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{{Short description|Group of clans of North India and Pakistan}}
{{for|the people of Central Asia|Moghol people}}
{{Infobox ethnic group {{Infobox ethnic group
|group = Mughal | group = Mughal
|image = Members of the Mughal royal family of Delhi, 1860s.jpg | image = File:Aquil Hussain Barlas.jpg
| image_caption = ]
|image_caption = A photo from '']'', published from 1868 to the early 1870s by ], for the ]. ] is sitting on that royal throne.
| region1 = {{flagicon|Pakistan}} ]
|poptime =
| region2 = {{flagicon|India}} ]
|popplace = India, Pakistan{{Citation needed|date=April 2013}}
| region3 = {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} ]
|langs = ] (]-])<br/>] (formerly) | langs = ], ], ]<br/>] (formerly)
|rels = ] | rels = Islam
|related = ], ]
| related = ], ] and ]
}} }}
The '''Mughals''' ({{lang-fa|{{nq|مغول}}}}; {{lang-hin|मुग़ल}}/{{Nastaliq|مغل}}, also spelled Moghul or Mogul) are a number of culturally related ]s of India, Pakistan.<ref name=geo>{{cite book |title=Dictionary Of Geography |year=1997 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |location=Wisconsin |isbn=0-395-86448-8 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/houghtonmifflind00houg }}</ref> They claim they are descended from the various Central Asian ] and ] <ref>{{cite book |title=Atlas Of World History |author=Liz Wyse and Caroline Lucas |year=1997 |publisher=Geddes & Grosset |location=Scotland}}</ref> tribes that settled in the region.<ref name=geo/> The term ''Mughal'' (or ''Mughul'' in Persian) literally means Mongolian.<ref>{{cite book |title=Collins Compact Dictionary |year=2002 |publisher=HarperCollins |location=Glasgow |isbn=0-00-710984-9}}</ref> The '''Mughals''' (also spelled Moghul or Mogul) is a ] ] from modern-day ], ] and ].<ref name=Levin>{{Cite encyclopedia |first=S. F.|last=Levin|title=Mughal|url-access=registration|url=http://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofpa0000unse_u8i3 |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Pakistan|editor-first1=Hafeez|editor-last1= Malik |editor-last2=Gankovsky|editor-first2=Yuri V.|editor1-link=Hafeez Malik|date=2006 |publisher=] |isbn=978-0-19-597735-6}}</ref> They claim to have descended from the various Central Asian ],<ref name=":Genetic Genealogy">{{Cite journal|author = Сабитов Ж. М., Баймуханов Н. Б.|editor= |format= |url= https://www.academia.edu/17004570|title= Y-STR гаплотипы узбеков, уйгуров, таджиков, пуштунов, хазарейцев, моголов из базы данных Family Tree DNA|type= |orig-year= |agency = |journal= The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy|year= 2015|volume= |number= 2|pages = 22–23|series= |issn = |doi = |bibcode = |arxiv = |pmid = |archive-url = |archive-date = |language= ru|quote= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Atlas Of World History|author=Liz Wyse and Caroline Lucas|year=1997|publisher=Geddes & Grosset|location=Scotland}}</ref> and ] peoples that had historically settled in the ] and mixed with the native Indian population.<ref name=Levin/> The term ''Mughal'' (or ''Moghul'' in Persian) literally means Mongol.<ref>{{cite book|title=Collins Compact Dictionary|year=2002|publisher=HarperCollins|location=Glasgow|isbn=0-00-710984-9}}</ref>


==Pakistan==
==History and origin==
]
During the time of the ] in the 13–14th century, the army of ] swept across ] and into Persia. Over subsequent centuries, descendants of these soldiers inter-married with Persian and Turkish Muslims, converted to Islam, and adopted the Persian language and culture. Conflict between India and the Mongols has been recorded from the time of Genghis Khan to ] to ]. The ] (1206–1526) faced nearly annual ] from 1297 to 1303 when the Doab was sacked, and what is now Pakistan was under continual Mongol occupation. Indian and Indo-Persian sources referred to the invaders as ''Mughal'', derived from ''Mongol''. During the 16th century, the Turko-Mongol conqueror Babur brought most of northern India under Mughal rule, establishing an empire that would endure until the mid-19th century. As the ruling class, the Mughals lived mainly in cities along with other Muslims. They were traditionally known for their skill at horsemanship, archery, wrestling, and a meat-heavy diet.<ref>{{cite book |title=India: A History |author=John Keay |year=2000 |publisher=HarperCollins |location=New Delhi |isbn=0-00-255717-7}}</ref>
In Pakistan, Mughal people are mostly settled in the provinces of Azad Kashmir, ] and ].<ref name=Levin/>


== In North India == ==India==
In ], the term Mughal refers to one of the four social groups that are referred to as the Ashraaf.<ref>Muslim Caste in Uttar Pradesh (A Study of Culture Contact), Ghaus Ansari, Lucknow, 1960</ref>{{full|date=September 2018}}


== In Uttar Pradesh == === In North India ===
The Mughals commonly use "Mirza" as their surname.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jBOh24IJ9t8C&dq=mughal+caste&pg=PA71 | title= Indian Society, Institutions and Change |author= Rajendra K. Sharma | date= 2004 |page= 71 | publisher= Atlantic Publishers & Dist | isbn= 978-81-7156-665-5 }}</ref> They are also sometimes referred to as Chughtais or Chagatai Türks named after Chagatai Turkic language spoken by the Barlas and other Central Asian tribes. But one of the social groups that are claim to as the Ashraaf.<ref>Muslim Caste in Uttar Pradesh (A Study of Culture Contact), Ghaus Ansari, Lucknow, 1960</ref>{{full citation needed|date=September 2018}}
In ] (UP), their main clans are the Chughtai, Barlas, Qazilbash, Turkmen, Turk, Uzbek, Tajik, Kai and Chak. The Mughals of Uttar Pradesh belong to both the Sunni and Shia sects, with the majority belonging to the Sunni Hanafi sect. Sunni Mughals are usually orthodox in their religious outlook. The Shia Mughal of Awadh trace their entry into the region to the year 1750. The Mughal of UP are a endogamous community, marrying within their own community, or in communities of a similar status such as the Pathan, Shaikh Siddiqui, Shamsi and Muslim Rajput. The rural Mughal are farmers, and many own orchards, especially mango orchards, while in towns they are engaged in trade, handicrafts, and carpet weaving. Carpet weaving is an activity particularly associated with the UP Mughals.

<ref>Muslim Caste in Uttar Pradesh (A Study of Culture Contact), Ghaus Ansari, Lucknow, 1960
==== In Uttar Pradesh ====
The Sambhal, who claim Turkic descent, identify as a Biradari, literally translating to "brotherhood", which is the word used for a social unit based on kinship such as tribe or clan.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=umNgDwAAQBAJ&dq=biradari+tribe&pg=PT93 |title=Forging the Ideal Educated Girl:The Production of Desirable Subjects in Muslim South Asia |author= Shenila Khoja-Moolji |date=2018 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-97053-3 }}</ref> The chief of the Biradari is the "Sardar", who is usually an elder man annually elected as the greatest man in the Biradari. Decisions on important matters are taken only after consulting the Biradari, and once taken binding on every member.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.25924/page/n573/mode/2up |title=Agriculture and Live Stock In India Vol-viii |author=Khan Amanat |date=1938 |page=485 |publisher=The Imperial Council Agriculture Research}}</ref>

====Gujarat====
The community had traditionally served as soldiers in the armies of the various Indo-Muslim dynasties which ruled the ]. They were and still are a community of small to medium-sized farmers. A good many are also traders. Like other ]s, they have a caste association known as the Jamat, which acts both as a welfare organization and an instrument of social control.<ref>People of India Gujarat Volume XXI Part Three edited by R.B Lal, P.B.S.V Padmanabham, G Krishnan & M Azeez Mohideen pages 1394-1399</ref> In North India, the term Mughal refers Gürkani or ].


== See also == == See also ==
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* Changaizi
* Baig mughal
* Taimoori Mughal
* Tatar
* HAZARA Mughal
* Sardar Mughal
* Bib Mughal
* Chughtayi
* Mirza
* Maingal
* Maldiyal
* Qiyat
* MONGOL
*


== References == == References ==
{{Reflist|2}} {{Reflist}}


{{Indian Muslim}} {{Indian Muslim}}
{{Muhajir communities}} {{Muhajir communities}}
{{Mongol Yastan}} {{Mongol Yastan}}
{{Turco-Mongol}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Mughal}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mughal}}
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Revision as of 20:37, 31 December 2024

Group of clans of North India and Pakistan For the people of Central Asia, see Moghol people. Ethnic group
Mughal
Mirza Aqil Hussain Barlas
Regions with significant populations
Languages
Urdu, Punjabi, Bangla
Persian (formerly)
Religion
Islam
Related ethnic groups
Pakistani people, Indian people and Bangladeshi people

The Mughals (also spelled Moghul or Mogul) is a Muslim corporate group from modern-day North India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. They claim to have descended from the various Central Asian Mongolic, and Turkic peoples that had historically settled in the Mughal India and mixed with the native Indian population. The term Mughal (or Moghul in Persian) literally means Mongol.

Pakistan

Tanolis

In Pakistan, Mughal people are mostly settled in the provinces of Azad Kashmir, Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

India

In North India

The Mughals commonly use "Mirza" as their surname. They are also sometimes referred to as Chughtais or Chagatai Türks named after Chagatai Turkic language spoken by the Barlas and other Central Asian tribes. But one of the social groups that are claim to as the Ashraaf.

In Uttar Pradesh

The Sambhal, who claim Turkic descent, identify as a Biradari, literally translating to "brotherhood", which is the word used for a social unit based on kinship such as tribe or clan. The chief of the Biradari is the "Sardar", who is usually an elder man annually elected as the greatest man in the Biradari. Decisions on important matters are taken only after consulting the Biradari, and once taken binding on every member.

Gujarat

The community had traditionally served as soldiers in the armies of the various Indo-Muslim dynasties which ruled the Indian subcontinent. They were and still are a community of small to medium-sized farmers. A good many are also traders. Like other Gujarati Muslims, they have a caste association known as the Jamat, which acts both as a welfare organization and an instrument of social control. In North India, the term Mughal refers Gürkani or Timurids.

See also

References

  1. ^ Levin, S. F. (2006). "Mughal". In Malik, Hafeez; Gankovsky, Yuri V. (eds.). The Encyclopedia of Pakistan. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-597735-6.
  2. Сабитов Ж. М., Баймуханов Н. Б. (2015). "Y-STR гаплотипы узбеков, уйгуров, таджиков, пуштунов, хазарейцев, моголов из базы данных Family Tree DNA". The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy (in Russian) (2): 22–23.
  3. Liz Wyse and Caroline Lucas (1997). Atlas Of World History. Scotland: Geddes & Grosset.
  4. Collins Compact Dictionary. Glasgow: HarperCollins. 2002. ISBN 0-00-710984-9.
  5. Rajendra K. Sharma (2004). Indian Society, Institutions and Change. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 71. ISBN 978-81-7156-665-5.
  6. Muslim Caste in Uttar Pradesh (A Study of Culture Contact), Ghaus Ansari, Lucknow, 1960
  7. Shenila Khoja-Moolji (2018). Forging the Ideal Educated Girl:The Production of Desirable Subjects in Muslim South Asia. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-97053-3.
  8. Khan Amanat (1938). Agriculture and Live Stock In India Vol-viii. The Imperial Council Agriculture Research. p. 485.
  9. People of India Gujarat Volume XXI Part Three edited by R.B Lal, P.B.S.V Padmanabham, G Krishnan & M Azeez Mohideen pages 1394-1399
Indian Muslim communities
Majority
Minority
Bihari
Gujarat
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Rajasthan
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
Muhajir communities
Originally from Telangana
Originally from Bihar and Bengal
Originally from Delhi
Originally from Gujarat
Originally from Karnataka
Originally from Kerala
Originally from Rajasthan
Originally from Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh
Mongolic peoples
History
Proto-Mongols
Medieval tribes
Ethnic groups
Mongols
Southern Mongols
Oirats
Buryats
Other
See also: Donghu and Xianbei · Turco-Mongol · Modern ethnic groups
Mongolized ethnic groups.Ethnic groups of Mongolian origin or with a large Mongolian ethnic component.
Turco-Mongol
States
Related ethnic groups and clans
Culture
Origin is controversial.
Categories: