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'''Indian television dramas''' (commonly referred to as '''Indian series''' or '''serials<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2023 |title=Indian TV Serial or Korean Drama: What Does an Indian Viewer Prefer? |url=https://m.sakshipost.com/news/ott/indian-tv-serial-or-korean-drama-what-does-indian-viewer-prefer-186371 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124033218/https://m.sakshipost.com/news/ott/indian-tv-serial-or-korean-drama-what-does-indian-viewer-prefer-186371 |archive-date=24 January 2024 |website=Sakshipost}}</ref>''') are ] ] written, produced, and filmed in ], featuring Indian actors in the lead roles, with episodes broadcast on ].<ref>Pak-Hind Ka Swag, Book 5 "Culture, Technology and fun", chapter 16 "soap opera, Serials and Films"</ref> '''Indian television dramas''', often called '''Indian series''' or '''serials''', are scripted ] made in ], featuring Indian actors. These dramas are broadcast on Indian television networks.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2023 |title=Indian TV Serial or Korean Drama: What Does an Indian Viewer Prefer? |url=https://m.sakshipost.com/news/ott/indian-tv-serial-or-korean-drama-what-does-indian-viewer-prefer-186371 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124033218/https://m.sakshipost.com/news/ott/indian-tv-serial-or-korean-drama-what-does-indian-viewer-prefer-186371 |archive-date=24 January 2024 |website=Sakshipost}}</ref><ref>Pak-Hind Ka Swag, Book 5 "Culture, Technology and fun", chapter 16 "soap opera, Serials and Films"</ref>


India's first television drama, titled '']'' (]), aired from 1984 to 1985,<ref>{{cite news |date=21 August 1985 |title=SOAP OPERAS CAST A SPELL OVER INDIA |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/08/21/movies/soap-operas-cast-a-spell-over-india.html |work=]}}</ref> and concluded with 154 episodes. ]'s '']'' (2000–08) became the first Indian television drama to surpass 1,000 episodes. The show entered the ] with 1,833 episodes.<ref></ref> The ] series '']'' (2001–13), concluding with 3,200 episodes, was the first Indian series to produce over both 2,000 and 3,000 episodes, making it into the Limca Book of Records. The ] series '']'' (2008–22) became the first Indian series to reach 4,000 episodes, ending its run on 1 February 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shekhar |first=G. C. |date=6 September 2018 |title=More Spellbinding Soap Gathas |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/more-spellbinding-soap-gathas/300602 |access-date=9 September 2019 |work=Outlook}}</ref> The television drama '']'' (2009–present), with over 4,500 episodes, is the longest-running Hindi TV show in India, as well as the longest-running ], having aired for 15 years as of 2024. India's first television drama, '']'' (]), aired from 1984 to 1985 and had 154 episodes.<ref>{{cite news |date=21 August 1985 |title=SOAP OPERAS CAST A SPELL OVER INDIA |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/08/21/movies/soap-operas-cast-a-spell-over-india.html |work=]}}</ref> ]'s '']'' (2000–2008) became the first Indian TV drama to surpass 1,000 episodes, with a total of 1,833 episodes, entering the ].<ref></ref> The ] series '']'' (2001–2013) reached 3,200 episodes, becoming the first Indian series to exceed both 2,000 and 3,000 episodes, also entering the Limca Book of Records. The ] series '']'' (2008–2022) was the first Indian show to reach 4,000 episodes, ending on 1 February 2022. The Hindi series Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai (2009–present), with over 4,500 episodes as of 2024, is India's longest-running Hindi TV drama and ], airing for 15 years.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shekhar |first=G. C. |date=6 September 2018 |title=More Spellbinding Soap Gathas |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/more-spellbinding-soap-gathas/300602 |access-date=9 September 2019 |work=Outlook}}</ref>


Indian series are produced in nearly all major languages spoken in India, though many incorporate a mix of the predominant regional language and English. These dramas are also broadcast in other parts of ], the ], ], ], ], ], the ], ], ], ], ], and ].<ref>{{cite web |first=Geeta |last=Pandey |title=BBC - Culture - Indian soap operas : Family affairs |url=http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20140502-family-affair-indian-soap-operas |work=BBC Culture}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=20 July 2013 |title=India Marginalized in Myanmar |url=http://www.irrawaddy.org/magazine-guest-column/india-marginalized-in-myanmar.html}}</ref> Indian television dramas are produced in nearly all major languages spoken in India, often blending the local language with English. These shows are also broadcast in various parts of ], the ], ], ], ], the ], ] and ], and parts of Africa.<ref>{{cite web |first=Geeta |last=Pandey |title=BBC - Culture - Indian soap operas : Family affairs |url=http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20140502-family-affair-indian-soap-operas |work=BBC Culture}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=20 July 2013 |title=India Marginalized in Myanmar |url=http://www.irrawaddy.org/magazine-guest-column/india-marginalized-in-myanmar.html}}</ref>


==History and significant development in Indian television from 1984-2020== == Evolution of Indian Television (1984-2020) ==
India's first television ], ], aired in 1984–85 and concluded with 154 episodes.<ref name="Kohli2006">{{cite book |last=Kohli |first=Vanita |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hllyb6ymMy0C&pg=RA1-PA8-IA1 |title=The Indian Media Business |date=14 June 2006 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=9780761934691 |pages=1– |access-date=1 February 2014}}</ref> At the time of its conclusion, it was the longest-running serial in ] history. ''Hum Log'' garnered an of 60 million viewers, with each episode running for approximately 25 minutes, with the series finale extending to approximately 55 minutes.<ref name="Gokulsing2004">{{cite book |last=Gokulsing |first=K. Moti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4CAgVZ-lJFIC&pg=PA32 |title=Soft-soaping India: The World of Indian Television Soap Operas |publisher=Trentham Books |year=2004 |isbn=9781858563213 |pages=32– |access-date=1 February 2014}}</ref> Notably, at the end of each episode, veteran ] actor ] engaged with the audience, discussing the ongoing story and situations through Hindi couplets and limericks. In later episodes, he introduced the actors portraying the characters and concluded his monologues with Indian language versions of the words "Hum Log." ''Hum Log'' was India's first television ], airing from 1984 to 1985 with a total of 154 episodes.<ref name="Kohli2006">{{cite book |last=Kohli |first=Vanita |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hllyb6ymMy0C&pg=RA1-PA8-IA1 |title=The Indian Media Business |date=14 June 2006 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=9780761934691 |pages=1– |access-date=1 February 2014}}</ref> At the time, it was the longest-running serial in Indian television history. The show attracted around 60 million viewers, with each episode lasting about 25 minutes, except for the final episode, which was about 55 minutes long.<ref name="Gokulsing2004">{{cite book |last=Gokulsing |first=K. Moti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4CAgVZ-lJFIC&pg=PA32 |title=Soft-soaping India: The World of Indian Television Soap Operas |publisher=Trentham Books |year=2004 |isbn=9781858563213 |pages=32– |access-date=1 February 2014}}</ref> Veteran ] actor ] appeared at the end of each episode, where he discussed the story and situations using Hindi couplets and limericks. In later episodes, he introduced the actors playing the characters and ended his monologues with variations of the phrase "Hum Log."


===1985-2003=== ===Phases of Tele serials from 1985-2015===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;" {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;"
! Years ! Years
! Themes ! Themes
! Types of serials ! Types of serials
! Notes ! Notes
|- |-
| style="text-align: center;" | 1985-1990's | style="text-align: center;" | 1985-1990's
| style="text-align: center;" | | style="text-align: center;" |
*Novel based and Novel type stories such as * Novel based and Novel type stories such as
*Social issues * ]s
*Social evils(social problem.) * Social evils(social problem.)
*Social injustice and pain * Social injustice and pain
*Social systems * Social systems
*Civic issues * Civic issues
*Crimes * Crimes
*Income issue * Income issue
*Classical arts (musical,dance)related dramas such as Noopur TV Series 1990–& Phoolwanti * Classical arts (musical,dance)related dramas such as Noopur TV Series 1990–& Phoolwanti
*Family loss * Family loss
| |
*] * ]
*] * ]
*] * ]
* ] * ]
| |
(Drama genres) (Drama genres)
*Social drama * Social drama
*Novel type dramas * Novel type dramas
**i) ] inspired by Jane Austen's 1813 novel Pride and Prejudice ** i) ] inspired by Jane Austen's 1813 novel Pride and Prejudice
**ii) ] based on R. K. Narayan’s 1943 work ** ii) ] based on R. K. Narayan's 1943 work
*Sitcom (Wagle Ki Duniya)from 1988 to 1990. * Sitcom (Wagle Ki Duniya)from 1988 to 1990.
*Classic dramas * Classic dramas
|- |-
| style="text-align: center;" | 1990's and Mid 1990s(1995,1996,1997) | style="text-align: center;" | 1990's and Mid 1990s(1995,1996,1997)
| style="text-align: center;" | | style="text-align: center;" |
*Romantic Dramatic ,Emotional series,Friendships,Relationships * Romantic Dramatic ,Emotional series,Friendships,Relationships
*Particular Individual life story and perspective * Particular Individual life story and perspective
| |
*] * ]
*Aurat * Aurat
*] * ]
*] * ]
*] * ]
*] * ]
*] * ]
*Beta * Beta
*] * ]
*] * ]
*Waqt ki Raftar * Waqt ki Raftar
*] * ]
*] * ]
| |
*First Romantic serial ] * First Romantic serial ]
*] with intense plots, heightened emotion and Emotional dramas,],Legal Drama (]) * ] with intense plots, heightened emotion and Emotional dramas,],Legal Drama (])
*],] well known comic drama * ],] well known comic drama
*Family drama relationships (story line based)which dealt with sensitive relationships strained relations,stigmatized Relationships * Family drama relationships (story line based)which dealt with sensitive relationships strained relations,stigmatized Relationships
*Family loss * Family loss
|- |-
| style="text-align: center;" | 1998-2002 | style="text-align: center;" | 1998-2002
| style="text-align: center;" | | style="text-align: center;" |
*Rise and Popularity of Family Dramas * Rise and Popularity of Family Dramas
| |
*] * ]
*] * ]
*] * ]
*] * ]
*] * ]
*] * ]
*] * ]
*] * ]
*] * ]
*] * ]
* ] * ]
| Rise after Family dramas popularity after ] | Rise after Family dramas popularity after ]
*] first Indian police procedural television series * ] first Indian police procedural television series
*] is an Indian television first detective-crime drama series * ] is an Indian television first detective-crime drama series
|- |-
| style="text-align: center;" | After 2002&2003 | style="text-align: center;" | After 2002&2003
| style="text-align: center;" | | style="text-align: center;" |
* Family Tv Dramas created to attract younger generation audience in fashionable manner * Family Tv Dramas created to attract younger generation audience in fashionable manner
| |
*] * ]
*] * ]
*Kyun Hota Hai Pyar * Kyun Hota Hai Pyar
*] * ]
*] * ]
*] * ]
*] * ]
*] * ]
*] * ]
*] * ]
| |
*In 2005 Integration episode(Mahasangam), Tv star Guest appearances ,Film actor Guest appearances for Promotion of film started to begin in serials <ref>{{Cite web|title=Big screen actors Sanjay Dutt and Sunil Shetty will soon appear on small screen to promote Apoorva Lakhia's forthcoming film Shootout At Lokhandwala|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/sanju-sunil-together-again/|website=Bollywood Hungama|date=3 May 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=इतिहास रचने वाला सीरियल:'क्योंकि सास भी कभी बहू थी' को 20 साल पूरे, एकता बोलीं- गुजरात भूकंप के वक्त लोगों ने टीवी बाहर रख इसे देखा था * In 2005 Integration episode(Mahasangam), Tv star Guest appearances ,Film actor Guest appearances for Promotion of film started to begin in serials <ref>{{Cite web|title=Big screen actors Sanjay Dutt and Sunil Shetty will soon appear on small screen to promote Apoorva Lakhia's forthcoming film Shootout At Lokhandwala|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/sanju-sunil-together-again/|website=Bollywood Hungama|date=3 May 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=इतिहास रचने वाला सीरियल:'क्योंकि सास भी कभी बहू थी' को 20 साल पूरे, एकता बोलीं- गुजरात भूकंप के वक्त लोगों ने टीवी बाहर रख इसे देखा था
|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/entertainment/bollywood/news/ekta-kapoor-celebrates-20-years-of-kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-127473578.html|date=3 July 2020 }}</ref> and reboot, spin off of more seasons were made for serial popularity. |work=Dainik Bhaskar |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/entertainment/bollywood/news/ekta-kapoor-celebrates-20-years-of-kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-127473578.html|date=3 July 2020 }}</ref> and reboot, spin off of more seasons were made for serial popularity.
*] launched novel based serial ] series is based on the 1953 Bengali novel ] by ] which starred Actor ] was directed by ] with 104 episodes * ] launched novel based serial ] series is based on the 1953 Bengali novel ] by ] which starred Actor ] was directed by ] with 104 episodes
* Grihdaah Tv drama based on the one of the best novel of Sharatchand Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay's epic novel.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Grihdaah ...A classic based on the one of the best novel of Sharatchand. * Grihdaah Tv drama based on the one of the best novel of Sharatchand Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay's epic novel.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Grihdaah ...A classic based on the one of the best novel of Sharatchand.
|url=https://www.samvaad.com/tv-production/grihdaah.htm }}</ref> |url=https://www.samvaad.com/tv-production/grihdaah.htm }}</ref>
*] which was produced by ] inspired on ] by ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/JLEYRaHV7KJgbDyUTWarKJ/Saraswatichandra--Not-a-love-story.html|title=Saraswatichandra not a love story|website=Live Mint|date=30 March 2013 |url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328112036/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/JLEYRaHV7KJgbDyUTWarKJ/Saraswatichandra--Not-a-love-story.html|archive-date=28 March 2020}}</ref> * ] which was produced by ] inspired on ] by ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/JLEYRaHV7KJgbDyUTWarKJ/Saraswatichandra--Not-a-love-story.html|title=Saraswatichandra not a love story|website=Live Mint|date=30 March 2013 |url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328112036/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/JLEYRaHV7KJgbDyUTWarKJ/Saraswatichandra--Not-a-love-story.html|archive-date=28 March 2020}}</ref>
*],],Shikwah had been critically acclaimed for its story and power packed performances. * ],],Shikwah had been critically acclaimed for its story and power packed performances.
*],],] best sitcoms. * ],],] best sitcoms.
|- |-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2007-2018 | style="text-align: center;" | 2007-2015
| style="text-align: center;" | | style="text-align: center;" |
*More family dramas with two heroine leads with Contrasting personalities(khatta meeta version)whereas in (2001-2008) past years serials dealt with ] and similar faces ] * More family dramas with two heroine leads with (Khatte Meethe version) Contrasting personalities
* whereas in (2001-2008) past years serials dealt with ]s and similar faces ].
* This((Khatte Meethe version contrasting personality) trend took South TV serials after the remake of ] from 2013
| |
*Saath Nibhaana Saathiya
*] * ]
*] * ]
*] & Chandanamazha (Remake of Saath Nibhaana Saathiya) * ]
*] * ]
* ] & Chandanamazha (Remake of Saath Nibhaana Saathiya)
*]
*] * ]
* ]
* ]
⚫ |
* ]
⚫ *'''More seasons are recreated in one serial
⚫ |
⚫ * '''More seasons are recreated in one serial'''
(2008-16)Village people Dramas were very popular (2008-16)Village people Dramas were very popular
*After the serial of ] and ] More tele serials popped up related to obstacles faced by Rural life of residing people * After the serial of ] and ] More tele serials popped up related to obstacles faced by Rural life of residing people
],],],],Main Baabul ke Des,Adhikaar ek kasam ek tapasya,],],](2016 serial),] * ],],],],Main Baabul ke Des,Adhikaar ek kasam ek tapasya,],],](2016 serial),]
|- |-
|} |}


===Sudden growth & emerging trend during early 2000s=== === Rapid Expansion and Emerging Trends in the Early 2000s ===
In 2002, ] broadcast the period drama TV miniseries ''Asoka'', based on the ], with a limited run of five episodes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Keep date with Asoka |url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/05/23/stories/2002052304230200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226223107/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/05/23/stories/2002052304230200.htm |archive-date=2018-02-26 |website=]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=indya.com - Asoka |url=http://www.indya.com/asoka/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030414053116/http://www.indya.com/asoka/ |archive-date=2003-04-14 |access-date=2019-07-06}}</ref> In 2002, ] aired a period drama miniseries titled ''Asoka'', based on the ]. The series had a limited run of five episodes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Keep date with Asoka |url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/05/23/stories/2002052304230200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226223107/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/05/23/stories/2002052304230200.htm |archive-date=2018-02-26 |website=]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=indya.com - Asoka |url=http://www.indya.com/asoka/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030414053116/http://www.indya.com/asoka/ |archive-date=2003-04-14 |access-date=2019-07-06}}</ref>


During the late 2010s, the popularity of daytime dramas and noon slot dramas gradually declined, and today, there are no daytime dramas on any mainstream channels.<ref>{{cite news |title=Star Dopahar to call it a day, all shows to end on September 30 |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/star-dopahar-to-call-it-a-day-all-shows-to-end-on-september-30-tv-news-4834240/ |access-date=19 September 2017 |publisher=]}}</ref> Currently, the four major networks that air prime time television dramas with a nationwide following are Colors TV, Star Plus, Sony Entertainment Television, Sun TV, and Zee TV. In 2017 in order to expand viewership all networks are bringing noon slot and day time slot shows. Star Plus, one of the leading Hindi general entertainment channels, has reintroduced the afternoon slot<ref>{{cite news |title=Star Dopahar to bring again with four new shows |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/star-plus-to-reboot-afternoon-slot-with-4-new-shows/articleshow/57378471.cms?from=mdr|access-date=19 September 2017 |publisher=economictimes.indiatimes.com}}</ref> but ended after September 30, 2017 By the late 2010s, the popularity of daytime and afternoon dramas had declined, and currently, no mainstream channels broadcast such programs.<ref>{{cite news |title=Star Dopahar to call it a day, all shows to end on September 30 |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/star-dopahar-to-call-it-a-day-all-shows-to-end-on-september-30-tv-news-4834240/ |access-date=19 September 2017 |publisher=]}}</ref> Today, the major networks with nationwide prime-time television dramas are ], Star Plus, ], Sun TV, and ]. In 2017, networks attempted to regain viewership by reintroducing shows in the afternoon and daytime slots. Star Plus briefly revived the afternoon slot, but it ended by September 30, 2017.<ref>{{cite news |title=Star Dopahar to bring again with four new shows |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/star-plus-to-reboot-afternoon-slot-with-4-new-shows/articleshow/57378471.cms?from=mdr|access-date=19 September 2017 |publisher=economictimes.indiatimes.com}}</ref>


====Biographical dramas==== ==== Biographical dramas ====
Biographical dramas based on historical figures also became popular, with notable examples such as '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', ''], ]'' bringing Indian history to life through television. Biographical dramas based on historical figures gained popularity on Indian television. Notable examples include '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', ''], ]''. These shows depicted significant moments and figures from Indian history.


====Historical series==== ==== Historical Series ====
], a ] based on the life of the Indian king ], premiered on ] on 27 November 2017 and concluded on 13 November 2018. It is currently the most expensive show in Indian television history, with a budget exceeding 500 crores.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mathur |first1=Abhimanyu |title=India's most expensive TV show has bigger budget than Animal, Dunki, Fighter combined, no star; compared to Baahubali |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-india-s-most-expensive-tv-show-porus-budget-rs-500-crore-animal-dunki-fighter-vfx-compared-to-baahubali-sholay-3077085 |website=dnaindia.com |publisher=DNA India |access-date=6 Feb 2024}}</ref> ], a ] about the Indian king ], aired on Sony Entertainment Television from 27 November 2017 to 13 November 2018. It is known as one of the most expensive shows in Indian television history, with a budget of over ₹500 crore.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mathur |first1=Abhimanyu |title=India's most expensive TV show has bigger budget than Animal, Dunki, Fighter combined, no star; compared to Baahubali |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-india-s-most-expensive-tv-show-porus-budget-rs-500-crore-animal-dunki-fighter-vfx-compared-to-baahubali-sholay-3077085 |website=dnaindia.com |publisher=DNA India |access-date=6 Feb 2024}}</ref>


'']'','']'','']'','']'','']'' are Popular historical series. Other popular historical series include '']'','']'','']'','']'','']''.


====Crime dramas and Thriller series==== ==== Crime Dramas and Thriller Series ====
Crime dramas also became a staple of Indian television or TV. ] (1998–2018) followed a team of detectives from the Crime Investigation Department in ] and became the longest-running crime TV series in ], spanning 20 years. Other notable crime-thriller and professional series include, '']'', '']'', ], '']'', ], ], ], ] and '']'' Crime dramas have been a staple of Indian television. ] (1998–2018) followed a team of detectives from Mumbai's Crime Investigation Department and became the longest-running crime show in India, airing for 20 years. Other notable crime and thriller series include '']'', '']'', ], '']'', ], ], ], ], and '']''.


====Science fiction television series==== ==== Science Fiction Series ====
An Indian science fiction television series which was considered to be a famous late 1990s show called ]. ], an Indian science fiction series, was popular in the late 1990s.


====Super hero shows==== ==== Superhero Shows ====
Some of the Superhero television shows were ] and ] of late 1990's & early 2000's. Superhero shows like ] and ] gained popularity in the late 1990s and early 2000s.


====Fantasy television series==== ==== Fantasy Series ====
'']'','']'','']'','']'','']'', Antariksh- Ek Amar Katha are one of the known Fantasy shows of 2000's. ] show was one of the profound television series of Sony SAB from 2018 to 2021 Fantasy shows like '']'','']'','']'','']'','']'', and Antariksh – Ek Amar Katha were popular in the early 2000s. ] aired on ] from 2018 to 2021.


====Comedy shows==== ==== Comedy Shows ====
'']'',''Soni Mahiwal'','']'','']'','']'','']'','']'' were Best Comedy shows Popular comedy shows include '']'',''Soni Mahiwal'','']'','']'','']'','']'','']''.


====Comedy sitcoms==== ==== Comedy Sitcoms ====
'']'', ''Hum Saath Aaat Hain'', '']'','']'','']'','']'','']'',''Kadvee Khattee Meethi'','']'','']'', '']'','']'','']'','']'','']'','']'','']'' were successful Comic sitcoms Well-known sitcoms include '']'', ''Hum Saath Aaat Hain'', '']'','']'','']'','']'','']'',''Kadvee Khattee Meethi'','']'','']'', '']'','']'','']'','']'','']'','']'','']'', '']'', and '']''. Classic shows like '']'','']'','']'', '']'', and '']'' are still considered among the best in India.
'']'' and '']'' are famous sitcoms and one of the longest-running television series in India.'']'','']'','']'' sitcoms continue to be considered some of the best sitcoms in India.


====Historical comedy drama==== ==== Historical Comedy Drama ====
] which is a Popular historical comedy drama based on the life of the legendary Telugu poet ] aired on ] on 11 July 2017 ], based on the life of the Telugu poet ], aired on Sony SAB starting on 11 July 2017.


====Revenge series==== ==== Revenge Series ====
Revenge-thriller series also gained attraction with ''Kasamm'', '']'','']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', and '']'' are among the most Well-known examples in this genre.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 5 revenge dramas on Indian TV with dramatic twists; from Mouni Roy’s Naagin to Nakuul Mehta’s Ishqbaaz|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/top-5-revenge-dramas-on-indian-tv-with-dramatic-twists-from-mouni-roys-naagin-to-nakuul-mehtas-ishqbaaz-1338429|website=pinkvilla.com}}</ref>] played by Sayantani Ghosh was the earlier First popular Revenge related show launched in 2007 and telecasted during weekends Revenge-thriller shows such as Kasamm, '']'','']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', and '']'' gained significant attention.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 5 revenge dramas on Indian TV with dramatic twists; from Mouni Roy's Naagin to Nakuul Mehta's Ishqbaaz|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/top-5-revenge-dramas-on-indian-tv-with-dramatic-twists-from-mouni-roys-naagin-to-nakuul-mehtas-ishqbaaz-1338429|website=pinkvilla.com|date=12 August 2024 }}</ref> ], starring Sayantani Ghosh, was an earlier example of the genre and aired in 2007.


====Fashion related series==== ==== Fashion-Related Series ====
'']'','']'' series are one of the best Fashion related series. '']'','']'' were notable series focused on fashion.


==== Flight attendant related series==== ==== Flight Attendant and Aviation-Related Series ====
''Air Hostess'' series launched on DD National Produced by Rupesh Gohil is one of the series related to Flight attendant <ref>{{Cite web |title= Air alert|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/air-alert/articleshow/15725152.cms|website=umbaimirror.indiatimes.com}}</ref> Air Hostess aired on DD National and was produced by Rupesh Gohil. ], produced by ], featured ] and VJ Yudhishtir in lead roles. Other aviation-related series include ] and '']'', centered on the air force.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Air alert|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/air-alert/articleshow/15725152.cms|website=umbaimirror.indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Tulip-Joshi-returns-to-TV-with-Airlines-Har-Udaan-Ek-Toofan/articleshow/40669453.cms|title=Tulip Joshi returns to TV with Airlines - Har Udaan Ek Toofan|last=|first=|date=22 August 2014|website=The Times of India|access-date=}}</ref>


==== Aviator(Pilot) related series==== ==== Legal Drama Series ====
⚫ In 1993, ] aired '']'', a courtroom drama with 111 episodes produced by ].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19931215-b-r-chopra-back-on-tv-with-courtroom-drama-811942-1993-12-15|title=B R Chopra back with courtroom drama|date=15 December 1993 |access-date=2020-01-19}}</ref> Another notable legal drama was ] (2010–2016), which focused on a defense lawyer, Advocate K. D. Pathak, played by ].
] which was produced by ] with Actors ] and VJ Yudhishtir as main roles.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Tulip-Joshi-returns-to-TV-with-Airlines-Har-Udaan-Ek-Toofan/articleshow/40669453.cms|title=Tulip Joshi returns to TV with Airlines - Har Udaan Ek Toofan|last=|first=|date=22 August 2014|website=The Times of India|access-date=}}</ref>


==== Army Training Academy-Related Series ====
====Aviation related series====
⚫ '']'' on SAB TV followed the story of six cadets at an Indian Army academy.
] and '']'' related to Air forces.


====Legal dramatic series ==== ==== Social Dramas ====
⚫ Shows that addressed societal issues, such as '']'' (child marriage), '']'' (gender discrimination), '']'' (societal prejudice), '']'' and '']'' (skin color bias), '']'' (women's empowerment), ''Dahhej'' and ''Sthreedhanam'' (dowry), were widely viewed..<ref>{{Cite web |title=2,000 episodes on, 'Balika Vadhu' still questions societal norms|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/2-000-episodes-on-balika-vadhu-still-questions-societal-norms-115092401085_1.html|website=business-standard.com}}</ref>
⚫ In 1993 ] launched ] which was courtroom drama/crime series. with 111-episodes ] series.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19931215-b-r-chopra-back-on-tv-with-courtroom-drama-811942-1993-12-15|title=B R Chopra back with courtroom drama|access-date=2020-01-19}}</ref> It was produced by ] and directed by his son ].


⚫ ==== Mythological Series (2011–2020) ====
Another popular series, ] (2010–16), revolved around a defense lawyer, Advocate K. D. Pathak, played by Ronit Roy.
⚫ '']'' achieved record-breaking ] and became one of the most successful mythological dramas in India. Other popular mythological series include '']'', '']'' (2013-2014), and '']'' (2019).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/mahakaali-anth-hi-aarambh-hai-to-go-off-air-soon-pooja-sharma-saurabh-raaj-share-pictures-from-the-last-day-of-the-sets/articleshow/65130912.cms|title=Mahakaali to air off soon|website=The Times of India|date=25 July 2018 }}</ref>


====Army Training Academy related series==== ==== Parental Conflict Series ====
⚫ Shows like '']'' and '']'' explored the complexities of parental relationships but had shorter runs.
⚫ ] aired on ] is about the 6 cadets in an Indian Army academy face many obstacles, yet stand together.

====Social drama====
⚫ Serials addressing societal issues, such as child marriage, gender inequality, and dowry, include ],] (exploring gender discrimination), ] ( dealing with societal prejudice), ], ] (centered on women's empowerment), and Dahhej (addressing the dowry system),Godh Bharai(Life of a childless couple who suffer in silence),](battles the stigma despite being ostracised).<ref>{{Cite web |title=2,000 episodes on, 'Balika Vadhu' still questions societal norms|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/2-000-episodes-on-balika-vadhu-still-questions-societal-norms-115092401085_1.html|website=business-standard.com}}</ref>

⚫ ====Mythological series from 2011 -2020====
*The famous Mythological series of 2011-2014 the Indian ] ] '']'' achieved a record-breaking ] of 8.2 for a single episode, marking it as one of the highest-rated shows in its genre.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}The Best Actor in a Negative Role won by ] ] from Devon Ke Dev... Mahadev Serial at the 13th ITA Awards 2013.
*] show which started on 23 September –20 December 2019,where Raviz Thakur played the role of ] anti-character became prominent among the viewers.
⚫ *] which is a ] show had international reception and show gained a lot of popularity among audiences<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/mahakaali-anth-hi-aarambh-hai-to-go-off-air-soon-pooja-sharma-saurabh-raaj-share-pictures-from-the-last-day-of-the-sets/articleshow/65130912.cms|title=Mahakaali to air off soon|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
*] one of the famous series in Star plus from 2013 to 2014

====Parental conflict series====
⚫ ] & ] these series were best series about parental conflict but ran for short span


==Evolution of TV serials from 2001-2020== ==Evolution of TV serials from 2001-2020==
===Best shows of 2000s to 2010s=== ===Best shows of 2000s to 2010s===
Daytime family dramas, including noon slots and prime-time retelecasts during the daytime, were highly popular throughout the 2000s to 2010s Daytime family dramas, including noon slots and prime-time retelecasts during the daytime, were highly popular throughout the 2000s to 2010s
*'']'': The series focuses on the wealthy Gujarati Virani family Tulsi Virani and her bold journey. Aired on ] * '']'': The series focuses on the wealthy Gujarati Virani family Tulsi Virani and her bold journey. Aired on ]
*'']'': The story about Parvati depicts how sometimes one must stand against her loved ones for certain situations. Aired on ] * '']'': The story about Parvati depicts how sometimes one must stand against her loved ones for certain situations. Aired on ]
*'']'': The poignant love story of Prerna and Anurag and how they reconcile and help each other which creates misunderstandings in new relationships. Aired on ] * '']'': The poignant love story of Prerna and Anurag and how they reconcile and help each other which creates misunderstandings in new relationships. Aired on ]
*'']'': The cold war of Shaina and Ramola. The battle of daughter-in-law Shaina digs out stepmother-in-law Ramola's past life which creates bitter enmity revenge. Aired on ] * '']'': The cold war of Shaina and Ramola. The battle of daughter-in-law Shaina digs out stepmother-in-law Ramola's past life which creates bitter enmity revenge. Aired on ]
*'']'': Loosely inspired of the work Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen; story about Kashish and her four sisters. Aired on ] * '']'': Loosely inspired of the work Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen; story about Kashish and her four sisters. Aired on ]
*'']'': The story of four united sisters who go through their life after they lose parents. Aired on ]. * '']'': The story of four united sisters who go through their life after they lose parents. Aired on ].
* '']'': The story of contrasting different sisters Gopi and Rashi. Aired on ] * '']'': The story of contrasting different sisters Gopi and Rashi. Aired on ]
* '']'': Young, strong-minded woman, Pratigya Saxena who faces more abusive humiliation due to her straightforward attitude. Aired on ] * '']'': Young, strong-minded woman, Pratigya Saxena who faces more abusive humiliation due to her straightforward attitude. Aired on ]
*'']'': 4 women in Jakhar mansion live with own dark secrets; yet pretend to be very fine happy and at certain moment they decide to fight it jointly. Aired on ]. * '']'': 4 women in Jakhar mansion live with own dark secrets; yet pretend to be very fine happy and at certain moment they decide to fight it jointly. Aired on ].
*'']'': The love story of Rahul Lamba and Priyanka Kharbanda. Their married life gets affected by her brother-in-law Rishabh Lamba having envy and rivalry with his younger brother Rahul and fuelling business rivalry against Priyanka's elder brother Kunal Kharbanda which makes worst impact on their own families. Aired on ]& shifted to ]. * '']'': The love story of Rahul Lamba and Priyanka Kharbanda. Their married life gets affected by her brother-in-law Rishabh Lamba having envy and rivalry with his younger brother Rahul and fuelling business rivalry against Priyanka's elder brother Kunal Kharbanda which makes worst impact on their own families. Aired on ]& shifted to ].
* ''Poovilangu'': The story of Thamarai who is educated and married to IT employee where she is made to put down and not given opportunity to work whereas husband who has extra marital relationship with colleague friend Ishwarya. Aired on ] * ''Poovilangu'': The story of Thamarai who is educated and married to IT employee where she is made to put down and not given opportunity to work whereas husband who has extra marital relationship with colleague friend Ishwarya. Aired on ]
*'']:'' 5 women friends who stay in apartment having different experiences loosely inspired by desperate housewives. Aired on ] * '']:'' 5 women friends who stay in apartment having different experiences loosely inspired by desperate housewives. Aired on ]
*'']'': Rani Mittal a rich girl who gets married into a poor family and struggles to adjust. Aired on ] * '']'': Rani Mittal a rich girl who gets married into a poor family and struggles to adjust. Aired on ]
* '']'': The story revolves around an isolated ostracized young girl named Pakhi saved by Agantuk is bound to marry him forgetting her lover, Shivom. Aired on ] * '']'': The story revolves around an isolated ostracized young girl named Pakhi saved by Agantuk is bound to marry him forgetting her lover, Shivom. Aired on ]
* '']'': This show is about Kkusum Deshmukh. Aired on] * '']'': This show is about Kkusum Deshmukh. Aired on]
*'']'': Thriller series are Popular dramas of 2000's. Aired on] * '']'': Thriller series are Popular dramas of 2000's. Aired on]
*'']'': Story about two surviving soni and mahi who lost their parents in accident. Aired on ] * '']'': Story about two surviving soni and mahi who lost their parents in accident. Aired on ]
*'']:'' 3 sisters Bani, Piya, Rano taking care of each other gets affected by circumstances and their unity is affected. Aired on ] * '']:'' 3 sisters Bani, Piya, Rano taking care of each other gets affected by circumstances and their unity is affected. Aired on ]
*'']'': The story of 3 people Vidya, Sagar, Sindoora. Sindoora, who has greedy attitude, prefers to control business and property, pushes her brother Sagar and sister-in-law Vidya to grave difficulty. This series was immensely popular and maintained a strong viewership. Aired on ] * '']'': The story of 3 people Vidya, Sagar, Sindoora. Sindoora, who has greedy attitude, prefers to control business and property, pushes her brother Sagar and sister-in-law Vidya to grave difficulty. This series was immensely popular and maintained a strong viewership. Aired on ]
*'']'': Series about Kajal married to mentally challenged person. Aired on ] * '']'': Series about Kajal married to mentally challenged person. Aired on ]
*'']'': Shankar Pratapsingh who works in criminal world with uncontrollable temper. His head Rudra Pratapsingh wishes to utilise his anger for his field. Aired on ] * '']'': Shankar Pratapsingh who works in criminal world with uncontrollable temper. His head Rudra Pratapsingh wishes to utilise his anger for his field. Aired on ]
*'']'': A tale of twin sisters Neha & Nikita deceived and trapped in own lie. Aired on ] * '']'': A tale of twin sisters Neha & Nikita deceived and trapped in own lie. Aired on ]
* '']'': Ambitious woman Abhi who is envied by her Ex-husband Baskar and shares bitter Rivalry towards her corporate malpractice half-brother Adhitya. Aired on ] * '']'': Ambitious woman Abhi who is envied by her Ex-husband Baskar and shares bitter Rivalry towards her corporate malpractice half-brother Adhitya. Aired on ]
*]: The story about Tulasi how she strives to pursue her education, and her life turns beautiful after she finds supportive husband Tamizh. Aired on ] * ]: The story about Tulasi how she strives to pursue her education, and her life turns beautiful after she finds supportive husband Tamizh. Aired on ]


==Other diverse dramas== ==Other diverse dramas==
=== Noon slots === === Noon slots ===
Noon slot family dramas gained particular prominence in the mid-2000s, with shows like '']'', ''Woh Hue Na Hamare'',''Shikwah'','']'', ''Kesar'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'',''Kasak'' ,''Adhikaar: Ek Kasam Ek Tapasya'', '']'', '']'', ''Gharana'', '']'','']'', '']'' enjoyed as much success as prime-time shows. Noon slot family dramas gained particular prominence in the mid-2000s, with shows like '']'', ''Woh Hue Na Hamare'',''Shikwah'','']'', ''Kesar'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'',''Kasak'' ,''Adhikaar: Ek Kasam Ek Tapasya'', '']'', '']'', ''Gharana'', '']'','']'', '']'' enjoyed as much success as Prime-time shows.

===Retelecast in 2006-2009=== ===Retelecast in 2006-2009===
It was also common for prime-time shows to be retelecast during the afternoon slot, further boosting their popularity.In 2007 Hindi general entertainment channels re aired old serials during Non prime time hours. ] made reteleacast of past hit shows like kyun hota hai pyaar,'']'','']'',''Kehtha hai dil'' and other previous completed shows aired in morning(Non-Prime Time hours) from 7.00AM to 11.00 AM.] aired its old popular completed TV soaps ],],] in Morning hours and Non-Prime Time hours.] channel aired ] serial at Non-Prime Time 4pm in 2009 during Sundays It was also common for prime-time shows to be retelecast during the afternoon slot, further boosting their popularity.In 2007 Hindi general entertainment channels re aired old serials during Non prime time hours. ] made reteleacast of past hit shows like kyun hota hai pyaar,'']'','']'',''Kehtha hai dil'' and other previous completed shows aired in morning(Non-Prime Time hours) from 7.00AM to 11.00 AM.] aired its old popular completed TV soaps ],],] in Morning hours and Non-Prime Time hours.] channel aired ] serial at Non-Prime Time 4pm in 2009 during Sundays
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===Concept related serials=== ===Concept related serials===
==== Parenting related shows==== ====Parenting related shows====
Though these serials had stipulated run but it had strong emotional theme related to parent hood.Few tele-series were created with a focus on parenthood and the complexities of parent-child relationships, such as Though these serials had stipulated run but it had strong emotional theme related to parent hood.Few tele-series were created with a focus on parenthood and the complexities of parent-child relationships, such as
* '']'' (How old couples are treated with disregard)

*'']'' (How old couples are treated with disregard) * '']''(Separation of mother and son through circumstances)
*'']''(Separation of mother and son through circumstances) * '']'' (Father's longing to receive son's affection)
*'']'' (Father's longing to receive son's affection) * ''Sautela''(Father and son emotional bond),
* ''Sautela''(Father and son emotional bond), * '']'' (Father and daughter bond)
⚫ * '']'',Parvarrish – Season 2 (Struggles of upbringing which explored the struggles of parents and their evolving dynamics with children).
* '']'' (Father and daughter bond)
⚫ * ''Thangamana purushan(season 2)'' (A person whose wife is mentally sick for losing her child therefore searches his child which is adopted in some other family )
⚫ *'']'',Parvarrish – Season 2 (Struggles of upbringing which explored the struggles of parents and their evolving dynamics with children).
⚫ * ''Santaan ''(challenges of a parent)&''Swaran Ghar''(Parents face struggle to provide the best things for their children) dealt with emotional challenges and experiences of a parent.
⚫ *''Thangamana purushan(season 2)'' (A person whose wife is mentally sick for losing her child therefore searches his child which is adopted in some other family )
* ''] ''(The story of mothers and fathers in oldage home.)
⚫ *''Santaan ''(challenges of a parent)&''Swaran Ghar''(Parents face struggle to provide the best things for their children) dealt with emotional challenges and experiences of a parent.


====Sports related shows==== ====Sports related shows====
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==== Shows Had Portrayed related to work place rivalry & toxicity ==== ==== Shows Had Portrayed related to work place rivalry & toxicity ====
*''Kokila Enge Pogiraal'' which was a Tamil-language soap opera that aired on Sun TV from 1999 to 2000 and produced under the banner by ] revolves around the life of Kokila played by Actor] who works in office as employee where she develops rivalry through evil colleague who is a rich business man and she gets framed for wrong reasons in fake case but actually was done by same colleague with the influence of a politician and help of a lawyer as they want to escape the case. * ''Kokila Enge Pogiraal'' which was a Tamil-language soap opera that aired on Sun TV from 1999 to 2000 and produced under the banner by ] revolves around the life of Kokila played by Actor] who works in office as employee where she develops rivalry through evil colleague who is a rich business man and she gets framed for wrong reasons in fake case but actually was done by same colleague with the influence of a politician and help of a lawyer as they want to escape the case.
*'']'' season2 which had portrayed toxic work place cultures for few episodes as Gauri (]) as single mother who works in her deceased husband's Takeover partnership Firm which was acquired by distant brother in law Moksh(Arbaaz Ali Khan) * '']'' season2 which had portrayed toxic work place cultures for few episodes as Gauri (]) as single mother who works in her deceased husband's Takeover partnership Firm which was acquired by distant brother in law Moksh(Arbaaz Ali Khan)
*The season 3 of ] where Sanjana played by Actor] as Negative lead where she works in Dev's communication business company as a Self-proclaimed fake interior decorator & Plagiarist designer. * The season 3 of ] where Sanjana played by Actor] as Negative lead where she works in Dev's communication business company as a Self-proclaimed fake interior decorator & Plagiarist designer.
*'']'' had Actor Rekha Krishnappa played the role of Gayathri anniyar as Autocratic authoritarian Hotel supervisor possessing Superiority complex attitude * '']'' had Actor Rekha Krishnappa played the role of Gayathri anniyar as Autocratic authoritarian Hotel supervisor possessing Superiority complex attitude


==== Shows Had Portrayed related to ] ==== ==== Shows Had Portrayed related to ] ====
one of the best series related to workplace humor one of the best series related to workplace humor
*] series (A show about Partners who run matrimonial agency) * ] series (A show about Partners who run matrimonial agency)
*] series (A show about friendships of four employees in their company.) * ] series (A show about friendships of four employees in their company.)
*] (A show about 4 people who work in Advertising Agency) * ] (A show about 4 people who work in Advertising Agency)


====Business rivalry related shows==== ====Business rivalry related shows====
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] which revolves around the happy life of Dr. Amar Sanghani where his life takes an unfortunate turn when he finds out that he is suffering from a deadly disease which is incurable and has short span of life and how he deals the trauma . ] which revolves around the happy life of Dr. Amar Sanghani where his life takes an unfortunate turn when he finds out that he is suffering from a deadly disease which is incurable and has short span of life and how he deals the trauma .


===Foreign serials dubbed in Hindi===
⚫ ==Current trend from (2020 to present)==
Home TV channel aired Foreign ]dramas in Hindi from 1996-1999 after 1999 the channel was closed.
⚫ From 2015, the Hindi television industry has been striving to create new contents due to OTT platform saturation and other foreign TV dramas & Asian dramas. ] had syndicated diverse shows from various countries including Brazil, Pakistan, South Korea, Turkey and Ukraine. That was the turning point where viewers made different choices to watch shows from various countries.

⚫ In 2014 ] had syndicated diverse shows from various countries including Brazil, Pakistan, South Korea, Turkey and Ukraine and dubbed in Hindi. That was the turning point where viewers made different choices to watch shows from various countries.

From 2015, the Hindi television industry has been striving to create new contents due to OTT platform saturation and other foreign TV dramas & Asian dramas.


⚫ ==Current trend from (2020 to 2024)==
Presently, '']'', '']'','']'','']'' '']'','']'','']'','']'' are one of the most lovable shows one of the romantic shows during its time and received positve response from the audience Presently, '']'', '']'','']'','']'' '']'','']'','']'','']'', ''],],]'' are one of the most lovable shows one of the romantic shows during its time and received positve response from the audience


'']'','']'','']'' '']'','']'','']''
] are one of the popular dramas. ] are one of the popular dramas.


'']'', '']'','']'','']'','']'', '']'', '']'',''Bas Itna Sa Khwaab'','']'','']'', ''Corporate Sarpanch'', '']'', '']'', '']'','']'' are one of the different kind of shows based on Women protagonist centric.'']'' a Women protagonist centric show which was dubbed in regional languages and was remade in Telugu Version as Maa Atta Bangaram. '']'', '']'','']'','']'','']'', '']'', '']'',''Bas Itna Sa Khwaab'','']'','']'', ''Corporate Sarpanch'', '']'', '']'', '']'','']'',''],] ,]'' are one of the different kind of shows based on Women protagonist centric.'']'' a Women protagonist centric show which was dubbed in regional languages and was remade in Telugu Version as Maa Atta Bangaram.


== Indian television series inspired from films== ==Indian television series inspired from films==
*] was inspired by the 1998 ] film ], it was based on the life of filmmaker ] * ] was inspired by the 1998 ] film ], it was based on the life of filmmaker ]
*] was loosely based on the 2001 ] film '']''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/spoilers/colors-dil-se-dil-tak-to-recreate-chori-chori-chupke-chupke-movies-scene/2017/06/21|title=Colors' Dil Se Dil Tak to recreate Chori Chori Chupke Chupke movies scene|date=21 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/dil-se-dil-tak-promo-2-jasmin-bhasin-will-remind-you-of-preity-zinta-from-chori-chori-chupke-chupke/|title=Dil Se Dil Tak promo 2: Jasmin Bhasin will remind you of Preity Zinta from Chori Chori Chupke Chupke|date=31 December 2016}}</ref> * ] was loosely based on the 2001 ] film '']''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/spoilers/colors-dil-se-dil-tak-to-recreate-chori-chori-chupke-chupke-movies-scene/2017/06/21|title=Colors' Dil Se Dil Tak to recreate Chori Chori Chupke Chupke movies scene|date=21 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/dil-se-dil-tak-promo-2-jasmin-bhasin-will-remind-you-of-preity-zinta-from-chori-chori-chupke-chupke/|title=Dil Se Dil Tak promo 2: Jasmin Bhasin will remind you of Preity Zinta from Chori Chori Chupke Chupke|date=31 December 2016}}</ref>
*Another adaptation was ], was based on the popular ] film ] (1972), written by ].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pereira |first=Priyanka |date=8 June 2009 |title=Lookalike |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/lookalike/472855/ |access-date=2 July 2022 |newspaper=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 December 2008 |title=Seeta Aur Geeta to be back |url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/tv/seeta-aur-geeta-to-be-back/story-Ab3UgYPTo2RY833Ux9cQKI.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=29 May 2009 |title=Seeta Aur Geeta hit home - DELI - The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Seeta-Aur-Geeta-hit-home/article15938416.ece |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Seeta Aur Geeta' a TV show |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-seeta-aur-geeta-a-tv-show-1216163 |website=Daily News and Analysis}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The two in one girl |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/the-two-in-one-girl/cid/625133 |website=The Telegraph}}</ref> * Another adaptation was ], was based on the popular ] film ] (1972), written by ].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pereira |first=Priyanka |date=8 June 2009 |title=Lookalike |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/lookalike/472855/ |access-date=2 July 2022 |newspaper=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 December 2008 |title=Seeta Aur Geeta to be back |url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/tv/seeta-aur-geeta-to-be-back/story-Ab3UgYPTo2RY833Ux9cQKI.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=29 May 2009 |title=Seeta Aur Geeta hit home - DELI - The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Seeta-Aur-Geeta-hit-home/article15938416.ece |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Seeta Aur Geeta' a TV show |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-seeta-aur-geeta-a-tv-show-1216163 |website=Daily News and Analysis}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The two in one girl |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/the-two-in-one-girl/cid/625133 |website=The Telegraph}}</ref>
*] is an Indian fantasy comedy-drama television series loosely inspired by from the Hindi film ] * ] is an Indian fantasy comedy-drama television series loosely inspired by from the Hindi film ]
*There was speculation the negative role essayed as Maya dangerously obsessive lover from original first season of ] loosely based on that of role of Isha Diwan played by Actor Kajol in ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Is Beyhadh based on Gupt? |url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/is-jennifer-wingets-beyhadh-inspired-by-kajols-gupt-806942/ |website=bollywoodlife.com}}</ref> * There was speculation the negative role essayed as Maya dangerously obsessive lover from original first season of ] loosely based on that of role of Isha Diwan played by Actor Kajol in ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Is Beyhadh based on Gupt? |url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/is-jennifer-wingets-beyhadh-inspired-by-kajols-gupt-806942/ |website=bollywoodlife.com|date=3 October 2016 }}</ref>
*] is a supernatural television series produced ]by Ekta Kapoor inspired by ] * ] is a supernatural television series produced ]by Ekta Kapoor inspired by ]
*] was inspired from the film ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=10 Indian shows inspired from films |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/web-stories/entertainment/television/naagin-dil-se-dil-tak-10-indian-television-shows-inspired-by-bollywood-films-1713263408768|website=dnaindia.com}}</ref> * ] was inspired from the film ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=10 Indian shows inspired from films |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/web-stories/entertainment/television/naagin-dil-se-dil-tak-10-indian-television-shows-inspired-by-bollywood-films-1713263408768|website=dnaindia.com}}</ref>
*] is an Indian television series which premiered on 29 January 2011 on ] is loosely based on the ] and ] starrer '']''. * ] is an Indian television series which premiered on 29 January 2011 on ] is loosely based on the ] and ] starrer '']''.


== Social impact == == Social impact ==
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A 2007 study examining the introduction of cable television in rural ] revealed that it led to "significant decreases in the reported acceptability of ] and ], as well as increases in women's autonomy and decreases in fertility." The study also provided "suggestive evidence that exposure to cable television increases ] for younger children, possibly through the increased participation of women in household decision-making."<ref>Jensen, Robert & Oster, Emily Oster (August 2007). ''""'' ], MIT Press. Vol. 124(3) pp. 1057-1094.</ref><ref>Munshi, Shoma (2010). . Routledge, New Delhi. {{ISBN|978-0-415-55377-3}}. pp. 200.</ref> A 2007 study examining the introduction of cable television in rural ] revealed that it led to "significant decreases in the reported acceptability of ] and ], as well as increases in women's autonomy and decreases in fertility." The study also provided "suggestive evidence that exposure to cable television increases ] for younger children, possibly through the increased participation of women in household decision-making."<ref>Jensen, Robert & Oster, Emily Oster (August 2007). ''""'' ], MIT Press. Vol. 124(3) pp. 1057-1094.</ref><ref>Munshi, Shoma (2010). . Routledge, New Delhi. {{ISBN|978-0-415-55377-3}}. pp. 200.</ref>


==Television rating point and rankings == ==Television rating point and rankings==
After 2000's Indian television serials are based on ] as an indicator and benchmark that signifies a TV programme's success & measures people's interests/viewership .<ref>{{cite web |title=Most watched shows of the week The latest TRP rankings revealed "Anupamaa" continued to dominate the top spot|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/most-watched-tv-shows-of-week-anupamaa-maintains-top-spot-kanwar-dhillon-neha-harsoras-udne-ki-aasha-surpasses-ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-and-yeh-rishta/articleshow/112202697.cms}}</ref> Story line changes based on TRP and sometimes most of the serials have to wrap up soon with quick end due to decrease in the level of TRP's.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jeete Hain Jiske Liye taken off air|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/why-smita-bansal-feels-cheated/articleshow/2283206.cms}}</ref> After 2000's Indian television serials are based on ] as an indicator and benchmark that signifies a TV programme's success & measures people's interests/viewership .<ref>{{cite web |title=Most watched shows of the week The latest TRP rankings revealed "Anupamaa" continued to dominate the top spot|work=The Times of India |date=August 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/most-watched-tv-shows-of-week-anupamaa-maintains-top-spot-kanwar-dhillon-neha-harsoras-udne-ki-aasha-surpasses-ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-and-yeh-rishta/articleshow/112202697.cms}}</ref> Story line changes based on TRP and sometimes most of the serials have to wrap up soon with quick end due to decrease in the level of TRP's.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jeete Hain Jiske Liye taken off air|work=The Times of India |date=16 August 2007 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/why-smita-bansal-feels-cheated/articleshow/2283206.cms}}</ref>


TRPs are calculated using the denominator as the Total Number of People in the Target Audience, and the numerator as the Number of People Who Watched the Program in the Target Audience multiplied by 100.TRP's can also be calculated TRPs are calculated using the denominator as the Total Number of People in the Target Audience, and the numerator as the Number of People Who Watched the Program in the Target Audience multiplied by 100.TRP's can also be calculated
*TRP = (Number of viewers in the sample audience / Total target audience) * 100.<ref>{{cite web |title=themediaant.com|url=https://www.themediaant.com/calculators/television/television-rating-point-calculator}}</ref> * TRP = (Number of viewers in the sample audience / Total target audience) * 100.<ref>{{cite web |title=themediaant.com|url=https://www.themediaant.com/calculators/television/television-rating-point-calculator}}</ref>


== International reception == == International reception ==
=== Afghanistan === === Afghanistan ===
Indian soap operas gained immense popularity in ] during the 2000s, building on the pre-existing popularity of Bollywood cinema in the region. In 2006, a ] article highlighted the airing of '']'', dubbed into ], captivating a broad audience.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian soap opera mesmerises Afghanistan |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/indian-soap-opera-mesmerises-afghanistan-1.237349}}</ref> Indian soap operas gained immense popularity in ] during the 2000s, building on the pre-existing popularity of Bollywood cinema in the region. In 2006, a ] article highlighted the airing of '']'', dubbed into ], captivating a broad audience.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian soap opera mesmerises Afghanistan |date=18 May 2006 |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/indian-soap-opera-mesmerises-afghanistan-1.237349}}</ref>


{{blockquote|Men, women, young, and old—anyone with access to television—became enthralled by the family drama.}} {{blockquote|Men, women, young, and old—anyone with access to television—became enthralled by the family drama.}}
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Indian TV dramas have become so popular in Pakistan that mainstream newspapers, such as the Pakistan Tribune, often feature articles about the shows.<ref>{{cite web |date=15 January 2012 |title=10 things I hate about Indian soaps |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/319826/10-things-i-hate-about-indian-soaps/ |access-date=13 January 2015 |publisher=Tribune.com.pk}}</ref> Many viewers have resorted to satellite connections to enjoy uninterrupted coverage of Indian programs.<ref>{{cite web |author=Rob Crilly in Islamabad |date=3 October 2010 |title=Pakistanis snap up Satellite dishes for Indian soaps |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/pakistan/8040017/Pakistanis-snap-up-Satellite-dishes-for-Indian-soaps.html |access-date=13 January 2015 |work=Telegraph.co.uk}}</ref> Indian TV dramas have become so popular in Pakistan that mainstream newspapers, such as the Pakistan Tribune, often feature articles about the shows.<ref>{{cite web |date=15 January 2012 |title=10 things I hate about Indian soaps |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/319826/10-things-i-hate-about-indian-soaps/ |access-date=13 January 2015 |publisher=Tribune.com.pk}}</ref> Many viewers have resorted to satellite connections to enjoy uninterrupted coverage of Indian programs.<ref>{{cite web |author=Rob Crilly in Islamabad |date=3 October 2010 |title=Pakistanis snap up Satellite dishes for Indian soaps |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/pakistan/8040017/Pakistanis-snap-up-Satellite-dishes-for-Indian-soaps.html |access-date=13 January 2015 |work=Telegraph.co.uk}}</ref>


Despite the historical anti-Indian sentiment in Pakistan and the fact that the two countries have fought ], Indian TV shows and Bollywood have led to a shift in perception, with many ordinary Pakistanis viewing India and Indians more favorably. Indian tourists visiting Pakistan have noted that people tend to be particularly friendly when they discover that the visitor is from ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Serial Lovers - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-toi/special-report/Serial-Lovers/articleshow/10888106.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403094215/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-27/special-report/30446463_1_serials-karachi-pakistanis |archive-date=3 April 2013 |access-date=13 January 2022 |website=]}}</ref> Despite the historical anti-Indian sentiment in Pakistan and the fact that the two countries have fought ], Indian TV shows and Bollywood have led to a shift in perception, with many ordinary Pakistanis viewing India and Indians more favorably. Indian tourists visiting Pakistan have noted that people tend to be particularly friendly when they discover that the visitor is from ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Serial Lovers - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-toi/special-report/Serial-Lovers/articleshow/10888106.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403094215/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-27/special-report/30446463_1_serials-karachi-pakistanis |archive-date=3 April 2013 |access-date=13 January 2022 |website=]|date=27 November 2011 }}</ref>


On October 27, 2018, the Supreme Court of Pakistan reinstated the ban on Indian content on local channels. Channels such as '']'' and '']'' subsequently shut down Indian content for a period.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-10-27 |title=Pakistan bans Indian TV channels |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-46003662 |access-date=2018-10-28 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Baloch |first=Shafi |date=2018-10-27 |title=SC reinstates ban on airing of Indian content on TV channels |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1441739 |access-date=2018-10-28 |work=DAWN.COM |language=en-US}}</ref> On October 27, 2018, the Supreme Court of Pakistan reinstated the ban on Indian content on local channels. Channels such as '']'' and '']'' subsequently shut down Indian content for a period.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-10-27 |title=Pakistan bans Indian TV channels |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-46003662 |access-date=2018-10-28 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Baloch |first=Shafi |date=2018-10-27 |title=SC reinstates ban on airing of Indian content on TV channels |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1441739 |access-date=2018-10-28 |work=DAWN.COM |language=en-US}}</ref>
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===Africa=== ===Africa===
] the Marathi daily soap dubbed into English as 'Never Too Late for Love’ for African viewers & aired on Zee Africa.<ref>{{cite news|title=Marathi TV serial dubbed for African viewers leaves netizens in splits.|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-globally/marathi-tv-serial-dubbed-african-viewers-netizens-in-splits-9413575/|website=indianexpress.com}}</ref> ] the Marathi daily soap dubbed into English as 'Never Too Late for Love' for African viewers & aired on Zee Africa.<ref>{{cite news|title=Marathi TV serial dubbed for African viewers leaves netizens in splits.|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-globally/marathi-tv-serial-dubbed-african-viewers-netizens-in-splits-9413575/|website=indianexpress.com}}</ref>


=== Other countries === === Other countries ===
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* ] * ]
* ] * ]
*


==References== ==References==

Revision as of 16:18, 30 December 2024

Soap operas written, produced, and filmed in India, with characters played by Indians Not to be confused with Bollywood.

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Indian television dramas, often called Indian series or serials, are scripted television programs made in India, featuring Indian actors. These dramas are broadcast on Indian television networks.

India's first television drama, Hum Log (Hindi), aired from 1984 to 1985 and had 154 episodes. Ekta Kapoor's Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi (2000–2008) became the first Indian TV drama to surpass 1,000 episodes, with a total of 1,833 episodes, entering the Limca Book of Records. The Marathi series Char Divas Sasuche (2001–2013) reached 3,200 episodes, becoming the first Indian series to exceed both 2,000 and 3,000 episodes, also entering the Limca Book of Records. The Telugu series Abhishekam (2008–2022) was the first Indian show to reach 4,000 episodes, ending on 1 February 2022. The Hindi series Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai (2009–present), with over 4,500 episodes as of 2024, is India's longest-running Hindi TV drama and soap opera, airing for 15 years.

Indian television dramas are produced in nearly all major languages spoken in India, often blending the local language with English. These shows are also broadcast in various parts of South Asia, the Caribbean, Southeast Asia, Central Asia, Europe, the Middle East, North and Latin America, and parts of Africa.

Evolution of Indian Television (1984-2020)

Hum Log was India's first television drama, airing from 1984 to 1985 with a total of 154 episodes. At the time, it was the longest-running serial in Indian television history. The show attracted around 60 million viewers, with each episode lasting about 25 minutes, except for the final episode, which was about 55 minutes long. Veteran Hindi film actor Ashok Kumar appeared at the end of each episode, where he discussed the story and situations using Hindi couplets and limericks. In later episodes, he introduced the actors playing the characters and ended his monologues with variations of the phrase "Hum Log."

Phases of Tele serials from 1985-2015

Years Themes Types of serials Notes
1985-1990's
  • Novel based and Novel type stories such as
  • Social issues
  • Social evils(social problem.)
  • Social injustice and pain
  • Social systems
  • Civic issues
  • Crimes
  • Income issue
  • Classical arts (musical,dance)related dramas such as Noopur TV Series 1990–& Phoolwanti
  • Family loss

(Drama genres)

  • Social drama
  • Novel type dramas
  • Sitcom (Wagle Ki Duniya)from 1988 to 1990.
  • Classic dramas
1990's and Mid 1990s(1995,1996,1997)
  • Romantic Dramatic ,Emotional series,Friendships,Relationships
  • Particular Individual life story and perspective
1998-2002
  • Rise and Popularity of Family Dramas
 Rise after Family dramas popularity after Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi
  • CID first Indian police procedural television series
  • Suraag – The Clue is an Indian television first detective-crime drama series
After 2002&2003
  • Family Tv Dramas created to attract younger generation audience in fashionable manner
2007-2015
  • More family dramas with two heroine leads with (Khatte Meethe version) Contrasting personalities
  • whereas in (2001-2008) past years serials dealt with twins and similar faces Doppelgänger.
  • This((Khatte Meethe version contrasting personality) trend took South TV serials after the remake of Saath Nibhaana Saathiya from 2013
  • More seasons are recreated in one serial

(2008-16)Village people Dramas were very popular

Rapid Expansion and Emerging Trends in the Early 2000s

In 2002, StarPlus aired a period drama miniseries titled Asoka, based on the 2001 film of the same name. The series had a limited run of five episodes.

By the late 2010s, the popularity of daytime and afternoon dramas had declined, and currently, no mainstream channels broadcast such programs. Today, the major networks with nationwide prime-time television dramas are Colors TV, Star Plus, Sony Entertainment Television, Sun TV, and Zee TV. In 2017, networks attempted to regain viewership by reintroducing shows in the afternoon and daytime slots. Star Plus briefly revived the afternoon slot, but it ended by September 30, 2017.

Biographical dramas

Biographical dramas based on historical figures gained popularity on Indian television. Notable examples include Chanakya, Dharti Ka Veer Yodha Prithviraj Chauhan, Veer Shivaji, Jhansi Ki Rani, Chittod Ki Rani Padmini Ka Johur, Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap, Chakravartin Ashoka Samrat, Rudramadevi. These shows depicted significant moments and figures from Indian history.

Historical Series

Porus, a historical drama about the Indian king Porus, aired on Sony Entertainment Television from 27 November 2017 to 13 November 2018. It is known as one of the most expensive shows in Indian television history, with a budget of over ₹500 crore.

Other popular historical series include 21 Sarfarosh – Saragarhi 1897,Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap,Bharatvarsh,Swaraj,Ek Veer Stree Ki Kahaani – Jhansi Ki Rani.

Crime Dramas and Thriller Series

Crime dramas have been a staple of Indian television. C.I.D. (1998–2018) followed a team of detectives from Mumbai's Crime Investigation Department and became the longest-running crime show in India, airing for 20 years. Other notable crime and thriller series include Suraag – The Clue, Jasoos Vijay, Special Squad, Monica Mogre – Case Files, Adaalat, C.I.D., 24, CIF, and Zindagi Badal Sakta Hai Hadsaa.

Science Fiction Series

Captain Vyom, an Indian science fiction series, was popular in the late 1990s.

Superhero Shows

Superhero shows like Shaktimaan and Aryamaan – Brahmaand Ka Yodha gained popularity in the late 1990s and early 2000s.

Fantasy Series

Fantasy shows like Son Pari,Arslaan,Savitri – Ek Prem Kahani,Shaka Laka Boom Boom,Hatim, and Antariksh – Ek Amar Katha were popular in the early 2000s. Aladdin – Naam Toh Suna Hoga aired on Sony SAB from 2018 to 2021.

Comedy Shows

Popular comedy shows include Khushiyan,Soni Mahiwal,Baa Bahoo Aur Baby,Bhaskar Bharti,Mrs. & Mr. Sharma Allahabadwale,Chintu Chinki Aur Ek Badi Si Love Story,Maddam Sir.

Comedy Sitcoms

Well-known sitcoms include Hum paanch, Hum Saath Aaat Hain, Tu Tu Main Main,Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani,Malini Iyer,Shararat,Kabhi Saas Kabhi Bahu,Kadvee Khattee Meethi,Hari Mirchi Lal Mirchi,FIR, Kya Mast Hai Life,Best of Luck Nikki,Chidiya Ghar,Jeannie Aur Juju,Sumit Sambhal Lega,TV Biwi Aur Main,Sajan Re Phir Jhooth Mat Bolo, Bhabiji Ghar Par Hain!, and Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah. Classic shows like Sarabhai vs Sarabhai,Khichdi,Wagle Ki Duniya – Nayi Peedhi Naye Kissey, Uppum Mulakum, and Thatteem Mutteem are still considered among the best in India.

Historical Comedy Drama

Tenali Rama, based on the life of the Telugu poet Tenali Ramakrishna, aired on Sony SAB starting on 11 July 2017.

Revenge Series

Revenge-thriller shows such as Kasamm, Ek Hasina Thi,Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon 3, Naagin, Vish Ya Amrit: Sitara, Ishqbaaaz, and Beyhadh gained significant attention. Nagin - Vaadon Ki Agnipariksha, starring Sayantani Ghosh, was an earlier example of the genre and aired in 2007.

Fashion-Related Series

Main Banoongi Miss India,Lipstick (TV series) were notable series focused on fashion.

Flight Attendant and Aviation-Related Series

Air Hostess aired on DD National and was produced by Rupesh Gohil. Airlines - Har Udaan Ek Toofan, produced by Miditech, featured Tulip Joshi and VJ Yudhishtir in lead roles. Other aviation-related series include Saara Akaash and Chhoona Hai Aasmaan, centered on the air force.

Legal Drama Series

In 1993, DD Metro aired Kanoon, a courtroom drama with 111 episodes produced by B. R. Chopra. Another notable legal drama was Adaalat (2010–2016), which focused on a defense lawyer, Advocate K. D. Pathak, played by Ronit Roy.

Army Training Academy-Related Series

Left Right Left on SAB TV followed the story of six cadets at an Indian Army academy.

Social Dramas

Shows that addressed societal issues, such as Balika Vadhu (child marriage), Agle Janam Mohe Bitiya Hi Kijo (gender discrimination), Saat Phere – Saloni Ka Safar (societal prejudice), Bidaai and Karuthamuthu (skin color bias), Ghar Ki Lakshmi Betiyann (women's empowerment), Dahhej and Sthreedhanam (dowry), were widely viewed..

Mythological Series (2011–2020)

Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev achieved record-breaking TRPs and became one of the most successful mythological dramas in India. Other popular mythological series include Mahakali – Anth Hi Aarambh Hai, Mahabharat (2013-2014), and Namah (2019).

Parental Conflict Series

Shows like Rishton Ka Chakravyuh and Maya explored the complexities of parental relationships but had shorter runs.

Evolution of TV serials from 2001-2020

Best shows of 2000s to 2010s

Daytime family dramas, including noon slots and prime-time retelecasts during the daytime, were highly popular throughout the 2000s to 2010s

  • Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi: The series focuses on the wealthy Gujarati Virani family Tulsi Virani and her bold journey. Aired on Star Plus
  • Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii: The story about Parvati depicts how sometimes one must stand against her loved ones for certain situations. Aired on Star Plus
  • Kasautii Zindagi Kay: The poignant love story of Prerna and Anurag and how they reconcile and help each other which creates misunderstandings in new relationships. Aired on Star Plus
  • Kaahin Kissii Roz: The cold war of Shaina and Ramola. The battle of daughter-in-law Shaina digs out stepmother-in-law Ramola's past life which creates bitter enmity revenge. Aired on Star Plus
  • Kahiin to Hoga: Loosely inspired of the work Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen; story about Kashish and her four sisters. Aired on Star Plus
  • Behenein: The story of four united sisters who go through their life after they lose parents. Aired on Star Plus.
  • Saath Nibhaana Saathiya: The story of contrasting different sisters Gopi and Rashi. Aired on Star Plus
  • Mann Kee Awaaz Pratigya: Young, strong-minded woman, Pratigya Saxena who faces more abusive humiliation due to her straightforward attitude. Aired on Star Plus
  • Maryada: Lekin Kab Tak?: 4 women in Jakhar mansion live with own dark secrets; yet pretend to be very fine happy and at certain moment they decide to fight it jointly. Aired on Star Plus.
  • Viraasat: The love story of Rahul Lamba and Priyanka Kharbanda. Their married life gets affected by her brother-in-law Rishabh Lamba having envy and rivalry with his younger brother Rahul and fuelling business rivalry against Priyanka's elder brother Kunal Kharbanda which makes worst impact on their own families. Aired on Star Plus& shifted to STAR One.
  • Poovilangu: The story of Thamarai who is educated and married to IT employee where she is made to put down and not given opportunity to work whereas husband who has extra marital relationship with colleague friend Ishwarya. Aired on Star Vijay
  • Roja Kootam: 5 women friends who stay in apartment having different experiences loosely inspired by desperate housewives. Aired on Star Vijay
  • Woh Rehne Waali Mehlon Ki: Rani Mittal a rich girl who gets married into a poor family and struggles to adjust. Aired on Sahara One
  • Ganga Kii Dheej: The story revolves around an isolated ostracized young girl named Pakhi saved by Agantuk is bound to marry him forgetting her lover, Shivom. Aired on Sahara One
  • Kkusum: This show is about Kkusum Deshmukh. Aired onSony Entertainment Television
  • Kya Hadsaa Kya Haqeeqat: Thriller series are Popular dramas of 2000's. Aired onSony Entertainment Television
  • Maayka: Story about two surviving soni and mahi who lost their parents in accident. Aired on Zee TV
  • Kasamh Se: 3 sisters Bani, Piya, Rano taking care of each other gets affected by circumstances and their unity is affected. Aired on Zee TV
  • Banoo Main Teri Dulhann: The story of 3 people Vidya, Sagar, Sindoora. Sindoora, who has greedy attitude, prefers to control business and property, pushes her brother Sagar and sister-in-law Vidya to grave difficulty. This series was immensely popular and maintained a strong viewership. Aired on Zee TV
  • Koshish – Ek Aashaa: Series about Kajal married to mentally challenged person. Aired on Zee TV
  • Waaris: Shankar Pratapsingh who works in criminal world with uncontrollable temper. His head Rudra Pratapsingh wishes to utilise his anger for his field. Aired on Zee TV
  • Dishayen: A tale of twin sisters Neha & Nikita deceived and trapped in own lie. Aired on DD National
  • Kolangal: Ambitious woman Abhi who is envied by her Ex-husband Baskar and shares bitter Rivalry towards her corporate malpractice half-brother Adhitya. Aired on Sun Tv
  • Thendral: The story about Tulasi how she strives to pursue her education, and her life turns beautiful after she finds supportive husband Tamizh. Aired on Sun Tv

Other diverse dramas

Noon slots

Noon slot family dramas gained particular prominence in the mid-2000s, with shows like Kumkum – Ek Pyara Sa Bandhan, Woh Hue Na Hamare,Shikwah,Bhabhi, Kesar, Karam Apnaa Apnaa, Meri Doli Tere Angana, Hamari Devrani, Chotti Bahu,Kasak ,Adhikaar: Ek Kasam Ek Tapasya, Diya Aur Baati Hum, Rakhi – Atoot Rishtey Ki Dor, Gharana, Stree Teri Kahani,Tere mere sapne, Hamari Devrani enjoyed as much success as Prime-time shows.

Retelecast in 2006-2009

It was also common for prime-time shows to be retelecast during the afternoon slot, further boosting their popularity.In 2007 Hindi general entertainment channels re aired old serials during Non prime time hours. StarPlus made reteleacast of past hit shows like kyun hota hai pyaar,Shararat,Des Mein Niklla Hoga Chand,Kehtha hai dil and other previous completed shows aired in morning(Non-Prime Time hours) from 7.00AM to 11.00 AM.Sony aired its old popular completed TV soaps Kaisa Ye Pyar Hai,Kkusum,Ye Meri Life Hai in Morning hours and Non-Prime Time hours.DD channel aired Meher serial at Non-Prime Time 4pm in 2009 during Sundays

Weekday shows

Weekdays shows were made during early 2000's as more different serials were launched.Kehta Hai Dil,Des Mein Niklla Hoga Chand,Meher, Dil se door Dil ke paas,Kyun Hota Hai Pyaar,Sanjivani, Devi were the most hit shows of 2000's.

Romantic trend of serials

In mid 2000, Romantic serials were being made instead of regular family dramas. It started from Kasautii Zindagii Kay, Des Mein Niklla Hoga Chand and then followed as trend.

Kaajjal,Kitni Mast Hai Zindagi,Kaisa Ye Pyar Hai,Hongey Judaa Na Hum,Tere liye,Dill Mill Gayye,Pyaar Kii Ye Ek Kahaani,Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin,Teri Meri Love Stories,Bade Achhe Lagte Hain,Ye Meri Life Hai,Hum Dono Hain Alag Alag,Meri Awaz Ko Mil Gayi Roshni,Miley Jab Hum Tum,Kyun Hota Hai Pyaar,Pyaar Kii Ye Ek Kahaani,Astitva...Ek Prem Kahani,Kutumb,Pavitra Rishta,Pavitra Bandhan,Kadhalikka Neramillai (TV series),were one of the successful serials which started to add romantic themes and chemistry which were well received a mix of reactions from viewers especially from youths

Portrayal of strong female protagonists

Popular series such as Choti Maa: Ek Anokha Bandhan,Jeete Hain Jiske Liye, Sujata, Thodi Si Zameen Thoda Sa Aasmaan, Karishma – The Miracles Of Destiny, Kolangal,Kucchh Pal Saath Tumhara, Yathumagi Nindrai,Amber Dhara,Hello Pratibha, Manshaa,Ladies Special gained popularity for their portrayal of strong female protagonists during that period.

Other popular dramatic serials

Madhubala – Ek Ishq Ek Junoon,Hitler Didi, Kya Huaa Tera Vaada, Ek Hazaaron Mein Meri Behna Hai, Pandian Stores,Gupta Brothers,Kyun Rishton Mein Katti Batti,Bepannah,Woh Apna Sa,Shaadi Mubarak,Saraswati chandra,Khwabon Ke Darmiyan were popular dramatic serials were well appreciated from viewers for strong screenplay & stellar performances.Virrudh,Rishton Ke Bhanwar Mein Uljhi Niyati,Maharani,Thirumagal are based on how daughters role is important being a pillar support as well as with emotional bond and play a significant pivotal role to their families as well as society and how their significant decisions are best in worst situations.

2006-2019

Ajeeb Daastaan Hai Ye,Itna Karo Na Mujhe Pyaar,Yeh Hai Mohabbatein,Kasam Tere Pyaar Ki,Kyaa Hoga Nimmo Kaa,Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon?,Pavitra Rishta,Naamkarann,Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi,Thodi Khushi Thode Gham,Kuchh Is Tara,Office,Nisha Aur Uske Cousins,Dosti... Yaariyan... Manmarziyan,Bade Bhaiyya Ki Dulhania,Aek Chabhi Hai Padoss Mein,Dil Toh Happy Hai Ji,Sasural Genda Phool had mixed combination of romance, drama, emotions and light comedy which had good impact from viewers.

Concept related serials

Parenting related shows

Though these serials had stipulated run but it had strong emotional theme related to parent hood.Few tele-series were created with a focus on parenthood and the complexities of parent-child relationships, such as

  • Basera (How old couples are treated with disregard)
  • Thalattu(Separation of mother and son through circumstances)
  • Tera Yaar Hoon Main (Father's longing to receive son's affection)
  • Sautela(Father and son emotional bond),
  • Mere Papa Hero Hiralal (Father and daughter bond)
  • Parvarrish – Kuchh Khattee Kuchh Meethi,Parvarrish – Season 2 (Struggles of upbringing which explored the struggles of parents and their evolving dynamics with children).
  • Thangamana purushan(season 2) (A person whose wife is mentally sick for losing her child therefore searches his child which is adopted in some other family )
  • Santaan (challenges of a parent)&Swaran Ghar(Parents face struggle to provide the best things for their children) dealt with emotional challenges and experiences of a parent.
  • Sasneham (The story of mothers and fathers in oldage home.)

Sports related shows

Kesari Nandan and Palampur Express are one of the Indian TV serials that dealt with the challenges of a sports player.

Musical drama related series

Meri Awaz Ko Mil Gayi Roshni is about the ambitions and passions of Musical singer Sudha Malik and her personal love raj and how she balanced her conflict of her personal and musical professional life.

Meri Awaaz Hi Pehchaan Hai which is Musical drama television series played by the Jannat Zubair Rahmani,Amrita Rao Mehnaaz Maan and Aditi Vasudev along with Deepti Naval and Zarina Wahab played the lead roles. The story continues with three generations of two sisters whose lives revolve around music which results in misunderstanding and stiff competition

Tu Aashiquia theme about musical-romance television show with combination and chemistry between Singer Paaki & Musician Ahaan

Medical related shows

Dhadkan Zindaggi Kii,Sanjivani, Sanjivani 2 are one of the Indian medical drama television series that dealt with their social, professional-dedication & emotional life

Adventure related shows

Everest revolves around the mountaineer Anjali Singh Rawat who successfully climbs Mount Everest, created by Ashutosh Gowariker and produced by Ashutosh Gowariker Productions Private Limited (AGPPL). A. R. Rahman composed the music for this television show.

Shows Had Portrayed related to work place rivalry & toxicity

  • Kokila Enge Pogiraal which was a Tamil-language soap opera that aired on Sun TV from 1999 to 2000 and produced under the banner by Sivaji Productions revolves around the life of Kokila played by ActorEaswari Rao who works in office as employee where she develops rivalry through evil colleague who is a rich business man and she gets framed for wrong reasons in fake case but actually was done by same colleague with the influence of a politician and help of a lawyer as they want to escape the case.
  • Karam Apnaa Apnaa season2 which had portrayed toxic work place cultures for few episodes as Gauri (Pallavi Subhash) as single mother who works in her deceased husband's Takeover partnership Firm which was acquired by distant brother in law Moksh(Arbaaz Ali Khan)
  • The season 3 of Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi 3 where Sanjana played by ActorSana Amin Sheikh as Negative lead where she works in Dev's communication business company as a Self-proclaimed fake interior decorator & Plagiarist designer.
  • Deivamagal serial had Actor Rekha Krishnappa played the role of Gayathri anniyar as Autocratic authoritarian Hotel supervisor possessing Superiority complex attitude

Shows Had Portrayed related to Office humor

one of the best series related to workplace humor

Business rivalry related shows

Kolangal mainly revolves around the rivalry between Abinaya who is selfless person and Aditya is her Business rival and half brother.

Life related series

Aati Rahengi Baharein which revolves around the happy life of Dr. Amar Sanghani where his life takes an unfortunate turn when he finds out that he is suffering from a deadly disease which is incurable and has short span of life and how he deals the trauma .

Foreign serials dubbed in Hindi

Home TV channel aired Foreign East Asiadramas in Hindi from 1996-1999 after 1999 the channel was closed.

In 2014 Zindagi had syndicated diverse shows from various countries including Brazil, Pakistan, South Korea, Turkey and Ukraine and dubbed in Hindi. That was the turning point where viewers made different choices to watch shows from various countries.

From 2015, the Hindi television industry has been striving to create new contents due to OTT platform saturation and other foreign TV dramas & Asian dramas.

Current trend from (2020 to 2024)

Presently, Na Umra Ki Seema Ho, Woh Toh Hai Albelaa,Pashminna – Dhaage Mohabbat Ke,Shaadi Mubarak Kyun Rishton Mein Katti Batti,Tera Mera Saath Rahe,Hamari Wali Good News,Kahaan Hum Kahaan Tum, Gouri Shankaram,Kaathodu Kaathoram,Koodevide are one of the most lovable shows one of the romantic shows during its time and received positve response from the audience

Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi,Bade Achhe Lagte Hain 2,Chellamma Yeh Hai Chahatein are one of the popular dramas.

Anupamaa, Meet: Badlegi Duniya Ki Reet,Tu Chal Pudha,Sreemoyee,Sevvanthi, Dhadkan Zindaggi Kii, Ethirneechal,Bas Itna Sa Khwaab,Intinti Gruhalakshmi,Maddam Sir, Corporate Sarpanch, Appnapan – Badalte Rishton Ka Bandhan, Dheere Dheere Se, Main Hoon Aparajita,Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal,Kudumbavilakku,Mounaragam ,Bhavana are one of the different kind of shows based on Women protagonist centric.Ekk Nayi Pehchaan a Women protagonist centric show which was dubbed in regional languages and was remade in Telugu Version as Maa Atta Bangaram.

Indian television series inspired from films

Social impact

See also: Socio-economic issues in India

TV dramas have had a significant impact on Indian society, influencing issues related to national integration, identity, globalization, women, ethics, and social issues in rural areas. The first Indian television drama series, Hum Log, originally began as a family planning program but quickly shifted its focus to entertainment. Despite this, it continued to incorporate pro-development messages, serving as a model for utilizing television serials as an "edutainment" method—a practice that has been adopted by countries around the world.

A 2007 study examining the introduction of cable television in rural India revealed that it led to "significant decreases in the reported acceptability of domestic violence towards women and son preference, as well as increases in women's autonomy and decreases in fertility." The study also provided "suggestive evidence that exposure to cable television increases school enrollment for younger children, possibly through the increased participation of women in household decision-making."

Television rating point and rankings

After 2000's Indian television serials are based on Target rating point as an indicator and benchmark that signifies a TV programme's success & measures people's interests/viewership . Story line changes based on TRP and sometimes most of the serials have to wrap up soon with quick end due to decrease in the level of TRP's.

TRPs are calculated using the denominator as the Total Number of People in the Target Audience, and the numerator as the Number of People Who Watched the Program in the Target Audience multiplied by 100.TRP's can also be calculated

  • TRP = (Number of viewers in the sample audience / Total target audience) * 100.

International reception

Afghanistan

Indian soap operas gained immense popularity in Afghanistan during the 2000s, building on the pre-existing popularity of Bollywood cinema in the region. In 2006, a Reuters article highlighted the airing of Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi, dubbed into Dari, captivating a broad audience.

Men, women, young, and old—anyone with access to television—became enthralled by the family drama.

According to reports, during the war in Afghanistan, armed militants may have even paused their fighting to watch Indian dramas.

However, the strong popularity of Indian dramas faced opposition from conservative hardliners who viewed them as a threat to the country's religious and national values. In response to conservative pressure, the government of Hamid Karzai ordered broadcasters to cease airing Indian dramas in April 2008. Broadcasters, however, refused to comply, arguing that the order violated the country's media law.

Afghanistan's first homemade television drama serial, Palwasha, produced by Aina Afghan Media, began airing on November 25, 2007. Though shot in Kabul and in Dari, the series was directed by an Indian director, with several key contributors hailing from India. Additionally, the main character was portrayed by Indian actress Sonal Udeshi.

Brazil

Caminho das Índias India: A Love Story, a popular Brazilian soap opera, was themed around Indian culture and became widely popular in Brazil.

Dubai

Khwaish, which aired on Sony Entertainment Television and ARY Digital, became a hit show in Dubai in 2007. In 2016, due to high audience interest, A-Plus TV dubbed the popular romantic Hindi Colors TV serial Jeevan Sathi - Humsafar Zindagi Ke into Urdu, further increasing its appeal.

Indonesia

Indian TV dramas such as Uttaran and Balika Vadhu performed well in Indonesia, where they were dubbed in Indonesian and aired multiple times until their conclusions. Saath Nibhaana Saathiya was also popular and was dubbed under the title Gopi (after the main character). It aired from 15 September 2016 to 19 April 2017 and was rebroadcast from 2021 to 2022, with the Indonesian version reaching 600 episodes. Other serials like Yeh Hai Mohabbatein, Ishq Mein Marjawan, Kumkum Bhagya (in Indonesian under the title Lonceng Cinta), Anupamaa, Imlie, Naagin, and Silsila Badalte Rishton Ka also achieved good TRP ratings in Indonesia. Additionally,Sapne Suhane Ladakpan Ke,Jabb Love Hua,Kumkum Bhagya and Punar vivah were aired in Zee Hiburan, its 24/7 General Entertainment Channel in Indonesia, following the success of their original Hindi channel Zee TV. Dastaan-E-Mohabbat Salim Anarkali was dubbed in their Indonesian language and telecasted on ANTV.

United Kingdom

Rab Se Sohna Isshq from Zee TV a love triangle story aired in London. This was the first ever cross continental show in Indian television.The show was dubbed into English as Eternal Love and broadcast on Zee World & its sister channel Zee TV UK.

Ivory Coast and Senegal

Vaidehi – Ek Aur Agni Pareeksha gained significant popularity in Ivory Coast and Senegal. In 2010, due to high demand, the serial was dubbed into Arabic for broader viewership.

Nepal

In the mid-2000s, Indian dramas such as Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi, Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii and Kasautii Zindagi Kay gained massive popularity in Nepal, attracting large audiences. This surge in popularity led to the production of more Nepali serials, such as Sindur, Maiti, and Ghat Pratighat, which were created to cater to the growing viewership.

Pakistan

Indian dramas have been widely popular in Pakistan, with Indian shows like Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi becoming number 1 against Pakistani Serials. Indians shows were extensively watched due to the mutual intelligibility between Urdu and Hindi. However, the Supreme Court of Pakistan has banned the broadcasting of Indian films and TV shows. Despite this, the BBC reported that many cable television operators in Pakistan continue to violate the ban, airing Indian television serials due to their high demand. Indian TV shows make up nearly 60% of all foreign programs broadcast in Pakistan.

In June 2006, Pakistani comedian Rauf Lala won the Indian comedy show The Great Indian Laughter Challenge, but Pakistanis could not follow the show as it was not allowed to air in Pakistan. An official remarked that "Bollywood and Indian TV drama have invaded our homes".

Indian TV dramas have become so popular in Pakistan that mainstream newspapers, such as the Pakistan Tribune, often feature articles about the shows. Many viewers have resorted to satellite connections to enjoy uninterrupted coverage of Indian programs.

Despite the historical anti-Indian sentiment in Pakistan and the fact that the two countries have fought four wars over a span of about 50 years, Indian TV shows and Bollywood have led to a shift in perception, with many ordinary Pakistanis viewing India and Indians more favorably. Indian tourists visiting Pakistan have noted that people tend to be particularly friendly when they discover that the visitor is from India.

On October 27, 2018, the Supreme Court of Pakistan reinstated the ban on Indian content on local channels. Channels such as Filmazia and Urdu1 subsequently shut down Indian content for a period.

Russia

The Indian serial Dishayen was dubbed in Russian and gained popularity in Russia in 2005.

Sri Lanka

The Hindi serials Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi and Kasautii Zindagii Kay were dubbed in Sinhala and received a great response in Sri Lanka. Another popular show, Kindurangana, which was a remake of the Hindi serial Kasamh Se, also garnered a positive reception from Sri Lankan audiences.'Shanti'serial which was popular during 90's was dubbed in Sinhalese and aired in Sri Lanka .

Turkey

Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon was dubbed in the Turkish language.

Africa

Tu Tevha Tashi the Marathi daily soap dubbed into English as 'Never Too Late for Love' for African viewers & aired on Zee Africa.

Other countries

The series The Iron Handed Phantom – Mayavi was dubbed in Mandarin and Korean, and also aired in Europe and Australia. Additionally, several popular Colors TV dramas, such as Madhubala – Ek Ishq Ek Junoon, Balika Vadhu, Chakravartin Ashoka Samrat, Chandrakanta, Udaan, Naagin, Shakti, Ishq Mein Marjawan and Bepannah, were dubbed in Thai to cater to viewers in Thailand and other key South Asian markets.

See also

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