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| |+ <big><big>'''Kinnaur'''</big></big> | |+ <big><big>'''Kinnaur'''</big></big> | ||
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| == Geography == | == Geography == | ||
| A mountainous area, ranging in altitude from 2,320 to 6,816 metres, Kinnaur is one of the smallest districts in ]. It is famous for the ], a mountain sacred to |
A mountainous area, ranging in altitude from 2,320 to 6,816 metres, Kinnaur is one of the smallest districts in ]. It is famous for the ], a mountain sacred to ], close to the ]an border. | ||
| ] | ] | ||
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| == Flora and fauna == | == Flora and fauna == | ||
| Portions of Kinnaur are situated high in the ] where vegetation is sparse and consists primarily of hardy grasses. Alpine species such as ], ], ], ], and ] can be found |
Portions of Kinnaur are situated high in the ], where vegetation is sparse and consists primarily of hardy grasses. Alpine species such as ], ], ], ], and ] can be found at elevations between 3,500 and 5,000 metres, primarily in Middle Kinnaur. At lower altitudes, temperate-climate trees are found, including ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ]. | ||
| ]s and ]s are reared by local farmers in the higher areas. | ]s and ]s are reared by local farmers in the higher areas. | ||
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| == People == | == People == | ||
| The local people, known as Kinner or Kinnauri, are of ] and Indo-Caucasian origin, mixed in varying degrees depending on region. Those in Lower Kinnaur possess more Caucasian features while those in Upper Kinnaur possess predominantly Tibetan features. Racial mixing is greatest in Middle Kinnaur. | The local people, known as Kinner or Kinnauri, are of ] and Indo-Caucasian origin, mixed in varying degrees depending on region. Those in Lower Kinnaur possess more Caucasian features, while those in Upper Kinnaur possess predominantly Tibetan features. Racial mixing is greatest in Middle Kinnaur. | ||
| According to myth, the Kinners are descendants of the Pandavas: beings halfway between men and gods |
According to myth, the Kinners are descendants of the '']'': beings halfway between men and gods that possess supernatural powers. They also claim descent from the '']'', ''Khosias'', and ''Beru'' castes. | ||
| The Kinners speak a dialect of the ] family known as Kinnauri or Kanauri. The distinctive feature of Kinnarui dialect |
The Kinners speak a dialect of the ] family known as Kinnauri or Kanauri. The distinctive feature of Kinnarui dialect is the use of Hindi elements. The Tibetan Jangram dialect is spoken by the Kinners living in Pooh and Sangla. | ||
| Two thousand speakers of the old ] dialect in the ] still remain today. |
Two thousand speakers of the old ] dialect in the ] still remain today. | ||
| === Lifestyle === | === Lifestyle === | ||
| <!-- this section is very difficult to make out; I've tried to put it into proper English, but the unclarity of the original means that I might have made mistakes. Much of it is still short on explanation. --> | <!-- this section is very difficult to make out; I've tried to put it into proper English, but the unclarity of the original means that I might have made mistakes. Much of it is still short on explanation. --> | ||
| <!-- I've worked on cleaning it up but it still needs a lot of work. ] 05:11, 18 May 2005 (UTC) --> | |||
| Generally Kinner houses have storerooms for keeping grain and dried fruits, and |
Generally, Kinner houses have storerooms for keeping grain and dried fruits, and separate wooden grain-storage structures, called ''kathar''. | ||
| <!-- What is pakpa? This looks irrelevant - will quarantine it in the meantime. | <!-- What is pakpa? This looks irrelevant - will quarantine it in the meantime. | ||
| Pakpa, made out of animal skin, notably the sheep or yak, is often placed on the khayarcha mat. --> | Pakpa, made out of animal skin, notably the sheep or yak, is often placed on the khayarcha mat. --> | ||
| According to tradition, |
According to tradition, Kinners use utensils made of brass and bronze. Modern influences have included the introduction of Chinese crockery, and utensils made of stainless steel and aluminum. | ||
| Clothes are mainly of wool. The ''thepang'', a grey woollen cap, is worn with a white velvet band. The Tibetan ''chhuba'', a long woollen coat which resembles an ''achkan''<!-- What's an achkan? -->, is worn as well, with a sleeveless woollen jacket. | Clothes are mainly of wool. The ''thepang'', a grey woollen cap, is worn with a white velvet band. The Tibetan ''chhuba'', a long woollen coat which resembles an ''achkan''<!-- What's an achkan? -->, is worn as well, with a sleeveless woollen jacket. While men wear woollen ''churidhar'' pajamas, and tailored woollen shirts such as the ''chamn kurti'', the women wrap themselves up in a ''Dohru''. The first wrap of the Dohru is based on the back, with embroidered borders displayed throughout its length, which stretches to the heels. Darker shades of colours are preferred for the Dohru, although other beautifully coloured shawls may be worn, usually draped over the shoulders. A ''Choli'', another type of full sleeved blouse worn by women, may serve as a decorative lining as well. | ||
| <!-- this is too obscure for me to make sense of | |||
| While men wear the woollen ''churidhar'' pyjamas and tailored woollen shirts such as the ''chamn kurti'', the women wrap themselves up in a ''dohru''. The first wrap of Dohru is based on the back, with its embroidered borders displayed throughout its length up, streching right up to the heels. Darker shades of colours are preferred for the Dohru, although other beautiful coloured shawls maybe worn, and they are usually draped over the shoulders. Choli, another full sleeved blouse worn by the women, may consist of decorative lining also. | |||
| The Kinners are classified into two castes: Chomang and Domang. |
The Kinners are classified into two castes: ''Chomang'' and ''Domang''. The caste system is more prevalent in the Lower and Middle Kinnaur regions. The Chomang consists of weavers and tailors, while the Domangs are blacksmiths. | ||
| == Religion == | == Religion == | ||
| Line 73: | Line 68: | ||
| Superstitions concerning animist ghosts such as Banchir, Rakshas, and Khunkch also play an important role in the belief system of the Kinners. ] and horns of domestic animals are used to ward off the evil spirits, in order to bring good luck. | Superstitions concerning animist ghosts such as Banchir, Rakshas, and Khunkch also play an important role in the belief system of the Kinners. ] and horns of domestic animals are used to ward off the evil spirits, in order to bring good luck. | ||
| Buddhist ]s play an important role in the daily life of the Kinners, and young Kaner monks of Upper and Middle Kinnaur are trained from a young age in conducting religious ceromonies, devoting their lives to ] and learning to read Tibetan scriptures and Buddhist doctrines. When they become ]s and Chomos, they are given religious duties, which include presiding over the religious and secular affairs of the Kinners. They are generally divided into two groups, namely, the celibate Gyolang |
Buddhist ]s play an important role in the daily life of the Kinners, and young Kaner monks of Upper and Middle Kinnaur are trained from a young age in conducting religious ceromonies, devoting their lives to ] and learning to read Tibetan scriptures and Buddhist doctrines. When they become ]s and Chomos, they are given religious duties, which include presiding over the religious and secular affairs of the Kinners. They are generally divided into two groups, namely, the celibate Gyolang, who shave their heads, and the non-celibate Durpu, who do not shave their heads. | ||
| The ] is the most sacred mountain for most Kinners. Every year it is visited by thousands of locals on <!-- quarantine: "Yatra" -->pilgrimages, Hindu and Buddhist alike. | The ] is the most sacred mountain for most Kinners. Every year it is visited by thousands of locals on <!-- quarantine: "Yatra" -->pilgrimages, Hindu and Buddhist alike. | ||
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| Little is known about the history of Kinnaur, except for the fact that it was once known as Kanaurra or Kinnaura. There are, however, legends and myths among the inhabitants. | Little is known about the history of Kinnaur, except for the fact that it was once known as Kanaurra or Kinnaura. There are, however, legends and myths among the inhabitants. | ||
| It is known that the area was placed under the control of the Magadha kingdom, followed by the Mauryan |
It is known that the area was placed under the control of the ] kingdom, followed by the ] during the ], which was then inhabited mainly by the Kirata, ], Panasika, and Valhika. Kinnaur also came under the influence of the ] kingdom of Tibet between the ] and ] centuries. | ||
| Kinnaur was later divided into seven parts, known as Sat Khund. Conflicts in the region eventually gave rise to the formation of many small chiefdoms which fought |
Kinnaur was later divided into seven parts, known as Sat Khund. Conflicts in the region eventually gave rise to the formation of many small chiefdoms, which fought amongst one another for power. These struggles also included the neighbouring Bhotes. Several forts from this time, including Labrang, Moorang, and Kamru, serve as evidence of the region's history of conflict, which lasted until Emperor ] conquered the area. Akbar's conquest resulted in the incorporation of the Kinnaur valley into the ]. | ||
| After the collapse of the |
After the collapse of the Mughal Empire, the Kinnaur valley, then known as ''Chini Tehsil'', played an influential role<!-- quarantine: in ]--> . When its dominant role in the region lapsed, it was merged to form part of the then Mahasu district. | ||
| By ], political, ethnic, and cultural considerations led to the area <!-- unnecessary: , which was part ], -->being reorganised |
By ], political, ethnic, and cultural considerations led to the area <!-- unnecessary: , which was part ], -->being reorganised, forming the present Kinnaur district. | ||
| == Tourism == | == Tourism == | ||
Revision as of 05:49, 18 May 2005
| Capital | Reckong Peo |
| Area | 6,553 sq km |
| Population | 78,400 (2001) |
| Population Density | 12/km² |
| Literacy | 75.11% |
| Urbanization | 0% |
Kinnaur is one of twelve administrative districts of Himachal Pradesh, India. The district is itself divided into three administrative areas – Pooh, Kalpa, and Nichar – and has five Tehsils or counties. Its capital is Reckong Peo.
Geography
A mountainous area, ranging in altitude from 2,320 to 6,816 metres, Kinnaur is one of the smallest districts in India. It is famous for the Kinnaur Kailash, a mountain sacred to Hindus, close to the Tibetan border.
Climate
Most of Kinnaur enjoys a temperate climate due to its high elevation, with long winters from October to May, and short summers from June to September. The lower parts of the Satluj Valley and the Baspa Valley receive monsoon rains. The upper areas of the valleys fall mainly in the rain-shadow area. These areas are considered to be arid regions, similar to the climate of Tibet.
Flora and fauna
Portions of Kinnaur are situated high in the Himalaya, where vegetation is sparse and consists primarily of hardy grasses. Alpine species such as juniper, pine, fir, cypress, and rhododendron can be found at elevations between 3,500 and 5,000 metres, primarily in Middle Kinnaur. At lower altitudes, temperate-climate trees are found, including oak, chestnut, maple, birch, alder, magnolia, apple, and apricot.
Yaks and dzos are reared by local farmers in the higher areas.
Scattered populations of the Himalayan black bear and small ponies may also be found.
People
The local people, known as Kinner or Kinnauri, are of Tibetan and Indo-Caucasian origin, mixed in varying degrees depending on region. Those in Lower Kinnaur possess more Caucasian features, while those in Upper Kinnaur possess predominantly Tibetan features. Racial mixing is greatest in Middle Kinnaur.
According to myth, the Kinners are descendants of the Pandavas: beings halfway between men and gods that possess supernatural powers. They also claim descent from the Rajput, Khosias, and Beru castes.
The Kinners speak a dialect of the Tibeto-Burman family known as Kinnauri or Kanauri. The distinctive feature of Kinnarui dialect is the use of Hindi elements. The Tibetan Jangram dialect is spoken by the Kinners living in Pooh and Sangla.
Two thousand speakers of the old Zhang Zhung dialect in the Sutlej valley still remain today.
Lifestyle
Generally, Kinner houses have storerooms for keeping grain and dried fruits, and separate wooden grain-storage structures, called kathar. According to tradition, Kinners use utensils made of brass and bronze. Modern influences have included the introduction of Chinese crockery, and utensils made of stainless steel and aluminum.
Clothes are mainly of wool. The thepang, a grey woollen cap, is worn with a white velvet band. The Tibetan chhuba, a long woollen coat which resembles an achkan, is worn as well, with a sleeveless woollen jacket. While men wear woollen churidhar pajamas, and tailored woollen shirts such as the chamn kurti, the women wrap themselves up in a Dohru. The first wrap of the Dohru is based on the back, with embroidered borders displayed throughout its length, which stretches to the heels. Darker shades of colours are preferred for the Dohru, although other beautifully coloured shawls may be worn, usually draped over the shoulders. A Choli, another type of full sleeved blouse worn by women, may serve as a decorative lining as well.
The Kinners are classified into two castes: Chomang and Domang. The caste system is more prevalent in the Lower and Middle Kinnaur regions. The Chomang consists of weavers and tailors, while the Domangs are blacksmiths.
Religion
Hinduism and Tibetan Buddhism are the main religions in the district, although Bön is also practised. These three religions have undergone religious mixing, along with some indigenous shamanistic practices. One can see some Buddhist influences on the Hindu religion in Lower Kinnaur, the mixing of Buddhist and Hindu beliefs in varying degrees in Middle Kinnaur, and even the influence of Hinduism on Buddhism in Pooh of Upper Kinnaur. However, Buddhist Hangrang remains largely untouched by Hindu influence.
One can see Hindu gods being worshipped side by side with Buddhist deities in Buddhist and Hindu temples, especially in Middle Kinnaur. Dabla, one of the major Bön deities, is greatly revered by the Kinners in the area. Folk Hindu gods are also worshipped in Middle and Lower Kinnaur. These include the Durga (locally known as Chandi, Narayan, Vishnu) and many other folk Hindu–animist gods. Folk deities play a major role in the daily life of the Kinners.
Superstitions concerning animist ghosts such as Banchir, Rakshas, and Khunkch also play an important role in the belief system of the Kinners. Pujas and horns of domestic animals are used to ward off the evil spirits, in order to bring good luck.
Buddhist lamas play an important role in the daily life of the Kinners, and young Kaner monks of Upper and Middle Kinnaur are trained from a young age in conducting religious ceromonies, devoting their lives to Lamaism and learning to read Tibetan scriptures and Buddhist doctrines. When they become Lamas and Chomos, they are given religious duties, which include presiding over the religious and secular affairs of the Kinners. They are generally divided into two groups, namely, the celibate Gyolang, who shave their heads, and the non-celibate Durpu, who do not shave their heads.
The Kinnaur Kailash is the most sacred mountain for most Kinners. Every year it is visited by thousands of locals on pilgrimages, Hindu and Buddhist alike.
History
Little is known about the history of Kinnaur, except for the fact that it was once known as Kanaurra or Kinnaura. There are, however, legends and myths among the inhabitants.
It is known that the area was placed under the control of the Magadha kingdom, followed by the Mauryan Empire during the 6th century BCE, which was then inhabited mainly by the Kirata, Kamboja, Panasika, and Valhika. Kinnaur also came under the influence of the Guge kingdom of Tibet between the 9th and 12th centuries.
Kinnaur was later divided into seven parts, known as Sat Khund. Conflicts in the region eventually gave rise to the formation of many small chiefdoms, which fought amongst one another for power. These struggles also included the neighbouring Bhotes. Several forts from this time, including Labrang, Moorang, and Kamru, serve as evidence of the region's history of conflict, which lasted until Emperor Akbar conquered the area. Akbar's conquest resulted in the incorporation of the Kinnaur valley into the Mughal Empire.
After the collapse of the Mughal Empire, the Kinnaur valley, then known as Chini Tehsil, played an influential role . When its dominant role in the region lapsed, it was merged to form part of the then Mahasu district. By 1960, political, ethnic, and cultural considerations led to the area being reorganised, forming the present Kinnaur district.
Tourism
Kinnaur offers beautiful scenery, but its climate allows visitors to travel only between April and October, as it is cut off from the world by snow during the winter months. Because much of Kinnaur is not served by reliably-surfaced roads, one can only travel on foot.
See also
External links
- Government's district website
- The Himalayas-Kinnaur Himalayas
- Photo Documentation of Lahul-Spiti and Kinnaur-November 2003
- 24 pages of Information by Hindubooks
Template:Himachal Pradesh districts
Category: