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| |footnotes = {{smallsup|a}} Mainly in ].<br/>{{smallsup|b}} Mainly in ].<br/>{{smallsup|c}} Majority in ]; minorities in ], ] and ]. | |footnotes = {{smallsup|a}} Mainly in ].<br/>{{smallsup|b}} Mainly in ].<br/>{{smallsup|c}} Majority in ]; minorities in ], ] and ]. | ||
| }} | }} | ||
| An '''Arab''' ({{lang-ar|'''<big>عرب </big>'''}}) is a ] whose cultural, linguistic, and in some cases, ancestral origins trace back to the tribes of the ]. | An '''Arab''' ({{lang-ar|'''<big>عرب </big>'''}}) is a member of the ]-speaking peoples whose cultural, linguistic, and in some cases, ancestral origins trace back to the tribes of the ]. The ] spread throughout the ] and ] with the advent of ] in the ]. The ensuing ] of successive ] resulted in the ] and ] of the region's other indigenous Semitic and non-Semitic peoples of non-Arab origin, usually together with their ]. | ||
| Thus, the label ''Arab'' has come to be associated with the Arabized populations of the conquered countries, who are ethnically distinct from Arabs. This classification as ''Arab'' based on the socio-cultural or linguistic definition is rejected by many people in North Africa and the Middle East. | |||
| ] and ] was disseminated throughout the ] and ] with the advent of ] in the ]. The ensuing expansionism and ] mounted by successive ] resulted in the ] and ] of the region's other indigenous Semitic and non-Semitic peoples of non-Arab origin, often together with their ]. | |||
| Thus, the label ''Arab'' has come to be associated with the Arabized populations of the conquered countries, who were once ethnically distinct from Arabs. This classification as ''Arab'' based on the socio-cultural or linguistic definition is rejected by some Middle-Eastern minorities, such as the ], <ref>. Elaph. April 12, 2007.</ref> and the ] <ref>http://www.petitiononline.com/NotArab/petition.html</ref><ref>http://lebanesewbass.blogspot.com</ref><ref>http://www.aina.org/guesteds/20060210113623.htm</ref><ref>http://amalid.com/prominent_lebs/Gubran_Khalil_Gubran/AMU_to_Powell.htm</ref>, who do not self-identify as Arabs and capitalize on their pre-Arab identities. Multiple definitions of who is an Arab have been offered.<ref name="Arabeconomicexpert">{{cite web |url=http://www.economicexpert.com/a/Arab.htm |publisher="Economic Expert" |title="Arab: The relative importance of these factors is estimated differently by different groups. Most people who consider themselves Arabs do so on the basis of the overlap of the political and linguistic definitions, but some members of groups which fulfill both criteria reject the identity on the basis of the genealogical definition. Not many people consider themselves Arab on the basis of the political definition without the linguistic one — thus, ] or ] usually identify themselves as non-Arab — but some do (for instance, some Berbers do consider themselves Arabs and Arab nationalists saw the Kurds as Arabs)."|}}</ref> Islamized, but non-] peoples form part of the ], and not the traditionally secular ]. | |||
| ==Defining who is an Arab== | ==Defining who is an Arab== | ||
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| The major ways of defining who is an Arab are: | The major ways of defining who is an Arab are: | ||
| * ]: someone who considers him- or herself Arab, regardless of |
* ]: someone who considers him- or herself Arab, regardless of ] origin. | ||
| * ]: someone whose ] is ], including any of its ]. This definition covers more than 250 million people |
* ]: someone whose ] is ], including any of its ]. This definition covers more than 250 million people. Some members of groups which fulfill these criteria reject the identity on the basis of the genealogical definition (see below). | ||
| * ]: in the modern ] era, someone who is a ] of a country where ] is one of the ] or the ], or a member of the ]. This definition covers more than 300 million people, but is simplistic as it excludes the entire ] |
* ]: in the modern ] era, someone who is a ] of a country where ] is one of the ] or the ], or a member of the ]. This definition covers more than 300 million people, but is simplistic as it excludes the entire ] but includes non-Arab identified ] in the Arab region. This definition is also rejected by some of the citizens of many Arabic-speaking countries. | ||
| * ]: someone who can trace his or her ancestry to the ], the original inhabitants of the ] |
* ]: someone who can trace his or her ancestry to the ], the original inhabitants of the ] and the ]. This definition covers fewer self-identified Arabs than not. This was the definition used in ] times, for example by ]. | ||
| The relative importance of these factors is estimated differently by different groups and frequently disputed. Some combine aspects of each definition, as done by ],<ref>1996, p.xviii </ref> who defines an ''Arab'' "in the modern sense of the word", as "one who is a national of an Arab state, has command of the Arabic language, and possesses a fundamental knowledge of Arabian tradition, that is, of the manners, customs, and political and social systems of the culture." Most people who consider themselves Arab do so based on the overlap of the political and linguistic definitions. | The relative importance of these factors is estimated differently by different groups and frequently disputed. Some combine aspects of each definition, as done by ],<ref>1996, p.xviii </ref> who defines an ''Arab'' "in the modern sense of the word", as "one who is a national of an Arab state, has command of the Arabic language, and possesses a fundamental knowledge of Arabian tradition, that is, of the manners, customs, and political and social systems of the culture." Most people who consider themselves Arab do so based on the overlap of the political and linguistic definitions. | ||
| However, some groups meet some of these criteria, and yet do not identify as Arab due to genealogy and ethno-nationality. In particular, the native people of ], the ] and the ], are not ethnically Arabs. Thus, North Africans who still use the ] identify only as ], and many ], whether Muslim or ]ic, identify only as Egyptians, ie, descendants of the ]<ref>From : "Although modern day Egyptians are usually lumped together with "the Arabs" due to their language and Islamic traditions, this is not completely accurate. There is a truly Bedouin Arab grouping within Egypt, the majority still nomadic tribal peoples living in isolated oases and roaming through the country's vast desert regions. However, anthropologically, the vast majority of indigenous Egyptians trace ]]. Their physical appearance and cultural traditions are distinct from all other Middle Eastern peoples,"</ref> (See also ]). | |||
| ] usually identify themselves as non-Arab — but some do (for instance, some do consider themselves Arabs and Arab nationalists saw the Kurds as Arabs). Some ethnic and religious Arabic-speaking minorities within the Middle East and North Africa, such as the ],<ref>. Elaph. April 12, 2007.</ref> and the ] <ref>http://www.petitiononline.com/NotArab/petition.html</ref><ref>http://lebanesewbass.blogspot.com</ref><ref>http://www.aina.org/guesteds/20060210113623.htm</ref><ref>http://amalid.com/prominent_lebs/Gubran_Khalil_Gubran/AMU_to_Powell.htm</ref>, are not likely to self-identify as Arabs and capitalize on their pre-Arab identities. The ] reject the label ''Arab'' in favor of a narrower ]n-]-based Lebanese identity. Thus groups using a non-Arabic ] are especially likely to consider themselves non-Arab. | |||
| Few people consider themselves Arab based on the political definition without the linguistic one; thus few ] and ] identify as Arab. But some do, for instance some Berbers also consider themselves Arab (v. e.g. Gellner, Ernest and Micaud, Charles, Eds. Arabs and Berbers: from tribe to nation in North Africa. Lexington: Lexington Books, 1972). | |||
| The ] at its formation in ] defined ''Arab'' as "a person whose language is Arabic, who lives in an Arabic speaking country, who is in sympathy with the aspirations of the Arabic speaking peoples"<ref> from " by NBC News Middle East military analyst, retired intelligence officer Lt Col Rick Francona</ref>. | The ] at its formation in ] defined ''Arab'' as "a person whose language is Arabic, who lives in an Arabic speaking country, who is in sympathy with the aspirations of the Arabic speaking peoples"<ref> from " by NBC News Middle East military analyst, retired intelligence officer Lt Col Rick Francona</ref>. | ||
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| ], the patron saint of ]]] | ], the patron saint of ]]] | ||
| Estimates of the number of ]s vary, and depend on the definition of "Arab", as with the number of all Arabs, especially Muslim Arabs. Christians make up 9.2% of the population of the Near East.<ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |authorlink=Philippe Fargues |title=''Christian Communities in the Middle East'' |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=1998 |doi= |id=ISBN 0-19-829388-7}}</ref> | Estimates of the number of ]s vary, and depend on the definition of "Arab", as with the number of all Arabs, especially Muslim Arabs. Christians make up 9.2% of the population of the Near East.<ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |authorlink=Philippe Fargues |title=''Christian Communities in the Middle East'' |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=1998 |doi= |id=ISBN 0-19-829388-7}}</ref> | ||
| In Lebanon they number about 39% of the population,<ref>https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/le.html#People</ref> in Syria 10% to 15%. In the Palestinian territories before the creation of ] estimates range as high as 20%, but is now 3.8% due to mass emigration. In ] Arab Christians constitute 2.1% (roughly 10% of the ] Arab population). In ], they Copts constitute |
In Lebanon they number about 39% of the population,<ref>https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/le.html#People</ref> in Syria 10% to 15%. In the Palestinian territories before the creation of ] estimates range as high as 20%, but is now 3.8% due to mass emigration. In ] Arab Christians constitute 2.1% (roughly 10% of the ] Arab population). In ], they Copts constitute 10% to 20%, and do not identify as Arabs. Most ] and ]n Arabs are Christian, as are about half of Arabs in ] who come particularly from ], ], the ],. | ||
| ]s from Arab countries – mainly ] and ] – are today usually not categorised as Arab. Sociologist Philip Mendes asserts that before the anti-Jewish actions of the 1930s and 1940s, overall ] "viewed themselves as Arabs of the Jewish faith, rather than as a separate race or nationality".<ref>http://www.labyrinth.net.au/~ajds/mendes_refugees.htm</ref> Prior to the emergence of the term ''Mizrahi'', the term "]" (''Yehudim ‘Áravim'', יהודים ערבים) was sometimes used to describe Jews of the ]. The term is rarely used today. The few remaining Jews in the Arab countries reside mostly in ] and ]. From the late 1940s to the early 1960s, following the creation of the state of ], most of these Jews left or were expelled from their countries of birth and are now mostly concentrated in Israel. Some immigrated to ], where they form the largest Jewish community, outnumbering ], but relatively few to the ]. See ]. | ]s from Arab countries – mainly ] and ] – are today usually not categorised as Arab. Sociologist Philip Mendes asserts that before the anti-Jewish actions of the 1930s and 1940s, overall ] "viewed themselves as Arabs of the Jewish faith, rather than as a separate race or nationality".<ref>http://www.labyrinth.net.au/~ajds/mendes_refugees.htm</ref> Prior to the emergence of the term ''Mizrahi'', the term "]" (''Yehudim ‘Áravim'', יהודים ערבים) was sometimes used to describe Jews of the ]. The term is rarely used today. The few remaining Jews in the Arab countries reside mostly in ] and ]. From the late 1940s to the early 1960s, following the creation of the state of ], most of these Jews left or were expelled from their countries of birth and are now mostly concentrated in Israel. Some immigrated to ], where they form the largest Jewish community, outnumbering ], but relatively few to the ]. See ]. | ||
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| During the ] of the ] and ] centuries, the Arabs forged an ] (under the ] and ]s, and later the ]s) whose borders touched southern ] in the west, ] in the east, ] in the north, and the ] in the south. This was one of the largest land empires in history. In much of this area, the Arabs spread ] and the Arabic language (the language of the ]) through ] and ]. Many groups became known as "Arabs" through this process of ] rather than through descent. Thus, over time, the term ''Arab'' came to carry a broader meaning than the original ethnic term: ''cultural'' Arab vs. ''ethnic'' Arab. People in ], ], ] and elsewhere were linguistically Arabized{{Fact|date=January 2007}}. | During the ] of the ] and ] centuries, the Arabs forged an ] (under the ] and ]s, and later the ]s) whose borders touched southern ] in the west, ] in the east, ] in the north, and the ] in the south. This was one of the largest land empires in history. In much of this area, the Arabs spread ] and the Arabic language (the language of the ]) through ] and ]. Many groups became known as "Arabs" through this process of ] rather than through descent. Thus, over time, the term ''Arab'' came to carry a broader meaning than the original ethnic term: ''cultural'' Arab vs. ''ethnic'' Arab. People in ], ], ] and elsewhere were linguistically Arabized{{Fact|date=January 2007}}. | ||
| ] declares that Arabs are united in a shared history, culture and language. Arab nationalists believe that Arab identity encompasses more than outward physical characteristics, ] or ]. A related ideology, ], calls for all Arab lands to be united as one ]. Several countries that were once ruled by someone of an Arab background refuse to be called Arabs, such as |
] declares that Arabs are united in a shared history, culture and language. Arab nationalists believe that Arab identity encompasses more than outward physical characteristics, ] or ]. A related ideology, ], calls for all Arab lands to be united as one ]. Several countries that were once ruled by someone of an Arab background refuse to be called Arabs, such as some ] and especially the ]. | ||
| ==Arab nationalism== | ==Arab nationalism== | ||
Revision as of 01:15, 8 July 2007
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 Arabs wearing traditional dress in 1910 | ||||||
| Total population | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| approx. 250 to 300 million | ||||||
| Regions with significant populations | ||||||
Populations in Arabic-speaking regions
| ||||||
| Outside Arabic-speaking regions | ||||||
 Turkey | ~0.6 to 1 million | |||||
| Europe | unknown | |||||
 Iran | 500,000 to 4 million | |||||
 Brazil | 16 million | |||||
 United States | 3.5 million | |||||
| Latin America | ||||||
 Israel | 1,413,500 | |||||
| Languages | ||||||
| Arabic other minority languages | ||||||
| Religion | ||||||
| Predomiantly Sunni Islam, as well as Shia Islam, Greek Orthodoxy, Greek Catholicism, Alawite Islam, Druzism, Ibadi Islam, and Judaism | ||||||
Mainly in Antakya. Mainly in France. Majority in Khūzestān Province; minorities in Bushehr province, Hormuzgan province and North Khurasan province. | ||||||
An Arab (Template:Lang-ar) is a member of the Semitic-speaking peoples whose cultural, linguistic, and in some cases, ancestral origins trace back to the tribes of the Arabian Peninsula. The Arabic language spread throughout the Middle East and North Africa with the advent of Islam in the 7th century. The ensuing conquests of successive Arab Islamic empires resulted in the Arabization and cultural assimilation of the region's other indigenous Semitic and non-Semitic peoples of non-Arab origin, usually together with their Islamization.
Thus, the label Arab has come to be associated with the Arabized populations of the conquered countries, who are ethnically distinct from Arabs. This classification as Arab based on the socio-cultural or linguistic definition is rejected by many people in North Africa and the Middle East.
Defining who is an Arab
Further information: ]Arabness is always defined independent of religious identity. It pre-dates the rise of Islam, with historically attested Arab Christian kingdoms and Arab Jewish tribes. The earliest documented use of the word "Arab" as defining a group of people dates from the 9th century BCE and extends into the present day.
The major ways of defining who is an Arab are:
- Identity: someone who considers him- or herself Arab, regardless of ancestral origin.
- Linguistic: someone whose first language is Arabic, including any of its varieties. This definition covers more than 250 million people. Some members of groups which fulfill these criteria reject the identity on the basis of the genealogical definition (see below).
- Political: in the modern nationalist era, someone who is a citizen of a country where Arabic is one of the official languages or the national language, or a member of the Arab League. This definition covers more than 300 million people, but is simplistic as it excludes the entire Arab diaspora but includes non-Arab identified indigenous ethnic minorities in the Arab region. This definition is also rejected by some of the citizens of many Arabic-speaking countries.
- Genealogical: someone who can trace his or her ancestry to the tribes of Arabia, the original inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula and the Syrian Desert. This definition covers fewer self-identified Arabs than not. This was the definition used in medieval times, for example by Ibn Khaldun.
The relative importance of these factors is estimated differently by different groups and frequently disputed. Some combine aspects of each definition, as done by Habib Hassan Touma, who defines an Arab "in the modern sense of the word", as "one who is a national of an Arab state, has command of the Arabic language, and possesses a fundamental knowledge of Arabian tradition, that is, of the manners, customs, and political and social systems of the culture." Most people who consider themselves Arab do so based on the overlap of the political and linguistic definitions.
However, some groups meet some of these criteria, and yet do not identify as Arab due to genealogy and ethno-nationality. In particular, the native people of North Africa, the Berbers and the Egyptians, are not ethnically Arabs. Thus, North Africans who still use the Berber language identify only as Berber, and many Egyptians, whether Muslim or Coptic, identify only as Egyptians, ie, descendants of the ancient Egyptians (See also Egypt#Identity).
Kurds usually identify themselves as non-Arab — but some do (for instance, some do consider themselves Arabs and Arab nationalists saw the Kurds as Arabs). Some ethnic and religious Arabic-speaking minorities within the Middle East and North Africa, such as the Copts, and the Maronites , are not likely to self-identify as Arabs and capitalize on their pre-Arab identities. The Maronite Christians reject the label Arab in favor of a narrower Phoenician-Aramaean-based Lebanese identity. Thus groups using a non-Arabic liturgical language are especially likely to consider themselves non-Arab.
The Arab League at its formation in 1946 defined Arab as "a person whose language is Arabic, who lives in an Arabic speaking country, who is in sympathy with the aspirations of the Arabic speaking peoples".
The relation of Template:ArabDIN and Template:ArabDIN is complicated further by the notion of "lost Arabs" Template:ArabDIN mentioned in the Qur'an as punished for their disbelief. All contemporary Arabs were considered as descended from two ancestors, Qahtan and Adnan. Qahtan was related to the "lost Arabs", and the Southern Arabs were identified as of his lineage, regarded as the "real Arabs", Template:ArabDIN. The Northern Arabs, including the tribes of Mecca, were considered the descendants of Adnan, in Islamic tradition traced back to Ismail son of Abraham, said to have been arabized later.
Versteegh (1997) is uncertain whether to ascribe this distinction to the memory of a real difference of origin of the two groups, but it is certain that the difference was strongly felt in early Islamic times. Even in Islamic Spain there was enmity between the Qays of the northern and the Kalb of the southern group. The so-called Himyarite language described by Al-Hamdani (died 946) appears to be a special case of language contact between the two groups, an originally north Arabic dialect spoken in the south, and influenced by Old South Arabic.
During the Muslim conquests of the seventh and eighth centuries, the Arabs forged an Arab Empire (under the Rashidun and Umayyads, and later the Abbasids) whose borders touched southern France in the west, China in the east, Asia Minor in the north, and the Sudan in the south. This was one of the largest land empires in history. In much of this area, the Arabs spread Islam and the Arabic language (the language of the Qur'an) through conversion and cultural assimilation. Many groups became known as "Arabs" through this process of Arabization rather than through descent. Thus, over time, the term Arab came to carry a broader meaning than the original ethnic term: cultural Arab vs. ethnic Arab. Some native people in Sudan, Morocco and Algeria (Berbers) and in other regions became Arabized.
Arab nationalism declares that Arabs are united in a shared history, culture and language. Arab nationalists believe that Arab identity encompasses more than outward physical characteristics, race or religion. A related ideology, Pan-Arabism, calls for all Arab lands to be united as one state. Arab nationalism has often competed for existence with regional and ethnic nationalisms in the Middle East, such as Lebanese and Egyptian.
Origin
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Pre-Sabaean Semitic Arabia
A modern study by Kamal Salibi connects Israel and the biblical events to Yemen instead of Palestine. The study relies on linguistic evidence from rural dialects in Yemen, and old village names that are similar to biblical names and outnumber those in the north. The study was considered biased because it was labeled Anti-Israeli. Although it gives weak evidence against the Mesopotamian origin of Israelites, it confirms a traditionally accepted Qahtani general origin of Semites.
Pre-Islamic Himyarite south & Nabatean north Arabic
 | This article is missing information about Arabs. Please expand the article to include this informationto include this information or by making an edit request. Further details may exist on the talk page. |
Early Semites built civilizations in Mesopotamia and Syria, but slowly lost their political domination of the Near East due to internal turmoil and constant attacks by new nomadic Semitic and non-Semitic groups. Attacks climaxed with the arrival of the Medians to east Mesopotamia and the incorporation of the Neo Babylonians. Although the Semites lost political control, the Aramiac language remained the lingua Franca of Mesopotamia and Syria. Eventually, Aramiac lost its day-to-day use with the defeat of the Persians and the arrival of the Hellenic armies around 330BC. Both nations maintained their pure Semitic tongues and continued to evolve into Northern and Southern Arabic.
Nabateans, 330BC
The Nabateans moved into territory vacated by the Edomites -- Semites who settled the region centuries before them. The Nabateans were nomadic newcomers who wrote in a vernacular Aramiac that evolved into modern Arabic and modern Arabic script around the 4th century.
Ghassanids, 250AD
The Ghassanids were the last major migration of non-Islamic Semites out of Yemen to the north. They revived the Semitic presence in the then Hellenized Syria. They mainly settled the Hauran region and spread to modern Lebanon, Palestine and Jordan.
The Arameans, Akkadians, Assyrians, Babylonians, Phoenicians, Amorites, Sabaeans amd Minaeans spoke closely related Semitic dialects that correspond to the Arab dialects of the regions they settled. These groups often overlapped and mixed racial lines, as did IndoEuropean groups.
Parallel pre-Islamic Qahtani and Adnani Arabs
Qahtani Arabs
Qahtani, also called al-ʻĀriba (العاربة), "pure origin" or "pure Semites", are direct descendants of Noah through his son Shem. They took pride in their pure Semitic lineage and maintained the old Aramiac Script until the rise of Islam. But spoken Qahtani south Arabic was very close to the Adnani north Arabic. Many north Arabic tribes, such as the Ghassanids, claimed Qahtani lineage.
Adnani Arabs
al-Mustaʻribah (المستعربة), "Arabized Arabs", are Arabs who settled in Mecca when Abraham took his Egyptian wife Heather (or Hajar) and their son Ishmael there. Ishmael was raised by Hagar and the noble Arab tribe Jurhom who left Yemen after a drought and settled in Mecca. Ishmael spoke fluent Arabic. It is believed that the prophet of Islam, Mohammad, descended of the Adnani tribe of Qureish. Adnani Arabs spoke a similar dialect to Qahatani Arabic, but later started using the unique Nabatean script that evolved into modern Arabic script.
Early Islamic Arabization
Syria/Iraq, 7th century
The arrival of Islam united the Arab tribes, who flooded into the strongly Semitic Greater Syria and Iraq. Within years, the major garrison towns developed into the major cities of Syria and Iraq. The local population, which shared a close linguistic and genetic ancestry with Qahtani and Adnani Muslims were quickly Arabized.
North Africa, 7th century
The Phoenicians and later the Carthaginians dominated North African shores for more than 8 centuries until they were suppressed by the Romans and the later Vandal invasion. Inland, the nomadic Berbers allied with Arab Muslims in invading Spain. The Arab tribes mainly settled the old Phoenician and Carthagenian towns, while the Berbers remained dominant inland. Inland north Africa remained partly Arabized until the 11th century.
Medieval Arabization
Banu Hilal in North Africa, 1046AD
The Banu Hilal was a Yemeni tribal confederation, organized by the Fatimids. They struck in Libya, reducing the Zenata Berbers (a clan that claimed Yemeni ancestry from pre-Islamic periods) and small coastal towns, and Arabizing the Sanhaja berber confederation. The Banu Hilal eventually Settled modern (Morocco and Algeria) and subdued Arabized the Sanhaja by the time of Ibn Khaldun.
Banu Sulaym in North Africa, 1049AD
The Banu Sulyam is another Bedouin tribal confederation from Nejd which followed through the trials of Banu Hilal and helped them defeat the Zirids in the battle of Gabis in 1052AD, and finally took Kairuan in 1057Ad. The Banu Sulaym mainly settled and completely Arabized Libya.
Banu Kanz Nubia/Sudan, 11th-14th century
A branch of the Rabia' tribe settled in north Sudan and slowly Arabized the Makurian kingdom in modern Sudan until 1315 AD when the Banu Kanz inherited the kingdom of Makuria and paved the way for the Arabization of the Sudan, that was completed by the arrival of the Jaali and Juhayna Arab tribes.
Repopulating crusade struck towns, 12th century
After the defeat of the Crusades, the Ayubids repopulated the reconquered towns with Arabs mainly from their southern provinces of modern Yemen and Asir in modern Saudi Arabia.
Banu Hassan Mauritania 1644-1674AD
The Banu Maqil is a Yemeni nomadic tribe that settled in Tunisia in the 13th century. The Banu Hassan a Maqil branch moved into the Sanhaja region in whats today the Western Sahara and Mauritania, they fought a thirty years war on the side of the Lamtuna Arabized Berbers who claimed Himyarite ancestry (from the early Islamic invasions) defeating the Sanhaja berbers and Arabizing Mauritania.
Other historical views
Based on the Torah, Bible, and Qur'an, Arabs of the Arabian Peninsula are descendants of Ismail, son of Abraham. Keeping the surname is an important part of Arabic culture as some lineages can be traced far back to ancient times. Some Arabs claim they can trace their lineage back to Noah and Adam. In addition to Adam, Noah, and Shem, some of the first known Arabs are those who came from Petra, the Nabataean capital.
Other Arabs are known as Arabized-Arabs, including those who came from parts of Mesopotamia, the Levant, lands of the Berbers and the Moors, the Sudan, and other African Arabs.
Arab origin is divided into two major groups:
- al-ʻĀriba (العاربة) "Pure origin", or Qahtanite, Semites who are traditionally considered direct descendants of Noah through his son Shem and his sons Aram and Arfakhshaath. Famous noble Qahtanite families can be recognised in modern days by their surnames. Arab genealogies usually ascribe the origins of the Qahtanites to the south Arabians who built up one of the oldest centres of civilisation in the Near East beginning around 800 BC. These groups did not speak a predecessor of Arabic but South Semitic languages such as Sabaic, Minaic, Qatabanic, and Hadramitic.
- al-Mustaʻribah (المستعربة) "Arabized Arabs". This term can refer to:
- Adnanites, Arabs traditionally considered descendants of Abraham through his son Ishmael and his son Adnan. The are believed to have settled in Mecca when Abraham took his Egyptian wife Heather (or Hajar) and their son Ishmael there. Ishmael was raised by his mother Hagar and the noble Arab tribe "Jurhom" who left Yemen and settled in Mecca after the drought in Yemen. Ishmael spoke fluent Arabic. It is believed that the prophet of Islam, Mohammad, descended from an Adnanite tribe of "Qureish". Famous noble Adnanite families include Alanazi, Altamimi, Almaleek, Bani Khaled, Bani Kolab, and Bani Hashim.
- Arabs who spoke other Afro-Asiatic languages. Today they speak Arabic and are regarded as Arabs.
- "Mixed Arabs", between "Pure Arabs" and the Arabs from south Arabia.
Tribal genealogy
Medieval Arab genealogists divided Arabs into three groups:
- "ancient Arabs", tribes that had vanished or been destroyed, such as 'Ad and Thamud, often mentioned in the Qur'an as examples of God's power to destroy wicked peoples.
- "Pure Arabs" of South Arabia, descending from Qahtan. The Qahtanites (Qahtanis) are said to have migrated the land of Yemen following the destruction of the Ma'rib Dam (sadd Ma'rib).
- The "Arabized Arabs" (musta`ribah) of center and North Arabia, descending from Ishmael son of Abraham.
The Arabic language spoken today in classical Quranic form evolved as a mix between the original Arabic of Qahtan and northern Arabic which shares a great deal with northern Semitic languages from the Levant. Arabs take great pride in their language and its survival as a usable and comprehensible language over thousands of years.
Jewish and Christian tradition described the Ishmaelites as an "Arabian people" at least by the time of Joseph, which became standard centuries before Islam. The term Hagarenes was commonly used; it is a pun on the Arabic muhajir and the name Hagar. Efforts to reconcile the Biblical and Arab genealogies later led to conflicting attempts to trace Adnan to Ishmael (Ismail), the eldest son of Abraham and Hagar. Joktan was identified with Qahtan, probably due to his biblical identification as the ancestor of Hazarmaveth (Hadramawt) and Sheba, although these links are based on biblical guesses.
Mentions in history
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By Assyrians
The first written attestation of the ethnonym "Arab" occurs in an Assyrian inscription of 853 BC, where Shalmaneser III lists a King Gindibu of mâtu arbâi (Arab land) among the people he defeated at the Battle of Qarqar. Some of the names given in these texts are Aramaic, others are the first attestations of proto-Arabic dialects. Assyrian records from the 9th century BC talk about Arabs, such as tribes led by queens, and show how they became increasingly important for escorting trading caravans or military expeditions in northern Arabia and Sinai.
By Hebrews
The Hebrew Bible occasionally refers to `Arvi peoples (or variants thereof), translated as "Arab" or "Arabian". The scope of the term at that early stage is unclear, but it seems to have referred to various desert-dwelling Semitic tribes in the Syrian Desert and Arabia. Its earliest attested use referring to the southern "Qahtanite" Arabs is much later.
Proto-Arabic, or ancient north Arabian, texts give a clearer picture of the Arabs' emergence. The earliest are written in variants of epigraphic south Arabian musnad script, including the 8th century BC Hasaean inscriptions of eastern Saudi Arabia, the 6th century BC Lihyanite texts of southeastern Saudi Arabia and the Thamudic texts found throughout Arabia and the Sinai (not in reality connected with Thamud). Later come the Safaitic inscriptions (beginning in the 1st century BC) and the many Arabic personal names in Nabataean inscriptions in Aramaic. From about the 2nd century BC, a few inscriptions from Qaryat al-Faw (near Sulayyil) reveal a dialect which is no longer considered "proto-Arabic", but pre-classical Arabic.
By Greeks and Romans
Greeks and Romans referred to all the nomadic population of the desert in the Near East as Arabi. The Greeks called Yemen "Arabia Felix"., The Romans called the vassal nomadic states within the Roman Empire "Arabia Petrea" after the city of Petra, and called unconquered deserts bordering the empire to the south and east Arabia Magna
By Muslims of Medina
Muslims of Median referred to the nomadic tribes of the deserts as the A'raab, and considered themselves sedentary, but were aware of their close racial bonds. The term "A'raab' mirrors the term Assyrians used to describe the closely related nomads they defeated in Syria.
The Qur'an does not use the word Template:ArabDIN, only the nisba adjective Template:ArabDIN. The Qur'an calls itself Template:ArabDIN, "Arabic", and Template:ArabDIN, "clear". The two qualities are connected for example in ayat 43.2-3, "By the clear Book: We have made it an Arabic recitation in order that you may understand". The Qur'an became regarded as the prime example of the Template:ArabDIN, the language of the Arabs. The term ] has the same root and refers to a particularly clear and correct mode of speech. The plural noun Template:ArabDIN refers to the Bedouin tribes of the desert who resisted Muhammad, for example in ayat 9.97, Template:ArabDIN "the Bedouin are the worst in disbelief and hypocrisy".
Based on this, in early Islamic terminology, Template:ArabDIN referred to the language, and Template:ArabDIN to the Arab Bedouins, carrying a negative connotation due to the Qur'anic verdict just cited. But after the Islamic conquest of the 8th century, the language of the nomadic Arabs became regarded as the most pure by the grammarians following Abi Ishaq, and the term Template:ArabDIN, "language of the Arabs", denoted the uncontaminated language of the Bedouins.
In Italy and Sicily
The Christians of Italy and the Crusaders preferred the term Saraceans for all the Arabs and Muslims of that time.
In Iberia
The Christians of Iberia used the term Moor to describe all the Arabs and Muslims of that time.
By Muslims of Medieval times
Ibn Khaldun's Muqaddima distinguishes between sedentary Muslims who used be nomadic Arabs and the Bedouin nomadic Arabs of the desert. He used the term "formerly-nomadic" Arabs and refers to sedentary Muslims by the region or city they lived in, as in Egyptians, Spaniards and Yemenis.
Religions
Most Arabs are Muslim; a few are Christian or Jewish. Arab Muslims are Sunni, Shi'a, Ibadhite, Alawite, or Ismaili. The Druze faith is usually considered separate. The self-identified Arab Christians follow generally Eastern Churches such as Greek Orthodox or Greek Catholic. Other Arabic-speaking Christians, such as Copts and Maronites, do not generally consider themselves Arabs.
Before the coming of Islam, most Arabs followed a religion with a number of deities, including Hubal, Wadd, Allāt, Manat, and Uzza. Some tribes had converted to Christianity or Judaism. A few individuals, the hanifs, had apparently rejected polytheism in favor of a vague monotheism. The most prominent Arab Christian kingdoms were the Ghassanid and Lakhmid kingdoms. When Himyarite kings converted to Judaism in the late 4th century, the elites of the other prominent Arab kingdom, the Kindites, being Himyirite vassals, apparently also converted (at least partly). With the expansion of Islam, most Arabs rapidly became Muslim, and polytheistic traditions disappeared.
Today, Sunni Islam dominates in most areas, overwhelmingly so in North Africa. Shia Islam is prevalent in Bahrain, southern Iraq and adjacent parts of Saudi Arabia, southern Lebanon, parts of Syria, al-Batinah region in Oman, northern Yemen, and in Iran. (Most Iranians are Persians, not Arabs.) The tiny Druze community follow a secretive faith similar to Islam, and are also Arab.
Estimates of the number of Arab Christians vary, and depend on the definition of "Arab", as with the number of all Arabs, especially Muslim Arabs. Christians make up 9.2% of the population of the Near East. In Lebanon they number about 39% of the population, in Syria 10% to 15%. In the Palestinian territories before the creation of Israel estimates range as high as 20%, but is now 3.8% due to mass emigration. In Israel Arab Christians constitute 2.1% (roughly 10% of the Palestinian Arab population). In Egypt, they Copts constitute 10% to 20%, and do not identify as Arabs. Most North and South American Arabs are Christian, as are about half of Arabs in Australia who come particularly from Lebanon, Syria, the Palestinian territories,.
Jews from Arab countries – mainly Mizrahi Jews and Yemenite Jews – are today usually not categorised as Arab. Sociologist Philip Mendes asserts that before the anti-Jewish actions of the 1930s and 1940s, overall Iraqi Jews "viewed themselves as Arabs of the Jewish faith, rather than as a separate race or nationality". Prior to the emergence of the term Mizrahi, the term "Arab Jews" (Yehudim ‘Áravim, יהודים ערבים) was sometimes used to describe Jews of the Arab world. The term is rarely used today. The few remaining Jews in the Arab countries reside mostly in Morocco and Tunisia. From the late 1940s to the early 1960s, following the creation of the state of Israel, most of these Jews left or were expelled from their countries of birth and are now mostly concentrated in Israel. Some immigrated to France, where they form the largest Jewish community, outnumbering European Jews, but relatively few to the United States. See Jewish exodus from Arab lands.
History
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The first written attestation of the ethnonym "Arab" occurs in an Assyrian inscription of 853 BC, where Shalmaneser III lists King Gindibu of mâtu arbâi (Arab land) among the people he defeated at the Battle of Qarqar. Some of the names in these texts are Aramaic, others are the first attestations of proto-Arabic dialects.
Assyrian records in the ninth century BC talk about Arabs, such as tribes led by queens, and show how they became increasingly important for escorting trading caravans and military expeditions in northern Arabia and Sinai. The Hebrew Bible occasionally refers to peoples called `Arvi (or variants thereof), translated as "Arab" or "Arabian". The scope of the Hebrew term at that early time is unclear, but it seems to have referred to various desert-dwelling Semitic tribes in the Syrian Desert and Arabia. Its earliest attested use referring to the southern "Qahtanite" Arabs is much later.
Proto-Arabic, or ancient north Arabian, texts give a clearer picture of the Arabs' emergence. The earliest are written in variants of epigraphic south Arabian musnad script, including the 8th century BC Hasaean inscriptions of eastern Saudi Arabia, the 6th century BC Lihyanite texts of southeastern Saudi Arabia and the Thamudic texts found throughout Arabia and the Sinai (not in reality connected with Thamud). Later come the Safaitic inscriptions (beginning in the 1st century BC) and the many Arabic personal names in Nabataean inscriptions in Aramaic. From about the 2nd century BC, a few inscriptions from Qaryat al-Faw (near Sulayyil) reveal a dialect which is no longer considered "proto-Arabic", but pre-classical Arabic.
By the fourth century AD, the Arab kingdoms of the Lakhmids in southern Iraq and Ghassanids in southern Syria had emerged just south of the Fertile Crescent and ended up allying respectively with the Sassanid and Byzantine Empires. The Kindite Kingdom emerged in Central Arabia and allied with the Himyarite Empire of South Arabia. Thus they were constantly at war with each other on behalf of their imperial patrons. Their courts were responsible for some notable examples of pre-Islamic Arabic poetry, and for some of the few surviving pre-Islamic Arabic inscriptions in the Arabic alphabet. The Sassanids dissolved the Lakhmid kingdom in 602, while the Ghassanids held out until engulfed by the expansion of Islam (Pre-Islamic Arabia).
The Qur'an does not use the word Template:ArabDIN, only the nisba adjective Template:ArabDIN. The Qur'an calls itself Template:ArabDIN, "Arabic", and Template:ArabDIN, "clear". The two qualities are connected for example in ayat 43.2-3, "By the clear Book: We have made it an Arabic recitation in order that you may understand". The Qur'an became regarded as the prime example of the Template:ArabDIN, the language of the Arabs. The term ] has the same root and refers to a particularly clear and correct mode of speech. The plural noun Template:ArabDIN refers to the Bedouin tribes of the desert who resisted Muhammad, for example in ayat 9.97, Template:ArabDIN "the Bedouin are the worst in disbelief and hypocrisy".
Based on this, in early Islamic terminology, Template:ArabDIN referred to the language, and Template:ArabDIN to the Arab Bedouins, carrying a negative connotation due to the Qur'anic verdict just cited. But after the Islamic conquest of the 8th century, the language of the nomadic Arabs became regarded as the most pure by the grammarians following Abi Ishaq, and the term Template:ArabDIN, "language of the Arabs", denoted the uncontaminated language of the Bedouins.
The relation of Template:ArabDIN and Template:ArabDIN is complicated further by the notion of "lost Arabs" Template:ArabDIN mentioned in the Qur'an as punished for their disbelief. All contemporary Arabs were considered as descended from two ancestors, Qahtan and Adnan, of which Qahtan was related to the "lost Arabs", and the Southern Arabs were identified as of his lineage, regarded as the "real Arabs", Template:ArabDIN, while the Northern Arabs, including the tribes of Mecca, were considered the descendants of Adnan, in Islamic tradition traced back to Ismail son of Abraham, said to have been arabized at a later period.
Versteegh (1997) is uncertain whether to ascribe this distinction to the memory of a real difference of origin of the two groups, but it is certain that the difference was strongly felt in early Islamic times. Even in Islamic Spain there was enmity between the Qays of the northern and the Kalb of the southern group. The so-called Himyarite language described by Al-Hamdani (died 946) appears to be a special case of language contact between the two groups, an originally north Arabic dialect spoken in the south, and influenced by Old South Arabic.
During the Muslim conquests of the seventh and eighth centuries, the Arabs forged an Arab Empire (under the Rashidun and Umayyads, and later the Abbasids) whose borders touched southern France in the west, China in the east, Asia Minor in the north, and the Sudan in the south. This was one of the largest land empires in history. In much of this area, the Arabs spread Islam and the Arabic language (the language of the Qur'an) through conversion and cultural assimilation. Many groups became known as "Arabs" through this process of Arabization rather than through descent. Thus, over time, the term Arab came to carry a broader meaning than the original ethnic term: cultural Arab vs. ethnic Arab. People in Sudan, Morocco, Algeria and elsewhere were linguistically Arabized.
Arab nationalism declares that Arabs are united in a shared history, culture and language. Arab nationalists believe that Arab identity encompasses more than outward physical characteristics, race or religion. A related ideology, Pan-Arabism, calls for all Arab lands to be united as one state. Several countries that were once ruled by someone of an Arab background refuse to be called Arabs, such as some Lebanese and especially the Egyptians.
Arab nationalism
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During the time of the Ottoman Empire, Syrian writers started to write about "Arab pride" which was aimed to align the peoples of the Middle East away from the traditional tribal and family loyalties. Thanks to this process Arab nationalism gradually filtered into the arts, history and rhetoric. An Arab identity developed and led to a culture clash with the ruling Ottomans.
After the end of the Ottoman Empire and the colonial period, the new Arab states looked to protect their fragile nations by focusing on their own history and culture to build up an enduring national identity.
As these nations developed, pan Arab media led to the Arabization of the Middle East that resulted in much assistance between states, often forced by empathy of their populations for other Arabs. For example, many Arab countries allied in the wars against Israel.
This empathy was an issue to new and weaker states, which needed to reduce the impact of external influence on their citizens in order to run their own countries. For example Iraq functioned thanks to strong governance by the British (reducing third party Arab influence) and later the independent government from 1932 onwards, although the population has significant cultural and historical divides. This new nationalism had a practical application often in response to internal espionage by other Arab nations. This culminated in a number of pivotal events that emphasized the priority of "nation" over the "Arab nation": the 1978 Camp David Peace Accords between Egypt and Israel, Syria's backing of Iran in the Iran-Iraq War, and Jordan's removal of the PLO.
See also
Sources
- Harthi.org
- Touma, Habib Hassan. The Music of the Arabs. Portland, Oregon: Amadeus P, 1996. ISBN 0-931340-88-8.
- Lipinski, Edward. Semitic Languages: Outlines of a Comparative Grammar, 2nd ed., Orientalia Lovanensia Analecta: Leuven 2001
- Kees Versteegh, The Arabic Language, Edinburgh University Press (1997)
- The Catholic Encyclopedia, Robert Appleton Company, 1907, Online Edition, K. Night 2003: article Arabia
- https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/le.html#People
- History of Arabic language, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd. . Retrieved Feb.17, 2006
- The Arabic language, National Institute for Technology and Liberal Education web page (2006) . Retrieved Jun. 14, 2006.
- Ankerl, Guy. Coexisting Contemporary Civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western. Geneva: INUPRESS, 2000. ISBN 2881550045.
- Hooker, Richard. "Pre-Islamic Arabic Culture." WSU Web Site. 6 June 1999. Washington State University. 5 July 2006 <http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/ISLAM/PRE.HTM>.
- Owen, Roger. "State Power and Politics in the Making of the Modern Middle East 3rd Ed" Page 57 ISBN 0-415-29714-1
- Halliday, Fred. "Two Hours that Shook the World" P47 ISBN 0-86356-382-1
- Journal of Semitic Studies Volume 52, Number 1
- Abdulaziz Almsaodi, Himyari Studies
- Amitav Ghosh, In an Antique Land.
- Kamal Salibi, The Bible Came from Arabia
- Aymn Almsaodi, The Historic Atlas of Iberia
References and notes
- Library of Congress Country Study.
- The Washington Times .
- Mainly in Brazil .
- Arabic is an official language of Israel along with Hebrew
- 1996, p.xviii
- From Arab.net: "Although modern day Egyptians are usually lumped together with "the Arabs" due to their language and Islamic traditions, this is not completely accurate. There is a truly Bedouin Arab grouping within Egypt, the majority still nomadic tribal peoples living in isolated oases and roaming through the country's vast desert regions. However, anthropologically, the vast majority of indigenous Egyptians trace . Their physical appearance and cultural traditions are distinct from all other Middle Eastern peoples,"
- Abadeer: "We are proud of our Egyptian identity and do not accept to be Arabs. Elaph. April 12, 2007.
- http://www.petitiononline.com/NotArab/petition.html
- http://lebanesewbass.blogspot.com
- http://www.aina.org/guesteds/20060210113623.htm
- http://amalid.com/prominent_lebs/Gubran_Khalil_Gubran/AMU_to_Powell.htm
- from " by NBC News Middle East military analyst, retired intelligence officer Lt Col Rick Francona
- AbdulAziz Almsaodi, Himyari Studies P.139
- Journal of Semitic Studies Volume 52, Number 1
- Firestone, Reuven, (1990) "Journeys in Holy Lands: Evolution of the Abraham-Ishmael Legends in Islamic Exegesis", SUNY Press, pps.72., ISBN 0-7914-0331-9
- Nebes, Norbert, "Epigraphic South Arabian," in von Uhlig, Siegbert, Encyclopaedia Aethiopica (Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag, 2005), pps.335.
- Christian Communities in the Middle East. Oxford University Press. 1998. ISBN 0-19-829388-7.
- https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/le.html#People
- http://www.labyrinth.net.au/~ajds/mendes_refugees.htm