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American Crow
Conservation status
Least Concern
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Corvidae
Genus:	Corvus
Species:	C. brachyrhynchos
Binomial name
Corvus brachyrhynchos Brehm, 1822
American Crow range

The American Crow, Corvus brachyrhynchos, is a large passerine bird species of the Corvidae family. It is a common bird found throughout much of North America. It is one of several species of corvid which are entirely black in color, though can be distinguished from the Common Raven on size and Fish Crow on call and distribution.

Though American Crows are common, widespread and adaptable, they are under threat from the West Nile Virus.

Taxonomy

The American Crow was described by in Christian Ludwig Brehm 1822, the specific name brachyrhynchos "short-billed" derived from the Greek brachy-/βραχυ- "short" and rhynchos/ρυνχος "bill".

The Northwestern Crow (Corvus caurinus) is very closely related to the American Crow. Structurally, they are difficult to distinguish from one another where their ranges overlap. However, the voice remains a distinct difference between the two species.

Four subspecies are recognised:

• C. b. brachyrhynchos:
• C. b. hesperis: Known as the Western Crow from Western North America, is smaller overall with a proportionally more slender bill.
• C. b. pascuus: Known as the Florida Crow from Florida, is smaller overall with a proportionally larger bill.
• C. b. paulus: from the southern U. S. is also smaller overall with a smaller bill.

Description

The American Crow is a distinctive bird with iridescent black feathers. Its legs, feet and bill are also black. Several regional forms are recognized and differ in bill proportion and overall size from each other across North America, generally being smallest in the southeast and the far west. Averaging 18 inches (46 cm) in length, it is smaller than the Common Raven. American Crows have a lifespan of 7 to 8 years. Captive birds are known to have lived up to 30 years.

The most usual call is a loud, short, and rapid "caah-caah-caah". Usually, the birds thrust their heads up and down as they utter this call. American Crows can also produce a wide variety of sounds and sometimes mimic noises made by other animals, including other birds.

Visual differentiation from the Fish Crow (Corvus ossifragus) is extremely difficult and often inaccurate. Nonetheless, differences apart from size do exist. Fish Crows tend to have more slender bills and feet. There may also be a small sharp hook at the end of the upper bill. Fish Crows also appear as if they have shorter legs when walking. More dramatically, when calling, Fish Crows tend to hunch and fluff their throat feathers.

Distribution and habitat

The range of the American Crow extends from the Pacific Ocean to the Atlantic Ocean in Canada, on the French islands of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, south through the United States, and into northern Mexico. Virtually all types of country from wilderness, farmland, parks, open woodland to towns and major cities are inhabited. The crow is generally a permanent resident, but many birds in the northern parts of the range migrate short distances southward. Outside of the nesting season, these birds often gather in large communal roosts at night. American Crows are protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918.

Behavior

Diet

The American Crow is omnivorous. It will feed on invertebrates of all types, carrion, scraps of human food, seeds, eggs and nestlings, stranded fish on the shore and various grains. American Crows are active hunters and will prey on mice, frogs, and other small animals. In winter and autumn, the diet of American Crows is more dependent on nuts and acorns. Occasionally, they will visit bird feeders. The American Crow is one of only a few species of bird that has been observed modifying and using tools to obtain food.

Like most crows, they will scavenge at rubbish dumps, scattering garbage in the process. Where available, corn, wheat and other agricultural crops are a favorite food. These habits have historically caused the American Crow to be considered a nuisance. However, it is suspected that the harm to crops is offset by the service the American Crow provides by eating insect pests.

Nesting

American Crows are monogamous cooperative breeding birds. Mated pairs form large families of up to 15 individuals from several breeding seasons that remain together for many years. Offspring from a previous nesting season will usually remain with the family to assist in rearing new nestlings. American Crows do not reach breeding age for at least two years. Most do not leave the nest to breed for four to five years.

American Crows build bulky stick nests, nearly always in trees but sometimes also in large bushes and, very rarely, on the ground. They will nest in a wide variety of trees, including large conifers, although oaks are most often used. Three to six eggs are laid and incubated for 18 days. The young are fledged usually by about 35 days.

Conservation status

Despite attempts by humans in some areas to drive away or eliminate these birds, they remain widespread and very common. The number of individual American Crows is estimated by Birdlife International to be around 31,000,000. The large population, as well as its vast range, are the reasons why the American Crow is considered to be of least concern, meaning that the species is not at immediate risk.

West Nile Virus

American Crows are very susceptible to the effects of the West Nile virus. It is estimated that the population has dropped by 45% since 1999. Mortality rates appear to be higher than those in other birds, causing population losses of up to 65% in some areas in a single season. Because of this, American Crows are a sentinel species indicating the presence of West Nile virus in an area. Crows cannot transmit the virus to humans directly.

Crows in popular culture

The abundance of the American Crow in both rural and urban environments have made them very familiar to all Americans. Their name has been applied in numerous ways to the vernacular.

• Loud, vain bragging is sometimes referred to as "crowing".
• Similarly, to "eat crow" is to suffer embarrassment after having previously boasted.
• "Jim Crow", originally the name of a 19th century minstrel character, has come to define all blackface performances of that era, as well as laws - particularly in the American South - that segregated blacks.
• Likewise, the name "crow" was often applied as an insulting, early 20th century term for African-Americans. White American vaudeville comedians Moran and Mack recorded a popular series of skits in the 1920s called "Two Black Crows", speaking in exaggerated Black American accents.

References

1. Liddell & Scott (1980). Greek-English Lexicon, Abridged Edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. ISBN 0-19-910207-4.
2. ITIS Report. "ITIS Standard Report: Corvus brachyrhynchos". {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
3. ^ Goodwin. p87
4. Goodwin. p88
5. ^ "Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection". American Crow Fact Sheet. Retrieved 2006-10-25.
6. ^ Template:IUCN2006
7. ^ "University of Michigan Museum of Zoology Animal Diversity Web". Corvus brachyrhynchos(American crow). Retrieved 2006-10-24.
8. Caffrey, C. (2000) Tool Modification and Use by an American Crow. The Wilson Bulletin: Vol. 112, No. 2 pp. 283–284.
9. ^ Segelken, Roger. "Tree-climbing researcher knows exactly how far the crow flies". Cornell Chronicle. Retrieved 2006-10-25.
10. "BirdWeb". American Crow. Retrieved 2006-10-24.
11. ^ "All About Birds". American Crow. Retrieved 2006-10-24.
12. "West Nile killing off beloved U.S. birds: study". Retrieved 2007-05-18.
13. "BioOne Online Journals". WEST NILE VIRUS DEVASTATES AN AMERICAN CROW POPULATION. Retrieved 2006-10-24.

Cited text

• Goodwin D. (1983). Crows of the World. Queensland University Press, St Lucia, Qld. ISBN 0-7022-1015-3.

External links

Images

• American Crow Facts and Photos
• American Crow series
• Good closeup image
• Skull of American Crow

Video

• American Crow videos on the Internet Bird Collection

Audio

• American Crow call

• Least concern species
• Birds of North America
• Corvus
• Tool-using species