Mr Bean played 'Chariots of Fire' with London Symphony Orchestra at the 2012 Olympics |last=Shaw Roberts |first=Maddy |work=] |date=4 August 2021 |access-date=27 June 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919234352/https://www.classicfm.com/artists/london-symphony-orchestra/rowan-atkinson-chariots-of-fire-sketch-2012-olympics/ |archive-date=19 September 2021}}</ref> These were widely ascribed to ].<ref>{{cite web |date=28 July 2012 |title=A "noisy, busy, witty, dizzying production": What the world thought of London 2012's opening ceremony |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/london-2012-what-the-world-thought-1178468 |access-date=22 August 2012 |work=Daily Mirror}}</ref> | |||
| Live musical performers included ], ], ] (accompanied by ]), ], ] and ], who performed the song "]" at the end of the ceremony.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2012/jun/06/paul-mccartney-london-olympics-ceremony |date=6 June 2012 |title=Paul McCartney to close London Olympics opening ceremony |accessdate=12 June 2012 |newspaper=The Guardian |location =London |author=Martin, Dan}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first1=Michael |last1=Hirst |first2=Jenny |last2=Minard |first3=Christine |last3=Jeavans |title=London Olympic Games opening ceremony |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/olympics/18906710 |work=BBC Sport |date=27 July 2012 |accessdate=27 July 2012 }}</ref> | |||
| Live musical performers included ], ], ], ], ], and ] who performed "]" as the closing act.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/jun/06/paul-mccartney-london-olympics-ceremony|date=6 June 2012|title=Paul McCartney to close London Olympics opening ceremony|access-date=12 June 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|location=London|last=Martin|first=Dan|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113193635/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/jun/06/paul-mccartney-london-olympics-ceremony|archive-date=13 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first1=Michael|last1=Hirst|first2=Jenny|last2=Minard|first3=Christine|last3=Jeavans|title=London Olympic Games opening ceremony|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/olympics/18906710|work=BBC Sport|date=27 July 2012|access-date=27 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120727203543/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/olympics/18906710|archive-date=27 July 2012}}</ref> Broadcast live on ], the ceremony attracted a peak viewing audience of over 27 million in the UK.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.barb.co.uk/whats-new/weekly-top-30|title=Weekly Top 3 Programmes w/e 29 Jul 2012|work=BARB|date=10 August 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140919035351/http://www.barb.co.uk/whats-new/weekly-top-30|archive-date=19 September 2014}}</ref> | |||
| The official ] ratings give the opening ceremony a rating of 24.24 million viewers, the highest audience for any British television broadcast since 1996.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.barb.co.uk/report/weekly-top-programmes-overview |title= Weekly Top 30 Programmes w/e 29 Jul 2012 |work=BARB |date=10 August 2012}}</ref> | |||
| ===Closing ceremony=== | ===Closing ceremony=== | ||
| {{main|2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony|2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony flag bearers}} | {{main|2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony|2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony flag bearers}} | ||
| The closing ceremony |
The closing ceremony was held on 12 August. It featured a flashback fiesta to ] with ] closing the performance. The ceremony also included a handover of the ] by ], ], to ], ], the host city of the ].<ref name=Closing>{{cite web|title=Closing Ceremony|url=http://www.london2012.com/spectators/ceremonies/closing-ceremony/|publisher=London 2012|access-date=20 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718061942/http://www.london2012.com/spectators/ceremonies/closing-ceremony/|archive-date=18 July 2012}}</ref> In his closing address, ] described the Games as "happy and glorious".<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |title="Happy and Glorious": London bids farewell to the Games |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/happy-and-glorious-london-bids-farewell-to-the-games |date=12 August 2012 |website=Olympic News |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816021510/https://olympics.com/en/news/happy-and-glorious-london-bids-farewell-to-the-games |archive-date= 2024-08-16}}</ref> | ||
| ==The Games== | ==The Games== | ||
| ===Participating National Olympic Committees=== | |||
| ===Participants=== | |||
| <!-- PLEASE READ: If you change any of the athlete numbers below without citing a source or without an explanatory edit summary, your changes will be reverted. Please take care, as the current information is all well-cited to the London 2012 website. --> | <!-- PLEASE READ: If you change any of the athlete numbers below without citing a source or without an explanatory edit summary, your changes will be reverted. Please take care, as the current information is all well-cited to the London 2012 website. --> | ||
| [[File:2012 Summer olympics team numbers.svg|thumb|300px|Team sizes<br /> | |||
| [[File:2012 Summer olympics team numbers.svg|thumb|center|upright=2.8|Number of participating athletes by country | |||
| {| | {| | ||
| |{{legend|#540000|300+}} | |{{legend|#540000|{{nowrap|300+}}}} | ||
| |{{legend|#F90000| |
|{{legend|#F90000|{{nowrap|100–299}}}} | ||
| |{{legend|#F7931D| |
|{{legend|#F7931D|{{nowrap|30–99}}}} | ||
| |{{legend|#FFE600| |
|{{legend|#FFE600|{{nowrap|10–29}}}} | ||
| |{{legend|#00BB05| |
|{{legend|#00BB05|{{nowrap|4–9}}}} | ||
| |{{legend|#0093F7| |
|{{legend|#0093F7|{{nowrap|1–3}}}} | ||
| |}]] | |}]] | ||
| ])]] | |||
| Around 10,500 athletes from |
Around 10,500 athletes from 206 ]s (NOCs) took part,<ref name=athletecount>{{Cite news|title=Olympics – Countries|quote=From the 27th of July 2012 – 204 countries will send more than 10,000 athletes to compete in 300 events|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/olympics/2012/countries|work=BBC Sport|access-date=19 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718221053/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/olympics/2012/countries|archive-date=18 July 2012}}</ref> (85 countries acquired at least one medal: gold, silver or bronze)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.london2012.com/medals/medal-count/|title=London 2012 Medal count|website=London2012.com|access-date=17 July 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120918203441/http://www.london2012.com/medals/medal-count/|archive-date=18 September 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> surpassing the ] in London and the ] in ] as the largest multi-sport event ever to be held in the ].<ref>{{Cite news|title=City of Manchester Stadium: The Wembley rescuers|last=Hubbard|first=Alan|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/city-of-manchester-stadium-the-wembley-rescuers-1132001.html|newspaper=The Independent|date=12 December 1999|access-date=13 July 2012|location=London|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109231106/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/city-of-manchester-stadium-the-wembley-rescuers-1132001.html|archive-date=9 November 2012}}</ref> | ||
| Three athletes from the ], which |
Three athletes from the ], which whose ] and lost its recognition during ], and one athlete from ], which ], ] under the Olympic flag.<ref name="AHO">{{cite web|title=Curtain comes down on 123rd IOC Session|url=http://www.olympic.org/ioc?articlenewsgroup=-1&articleid=133159|publisher=IOC|access-date=11 July 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606195922/http://www.olympic.org/ioc?articlenewsgroup=-1&articleid=133159|archive-date=6 June 2014}}</ref> | ||
| {{2012 Summer Olympics Participating National Olympic Committees}} | |||
| {{clear}} | |||
| <div class="center" > | |||
| {| class="wikitable collapsible" style="width:100%;" | |||
| |- | |||
| ! Participating ] | |||
| |- | |||
| | | |||
| {{multicol}} | |||
| * {{flagIOC|AFG|2012 Summer|6}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=afghanistan/index.htmx |title=Afghanistan – 2012 Olympic Athletes |publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|ALB|2012 Summer|12}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/olympics/2012/athletes?country=albania&sports=&gender=&filter=Filter&isOneToWatch=0&isMedallist=0 |title=BBC Sport – London 2012 – Athletes |publisher=BBC |accessdate=28 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|ALG|2012 Summer|42}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/olympics/2012/athletes?gender=&isOneToWatch=0&country=algeria&sports=&isMedallist=0&indexLetter=&page=1#pagination |title=BBC Sport – London 2012 – Athletes |publisher=BBC |accessdate=28 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|ASA|2012 Summer|5}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=american-samoa/index.htmx |title=American Samoa – 2012 Olympic Athletes |publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|AND|2012 Summer|6}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=andorra/index.htmx |title=Andorra – 2012 Olympic Athletes |publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|ANG|2012 Summer|34}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=angola/index.htmx |title=Angola – 2012 Olympic Athletes |publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|ANT|2012 Summer|5}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=antigua-and-barbuda/index.htmx |title=Antigua and Barbuda – 2012 Olympic Athletes |publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|ARG|2012 Summer|137}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=argentina/index.htmx |title=Argentina – 2012 Olympic Athletes |publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|ARM|2012 Summer|25}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=armenia/index.htmx |title=Armenia – 2012 Olympic Athletes |publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|ARU|2012 Summer|4}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=aruba/index.htmx |title=Aruba – 2012 Olympic Athletes |publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|AUS|2012 Summer|410}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=australia/index.htmx |title=Australia – 2012 Olympic Athletes |publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|AUT|2012 Summer|70}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=austria/index.htmx |title=Austria – 2012 Olympic Athletes |publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|AZE|2012 Summer|53}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=azerbaijan/index.htmx |title=Azerbaijan – 2012 Olympic Athletes |publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|BAH|2012 Summer|24}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=bahamas/index.htmx |title=Bahamas – 2012 Olympic Athletes |publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|BRN|2012 Summer|12}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=bahrain/index.htmx |title=Bahrain – 2012 Olympic Athletes |publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|BAN|2012 Summer|5}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=bangladesh/index.htmx |title=Bangladesh – 2012 Olympic Athletes |publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|BAR|2012 Summer|6}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=barbados/index.htmx |title=Barbados – 2012 Olympic Athletes |publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|BLR|2012 Summer|165}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=belarus/index.htmx |title=Belarus – 2012 Olympic Athletes |publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|BEL|2012 Summer|115}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=belgium/index.htmx |title=Belgium – 2012 Olympic Athletes |publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|BIZ|2012 Summer|3}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=belize/index.htmx |title=Belize – 2012 Olympic Athletes |publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|BEN|2012 Summer|5}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=benin/index.htmx |title=Benin – 2012 Olympic Athletes |publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|BER|2012 Summer|8}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=bermuda/index.htmx |title=Bermuda – 2012 Olympic Athletes |publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|BHU|2012 Summer|2}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=bhutan/index.htmx |title=Buthan – 2012 Olympic Athletes |publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|BOL|2012 Summer|6}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=bolivia/index.htmx |title=Bolivia – 2012 Olympic Athletes |publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|BIH|2012 Summer|6}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=bosnia-and-herzegovina/index.htmx |title=Bosnia and Herzegovina – 2012 Olympic Athletes |publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|BOT|2012 Summer|4}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=botswana/index.htmx |title=Botswana – 2012 Olympic Athletes |publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|BRA|2012 Summer|258}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=brazil/index.htmx |title=Brazil – 2012 Olympic Athletes |publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|IVB|2012 Summer|2}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=british-virgin-islands/index.htmx |title=Virgin Islands, British – 2012 Olympic Athletes |publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|BRU|2012 Summer|3}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=brunei/index.htmx |title=Brunei Darussalam – 2012 Olympic Athletes |publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|BUL|2012 Summer|63}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=bulgaria/index.htmx |title=Bulgaria – 2012 Olympic Athletes |publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|BUR|2012 Summer|5}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=burkina-faso/index.htmx |title=Burkina Faso – 2012 Olympic Athletes |publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|BDI|2012 Summer|6}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=burundi/index.htmx |title= Burundi – 2012 Olympic Athletes |publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|CAM|2012 Summer|6}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=cambodia/index.htmx |title=Cambodia – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|CMR|2012 Summer|33}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=cameroon/index.htmx |title=Cameroon – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|CAN|2012 Summer|277}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=canada/index.htmx |title=Canada – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|CPV|2012 Summer|3}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=cape-verde/index.htmx |title=Cape Verde – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|CAY|2012 Summer|5}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=cayman-islands/index.htmx |title=Cayman Islands – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|CAF|2012 Summer|6}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=central-african-republic/index.htmx |title=Central African Republic – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|CHA|2012 Summer|3}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=chad/index.htmx |title=Chad – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|CHI|2012 Summer|35}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=chile/index.htmx |title=Chile – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|CHN|2012 Summer|396}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=china/index.htmx |title=People's Republic of China – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|COL|2012 Summer|104}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=colombia/index.htmx |title=Colombia – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|COM|2012 Summer|3}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=comoros/index.htmx |title=Comoros – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|CGO|2012 Summer|7}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=congo/index.htmx |title=Congo – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|COD|2012 Summer|4}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=dr-congo/index.htmx |title=Democratic Republic of the Congo – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|COK|2012 Summer|8}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=cook-islands/index.htmx |title=Cook Islands – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|CRC|2012 Summer|11}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=costa-rica/index.htmx |title=Costa Rica – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|CIV|2012 Summer|10}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=cote-divoire/index.htmx |title=Ivory Coast – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|CRO|2012 Summer|108}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=croatia/index.htmx |title=Croatia – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|CUB|2012 Summer|110}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=cuba/index.htmx |title=Cuba – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|CYP|2012 Summer|13}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=cyprus/index.htmx |title=Cyprus – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|CZE|2012 Summer|133}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=czech-republic/index.htmx |title=Czech Republic – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| {{Col-break}} | |||
| * {{flagIOC|DEN|2012 Summer|113}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=denmark/index.htmx |title=Denmark – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|DJI|2012 Summer|6}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=djibouti/index.htmx |title=Djibouti – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|DMA|2012 Summer|2}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=dominica/index.htmx |title=Dominica – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|DOM|2012 Summer|35}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=dominican-republic/index.htmx |title=Dominican Republic – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|ECU|2012 Summer|36}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=ecuador/index.htmx |title=Ecuador – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|EGY|2012 Summer|113}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=egypt/index.htmx |title=Egypt – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|ESA|2012 Summer|10}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=el-salvador/index.htmx |title=El Salvador – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|GEQ|2012 Summer|2}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=equatorial-guinea/index.htmx |title=Equatorial Guinea – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|ERI|2012 Summer|12}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=eritrea/index.htmx |title=Eritrea – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|EST|2012 Summer|33}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=estonia/index.htmx |title=Estonia – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|ETH|2012 Summer|35}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=ethiopia/index.htmx |title=Ethiopia – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|FIJ|2012 Summer|9}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=fiji/index.htmx |title=Fiji – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|FIN|2012 Summer|55}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=finland/index.htmx |title=Finland – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|FRA|2012 Summer|330}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=france/index.htmx |title=France – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|GAB|2012 Summer|24}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=gabon/index.htmx |title=Gabon – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|GAM|2012 Summer|2}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=gambia/index.htmx |title=Gambia – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|GEO|2012 Summer|35}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=georgia/index.htmx |title=Georgia – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|GER|2012 Summer|392}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=germany/index.htmx |title=Germany – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|GHA|2012 Summer|9}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=ghana/index.htmx |title=Ghana – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|GBR|2012 Summer|541}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=great-britain/index.htmx |title=Great Britain – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> '''(host)''' | |||
| * {{flagIOC|GRE|2012 Summer|104}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=greece/index.htmx |title=Greece – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|GRN|2012 Summer|10}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=grenada/index.htmx |title=Grenada – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|GUM|2012 Summer|8}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=guam/index.htmx |title=Guam – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|GUA|2012 Summer|19}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=guatemala/index.htmx |title=Guatemala – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|GUI|2012 Summer|4}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=guinea/index.htmx |title=Guinea – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|GBS|2012 Summer|4}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=guinea-bissau/index.htmx |title=Guinea-Bissau – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|GUY|2012 Summer|6}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=guyana/index.htmx |title=Guyana – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|HAI|2012 Summer|5}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=haiti/index.htmx |title=Haiti – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|HON|2012 Summer|27}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=honduras/index.htmx |title=Honduras – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|HKG|2012 Summer|42}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=hong-kong/index.htmx |title=Hong Kong, China – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|HUN|2012 Summer|157}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=hungary/index.htmx |title=Hungary – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|ISL|2012 Summer|27}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=iceland/index.htmx |title=Iceland – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|IOA|2012 Summer|4}}<ref name="IOA">{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=independent-olympic-athletes/index.htmx |title=Independent Olympic Athletes – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.olympic.org/news/ioc-executive-board-meets-ahead-of-london-games/168640|title=IOC Executive Board meets ahead of London Games| publisher=Olympic.org |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|IND|2012 Summer|83}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=india/index.htmx |title=India – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|INA|2012 Summer|22}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=indonesia/index.htmx |title=Indonesia – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|IRI|2012 Summer|53}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=iran/index.htmx |title=Islamic Republic of Iran – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|IRQ|2012 Summer|8}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=iraq/index.htmx |title=Iraq – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|IRL|2012 Summer|66}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=ireland/index.htmx |title=Ireland – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|ISR|2012 Summer|37}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=israel/index.htmx |title=Israel – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref><ref>Originally Israel had 38 participating athletes but it reduced after swimmer ] which qualified for the Olympics had to cancel his participation after removal of his appendix two weeks before the Olympics.</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|ITA|2012 Summer|285}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=italy/index.htmx |title=Italy – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|JAM|2012 Summer|50}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=jamaica/index.htmx |title=Jamaica – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|JPN|2012 Summer|293}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=japan/index.htmx |title=Japan – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|JOR|2012 Summer|9}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=jordan/index.htmx |title=Jordan – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|KAZ|2012 Summer|114}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=kazakhstan/index.htmx |title=Kazakhstan – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|KEN|2012 Summer|47}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=kenya/index.htmx |title=Kenya – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|KIR|2012 Summer|3}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=kiribati/index.htmx |title=Kiribati – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|PRK|2012 Summer|51}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=north-korea/index.htmx |title=Democratic People's Republic of Korea – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|KOR|2012 Summer|248}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=south-korea/index.htmx |title=Republic of Korea – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|KUW|2012 Summer|11}}<ref name="KuwaitMercury">{{cite web |url=http://www.mercurynews.com/sports-headlines/ci_21080868/ioc-kuwait-compete-under-own-flag-at-olympics |title=IOC: Kuwait to compete under own flag at Olympics |date= 15 July 2012 |accessdate=23 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|KGZ|2012 Summer|14}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=kyrgyzstan/index.htmx |title=Kyrgyzstan – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|LAO|2012 Summer|3}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=laos/index.htmx |title=Lao People's Democratic Republic – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|LAT|2012 Summer|46}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=latvia/index.htmx |title=Latvia – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| {{Col-break}} | |||
| * {{flagIOC|LIB|2012 Summer|10}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=lebanon/index.htmx |title=Lebanon – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|LES|2012 Summer|4}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=lesotho/index.htmx |title=Lesotho – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|LBR|2012 Summer|4}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=liberia/index.htmx |title=Liberia – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|LBA|2012 Summer|5}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=libya/index.htmx |title=Libya – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|LIE|2012 Summer|3}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=liechtenstein/index.htmx |title=Liechtenstein – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|LTU|2012 Summer|62}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=lithuania/index.htmx |title=Lithuania – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|LUX|2012 Summer|9}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=luxembourg/index.htmx |title=Luxembourg – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|MKD|2012 Summer|4}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=fmr-rep-of-macedonia/index.htmx |title=Former Rep. of Macedonia – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|MAD|2012 Summer|7}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=madagascar/index.htmx |title=Madagascar – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|MAW|2012 Summer|3}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=malawi/index.htmx |title=Malawi – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|MAS|2012 Summer|30}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=malaysia/index.htmx |title=Malaysia – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|MDV|2012 Summer|5}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=maldives/index.htmx |title=Maldives – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|MLI|2012 Summer|6}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=mali/index.htmx |title=Mali – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|MLT|2012 Summer|5}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=malta/index.htmx |title=Malta – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|MHL|2012 Summer|4}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=marshall-islands/index.htmx |title=Marshall Islands – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|MTN|2012 Summer|2}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=mauritania/index.htmx |title=Mauritania – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|MRI|2012 Summer|11}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=mauritius/index.htmx |title=Mauritius – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|MEX|2012 Summer|102}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=mexico/index.htmx |title=Mexico – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|FSM|2012 Summer|6}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=micronesia/index.htmx |title=Federated States of Micronesia – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|MDA|2012 Summer|22}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=moldova/index.htmx |title=Republic of Moldova – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|MON|2012 Summer|6}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=monaco/index.htmx |title=Monaco – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|MGL|2012 Summer|29}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=mongolia/index.htmx |title=Mongolia – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|MNE|2012 Summer|33}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=montenegro/index.htmx |title=Montenegro – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|MAR|2012 Summer|67}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=morocco/index.htmx |title=Morocco – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|MOZ|2012 Summer|6}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=mozambique/index.htmx |title=Mozambique – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|MYA|2012 Summer|6}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=myanmar/index.htmx |title=Myanmar – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|NAM|2012 Summer|9}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=namibia/index.htmx |title=Namibia – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|NRU|2012 Summer|2}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=nauru/index.htmx |title=Nauru – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|NEP|2012 Summer|5}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=nepal/index.htmx |title=Nepal – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|NED|2012 Summer|188}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=netherlands/index.htmx |title=Netherlands – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|NZL|2012 Summer|184}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=new-zealand/index.htmx |title=New Zealand – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|NCA|2012 Summer|6}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=nicaragua/index.htmx |title=Nicaragua – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|NIG|2012 Summer|6}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=niger/index.htmx |title=Niger – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|NGR|2012 Summer|55}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=nigeria/index.htmx |title=Nigeria – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|NOR|2012 Summer|64}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=norway/index.htmx |title=Norway – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|OMA|2012 Summer|4}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=oman/index.htmx |title=Oman – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|PAK|2012 Summer|21}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=pakistan/index.htmx |title=Pakistan – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|PLW|2012 Summer|5}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=palau/index.htmx |title=Palau – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|PLE|2012 Summer|5}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=palestine/index.htmx |title=Palestine – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|PAN|2012 Summer|7}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=panama/index.htmx |title=Panama – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|PNG|2012 Summer|8}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=papua-new-guinea/index.htmx |title=Papua New Guinea – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|PAR|2012 Summer|8}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=paraguay/index.htmx |title=Paraguay – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|PER|2012 Summer|16}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=peru/index.htmx |title=Peru – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|PHI|2012 Summer|11}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=philippines/index.htmx |title=Philippines – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|POL|2012 Summer|218}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=poland/index.htmx |title=Poland – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|POR|2012 Summer|77}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=portugal/index.htmx |title=Portugal – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|PUR|2012 Summer|25}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=puerto-rico/index.htmx |title=Puerto Rico – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|QAT|2012 Summer|12}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=qatar/index.htmx |title=Qatar – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|ROU|2012 Summer|103}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=romania/index.htmx |title=Romania – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|RUS|2012 Summer|436}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=russia/index.htmx |title=Russian Federation – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|RWA|2012 Summer|7}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=rwanda/index.htmx |title=Rwanda – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| {{Col-break}} | |||
| * {{flagIOC|SKN|2012 Summer|7}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=saint-kitts-and-nevis/index.htmx |title=Saint Kitts and Nevis – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|LCA|2012 Summer|4}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=saint-lucia/index.htmx |title=Saint Lucia – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|VIN|2012 Summer|3}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=stv-and-grenadines/index.htmx |title=Saint Vincent and the Grenadines – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|SAM|2012 Summer|8}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=samoa/index.htmx |title=Samoa – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|SMR|2012 Summer|4}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=san-marino/index.htmx |title=San Marino – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|STP|2012 Summer|2}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=sao-tome-and-principe/index.htmx |title=Sao Tome and Principe – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|KSA|2012 Summer|19}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=saudi-arabia/index.htmx |title=Saudi Arabia – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|SEN|2012 Summer|31}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=senegal/index.htmx |title=Senegal – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|SRB|2012 Summer|115}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=serbia/index.htmx |title=Serbia – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|SEY|2012 Summer|6}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=seychelles/index.htmx |title=Seychelles – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|SLE|2012 Summer|2}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=sierra-leone/index.htmx |title=Sierra Leone – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|SIN|2012 Summer|23}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=singapore/index.htmx |title=Singapore – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|SVK|2012 Summer|47}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=slovakia/index.htmx |title=Slovakia – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|SLO|2012 Summer|65}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=slovenia/index.htmx |title=Slovenia – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|SOL|2012 Summer|4}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=solomon-islands/index.htmx |title=Solomon Islands – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|SOM|2012 Summer|2}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=somalia/index.htmx |title=Somalia – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|RSA|2012 Summer|125}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=south-africa/index.htmx |title=South Africa – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|ESP|2012 Summer|282}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=spain/index.htmx |title=Spain – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|SRI|2012 Summer|7}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=sri-lanka/index.htmx |title=Sri Lanka – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|SUD|2012 Summer|6}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=sudan/index.htmx |title=Sudan – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|SUR|2012 Summer|5}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=suriname/index.htmx |title=Suriname – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|SWZ|2012 Summer|3}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=swaziland/index.htmx |title=Swaziland – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|SWE|2012 Summer|134}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=sweden/index.htmx |title=Sweden – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|SUI|2012 Summer|102}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=switzerland/index.htmx |title=Switzerland – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|SYR|2012 Summer|10}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=syria/index.htmx |title=Syrian Arab Republic – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|TPE|2012 Summer|44}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=chinese-taipei/index.htmx |title=Chinese Taipei – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|TJK|2012 Summer|16}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=tajikistan/index.htmx |title=Tajikistan – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|TAN|2012 Summer|7}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=tanzania/index.htmx |title=United Republic of Tanzania – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|THA|2012 Summer|37}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=thailand/index.htmx |title=Thailand – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|TLS|2012 Summer|2}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=timor-leste/index.htmx |title=Democratic Republic of Timor Leste – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|TOG|2012 Summer|6}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=togo/index.htmx |title=Togo – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|TGA|2012 Summer|3}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=tonga/index.htmx |title=Tonga – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|TRI|2012 Summer|30}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=trinidad-and-tobago/index.htmx |title=Trinidad and Tobago – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|TUN|2012 Summer|83}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=tunisia/index.htmx |title=Tunisia – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|TUR|2012 Summer|114}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=turkey/index.htmx |title=Turkey – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|TKM|2012 Summer|10}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=turkmenistan/index.htmx |title=Turkmenistan – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|TUV|2012 Summer|3}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=tuvalu/index.htmx |title=Tuvalu – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|UGA|2012 Summer|16}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=uganda/index.htmx |title=Uganda – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|UKR|2012 Summer|237}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=ukraine/index.htmx |title=Ukraine – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|UAE|2012 Summer|26}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=united-arab-emirates/index.htmx |title=United Arab Emirates – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|USA|2012 Summer|530}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=united-states/index.htmx |title=United States of America – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|URU|2012 Summer|29}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=uruguay/index.htmx |title=Uruguay – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|UZB|2012 Summer|54}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=uzbekistan/index.htmx |title=Uzbekistan – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|VAN|2012 Summer|5}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=vanuatu/index.htmx |title=Vanuatu – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|VEN|2012 Summer|70}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=venezuela/index.htmx |title=Venezuela – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|VIE|2012 Summer|18}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=vietnam/index.htmx |title=Vietnam – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|ISV|2012 Summer|7}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=virgin-islands/index.htmx |title=Virgin Islands, US – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|YEM|2012 Summer|4}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=yemen/index.htmx |title=Yemen – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|ZAM|2012 Summer|7}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=zambia/index.htmx |title=Zambia – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| * {{flagIOC|ZIM|2012 Summer|7}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/athletes/country=zimbabwe/index.htmx |title=Zimbabwe – 2012 Olympic Athletes|publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=21 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| {{Col-end}} | |||
| |} | |||
| </div> | |||
| ==== |
====National houses==== | ||
| During the Games, some countries and continents had a "national house". These temporary meeting places for supporters, athletes and other followers were located throughout London.<ref name="nationalhouses">{{cite web|title=2012 Olympic Country Houses |url=http://www.londonprepares.com/olympic-national-pavilions |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403164124/http://www.londonprepares.com/olympic-national-pavilions |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 April 2015 |website=LondonPrepares.com |access-date=10 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Olympic National Hospitality Houses |url=http://www.londontown.com/London/Olympic-National-Hospitality-Houses |website=LondonTown.com |access-date=13 November 2021 |url-status=live |archive-date=30 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120630012140/http://www.londontown.com/London/Olympic-National-Hospitality-Houses}}</ref> | |||
| {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed sortable" | |||
| {|class="wikitable collapsible collapsed sortable" | |||
| |- style="font-size:larger" | |||
| !class="unsortable"| !!Country !! Athletes | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| !Nation !! Location !! Name | |||
| | GBR || {{flagIOC|GBR|2012 Summer}} || 541 | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |African nations||] | |||
| | USA || {{flagIOC|USA|2012 Summer}} || 530 | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |Austria||] | |||
| | RUS || {{flagIOC|RUS|2012 Summer}} || 436 | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |Belgium||] | |||
| | AUS || {{flagIOC|AUS|2012 Summer}} || 410 | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |Brazil||]||Casa Brasil | |||
| | CHN || {{flagIOC|CHN|2012 Summer}} || 396 | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |Canada||] | |||
| | GER || {{flagIOC|GER|2012 Summer}} || 392 | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |China||] | |||
| | FRA || {{flagIOC|FRA|2012 Summer}} || 330 | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |Croatia||], ] | |||
| | JPN || {{flagIOC|JPN|2012 Summer}} || 293 | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |Czech Republic||], ] | |||
| | ITA || {{flagIOC|ITA|2012 Summer}} || 284 | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |Denmark||] | |||
| | ESP || {{flagIOC|ESP|2012 Summer}} || 282 | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |France||]||Club France | |||
| | CAN || {{flagIOC|CAN|2012 Summer}} || 277 | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |Georgia||] (45 Millbank) | |||
| | BRA || {{flagIOC|BRA|2012 Summer}} || 258 | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |Germany||]||Deutsches Haus | |||
| | KOR || {{flagIOC|KOR|2012 Summer}} || 245 | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |Great Britain||] | |||
| | UKR || {{flagIOC|UKR|2012 Summer}} || 237 | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |Ireland||], ] | |||
| | POL || {{flagIOC|POL|2012 Summer}} || 218 | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |Italy||]||Casa Italia | |||
| | NZL || {{flagIOC|NZL|2012 Summer}} || 184 | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |Japan||] | |||
| | NED || {{flagIOC|NED|2012 Summer}} || 178 | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |Jamaica||] | |||
| | BLR || {{flagIOC|BLR|2012 Summer}} || 165 | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |Kenya||], ] | |||
| | HUN || {{flagIOC|HUN|2012 Summer}} || 157 | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |Korea||] | |||
| | ARG || {{flagIOC|ARG|2012 Summer}} || 137 | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |Monaco||] | |||
| | SWE || {{flagIOC|SWE|2012 Summer}} || 134 | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |Netherlands||]||] | |||
| | CZE || {{flagIOC|CZE|2012 Summer}} || 133 | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |New Zealand||], ]||Kiwi House | |||
| | RSA || {{flagIOC|RSA|2012 Summer}} || 125 | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |Nigeria||] | |||
| | BEL || {{flagIOC|BEL|2012 Summer}} || 115 | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |Poland||] | |||
| | SRB || {{flagIOC|SRB|2012 Summer}} || 115 | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |Qatar||], ] | |||
| | KAZ || {{flagIOC|KAZ|2012 Summer}} || 114 | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |Romania||30 ], ] | |||
| | TUR || {{flagIOC|TUR|2012 Summer}} || 114 | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |Russia||], ] | |||
| | DEN || {{flagIOC|DEN|2012 Summer}} || 113 | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |Slovakia||] | |||
| | EGY || {{flagIOC|EGY|2012 Summer}} || 113 | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |South Africa||] | |||
| | CUB || {{flagIOC|CUB|2012 Summer}} || 110 | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |South Pacific||] | |||
| | CRO || {{flagIOC|CRO|2012 Summer}} || 108 | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |Switzerland||] | |||
| | COL || {{flagIOC|COL|2012 Summer}} || 104 | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |Trinidad & Tobago||] | |||
| | GRE || {{flagIOC|GRE|2012 Summer}} || 104 | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |United States||] | |||
| | ROU || {{flagIOC|ROU|2012 Summer}} || 103 | |||
| |- | |||
| | MEX || {{flagIOC|MEX|2012 Summer}} || 102 | |||
| |- | |||
| | SUI || {{flagIOC|SUI|2012 Summer}} || 102 | |||
| |- | |||
| | IND || {{flagIOC|IND|2012 Summer}} || 83 | |||
| |- | |||
| | TUN || {{flagIOC|TUN|2012 Summer}} || 83 | |||
| |- | |||
| | POR || {{flagIOC|POR|2012 Summer}} || 77 | |||
| |- | |||
| | AUT || {{flagIOC|AUT|2012 Summer}} || 70 | |||
| |- | |||
| | VEN || {{flagIOC|VEN|2012 Summer}} || 70 | |||
| |- | |||
| | MAR || {{flagIOC|MAR|2012 Summer}} || 67 | |||
| |- | |||
| | IRL || {{flagIOC|IRL|2012 Summer}} || 66 | |||
| |- | |||
| | SLO || {{flagIOC|SLO|2012 Summer}} || 65 | |||
| |- | |||
| | NOR || {{flagIOC|NOR|2012 Summer}} || 64 | |||
| |- | |||
| | BUL || {{flagIOC|BUL|2012 Summer}} || 63 | |||
| |- | |||
| | LTU || {{flagIOC|LTU|2012 Summer}} || 62 | |||
| |- | |||
| | FIN || {{flagIOC|FIN|2012 Summer}} || 55 | |||
| |- | |||
| | NGR || {{flagIOC|NGR|2012 Summer}} || 55 | |||
| |- | |||
| | UZB || {{flagIOC|UZB|2012 Summer}} || 54 | |||
| |- | |||
| | AZE || {{flagIOC|AZE|2012 Summer}} || 53 | |||
| |- | |||
| | IRI || {{flagIOC|IRI|2012 Summer}} || 53 | |||
| |- | |||
| | PRK || {{flagIOC|PRK|2012 Summer}} || 51 | |||
| |- | |||
| | JAM || {{flagIOC|JAM|2012 Summer}} || 50 | |||
| |- | |||
| | KEN || {{flagIOC|KEN|2012 Summer}} || 47 | |||
| |- | |||
| | SVK || {{flagIOC|SVK|2012 Summer}} || 47 | |||
| |- | |||
| | LAT || {{flagIOC|LAT|2012 Summer}} || 46 | |||
| |- | |||
| | TPE || {{flagIOC|TPE|2012 Summer}} || 44 | |||
| |- | |||
| | ALG || {{flagIOC|ALG|2012 Summer}} || 42 | |||
| |- | |||
| | HKG || {{flagIOC|HKG|2012 Summer}} || 42 | |||
| |- | |||
| | ISR || {{flagIOC|ISR|2012 Summer}} || 37 | |||
| |- | |||
| | THA || {{flagIOC|THA|2012 Summer}} || 37 | |||
| |- | |||
| | ECU || {{flagIOC|ECU|2012 Summer}} || 36 | |||
| |- | |||
| | CHI || {{flagIOC|CHI|2012 Summer}} || 35 | |||
| |- | |||
| | DOM || {{flagIOC|DOM|2012 Summer}} || 35 | |||
| |- | |||
| | ETH || {{flagIOC|ETH|2012 Summer}} || 35 | |||
| |- | |||
| | GEO || {{flagIOC|GEO|2012 Summer}} || 35 | |||
| |- | |||
| | ANG || {{flagIOC|ANG|2012 Summer}} || 34 | |||
| |- | |||
| | CMR || {{flagIOC|CMR|2012 Summer}} || 33 | |||
| |- | |||
| | EST || {{flagIOC|EST|2012 Summer}} || 33 | |||
| |- | |||
| | MNE || {{flagIOC|MNE|2012 Summer}} || 33 | |||
| |- | |||
| | SEN || {{flagIOC|SEN|2012 Summer}} || 31 | |||
| |- | |||
| | MAS || {{flagIOC|MAS|2012 Summer}} || 30 | |||
| |- | |||
| | TRI || {{flagIOC|TRI|2012 Summer}} || 30 | |||
| |- | |||
| | MGL || {{flagIOC|MGL|2012 Summer}} || 29 | |||
| |- | |||
| | URU || {{flagIOC|URU|2012 Summer}} || 29 | |||
| |- | |||
| | HON || {{flagIOC|HON|2012 Summer}} || 27 | |||
| |- | |||
| | ISL || {{flagIOC|ISL|2012 Summer}} || 27 | |||
| |- | |||
| | UAE || {{flagIOC|UAE|2012 Summer}} || 26 | |||
| |- | |||
| | ARM || {{flagIOC|ARM|2012 Summer}} || 25 | |||
| |- | |||
| | PUR || {{flagIOC|PUR|2012 Summer}} || 25 | |||
| |- | |||
| | BAH || {{flagIOC|BAH|2012 Summer}} || 24 | |||
| |- | |||
| | GAB || {{flagIOC|GAB|2012 Summer}} || 24 | |||
| |- | |||
| | SIN || {{flagIOC|SIN|2012 Summer}} || 23 | |||
| |- | |||
| | INA || {{flagIOC|INA|2012 Summer}} || 22 | |||
| |- | |||
| | MDA || {{flagIOC|MDA|2012 Summer}} || 22 | |||
| |- | |||
| | PAK || {{flagIOC|PAK|2012 Summer}} || 21 | |||
| |- | |||
| | GUA || {{flagIOC|GUA|2012 Summer}} || 19 | |||
| |- | |||
| | KSA || {{flagIOC|KSA|2012 Summer}} || 19 | |||
| |- | |||
| | VIE || {{flagIOC|VIE|2012 Summer}} || 18 | |||
| |- | |||
| | PER || {{flagIOC|PER|2012 Summer}} || 16 | |||
| |- | |||
| | TJK || {{flagIOC|TJK|2012 Summer}} || 16 | |||
| |- | |||
| | UGA || {{flagIOC|UGA|2012 Summer}} || 16 | |||
| |- | |||
| | KGZ || {{flagIOC|KGZ|2012 Summer}} || 14 | |||
| |- | |||
| | CYP || {{flagIOC|CYP|2012 Summer}} || 13 | |||
| |- | |||
| | ALB || {{flagIOC|ALB|2012 Summer}} || 12 | |||
| |- | |||
| | BRN || {{flagIOC|BRN|2012 Summer}} || 12 | |||
| |- | |||
| | ERI || {{flagIOC|ERI|2012 Summer}} || 12 | |||
| |- | |||
| | QAT || {{flagIOC|QAT|2012 Summer}} || 12 | |||
| |- | |||
| | CRC || {{flagIOC|CRC|2012 Summer}} || 11 | |||
| |- | |||
| | KUW || {{flagIOC|KUW|2012 Summer}} || 11 | |||
| |- | |||
| | MRI || {{flagIOC|MRI|2012 Summer}} || 11 | |||
| |- | |||
| | PHI || {{flagIOC|PHI|2012 Summer}} || 11 | |||
| |- | |||
| | CIV || {{flagIOC|CIV|2012 Summer}} || 10 | |||
| |- | |||
| | ESA || {{flagIOC|ESA|2012 Summer}} || 10 | |||
| |- | |||
| | GRN || {{flagIOC|GRN|2012 Summer}} || 10 | |||
| |- | |||
| | LIB || {{flagIOC|LIB|2012 Summer}} || 10 | |||
| |- | |||
| | SYR || {{flagIOC|SYR|2012 Summer}} || 10 | |||
| |- | |||
| | TKM || {{flagIOC|TKM|2012 Summer}} || 10 | |||
| |- | |||
| | FIJ || {{flagIOC|FIJ|2012 Summer}} || 9 | |||
| |- | |||
| | GHA || {{flagIOC|GHA|2012 Summer}} || 9 | |||
| |- | |||
| | JOR || {{flagIOC|JOR|2012 Summer}} || 9 | |||
| |- | |||
| | LUX || {{flagIOC|LUX|2012 Summer}} || 9 | |||
| |- | |||
| | NAM || {{flagIOC|NAM|2012 Summer}} || 9 | |||
| |- | |||
| | BER || {{flagIOC|BER|2012 Summer}} || 8 | |||
| |- | |||
| | COK || {{flagIOC|COK|2012 Summer}} || 8 | |||
| |- | |||
| | GUM || {{flagIOC|GUM|2012 Summer}} || 8 | |||
| |- | |||
| | IRQ || {{flagIOC|IRQ|2012 Summer}} || 8 | |||
| |- | |||
| | PAR || {{flagIOC|PAR|2012 Summer}} || 8 | |||
| |- | |||
| | PNG || {{flagIOC|PNG|2012 Summer}} || 8 | |||
| |- | |||
| | SAM || {{flagIOC|SAM|2012 Summer}} || 8 | |||
| |- | |||
| | CGO || {{flagIOC|CGO|2012 Summer}} || 7 | |||
| |- | |||
| | ISV || {{flagIOC|ISV|2012 Summer}} || 7 | |||
| |- | |||
| | MAD || {{flagIOC|MAD|2012 Summer}} || 7 | |||
| |- | |||
| | PAN || {{flagIOC|PAN|2012 Summer}} || 7 | |||
| |- | |||
| | RWA || {{flagIOC|RWA|2012 Summer}} || 7 | |||
| |- | |||
| | SKN || {{flagIOC|SKN|2012 Summer}} || 7 | |||
| |- | |||
| | SRI || {{flagIOC|SRI|2012 Summer}} || 7 | |||
| |- | |||
| | TAN || {{flagIOC|TAN|2012 Summer}} || 7 | |||
| |- | |||
| | ZAM || {{flagIOC|ZAM|2012 Summer}} || 7 | |||
| |- | |||
| | ZIM || {{flagIOC|ZIM|2012 Summer}} || 7 | |||
| |- | |||
| | AFG || {{flagIOC|AFG|2012 Summer}} || 6 | |||
| |- | |||
| | AND || {{flagIOC|AND|2012 Summer}} || 6 | |||
| |- | |||
| | BAR || {{flagIOC|BAR|2012 Summer}} || 6 | |||
| |- | |||
| | BDI || {{flagIOC|BDI|2012 Summer}} || 6 | |||
| |- | |||
| | BIH || {{flagIOC|BIH|2012 Summer}} || 6 | |||
| |- | |||
| | BOL || {{flagIOC|BOL|2012 Summer}} || 6 | |||
| |- | |||
| | CAF || {{flagIOC|CAF|2012 Summer}} || 6 | |||
| |- | |||
| | CAM || {{flagIOC|CAM|2012 Summer}} || 6 | |||
| |- | |||
| | DJI || {{flagIOC|DJI|2012 Summer}} || 6 | |||
| |- | |||
| | FSM || {{flagIOC|FSM|2012 Summer}} || 6 | |||
| |- | |||
| | GUY || {{flagIOC|GUY|2012 Summer}} || 6 | |||
| |- | |||
| | MLI || {{flagIOC|MLI|2012 Summer}} || 6 | |||
| |- | |||
| | MON || {{flagIOC|MON|2012 Summer}} || 6 | |||
| |- | |||
| | MOZ || {{flagIOC|MOZ|2012 Summer}} || 6 | |||
| |- | |||
| | MYA || {{flagIOC|MYA|2012 Summer}} || 6 | |||
| |- | |||
| | NCA || {{flagIOC|NCA|2012 Summer}} || 6 | |||
| |- | |||
| | NIG || {{flagIOC|NIG|2012 Summer}} || 6 | |||
| |- | |||
| | SEY || {{flagIOC|SEY|2012 Summer}} || 6 | |||
| |- | |||
| | SUD || {{flagIOC|SUD|2012 Summer}} || 6 | |||
| |- | |||
| | TOG || {{flagIOC|TOG|2012 Summer}} || 6 | |||
| |- | |||
| | ANT || {{flagIOC|ANT|2012 Summer}} || 5 | |||
| |- | |||
| | ASA || {{flagIOC|ASA|2012 Summer}} || 5 | |||
| |- | |||
| | BAN || {{flagIOC|BAN|2012 Summer}} || 5 | |||
| |- | |||
| | BEN || {{flagIOC|BEN|2012 Summer}} || 5 | |||
| |- | |||
| | BUR || {{flagIOC|BUR|2012 Summer}} || 5 | |||
| |- | |||
| | CAY || {{flagIOC|CAY|2012 Summer}} || 5 | |||
| |- | |||
| | HAI || {{flagIOC|HAI|2012 Summer}} || 5 | |||
| |- | |||
| | LBA || {{flagIOC|LBA|2012 Summer}} || 5 | |||
| |- | |||
| | MDV || {{flagIOC|MDV|2012 Summer}} || 5 | |||
| |- | |||
| | MLT || {{flagIOC|MLT|2012 Summer}} || 5 | |||
| |- | |||
| | NEP || {{flagIOC|NEP|2012 Summer}} || 5 | |||
| |- | |||
| | PLE || {{flagIOC|PLE|2012 Summer}} || 5 | |||
| |- | |||
| | PLW || {{flagIOC|PLW|2012 Summer}} || 5 | |||
| |- | |||
| | SUR || {{flagIOC|SUR|2012 Summer}} || 5 | |||
| |- | |||
| | VAN || {{flagIOC|VAN|2012 Summer}} || 5 | |||
| |- | |||
| | ARU || {{flagIOC|ARU|2012 Summer}} || 4 | |||
| |- | |||
| | BOT || {{flagIOC|BOT|2012 Summer}} || 4 | |||
| |- | |||
| | COD || {{flagIOC|COD|2012 Summer}} || 4 | |||
| |- | |||
| | GBS || {{flagIOC|GBS|2012 Summer}} || 4 | |||
| |- | |||
| | GUI || {{flagIOC|GUI|2012 Summer}} || 4 | |||
| |- | |||
| | IOA || {{flagIOC|IOA|2012 Summer}} || 4 | |||
| |- | |||
| | LBR || {{flagIOC|LBR|2012 Summer}} || 4 | |||
| |- | |||
| | LCA || {{flagIOC|LCA|2012 Summer}} || 4 | |||
| |- | |||
| | LES || {{flagIOC|LES|2012 Summer}} || 4 | |||
| |- | |||
| | MHL || {{flagIOC|MHL|2012 Summer}} || 4 | |||
| |- | |||
| | MKD || {{flagIOC|MKD|2012 Summer}} || 4 | |||
| |- | |||
| | OMA || {{flagIOC|OMA|2012 Summer}} || 4 | |||
| |- | |||
| | SMR || {{flagIOC|SMR|2012 Summer}} || 4 | |||
| |- | |||
| | SOL || {{flagIOC|SOL|2012 Summer}} || 4 | |||
| |- | |||
| | YEM || {{flagIOC|YEM|2012 Summer}} || 4 | |||
| |- | |||
| | BIZ || {{flagIOC|BIZ|2012 Summer}} || 3 | |||
| |- | |||
| | BRU || {{flagIOC|BRU|2012 Summer}} || 3 | |||
| |- | |||
| | CHA || {{flagIOC|CHA|2012 Summer}} || 3 | |||
| |- | |||
| | COM || {{flagIOC|COM|2012 Summer}} || 3 | |||
| |- | |||
| | CPV || {{flagIOC|CPV|2012 Summer}} || 3 | |||
| |- | |||
| | KIR || {{flagIOC|KIR|2012 Summer}} || 3 | |||
| |- | |||
| | LAO || {{flagIOC|LAO|2012 Summer}} || 3 | |||
| |- | |||
| | LIE || {{flagIOC|LIE|2012 Summer}} || 3 | |||
| |- | |||
| | MAW || {{flagIOC|MAW|2012 Summer}} || 3 | |||
| |- | |||
| | SWZ || {{flagIOC|SWZ|2012 Summer}} || 3 | |||
| |- | |||
| | TGA || {{flagIOC|TGA|2012 Summer}} || 3 | |||
| |- | |||
| | TUV || {{flagIOC|TUV|2012 Summer}} || 3 | |||
| |- | |||
| | VIN || {{flagIOC|VIN|2012 Summer}} || 3 | |||
| |- | |||
| | BHU || {{flagIOC|BHU|2012 Summer}} || 2 | |||
| |- | |||
| | DMA || {{flagIOC|DMA|2012 Summer}} || 2 | |||
| |- | |||
| | GAM || {{flagIOC|GAM|2012 Summer}} || 2 | |||
| |- | |||
| | GEQ || {{flagIOC|GEQ|2012 Summer}} || 2 | |||
| |- | |||
| | IVB || {{flagIOC|IVB|2012 Summer}} || 2 | |||
| |- | |||
| | MTN || {{flagIOC|MTN|2012 Summer}} || 2 | |||
| |- | |||
| | NRU || {{flagIOC|NRU|2012 Summer}} || 2 | |||
| |- | |||
| | SLE || {{flagIOC|SLE|2012 Summer}} || 2 | |||
| |- | |||
| | SOM || {{flagIOC|SOM|2012 Summer}} || 2 | |||
| |- | |||
| | STP || {{flagIOC|STP|2012 Summer}} || 2 | |||
| |- | |||
| | TLS || {{flagIOC|TLS|2012 Summer}} || 2 | |||
| |} | |} | ||
| ===Sports=== | ===Sports=== | ||
| The 2012 Summer |
The 2012 Summer Olympics featured 26 different sports encompassing 39 disciplines and 302 events. In the list below, the number of events in each discipline is noted in parentheses. | ||
| <small>The number of events in each sport is noted in parens</small> | |||
| {|class="wikitable" | |||
| |- | |||
| !2012 Summer Olympics Sports Programme | |||
| |- | |||
| | | |||
| {{Col-begin}} | {{Col-begin}} | ||
| {{Col-1-of-4}} | {{Col-1-of-4}} | ||
| * |
*Aquatics | ||
| ** |
**{{GamesSport|Diving|Events=8|Format=d}} | ||
| ** |
**{{GamesSport|Swimming|Events=34|Format=d}} | ||
| ** |
**{{GamesSport|Synchronized swimming|Events=2|Format=d}} | ||
| ** |
**{{GamesSport|Water polo|Events=2|Format=d}} | ||
| * |
*{{GamesSport|Archery|Events=4|Format=d}} | ||
| * |
*{{GamesSport|Athletics|Events=47|Format=d}} | ||
| * |
*{{GamesSport|Badminton|Events=5|Format=d}} | ||
| * |
*{{GamesSport|Basketball|Events=2|Format=d}} | ||
| * |
*{{GamesSport|Boxing|Events=13|Format=d}} | ||
| {{Col-2-of-4}} | {{Col-2-of-4}} | ||
| * |
*{{GamesSport|Canoeing|Format=d}} | ||
| ** |
**Sprint <small>(12)</small> | ||
| ** |
**Slalom <small>(4)</small> | ||
| * |
*{{GamesSport|Cycling|Format=d|Competitors=List of cyclists}} | ||
| ** |
**BMX <small>(2)</small> | ||
| ** |
**Mountain biking <small>(2)</small> | ||
| ** |
**Road <small>(4)</small> | ||
| ** |
**Track <small>(10)</small> | ||
| * |
*{{GamesSport|Equestrian|Format=d}} | ||
| ** |
**Dressage <small>(2)</small> | ||
| ** |
**Eventing <small>(2)</small> | ||
| ** |
**Jumping <small>(2)</small> | ||
| {{Col-2-of-4}} | {{Col-2-of-4}} | ||
| * |
*{{GamesSport|Fencing|Events=10|Format=d}} | ||
| * |
*{{GamesSport|Field hockey|Events=2|Format=d}} | ||
| * |
*{{GamesSport|Football|Events=2|Format=d}} | ||
| * |
*{{GamesSport|Gymnastics|Format=d}} | ||
| ** |
**Artistic <small>(14)</small> | ||
| ** |
**Rhythmic <small>(2)</small> | ||
| ** |
**Trampoline <small>(2)</small> | ||
| * |
*{{GamesSport|Handball|Events=2|Format=d}} | ||
| * |
*{{GamesSport|Judo|Events=14|Format=d}} | ||
| * |
*{{GamesSport|Modern pentathlon|Events=2|Format=d}} | ||
| * |
*{{GamesSport|Rowing|Events=14|Format=d}} | ||
| * |
*{{GamesSport|Sailing|Events=10|Format=d}} | ||
| {{Col-3-of-4}} | {{Col-3-of-4}} | ||
| * |
*{{GamesSport|Shooting|Events=15|Format=d}} | ||
| * |
*{{GamesSport|Table tennis|Events=4|Format=d}} | ||
| * |
*{{GamesSport|Taekwondo|Events=8|Format=d}} | ||
| * |
*{{GamesSport|Tennis|Events=5|Format=d}} | ||
| * |
*{{GamesSport|Triathlon|Events=2|Format=d}} | ||
| * |
*{{GamesSport|Volleyball|Format=d}} | ||
| ** |
**Volleyball <small>(2)</small> | ||
| ** |
**Beach volleyball <small>(2)</small> | ||
| * |
*{{GamesSport|Weightlifting|Events=15|Format=d}} | ||
| * |
*{{GamesSport|Wrestling|Format=d}} | ||
| ** |
**Freestyle <small>(11)</small> | ||
| ** |
**Greco-Roman <small>(7)</small> | ||
| {{col-end}} | {{col-end}} | ||
| |} | |||
| Women's boxing was included in the programme for the first time, and 36 women competed in three weight classes. There was a ] for the shooting events, which would otherwise have been illegal under ].<ref>{{cite news|last=Fraser|first=Andrew|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/olympics_2012/4162498.stm|title=Shooters seek handgun law change|date=19 August 2005|work=BBC Sport|access-date=30 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728033926/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/olympics_2012/4162498.stm|archive-date=28 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|url=https://www.espn.com/espn/wire?section=oly&id=3478179|title=British government relaxes gun laws on sport ahead of 2012 Olympics|date=8 July 2008|publisher=]|access-date=30 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729225442/http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/wire?section=oly&id=3478179|archive-date=29 July 2013}}</ref> In tennis, mixed doubles returned to the Olympic programme for the first time since 1924.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nbcolympics.com/tennis/event/mixed-doubles/index.html|title=Tennis: Mixed Doubles preview|website=NBCOlympics.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718215159/http://www.nbcolympics.com/tennis/event/mixed-doubles/index.html|archive-date=18 July 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> | |||
| London's bid featured 28 sports |
London's bid featured the same 28 sports that had been included in other recent Summer Olympics, but the IOC voted to drop ] and ] from the 2012 Games just two days after London had been selected as the host city. There was an appeal, but the IOC voted to uphold the decision, and the two sports were scheduled to be discontinued after their last appearance at the ].<ref name=SportsDropped>{{Cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/olympics/2005-07-08-baseball-softball-dropped_x.htm|title=Baseball, softball bumped from Olympics|first=Vicki|last=Michaelis|access-date=17 August 2008|date=8 July 2005|work=USA Today|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080709024822/http://www.usatoday.com/sports/olympics/2005-07-08-baseball-softball-dropped_x.htm|archive-date=9 July 2008}}</ref> The IOC then voted on whether or not to replace them; ], ], ], ] and ] were considered. Karate and squash were the two final nominees, but neither received enough votes to reach the required two-thirds majority.<ref name=SportsDropped/> | ||
| Although formal ]s were eliminated |
Although formal ]s were eliminated after the 1992 Summer Olympics,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/past/innovations_uk.asp?OLGT=1&OLGY=1996|title=International Olympic Committee – Olympic Games|publisher=Olympic.org|access-date=12 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080912061938/http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/past/innovations_uk.asp?OLGT=1&OLGY=1996|archive-date=12 September 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> special tournaments for non-Olympic sports can be run during the Games, such as the ] at the 2008 Summer Olympics.<ref name="islondon">{{cite web|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/world-news/london-legislator-heads-for-beijing-wants-cricket-in-2012-olympics_10080420.html|title=London legislator heads for Beijing, wants cricket in 2012 Olympics|publisher=Thaindian News|first=Dipankar|last=De Sarkar|access-date=20 August 2008|date=6 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080815225429/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/world-news/london-legislator-heads-for-beijing-wants-cricket-in-2012-olympics_10080420.html|archive-date=15 August 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> There were attempts to run ]<ref name="islondon"/> and ]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.express.co.uk/posts/view/35597/Gordon-Brown-backs-Olympic-netball|title=Gordon Brown backs Olympic netball|work=Daily Express|location=UK|access-date=10 September 2008|date=20 February 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20080928201036/http://www.express.co.uk/posts/view/35597/Gordon-Brown-backs-Olympic-netball|archive-date=28 September 2008}}</ref> tournaments alongside the 2012 Games, but neither campaign was successful. | ||
| ===Calendar=== | ===Calendar=== | ||
| {{see also|Chronological summary of the 2012 Summer Olympics}} | {{see also|Chronological summary of the 2012 Summer Olympics}} | ||
| The final official schedule was released on 15 February 2011.<ref>{{cite news |
The final official schedule was released on 15 February 2011.<ref>{{cite news|title=London 2012 Olympic Games schedule released|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/olympic_games/london_2012/9397378.stm|access-date=25 May 2011|date=15 February 2011|work=BBC Sport|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111012033641/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/olympic_games/london_2012/9397378.stm|archive-date=12 October 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
| {{2012 Summer Olympics |
{{#section:Chronological summary of the 2012 Summer Olympics|Calendar}} | ||
| === |
===Records=== | ||
| ] (left) with ] (right), demonstrating one another's famous gestures (the "Lightning Bolt" and "Mobot")]] | |||
| The Olympic Games featured 32 world records in 8 sports as listed below. The largest number of records were set in swimming (8). Most of the records were set by China (5), Great Britain (5) and United States (5). | |||
| {{main|World and Olympic records set at the 2012 Summer Olympics}} | |||
| <!--Table format used to avoid list format--> | |||
| These Olympic Games resulted in 32 world records in eight sports. The largest number of records were set in swimming, at eight. China, Great Britain and the United States set the most records, with five each. | |||
| {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" | |||
| == Medal table == | |||
| {{Main|2012 Summer Olympics medal table}} | |||
| {{Further|List of 2012 Summer Olympics medal winners}} | |||
| A total of 85 National Olympic Committees (NOCs) won medals, 54 of those countries winning at least one gold medal. Seven NOCs won their first ever Olympic medal: ] (gold),<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/london-2012/results/athletics/1500m-women |title=London 2012, Athletics, 1500m Women, Results |date=7 March 2019 |website=olympics.com |access-date=28 October 2017 |archive-date=18 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160518015822/http://www.olympic.org/olympic-results/london-2012/athletics/1500m-w |url-status=live}}</ref> ] (silver),<ref>{{Cite news|last=Beaumont|first=Mark|date=4 February 2014|title=Queen's Baton Relay: Nijel Amos, building on Olympic success|work=]|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/blogs-queens-baton-relay-26035470|access-date=13 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411000739/http://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-queens-baton-relay-26035470|archive-date=11 April 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> ] (silver),<ref>{{cite web|title=Cyprus celebrates first Olympic medal as Kontides claims silver|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/cyprus-celebrates-first-olympic-medal-as-kontides-claims-silver|website=olympics.com|access-date=29 June 2023|date=31 March 2021|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103140820/https://olympics.com/en/news/cyprus-celebrates-first-olympic-medal-as-kontides-claims-silver|archive-date=3 January 2022}}</ref> ] (silver),<ref>{{cite news|title=Molfetta wins Olympic gold in men's plus-80K|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/huff-wires/20120811/oly-tae-men-s-over-80k/|date=11 August 2012|work=Huffington Post|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130610054353/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/huff-wires/20120811/oly-tae-men-s-over-80k/|archive-date=10 June 2013}}</ref> ] (gold),<ref>{{cite news|title=Grenada's Kirani James wins Olympic 400m gold|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/olympics/18909277|work=BBC Sport|last=Fordyce|first=Tom|date=6 August 2012|access-date=9 August 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120809003248/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/olympics/18909277|archive-date=9 August 2012}}</ref> ] (silver),<ref>{{cite news|title=Chen wins Olympic 20km walk, history for Guatemala|agency=Reuters|url=http://asia.eurosport.com/athletics/olympic-games-london/2012/chen-wins-20km-walk_sto3375063/story-london.shtml|work=Eurosport Asia|date=5 August 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806182827/http://asia.eurosport.com/athletics/olympic-games-london/2012/chen-wins-20km-walk_sto3375063/story-london.shtml|archive-date=6 August 2012 }}</ref> and ] (silver).<ref>{{cite news|title=Olympics handball: Norway beat Montenegro to women's gold|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/olympics/18912978|work=BBC Sport|date=11 August 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812083720/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/olympics/18912978|archive-date=12 August 2012}}</ref> The ] finished at the top of the table, winning 48 gold medals and a total of 104 medals. ] finished second with 38 gold medals and 91 medals overall, and hosts ] came in third place, winning 29 gold medals and 65 medals overall in their best performance since London hosted its first Summer Olympics in ], pushing ]—who won 18 gold medals and 64 medals in total, after doping redistributions (initially 24 gold and 82 total)—into fourth place. | |||
| ;Key | |||
| {{Color box|#ffffff| <nowiki>‡</nowiki> |border=darkgray}} Changes in medal standings (see ]) | |||
| {{:2012 Summer Olympics medal table}} | |||
| ===Podium sweeps=== | |||
| {|class="wikitable" | |||
| |+ | |||
| !Date | |||
| !Sport | |||
| !Event | |||
| !NOC | |||
| !Gold | |||
| !Silver | |||
| !Bronze | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |28 July | |||
| ! Date !! Event !! Athlete !! Nation !! class="unsortable"|Record description !! class="unsortable"|Ref | |||
| |] | |||
| |] | |||
| |{{flagIOC|ITA|2012 Summer}} | |||
| |] | |||
| |] | |||
| |] | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |9 August | |||
| | 27 July 2012 || ] || ] || {{flagIOC|KOR}} || Scored a world record of '''699''' in the ranking round || <ref name="olympicsmedaltally1">{{cite web |url= http://olympicsmedaltally.com/im-dong-hyun-posts-first-world-record-of-london-2012-olympics.html |title=Im Dong Hyun posts first world record of London 2012 Olympics |work=Olympics Metal Tally |accessdate=27 July 2012 |date=27 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| |] | |||
| |] | |||
| |{{flagIOC|JAM|2012 Summer}} | |||
| |] | |||
| |] | |||
| |] | |||
| |- | |- | ||
| |11 August | |||
| | 27 July 2012 || ] || ]<br />]<br />] || {{flagIOC|KOR}} || Scored a world record of '''2087''' in the ranking round || <ref name="olympicsmedaltally1"/> | |||
| |] | |||
| |- | |||
| |]<ref>{{cite web|title=20 Kilometres Race Walk women |url=https://www.worldathletics.org/results/olympic-games/2012/the-xxx-olympic-games-6999193/women/20-kilometres-race-walk/final/result#resultheader|work=World Athletics |access-date=31 May 2022|url-status=live|archive-date=22 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922072309/https://worldathletics.org/results/olympic-games/2012/the-xxx-olympic-games-6999193/women/20-kilometres-race-walk/final/result}}</ref> | |||
| | 28 July 2012 || ] || ]<br />] || {{flagIOC|NZL}} || Set a world record time of '''6:08.50''' in the heats || <ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/new-zealand-pair-hamish-bond-eric-murray-set-world-best-time-at-olympic-rowing-regatta/2012/07/28/gJQAMqGnFX_story.html |title=New Zealand pair Hamish Bond, Eric Murray set world best time at Olympic rowing regatta |work= The Washington Post |accessdate=28 July 2012 |agency=Associated Press |date=28 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| |{{flagIOC|CHN|2012 Summer}} | |||
| |- | |||
| |] | |||
| | 28 July 2012 || ] || ] || {{flagIOC|CHN}} || Set a world record time of '''4:28.43''' in the final || <ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.newsday.com/sports/ye-shiwen-of-china-sets-world-record-to-win-olympic-gold-in-women-s-400-im-1.3866999 |title=Ye Shiwen of China sets world record to win Olympic gold in women's 400 IM |work=Newsday |location =New York |accessdate=28 July 2012 |date=28 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| |] | |||
| |- | |||
| |] | |||
| | 29 July 2012 || ] || ] || {{flagIOC|KAZ}} || Set a world record at clean and jerk of '''131 kg''' || <ref>{{cite news |title=Women's 53kg Results |url= http://www.london2012.com/weightlifting/event/women-53kg/index.html?v=20120729-152516477 |publisher= London 2012 |date=29 July 2012 |accessdate=29 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| |- | |||
| | 29 July 2012 || ] || ] || {{flagIOC|USA}} || Set a world record time of '''55.98''' || <ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.newsday.com/sports/olympics/dana-vollmer-sets-world-record-in-100-fly-1.3868509 |title= Dana Vollmer sets world record in 100 fly |work=Newsday |location =New York |accessdate=29 July 2012 |date=29 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| |- | |||
| | 29 July 2012 || ] || ] || {{flagIOC|RSA}} || Set a world record time of '''58.46''' ||<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/10d41a804c296bda9dcdbd6995218ba3/Sascoc-hails-van-der-Burgh-on-Olympic-win-20123007 |title=Sascoc hails van der Burgh on Olympic win |work=SABC |date=30 July 2012 |location =Johannesburg |accessdate=30 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| |- | |||
| | 30 July 2012 || ] || ] || {{flagIOC|PRK}} || Set a world record at total of '''327 kg''' || <ref>{{cite news |title=Records tumble as Kim takes gold |url= http://www.london2012.com/news/articles/records-tumble-kim-takes-gold.html |publisher=London 2012 |date=30 July 2012 |accessdate=30 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| |- | |||
| | 1 August 2012 || ] || ] || {{flagIOC|HUN}} || Set a world record time of '''2:07.28''' || <ref name="day5">{{cite news |title=Day 5 Review: Adrian, Gyurta celebrate gold success |url= http://www.london2012.com/news/articles/day-review-adrian-gyurta-celebrate-gold-success.html |publisher=London 2012 |date=1 August 2012 |accessdate=2 August 2012}}</ref> | |||
| |- | |||
| | 1 August 2012 || ] || ] || {{flagIOC|CHN}} || Set world record at snatch of '''175 kg'''<br />Set world record at total of '''379 kg''' || <ref>{{cite news |title=Lu lifts into record books |url= http://www.london2012.com/news/articles/lifts-into-record-books.html |publisher=London 2012 |date=1 August 2012 |accessdate=2 August 2012}}</ref> | |||
| |- | |||
| | 1 August 2012<br /> 2 August 2012 || ] || ] || {{flagIOC|USA}} || Set a world record time of '''2:20.00''' in the semi-final.<br />Set a world record time of '''2:19.59''' in the final. || <ref name="day5" /><br /><ref>{{cite news |title=Soni smashes world record to claim gold |url=http://www.london2012.com/news/articles/soni-smashes-world-record-for-gold.html |publisher=London 2012 |date=2 August 2012 |accessdate=2 August 2012}}</ref> | |||
| |- | |||
| | 2 August 2012 || ] || ]<br />] || {{flagIOC|GBR}} || Set a world record time of '''32.526''' in the qualification. || | |||
| |- | |||
| | 2 August 2012 || ] || ]<br />] || {{flagIOC|CHN}} || Set a world record time of '''32.447''' in the qualification.<br />Set a world record time of '''32.422''' in the first round. || <ref>{{cite news |title=Olympics-Cycling-China set world record, Britain out |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/08/02/oly-cycl-ctwspr-record-day-idUSL6E8J2MQS20120802 |work=Reuters |date=2 August 2012 |accessdate=2 August 2012 |first=Julien |last=Pretot}}</ref> | |||
| |- | |||
| | 2 August 2012 || ] || ]<br />]<br />]<br />] || {{flagIOC|GBR}} || Set a world record time of '''3:52.499''' in the qualification.<br />Set a world record time of '''3:51.659''' in the final.|| <ref>{{cite news |title=Coach backs GB quartet to go faster |url=http://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/news/coach-backs-gb-quartet-go-faster-225010484.html |work=Yahoo! Eurosport |date=2 August 2012 |accessdate=2 August 2012}}</ref> | |||
| |- | |||
| | 2 August 2012 || ] || ]<br />]<br />] || {{flagIOC|GBR}} || Set a world record time of '''42.747''' in the first round.<br />Set a world record time of '''42.600''' in the final. || <ref>{{cite news |title=Hoy claims fifth gold |url=http://www.london2012.com/news/articles/hoy-claims-fifth-gold.html |publisher=London 2012 |date=2 August 2012 |accessdate=2 August 2012}}</ref> | |||
| |- | |||
| | 2 August 2012 || ] || ] || {{flagIOC|RUS}} || Set a world record of '''592''' in the qualification ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/shooting/event/men-25m-rapid-fire-pistol/phase=shm202900/index.html |title=Men's 25m Rapid Fire Pistol |publisher=London 2012 |date=2 August 2012 |accessdate=12 August 2012}}</ref> | |||
| |- | |||
| | 3 August 2012 || ] || ]<br />]<br />] || {{flagIOC|GBR}} || Set a world record time of '''3:15.669''' in the qualification.|| | |||
| |- | |||
| | 3 August 2012 || ] || ] || {{flagIOC|BLR}} || Set a world record result of '''705.5''' in the final. || | |||
| |- | |||
| | 3 August 2012 || ] || ] || {{flagIOC|USA}} || Set a world record time of '''2:04.06''' in the final. || | |||
| |- | |||
| | 4 August 2012 || ] || ] || {{flagIOC|ITA}} || Scored a world record of '''75''' in the qualification. <br/> Scored a world record of '''99''' in the final. || | |||
| |- | |||
| | 4 August 2012 || ] || ]<br />]<br />] || {{flagIOC|GBR}} || Set a world record time of '''3:14.682''' in the first round. <br> Set a world record time of '''3:14.051''' in the final.|| | |||
| |- | |||
| | 4 August 2012 || ] || ] || {{flagIOC|CHN}} || Set a world record time of '''14:31.02''' in the final.|| <ref>{{cite news |title=Sun shatters 1500m WR at Olympics, Fogg eighth |url=http://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/news/sun-shatters-1500m-wr-olympics-fogg-eighth-190203974.html |publisher=Yahoo! Eurosport |date=4 August 2012 |accessdate=4 August 2012}}</ref> | |||
| |- | |||
| | 4 August 2012 || ] || ]<br>]<br>]<br>] || {{flagIOC|USA}} || Set a world record time of '''3:52.05''' in the final.|| | |||
| |- | |||
| | 4 August 2012 || ] || ] || {{flagIOC|KAZ}} || Set a world record at clean and jerk of '''233 kg'''.<br>Set a world record total of '''418 kg'''.||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/weightlifting/event/men-94kg/index.html?v=20120804-203849822 |title=Men's 94kg |publisher=London 2012 |date=4 August 2012 |accessdate=12 August 2012}}</ref> | |||
| |- | |||
| | 5 August 2012 || ] || ] || {{flagIOC|RUS}} || Set a world record at snatch of '''151 kg'''.|| | |||
| |- | |||
| | 5 August 2012 || ] || ] || {{flagIOC|CHN}} || Set a world record total of '''333 kg'''.|| | |||
| |- | |||
| | 9 August 2012 || ] || ] || {{flagIOC|KEN}} || Set a world record time of '''1:40.91''' in the final.|| | |||
| |- | |||
| | 10 August 2012 || ] || ]<br />]<br />]<br />] || {{flagIOC|USA}} || Set a world record time of '''40.82''' in the final.|| | |||
| |- | |||
| | 11 August 2012 || ] || ] || {{flagIOC|RUS}} || Set a world record time of '''1:25.02'''.|| | |||
| |- | |||
| | 11 August 2012 || ] || ] <br> ] <br> ] <br> ]|| {{flagIOC|JAM}} || Set a world record time of '''36.84''' in the final.|| | |||
| |- | |||
| | 11 August 2012 || ] || ]|| {{flagIOC|ITA}} || Set a world record time of '''9:23.63''' in the running element.||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/modern-pentathlon/event/men/records/index.html |title=Olympic Modern Pentathlon Records – Olympic & World Records |publisher=London 2012 |date=11 August 2012 |accessdate=17 August 2012}}</ref> | |||
| |- | |||
| | 12 August 2012 || ] || ]|| {{flagIOC|BLR}} || Set a world record time of '''10:20.90''' in the running element.||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london2012.com/modern-pentathlon/event/women/records/index.html |title=Olympic Modern Pentathlon Records – Olympic & World Records |publisher=London 2012 |date=12 August 2012 |accessdate=17 August 2012}}</ref> | |||
| |} | |} | ||
| ===Medal count=== | |||
| {{Main|2012 Summer Olympics medal table}} | |||
| {{:2012 Summer Olympics medal table|caption=Top ten of the 2012 Summer Olympics medal table}} | |||
| ;Key | |||
| {{colorbox|#ccccff| <nowiki>*</nowiki> }} Host nation (Great Britain) | |||
| ==Broadcasting== | ==Broadcasting== | ||
| {{Main|List of 2012 Summer Olympics broadcasters}} | {{Main|List of 2012 Summer Olympics broadcasters}} | ||
| ], the former London Olympics Media Centre. It now accommodates campuses for ], ] and ] and is a location for start-up businesses.<ref>{{cite web |date=26 February 2014 |title=iCITY approved and new name revealed |url=https://news.hackney.gov.uk/icity-approved-and-new-name-revealed/ |access-date=15 October 2019 |publisher=Hackney Council}}</ref>]] | |||
| ] in June 2011]] | |||
| The host broadcaster was ] (OBS), an agency of the IOC. The OBS used its own cameras and crews subcontracted from other Olympic broadcasters to cover the events. The base video and audio were sold to other broadcasters, who added their own ] and presentation. | |||
| The official recording format of the 2012 Summer Olympics used ]'s digital technologies. The official video was produced and distributed from the ] in 1080/50i High-Definition (HD) format. Panasonic announced that DVCPRO HD would be the official recording format. OBS London used ] HD shoulder-mount camcorders.<ref>{{cite press release|title=Panasonic Announces 3D P2 HD Shoulder-Mount Camcorder ... for London 2012 Olympic Games|url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20110410005065/en/Panasonic-Announces-3D-P2-HD-Shoulder-Mount-Camcorder|publisher=Panasonic|access-date=25 May 2011|date=10 April 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110414131953/http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20110410005065/en/Panasonic-Announces-3D-P2-HD-Shoulder-Mount-Camcorder|archive-date=14 April 2011}}</ref> | |||
| The IOC wanted television coverage to reach as broad a worldwide audience as possible, and several national and regional broadcasters covered London 2012. In the UK, the ] carried the Olympics and ] the Paralympics. The BBC aimed to broadcast all 5,000 hours of the Games.<ref name="Roger Mosey Blog">{{cite web|date=29 September 2010|title=Roger Mosey's Blog|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/rogermosey/2010/06/highlighting_an_issue.html|publisher=BBC|access-date=29 September 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100703005322/http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/rogermosey/2010/06/highlighting_an_issue.html|archive-date=3 July 2010}}</ref> ]'s ] channel was suspended, ]'s on-air time was extended so that it could show Olympic events in the daytime, and 24 additional BBC Olympics channels were available via cable, satellite and the internet in the UK. | |||
| The host broadcaster was ] (OBS), an agency of the IOC. It used its own cameras, and crews subcontracted from other Olympic broadcasters, to cover the events. The base video and audio were sold to other broadcasters, who added their own commentary and presentation. | |||
| The US television rights, owned by ], accounted for more than half the rights revenue for the IOC. Despite high viewership, many viewers were disappointed with NBC's coverage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/sports/july-dec12/olympics2_07-31.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121193734/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/sports/july-dec12/olympics2_07-31.html|url-status=dead|title=Social Media Users Express Disappointment with NBC's Olympics Coverage|website=]|archive-date=21 January 2014}}</ref> The operations of broadcasters granted rights to the Games were hosted in the dedicated International Broadcast Centre inside the security cordon of the Olympic Park. YouTube planned to stream the Games in 64 territories in Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa where there were no official broadcasters.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://support.google.com/youtube/bin/static.py?hl=en&guide=2675200&page=guide.cs|title=2012 Olympics on YouTube – YouTube Help|access-date=25 March 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509114121/https://support.google.com/youtube/bin/static.py?hl=en&guide=2675200&page=guide.cs|archive-date=9 May 2013}}</ref> | |||
| The official recording format of the 2012 Olympic Games used ]'s digital technologies, with the official video being produced and distributed from the ] in 1080/50i High-Definition (HD) format. Panasonic announced that DVCPRO HD would be the official recording format. ] London (OBSL), the host broadcaster, used ] HD series equipment to support the broadcast of the competition.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Panasonic Announces 3D P2 HD Shoulder-Mount Camcorder ... for London 2012 Olympic Games |url= http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20110410005065/en/Panasonic-Announces-3D-P2-HD-Shoulder-Mount-Camcorder |publisher=Panasonic |accessdate=25 May 2011 |date=10 April 2011}}</ref> | |||
| In ] a dispute occurred between ] and ] as to who was the official broadcaster of the Games. This problem was caused as ] had offered the official broadcasting rights to both networks, as both of the networks were ABU members. So SLRC filed a case against MBC Networks for broadcasting rights at the Colombo Magistrate's Court. Considering the case, the court issued a special court order preventing MBC Networks' Olympic broadcast and stated that SLRC should be the sole broadcaster.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adaderana.lk/news.php?nid=18124|title=Olympic broadcasting rights only to Rupavahini|date=17 May 2012|website=]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630031020/http://www.adaderana.lk/news.php?nid=18124|archive-date=30 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> However, when the Games started, both networks broadcast most of the events simultaneously. Another dispute had previously occurred between ] and SLRC, but the Sports Minister, Mahindananda Aluthgamage, had stated that SLRC had the exclusive rights.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/sinhala/news/story/2012/03/120319_csn_rupavahini_olympics.shtml|title=BBCSinhala.com – Sandeshaya – Olympic rights 'will not be transferred'|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111234445/http://www.bbc.com/sinhala/news/story/2012/03/120319_csn_rupavahini_olympics.shtml|archive-date=11 January 2016}}</ref> | |||
| In accordance with the IOC's wish to provide over-the-air television coverage to as broad a worldwide audience as possible, London 2012 was being broadcast by a number of national and regional broadcasters. In the host nation, the ] (BBC) carried the Olympics, while ] broadcast the Paralympics. The BBC aimed to broadcast by using various (online and red button) channels for all 5,000 hours of the Olympic Games.<ref name="Roger Mosey Blog">{{Cite news |date=29 September 2010 |title=Roger Mosey |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/rogermosey/2010/06/highlighting_an_issue.html |publisher=BBC |accessdate=29 September 2010}}</ref> In addition to extended hours on ] so that it could show Olympic events in the daytime (which involved temporarily closing ]'s ] channel), no fewer than 24 additional BBC Olympics channels were available via cable, satellite and the internet in the UK. Before each game these channels displayed an OBS logo followed by the names of the event, competing teams and venue. At the end of the Games these channels carried a "Thank you for watching" message. The final programme to be carried on the BBC Olympics 1 channel was the ] without commentary. | |||
| ===Olympic Golden Rings Awards=== | |||
| The United States television rights, owned by ], accounted for over half the rights revenue for the IOC.<ref name="Business of Sports" group=book>{{cite book |author= Rosner, Scott |author2=Shropshire, Kenneth L. |title=The Business of Sports |year=2010 |publisher=Jones & Bartlett |location=Sudbury, MA |isbn=9780763780784 |page=453 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-owSi55tLZAC&pg=PA453#v=onepage&f=false}}</ref> Thousands of Americans, however, have chosen to access the BBC's omnibus coverage using ]s, or ]s.<ref></ref> The operations of broadcasters granted rights to the Games are hosted in the dedicated International Broadcast Centre, inside the security cordon of the Olympic Park. YouTube will live stream the Games in 64 territories in Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa where no official broadcaster was chosen.<ref></ref> This content was also viewable on YouTube Mobile and ], as well as via ] and ] applications.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.engadget.com/2012/06/06/youtube-london-olympics-asia-africa/ |title=YouTube will live stream HD Olympics coverage to 64 territories in Asia, Africa |first=Richard |last=Lawler |work=] |publisher=] |date=6 June 2012 |accessdate=8 June 2012}}</ref> | |||
| In November 2012, the IOC announced the winners of the Golden Ring Awards for the best broadcast coverage of the Games. Best Olympic Sports Production was awarded to the sailing, produced by Christopher Lincoln, Gary Milkis, and Ursula Romero. The production for the canoe/kayak slalom and the rowing/canoe sprint came second and third respectively. The award for Best On Air Promotion went to ] with Foxtel and ZDF finishing second and third. NBC Olympics also won the Best Olympic Feature category, as ] came second and ZDF third. The Best Athlete Profile award went to ]'s profile of ], NBC came second with their profile of ], and ] took third place with a profile of ] and Ruben Rezola. The award for Best Olympic Programme went to NBC, host broadcasters the BBC took second place for Super Saturday (the middle Saturday of the Games), and third place was claimed by the ] for their live coverage of Day 16 of the Games.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc-honours-broadcasters-for-london-2012-coverage|date=30 November 2012|work=IOC|title=IOC honours broadcasters for London 2012 coverage|access-date=12 January 2019|archive-date=15 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210315174921/https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc-honours-broadcasters-for-london-2012-coverage|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
| ==Marketing== | ==Marketing== | ||
| {{main|2012 Summer Olympics marketing}} | {{main|2012 Summer Olympics marketing}} | ||
| "]" |
"]" by ] was announced as the official song of the Olympics,<ref>{{cite news|title=Muse unveil official Olympic song|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-18607319|work=BBC News|date=28 June 2012|access-date=27 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120706133638/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-18607319|archive-date=6 July 2012}}</ref> to be played by international broadcasters reporting on the Games.<ref>{{cite news|title=Muse song Survival unveiled as the official London 2012 Olympic theme tune|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/olympicsvideo/9361112/Muse-song-Survival-unveiled-as-the-official-London-2012-Olympic-theme-tune.html|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|date=28 June 2012|access-date=27 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723014552/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/olympicsvideo/9361112/Muse-song-Survival-unveiled-as-the-official-London-2012-Olympic-theme-tune.html|archive-date=23 July 2012}}</ref> The track was noted to express a sense of conviction and determination to win.<ref>{{cite news |date=28 June 2012 |title=Olympics 2012: Five things Survival by Muse tells us about sporting anthems |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-18624954 |access-date=10 October 2023}}</ref> In August 2009, the ] commissioned artists and illustrators to design 30 stamps, which were released in batches of 10 between 2009 and 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.royalmailgroup.com/news/2009/royal-mail-launches-major-series-olympic-stamps-london-2012|title=Welcome to Royal Mail Group|publisher=royalmailgroup.com|date=24 August 2009|access-date=15 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118174139/http://www.royalmailgroup.com/news/2009/royal-mail-launches-major-series-olympic-stamps-london-2012|archive-date=18 January 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> The last ones were released on 22 July 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-14244890|work=BBC News|title=Year-to-go Olympic stamps unveiled by Royal Mail|date=22 July 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920080303/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-14244890|archive-date=20 September 2011}}</ref> Two £5 coins designed by ] have been made to commemorate the Olympics.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-15718464|title=London 2012 £5 coin design success for Midlands pair|work=BBC News|date=14 November 2011|access-date=31 May 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111229114002/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-15718464|archive-date=29 December 2011}}</ref> As with other Olympics since 1952, the Royal Mint will strike a set of commemorative one-kilogram gold and silver coins.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2011/nov/23/olympic-one-kilo-coins-unveiled|title=Olympic one kilo coins to mark London 2012 Games unveiled|first=Maev|last=Kennedy|newspaper=]|date=23 November 2011|access-date=21 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113193742/http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2011/nov/23/olympic-one-kilo-coins-unveiled|archive-date=13 November 2013}}</ref> | ||
| ===Motto=== | |||
| The official motto for the 2012 Summer Olympics is "Inspire a generation". It was chosen to highlight the organisers' commitment to inspire the world, including younger generations, to get involved in sporting events through the Games' legacy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/9210790/London-2012-Olympics-Inspire-a-Generation-unveiled-as-official-slogan-for-Games.html|title=London 2012 Olympics: 'Inspire a Generation' unveiled as official slogan for Games|date=18 April 2012 |publisher=]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227124347/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/9210790/London-2012-Olympics-Inspire-a-Generation-unveiled-as-official-slogan-for-Games.html|archive-date=27 December 2017}}</ref> A secondary motto of "Be part of it" was also used throughout marketing.<ref>{{cite web |title=London 2012 – Emblem |url=http://www.theolympicdesign.com/olympic-games/emblems/london-2012/ |access-date=11 April 2024 |website=theolympicdesign – Olympic Design Webseite! }}</ref> | |||
| ===Logo and graphics=== | ===Logo and graphics=== | ||
| There have been two London 2012 logos: one for the bidding process |
There have been two London 2012 logos: one used for the bidding process, and the other used in the branding for the Games themselves. The bid logo, created by Kino Design, was a ribbon with blue, yellow, black, green, and red stripes winding through the text "LONDON 2012", making the shape of the River Thames in East London. The main logo, designed by ] and published on 4 June 2007, is a representation of the number 2012, with the ] embedded within the zero.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.london2012.com/about-newlook-video.html|title=The new London 2012 brand|publisher=London 2012|date=4 June 2007|access-date=4 June 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070606204757/http://www.london2012.com/about-newlook-video.html|archive-date=6 June 2007}}</ref> | ||
| {{Wide image| |
{{Wide image|2012 Summer Olympics logos.svg|640px|The ] logo (far left) and the different official colour combinations for the ] main logo design}} | ||
| Public reaction to the logo in a June 2007 BBC poll was |
Public reaction to the main logo in a June 2007 BBC poll was negative; more than 80% of votes gave it the lowest possible rating.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/olympics_2012/6718243.stm|title=London unveils logo of 2012 Games|website=BBC Sport|date=4 June 2007|archive-date=10 June 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610021432/http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/olympics_2012/6718243.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> Several newspapers ran their own logo competitions, displaying alternative submissions from their readers,<ref name="turnuptheirnoses">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/06/world/europe/06iht-brits.4.6026414.html?_r=1|title=British turn up their noses at London Olympics logo|newspaper=The New York Times|date=6 June 2007|last=Cowell|first=Alan|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314212803/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/06/world/europe/06iht-brits.4.6026414.html?_r=1|archive-date=14 March 2017}}</ref> and several writers from news agencies criticised the logo.<ref name="turnuptheirnoses"/><ref>{{cite web|last=Stocks|first=Claire|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/sporteditors/2007/06/why_we_should_give_london_2012.html|title=Why we should give London 2012 logo a chance|work=BBC Sport Editors' Blog|date=5 June 2007|access-date=20 May 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429104334/http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/sporteditors/2007/06/why_we_should_give_london_2012.html|archive-date=29 April 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/6724245.stm|title=Epilepsy fears over 2012 footage|work=BBC News|access-date=5 June 2007|date=5 June 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070711041435/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/6724245.stm|archive-date=11 July 2007|url-status=live}}</ref> It was suggested that the logo resembled the American cartoon characters ] and ] performing ].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/artblog/2007/jun/05/howlisasimpsontooktheolym|newspaper=]|location=London|title=How Lisa Simpson got ahead at the Olympics|first=Jonathan|last=Glancey|date=5 June 2007|access-date=16 November 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030064109/http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/artblog/2007/jun/05/howlisasimpsontooktheolym|archive-date=30 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Montgomery |first=Angus |date=23 July 2012 |title=London 2012 design icons – the Olympic logo |url=https://www.designweek.co.uk/issues/may-2012/london-2012-design-icons-the-olympic-logo/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224003341/https://www.designweek.co.uk/issues/may-2012/london-2012-design-icons-the-olympic-logo/ |archive-date=24 December 2023 |access-date=7 July 2024 |newspaper=]}}</ref> In February 2011, ] threatened to boycott the Olympics, complaining that the logo appeared to spell out the word "]". However, this boycott did not occur.<ref>{{cite news|title=London Olympics: Iran to compete despite logo complaint|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-12724166|work=BBC News|date=12 March 2011|access-date=24 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120807133208/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-12724166|archive-date=7 August 2012}}</ref> | ||
| === Colours === | |||
| The official London 2012 Olympic typeface was called Headline 2012. It also met with some criticism, with journalist Simon Garfield selecting it for the first place slot in the "8 Worst Fonts in the World" category in his 2010 book '']'', with the comment "the uncool font is based on jaggedness and crudeness, not usually considered attributes where sport is concerned." He did however, concede that it was "a brilliant piece of corporate branding – I don't think anyone will confuse London 2012 with any other games past or future."<ref>{{cite news |title= The 8 Worst Fonts In The World|url=http://www.fastcodesign.com/1665318/the-8-worst-fonts-in-the-world |work=Co.Design |year=2010 |accessdate=6 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = London 2012: 20 lesser-spotted things of the Olympics so far | date = 6 August 2012 | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-19047586 | work = BBC | accessdate =13 August 2012}}</ref> Similarly, the magazine Wired pointed out that the purpose of the typeface was not to be elegant or easy to read in long sections of text, but rather was "meant to create awareness, impact and memorability as a headline typeface."<ref>{{cite news | coauthors = By Dan Rhatigan, Allan Haley | title = Olympic typography through the years | date = 3 August 2012 | url = http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2012-08/03/olympic-typography | work = BBC | accessdate =13 August 2012}}</ref> | |||
| {{color box|#F10D90||}}{{color box|#00B9FF||}}{{color box|#0DD385||}}{{color box|#FF7C00||}} The four main colours used in the branding of the Games were pink, blue, green, and orange. These colours were chosen to showcase the spirit of the Games: energetic, spirited, youthful, and bright. | |||
| {{color box|#6A117C||}}{{color box|grey||}}{{color box|Gold||}} The auxiliary colours used in the branding were dark purple, grey, and gold. These were mostly used in symbols and graphics to offset the brightness of the main colours. | |||
| ===Mascots=== | ===Mascots=== | ||
| {{Main|Wenlock and Mandeville}} | {{Main|Wenlock and Mandeville}} | ||
| The ] for the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympic Games were unveiled on 19 May 2010.<ref name="BBCMascots">{{Cite news|title=London 2012 unveils Games mascots Wenlock & Mandeville|work=BBC Sport|date=19 May 2010|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/olympic_games/london_2012/8690467.stm|access-date=19 May 2010|first=Gordon|last=Farquhar|archive-url=https://archive.today/20100522124841/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/olympic_games/london_2012/8690467.stm|archive-date=22 May 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> ] are animations depicting two drops of steel from a steelworks in ].<ref name="BBCMascots"/> | |||
| ] | |||
| The official mascots for the 2012 Summer Olympic and Paralympic Games were unveiled on 19 May 2010.<ref name="BBCMascots">{{Cite news |title=London 2012 unveils Games mascots Wenlock & Mandeville |publisher=BBC News |date=19 May 2010 |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/olympic_games/london_2012/8690467.stm |accessdate=19 May 2010 |first=Gordon |last=Farquhar |archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100522124841/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/olympic_games/london_2012/8690467.stm |archivedate=22 May 2010 <!--DASHBot--> |deadurl=no}}</ref> ] are animations depicting two drops of steel from a steelworks in ].<ref name="BBCMascots" /> They are named after the Shropshire town of ], which held ], and ], a village in Buckinghamshire where ] to the ] were first held.<ref name="BBCMascots" /> The writer ] wrote the story concept to the mascots, and an animation was produced;<ref>{{cite web |title=The London 2012 mascots |publisher=London 2012 |date=19 May 2010 |url= http://www.ourlondon2012.com/mascots/ |accessdate=20 May 2010 |archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100521054503/http://www.ourlondon2012.com/mascots/ |archivedate=21 May 2010 <!--DASHBot-->|deadurl=no}}</ref> Two stories have been created about the mascots: ''Out Of A Rainbow'' and ''Adventures On A Rainbow''.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.mylondon2012.com/mascots/ |title=Home – London 2012 Mascots |publisher= Mylondon2012.com |accessdate=15 October 2011}}</ref> | |||
| They are named after ], a town in Shropshire that holds ], and ], a village in Buckinghamshire where ] of the ] was first held.<ref name="BBCMascots" /> The writer ] wrote the story concept for the mascots, and an animation was produced.<ref>{{cite web|title=The London 2012 mascots|publisher=London 2012|date=19 May 2010|url=http://www.ourlondon2012.com/mascots/|access-date=20 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100521054503/http://www.ourlondon2012.com/mascots/|archive-date=21 May 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> Four stories have been created about the mascots: ''Out Of A Rainbow'', ''Adventures On A Rainbow'', ''Rainbow Rescue'', and ''Rainbow to the Games''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mylondon2012.com/mascots/|title=Home – London 2012 Mascots|publisher=Mylondon2012.com|access-date=15 October 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008102110/http://www.mylondon2012.com/mascots/|archive-date=8 October 2011}}</ref> | |||
| In response to their launch the UK's leading design publication '']'' had this to say: "Both are clearly of the digital age. And we have to say, we think they look rather good...".<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.creativereview.co.uk/cr-blog/2010/may/olympics-mascots |title=Wenlock & Mandeville: London's Olympic mascots |publisher= Creative Review blog |accessdate=16 May 2012}}</ref> In other quarters their design has been greeted with some disdain. One columnist theorised that the pair were the product of a "drunken ] between a ] and a ]".<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/behold-the-one-eyed-compromise-monster/article1577592/ |title=Behold the One-Eyed Compromise Monster |newspaper=Globe and Mail |location =Toronto |date=21 May 2010}}</ref> Others have compared the mascots to ], the mascot of the ], another critically panned mascot.<ref>{{cite news |last= Rhone |first=Nedra |url= http://www.ajc.com/news/atlantas-olympic-mascot-meets-532495.html |title=Atlanta's Olympic mascot meets its ugly match |newspaper=Journal & Constitution |location =Atlanta GA |date=21 May 2010|accessdate=16 May 2012}}</ref> Still others have remarked that the pair resembles ] from the cartoon '']''.<ref>{{cite news |first=Emily |last=Alpert |url= http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/world_now/2012/07/olympics-whats-not-to-love-about-a-one-eyed-drop-of-steel.html |title=London Olympics: Making sport of mascots Wenlock, Mandeville |work =Los Angeles Times blog |date=26 July 2012}}</ref> However, it has been reported that children of the target audience (5 to 15 years) find the duo appealing.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.digitalartsonline.co.uk/news/?newsId=3224807.html |title=Interview: London 2012 Olympic mascots' creator discusses their design |work= Digital Arts |accessdate=16 May 2012}}</ref> | |||
| '']'' magazine liked the mascots,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.creativereview.co.uk/cr-blog/2010/may/olympics-mascots|title=Wenlock & Mandeville: London's Olympic mascots|publisher=Creative Review blog|access-date=16 May 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913081608/http://www.creativereview.co.uk/cr-blog/2010/may/olympics-mascots|archive-date=13 September 2012}}</ref> but elsewhere their design was greeted with some disdain. However, the mascots' creators claim that young people find the duo appealing.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.digitalartsonline.co.uk/news/?newsId=3224807.html|title=Interview: London 2012 Olympic mascots' creator discusses their design|work=Digital Arts|access-date=16 May 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002091349/http://www.digitalartsonline.co.uk/news/illustration/interview-london-2012-olympic-mascots-creator-discusses-their-design/|archive-date=2 October 2012}}</ref> | |||
| ===''Chariots of Fire''=== | ===''Chariots of Fire''=== | ||
| The 1981 ]–winning film '']'', which |
The 1981 ]–winning film '']'', which tells the story of two British athletes in the ], was a recurring theme in promotions for the 2012 Olympics.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q1yLRK2M8YQ|title=London Fireworks 2012 – New Year Live – BBC One|publisher=YouTube|date=1 January 2012|access-date=23 June 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20120722233546/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q1yLRK2M8YQ|archive-date=22 July 2012}}</ref> A digitally re-mastered version of ''Chariots of Fire'' was released on 13 July 2012 and screened in over 100 UK cinemas as part of the celebrations,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/news/173|title=Chariots of Fire returns to UK cinemas ahead of the Olympics|date=23 March 2012|work=]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328130757/http://www.bfi.org.uk/news/173|archive-date=28 March 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> and a ] ran in London theatres from 9 May 2012 to 5 January 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/culture/la-et-cm-chariots-of-fire-olympics-20120418,0,7064980.story|title='Chariots of Fire' is West End-bound, coinciding with Olympics|last=Ng|first=David|date=18 April 2012|work=]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502183351/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/culture/la-et-cm-chariots-of-fire-olympics-20120418,0,7064980.story|archive-date=2 May 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> The film's ] was performed during the ] by the ], conducted by ]. The performance was accompanied by a comedic skit by ], which included the opening beach-running footage from the film.<ref name=mrbean-oc>{{cite web|title=Mr. Bean's 'Chariots Of Fire' Skit At 2012 London Olympics Opening Ceremony|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/367792/20120727/mr-bean-rowan-atkinson-olympic-opening-ceremony.htm|work=]|date=27 July 2012|access-date=29 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731030715/http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/367792/20120727/mr-bean-rowan-atkinson-olympic-opening-ceremony.htm|archive-date=31 July 2012}}</ref> A new orchestration of the film's theme tune was played during each ] of the Games.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newagemusicworld.com/olympic-song-chariots-of-fire-by-vangelis|title=Olympic Song – Chariots of Fire by Vangelis|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805045843/http://www.newagemusicworld.com/olympic-song-chariots-of-fire-by-vangelis/|archive-date=5 August 2012}}</ref> | ||
| ===Sponsors=== | |||
| {{main|2012 Summer Olympics marketing#Sponsors}} | |||
| The ] (LOCOG) and the ] (IOC) have agreed to sponsorship deals with several companies. The sponsors are assigned one of four categories; worldwide, tier one, tier two and tier three.<ref name="Sponsors"/> The worldwide partners are: ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ].<ref name="Sponsors">{{cite web|url=http://www.london2012.com/about-us/the-people-delivering-the-games/olympic-partners/|title=Olympic Games partners | The people delivering the Games |publisher=London 2012 |accessdate=15 October 2011}}</ref> The companies have cumulatively provided £1.4bn of funding, allocated evenly between the IOC and LOCOG.<ref>{{cite news |title=London 2012 Olympic sponsors list: who are they and what have they paid? |first=Simon |last=Rogers|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/datablog/2012/jul/19/london-2012-olympic-sponsors-list|work=The Guardian |date=19 July 2012|accessdate=24 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
| ==Controversies== | ==Controversies== | ||
| {{main|Controversies at the 2012 Summer Olympics}} | {{main|Controversies at the 2012 Summer Olympics}} | ||
| During the lead-up to the Games, there were controversies over sponsorship,<ref>{{cite news|last=Carman|first=Tim|date=18 July 2012|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/mcdonalds-olympian-achievement-in-london-a-french-fry-monopoly-and-largest-fast-food-restaurant/2012/07/18/gJQAZ6tQuW_story.html|title=McDonald's Olympian achievement in London: A French fry monopoly and largest fast-food restaurant|newspaper=The Washington Post|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170719175857/https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/mcdonalds-olympian-achievement-in-london-a-french-fry-monopoly-and-largest-fast-food-restaurant/2012/07/18/gJQAZ6tQuW_story.html|archive-date=19 July 2017}}</ref> the athletes' use of social media, and several political issues. After a complicated lottery process, thousands of people failed to secure seats for the events they wanted, but a large number of empty seats were observed early in the Games, even at some of the most popular events. There was speculation that this was due to a failure of corporate sponsors to make use of tickets they had received.<ref name="washingtonpost1"/> | |||
| During the Games eight competitors in the ] were disqualified for "not using best efforts" |
During the Games, eight competitors in the ] were disqualified for "not using best efforts", when they tried to lose matches in the group stage to obtain more favourable fixtures in the knockout rounds.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nbcolympics.com/news-blogs/badminton/all-eight-women-disqualified-for-throwing-badminton-matches.html|title=All eight women disqualified for throwing badminton matches|date=1 August 2012|website=NBCOlympics.com|last=Harris|first=Rob|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120801173250/http://www.nbcolympics.com/news-blogs/badminton/all-eight-women-disqualified-for-throwing-badminton-matches.html|archive-date=1 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/olympics/19072677|title=Olympics badminton: Eight women disqualified from doubles|work=BBC Sport|date=1 August 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120903130250/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/olympics/19072677|archive-date=3 September 2012}}</ref> A number of results in boxing, gymnastics and judo were overturned by officials after initial decisions were appealed against.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nbcolympics.com/news-blogs/boxing/olympic-boxing-officials-punished-for-controversial-rulings.html|title=Boxing referee expelled from Olympics after scandal|website=NBCOlympics.com|last=Maquinana|first=Ryan|date=13 August 2011|access-date=2 August 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814203322/http://www.nbcolympics.com/news-blogs/boxing/olympic-boxing-officials-punished-for-controversial-rulings.html|archive-date=14 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=John|first=Emma|title=Olympics: Kristian Thomas keeps cool as Team GB grab gymnastics bronze|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/jul/30/london-2012-great-britain-gymnastics|access-date=14 August 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|location=London|date=30 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113193738/http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/jul/30/london-2012-great-britain-gymnastics|archive-date=13 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5j3bNS7fgOzpv5yhYWWpsIawrm3HQ?docId=CNG.174be06ad8ee4755308494817ef96f0e.a21|title=Farcical scenes in Japan-Korea judo quarter final|agency=AFP|last=Chesterman|first=Barnaby|via=google.com|date=29 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226074712/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5j3bNS7fgOzpv5yhYWWpsIawrm3HQ?docId=CNG.174be06ad8ee4755308494817ef96f0e.a21|archive-date=26 February 2014}}</ref> | ||
| ==Drug testing== | ==Drug testing and doping violations== | ||
| {{main|Use of performance-enhancing drugs in the Olympic Games#2012 London}} | {{main|Use of performance-enhancing drugs in the Olympic Games#2012 London}} | ||
| It was announced before the Summer Games that half of all the competitors would be tested for drugs, with 150 scientists set to take 6,000 samples between the start of the Games and the end of the Paralympic Games.<ref name='BBCJul15'>{{cite |
It was announced before the Summer Games that half of all the competitors would be tested for drugs, with 150 scientists set to take 6,000 samples between the start of the Games and the end of the Paralympic Games.<ref name='BBCJul15'>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/olympics/18849517|title=London 2012: All medallists to be drugs tested at Olympics|work=BBC Sport|access-date=28 July 2012|date=15 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120729034932/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/olympics/18849517|archive-date=29 July 2012}}</ref> Every competitor who won a medal was also tested. The Olympic laboratory tested up to 400 samples every day for more than 240 prohibited substances.<ref name='BBCJul15'/> | ||
| Gymnast ]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/olympics/19038114|title=Olympics 2012 drugs: Artistic gymnast fails doping test|publisher=BBC News Online|accessdate=29 July 2012|date=29 July 2012}}</ref> and runner ] were also suspended.<ref name='ReutersJu29'>{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/assets/print?aid=USL6E8IT2VP20120729|title=Olympics-St Kitts sprinter out for using banned drug|agency=Reuters|accessdate=29 July 2012|date=29 July 2012|first=Gene|last=Cherry}}</ref> ] became the first athlete stripped of a medal when she tested positive for ]. ] was therefore awarded the gold medal in ].<ref>{{cite web|title=Valerie Adams 'speechless' at news of gold medal win|url=http://tvnz.co.nz/national-news/valerie-adams-awarded-olympic-gold-medal-5021496|publisher=TVNZ|accessdate=13 August 2012}}</ref> | |||
| Although there were less than 10 doping violations detected during the games, in the years following many samples were retested with improved laboratory procedures. This resulted in a large number of disqualifications and rescinded medals. As of mid 2024, 44 medals have been ] due to doping violations with around 130 total disqualifications.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/21/sports/olympics/olympics-doping-medals-stripped.html |title=Olympics History Rewritten: New Doping Tests Topple the Podium |work=The New York Times |date=21 November 2016 |first=Rebecca |last=Ruiz |access-date=27 July 2024}}</ref> In particular, almost 50 were from ]. Testing for drugs was completed by GSK (GlaxoSmithKline).<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 July 2012|title=GlaxoSmithKline celebrates its role in supporting the biggest anti-doping operation in the history of the Olympic Games|url=https://www.gsk.com/en-gb/media/press-releases/glaxosmithkline-celebrates-its-role-in-supporting-the-biggest-anti-doping-operation-in-the-history-of-the-olympic-games/|website=GSK|access-date=31 July 2020|archive-date=13 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813094028/https://www.gsk.com/en-gb/media/press-releases/glaxosmithkline-celebrates-its-role-in-supporting-the-biggest-anti-doping-operation-in-the-history-of-the-olympic-games/|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
| ==Victory Parade== | |||
| {{main|Our Greatest Team Parade}} | |||
| A celebratory parade took place on 10 September 2012 commemorating the Olympic and Paralympic Games.<ref name=owen>{{citeweb|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2012/aug/28/our-greatest-team-parade?newsfeed=true|title=Our Greatest Team: Olympians and Paralympians to parade in London|publisher=]|date=28 August 2012|accessdate=30 August 2012}}</ref><ref name=London>{{citeweb|url=http://www.london.gov.uk/media/press_releases_mayoral/our-greatest-team-%E2%80%93-athletes-parade-route-details-confirmed-0|title=Our Greatest Team – athletes parade route details confirmed|publisher=]|date=27 August 2012|accessdate=30 August 2012}}</ref> | |||
| ==See also== | == See also == | ||
| {{IOC seealso|games=2012 Summer Olympics}} | |||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| * '']'', a comedy mockumentary featuring a fictional London Olympics committee | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| ==Notes== | |||
| * ] and ] – which were also held in London. | |||
| {{notelist}} | |||
| {{Portal bar|London|Olympics|United Kingdom}} | |||
| ==References== | ==References== | ||
| {{Reflist|30em}} | {{Reflist|30em}} | ||
| == Further reading == | |||
| * {{cite journal|last1=Jaworska|first1=Sylvia|last2=Hunt|first2=Sally|title=Intersections and differentiations: a corpus-assisted discourse study of gender representations in the British press before, during and after the London Olympics 2012|journal=]|volume=11|issue=3|pages=336–364|doi=10.1558/genl.28858|year=2017|url=http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/56337/1/Intersections%20of%20Gender%20Nation%20and%20Race_resub_to%20GaL_revised%20220216.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427094422/http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/56337/1/Intersections%20of%20Gender%20Nation%20and%20Race_resub_to%20GaL_revised%20220216.pdf|archive-date=27 April 2019|url-status=live}} | |||
| * {{cite web|last=Mallon|first=Bill|title=An Update On London 2012 Doping Positives|work=OlympStats|date=18 January 2019|url=https://olympstats.com/2019/01/18/an-update-on-london-2012-doping-positives/}} | |||
| * {{Cite web|last=Mallon|first=Bill|title=All Olympic Doping Positives – The Count By Games|work=OlympStats|date=18 January 2019|url=https://olympstats.com/2019/01/18/all-olympic-doping-positives-the-count-by-games/}} | |||
| * Pamment, James. "'Putting the GREAT Back into Britain': National Identity, Public-Private Collaboration & Transfers of Brand Equity in 2012's Global Promotional Campaign," ''British Journal of Politics & International Relations'' (2015) 17#2 pp 260–283. | |||
| * Surowiec, Pawel. and Philip Long. "Hybridity and Soft Power Statecraft: The 'GREAT' Campaign." ''Diplomacy & Statecraft'' 31:1 (2020): 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/09592296.2020.1721092 | |||
| ;Official reports | |||
| * {{cite book|editor=]|title=Volume 1: Summary of the bid preparation|date=2013|publisher=LOCOG|location=London|url=https://library.olympics.com/Default/digital-viewer/c-37734|series=London 2012 Olympic Games: The Official Report}} | |||
| * {{cite book|last1=Knight|first1=Tom|last2=Ruscoe|first2=Sybil|title=Volume 2: London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games: the Official Commemorative Book|date=2012|publisher=Wiley|location=Chichester|isbn=978-1-119-97314-0|url=https://library.olympics.com/Default/digital-viewer/c-37734|ol=OL24283202W|series=London 2012 Olympic Games: The Official Report}} | |||
| * {{cite book|editor=]|title=Volume 3: Summary of Olympic Games preparations|date=2013|publisher=LOCOG|location=London|url=https://library.olympics.com/Default/digital-viewer/c-37734|series=London 2012 Olympic Games: The Official Report}} | |||
| ===Book references=== | ===Book references=== | ||
| Line 1,074: | Line 501: | ||
| ==External links== | ==External links== | ||
| {{sisterlinks|d=Q8577|c=Category:2012 Summer Olympics|q=no|n=Olympics organisers insist London win in 2012 ballot was fair|b=no|v=no|voy=London 2012|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}} | |||
| {{commons category|2012 Summer Olympics}} | |||
| {{Wikinewspar2|London to host 2012 Olympic Games|Olympics organisers insist London win in 2012 ballot was fair}} | |||
| ;Official | ;Official | ||
| * {{IOC games|games=2012 Summer Olympics}} | |||
| * | |||
| * {{webarchive|url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130228114959/http://www.london2012.com/|date=dmy|title=Official website (London2012.com)}} | |||
| * | |||
| ;News media | ;News media | ||
| * {{bbc.co.uk|2012|London 2012}} | * {{bbc.co.uk|2012|London 2012}} | ||
| * {{Guardiantopic|sport/olympics-2012}} | * {{Guardiantopic|sport/olympics-2012}} | ||
| * |
* {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703111256/http://www.2012.nbcolympics.com/|date=dmy|title=2012 London Olympics at ''NBC''}} | ||
| * |
* {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100914000517/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/london-olympics-business/|date=dmy|title=London Olympics Business at ''The Telegraph''}} | ||
| {{S-start}} | {{S-start}} | ||
| {{s-sports|soly}} | |||
| {{S-bef|before=]}} | {{S-bef|before=]}} | ||
| {{S-ttl |
{{S-ttl|title=XXX Olympiad<br />London|years=2012}} | ||
| {{S-aft|after=]}} | {{S-aft|after=]}} | ||
| {{S-end}} | {{S-end}} | ||
| {{Olympic Games}} | {{Olympic Games}} | ||
| {{ |
{{2012 Summer Olympic bids}} | ||
| {{Qualification for the 2012 Summer Olympics}} | |||
| {{Nations at the 2012 Summer Olympics}} | {{Nations at the 2012 Summer Olympics}} | ||
| {{EventsAt2012SummerOlympics}} | {{EventsAt2012SummerOlympics}} | ||
| {{2012 Summer Olympics venues}} | {{2012 Summer Olympics venues}} | ||
| {{London history}} | {{London history}} | ||
| {{Authority control}} | |||
| {{Portal bar|Olympics|United Kingdom|London|Sports|2010s}} | |||
| {{DEFAULTSORT:Summer Olympics, 2012}} | |||
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Latest revision as of 18:01, 29 December 2024
Multi-sport event in London, England "2012 Olympics" and "London 2012" redirect here. For the Summer Paralympics, see 2012 Summer Paralympics. For the Winter Youth Olympics in Innsbruck, Austria, see 2012 Winter Youth Olympics. For the video game, see London 2012 (video game).
 Emblem of the 2012 Summer Olympics; other colour variants are shown below | |
| Location | London, United Kingdom |
|---|---|
| Motto | Inspire a Generation |
| Nations | 204+2 (including 2 IOA teams) |
| Athletes | 10,518 (5,863 men, 4,655 women) |
| Events | 302 in 26 sports (39 disciplines) |
| Opening | 27 July 2012 |
| Closing | 12 August 2012 |
| Opened by | Queen Elizabeth II |
| Closed by | IOC President Jacques Rogge |
| Cauldron |
|
| Stadium | Olympic Stadium at Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park |
| Summer← Beijing 2008Rio 2016 → Winter← Vancouver 2010Sochi 2014 → 2012 Summer Paralympics | |
The 2012 Summer Olympics, officially the Games of the XXX Olympiad and also known as London 2012, were an international multi-sport event held from 27 July to 12 August 2012 in London, England, United Kingdom. The first event, the group stage in women's football, began on 25 July at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff, Wales, followed by the opening ceremony on 27 July. There were 10,518 athletes from 206 National Olympic Committees (NOCs) who participated in the 2012 Olympics.
Following a bid headed by former Olympic champion Sebastian Coe and the then-London mayor Ken Livingstone, London was selected as the host city at the 117th IOC Session in Singapore on 6 July 2005, defeating bids from Moscow, New York City, Madrid, and Paris. London became the first city to host the modern Olympics three times, having previously hosted the Summer Games in 1908 and 1948. Construction for the Games involved considerable redevelopment, with an emphasis on sustainability. The main focus was a new 200-hectare (490-acre) Olympic Park, constructed on a former industrial site in Stratford, East London. The Games also used venues that already existed before the bid.
The United States topped the medal table, winning the most gold medals (48) and the highest number of medals overall (105). China finished second with a total of 91 medals (38 gold) and Great Britain came third with 65 medals overall (29 gold). Michael Phelps of the United States became the most decorated Olympic athlete of all time, winning his 22nd medal. Saudi Arabia, Qatar and Brunei entered female athletes for the first time, meaning that every currently eligible country has now sent a female competitor to at least one Olympic Games. Women's boxing was included for the first time, and the 2012 Games became the first at which every sport had female competitors.
The Games received considerable praise for their organisation, with the volunteers, the British military and public enthusiasm commended particularly highly. The Games were described as "happy and glorious". The opening ceremony, directed by Academy Award winner Danny Boyle, received widespread acclaim. These were the final Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Belgian Jacques Rogge, who was succeeded by German Thomas Bach the next year.
Bidding process
Main article: Bids for the 2012 Summer OlympicsLondon was chosen over Birmingham to represent Great Britain's bid by the British Olympic Association.
By 15 July 2003—the deadline for interested cities to submit bids to the International Olympic Committee (IOC)—nine cities had submitted bids to host the 2012 Summer Olympics: Havana, Istanbul, Leipzig, London, Madrid, Moscow, New York City, Paris, and Rio de Janeiro. On 18 May 2004, as a result of a scored technical evaluation, the IOC reduced the number of cities to five: London, Madrid, Moscow, New York and Paris. All five submitted their candidate files by 19 November 2004 and were visited by the IOC inspection team during February and March 2005. The Paris bid suffered two setbacks during the IOC inspection visit: a number of strikes and demonstrations coinciding with the visits, and a report that a key member of the bid team, Guy Drut, would face charges over alleged corrupt party political finances.
Throughout the process, Paris was widely seen as the favourite, particularly as this was its third bid in recent years. London was initially seen as lagging behind Paris by a considerable margin. Its position began to improve after the appointment of Lord Coe as the new chair of the London Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games (LOCOG) on 19 May 2004. In late August 2004, reports predicted a tie between London and Paris.
On 6 June 2005, the IOC released its evaluation reports for the five candidate cities. They did not contain any scores or rankings, but the report for Paris was considered the most positive. London was close behind, having closed most of the gap observed by the initial evaluation in 2004. New York and Madrid also received very positive evaluations. On 1 July 2005, when asked who would win, Jacques Rogge said, "I cannot predict it since I don't know how the IOC members will vote. But my gut feeling tells me that it will be very close. Perhaps it will come down to a difference of say ten votes, or maybe less."
On 6 July 2005, the final selection was announced at the 117th IOC Session in Singapore. Moscow was the first city to be eliminated, followed by New York and Madrid. The final two contenders were London and Paris. At the end of the fourth round of voting, London won the right to host the 2012 Games with 54 votes to 50.
The celebrations in London were short-lived, being overshadowed by bombings on London's transport system less than 24 hours after the announcement. 12 years later, Paris would later be chosen as the host of the 2024 games in 2017.
| City | Country | Round | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | ||
| London |  Great Britain |
22 | 27 | 39 | 54 |
| Paris |  France |
21 | 25 | 33 | 50 |
| Madrid |  Spain |
20 | 32 | 31 | — |
| New York City |  United States |
19 | 17 | — | — |
| Moscow |  Russia |
15 | — | — | — |
| Total ballots | 97 | 101 | 103 | 104 | |
Development and preparations
Main article: 2012 Summer Olympic developmentThe London Organising Committee of the Olympic Games (LOCOG) was created to oversee the staging of the Games, and held its first board meeting on 3 October 2005. The committee, chaired by Lord Coe, was in charge of implementing and staging the Games, while the Olympic Delivery Authority (ODA), established in April 2006, was in charge of construction of the venues and infrastructure.
The Government Olympic Executive (GOE), a unit within the Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS), was the lead government body for coordinating the London 2012 Olympics. It focused on oversight of the Games, cross-programme management, and the London 2012 Olympic Legacy before and after the Games that would benefit London and the wider United Kingdom. The organisation was also responsible for the supervision of the £9.3 billion of public sector funding.
In August 2011, security concerns arose surrounding the hosting of the Olympic Games in London, following the 2011 England riots. Some countries expressed safety concerns, despite the IOC's assurance that the riots would not affect the Games. The IOC's Coordination Commission for the 2012 Games completed its tenth and final visit to London in March 2012. Its members concluded that "London is ready to host the world this summer".
Venues
Main article: Venues of the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics
The 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games used a mixture of new venues, existing and historic facilities, and temporary facilities, some of them in well-known locations such as Hyde Park and Horse Guards Parade. After the Games, some of the new facilities would be reused in their Olympic form, while others will be resized or relocated.
The majority of venues were divided into three zones within Greater London: the Olympic Zone, the River Zone and the Central Zone. In addition there were a few venues that, by necessity, were outside the boundaries of Greater London, such as the Weymouth and Portland National Sailing Academy some 125 mi (201 km) southwest of London, which hosted the sailing events. The football tournament was staged at several grounds around the UK. Work began on the Park in December 2006, when a sports hall in Eton Manor was pulled down. The athletes' village in Portland was completed in September 2011.
In November 2004, the 200-hectare (500-acre) Olympic Park plans were revealed. The plans for the site were approved in September 2004 by Tower Hamlets, Newham, Hackney and Waltham Forest. The redevelopment of the area to build the Olympic Park required compulsory purchase orders of property. The London Development Agency was in dispute with London and Continental Railways about the orders in November 2005. By May 2006, 86% of the land had been bought as businesses fought eviction. Residents who opposed the eviction tried to find ways to stop it by setting up campaigns, but they had to leave as 94% of land was bought and the other 6% bought as a £9 billion regeneration project started.
There were some issues with the original venues not being challenging enough or being financially unviable. Both the Olympic road races and the mountain bike event were initially considered to be too easy, so they were eventually scheduled on new locations. The Olympic marathon course, which was set to finish in the Olympic stadium, was moved to The Mall, since closing Tower Bridge was deemed to cause traffic problems in central London. North Greenwich Arena 2 was scrapped in a cost-cutting exercise, Wembley Arena being used for badminton and rhythmic gymnastics events instead.
Test events were held throughout 2011 and 2012, either through an existing championship such as 2012 Wimbledon Championships or as a specially created event held under the banner of London Prepares. Team GB House was the British Olympic Association's operational HQ up to and during the 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games. Designed by architects Gebler Tooth on the top floor of an office building in Westfield Stratford City, it combined the team HQ, athletes' "Friends and Family" lounge, Press Centre, and VIP lounge.
Public transport
IOC's initial evaluation felt that, if transport improvements were delivered in time for the Games, London would cope. Transport for London (TfL) carried out numerous improvements in preparation for 2012, including the expansion of the London Overground's East London Line, upgrades to the Docklands Light Railway and the North London Line, and the introduction of a new "Javelin" high-speed rail service. According to Network Rail, an additional 4,000 train services operated during the Games, and train operators ran longer trains during the day. During the Games, Stratford International station was not served by any international services (just as it had not been before the Games), westbound trains did not stop at Hackney Wick railway station, and Pudding Mill Lane DLR station closed entirely during the Games.
TfL also built a £25 million cable car across the River Thames, called the Emirates Air Line, to link 2012 Olympics venues. It was inaugurated in June 2012 and crosses the Thames between Greenwich Peninsula and the Royal Docks, carrying up to 2,500 passengers an hour, cutting journey times between The O2 and the ExCeL exhibition centre and providing a crossing every 30 seconds.
The plan was to have 80% of athletes travel less than 20 minutes to their event and 93% of them within 30 minutes of their event. The Olympic Park would be served by ten separate railway lines with a combined capacity of 240,000 passengers per hour. In addition, LOCOG planned for 90% of the venues to be served by three or more types of public transport. Two park-and-ride sites off the M25 with a combined capacity of 12,000 cars were 25 minutes away from the Olympic Park. Another park-and-ride site was planned in Ebbsfleet with a capacity for 9,000 cars where spectators could board a 10-minute shuttle train service. To get spectators to Eton Dorney, four park-and-ride schemes were set up. These Park and Ride services were operated by First Games Transport.
TfL defined a network of roads leading between venues as the Olympic Route Network; roads connecting all of the Olympic venues located within London. Many of these roads also contained special "Olympic lanes" marked with the Olympic rings—reserved for the use of Olympic athletes, officials, and other VIPs during the Games. Members of the public driving in an Olympic lane were subject to a fine of £130. Additionally, London buses would not include roads with Olympic lanes on their routes. Concerns were expressed at the logistics of spectators travelling to the events outside London. In particular, the sailing events at Portland had no direct motorway connections, and local roads are heavily congested by tourist traffic in the summer. However, a £77 million relief road connecting Weymouth to Dorchester was built and opened in 2011. Some £16 million was put aside for the rest of the improvements.
TfL created a promotional campaign and website, Get Ahead of the Games, to help provide information related to transport during the Olympics and Paralympics. Through the campaign, TfL also encouraged the use of cycling as a mode of transport. A temporary terminal was created at Heathrow Airport to be used by 10,100 departing athletes after the Games. Up to 35% more bags than normal were expected on 13 August, which was predicted to be the busiest day in the airport's history, according to Nick Cole, head of Olympic and Paralympic planning at Heathrow.
Cost and financing
A study from Oxford University found that the sports-related costs of London 2012 amounted to US$15 billion, compared with $4.6 billion for Rio 2016, $40–44 billion for Beijing 2008, and $51 billion for Sochi 2014 (the most expensive Olympics in history). London 2012 went over budget by 76% in real terms, measured from bid to completion. The cost per athlete was $1.4 million. This does not include wider costs for urban and transport infrastructure, which often equal or exceed the sports-related costs.
The costs of staging the Games were separate from those for building the venues and infrastructure and redeveloping the land for the Olympic Park. While the Games were privately funded, the venues and infrastructure were largely financed using public money.
According to The Wall Street Journal, the original budget for the Games was increased to about £9.3 billion (US$15.28 billion) in 2007. The revised figures were announced to the House of Commons on 15 March 2007 by Tessa Jowell. Along with East End regeneration costs, the breakdown was:
- Building the venues and infrastructure – £5.3 billion
- Elite sport and Paralympic funding – £400 million
- Security and policing – £600 million
- Regeneration of the Lower Lea Valley – £1.7 billion
- Contingency fund – £2.7 billion
Volunteers
Unpaid volunteers known as Games Makers performed a variety of tasks before and during the Games. A target of 70,000 volunteers was set as early as 2004. When recruitment took place in 2010, more than 240,000 applications were received. Sebastian Coe said in February 2012, "Our Games Makers will contribute a total of around eight million volunteer hours during the Games and the Games simply wouldn't happen without them". The volunteers wore clothing that included purple and red polo shirts and jackets, beige trousers, grey socks and grey-and-white trainers, which they collected from the Uniform Distribution and Accreditation Centre. Volunteers also wore photo accreditation badges that were also worn by officials, athletes, family members and media, which gained them access to specific venues and buildings around the site.
Ticketing
Organisers estimated that some 8 million tickets would be available for the Olympic Games, and 1.5 million tickets for the Paralympic Games. LOCOG aimed to raise £375–£400 million in ticket sales. There were also free events such as marathon, triathlon and road cycling, although, for the first time in Olympic history, the sailing events were ticketed. Eventually, more than 7,000,000 tickets were sold. Following IOC rules, people applied for tickets from the NOC of their country of residence. European Union residents were able to apply for tickets in any EU country.
In Great Britain, ticket prices ranged from £20 for many events to £2,012 for the most expensive seats at the opening ceremony. Some free tickets were given to military personnel as part of the Tickets For Troops scheme, as well as to survivors and families of those who died during the 7 July 2005 London bombings. Initially, people were able to apply for tickets via a website from 15 March until 26 April 2011. There was a huge demand for tickets, with a demand of more than three times the number of tickets available. On 11 May 2012 a round of nearly one million "second chance" tickets went on sale over a 10-day period between 23 June and 3 July 2011. About 1.7 million tickets were available for football and 600,000 for other sports, including archery, field hockey, football, judo, boxing and volleyball. Ten sports had sold out by 8 am of the first day.
Countdown
During the closing ceremony of the 2008 Olympics, the Olympic Flag was formally handed over from the Mayor of Beijing to the Mayor of London. This was followed by a section highlighting London, One month later, the Olympic and Paralympic flags were raised outside the London City Hall.
A countdown clock in Trafalgar Square was unveiled, 500 days before the Games. It was a two-sided clock with the Paralympic countdown on the other side. The countdown to the start of the Olympics began with a ceremony for the lighting of the Olympic flame in Olympia, Greece.
Security
Main article: Security for the 2012 Summer Olympics See also: Controversies surrounding G4SThe police led the security operation (named Operation Olympics by the Ministry of Defence), with 10,000 officers available, supported by 13,500 members of the British Armed Forces. Naval and air assets were deployed as part of the security operation, including ships situated in the Thames, Typhoon fighter jets and surface-to-air missiles; it was the biggest security operation Britain had faced in decades. The cost of security increased from £282 million to £553 million, and the figure of 13,500 armed forces personnel was greater than the number deployed at the time in Afghanistan. The Metropolitan Police and the Royal Marines carried out security exercises in preparation for the Olympics on 19 January 2012, with 50 marine police officers in rigid inflatables and fast response boats, joined by up to 100 military personnel and a Royal Navy Lynx helicopter.
The Ministry of Defence distributed leaflets to residents of the Lexington building in Bow, announcing that a missile system was to be stationed on top of the water tower. This caused concern to some residents. The Ministry said it probably would use Starstreak missiles and that site evaluations had taken place, but that no final decision had taken place.
Medals
Approximately 4,700 Olympic and Paralympic medals were produced by the Royal Mint at Llantrisant. They were designed by David Watkins (Olympics) and Lin Cheung (Paralympics). 99% of the gold, silver and copper was donated by Rio Tinto from a mine in Salt Lake County, Utah in the U.S. The remaining 1% came from a Mongolian mine. Each medal weighs 375–400 g (13.2–14.1 oz), has a diameter of 85 mm (3.3 in) and is 7 mm (0.28 in) thick, with the sport and discipline engraved on the rim. The obverse, as is traditional, features Nike, the Greek goddess of victory, stepping from the Panathinaiko Stadium that hosted the first modern Olympic Games in 1896, with Parthenon in the background; the reverse features the Games logo, the River Thames and a series of lines representing "the energy of athletes and a sense of pulling together". The medals were transferred to the Tower of London vaults on 2 July 2012 for storage.
Each gold medal is 92.5 percent silver and 1.34 percent gold, with the remainder copper. The silver medal is 92.5 percent silver, with the remainder copper. The bronze medal is made up of 97 percent copper, 2.5 percent zinc, and 0.5 per cent tin. The value of the materials in the gold medal was about £410 (US$644), the silver about £210 (US$330), and the bronze about £3 (US$4.71) as of 30 July 2012.
Torch relay
Main article: 2012 Summer Olympics torch relayThe Olympics torch relay ran from 19 May to 27 July 2012, before the Games. Plans for the relay were developed in 2010–11, with the torch-bearer selection process announced on 18 May 2011. The torch was designed by Edward Barber and Jay Osgerby.
On 18 May 2012 the Olympic flame arrived at RNAS Culdrose in Cornwall from Greece on flight BA2012, operated by a British Airways Airbus A319 named "Firefly". The relay lasted 70 days, with 66 evening celebrations and six island visits, and involved some 8,000 people carrying the torch about 8,000 mi (12,875 km), starting from Land's End in Cornwall. The torch had three days outside the United Kingdom when it visited the Isle of Man on 2 June, Dublin in Ireland, on 6 June, and both Guernsey and Jersey on 15 July.
The relay focused on National Heritage Sites, locations with sporting significance, key sporting events, schools registered with the Get Set School Network, green spaces and biodiversity, Live Sites (city locations with large screens), and festivals and other events. Dumfries and Galloway was the only Region in the whole of the United Kingdom that had the Olympic Torch pass through it twice. A group of young athletes, nominated by retired Olympic athletes, ran the torch around the stadium. These torchbearers were Callum Airlie, Jordan Duckitt, Desiree Henry, Katie Kirk, Cameron MacRitchie, Aidan Reynolds, and Adelle Tracey. Together the torchbearers each lit a petal that spread the fire to the 204 petals of the cauldron, representing the countries that participated in the Games. The cauldron was designed by Thomas Heatherwick.
Environmental policy
The Olympic Park was planned to incorporate 45 hectares of wildlife habitat, with a total of 525 bird boxes and 150 bat boxes. Local waterways and riverbanks were enhanced as part of the process. Renewable energy also featured at the Olympics. It was originally planned to provide 20% of the energy for the Olympic Park and Village from renewable technologies; however, only 9% of it was achieved. Proposals to meet the original target included large-scale on-site wind turbines and hydroelectric generators in the River Thames, but these plans were scrapped for safety reasons. The focus subsequently moved to installing solar panels on some buildings, and providing the opportunity to recover energy from waste. Where it could not be reused or recycled, food packaging for use at the Olympics—including fast-food wrappers, sandwich boxes and drink cartons—was made from compostable materials like starch and cellulose-based bioplastics. After use, many of these materials were suitable for anaerobic digestion (AD), allowing them to be made into renewable energy.
Post-Games, buildings like the Water Polo Arena were relocated elsewhere. Building parts like roofing covers and membranes of different temporary venues were recycled via VinyLoop. This allowed organisers to meet the standards of the Olympic Delivery Authority concerning environmental protection.
London 2012 inaugurated Olympic Games guidelines that included the recycling of PVC, which was used for temporary buildings such as the Basketball Arena and for the temporary parts of permanent venues such as the Olympic Stadium. In the Water Polo Arena, PVC roofing was made from recycled cushions to provide insulation. Through this recycling process, the Olympic Games PVC Policy was fulfilled; the policy states:
- Where London 2012 procures PVC for temporary usage or where permanent usage is not assured, London 2012 is required to ensure that there is a take-back scheme that offers a closed-loop reuse system or mechanical recycling system for post-consumer waste.
According to Kirsten Henson, Materials Manager for the London 2012 Olympic Park: "The majority of temporary facilities created for the Olympic Games including the Aquatic centre temporary stands, basketball arena, Water Polo Arena, and the shooting facilities at the Royal Artillery Barracks, are essentially big tents. Basically, PVC stretched over lightweight steel frame. This design solution makes them efficient to install, reduces the need for any significant foundations and are, of course, reusable. We were challenged by the public around the use of PVC; but we considered it to be the right material for certain functions. We therefore challenged the PVC supply chain to have certain environmental performance criteria in place, including a take back and recycle scheme."
Cultural Olympiad
Main article: 2012 Cultural Olympiad
The Olympic Charter, the set of rules and guidelines for the organization of the Olympic Games and for governing the Olympic Movement, states that
LOCOG shall organise a programme of cultural events which must cover at least the entire period during which the Olympic Village is open.
The Cultural Olympiad comprised many programmes, with more than 500 events spread over four years across the whole of the United Kingdom, and culminating in the London 2012 Festival.
Opening ceremony
Main articles: 2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony and 2012 Summer Olympics Parade of Nations.jpg)
Titled "The Isles of Wonder", the opening ceremony began at 21:00 British Summer Time (UTC+1) on 27 July in the Olympic Stadium. Oscar-winning director Danny Boyle was artistic director and Rick Smith of Underworld was musical director. The opening ceremony was immediately seen as a tremendous success, widely praised as a "masterpiece" and "a love letter to Britain". The principal sections of the artistic display represented Britain's Industrial Revolution, National Health Service, literary heritage, popular music and culture, and were noted for their vibrant storytelling and use of music.
The Games were officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II, accompanied by Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. This was the second Olympic Games opened personally by the Queen, the first being in 1976 in Montreal, Canada. The ceremony featured a short comic film starring Daniel Craig as secret agent James Bond and the Queen as herself. There was also a musical comedy item starring Rowan Atkinson as Mr. Bean playing along with the London Symphony Orchestra. These were widely ascribed to Britain's sense of humour.
Live musical performers included Frank Turner, Dame Evelyn Glennie, Mike Oldfield, Dizzee Rascal, Arctic Monkeys, and Sir Paul McCartney who performed "Hey Jude" as the closing act. Broadcast live on BBC One, the ceremony attracted a peak viewing audience of over 27 million in the UK.
Closing ceremony
Main articles: 2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony and 2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony flag bearersThe closing ceremony was held on 12 August. It featured a flashback fiesta to British music with The Who closing the performance. The ceremony also included a handover of the Olympic flag by Boris Johnson, Mayor of London, to Eduardo Paes, Mayor of Rio de Janeiro, the host city of the 2016 Summer Olympics. In his closing address, Jacques Rogge described the Games as "happy and glorious".
The Games
Participating National Olympic Committees
| 300+ | 100–299 | 30–99 | 10–29 | 4–9 | 1–3 |
Green = Had previously participated; Grey = Participating for first time; Yellow circle is host city (London)
Around 10,500 athletes from 206 National Olympic Committees (NOCs) took part, (85 countries acquired at least one medal: gold, silver or bronze) surpassing the 1948 Summer Olympics in London and the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester as the largest multi-sport event ever to be held in the United Kingdom.
Three athletes from the Netherlands Antilles, which whose territory was dissolved in 2010 and lost its recognition during 123rd IOC session held during July 2011, and one athlete from South Sudan, which their NOC was recognized in 2015, participated as two independent athletes teams under the Olympic flag.
Number of athletes by National Olympic Committee
National houses
During the Games, some countries and continents had a "national house". These temporary meeting places for supporters, athletes and other followers were located throughout London.
Sports
The 2012 Summer Olympics featured 26 different sports encompassing 39 disciplines and 302 events. In the list below, the number of events in each discipline is noted in parentheses.
| 2012 Summer Olympics Sports Programme | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Women's boxing was included in the programme for the first time, and 36 women competed in three weight classes. There was a special dispensation for the shooting events, which would otherwise have been illegal under UK gun law. In tennis, mixed doubles returned to the Olympic programme for the first time since 1924.
London's bid featured the same 28 sports that had been included in other recent Summer Olympics, but the IOC voted to drop baseball and softball from the 2012 Games just two days after London had been selected as the host city. There was an appeal, but the IOC voted to uphold the decision, and the two sports were scheduled to be discontinued after their last appearance at the 2008 Olympics. The IOC then voted on whether or not to replace them; karate, squash, golf, roller sports and rugby sevens were considered. Karate and squash were the two final nominees, but neither received enough votes to reach the required two-thirds majority.
Although formal demonstration sports were eliminated after the 1992 Summer Olympics, special tournaments for non-Olympic sports can be run during the Games, such as the Wushu tournament at the 2008 Summer Olympics. There were attempts to run Twenty20 cricket and netball tournaments alongside the 2012 Games, but neither campaign was successful.
Calendar
See also: Chronological summary of the 2012 Summer OlympicsThe final official schedule was released on 15 February 2011.
- All times and dates use British Summer Time (UTC+1)
| OC | Opening ceremony | ● | Event competitions | 1 | Gold medal events | CC | Closing ceremony |
| July/August 2012 | July | August | Events | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 25th Wed |
26th Thu |
27th Fri |
28th Sat |
29th Sun |
30th Mon |
31st Tue |
1st Wed |
2nd Thu |
3rd Fri |
4th Sat |
5th Sun |
6th Mon |
7th Tue |
8th Wed |
9th Thu |
10th Fri |
11th Sat |
12th Sun | |||
 Ceremonies |
OC | CC | — | ||||||||||||||||||
| Aquatics |  Diving
|
1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ● | ● | 1 | ● | 1 | ● | 1 | ● | 1 | 46 | ||||||
 Marathon swimming
|
1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||
 Swimming
|
4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | |||||||||||||
 Synchronized swimming
|
● | ● | 1 | ● | 1 | ||||||||||||||||
 Water polo
|
● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | 1 | ● | 1 | |||||||
 Archery
|
● | 1 | 1 | ● | ● | ● | 1 | 1 | 4 | ||||||||||||
 Athletics
|
2 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 1 | 47 | ||||||||||
 Badminton
|
● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | 1 | 2 | 2 | 5 | |||||||||||
 Basketball
|
● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | 1 | 1 | 2 | ||||
 Boxing
|
● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | 3 | ● | 5 | 5 | 13 | ||||
| Canoeing | _pictogram.svg){kind=small} Slalom
|
● | ● | 1 | 1 | 2 | 16 | ||||||||||||||
_pictogram.svg){kind=small} Sprint
|
● | ● | 4 | 4 | ● | 4 | |||||||||||||||
| Cycling | _pictogram.svg){kind=small} Road cycling
|
1 | 1 | 2 | 18 | ||||||||||||||||
_pictogram.svg){kind=small} Track cycling
|
2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | |||||||||||||||
_pictogram.svg){kind=small} BMX
|
● | ● | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||
_pictogram.svg){kind=small} Mountain biking
|
1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||
 Equestrian
|
● | ● | ● | 2 | ● | ● | ● | ● | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | ||||||||
 Fencing
|
1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 10 | |||||||||||
 Field hockey
|
● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | 1 | 1 | 2 | ||||||
 Football
|
● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | 1 | ● | 1 | 2 | |||||||
| Gymnastics | _pictogram.svg){kind=small} Artistic
|
● | ● | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 18 | ||||||||||
_pictogram.svg){kind=small} Rhythmic
|
● | ● | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||
_pictogram.svg){kind=small} Trampolining
|
1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||
 Handball
|
● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | 1 | 1 | 2 | ||||
 Judo
|
2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 14 | |||||||||||||
.svg){kind=small} Modern pentathlon
|
1 | 1 | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||
 Rowing
|
● | ● | ● | ● | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 14 | ||||||||||||
 Sailing
|
● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 10 | |||||||
 Shooting
|
2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 15 | ||||||||||
 Table tennis
|
● | ● | ● | ● | 1 | 1 | ● | ● | ● | ● | 1 | 1 | 4 | ||||||||
 Taekwondo
|
2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 8 | ||||||||||||||||
 Tennis
|
● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | 2 | 3 | 5 | |||||||||||
 Triathlon
|
1 | 1 | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Volleyball | _pictogram.svg){kind=small} Beach volleyball
|
● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | 1 | 1 | 4 | ||||||
_pictogram.svg){kind=small} Indoor volleyball
|
● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | 1 | 1 | |||||
 Weightlifting
|
1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 15 | ||||||||||
 Wrestling
|
2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 18 | ||||||||||||
| Daily medal events | 12 | 14 | 12 | 15 | 20 | 18 | 22 | 25 | 23 | 18 | 21 | 16 | 22 | 17 | 32 | 15 | 302 | ||||
| Cumulative total | 12 | 26 | 38 | 53 | 73 | 91 | 113 | 138 | 161 | 179 | 200 | 216 | 238 | 255 | 287 | 302 | |||||
| July/August 2012 | 25th Wed |
26th Thu |
27th Fri |
28th Sat |
29th Sun |
30th Mon |
31st Tue |
1st Wed |
2nd Thu |
3rd Fri |
4th Sat |
5th Sun |
6th Mon |
7th Tue |
8th Wed |
9th Thu |
10th Fri |
11th Sat |
12th Sun |
Total events | |
| July | August | ||||||||||||||||||||
Records
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These Olympic Games resulted in 32 world records in eight sports. The largest number of records were set in swimming, at eight. China, Great Britain and the United States set the most records, with five each.
Medal table
Main article: 2012 Summer Olympics medal table Further information: List of 2012 Summer Olympics medal winnersA total of 85 National Olympic Committees (NOCs) won medals, 54 of those countries winning at least one gold medal. Seven NOCs won their first ever Olympic medal: Bahrain (gold), Botswana (silver), Cyprus (silver), Gabon (silver), Grenada (gold), Guatemala (silver), and Montenegro (silver). The United States finished at the top of the table, winning 48 gold medals and a total of 104 medals. China finished second with 38 gold medals and 91 medals overall, and hosts Great Britain came in third place, winning 29 gold medals and 65 medals overall in their best performance since London hosted its first Summer Olympics in 1908, pushing Russia—who won 18 gold medals and 64 medals in total, after doping redistributions (initially 24 gold and 82 total)—into fourth place.
- Key
‡ Changes in medal standings (see subpage)
* Host nation (Great Britain)
| Rank | NOC | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  United States‡ | 48 | 26 | 31 | 105 |
| 2 |  China‡ | 39 | 31 | 22 | 92 |
| 3 |  Great Britain*‡ | 29 | 18 | 18 | 65 |
| 4 |  Russia‡ | 18 | 20 | 26 | 64 |
| 5 |  South Korea‡ | 13 | 9 | 9 | 31 |
| 6 |  Germany‡ | 11 | 20 | 13 | 44 |
| 7 |  France‡ | 11 | 11 | 13 | 35 |
| 8 |  Australia‡ | 8 | 15 | 12 | 35 |
| 9 |  Italy | 8 | 9 | 11 | 28 |
| 10 |  Hungary‡ | 8 | 4 | 6 | 18 |
| 11–86 | Remaining NOCs | 110 | 141 | 192 | 443 |
| Totals (86 entries) | 303 | 304 | 353 | 960 | |
Podium sweeps
| Date | Sport | Event | NOC | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 28 July | Fencing | Women's foil | Italy
|
Elisa Di Francisca | Arianna Errigo | Valentina Vezzali |
| 9 August | Athletics | Men's 200 metres |  Jamaica
|
Usain Bolt | Yohan Blake | Warren Weir |
| 11 August | Athletics | Women's 20 kilometres walk | China
|
Qieyang Shenjie | Liu Hong | Lü Xiuzhi |
Broadcasting
Main article: List of 2012 Summer Olympics broadcasters.jpg)
The host broadcaster was Olympic Broadcasting Services (OBS), an agency of the IOC. The OBS used its own cameras and crews subcontracted from other Olympic broadcasters to cover the events. The base video and audio were sold to other broadcasters, who added their own commentary and presentation.
The official recording format of the 2012 Summer Olympics used Panasonic's digital technologies. The official video was produced and distributed from the International Broadcast Centre in 1080/50i High-Definition (HD) format. Panasonic announced that DVCPRO HD would be the official recording format. OBS London used P2 HD shoulder-mount camcorders.
The IOC wanted television coverage to reach as broad a worldwide audience as possible, and several national and regional broadcasters covered London 2012. In the UK, the BBC carried the Olympics and Channel 4 the Paralympics. The BBC aimed to broadcast all 5,000 hours of the Games. BBC Parliament's Freeview channel was suspended, BBC Three's on-air time was extended so that it could show Olympic events in the daytime, and 24 additional BBC Olympics channels were available via cable, satellite and the internet in the UK.
The US television rights, owned by NBC, accounted for more than half the rights revenue for the IOC. Despite high viewership, many viewers were disappointed with NBC's coverage. The operations of broadcasters granted rights to the Games were hosted in the dedicated International Broadcast Centre inside the security cordon of the Olympic Park. YouTube planned to stream the Games in 64 territories in Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa where there were no official broadcasters.
In Sri Lanka a dispute occurred between Sri Lanka Rupavahini Corporation (SLRC) and MBC Networks (MTV/MBC) as to who was the official broadcaster of the Games. This problem was caused as Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union (ABU) had offered the official broadcasting rights to both networks, as both of the networks were ABU members. So SLRC filed a case against MBC Networks for broadcasting rights at the Colombo Magistrate's Court. Considering the case, the court issued a special court order preventing MBC Networks' Olympic broadcast and stated that SLRC should be the sole broadcaster. However, when the Games started, both networks broadcast most of the events simultaneously. Another dispute had previously occurred between Carlton Sports Network (CSN) and SLRC, but the Sports Minister, Mahindananda Aluthgamage, had stated that SLRC had the exclusive rights.
Olympic Golden Rings Awards
In November 2012, the IOC announced the winners of the Golden Ring Awards for the best broadcast coverage of the Games. Best Olympic Sports Production was awarded to the sailing, produced by Christopher Lincoln, Gary Milkis, and Ursula Romero. The production for the canoe/kayak slalom and the rowing/canoe sprint came second and third respectively. The award for Best On Air Promotion went to NBC with Foxtel and ZDF finishing second and third. NBC Olympics also won the Best Olympic Feature category, as Sky Italia came second and ZDF third. The Best Athlete Profile award went to TV Record's profile of Sarah Menezes, NBC came second with their profile of David Rudisha, and ESPN Latin America took third place with a profile of Miguel Correa and Ruben Rezola. The award for Best Olympic Programme went to NBC, host broadcasters the BBC took second place for Super Saturday (the middle Saturday of the Games), and third place was claimed by the Nine Network for their live coverage of Day 16 of the Games.
Marketing
Main article: 2012 Summer Olympics marketing"Survival" by Muse was announced as the official song of the Olympics, to be played by international broadcasters reporting on the Games. The track was noted to express a sense of conviction and determination to win. In August 2009, the Royal Mail commissioned artists and illustrators to design 30 stamps, which were released in batches of 10 between 2009 and 2011. The last ones were released on 22 July 2011. Two £5 coins designed by Saiman Miah have been made to commemorate the Olympics. As with other Olympics since 1952, the Royal Mint will strike a set of commemorative one-kilogram gold and silver coins.
Motto
The official motto for the 2012 Summer Olympics is "Inspire a generation". It was chosen to highlight the organisers' commitment to inspire the world, including younger generations, to get involved in sporting events through the Games' legacy. A secondary motto of "Be part of it" was also used throughout marketing.
Logo and graphics
There have been two London 2012 logos: one used for the bidding process, and the other used in the branding for the Games themselves. The bid logo, created by Kino Design, was a ribbon with blue, yellow, black, green, and red stripes winding through the text "LONDON 2012", making the shape of the River Thames in East London. The main logo, designed by Wolff Olins and published on 4 June 2007, is a representation of the number 2012, with the Olympic Rings embedded within the zero.
The Paralympics logo (far left) and the different official colour combinations for the Wolff Olins main logo design
Public reaction to the main logo in a June 2007 BBC poll was negative; more than 80% of votes gave it the lowest possible rating. Several newspapers ran their own logo competitions, displaying alternative submissions from their readers, and several writers from news agencies criticised the logo. It was suggested that the logo resembled the American cartoon characters Lisa Simpson and Bart Simpson performing fellatio. In February 2011, Iran threatened to boycott the Olympics, complaining that the logo appeared to spell out the word "Zion". However, this boycott did not occur.
Colours
The four main colours used in the branding of the Games were pink, blue, green, and orange. These colours were chosen to showcase the spirit of the Games: energetic, spirited, youthful, and bright.
The auxiliary colours used in the branding were dark purple, grey, and gold. These were mostly used in symbols and graphics to offset the brightness of the main colours.
Mascots
Main article: Wenlock and MandevilleThe official mascots for the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympic Games were unveiled on 19 May 2010. Wenlock and Mandeville are animations depicting two drops of steel from a steelworks in Bolton.
They are named after Much Wenlock, a town in Shropshire that holds a forerunner of the current Olympic Games, and Stoke Mandeville, a village in Buckinghamshire where a forerunner of the Paralympic Games was first held. The writer Michael Morpurgo wrote the story concept for the mascots, and an animation was produced. Four stories have been created about the mascots: Out Of A Rainbow, Adventures On A Rainbow, Rainbow Rescue, and Rainbow to the Games.
Creative Review magazine liked the mascots, but elsewhere their design was greeted with some disdain. However, the mascots' creators claim that young people find the duo appealing.
Chariots of Fire
The 1981 Best Picture Oscar–winning film Chariots of Fire, which tells the story of two British athletes in the 1924 Olympics, was a recurring theme in promotions for the 2012 Olympics. A digitally re-mastered version of Chariots of Fire was released on 13 July 2012 and screened in over 100 UK cinemas as part of the celebrations, and a 2012 stage adaptation ran in London theatres from 9 May 2012 to 5 January 2013. The film's theme tune was performed during the opening ceremony by the London Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Simon Rattle. The performance was accompanied by a comedic skit by Rowan Atkinson, which included the opening beach-running footage from the film. A new orchestration of the film's theme tune was played during each medal presentation of the Games.
Controversies
Main article: Controversies at the 2012 Summer OlympicsDuring the lead-up to the Games, there were controversies over sponsorship, the athletes' use of social media, and several political issues. After a complicated lottery process, thousands of people failed to secure seats for the events they wanted, but a large number of empty seats were observed early in the Games, even at some of the most popular events. There was speculation that this was due to a failure of corporate sponsors to make use of tickets they had received.
During the Games, eight competitors in the badminton women's doubles were disqualified for "not using best efforts", when they tried to lose matches in the group stage to obtain more favourable fixtures in the knockout rounds. A number of results in boxing, gymnastics and judo were overturned by officials after initial decisions were appealed against.
Drug testing and doping violations
Main article: Use of performance-enhancing drugs in the Olympic Games § 2012 LondonIt was announced before the Summer Games that half of all the competitors would be tested for drugs, with 150 scientists set to take 6,000 samples between the start of the Games and the end of the Paralympic Games. Every competitor who won a medal was also tested. The Olympic laboratory tested up to 400 samples every day for more than 240 prohibited substances.
Although there were less than 10 doping violations detected during the games, in the years following many samples were retested with improved laboratory procedures. This resulted in a large number of disqualifications and rescinded medals. As of mid 2024, 44 medals have been stripped due to doping violations with around 130 total disqualifications. In particular, almost 50 were from Russian athletes. Testing for drugs was completed by GSK (GlaxoSmithKline).
See also
- 2012 Summer Paralympics
- Olympic Games held in Great Britain
- 1908 Summer Olympics – London
- 1948 Summer Olympics – London
- 2012 Summer Olympics – London
- List of IOC country codes
- 2012 Olympic hunger summit
- Twenty Twelve, a comedy mockumentary featuring a fictional London Olympics committee
Notes
- The IOC numbers the Olympiads using Roman numerals.
- Athens has also hosted three IOC-organised events, in 1896, 2004 and the Intercalated Games in 1906. However, the 1906 Games are no longer officially recognised by the IOC, as they do not fit with the quadrennial pattern of the modern Olympics.
- Originally, Israel had 38 participating athletes but swimmer Jonatan Kopelev, who had qualified for the Olympics in June 2012, had to withdraw from the team after having his appendix removed two weeks before the Games.
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Further reading
- Jaworska, Sylvia; Hunt, Sally (2017). "Intersections and differentiations: a corpus-assisted discourse study of gender representations in the British press before, during and after the London Olympics 2012" (PDF). Gender and Language. 11 (3): 336–364. doi:10.1558/genl.28858. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 April 2019.
- Mallon, Bill (18 January 2019). "An Update On London 2012 Doping Positives". OlympStats.
- Mallon, Bill (18 January 2019). "All Olympic Doping Positives – The Count By Games". OlympStats.
- Pamment, James. "'Putting the GREAT Back into Britain': National Identity, Public-Private Collaboration & Transfers of Brand Equity in 2012's Global Promotional Campaign," British Journal of Politics & International Relations (2015) 17#2 pp 260–283.
- Surowiec, Pawel. and Philip Long. "Hybridity and Soft Power Statecraft: The 'GREAT' Campaign." Diplomacy & Statecraft 31:1 (2020): 1–28. online review https://doi.org/10.1080/09592296.2020.1721092
- Official reports
- LOCOG, ed. (2013). Volume 1: Summary of the bid preparation. London 2012 Olympic Games: The Official Report. London: LOCOG.
- Knight, Tom; Ruscoe, Sybil (2012). Volume 2: London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games: the Official Commemorative Book. London 2012 Olympic Games: The Official Report. Chichester: Wiley. ISBN 978-1-119-97314-0. OL 24283202W.
- LOCOG, ed. (2013). Volume 3: Summary of Olympic Games preparations. London 2012 Olympic Games: The Official Report. London: LOCOG.
Book references
External links
- Official
- "London 2012". Olympics.com. International Olympic Committee.
- Official website (London2012.com) at the UK Government Web Archive (archived 28 February 2013)
- News media
- London 2012 at BBC Online
- 2012 Summer Olympics collected news and commentary at The Guardian
- 2012 London Olympics at NBC at the Wayback Machine (archived 3 July 2013)
- London Olympics Business at The Telegraph at the Wayback Machine (archived 14 September 2010)
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