Misplaced Pages

Latest revision as of 05:13, 30 December 2024

Berenice pet cemetery

Shown within Egypt
Location	Berenike, Red Sea Governorate, Egypt
Region	Upper Egypt
Coordinates	23°56′45″N 35°29′18″E / 23.94583°N 35.48833°E / 23.94583; 35.48833
Type	Pet cemetery
Area	104 m (1,120 sq ft)
History
Founded	c. late 1st century CE
Abandoned	c. mid 2nd century CE
Periods	Roman Egypt
Site notes
Discovered	2011
Condition	Ruin

The Berenice pet cemetery is a pet cemetery in Berenike, Egypt, dating from the 1st-2nd century CE. It contains the remains of hundreds of cats, dogs, and monkeys, and is one of the oldest known animal cemeteries in the world. Over 580 individual animals have been identified, most of them cats.

Unlike other animal burials in Egypt, none of the animals at Berenike were mummified. Some of the animals were buried with collars and several of the animals had evidence of injuries that would have necessitated human care for their survival.

The arrangement of the animals is purposeful, and some were intentionally placed in sleep-like positions. Many are accompanied by trinkets, wrapped in shawls, or covered with pieces of amphora.

Background

Berenike was an ancient Egyptian seaport on the western shore of the Red Sea from the Hellenistic period through to late antiquity. A military post was established there by Ptolemy II in the 3rd century BCE for the transportation of African elephants for use in war. It flourished during the early Roman period and served as a port for ships from southern Arabia and India. The town was last mentioned in 523 CE, after which it was deserted and buried underneath the sand.

Egypt was one of first places where cats were domesticated. Animal burials were performed in ancient Egypt since at least the predynastic period. Cats in ancient Egypt were revered, though cat cemeteries at archaeological sites such as temple necropolises usually have mummified cats. The Berenice pet cemetery is neither the oldest nor the largest animal cemetery, being preceded by the Ashkelon dog cemetery among others.

Archaeological history

Systematic archaeological excavations at Berenike began in 1994. A midden unearthed in the area sometime prior to 2001 contained the remains of an Asiatic wildcat (Felis lybica ornata).

Archaeological excavations of animal remains from the pet cemetery began in 2011. The first remains were discovered below the southern end of a Roman trash dump site in the dunes outside of the city walls northwest of Berenike. Research of the animal remains was led by Marta Osypińska, an archaeozoologist with the Institute of Archeology and Ethnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, in cooperation with the University of Warsaw's Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology.

From 2011 to 2020, archaeological research included digs in six excavation sites over a 104 m (1,120 sq ft) area. By 2017, the archaeological team reported unearthing around 100 animals from the cemetery. Archaeologists from the digs have performed "osteological, pathological, and osteometric analyses" of the remains. In 2021, a study of the pet cemetery was published in the journal World Archaeology. The study described 585 individual animals, including cats, monkeys, and dogs.

Composition of the cemetery

An enclosure wall was built outside of Berenike in the mid-1st century CE. The .5 m (1 ft 8 in) wall may have had a tree, statue, or column at its center. A clay pavement surrounded the wall and animals were buried around it for about a century. Scientists dated the animal remains in the burial ground to the final quarter of the 1st century CE and the first half of the second century CE.

Unlike other animal burial sites in Egypt, at Berenike none of the animals were mummified and no humans were buried within the animal necropolis. Most of the animals were positioned carefully and intentionally in well-prepared pits. Many were shrouded in textiles or mats or covered by amphora fragments or wooden beams. Archaeozoologist Marta Osypińska likened the arrangements to a sarcophagus. Almost all of the animals found in the cemetery were buried individually, with the exception of groups of two to four cats, usually kittens.

As of 2020, archaeologists reported that 585 animals had been unearthed and identified. The pet cemetery consisted mostly of domestic cats (Felis silvestris catus), with 536 individuals. There were 32 domestic dogs and 15 Cercopithecinae monkeys, including a Rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) and a Bonnet macaque (Macaca radiata). A Rüppell's fox (Vulpes rueppellii) and a Barbary falcon (Falco peregrinus pelegrinoides) were also found within the cemetery.

Most of the 32 dogs found in the pet cemetery were of average size and of the spitz-type. One taller dog had an enlongated, dolichocephalic skull and a morphological resemblance to the Pharaoh Hound. Another smaller dog was a Maltese-type, analogous to the Maltese toy breeds of the era, and is the sole example of a toy dog in ancient Egypt.

By 2015, two species of monkeys were identified, a grivet (Chlorocebus aethiops) and an Olive baboon (Papio anubis). The monkeys were intentionally placed in sleeping positions, curled and on their sides. Among the monkeys, only young individuals were discovered. It was hypothesized that the monkeys died young because their primary food sources were scarce at the seaport. A Bonnet macaque buried with three kittens was accompanied by a Haliotis shell and another shell as well as a resin-sealed grass basket. Next to the macaque was a young piglet under a pottery fragment.

Several collars, mostly made from iron, were found around the necks of buried monkeys and cats. Several artifacts were recovered from the monkey burials, including amphora fragments, the skeleton of a piglet, three skeletons of kittens, and shells from the Indian Ocean. Most of the animals were buried without grave goods. Other materials were found as well, such as bronze or organics, and necklaces were discovered with beads made from shell, glass, faience and stone. Two of the young cats were found with beads made from ostrich eggshell near their necks. A curled cat was found alongside a nearly complete cattle tail.

The Berenice pet cemetery has a more varied cat population than that of the mummified animals found at Myos Hormos, where larger animals may have been selected as more suitable for mummification. One cat was placed on top of the wing of a large bird.

Aside from the nature of the burials, several of the animals from the pet cemetery show evidence of having been under human care. The bones and scales of small fish were found in the abdomens of a dog and a cat. Four of the 32 dog skeletons had pathological lesions of the skeleton, indicating the presence of osteosarcomas. One dog had advanced spondylosis, a condition which would have impaired its mobility. Another dog had periodontal disease and shoulder joints with advanced degeneration as well as a humerus bone that had an oblique or spiral fracture. Similarly, several cats had limb injuries that would have impaired their mobility, yet these injuries had healed to advanced degrees. The scientists concluded that the animals would not have been capable of finding food independently and thus were dependent on humans to care for them. None of the animals appears to have been killed intentionally, as was the case with animal mummies recovered in the Nile Valley.

Documents from Berenike during the Roman period indicate that cats were kept by its inhabitants. One ostracon from the site reads:

"Herennius to Satornilus his dearest, greetings... Concerning the cats, Ourses is taking care of them in accordance with what I also wrote you on another occasion..."

Other discoveries at Berenike

Archaeological teams working at Berenike unearthed other artifacts at various dig sites. The Berenike Buddha was discovered in Berenike. Several papyri, some Roman currency, ceramics, and ostraca were discovered alongside the pet cemetery. The papyri bore the correspondence of Roman centurions.

References

1. ^ Osypińska, Marta (December 2016). "Pet cats at the Early Roman Red Sea port of Berenike, Egypt". Antiquity. 90 (354). doi:10.15184/aqy.2016.181.
2. Sidebotham, Steven E. (2011). Berenike and the Ancient Maritime Spice Route. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 48–52. ISBN 978-0-520-24430-6.
3. Szymczak, Agnieszka. "Berenike". Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology, University of Warsaw. Archived from the original on 23 June 2024. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
4. ^ Osypińska, Marta; Osypiński, Piotr (9 July 2018). "New evidence for the emergence of the human-pet relation in early Roman Berenike (1st–2nd century AD)". Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean. 26 (2): 167–192. doi:10.5604/01.3001.0012.1825. Archived from the original on 9 September 2024. Retrieved 22 December 2024.
5. Tarlach, Gemma (4 March 2021). "Is This Egyptian Site the World's Oldest Pet Cemetery?". Atlas Obscura. Archived from the original on 17 December 2024. Retrieved 22 December 2024.
6. ^ Osypińska, Marta; Skibniewski, Michał; Osypinski, Piotr (7 August 2020). "Ancient Pets. The health, diet and diversity of cats, dogs and monkeys from the Red Sea port of Berenice (Egypt) in the 1st-2nd centuries AD". World Archaeology. 52 (4): 639–653. doi:10.1080/00438243.2020.1870545. Archived from the original on 28 November 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2024.
7. Grimm, David (26 February 2021). "Graves of nearly 600 cats and dogs in ancient Egypt may be world's oldest pet cemetery". Science. Archived from the original on 9 September 2024. Retrieved 22 December 2024.
8. Szymczak, Agnieszka (10 September 2020). "Berenike: Roman port, Indian monkeys, and bones in 3D". Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology, University of Warsaw. Archived from the original on 15 June 2024. Retrieved 22 December 2024.
9. ^ Gershon, Livia (5 March 2021). "Is This 2,000-Year-Old Egyptian Burial Site the World's Oldest Pet Cemetery?". Smithsonian Magazine.
10. Osypiński, Piotr; Osypińska, Marta (28 December 2019). "Excavation of the small animal cemetery at the Roman Red Sea harbor of Berenike in 2018 and 2019". Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean (28.2): 175–193. doi:10.31338/uw.2083-537X.pam28.2.11.
11. Boucher, Brian (5 March 2021). "Archaeologists Have Unearthed an Ancient Egyptian Pet Cemetery Where Cats Are Buried in Fancy Beaded Necklaces". Artnet News. Archived from the original on 3 May 2024. Retrieved 22 December 2024.
12. "Monkeys from India Identified in Roman Pet Cemetery in Africa". Archaeology Magazine. 25 August 2020. Archived from the original on 1 October 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2024.
13. Bagnall, Roger S.; Verhoogt, Arthur M. F. W. (2005). "Documents from Berenike. Volume II. Texts from the 1999-2001 Seasons". Papyrologica Bruxellensia (33): 83.
14. Milligan, Mark (23 May 2024). "Archaeologists find ancient papyri with correspondence made by Roman centurions". HeritageDaily.

• Animal cemeteries
• Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Egypt
• Roman sites in Egypt
• Archaeological sites in Egypt
• 1st-century establishments in Egypt
• 2nd century in Egypt
• Red Sea Governorate