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| {{Short description|Group of Low German dialects}} | {{Short description|Group of Low German dialects}} | ||
| {{ |
{{Other uses}} | ||
| ⚫ | {{More citations needed|date=December 2009}} | ||
| {{Other uses|Low German (disambiguation)}} | |||
| {{Use dmy dates |date=December 2024}} | |||
| <noinclude>{{User:RMCD bot/subject notice|1=Low Saxon|2=Talk:West Low German#Requested move 26 January 2022}} | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| {{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
| |name=West Low German | |name=West Low German | ||
| |altname= | |altname= | ||
| |states=], ], ] | |states=], ], ] | ||
| |speakers= | |speakers=Native: {{sigfig|301,000|2}} | ||
| |date=2016 | |||
| |ref=e25 | |||
| |speakers2=L2: {{sigfig|2.200000|2}} million<ref name=e25/> | |||
| |speakers_label=Speakers | |||
| |familycolor=Indo-European | |familycolor=Indo-European | ||
| |fam2=] | |fam2=] | ||
| |fam3=] | |fam3=] | ||
| |fam4=] | |fam4=] | ||
| |fam5=] | |fam5=] | ||
| |ref={{citation needed|date=July 2013}} | |||
| |map=Nedersaksiese taalgebied.png | |map=Nedersaksiese taalgebied.png | ||
| |mapcaption=West Low German area in yellow. | |mapcaption=West Low German area in yellow. | ||
| Line 43: | Line 45: | ||
| }} | }} | ||
| '''Low Saxon''' ({{langx|nl|Nedersaksisch}}), also known as '''West Low German''' ({{langx|de|Westniederdeutsch}}<ref>Peter Wiesinger, ''Die Einteilung der deutschen Dialekte'', in: Werner Besch, Ulrich Knoop, Wolfgang Putschke, Herbert Ernst Wiegand (eds.), ''Dialektologie. Ein Handbuch zur deutschen und allgemeinen Dialektforschung. Zweiter Halbband'' (series: ''Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft'' (HSK), 1.2), 1983, p. 828</ref>) are a group of ] dialects spoken in parts of the ], northwestern ] and southern ] (in North Schleswig by parts of the German-speaking minority). It is one of two dialect groups, the other being ]. | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| ==Extent== | ==Extent== | ||
| The language area comprises the ] states of ], ] (the ]n part), ], ], ] and ] (the northwestern areas around ]) as well as the northeast of |
The language area comprises the ] states of ], ] (the ]n part), ], ], ] and ] (the northwestern areas around ]) as well as the northeast of the Netherlands (i.e. ], spoken in ], ], ] and northern ]) and the ] spoken by the ] in the southernmost part of Denmark.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sanders |first1=Willy |title=Sachsensprache, Hansesprache, Plattdeutsch : sprachgeschichtliche Grundzüge des Niederdeutschen |date=1982 |publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht |location=Göttingen |isbn=9783525012130 |language=de |trans-title=Language of the Saxons, the language of the Hanseatic League, Plattdeutsch: basics of the historical linugistics of Low German}}</ref> | ||
| In the south the ] and ] isoglosses form the border with the area, where ] variants of ] are spoken. | In the south the ] and ] isoglosses form the border with the area, where ] variants of ] are spoken. | ||
| Line 57: | Line 59: | ||
| **], spoken in southeastern Lower Saxony (], ], ]) and in the ] region | **], spoken in southeastern Lower Saxony (], ], ]) and in the ] region | ||
| **] | **] | ||
| ***] in ]<ref name="Noble"/> | ***] in ]<ref name="Noble">{{cite book |last1=Noble |first1=Cecil Arthur M. |title=Modern German dialects |date=1983 |publisher=P. Lang |location=New York |isbn=9780820400259 |pages=103–104}}</ref> | ||
| ***Dithmarsisch<ref name="Noble"/> | ***Dithmarsisch<ref name="Noble"/> | ||
| ***Schleswigsch<ref name="Noble" |
***Schleswigsch<ref name="Noble"/> | ||
| ***Holsteinisch<ref name="Noble"/> | ***Holsteinisch<ref name="Noble"/> | ||
| ****] | ****] | ||
| Line 70: | Line 72: | ||
| ===Netherlands=== | ===Netherlands=== | ||
| {{Main|Dutch Low Saxon}} | {{Main|Dutch Low Saxon}} | ||
| While ] is a ], the ] varieties |
While ] is a ], the ] varieties form a ] with ]. They consist of: | ||
| *West Low German | * West Low German, divided into:<ref name="blo05" />{{rp|p=9}} | ||
| **] | ** ] | ||
| ⚫ | ** ] | ||
| ** ] | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| ** ] | |||
| ** West-Overijssels | |||
| *** ] and Tweants-Groafschops in the ] region of ] and the adjacent ] region of ] | |||
| ** ] | |||
| *** ] in the ] region of Gelderland | |||
| ** ] | |||
| ** ] | |||
| **** ] in the ] region of western Overijssel | |||
| **** ] on the former island of ] in ] | |||
| **] | |||
| *** ], in western ] | |||
| *** ], in Groningen and northern ], by its ] substratum related to ] | |||
| ===Denmark=== | ===Denmark=== | ||
| *West Low German | * West Low German | ||
| **] | ** ] | ||
| *** ] spoken in former ] (the northern part of the former ]) around ] (''Apenrade'') | *** ] spoken in former ] (the northern part of the former ]) around ] (''Apenrade'') | ||
| ===Poland=== | |||
| * West Low German | |||
| ** Westphalian | |||
| *** Koschneiderian - extinct dialect possibly related to Westphalian, used by settlers from around Osnabrück in the Koschneiderei region (Polish: ) | |||
| ==Situation in the Netherlands== | |||
| ⚫ | A 2005 study found that there were approximately 1.8 million "daily speakers" of Low Saxon in the Netherlands. 53% spoke Low Saxon or Low Saxon and Dutch at home and 71% could speak it.<ref name="blo05" />{{page needed |date=July 2023}} According to another study the percentage of speakers among parents dropped from 34% in 1995 to 15% in 2011. The percentage of speakers among their children dropped from 8% to 2% in the same period.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://images.tresoar.nl/website/NTR12%20dialect1995-2011%20v2.pdf|title=Ontwikkelingen in het gebruik van Fries, streektalen en dialecten in de periode 1995-2011|last=Driessen|first=Geert|date=2012|website=Radboud University Nijmegen|language=nl|access-date=2017-04-29|trans-title=Development of the use of Frisian, regional languages and dialects from 1995 to 2011}}</ref> | ||
| == References == | == References == | ||
| {{reflist |refs= | |||
| {{Reflist}} | |||
| <ref name="blo05">{{cite report |title=Taaltelling Nedersaksisch. Een enquête naar het gebruik en de beheersing van het Nedersaksisch in Nederland |trans-title=Lower Saxon Language Census. A survey of the use and proficiency of Low Saxon in the Netherlands |first=Henk |last=Bloemhoff |year=2005 |language=nl |department=Nedersaksisch Instituut |publisher=Rijksuniversiteit te Groningen |location=Groningen |url=https://www.stellingia.nl/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Taaltelling-Nedersaksisch-1.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=2024-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202143049if_/https://www.stellingia.nl/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Taaltelling-Nedersaksisch-1.pdf |archive-date=2024-12-02 |isbn=90 6466 1324 |ol=OL31709135M |lccn=2006364430 |oclc=230137295 }}</ref> | |||
| }} | |||
| {{-}} | {{-}} | ||
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| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | |||
Latest revision as of 09:10, 30 December 2024
Group of Low German dialects For other uses, see Low Saxon (disambiguation). | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Low Saxon" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
| West Low German | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Germany, Netherlands, Southern Denmark |
| Speakers | Native: 300,000 (2016) L2: 2.2 million |
| Language family | Indo-European
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-2 | nds for Low German |
| ISO 639-3 | Variously:nds – (partial)wep – Westphalianfrs – Eastern Frisiangos – Groningsstl – Stellingwerfsdrt – Drentstwd – Twentsact – Achterhoekssdz – Sallandsvel – Veluws |
| Glottolog | west2357 |
 West Low German area in yellow. | |
Low Saxon (Dutch: Nedersaksisch), also known as West Low German (German: Westniederdeutsch) are a group of Low German dialects spoken in parts of the Netherlands, northwestern Germany and southern Denmark (in North Schleswig by parts of the German-speaking minority). It is one of two dialect groups, the other being East Low German.
Extent
The language area comprises the North German states of Lower Saxony, North Rhine-Westphalia (the Westphalian part), Bremen, Hamburg, Schleswig-Holstein and Saxony-Anhalt (the northwestern areas around Magdeburg) as well as the northeast of the Netherlands (i.e. Dutch Low Saxon, spoken in Groningen, Drenthe, Overijssel and northern Gelderland) and the Schleswigsch dialect spoken by the North Schleswig Germans in the southernmost part of Denmark.
In the south the Benrath line and Uerdingen line isoglosses form the border with the area, where West Central German variants of High German are spoken.
List of dialects
Germany
- West Low German
- Westphalian, including the region around Münster and the Osnabrück region of Lower Saxony
- Eastphalian, spoken in southeastern Lower Saxony (Hanover, Braunschweig, Göttingen) and in the Magdeburg Börde region
- Northern Low Saxon
- East Frisian Low Saxon in East Frisia
- Dithmarsisch
- Schleswigsch
- Holsteinisch
- Nordhannoversch
- Emsländisch
- Oldenburgisch in the Oldenburg region
Netherlands
Main article: Dutch Low SaxonWhile Dutch is a Low Franconian language, the Dutch Low Saxon varieties form a dialect continuum with Westphalian. They consist of:
- West Low German, divided into:
- Gronings
- Drents
- Stellingwerfs
- Sallands
- West-Overijssels
- Twents
- Achterhoeks
- Veluws
Denmark
- West Low German
- Northern Low Saxon
- Schleswigsch dialect spoken in former South Jutland County (the northern part of the former Duchy of Schleswig) around Aabenraa (Apenrade)
- Northern Low Saxon
Poland
- West Low German
- Westphalian
- Koschneiderian - extinct dialect possibly related to Westphalian, used by settlers from around Osnabrück in the Koschneiderei region (Polish: Kosznajderia)
- Westphalian
Situation in the Netherlands
A 2005 study found that there were approximately 1.8 million "daily speakers" of Low Saxon in the Netherlands. 53% spoke Low Saxon or Low Saxon and Dutch at home and 71% could speak it. According to another study the percentage of speakers among parents dropped from 34% in 1995 to 15% in 2011. The percentage of speakers among their children dropped from 8% to 2% in the same period.
References
- ^ (partial) at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
Westphalian at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
Eastern Frisian at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
Gronings at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
Stellingwerfs at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
Drents at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
(Additional references under 'Language codes' in the information box) - Peter Wiesinger, Die Einteilung der deutschen Dialekte, in: Werner Besch, Ulrich Knoop, Wolfgang Putschke, Herbert Ernst Wiegand (eds.), Dialektologie. Ein Handbuch zur deutschen und allgemeinen Dialektforschung. Zweiter Halbband (series: Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft (HSK), 1.2), 1983, p. 828
- Sanders, Willy (1982). Sachsensprache, Hansesprache, Plattdeutsch : sprachgeschichtliche Grundzüge des Niederdeutschen [Language of the Saxons, the language of the Hanseatic League, Plattdeutsch: basics of the historical linugistics of Low German] (in German). Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN 9783525012130.
- ^ Noble, Cecil Arthur M. (1983). Modern German dialects. New York: P. Lang. pp. 103–104. ISBN 9780820400259.
- ^ Bloemhoff, Henk (2005). Taaltelling Nedersaksisch. Een enquête naar het gebruik en de beheersing van het Nedersaksisch in Nederland [Lower Saxon Language Census. A survey of the use and proficiency of Low Saxon in the Netherlands] (PDF). Nedersaksisch Instituut (Report) (in Dutch). Groningen: Rijksuniversiteit te Groningen. ISBN 90 6466 1324. LCCN 2006364430. OCLC 230137295. OL 31709135M. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 December 2024. Retrieved 30 December 2024.
- Driessen, Geert (2012). "Ontwikkelingen in het gebruik van Fries, streektalen en dialecten in de periode 1995-2011" [Development of the use of Frisian, regional languages and dialects from 1995 to 2011] (PDF). Radboud University Nijmegen (in Dutch). Retrieved 29 April 2017.