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| ]'s ''Contest to kill 100 people using a sword'' series.]] | |||
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| The {{nihongo|'''contest to kill 100 people using a sword'''|百人斬り競争|hyakunin-giri kyōsō}} was a series of newspaper stories about a "contest" between two Japanese Army officers during the Japanese invasion of China. The contest was supposedly over which of them would first kill 100 people with his sword. | |||
| The stories—of questionable veracity—would have lasting repercussions, including the execution of the two officers for war crimes. The issue was revived in the 1970's and sparked a larger controversy over the war-crime actions of the Japanese in China, and in particular over the historicity of the ]. | |||
| The {{nihongo|'''contest to kill 100 people using a sword'''|百人斬り競争|hyakunin-giri kyōsō}} was a contest in ] just prior to the '']''. | |||
| ==The newspaper story== | |||
| == Newspaper coverage == | |||
| In ], the '']'' and the '']'' covered a "contest" between two ]ese officers, ] and ], in which the two men |
In ], the '']'' and the '']'' covered a "contest" between two ]ese officers, ] and ], in which the two men were described to be vie to be the first to kill 100 people with a sword. The competition supposedly took place en route to ], directly prior to the infamous "]" and was covered in four articles, from November 30 to December 13, 1937, the two last being translated in the ''Japan Advertiser''. | ||
| Both officers supposedly surpassed their goal during the heat of battle, making it impossible to determine which officer had actually won the contest. Therefore, they decided to begin another contest, with the aim being 150 kills.<ref> |
Both officers supposedly surpassed their goal during the heat of battle, making it impossible to determine which officer had actually won the contest. Therefore (so the journalists Asami Kazuo and Suzuki Jiro in the ''Tokyo Nichi-Nichi Shimbun'' of December 13th), they decided to begin another contest, with the aim being 150 kills.<ref name="Wakabayashi_2000_319">{{harvnb|Wakabayashi|2000|p=319}}.</ref> The ''Nichi Nichi'' headline of the story of December 13th read "'Incredible Record' Behead 100 People—Mukai 106 – 105 Noda—Both 2nd Lieutenants Go Into Extra Innings". | ||
| ==Aftermath== | |||
| The news coverage of the |
The news coverage of the "contest" found its way into the documents of the ]. Soon after, the two soldiers were ] to China, and on ], ], both soldiers were executed at ] execution chamber by the Chinese government following trials by a Nanking military court for atrocities committed during the ] and the subsequent massacre. | ||
| == Discussion by historians == | |||
| In Japan, the contest was lost to the obscurity of history until 1967, when Tomio Hora, a professor of history at ], published a 118-page document pertaining to the events of Nanking. The story was unreported by the Japanese press until 1971, when Japanese historian ] brought the issue to the attention of the public with a series of articles published in the '']''—the modern-day descendant of the ''Tokyo Nichi Nichi Shimbun''. In Japan, the articles sparked ferocious debate about the Nanking Massacre, with the veracity of the killing contest a particularly contentious point of debate. Honda published a book about Nanking and the contest in 1981. | In Japan, the contest was lost to the obscurity of history until 1967, when Tomio Hora, a professor of history at ], published a 118-page document pertaining to the events of Nanking. The story was unreported by the Japanese press until 1971, when Japanese historian ] brought the issue to the attention of the public with a series of articles published in the '']''—the modern-day descendant of the ''Tokyo Nichi Nichi Shimbun''. In Japan, the articles sparked ferocious debate about the Nanking Massacre, with the veracity of the killing contest a particularly contentious point of debate. Honda published a book about Nanking and the contest in 1981. | ||
| == More recent events == | |||
| In 2000, an academic study of the affair concluded that although "the killing contest itself was a fabrication" by journalists, it "provoked a full-blown controversy as to the historicity of the Nanking Atrocity as a whole." In turn, the controversy "increased the Japanese people's knowledge of the <!--caps per quotation-->Atrocity and raised their awareness of being victimizers in a war of imperialist aggression despite efforts to the contrary by conservative revisionists."<ref name="Wakabayashi_2000_307">{{harvnb|Wakabayashi|2000|p=307}}.</ref> | In 2000, an academic study of the affair concluded that although "the killing contest itself was a fabrication" by journalists, it "provoked a full-blown controversy as to the historicity of the Nanking Atrocity as a whole." In turn, the controversy "increased the Japanese people's knowledge of the <!--caps per quotation-->Atrocity and raised their awareness of being victimizers in a war of imperialist aggression despite efforts to the contrary by conservative revisionists."<ref name="Wakabayashi_2000_307">{{harvnb|Wakabayashi|2000|p=307}}.</ref> | ||
| In April of 2003, the families of Toshiaki Mukai and Tsuyoshi Noda filed a defamation suit in a ] ] against Katsuichi Honda and the ''Mainichi Shimbun'', requesting ¥36,000,000 in compensation. On ], ], the court, presided over by Judge Akio Doi, ruled against the plaintiffs, saying that the ] for the defamation claims had already expired. The judge further found that the allegations of defamation were difficult to prove, in light of the numerous incriminating comments allegedly made by the soldiers themselves. | In April of 2003, the families of Toshiaki Mukai and Tsuyoshi Noda filed a defamation suit in a ] ] against Katsuichi Honda and the ''Mainichi Shimbun'', requesting ¥36,000,000 (approx. US$300,000 in 2003) in compensation. On ], ], the court, presided over by Judge Akio Doi, ruled against the plaintiffs, saying that the ] for the defamation claims had already expired. The judge further found that the allegations of defamation were difficult to prove, in light of the numerous incriminating comments allegedly made by the soldiers themselves. | ||
| ==References== | ==References== | ||
| {{reflist|3}} | |||
| <references/> | |||
| == |
==Bibliography== | ||
| {{refbegin}} | |||
| * {{cite book | |||
| * {{citation|last=Wakabayashi|first=Bob Tadashi|title=The Nanking 100-Man Killing Contest Debate: War Guilt amid Fabricated Illusions, 1971-75|journal=Journal of Japanese Studies|volume=26|issue=2|year=<!--Summer-->2000|pages=307-340}}. | |||
| | first = John B. | |||
| * {{citation|last = Powell|first = John B.|title = My Twenty-five Years in China|location = New York|publisher =Macmillan|year = 1945|pages =305–308}}. | |||
| | last = Powell | |||
| {{refend}} | |||
| | title = My Twenty-five Years in China | |||
| | location = New York | |||
| | publisher = The Macmillan Company | |||
| | year = 1945 | |||
| | pages = pp.305–308 | |||
| }} | |||
| * {{cite journal | |||
| | first = Bob Tadashi | |||
| | last = Wakabayashi | |||
| | title = The Nanking 100-Man Killing Contest Debate: War Guilt Amid Fabricated Illusions, 1971 – 75 | |||
| | journal = The Journal of Japanese Studies | |||
| | volume = 26 | |||
| | issue = 2 | |||
| | year = Summer 2000 | |||
| | url = http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0095-6848%28200022%2926%3A2%3C307%3ATN1KCD%3E2.0.CO%3B2-B&size=LARGE | |||
| }} | |||
| == |
==Further reading== | ||
| {{refbegin}} | |||
| ⚫ | * |
||
| ;In English: | |||
| ⚫ | * |
||
| ⚫ | * {{citation|last=Malenfant|first=Rene|year=2007|title=Hyakunin-giri Kyōsō|url=http://rene.malenfant.googlepages.com/hyakuningirikyousou}} (English translation of the newspaper articles on the contest) | ||
| ⚫ | * |
||
| ;In Japanese: | |||
| ⚫ | * |
||
| ⚫ | * | ||
| ⚫ | * | ||
| ⚫ | *, ''one of the exhibits in evidence at the Tokyo District Court, which revealed Noda and Mukai beheaded Chinese farmers with their swords during the killing contest.'' | ||
| {{refend}} | |||
| ] | ] | ||
Revision as of 20:00, 4 December 2007
The contest to kill 100 people using a sword (百人斬り競争, hyakunin-giri kyōsō) was a series of newspaper stories about a "contest" between two Japanese Army officers during the Japanese invasion of China. The contest was supposedly over which of them would first kill 100 people with his sword.
The stories—of questionable veracity—would have lasting repercussions, including the execution of the two officers for war crimes. The issue was revived in the 1970's and sparked a larger controversy over the war-crime actions of the Japanese in China, and in particular over the historicity of the Nanking Massacre.
The newspaper story
In 1937, the Osaka Mainichi Shimbun and the Tokyo Nichi Nichi Shimbun covered a "contest" between two Japanese officers, Toshiaki Mukai (向井敏明) and Tsuyoshi Noda (野田毅), in which the two men were described to be vie to be the first to kill 100 people with a sword. The competition supposedly took place en route to Nanking, directly prior to the infamous "Nanking Massacre" and was covered in four articles, from November 30 to December 13, 1937, the two last being translated in the Japan Advertiser.
Both officers supposedly surpassed their goal during the heat of battle, making it impossible to determine which officer had actually won the contest. Therefore (so the journalists Asami Kazuo and Suzuki Jiro in the Tokyo Nichi-Nichi Shimbun of December 13th), they decided to begin another contest, with the aim being 150 kills. The Nichi Nichi headline of the story of December 13th read "'Incredible Record' Behead 100 People—Mukai 106 – 105 Noda—Both 2nd Lieutenants Go Into Extra Innings".
Aftermath
The news coverage of the "contest" found its way into the documents of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East. Soon after, the two soldiers were extradited to China, and on January 28, 1948, both soldiers were executed at Yuhuatai execution chamber by the Chinese government following trials by a Nanking military court for atrocities committed during the Battle of Nanking and the subsequent massacre.
In Japan, the contest was lost to the obscurity of history until 1967, when Tomio Hora, a professor of history at Waseda University, published a 118-page document pertaining to the events of Nanking. The story was unreported by the Japanese press until 1971, when Japanese historian Katsuichi Honda brought the issue to the attention of the public with a series of articles published in the Mainichi Shimbun—the modern-day descendant of the Tokyo Nichi Nichi Shimbun. In Japan, the articles sparked ferocious debate about the Nanking Massacre, with the veracity of the killing contest a particularly contentious point of debate. Honda published a book about Nanking and the contest in 1981.
In 2000, an academic study of the affair concluded that although "the killing contest itself was a fabrication" by journalists, it "provoked a full-blown controversy as to the historicity of the Nanking Atrocity as a whole." In turn, the controversy "increased the Japanese people's knowledge of the Atrocity and raised their awareness of being victimizers in a war of imperialist aggression despite efforts to the contrary by conservative revisionists."
In April of 2003, the families of Toshiaki Mukai and Tsuyoshi Noda filed a defamation suit in a Tokyo District Court against Katsuichi Honda and the Mainichi Shimbun, requesting ¥36,000,000 (approx. US$300,000 in 2003) in compensation. On August 23, 2005, the court, presided over by Judge Akio Doi, ruled against the plaintiffs, saying that the statute of limitations for the defamation claims had already expired. The judge further found that the allegations of defamation were difficult to prove, in light of the numerous incriminating comments allegedly made by the soldiers themselves.
References
- Wakabayashi 2000, p. 319.
- Wakabayashi 2000, p. 307.
Bibliography
- Wakabayashi, Bob Tadashi (2000), "The Nanking 100-Man Killing Contest Debate: War Guilt amid Fabricated Illusions, 1971-75", Journal of Japanese Studies, 26 (2): 307–340.
- Powell, John B. (1945), My Twenty-five Years in China, New York: Macmillan, pp. 305–308.
Further reading
- In English
- Malenfant, Rene (2007), Hyakunin-giri Kyōsō (English translation of the newspaper articles on the contest)
- In Japanese
- Full text of all articles pertaining to the event
- Decision of the Tokyo District Court (full text)
- Mochizuki's Memories "Watashino Shinajihen" (私の支那事変), one of the exhibits in evidence at the Tokyo District Court, which revealed Noda and Mukai beheaded Chinese farmers with their swords during the killing contest.