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| {{NK War}} | {{NK War}} | ||
| The '''Khojaly Massacre''' was the killing of the ethnic ] civilians during their departure from the town of ] on ] ] during the ]. | |||
| The '''Khojaly Massacre''' was the killing of a large number of ethnic ] civilians in the town of ] on ] ] during the ]. According to the Azerbaijani side, as well as ], ] and other international observers,<ref></ref><ref></ref> the massacre was committed by the ethnic ] armed forces, reportedly with help of the ] 366th Motor Rifle Regiment.<ref>Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus By Svante E. Cornell</ref> The official death toll provided by Azerbaijani authorities is 613 civilians, of them 106 women and 83 children.<ref></ref> | |||
| ==Background== | ==Background== | ||
| {{main|Nagorno-Karabakh war}} | {{main|Nagorno-Karabakh war}} | ||
| Prior to the attack, the town had been without electricity and gas for several months.<ref>Hugh Pope, "Sons of the conquerors: the rise of the Turkic world", New York: The Overlook Press, 2006, p. 59, ISBN-10 1-58567-804-X</ref> | Prior to the attack, the town had been without electricity and gas for several months.<ref>Hugh Pope, "Sons of the conquerors: the rise of the Turkic world", New York: The Overlook Press, 2006, p. 59, ISBN-10 1-58567-804-X</ref> According to the Azerbaijani side, as well as ]{{fact}}, and ]{{fact}} the massacre was committed by the ethnic ] armed forces, reportedly with help of the ] 366th Motor Rifle Regiment.<ref>Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus By Svante E. Cornell</ref> The official death toll provided by Azerbaijani authorities is 613 civilians, of them 106 women and 83 children.<ref></ref> | ||
| {{Cquote|"In a controversial action, the Armenians took control of Khojalu in February 1992. Allegations of a massacre of civilian population of the town ere made, but several events surrounding its capture were not widely reported: first, the Armenians warned the people of Khojalu that they were planning to take the town, and told them to quit... Secondly, a week after the capture of the town the Armenians invited the Azerbaijanis to claim their dead. Neither of these open actions is characteristic of a group seeking to carry out a massacre."<ref>Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus - Page 95 | |||
| by Svante E. Cornell</ref>}} | |||
| ==The massacre== | ==The massacre== | ||
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| The Armenian side states that the killings occurred as a result of wartime military operations, and were in part caused by the prevention of the evacuation of town inhabitants by Azerbaijani forces. Armenian government officials asserted that the casualty count, though high, was due to the fact the fleeing civilians in Khojaly had mingled with the retreating defenders and when the Azeri troops shot back, Armenian forces fired upon them, killing both soldier and civilian alike. ] itself concluded "that the militia, still in uniform, and some still carrying their guns, were interspersed with the masses of civilians." <ref>Helsinki Watch. ''"Bloodshed in the Caucasus: Escalation of the Armed Conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh" New York, September 1992'' p. 21</ref> However, ] and ], found this explanation unconvincing, stating that the mass killing of civilians could not be justified under any circumstances. Human Rights Watch noted that “the attacking party is still obliged to take precautionary measures to avoid or minimize civilian casualties. In particular, the party must suspend an attack if it becomes apparent that the attack may be expected to cause civilian casualties that are excessive in relation to the concrete and direct military advantage anticipated."<ref></ref> | The Armenian side states that the killings occurred as a result of wartime military operations, and were in part caused by the prevention of the evacuation of town inhabitants by Azerbaijani forces. Armenian government officials asserted that the casualty count, though high, was due to the fact the fleeing civilians in Khojaly had mingled with the retreating defenders and when the Azeri troops shot back, Armenian forces fired upon them, killing both soldier and civilian alike. ] itself concluded "that the militia, still in uniform, and some still carrying their guns, were interspersed with the masses of civilians." <ref>Helsinki Watch. ''"Bloodshed in the Caucasus: Escalation of the Armed Conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh" New York, September 1992'' p. 21</ref> However, ] and ], found this explanation unconvincing, stating that the mass killing of civilians could not be justified under any circumstances. Human Rights Watch noted that “the attacking party is still obliged to take precautionary measures to avoid or minimize civilian casualties. In particular, the party must suspend an attack if it becomes apparent that the attack may be expected to cause civilian casualties that are excessive in relation to the concrete and direct military advantage anticipated."<ref></ref> | ||
| The Armenian side oft-referred to ]'s interview to claim that the massacre had been committed not by Armenian soldiers but by Azerbaijan Popular Front militants who allegedly shot their own civilians escaping through the corridor. In one of his interviews Mutalibov stated that the event could be a ploy by opposition to denigrate his government. In later interviews, however, Mutalibov would go on to condemn the Armenians for what he said was a misinterpretation of his words.<ref></ref> Other theories proposed by the Armenian side were that Azeri Popular Front soldiers had massacred 100 Azeri and Armenian civilians and then proceeded to mix the bodies and lay blame upon the Armenians.<ref></ref> | The Armenian side oft-referred to ]'s interview to claim that the massacre had been committed not by Armenian soldiers but by Azerbaijan Popular Front militants who allegedly shot their own civilians escaping through the corridor. In one of his interviews Mutalibov stated that the event could be a ploy by opposition to denigrate his government. Mutalibov has emphasized that "the assault on Khojaly was not a surprise attack". In a ''Nezavisimaya gazeta'' newspaper interview, he emphasized that "a corridor was kept open by the Armenians for people to leave".<ref name="khojalarm">{{cite web | url= http://www.nkrusa.org/nk_conflict/khojaly.shtml| title=Events in Khojaly (NKR) and near Agdam (Azerbaijan) on February 25-27, 1992|accessdate=2007-09-02}}</ref> However, a column of civilians was fired on by armed units of the Popular Front of Azerbaijan on the approaches to the ] district border. In later interviews, however, Mutalibov would go on to condemn the Armenians for what he said was a misinterpretation of his words.<ref></ref> However, in another recent interview, Mutalibov confirms his statements; "The shooting of the Khojaly residents was obviously organized by someone to take control in Azerbaijan".<ref name="khojalarm"/> Other theories proposed by the Armenian side were that Azeri Popular Front soldiers had massacred 100 Azeri and Armenian civilians and then proceeded to mix the bodies and lay blame upon the Armenians.<ref></ref> | ||
| Similar comments and views to Mutalibov concerning the events in Khojaly are known to have been made by several other highly-placed Azerbaijani officials and journalists. ], at one time Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Azerbaijan Republic, bears witness: "The tragedy was committed by the authorities of Azerbaijan", and specifically by "someone highly placed".<ref name="khojalarm"/> The ] journalist ], who was included in both of the groups of press representatives to be shown the "bodies mutilated by the Armenians", went to the scene immediately after the Khojaly events. Mazalova did not see any traces of barbarous treatment of the bodies. Yet a few days later, the journalists were shown disfigured bodies already "prepared" for pictures.<ref name="khojalarm"/> Azerbaijani journalist ], who himself took pictures of the dead bodies in Khojaly, doubted the veracity of the official Azerbaijan version and decided to take up his own inquiry. Mustafayev reported to the Moscow news agency "D-press" on the possible complicity of the Azerbaijani side in the crimes. After that, he was shortly killed in Agdam under circumstances that remain unexplained.<ref name="khojalarm"/> | |||
| The former President of Azerbaijan, ], himself recognized that Azerbaijan's "former leadership was also guilty" of the events in Khojaly. In April 1992, according to the agency Bilik-Dunyasy, he had commented as follows: "The bloodshed will be to our advantage. We should not interfere in the course of events". To whose "advantage" was the bloodshed is clear to everyone. "Megapolis-Express" wrote: "It cannot be denied that if the Popular Front of Azerbaijan actually set far-reaching objectives, they have been achieved. Mutalibov has been compromised and overthrown, public opinion worldwide has been shaken, and the Azerbaijanis and their Turkish brethren have believed in the so-called "genocide of the Azerbaijani people in Khojaly".<ref name="khojalarm"/> | |||
| This explanation however is widely disputed, among others, the executive director of ] has stated that: “we place direct responsibility for the civilian deaths with Karabakh Armenian forces. Indeed, neither our report nor that of Memorial includes any evidence to support the argument that Azerbaijani forces obstructed the flight of, or fired on Azeri civilians”.<ref></ref> | This explanation however is widely disputed, among others, the executive director of ] has stated that: “we place direct responsibility for the civilian deaths with Karabakh Armenian forces. Indeed, neither our report nor that of Memorial includes any evidence to support the argument that Azerbaijani forces obstructed the flight of, or fired on Azeri civilians”.<ref></ref> | ||
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| The Khojaly Massacre was described by ] as "the largest massacre to date in the conflict" over ].<ref>Human Rights Watch / Helsinki. Azerbaijan: Seven Years of Conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh. New York. 1994.</ref> ], the Moscow-based human rights group, stated in their report that the mass killing of civilians in Khojaly could not be justified under any circumstances and that actions of Armenian militants were in gross violation of a number of basic international human rights conventions.<ref></ref> Estimating the number of the civilians killed in the massacre, Human Rights Watch stated that "there are no exact figures for the number of Azeri civilians killed because Karabakh Armenian forces gained control of the area after the massacre". A ] report by ] put the number of deaths at least 161 <ref></ref>, although later reports state the number of deaths as at least 200. According to Human Rights Watch, "while it is widely accepted that 200 Azeris were murdered, as many as 500-1,000 may have died". <ref>Human Rights Watch / Helsinki. Azerbaijan: Seven Years of Conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh. New York. 1994.</ref> | The Khojaly Massacre was described by ] as "the largest massacre to date in the conflict" over ].<ref>Human Rights Watch / Helsinki. Azerbaijan: Seven Years of Conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh. New York. 1994.</ref> ], the Moscow-based human rights group, stated in their report that the mass killing of civilians in Khojaly could not be justified under any circumstances and that actions of Armenian militants were in gross violation of a number of basic international human rights conventions.<ref></ref> Estimating the number of the civilians killed in the massacre, Human Rights Watch stated that "there are no exact figures for the number of Azeri civilians killed because Karabakh Armenian forces gained control of the area after the massacre". A ] report by ] put the number of deaths at least 161 <ref></ref>, although later reports state the number of deaths as at least 200. According to Human Rights Watch, "while it is widely accepted that 200 Azeris were murdered, as many as 500-1,000 may have died". <ref>Human Rights Watch / Helsinki. Azerbaijan: Seven Years of Conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh. New York. 1994.</ref> | ||
| In Written Declaration No. 324, members of the ] from ] |
In Written Declaration No. 324, members of the ], the overwhelming majority of them from ] and ], along with members from ] and the ] and individual members from ], ], ] and ] stated that "On 26 February 1992, Armenians massacred the whole population of Khodjaly and fully destroyed the city", and called on the Assembly to recognize the massacre in Khojaly as part of "genocide perpetrated by Armenians against the Azerbaijani population". <ref></ref> | ||
| ==Name== | ==Name== | ||
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| ===From an Armenian perspective=== | ===From an Armenian perspective=== | ||
| * An Armenian web-site that argues Azeri viewpoints of this event. | |||
| * | * | ||
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The Khojaly Massacre was the killing of the ethnic Azerbaijani civilians during their departure from the town of Khojaly on 25 February 1992 during the Nagorno-Karabakh War.
Background
Main article: Nagorno-Karabakh warPrior to the attack, the town had been without electricity and gas for several months. According to the Azerbaijani side, as well as Memorial Human Rights Center, and Human Rights Watch the massacre was committed by the ethnic Armenian armed forces, reportedly with help of the Russian 366th Motor Rifle Regiment. The official death toll provided by Azerbaijani authorities is 613 civilians, of them 106 women and 83 children.
"In a controversial action, the Armenians took control of Khojalu in February 1992. Allegations of a massacre of civilian population of the town ere made, but several events surrounding its capture were not widely reported: first, the Armenians warned the people of Khojalu that they were planning to take the town, and told them to quit... Secondly, a week after the capture of the town the Armenians invited the Azerbaijanis to claim their dead. Neither of these open actions is characteristic of a group seeking to carry out a massacre."
The massacre
According to Human Rights Watch, the tragedy struck when “a large column of residents, accompanied by a few dozen retreating fighters, fled the city as it fell to Armenian forces. As they approached the border with Azerbaijan, they came across an Armenian military post and were cruelly fired upon”.
The Armenian side states that the killings occurred as a result of wartime military operations, and were in part caused by the prevention of the evacuation of town inhabitants by Azerbaijani forces. Armenian government officials asserted that the casualty count, though high, was due to the fact the fleeing civilians in Khojaly had mingled with the retreating defenders and when the Azeri troops shot back, Armenian forces fired upon them, killing both soldier and civilian alike. Helsinki Watch itself concluded "that the militia, still in uniform, and some still carrying their guns, were interspersed with the masses of civilians." However, Human Rights Watch and Memorial, found this explanation unconvincing, stating that the mass killing of civilians could not be justified under any circumstances. Human Rights Watch noted that “the attacking party is still obliged to take precautionary measures to avoid or minimize civilian casualties. In particular, the party must suspend an attack if it becomes apparent that the attack may be expected to cause civilian casualties that are excessive in relation to the concrete and direct military advantage anticipated."
The Armenian side oft-referred to Ayaz Mutalibov's interview to claim that the massacre had been committed not by Armenian soldiers but by Azerbaijan Popular Front militants who allegedly shot their own civilians escaping through the corridor. In one of his interviews Mutalibov stated that the event could be a ploy by opposition to denigrate his government. Mutalibov has emphasized that "the assault on Khojaly was not a surprise attack". In a Nezavisimaya gazeta newspaper interview, he emphasized that "a corridor was kept open by the Armenians for people to leave". However, a column of civilians was fired on by armed units of the Popular Front of Azerbaijan on the approaches to the Agdam district border. In later interviews, however, Mutalibov would go on to condemn the Armenians for what he said was a misinterpretation of his words. However, in another recent interview, Mutalibov confirms his statements; "The shooting of the Khojaly residents was obviously organized by someone to take control in Azerbaijan". Other theories proposed by the Armenian side were that Azeri Popular Front soldiers had massacred 100 Azeri and Armenian civilians and then proceeded to mix the bodies and lay blame upon the Armenians.
Similar comments and views to Mutalibov concerning the events in Khojaly are known to have been made by several other highly-placed Azerbaijani officials and journalists. Tamerlan Karayev, at one time Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Azerbaijan Republic, bears witness: "The tragedy was committed by the authorities of Azerbaijan", and specifically by "someone highly placed". The Czech journalist Jana Mazalova, who was included in both of the groups of press representatives to be shown the "bodies mutilated by the Armenians", went to the scene immediately after the Khojaly events. Mazalova did not see any traces of barbarous treatment of the bodies. Yet a few days later, the journalists were shown disfigured bodies already "prepared" for pictures. Azerbaijani journalist Chingiz Mustafayev, who himself took pictures of the dead bodies in Khojaly, doubted the veracity of the official Azerbaijan version and decided to take up his own inquiry. Mustafayev reported to the Moscow news agency "D-press" on the possible complicity of the Azerbaijani side in the crimes. After that, he was shortly killed in Agdam under circumstances that remain unexplained.
The former President of Azerbaijan, Heydar Aliyev, himself recognized that Azerbaijan's "former leadership was also guilty" of the events in Khojaly. In April 1992, according to the agency Bilik-Dunyasy, he had commented as follows: "The bloodshed will be to our advantage. We should not interfere in the course of events". To whose "advantage" was the bloodshed is clear to everyone. "Megapolis-Express" wrote: "It cannot be denied that if the Popular Front of Azerbaijan actually set far-reaching objectives, they have been achieved. Mutalibov has been compromised and overthrown, public opinion worldwide has been shaken, and the Azerbaijanis and their Turkish brethren have believed in the so-called "genocide of the Azerbaijani people in Khojaly".
This explanation however is widely disputed, among others, the executive director of Human Rights Watch has stated that: “we place direct responsibility for the civilian deaths with Karabakh Armenian forces. Indeed, neither our report nor that of Memorial includes any evidence to support the argument that Azerbaijani forces obstructed the flight of, or fired on Azeri civilians”.
At the same time, some Armenian sources admitted the guilt of the Armenian side. According to Markar Melkonian, the brother of the Armenian military leader Monte Melkonian, "Khojaly had been a strategic goal, but it had also been an act of revenge." The date of the massacre in Khojaly had a special significance: it was the run-up to the fourth anniversary of the anti-Armenian pogrom in the city of Sumgait which was the Sumgait Massacre. Melkonian particularly mentions the role of the fighters of two Armenian military detachments called the Arabo and Aramo, who stabbed to death many Azeri civilians.
According to Serge Sarkisian, long-time Defense Minister and Chairman of Security Council of Armenia, “A lot was exaggerated” in the casualties, and the fleeing Azerbaijanis had put up armed resistance. At the same time he stated: “before Khojali, the Azerbaijanis thought that they were joking with us, they thought that the Armenians were people who could not raise their hand against the civilian population. We were able to break that . And that's what happened. And we should also take into account that amongst those boys were people who had fled from Baku and Sumgait".
International reaction
The Khojaly Massacre was described by Human Rights Watch as "the largest massacre to date in the conflict" over Nagorno-Karabakh. Memorial, the Moscow-based human rights group, stated in their report that the mass killing of civilians in Khojaly could not be justified under any circumstances and that actions of Armenian militants were in gross violation of a number of basic international human rights conventions. Estimating the number of the civilians killed in the massacre, Human Rights Watch stated that "there are no exact figures for the number of Azeri civilians killed because Karabakh Armenian forces gained control of the area after the massacre". A 1993 report by Human Rights Watch put the number of deaths at least 161 , although later reports state the number of deaths as at least 200. According to Human Rights Watch, "while it is widely accepted that 200 Azeris were murdered, as many as 500-1,000 may have died".
In Written Declaration No. 324, members of the PACE, the overwhelming majority of them from Azerbaijan and Turkey, along with members from Albania and the United Kingdom and individual members from Bulgaria, Luxembourg, Macedonia and Norway stated that "On 26 February 1992, Armenians massacred the whole population of Khodjaly and fully destroyed the city", and called on the Assembly to recognize the massacre in Khojaly as part of "genocide perpetrated by Armenians against the Azerbaijani population".
Name
The massacre is also referred to as the Khojaly Genocide and the Khojaly Tragedy by Azerbaijani people and by the government of Azerbaijan. . Armenian government sources use the terms the Battle of Khojaly or the Khojaly event. Western governments and the western media refer to it as the Khojaly Massacre.
Footnotes
- Hugh Pope, "Sons of the conquerors: the rise of the Turkic world", New York: The Overlook Press, 2006, p. 59, ISBN-10 1-58567-804-X
- Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus By Svante E. Cornell
- Letter from the Charge d'affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Azerbaijan to the United Nations Office
- Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus - Page 95 by Svante E. Cornell
- Human Rights Watch World Report 1993 - The Former Soviet Union.
- Helsinki Watch. "Bloodshed in the Caucasus: Escalation of the Armed Conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh" New York, September 1992 p. 21
- Letter to the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Armenia from the Executive Director of Human Rights Watch dated March 24, 1997
- ^ "Events in Khojaly (NKR) and near Agdam (Azerbaijan) on February 25-27, 1992". Retrieved 2007-09-02.
- Interveiw of Ayaz Mutalibov to Regnum News Agency
- Letter to the UN from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Armenia
- Letter to the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Armenia from the Executive Director of Human Rights Watch dated March 24, 1997
- Markar Melkonian. My Brother's Road: An American's Fateful Journey to Armenia. New York: I.B. Tauris, 2005 ISBN 1-85043-635-5
- Thomas De Waal. Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan through Peace and War, NYU Press, 2004. ISBN 0-8147-1945-7. Chapter 11. August 1991 – May 1992: War Breaks Out.
- Human Rights Watch / Helsinki. Azerbaijan: Seven Years of Conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh. New York. 1994.
- Report of Memorial Human rights center (In Russian)
- Human Rights Watch World Report 1993 - The Former Soviet Union.
- Human Rights Watch / Helsinki. Azerbaijan: Seven Years of Conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh. New York. 1994.
- Written Declaration No. 324, 2nd edition, originally tabled on 26 April 2001
- State Commission on prisoners of war, hostages and missing persons - Khojaly genocide
See also
External links
Non-partisan
- Report of Memorial Human rights center (In Russian)
- Thomas De Waal, Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan through Peace and War, NYU Press, 2004, ISBN 0-8147-1945-7. Chapter 11. August 1991 – May 1992: War Breaks Out. Online (In Russian):
From an Armenian perspective
- The Khojalu case: a special dossier An Armenian web-site that argues Azeri viewpoints of this event.
- Letter to the UN from Armenia in response to Azeri accusations
