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	{{Short description\|Group of Low German dialects}}		{{Short description\|Group of Low German dialects}}
			{{Other uses}}
	{{Other uses\|Low German (disambiguation)\|Low Saxon (disambiguation){{!}}Low Saxon}}
	{{More citations needed\|date=December 2009}}		{{More citations needed\|date=December 2009}}
			{{Use dmy dates \|date=December 2024}}
	{{Infobox language		{{Infobox language
	\|name=West Low German		\|name=West Low German
			\|altname=
	\|altname=<small>]:</small> ''{{lang\|de\|Westniederdeutsch}}''
	\|states=], ], ]		\|states=], ], ]
	\|speakers=		\|speakers=Native: {{sigfig\|301,000\|2}}
			\|date=2016
			\|ref=e25
			\|speakers2=L2: {{sigfig\|2.200000\|2}} million<ref name=e25/>
			\|speakers_label=Speakers
	\|familycolor=Indo-European		\|familycolor=Indo-European
	\|fam2=]		\|fam2=]
	\|fam3=]		\|fam3=]
	\|fam4=]		\|fam4=]
	\|fam5=]		\|fam5=]
	\|ref={{citation needed\|date=July 2013}}
	\|map=Nedersaksiese taalgebied.png		\|map=Nedersaksiese taalgebied.png
	\|mapcaption=West Low German area in yellow.		\|mapcaption=West Low German area in yellow.
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	}}		}}

			'''Low Saxon''' ({{langx\|nl\|Nedersaksisch}}), also known as '''West Low German''' ({{langx\|de\|Westniederdeutsch}}<ref>Peter Wiesinger, ''Die Einteilung der deutschen Dialekte'', in: Werner Besch, Ulrich Knoop, Wolfgang Putschke, Herbert Ernst Wiegand (eds.), ''Dialektologie. Ein Handbuch zur deutschen und allgemeinen Dialektforschung. Zweiter Halbband'' (series: ''Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft'' (HSK), 1.2), 1983, p. 828</ref>) are a group of ] dialects spoken in parts of the ], northwestern ] and southern ] (in North Schleswig by parts of the German-speaking minority). It is one of two dialect groups, the other being ].
⚫	'''West Low German''', also known as '''Low Saxon''' in a strict sense (]: ''{{lang\|de\|Westniederdeutsch}}'', literally ''West Low German'', or ''{{lang\|de\|Niedersächsisch}}'' (in a stricter sense), literally: ''Low Saxon, ]''; {{lang-nds\|Nedersassisch, Nedersaksies}}; {{lang-nl\|Nedersaksisch}}) is a group of ] (also Low Saxon; German: ''{{lang\|de\|Plattdeutsch}}'', ''{{lang\|de\|Niederdeutsch}}'', Dutch: ''{{lang\|nl\|Nederduits}}'') dialects spoken in parts of the ], northwestern ] and southern ] (in North Schleswig by the German minority). It is one of two groups of mutually intelligible dialects, the other being ] dialects. A 2005 study found that there were approximately 1.8 million "daily speakers" of Low Saxon in the Netherlands. 53% spoke Low Saxon or Low Saxon and Dutch at home and 71% could speak it.<ref~~></ref>~~ According to another study the percentage of speakers among parents dropped from 34% in 1995 to 15% in 2011. The percentage of speakers among their children dropped from 8% to 2% in the same period.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web\|url=http://images.tresoar.nl/website/NTR12%20dialect1995-2011%20v2.pdf\|title=Ontwikkelingen in het gebruik van Fries, streektalen en dialecten in de periode 1995-2011\|last=Driessen\|first=Geert\|date=2012\|website=Radboud University Nijmegen\|access-date=2017-04-29}}</ref>

	In the broad sense, West Low German also includes Low Franconian,<ref>E.g.:
	* Hermann Niebaum: ''Westniederdeutsch.'' In: ''Lexikon der Germanistischen Linguistik. Herausgegeben von Hans Peter Althaus, Helmut Henne, Herbert Ernst Wiegand.'' 2nd ed., Max Niemeyer Verlag Tübingen, 1980 (1st ed. 1973), p. 458ff., here p. 458f.
	* Reinhard Pilkmann: ''Anmerkungen zur Lautgeographie der Mundarten im Altkreis Soest.'' In: ''Soest: Stadt – Territorium – Reich: Festschrift zum hundertjährigen Bestehen des Vereins für Geschichte und Heimatpflege Soest mit Beiträgen zur Stadt-, Landes- und Hansegeschichte. Herausgegeben von Gerhard Köhn.'' Westfälische Verlagsbuchhandlung Mocker & Jahn, Soest, 1981, p. 531ff., here p. 536: „Das Niederdeutsche wird gemeinhin in zwei Mundartgruppen unterteilt: das Westniederdeutsche und das Ostniederdeutsche .   Das Westniederdeutsche zerfällt in Niederfränkisch und Niedersächsisch .“
	* ''Alt- und Mittelhochdeutsch: Arbeitsbuch zur Grammatik der älteren deutschen Sprachstufen und zur deutschen Sprachgeschichte. Von Rolf Bergmann, Peter Pauly und Claudine Moulin. Bearbeitet von Claudine Moulin.'' 6th ed., Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen, 2004, p. 224
	** Rolf Bergmann, Claudine Moulin, Nikolaus Ruge with assistance by Natalia Filatkina, Falko Klaes, Andrea Rapp: ''Alt- und Mittelhochdeutsch: Arbeitsbuch zur Grammatik der älteren deutschen Sprachstufen und zur deutschen Sprachgeschichte.'' 9th ed., Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2016, p. 203
	* ''Der Brockhaus in zehn Bänden.'' Bd. 6. F.A. Brockhaus, Leipzig und Mannheim, 2005, p. 4198: „'''Niederdeutsch:''' Es lässt sich in Westniederdeutsch (Niederfränkisch und Niedersächsisch) und Ostniederdeutsch unterteilen.“
	</ref> though Low Franconian is also classified as Low German besides West and East Low German.<ref>E.g.:
	* Hermann Paul, Heinz Stolte: ''Kurze deutsche Grammatik auf Grund der fünfbändigen deutschen Grammatik von Hermann Paul eingerichtet von Heinz Stolte.'' 3rd ed. From the series ''Sammlung kurzer Grammatiken germanischer Dialekte'', ''A. Hauptreihe. Nr. 10'', edited by Helmut de Boor. Tübingen, 1962, p. 33 (''Niederdeutsch'' consists of ''Niederfränkisch'' and ''Niedersächsisch'')
	* Iwan Koptzev: ''Zu den sprachlichen Kontakten zwischen dem ostpreußischen Deutsch und den slawischen Sprachen in der Provinz Ostpreußen.'' In: ''Kulturgeschichte Ostpreußens in der Frühen Neuzeit. Herausgegeben von Klaus Garber, Manfred Komorowski und Axel E. Walter.'' Vol. 56 of ''Frühe Neuzeit: Studien und Dokumente zur deutschen Literatur und Kultur im europäischen Kontext''. Max Niemeyer Verlag, Tübingen, 2001, p. 421ff., here p. 422: „Somit ergibt sich für das 13. und 14. Jahrhundert folgende Einteilung der uns hier interessierenden niederdeutschen Mundarten: 1. Niederfränkisch, 2. Niedersächsisch und 3. Ostniederdeutsch. Letzteres wird weiter in Mecklenburgisch, Brandenburgisch (Märkisch), Pommerisch und Preußisch eingeteilt.“
	* Protze: ''Das Deutsche in Deutschland und seine regionalen Varianten.'' In: ''Deutsch als Fremdsprache: Ein internationales Handbuch. 1. Halbband. Herausgegeben von Gerhard Helbig, Lutz Götze, Gert Henrici, Hans-Jürgen Krumm.'' Vol. 19.1 of HSK (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft). Walter de Gruyter, Berlin / New York, 2001, p. 505ff., here p. 517: „Das Niederdeutsche umfasst drei große Mundarträume: Niederfränkisch, Nordniedersächsisch mit West- und Ostfälisch und Ostniederdeutsch mit Märkisch-Brandenburgisch, Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch und Mittelpommersch.“
	* Gabriele Graefen, Martina Liedke-Göbel: ''Germanistische Sprachwissenschaft: Deutsch als Erst-, Zweit- oder Fremdsprache.'' 3rd ed., UTB / Narr Francke Attempto Verlag, Tübingen, 2020, p. 31: „Der niederdeutsche Sprachraum umfasst die '''niederfränkischen''', '''westniederdeutschen''' (Westfälisch, Ostfälisch, Nordniedersächsisch) und '''ostniederdeutschen''' Dialekte (Mecklenburgisch, Vorpommersch, Brandenburgisch, Märkisch).“</ref>

	==Extent==		==Extent==
	The language area comprises the ] states of ], ] (the ]n part), ], ], ] and ] (the northwestern areas around ]) as well as the northeast of ~~The~~ Netherlands (i.e. ], spoken in ], ], ] and northern ]) and the ] spoken by the ] in the southernmost part of Denmark.		The language area comprises the ] states of ], ] (the ]n part), ], ], ] and ] (the northwestern areas around ]) as well as the northeast of the Netherlands (i.e. ], spoken in ], ], ] and northern ]) and the ] spoken by the ] in the southernmost part of Denmark.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Sanders \|first1=Willy \|title=Sachsensprache, Hansesprache, Plattdeutsch : sprachgeschichtliche Grundzüge des Niederdeutschen \|date=1982 \|publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht \|location=Göttingen \|isbn=9783525012130 \|language=de \|trans-title=Language of the Saxons, the language of the Hanseatic League, Plattdeutsch: basics of the historical linugistics of Low German}}</ref>

	In the south the ] and ] isoglosses form the border with the area, where ] variants of ] are spoken.		In the south the ] and ] isoglosses form the border with the area, where ] variants of ] are spoken.
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	**], spoken in southeastern Lower Saxony (], ], ]) and in the ] region		**], spoken in southeastern Lower Saxony (], ], ]) and in the ] region
	**]		**]
	***] in ]<ref name="Noble"/>		***] in ]<ref name="Noble">{{cite book \|last1=Noble \|first1=Cecil Arthur M. \|title=Modern German dialects \|date=1983 \|publisher=P. Lang \|location=New York \|isbn=9780820400259 \|pages=103–104}}</ref>
	***Dithmarsisch<ref name="Noble"/>		***Dithmarsisch<ref name="Noble"/>
	***Schleswigsch<ref name="Noble"~~>Noble, Cecil A. M. (1983). Modern German dialects. New York , Lang, p. 103-104<~~/~~ref~~>		***Schleswigsch<ref name="Noble"/>
	***Holsteinisch<ref name="Noble"/>		***Holsteinisch<ref name="Noble"/>
	****]		****]
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	===Netherlands===		===Netherlands===
	{{Main\|Dutch Low Saxon}}		{{Main\|Dutch Low Saxon}}
	While ] is a ], the ] varieties~~, which the Dutch government considers to be ],~~ form a ] with ~~the~~ Westphalian language. They consist of:		While ] is a ], the ] varieties form a ] with ]. They consist of:
	*West Low German		* West Low German, divided into:<ref name="blo05" />{{rp\|p=9}}
	**]		** ]
		⚫	** ]
	*** ] ~~in southeastern ]~~		** ]
⚫	*** ]
	*** ]		** ]
			** West-Overijssels
	*** ] and Tweants-Groafschops in the ] region of ] and the adjacent ] region of ]
			** ]
	*** ] in the ] region of Gelderland
	*** ]		** ]
	**** ]		** ]
	**** ] in the ] region of western Overijssel
	**** ] on the former island of ] in ]
	**]
	*** ], in western ]
	*** ], in Groningen and northern ], by its ] substratum related to ]

	===Denmark===		===Denmark===
	*West Low German		* West Low German
	**]		** ]
	*** ] spoken in former ] (the northern part of the former ]) around ] (''Apenrade'')		*** ] spoken in former ] (the northern part of the former ]) around ] (''Apenrade'')
			===Poland===
			* West Low German
			** Westphalian
			*** Koschneiderian - extinct dialect possibly related to Westphalian, used by settlers from around Osnabrück in the Koschneiderei region (Polish: )

			==Situation in the Netherlands==
		⚫	A 2005 study found that there were approximately 1.8 million "daily speakers" of Low Saxon in the Netherlands. 53% spoke Low Saxon or Low Saxon and Dutch at home and 71% could speak it.<ref name="blo05" />{{page needed \|date=July 2023}} According to another study the percentage of speakers among parents dropped from 34% in 1995 to 15% in 2011. The percentage of speakers among their children dropped from 8% to 2% in the same period.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web\|url=http://images.tresoar.nl/website/NTR12%20dialect1995-2011%20v2.pdf\|title=Ontwikkelingen in het gebruik van Fries, streektalen en dialecten in de periode 1995-2011\|last=Driessen\|first=Geert\|date=2012\|website=Radboud University Nijmegen\|language=nl\|access-date=2017-04-29\|trans-title=Development of the use of Frisian, regional languages and dialects from 1995 to 2011}}</ref>

	== References ==		== References ==
			{{reflist \|refs=
	{{Reflist}}
			<ref name="blo05">{{cite report \|title=Taaltelling Nedersaksisch. Een enquête naar het gebruik en de beheersing van het Nedersaksisch in Nederland \|trans-title=Lower Saxon Language Census. A survey of the use and proficiency of Low Saxon in the Netherlands \|first=Henk \|last=Bloemhoff \|year=2005 \|language=nl \|department=Nedersaksisch Instituut \|publisher=Rijksuniversiteit te Groningen \|location=Groningen \|url=https://www.stellingia.nl/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Taaltelling-Nedersaksisch-1.pdf \|url-status=live \|access-date=2024-12-30 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202143049if_/https://www.stellingia.nl/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Taaltelling-Nedersaksisch-1.pdf \|archive-date=2024-12-02 \|isbn=90 6466 1324 \|ol=OL31709135M \|lccn=2006364430 \|oclc=230137295 }}</ref>
			}}

	{{-}}		{{-}}
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	]		]
	]		]
	]

Latest revision as of 09:10, 30 December 2024

Group of Low German dialects For other uses, see Low Saxon (disambiguation).

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West Low German
Native to	Germany, Netherlands, Southern Denmark
Speakers	Native: 300,000 (2016) L2: 2.2 million
Language family	Indo-European Germanic West Germanic North Sea Germanic Low German West Low German
Language codes
ISO 639-2	`nds` for Low German
ISO 639-3	Variously: `nds` – (partial) `wep` – Westphalian `frs` – Eastern Frisian `gos` – Gronings `stl` – Stellingwerfs `drt` – Drents `twd` – Twents `act` – Achterhoeks `sdz` – Sallands `vel` – Veluws
Glottolog	`west2357`
West Low German area in yellow.

Low Saxon (Dutch: Nedersaksisch), also known as West Low German (German: Westniederdeutsch) are a group of Low German dialects spoken in parts of the Netherlands, northwestern Germany and southern Denmark (in North Schleswig by parts of the German-speaking minority). It is one of two dialect groups, the other being East Low German.

Extent

The language area comprises the North German states of Lower Saxony, North Rhine-Westphalia (the Westphalian part), Bremen, Hamburg, Schleswig-Holstein and Saxony-Anhalt (the northwestern areas around Magdeburg) as well as the northeast of the Netherlands (i.e. Dutch Low Saxon, spoken in Groningen, Drenthe, Overijssel and northern Gelderland) and the Schleswigsch dialect spoken by the North Schleswig Germans in the southernmost part of Denmark.

In the south the Benrath line and Uerdingen line isoglosses form the border with the area, where West Central German variants of High German are spoken.

List of dialects

Germany

West Low German
- Westphalian, including the region around Münster and the Osnabrück region of Lower Saxony
- Eastphalian, spoken in southeastern Lower Saxony (Hanover, Braunschweig, Göttingen) and in the Magdeburg Börde region
- Northern Low Saxon
  - East Frisian Low Saxon in East Frisia
  - Dithmarsisch
  - Schleswigsch
  - Holsteinisch
    - Hamburgisch
  - Nordhannoversch
  - Emsländisch
  - Oldenburgisch in the Oldenburg region

Netherlands

Main article: Dutch Low Saxon

While Dutch is a Low Franconian language, the Dutch Low Saxon varieties form a dialect continuum with Westphalian. They consist of:

West Low German, divided into:
- Gronings
- Drents
- Stellingwerfs
- Sallands
- West-Overijssels
- Twents
- Achterhoeks
- Veluws

Denmark

West Low German
- Northern Low Saxon
  - Schleswigsch dialect spoken in former South Jutland County (the northern part of the former Duchy of Schleswig) around Aabenraa (Apenrade)

Poland

West Low German
- Westphalian
  - Koschneiderian - extinct dialect possibly related to Westphalian, used by settlers from around Osnabrück in the Koschneiderei region (Polish: Kosznajderia)

Situation in the Netherlands

A 2005 study found that there were approximately 1.8 million "daily speakers" of Low Saxon in the Netherlands. 53% spoke Low Saxon or Low Saxon and Dutch at home and 71% could speak it. According to another study the percentage of speakers among parents dropped from 34% in 1995 to 15% in 2011. The percentage of speakers among their children dropped from 8% to 2% in the same period.

References

^ (partial) at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
Westphalian at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
Eastern Frisian at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
Gronings at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
Stellingwerfs at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
Drents at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
(Additional references under 'Language codes' in the information box)
Peter Wiesinger, Die Einteilung der deutschen Dialekte, in: Werner Besch, Ulrich Knoop, Wolfgang Putschke, Herbert Ernst Wiegand (eds.), Dialektologie. Ein Handbuch zur deutschen und allgemeinen Dialektforschung. Zweiter Halbband (series: Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft (HSK), 1.2), 1983, p. 828
Sanders, Willy (1982). Sachsensprache, Hansesprache, Plattdeutsch : sprachgeschichtliche Grundzüge des Niederdeutschen [Language of the Saxons, the language of the Hanseatic League, Plattdeutsch: basics of the historical linugistics of Low German] (in German). Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN 9783525012130.
^ Noble, Cecil Arthur M. (1983). Modern German dialects. New York: P. Lang. pp. 103–104. ISBN 9780820400259.
^ Bloemhoff, Henk (2005). Taaltelling Nedersaksisch. Een enquête naar het gebruik en de beheersing van het Nedersaksisch in Nederland [Lower Saxon Language Census. A survey of the use and proficiency of Low Saxon in the Netherlands] (PDF). Nedersaksisch Instituut (Report) (in Dutch). Groningen: Rijksuniversiteit te Groningen. ISBN 90 6466 1324. LCCN 2006364430. OCLC 230137295. OL 31709135M. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 December 2024. Retrieved 30 December 2024.
Driessen, Geert (2012). "Ontwikkelingen in het gebruik van Fries, streektalen en dialecten in de periode 1995-2011" [Development of the use of Frisian, regional languages and dialects from 1995 to 2011] (PDF). Radboud University Nijmegen (in Dutch). Retrieved 29 April 2017.

Germanic languages

According to contemporary philology

West

Anglo-Frisian

Anglic

English
- dialects
- Old English
- Middle English
- Modern English
  - Early Modern English
Irish Middle English
- Fingallian
- Kildare
- Yola
Scots
- Early Scots
- Middle Scots

Frisian

Historical forms	Old Frisian Middle Frisian
East Frisian	Ems Saterland Frisian Upgant Frisian Weser Wangerooge Frisian Wursten Frisian Harlingerland Frisian
North Frisian	Insular Eiderstedt Föhr–Amrum Föhr Amrum Heligolandic Sylt Mainland Bökingharde Mooring Halligen Goesharde Northern Central Southern Karrharde Strand Wiedingharde
West Frisian	Hindeloopen Schiermonnikoog Westlauwers–Terschellings Mainland West Frisian Clay Frisian Wood Frisian Westereendersk Terschelling

Low German

Historical forms	Old Saxon Middle Low German
West Low German	Dutch Low Saxon Stellingwarfs Tweants Gronings Drèents Gelders-Overijssels Achterhooks Sallaans Urkers Veluws Northern Low Saxon East Frisian Low Saxon Eastphalian Westphalian
East Low German	Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch Brandenburgisch Central Pomeranian East Pomeranian Low Prussian Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German

Low Franconian

Historical forms	Frankish Old Dutch Middle Dutch
Standard variants	Dutch Afrikaans (Kaaps)
West Low Franconian	Central Dutch Hollandic West Flemish French Flemish Zeelandic East Flemish Brabantian Kleverlandish Surinamese Dutch Jersey Dutch Mohawk Dutch Stadsfries/Bildts/Amelands/Midslands
East Low Franconian	Limburgish
Cover groups	Bergish Meuse-Rhenish

High German
(German)

Historical forms

Old High German
Middle High German
New High German
- Early New High German

Standard German

Non-standard variants
and creoles

Central German

West Central German	Central Franconian Ripuarian Colognian Southeast Limburgish Moselle Franconian Luxembourgish Transylvanian Saxon Hunsrückisch Hunsrik Rhine Franconian Lorraine Franconian Palatine Volga German Pennsylvania Dutch Hessian Central Hessian Amana German
East Central German	Thuringian Upper Saxon Erzgebirgisch Lusatian Silesian German High Prussian Wymysorys Halcnovian

Upper German

North and East

North

Historical forms	Proto-Norse Old Norse Old West Norse Old East Norse Old Gutnish
West	Norwegian Bergensk Kebabnorsk Sognamål Trøndersk Valdris Vestlandsk Vikværsk Bokmål (written) Nynorsk (written) Old Norwegian Middle Norwegian Faroese Icelandic Old Icelandic Middle Icelandic Greenlandic Norse Norn
East	Swedish Swedish dialects Rinkebysvenska Danish Danish dialects Insular Danish Jutlandic South Jutlandic East Danish Bornholmsk Scanian (historically) Southern Schleswig Danish Gøtudanskt Perkerdansk Old Danish Middle Danish Dalecarlian Elfdalian
Gutnish Mainland Gutnish Fårö Gutnish

East

Gothic
- Crimean Gothic
- Ostrogoth
- Visigoth
- Gepid ?
Burgundian
Vandalic
Herulian ?
Skirian ?

Philology

Language subgroups	North East West Elbe (Irminonic) Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic) North Sea (Ingvaeonic) Northwest Gotho-Nordic South
Reconstructed	Proto-Germanic Proto-Germanic grammar Germanic parent language Ancient Belgian language
Diachronic features	Grimm's law Verner's law Holtzmann's law Sievers's law Kluge's law Germanic substrate hypothesis West Germanic gemination High German consonant shift Germanic a-mutation Germanic umlaut Germanic spirant law Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law Great Vowel Shift
Synchronic features	Germanic verb Germanic strong verb Germanic weak verb Preterite-present verb Grammatischer Wechsel Indo-European ablaut

Italics indicate extinct languages
Languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left.

Categories: